{"id": "enwiki-00012106-0000-0000", "contents": "15 Camelopardalis\n15 Camelopardalis is a triple star system in the northern circumpolar constellation of Camelopardalis. It has the variable star designation DV Camelopardalis; 15 Camelopardalis is the Flamsteed designation. This is just visible to the naked eye as a dim, blue-white hued star with a baseline apparent visual magnitude of 6.13. It is a probable (99%) member of the Cas-Tau OB association.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012106-0001-0000", "contents": "15 Camelopardalis\nThis system includes a double-lined spectroscopic binary with an orbital period of 6.7\u00a0days and a large eccentricity of around 0.48, plus a third component in a wider orbit. The close pair consist of a very slowly rotating helium-weak star plus an ordinary mid-B-type star with a more rapid rotation rate. Together they form an Algol-type eclipsing binary with a depth of about 0.2 magnitude. The third component is a slowly pulsating B-type star.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012107-0000-0000", "contents": "15 Cancri\n15 Cancri is an \u03b12 CVn-type variable star in the zodiac constellation of Cancer, located around 980\u00a0light years away. It has the variable star designation BM Cancri (BM Cnc); 15 Cancri (15 Cnc) is the Flamsteed designation. This system is visible to the naked eye as a faint, white-hued star with an apparent visual magnitude of about 5.6. It is moving away from the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of 25\u00a0km/s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012107-0001-0000", "contents": "15 Cancri\nRadial velocity measurements taken at the Dominion Astrophysical Observatory in Victoria, British Columbia Canada in 1918 and 1919 led to the determination that 15 Cancri is a single-lined spectroscopic binary system. The first orbit was calculated in 1973 by Helmut Abt and Michael Snowden with a period of 585 days however later measurements showed that the orbital period was 635 days.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012107-0002-0000", "contents": "15 Cancri\n15 Cancri A, the visible component, is an Ap star, a chemically peculiar star with an over-abundance of iron peak elements, particularly silicon, chromium, and strontium, in its spectrum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012107-0003-0000", "contents": "15 Cancri\nLike all Ap stars, 15 Cancri has a strong magnetic field. This magnetic field varies as it rotates and in 1968 the visual brightness of the star was shown to vary regularly over about four days. 15 Cancri was given the variable star designation BM Cancri in 1972 as a member of the \u03b12 CVn class of variable stars. The period has since been measured more accurately at 3.3095\u00a0d, believed to be the rotational period of the star.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012108-0000-0000", "contents": "15 Canis Majoris\n15 Canis Majoris is a variable star in the southern constellation of Canis Major, located roughly 1,200\u00a0light years away from the Sun. It has the variable star designation EY Canis Majoris; 15 Canis Majoris is the Flamsteed designation. The star is visible to the naked eye as a faint, blue-white hued star with a baseline apparent visual magnitude of +4.82. It is moving away from the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of 28\u00a0km/s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012108-0001-0000", "contents": "15 Canis Majoris\nThis is a B-type supergiant star with a stellar classification of B1\u00a0Ib. It is classified as a Beta Cephei type variable star and its brightness varies from magnitude +4.79 down to +4.84 with a period of 4.430\u00a0h. The star has 12.8 times the mass of the Sun and 6.8 times the Sun's radius. It is radiating 20,000 times the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 26,100\u00a0K.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012109-0000-0000", "contents": "15 Central Park West\n15 Central Park West is a 35-floor luxury condominium at the corner of West 61st Street and Central Park West on the Upper West Side of Manhattan in New York City, opposite Central Park. The building was designed in a New Classical style by the 2011 Driehaus Prize winner Robert A.M. Stern. Construction was completed in 2008 for $950 million (equivalent to US$1.1\u00a0billion in 2019). 15 Central Park West was described in The Master Architect Series as one of New York's most prestigious residential addresses, and its residents have included actors, athletes, CEOs, hedge fund managers, and billionaires.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012109-0001-0000", "contents": "15 Central Park West, Development\nThe building's location, described as \"the most expensive site in Manhattan\" (purchased for $401 million in 2004, equivalent to $530\u00a0million in 2019, comprises an entire, albeit small, city block on Central Park West on the Upper West Side of Manhattan, formerly occupied by the somewhat dilapidated Mayflower Hotel (a 1926 Neo-Renaissance building designed by the architect Emery Roth) and a vacant lot. The building was designed in a New Classical style by Robert A.M. Stern Architects. It was constructed by developers Arthur and William Lie Zeckendorf of Zeckendorf Development, grandsons of real estate developer William Zeckendorf, in partnership with Goldman Sachs and Eyal Ofer's Global Holdings Inc.  15 Central Park West is considered by some to be one of New York's most prestigious residential addresses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 33], "content_span": [34, 850]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012109-0002-0000", "contents": "15 Central Park West, Design\nAs designed, 15 Central Park West is divided into two sections, a 19-story tower on Central Park West known as \"the house,\" joined by a glass-enclosed lobby to a 35-story tower on Broadway. It includes such amenities as a private driveway to screen residents from paparazzi, a cinema with 20 seats, and a 14,000-square-foot (1,300\u00a0m2) fitness center with a 75-foot (22.86 m) swimming pool.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 28], "content_span": [29, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012109-0003-0000", "contents": "15 Central Park West, Design\n15 Central Park West's limestone facade uses material from \"the same quarry that was a source for the Empire State Building\". The floor plan was designed so that almost all rooms have an open view and layouts that borrow heavily from the styles commonly found in the 1920s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 28], "content_span": [29, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012109-0004-0000", "contents": "15 Central Park West, Notable residents\nNotable residents have included actors Robert De Niro, Denzel Washington, Mark Wahlberg, and Kelsey Grammer; musician Sting; television writer and producer Norman Lear; baseball player Alex Rodriguez; NASCAR driver Jeff Gordon; and sportscaster Bob Costas. Several chief executives have lived at 15 Central Park West, including Goldman Sachs CEO Lloyd Blankfein; former Citigroup CEO Sandy Weill; former Barclays CEO Bob Diamond; former Yahoo CEO Jerry Yang; former Warner Bros president Alan F. Horn; and hedge fund managers Daniel Loeb and Daniel Och.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 39], "content_span": [40, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012109-0004-0001", "contents": "15 Central Park West, Notable residents\nEntrepreneurs have also lived in the building, including Dmitry Rybolovlev and his daughter Ekaterina Rybolovleva; Jesse Itzler and his wife Sara Blakely; brothers Eyal Ofer and Idan Ofer; Les Wexner; Marcel Herrmann Telles; Sultan bin Muhammad Al-Qasimi; Omid Kordestani; and Min Kao. Both Zeckendorf brothers also bought units at the building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 39], "content_span": [40, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012109-0005-0000", "contents": "15 Central Park West, Notable residents\nArthur MacArthur IV, the son of General Douglas MacArthur, lived in the Mayflower Hotel that previously occupied the site until 2004. When the building was demolished to make way for 15 Central Park West he moved to Greenwich Village. Another resident of the former Mayflower Hotel was Herb Sukenik, who received a $17 million payment to move out (including a park-facing condo for life). This is believed to be \"by far the highest price ever paid to [relocate] a single tenant in the city of New York.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 39], "content_span": [40, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012109-0006-0000", "contents": "15 Central Park West, Critical reception\nThe AIA Guide to New York City lamented Robert A.M. Stern's \"attempted re-incarnation\" of the luxurious apartment buildings built on Central Park West between the two world wars. It criticized how \"everything's exaggerated, retro and gigantic\" and characterized the building as inferior to its next door neighbor, The Century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 40], "content_span": [41, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012109-0007-0000", "contents": "15 Central Park West, Critical reception\nThe New Yorker architecture critic Paul Goldberger wrote that 15 Central Park West was designed to \"echo\" Central Park West's many notable late Art Deco buildings. He described the building in Vanity Fair as an \"ingenious homage to the classic Candela-designed apartment buildings on Park and Fifth Avenues.\" He compared 15 CPW to the great apartment houses of the 1920s, 778 Park Avenue, 834 Fifth Avenue, 1040 Fifth Avenue, and 740 Park Avenue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 40], "content_span": [41, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012110-0000-0000", "contents": "15 Cheyne Walk\n15 Cheyne Walk is a Grade II* listed house on Cheyne Walk, Chelsea, London, built in 1718. It was originally known as Carlton House. It is considered to be a replica of 4 Cheyne Walk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012110-0001-0000", "contents": "15 Cheyne Walk\nNotable former residents include the landscape painter Cecil Gordon Lawson, the engraver Henry Thomas Ryall, the Allason family, well known for their political and literary influence, and the Baron and Baroness Courtney of Penwith.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012110-0002-0000", "contents": "15 Cheyne Walk, History\nWhen built, it would have been directly on the waterfront, and thus approachable by boat. With the building of Chelsea Embankment, it is now set some way back from the river, but it still has no buildings interrupting the view of the River Thames. It is a four-storey red-brick building with four windows on each floor at the front. The building is Grade II* listed but with a minimal description.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012110-0003-0000", "contents": "15 Cheyne Walk, Notable residents\nThe first person to live there was Admiral Sir John Balchen (then a captain), who lived there until his death at sea in 1744, aside from two periods in 1724 and 1725\u201328, when it was rented out to Captain Reginald RN and then to Captain Leonard Wynn RN.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 33], "content_span": [34, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012110-0004-0000", "contents": "15 Cheyne Walk, Notable residents\nOn Balchen's death the house passed to his son-in-law Commodore Temple West (later vice-admiral), who had married Balchen's daughter Frances. The Temple-Wests lived there until 1755, two years before West's death in 1757.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 33], "content_span": [34, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012110-0005-0000", "contents": "15 Cheyne Walk, Notable residents\nIn 1861, Henry Thomas Ryall was living there with his wife Georgina, niece and two servants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 33], "content_span": [34, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012110-0006-0000", "contents": "15 Cheyne Walk, Notable residents\nIn 1871, Cecil Gordon Lawson (1849\u20131882), the landscape painter was living there with his parents (a number of his works still hang there), William Lawson of Edinburgh, a well-regarded portrait painter, and his wife also known for her flower pieces, along with his two older brothers Francis Wilfrid Lawson (1842\u20131935), a \"historical painter and designer\" and Malcolm Leonard Lawson (1847\u20131918), a \"professor of music\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 33], "content_span": [34, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012110-0007-0000", "contents": "15 Cheyne Walk, Notable residents\nIn 1918, Baron Courtney of Penwith was living there at the time of his death. Courtney was a member of Gladstone's second administration from 1880 to 1883 and served as Chairman of Ways and Means (Deputy Speaker of the House of Commons) from 1886 to 1893.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 33], "content_span": [34, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012110-0008-0000", "contents": "15 Cheyne Walk, Notable residents\nIn 1919, the now widowed Lady Courtney hosted the first meeting of the Fight the Famine Committee at 15 Cheyne Walk. The Save the Children Fund was to develop from that committee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 33], "content_span": [34, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012110-0009-0000", "contents": "15 Cheyne Walk, Notable residents\nIn 2002, as a \"wreck in need of renovation\" it was for sale for \u00a35\u00a0million.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 33], "content_span": [34, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012110-0010-0000", "contents": "15 Cheyne Walk, Notable residents\nFor about 40 years prior to 2002, it had been home to Lieutenant-Colonel James Allason MP, the Conservative Party politician, then his wife Nuala Allason (they divorced in 1974) and their son, fellow former Tory MP Rupert Allason, who also writes spy novels using the pen name Nigel West.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 33], "content_span": [34, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012110-0011-0000", "contents": "15 Cheyne Walk, Notable residents\nThe empty house had subsequently been used as a location for the 2002 film The Gathering Storm, about Winston Churchill's wilderness years. It was used as the home of Churchill's friend Sir Desmond Morton, played by Jim Broadbent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 33], "content_span": [34, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012111-0000-0000", "contents": "15 Chronia Marinella\n15 Chronia Marinella (Greek: 15 \u03a7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1 \u039c\u03b1\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd\u03ad\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1, 15 Years Marinella) is the name of a double compilation album by popular Greek singer Marinella. The reason for its release was to celebrate the 25 years of Marinella's solo career (1967\u20131982), with recordings from 1967 to 1981. It was released in 1982 by PolyGram Records in Greece and it went gold selling over 50,000 units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012112-0000-0000", "contents": "15 Clerkenwell Close\n15 Clerkenwell Close is a building in London designed by architect Amin Taha, completed in 2017. The building's stone facade was controversial when it appeared, as it had not been fully detailed in the building's planning documents. Islington Council called for the building's demolition, but this was overturned on appeal. The building won a RIBA National Award in 2018 and in 2021 was nominated for the Stirling Prize.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012112-0001-0000", "contents": "15 Clerkenwell Close, History\nTaha originally proposed a building with a bronze facade in 2012. Taha then replaced this design with one utilizing bricks before settling on stone. During construction, Islington council indicated that the brick facade was the chosen one on its website, apparently due to an error. The council had received and approved designs for the stone facade, but because they were never placed online for the public to see, the final facade was a surprise to neighbours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012112-0001-0001", "contents": "15 Clerkenwell Close, History\nIslington Council issued a ruling that the building be demolished in mid-2017 due to the error,  which the council withdrew after an inquiry from a legal team employed by Taha. After rescinding the first order to demolish the structure, the council issued a second in February 2018, following \"an investigation\" that determined the building's final design differed from the approved design. This order cited the location of the fossils within the stone facade as \"[...] deleterious to the conservation area and listed buildings\" due to their \"haphazard\" placement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012112-0002-0000", "contents": "15 Clerkenwell Close, History\nIn August 2019, Taha's appeal was successful and the council's planning office granted planning permission, ruling that the building \"accords with the generality of what had previously been approved\" and removing the demolition order.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012112-0003-0000", "contents": "15 Clerkenwell Close, History\nTaha lives on the top floor of the building with his family, and the building houses the offices of his architectural practice Amin Taha + Groupwork.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012112-0004-0000", "contents": "15 Clerkenwell Close, Design\nThe building has a limestone facade, with visible fossils embedded in the material. The limestone was sourced from Normandy, and acts as a supportive \"exoskeleton\" for the building, meaning the interior does not require columns or other supports. Use of limestone sourced from Normandy was inspired by the site's original structure, an 11th-century Norman abbey, also built from limestone, unusual for that time. The building includes a small public park to its left.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 28], "content_span": [29, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012112-0005-0000", "contents": "15 Clerkenwell Close, Design\nTaha cites Alvar Aalto, Carlo Scarpa and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe as inspirations for the structure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 28], "content_span": [29, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012112-0006-0000", "contents": "15 Clerkenwell Close, Reception\nAnn Pembroke, of the Clerkenwell Green Preservation Society, said she was \"appalled\" by its aesthetic departure from the surrounding buildings, adding that \"If you want to do something outrageous don't choose a medieval close to put it in.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012112-0007-0000", "contents": "15 Clerkenwell Close, Reception\nThe building won a RIBA National Award, and was also considered for the Carbuncle Cup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012112-0008-0000", "contents": "15 Clerkenwell Close, Reception\nIn contrast to the mixed feedback Taha received for 15 Clerkenwell, his firm's 168 Upper Street, also in Islington, was approved by the borough's planning committee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012113-0000-0000", "contents": "15 Cygni\n15 Cygni is a single star in the northern constellation Cygnus. With an apparent visual magnitude of 4.90, it is a faint star but visible to the naked eye. The distance to 15 Cygni can be estimated from its annual parallax shift of 11.0\u00a0mas, which yields a separation of some 296\u00a0light years. It is moving closer to the Sun with a heliocentric radial velocity of \u221223.6\u00a0km/s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012113-0001-0000", "contents": "15 Cygni\nThis is an aging giant star with a stellar classification of G8\u00a0III, having consumed the hydrogen at its core and evolved off the main sequence. It is a red clump giant, which means it is generating energy via helium fusion at its core. The star is 1.50\u00a0billion years old with 2.3 times the mass of the Sun, and has expanded to 12 times the Sun's radius. It is radiating 93 times the Sun's luminosity from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of 4,920\u00a0K.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012114-0000-0000", "contents": "15 Days\n15 Days is a casual adventure game developed by German independent developer House of Tales and published by DTP Entertainment. 15 Days was released for Microsoft Windows on June 25, 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012114-0001-0000", "contents": "15 Days, Gameplay\nThe player controls three characters who are art thieves that steal artwork and give the money they make to charity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 17], "content_span": [18, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012114-0002-0000", "contents": "15 Days, Development\nThe engine developed by House of Tales allowed the developers to use tracking shots and pans which are usually impossible with prerendered backgrounds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 20], "content_span": [21, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012114-0003-0000", "contents": "15 Days, Reception\nAccording to review aggregator Metacritic, 15 Days has a score of 63 based on 6 reviews.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 18], "content_span": [19, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012114-0004-0000", "contents": "15 Days, Reception\nIn a one and one-half star review (\"Poor\"), Adventure Gamers criticized the game for its gameplay, bugs, and lack of content, stating there were only two standalone puzzles, and that the most of the game is just walking between rooms looking for something to do. When you meet an NPC person to talk to, you just click a single dialog icon and they tell a player something, without any other interaction on the player part, no choices for what to say at all.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 18], "content_span": [19, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012114-0005-0000", "contents": "15 Days, Reception\nGamestar felt the game's puzzles were too simple for adventure gaming aficionados. Gameswelt praised the appealing and authentic nature of the game's aesthetics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 18], "content_span": [19, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012115-0000-0000", "contents": "15 Days (TV series)\n15 Days is a four-part British television miniseries starring David Caves, Catherine Tyldesley, Frances Grey and Bruce Herbelin-Earle. It was broadcast on Channel 5 on four consecutive nights from 13 May to 16 May 2019. The series revolves around a young man who is murdered by his own family; it then rewinds fifteen days to figure out why he was killed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012116-0000-0000", "contents": "15 Doors\n15 Doors is the second studio album by Japanese pop duo Moumoon. It was released on March 2, 2011 in 3 different editions: 2 CD+DVD (Type A comes with all music videos released until \"15 Doors\" and type B comes with a live concert) and a Regular edition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012116-0001-0000", "contents": "15 Doors, Composition\nAll songs from the album was written by the member Yuka and produced by the member Kousuke Masaki.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 21], "content_span": [22, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012116-0002-0000", "contents": "15 Doors, Singles\nThe album has a total of 5 singles released. The first single of the album is the song \"Evergreen\", released on February 25, 2009. The physical single ranked #54 in Oricon's Weekly chart. The song was chosen as theme song for the movie Kafu wo Machiwabite and ending theme song for the TV shows Akko ni Omakase and Megadigi, both from TBS.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012116-0003-0000", "contents": "15 Doors, Singles\nThe second single is the song \"On the Right\", released on July 22, 2009. It ranked #50 in Oricon's Weekly chart and stayed on the chart for 1 week. The song was used for Dinos \"Fuji TV Flower\" TV advertisement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012116-0004-0000", "contents": "15 Doors, Singles\nThe third single is the song \"Aoi Tsuki to Ambivalence na Ai\" (Japanese: \u9752\u3044\u6708\u3068\u30a2\u30f3\u30d3\u30d0\u30ec\u30f3\u30b9\u306a\u611b), released on November 25, 2009. It ranked #36 in Oricon's Weekly chart and stayed on the chart for 2 weeks. The song was chosen as ending theme song for the 3D anime \"To (Too)\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012116-0005-0000", "contents": "15 Doors, Singles\nThe fourth single is the song \"Sunshine Girl\", released on May 12, 2010. The single ranked #10 in Oricon's Weekly chart, making the first top 10 single of the duo. The song was chosen as theme song for Shiseido's \"Anessa\" and Sony Ericsson \u00d7 MTV \"Transform Your Xperia\" TV advertisements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012116-0006-0000", "contents": "15 Doors, Singles\nThe fifth and last single are the songs \"Moonlight / Sky High / YAY\", released on November 10, 2010. It is the first triple A-side single of the duo. It ranked #18 in Oricon's Weekly chart. \"Moonlight\" was used as theme song for Aeon's \"Full Moon Rose\" TV advertisement. \"Sky High\" (Japanese: \u30b9\u30ab\u30a4\u30cf\u30a4) was used as \"H.I.S.\" campaign song. Although all songs are A-sides, the song \"Sky High\" didn't entered in the album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012116-0007-0000", "contents": "15 Doors, Track listing\nAll lyrics are written by Yuka; all music is composed by Kousuke Masaki.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 23], "content_span": [24, 96]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012117-0000-0000", "contents": "15 Draconis\n15 Draconis is a single star in the northern circumpolar constellation of Draco, located 452\u00a0light years away from the Sun. 15 Draconis is the Flamsteed designation; it also has the Bayer designation i Draconis. This object is visible to the naked eye as a white-hued star with an apparent visual magnitude of 4.94. It is moving closer to the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of \u22127\u00a0km/s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012117-0001-0000", "contents": "15 Draconis\nThis star has a stellar classification of A0\u00a0III, matching that of an A-type giant star. It has a relatively high rate of spin with a projected rotational velocity of 154\u00a0km/s. The star is radiating 286 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 9,980\u00a0K.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012118-0000-0000", "contents": "15 Eridani\n15 Eridani is a binary star system in the equatorial constellation of Eridanus. It is visible to the naked eye as a faint, orange-hued star with an apparent visual magnitude of 4.875. Based upon parallax measurements, the system is located around 260\u00a0light years away from the Sun. It is moving further from the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of 24\u00a0km/s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012118-0001-0000", "contents": "15 Eridani\nThis system has an orbital period of 118.16\u00a0years with an eccentricity of 0.030 and a semimajor axis of 0.340\u2033. The primary member, designated component A, is a magnitude 5.32 giant star with a stellar classification of K0\u00a0III. It is a red clump giant, which means it is on the horizontal branch and is generating energy through helium fusion at its core. This star has 1.44\u00a0billion years old with 2.32 times the mass of the Sun. It is radiating 72.4 times the luminosity of the Sun from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of 4,960\u00a0K. The companion, component B, has a magnitude of 6.57.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012119-0000-0000", "contents": "15 Eunomia\nEunomia (minor planet designation 15 Eunomia) is a very large asteroid in the inner asteroid belt. It is the largest of the stony (S-type) asteroids after 3 Juno. It is quite a massive asteroid, in 6th to 8th place (to within measurement uncertainties). It is the largest Eunomian asteroid, and is estimated to contain 1% of the mass of the asteroid belt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012119-0001-0000", "contents": "15 Eunomia\nEunomia was discovered by Annibale de Gasparis on July 29, 1851, and named after Eunomia, one of the Horae (Hours), a personification of order and law in Greek mythology.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012119-0002-0000", "contents": "15 Eunomia, Characteristics\nAs the largest S-type asteroid (with 3 Juno being a very close second), Eunomia has attracted a moderate amount of scientific attention.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 27], "content_span": [28, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012119-0003-0000", "contents": "15 Eunomia, Characteristics\nEunomia appears to be an elongated but fairly regularly shaped body, with what appear to be four sides of differing curvature and noticeably different average compositions. Its elongation led to the suggestion that Eunomia may be a binary object, but this has been refuted. It is a retrograde rotator with its pole pointing towards ecliptic coordinates (\u03b2, \u03bb) = (\u221265\u00b0, 2\u00b0) with a 10\u00b0 uncertainty. This gives an axial tilt of about 165\u00b0.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 27], "content_span": [28, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012119-0004-0000", "contents": "15 Eunomia, Characteristics\nLike other true members of the family, its surface is composed of silicates and some nickel-iron, and is quite bright. Calcium-rich pyroxenes and olivine, along with nickel-iron metal, have been detected on Eunomia's surface. Spectroscopic studies suggest that Eunomia has regions with differing compositions: A larger region dominated by olivine, which is pyroxene-poor and metal-rich, and another somewhat smaller region on one hemisphere (the less pointed end) that is noticeably richer in pyroxene, and has a generally basaltic composition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 27], "content_span": [28, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012119-0005-0000", "contents": "15 Eunomia, Characteristics\nThis composition indicates that the parent body was likely subject to magmatic processes, and became at least partially differentiated under the influence of internal heating in the early period of the Solar System. The range of compositions of the remaining Eunomian asteroids, formed by a collision of the common parent body, is large enough to encompass all the surface variations on Eunomia itself. The majority of smaller Eunomian asteroids are more pyroxene rich than Eunomia's surface, and contain very few metallic (M-type) bodies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 27], "content_span": [28, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012119-0006-0000", "contents": "15 Eunomia, Characteristics\nAltogether, these lines of evidence suggest that Eunomia is the central remnant of the parent body of the Eunomia family, which was stripped of most of its crustal material by the disrupting impact, but was perhaps not disrupted itself. However, there is uncertainty over Eunomia's internal structure and relationship to the parent body. Computer simulations of the collision are more consistent with Eunomia being a re-accumulation of most of the fragments of a completely shattered parent body, yet Eunomia's quite high density would indicate that it is not a rubble pile after all. Whatever the case in this respect, it appears that any metallic core region, if present, has not been exposed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 27], "content_span": [28, 723]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012119-0007-0000", "contents": "15 Eunomia, Characteristics\nAn older explanation of the compositional differences, that Eunomia is a mantle fragment of a far larger parent body (with a bit of crust on one end, and a bit of core on the other), appears to be ruled out by studies of the mass distribution of the entire Eunomia family. These indicate that the largest fragment (that is, Eunomia) has about 70% of the mass of the parent body, which is consistent with Eunomia being a central remnant, with the crust and part of the mantle stripped off.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 27], "content_span": [28, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012119-0008-0000", "contents": "15 Eunomia, Characteristics\nThese indications are also in accord with recent mass determinations which indicate that Eunomia's density is typical of mostly intact stony asteroids, and not the anomalously low \"rubble pile\" density of ~1\u00a0g/cm3 that had been reported earlier.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 27], "content_span": [28, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012119-0009-0000", "contents": "15 Eunomia, Studies\n15 Eunomia was in study of asteroids using the Hubble FGS. Asteroids studied include (63) Ausonia,  (15) Eunomia, (43) Ariadne, (44) Nysa, and (624) Hektor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012119-0010-0000", "contents": "15 Eunomia, Orbit\nThe orbit of 15 Eunomia places it in a 7:16 mean-motion resonance with the planet Mars. Eunomia is used by the Minor Planet Center to calculate perturbations. The computed Lyapunov time for this asteroid is 25,000 years, indicating that it occupies a chaotic orbit that will change randomly over time because of gravitational perturbations of the planets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 17], "content_span": [18, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012119-0011-0000", "contents": "15 Eunomia, Orbit\nEunomia has been observed occulting stars three times. It has a mean opposition magnitude of +8.5, about equal to the mean brightness of Titan, and can reach +7.9 at a near perihelion opposition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 17], "content_span": [18, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012119-0012-0000", "contents": "15 Eunomia, Orbit\nAsteroid (50278) 2000 CZ12 passed about 0.00037\u00a0AU (55,000\u00a0km; 34,000\u00a0mi) from Eunomia on March 4, 2002.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 17], "content_span": [18, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012120-0000-0000", "contents": "15 Exitos Rancheros\n15 Exitos Rancheros is a compilation album by Al Hurricane, Al Hurricane, Jr., & Tiny Morrie. It is the thirteenth full-length album released by the New Mexican musician Al Hurricane in 1980.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012121-0000-0000", "contents": "15 Exitos Rancheros, Vol. 2\n15 Exitos Rancheros, Vol. 2 is the second compilation album by Al Hurricane, Al Hurricane, Jr., & Tiny Morrie. It is the fifteenth album released by the New Mexican musician Al Hurricane in 1994.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012122-0000-0000", "contents": "15 February 2003 anti-war protests\nOn 15 February 2003, a coordinated day of protests started across the world in which people in more than 600 cities expressed opposition to the imminent Iraq War. It was part of a series of protests and political events that had begun in 2002 and continued as the war took place. At the time, social movement researchers described the 15 February protest as \"the largest protest event in human history\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012122-0001-0000", "contents": "15 February 2003 anti-war protests\nAccording to BBC News, between six and ten million people took part in protests in up to sixty countries over the weekend of 15 and\u00a016 February.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012122-0002-0000", "contents": "15 February 2003 anti-war protests\nSome of the largest protests took place in Europe. The protest in Rome involved around three million people, and is listed in the 2004 Guinness Book of World Records as the largest anti-war rally in history. Madrid hosted the second largest rally with more than 1.5\u00a0million people protesting the invasion of Iraq; Mainland China was the only major region not to see any protests on that day, but small demonstrations, attended mainly by foreign students, were seen later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012122-0003-0000", "contents": "15 February 2003 anti-war protests, Background\nIn 2002, the United States government began to argue for the necessity of invading Iraq. This formally began with a speech by US President George W. Bush to the United Nations General Assembly on 12 September 2002 which argued that the Iraqi government of Saddam Hussein was violating United Nations (UN) resolutions, primarily on weapons of mass destruction, and that this necessitated action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 46], "content_span": [47, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012122-0004-0000", "contents": "15 February 2003 anti-war protests, Background\nThe proposed war was controversial with many people questioning the motives of the US government and its rationale. One poll which covered 41\u00a0countries claimed that less than 10% would support an invasion of Iraq without UN sanction and that half would not support an invasion under any circumstances.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 46], "content_span": [47, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012122-0005-0000", "contents": "15 February 2003 anti-war protests, Background\nAnti -war groups worldwide organised public protests. According to the French academic Dominique Reyni\u00e9, between 3 January and 12 April 2003, 36\u00a0million people across the globe took part in almost 3,000\u00a0anti\u2011war protests, the demonstrations on 15 February 2003 being the largest and most prolific.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 46], "content_span": [47, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012122-0006-0000", "contents": "15 February 2003 anti-war protests, International coordination\nThe 15 February international protests were unprecedented not only in terms of the size of the demonstrations but also in terms of the international coordination involved. Researchers from the University of Antwerp claim that the day was possible only because it \"was carefully planned by an international network of national social movement organisations.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012122-0007-0000", "contents": "15 February 2003 anti-war protests, International coordination\nImmanuel Wallerstein has spoken of the international protests as being organised by the forces of \"the Porto Alegre camp in reference to the emergence of global social movements who had been organising around international events such as the 2001 World Social Forum in Porto Alegre.\" Some commentators claim this is an example of \"grassroots globalisation\", for example one book claims that \"The worldwide protests were made possible by globalisation\u00a0... But make no mistake\u2014this was not your CEO's globalisation. The peace demonstrations represented, not a globalisation of commerce, but a globalisation of conscience\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 683]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012122-0008-0000", "contents": "15 February 2003 anti-war protests, International coordination\nThe idea for an international day of demonstrations was first raised by the British anti-capitalist group Globalise Resistance (GR) in the wake of an anti-war demonstration in Britain of 400,000 on 28 September. At the time GR was involved in planning for the Florence European Social Forum (ESF) and brought up the suggestion at an ESF planning meeting. According to GR's Chris Nineham, \"There was considerable controversy. Some delegates were worried it would alienate the mainstream of the movement. We, alongside the Italian delegates, had to put up a strong fight to get it accepted.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012122-0009-0000", "contents": "15 February 2003 anti-war protests, International coordination\nThe proposal was accepted and at the final rally of the ESF, in November 2002, the call officially went out for Europe-wide demonstrations on 15 February 2003. This call was firmed up in December at a planning meeting for the following ESF which took place in Copenhagen in 2003. This meeting was attended by delegates from many European anti-war organisations, the US group United for Peace and Justice, and representatives of groups from the Philippines. The decision was taken to set up a Europe-wide anti-war website and to commit to spreading organisational coordination both within and beyond Europe. An email network connecting the different national organisations across Europe, and eventually also the different US groups, was set up.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 806]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012122-0010-0000", "contents": "15 February 2003 anti-war protests, International coordination\nIn December 2002, the Cairo Anti-war Conference pledged to organise demonstrations in Egypt and the International Campaign Against Aggression on Iraq (which came out of the Cairo conference) sought to co-ordinate more demonstrations across the world. Around this time, the US anti-war group International ANSWER called for actions in North America supporting the proposed protests in Europe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012122-0011-0000", "contents": "15 February 2003 anti-war protests, International coordination\nAnother important platform for the spreading call to demonstrate internationally occurred at the World Social Forum in Porto Alegre, Brazil which took place at the end of 2002. European delegates sought to popularise the plan for the increasingly international demonstration. They met with some success, including the organisation of an anti\u2011war assembly which was attended by almost 1,000\u00a0people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012122-0012-0000", "contents": "15 February 2003 anti-war protests, International coordination\nThe song \"Boom! \", by System of a Down, had a music video filmed on the day of the protest, showing the many protest locations and people's opinions on the Iraq War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012122-0013-0000", "contents": "15 February 2003 anti-war protests, Europe\nDemonstrations took place across Europe and some of the largest drawing attendance figures in the tens of thousands in many cities. Approximately one-fifth of the total demonstrators worldwide protested in Europe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 42], "content_span": [43, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012122-0014-0000", "contents": "15 February 2003 anti-war protests, Europe, Alpine countries\nIn Austria, 30,000 people (SW estimate) took to the streets of its capital, Vienna. In Switzerland in order to \"concentrate the movement\" most activists agreed to organise a single demonstration for the whole country in Bern. On the day roughly 40,000 people joined the protest in front of the Bundeshaus, the seat of the Swiss federal government and parliament. The demonstration, which ran under the slogan Nein zum Krieg gegen Irak\u00a0\u2013 Kein Blut f\u00fcr \u00d6l! (No to war in Iraq\u00a0\u2013 no blood for oil!) was the largest in Switzerland since 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 60], "content_span": [61, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012122-0015-0000", "contents": "15 February 2003 anti-war protests, Europe, Alpine countries\nIn Slovenia, roughly 3,000 people gathered in Ljubljana's central park of Kongresni trg, supported by the mayor Danica Sim\u0161i\u010d, and marched the streets in one of the largest demonstrations since independence in 1991.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 60], "content_span": [61, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012122-0016-0000", "contents": "15 February 2003 anti-war protests, Europe, Benelux\nThe Benelux countries had large demonstrations for their total population size. In Belgium organisers had expected around 30,000 people to attend a demonstration in Brussels, which is the home of the European Parliament. They were shocked by a turn out of approximately 100,000 people (WSWS and GLW estimate). The march took over 3\u00a0hours to cross the city. The Netherlands saw around 70,000 (USA Today estimate) to 75,000 people (WSWS estimate) protest in Amsterdam. This was the country's largest demonstration since the anti-nuclear campaigns of the 1980s. Anti war website antiwar.com reports that 8,000-14,000 people were present at protests in Luxembourg, however they do not provide a citation for this figure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 51], "content_span": [52, 768]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012122-0017-0000", "contents": "15 February 2003 anti-war protests, Europe, Bosnia and Herzegovina\nBosnia and Herzegovina saw around 100 protesters gather in Mostar. This protest spanned the sectarian divide with both Muslims and Croats attending.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 66], "content_span": [67, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012122-0018-0000", "contents": "15 February 2003 anti-war protests, Europe, Croatia\nThere were also protests in Croatia where 10,000 people (WSWS estimate) took part in a protest in the capital city of Zagreb. Croatia also saw protests in Osijek, Vukovar, Knin, Zadar, \u0160ibenik, Split and Dubrovnik.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 51], "content_span": [52, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012122-0019-0000", "contents": "15 February 2003 anti-war protests, Europe, Cyprus\nCyprus saw a demonstration of between 500 (USA Today estimate) and more than 800 people (SW estimate) at the British army base in Dhekelia. Enduring heavy rain protesters briefly blocked the base. They then marched to Pyla village where they watched other demonstrations occurring across the world on a giant screen. The demonstration was mostly attended by Greek Cypriots but they were joined by some Turkish Cypriots.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 50], "content_span": [51, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012122-0020-0000", "contents": "15 February 2003 anti-war protests, Europe, Czech Republic\nIn the Czech Republic, over 1,000 people joined a rally at Jan Palach Square in Prague. Czech philosopher Erazim Kohak addressed the crowd, saying, \"War is not a solution, war is a problem.\" Protesters listened to music and speeches before marching to the Czech government building, where they submitted petitions, then march continued to the US embassy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 58], "content_span": [59, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012122-0021-0000", "contents": "15 February 2003 anti-war protests, Europe, France\nIn France, there were demonstrations in somewhere between twenty (Observer estimate) and eighty cities (WSWS estimate); the organisers estimated that over half a million marched in total. The biggest demonstration took place in Paris, where around 100,000 (USA Today estimate) to 200,000 (WSWS estimate) people marched through the streets, ending in a rally at the Place de la Bastille. This location's role in the French Revolution was considered to give it a historical significance. There was also a demonstration in Toulouse of around 10,000 people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 50], "content_span": [51, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012122-0022-0000", "contents": "15 February 2003 anti-war protests, Europe, Germany\nIn Germany, coaches brought people from over 300 German towns to Berlin to join a demonstration of 300,000 (police estimate) to 500,000 (organizers' estimate) people; the largest demonstration that had occurred in Berlin for several decades. Protesters, including members of Gerhard Schr\u00f6der's government, filled the boulevard between the Brandenburg Gate and the Victory Column. ATTAC Germany's spokesperson Malte Kreutzfeld was reported as praising the broadness of the demonstration, saying \"The churches and trade unions have linked to make the coalition far broader than even the anti-nuclear missile marches in the 1980s.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 51], "content_span": [52, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012122-0023-0000", "contents": "15 February 2003 anti-war protests, Europe, Greece\nIn Athens, Greece, 150,000 people (WSWS estimate) demonstrated. The protest was generally peaceful, but a small group clashed with police. The police fired tear gas at the group some of whom threw rocks and petrol bombs. Police reported that the trouble was down to a group of anarchists who had split off from the main demonstration.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 50], "content_span": [51, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012122-0024-0000", "contents": "15 February 2003 anti-war protests, Europe, Hungary\nThere was a demonstration in Budapest, Hungary, of 60,000 people (SW estimate)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 51], "content_span": [52, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012122-0025-0000", "contents": "15 February 2003 anti-war protests, Europe, Ireland\nIn Ireland, the Dublin march was only expected to draw 20,000 people, but the actual figure was given variously as 80,000 (police estimate), 90,000 (BBC estimate), 100,000 (Guardian estimate) or 150,000 (Socialist Worker (SW) estimate). The march went from Parnell Square, passing the Department of Foreign Affairs at St. Stephen's Green, and on to the Dame Street for a rally where popular Irish folk singer Christy Moore, K\u00edla and Labour Party politician Michael D. Higgins were among many speakers from the platform. The march disrupted traffic for more than four hours. Protesters demanded that the Irish government stop allowing the United States military to use Ireland's Shannon Airport as a transatlantic stop-off point in bringing soldiers to the Middle East.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 51], "content_span": [52, 820]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012122-0026-0000", "contents": "15 February 2003 anti-war protests, Europe, Italy\nThe biggest demonstration of the global day of protest took place in Italy in Rome. Nearly 3,000 buses and thirty trains were specially chartered to bring people to the demonstration, which was organised under the slogan \"Stop the war; no ifs or buts\". The organisers were shocked at the size of the turn out and the unexpected number of people forced the demonstration to set off two hours early.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 49], "content_span": [50, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012122-0026-0001", "contents": "15 February 2003 anti-war protests, Europe, Italy\n650,000 people (police estimate) took place in a final rally at which there were many international speakers including Kurds, Iraqi dissidents, Palestinians, a representative of the American Council of Christian Churches and an Israeli conscientious objector who addressed the crowd from a stage hung with Pablo Picasso's Guernica. The size of the demonstration meant that the majority of demonstrators did not make it into the final rally and in total three million people (organisers' estimate, supported by the Guinness Book of World Records) were on the streets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 49], "content_span": [50, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012122-0026-0002", "contents": "15 February 2003 anti-war protests, Europe, Italy\nThis was listed in the 2004 Guinness Book of World Records as the largest anti-war rally in history. According to the Green Left Weekly (GLW), the demonstration contained people from across Italian society; \"Catholic nuns and priests marched alongside young people with dreadlocks, nose rings and Palestinian scarves. Christians, anarchists and communists mingled\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 49], "content_span": [50, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012122-0027-0000", "contents": "15 February 2003 anti-war protests, Europe, Malta\nApproximately 1,000 demonstrated (SW estimate) in Malta. The weather was cold and rainy. After the demonstration an anti-war concert was held in the capital, Valletta.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 49], "content_span": [50, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012122-0028-0000", "contents": "15 February 2003 anti-war protests, Europe, Scandinavia\nNorway saw its biggest series of protests since 1917. The biggest took place in its capital Oslo were more than 60,000 protesters (Police estimate and Socialist Worker estimate) joining a demonstration. Protests of around 15,000 took place in Bergen and Trondheim, and 10,000 in Stavanger. Small protests also took place in at least 30 towns across the country. At the rally in Oslo the vice-chair of the Norwegian Confederation of Trade Unions (LO) spoke from the platform claiming that \"Bush only cares about American oil interests\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 55], "content_span": [56, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012122-0029-0000", "contents": "15 February 2003 anti-war protests, Europe, Scandinavia\nIn Denmark 20,000 to 30,000 protesters (WSWS estimate) took part in a march in the capital city, Copenhagen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 55], "content_span": [56, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012122-0030-0000", "contents": "15 February 2003 anti-war protests, Europe, Scandinavia\nIn Sweden, 35,000 demonstrated in Stockholm. and about 25,000 in Gothenburg. In Helsinki, Finland, an estimated 15,000 people participated in one of the largest mass-protests in the republic's history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 55], "content_span": [56, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012122-0031-0000", "contents": "15 February 2003 anti-war protests, Europe, Poland\nThere was a demonstration in Warsaw, Poland of 10,000 people (SW estimate). The demonstration through central Warsaw passed the US embassy. Another protest, organized by the local Wroc\u0142aw Anti-War Coalition (WKA), was held in the city of Wroc\u0142aw in the market square by the town hall, with 400\u2013500 people participating.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 50], "content_span": [51, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012122-0032-0000", "contents": "15 February 2003 anti-war protests, Europe, Portugal\nIn Lisbon, police estimated that around 35,000 people gathered to march through the city. Three former Portuguese prime ministers were in attendance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 52], "content_span": [53, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012122-0033-0000", "contents": "15 February 2003 anti-war protests, Europe, Russia\nIn Russia, which had several demonstrations, the largest occurred in Moscow, with 400 people (WSWS estimate) in attendance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 50], "content_span": [51, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012122-0034-0000", "contents": "15 February 2003 anti-war protests, Europe, Serbia\nSmall demonstrations also took place in Serbia, where there was a demonstration of 200 people (WSWS estimate) in the capital city of Belgrade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 50], "content_span": [51, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012122-0035-0000", "contents": "15 February 2003 anti-war protests, Europe, Slovakia\nIt was estimated that 1,000 people marched in the capital of Slovakia, Bratislava. The atmosphere of the protest was described as \"strongly anti-American and anti-government.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 52], "content_span": [53, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012122-0036-0000", "contents": "15 February 2003 anti-war protests, Europe, Spain\nSpain saw demonstrations in around 55\u00a0cities and towns across the country; the largest was probably in the capital city Madrid, where between 660,000 (Government source's estimate) and 2,000,000 (GLW estimate) took part in what was probably the biggest demonstration since the death of the fascist dictator Francisco Franco in 1975. Barcelona also had a large, with estimates of 350,000 (Delegaci\u00f3n de Gobierno), 1,300,000 (Barcelona city hall and Police) or 1,500,000 (GLW) people joining a demonstration which moved from the Passeig de Gr\u00e0cia to the Pla\u00e7a de Tetuan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 49], "content_span": [50, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012122-0036-0001", "contents": "15 February 2003 anti-war protests, Europe, Spain\nSpain also had demonstrations of approximately 500,000 in Valencia (GLW estimate), 250,000 in Seville (GLW estimate) (200,000 Government sources estimate), 100,000 in Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (GLW estimate) and 100,000 in Cadiz' (GLW estimate) as well as over fifty other towns and cities across the country (WSWS estimate). The city of Oviedo had a population of 180,000 and a turnout of 100,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 49], "content_span": [50, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012122-0037-0000", "contents": "15 February 2003 anti-war protests, Europe, Turkey\nThe main demonstration in Turkey took place in Istanbul, thousands (SW estimate) demonstrated. The local authorities had banned the protest claiming to have worries about national security, however the protest organisers went ahead with the rally under the cover of calling a press conference. There were also demonstrations in Adana, Ankara, \u0130zmir, Zonguldak, \u0130zmit, Antalya and Mu\u011fla.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 50], "content_span": [51, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012122-0038-0000", "contents": "15 February 2003 anti-war protests, Europe, Ukraine\nThere was also a demonstration in Ukraine of around 2,000 people (USA Today estimate) joined a \"Rock against the war\" rally in Kyiv's central square.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 51], "content_span": [52, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012122-0039-0000", "contents": "15 February 2003 anti-war protests, Europe, United Kingdom, London\nThe Stop the War Coalition (StWC), which had previously arranged a series of demonstrations and rallies against the Afghanistan war and the upcoming Iraq war, jointly called the London demonstration with the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND) and the Muslim Association of Britain joined the StWC for this event.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 66], "content_span": [67, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012122-0040-0000", "contents": "15 February 2003 anti-war protests, Europe, United Kingdom, London\nIn the lead-up to 15 February, the StWC was organising the march from a small office donated by the National Association of Teachers in Further and Higher Education. As the event approached, estimates of the possible number attending rose and in the belief that it would be considerably bigger than the previous demonstrations they had organised StWC agreed with the police for the march to start from two separate locations; Thames Embankment for Londoners and those travelling in from the south, and Gower Street for those travelling in from the midlands and the north. They planned for the two marches to merge at Piccadilly Circus and then proceed to a rally at Hyde Park.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 66], "content_span": [67, 743]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012122-0041-0000", "contents": "15 February 2003 anti-war protests, Europe, United Kingdom, London\nThe negotiations for this plan faltered when the Labour government's Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport Tessa Jowell initially instructed the Royal Parks agency to deny permission for the rally in Hyde Park for safety reasons and to protect the grass. Trafalgar Square was suggested by Jowell as the alternative venue, but the Mayor of London Ken Livingstone insisted it was of insufficient size. The government's decision was reversed by 5 February.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 66], "content_span": [67, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012122-0042-0000", "contents": "15 February 2003 anti-war protests, Europe, United Kingdom, London\nSections of the media supported this demonstration. The Daily Mirror gave large coverage in the lead up to the march and provided thousands of placards on the day. The demonstration also received sponsorship support from Greenpeace and Mecca-Cola.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 66], "content_span": [67, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012122-0043-0000", "contents": "15 February 2003 anti-war protests, Europe, United Kingdom, London\nAs the date for the march approached the BBC was predicting that around 500,000 people would attend, while the StWC was hoping for numbers to top the symbolically significant million mark.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 66], "content_span": [67, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012122-0044-0000", "contents": "15 February 2003 anti-war protests, Europe, United Kingdom, London\nThe British Stop the War Coalition (StWC) claimed the protest in London was the largest political demonstration in the city's history. Police estimated attendance as well in excess of 750,000 people and the BBC estimated that around a million attended.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 66], "content_span": [67, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012122-0045-0000", "contents": "15 February 2003 anti-war protests, Europe, United Kingdom, London\nThe weather, on the day of the protest was grey and cold, but reports noted that people remained \"in high spirits\" as London became gridlocked and protesters were stuck for hours at Gower Street and the Embankment, the two starting points for the march. The police began the march earlier than intended on safety grounds because of the number of people who had arrived in central London. Hundreds of coaches brought protesters from 250 towns and cities across the UK, with around 100 coaches coming from Wales alone. Many commentators noted the diversity of those attending the march. Euan Ferguson noted in The Observer that:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 66], "content_span": [67, 693]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012122-0046-0000", "contents": "15 February 2003 anti-war protests, Europe, United Kingdom, London\n[As well as the] usual suspects\u00a0\u2013 CND, Socialist Workers Party, the anarchists\u00a0... There were nuns. Toddlers. Women barristers. The Eton George Orwell Society. Archaeologists Against War. Walthamstow Catholic Church, the Swaffham Women's Choir and Notts County Supporters Say Make Love Not War (And a Home Win against Bristol would be Nice). They won 2-0, by the way. One group of SWP stalwarts were joined, for the first march in any of their histories, by their mothers. There were country folk and lecturers, dentists and poulterers, a hairdresser from Cardiff and a poet from Cheltenham.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 66], "content_span": [67, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012122-0047-0000", "contents": "15 February 2003 anti-war protests, Europe, United Kingdom, London\nAll police leave in the capital was cancelled for the event, though Scotland Yard later said that it passed off almost without incident.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 66], "content_span": [67, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012122-0048-0000", "contents": "15 February 2003 anti-war protests, Europe, United Kingdom, London\nProtesters who managed to reach Hyde Park in time heard various speakers, including Harold Pinter, George Galloway, Tony Benn and Bianca Jagger however many were not able to reach the rally as those travelling home by coach had to leave before completing the march route. Protesters at the back end of the march did not reach Hyde Park until hours after the speakers and performers had finished.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 66], "content_span": [67, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012122-0049-0000", "contents": "15 February 2003 anti-war protests, Europe, United Kingdom, London\nCharles Kennedy, then the leader of the Liberal Democrats, was a late addition to the list of speakers. There was some media speculation that he only decided to speak after a lead article in The Guardian was critical of his absence from the planned speaker list.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 66], "content_span": [67, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012122-0049-0001", "contents": "15 February 2003 anti-war protests, Europe, United Kingdom, London\nThere had been some controversy within the StWC over allowing Kennedy to speak since his party was committed to opposing the war only in the absence of a second UN resolution, but the coalition decided that failing to invite him \"would have been divisive for the movement and would have fragmented anti-war opposition to the war.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 66], "content_span": [67, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012122-0050-0000", "contents": "15 February 2003 anti-war protests, Europe, United Kingdom, London\nBecause of the size of the march, accurate estimates of the number of people in attendance are difficult. It is relatively uncontentious that the march was the largest ever political demonstration in the UK and the biggest taking to the streets since the Golden Jubilee weekend in 2002.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 66], "content_span": [67, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012122-0051-0000", "contents": "15 February 2003 anti-war protests, Europe, United Kingdom, London\nIn an ICM poll for The Guardian (14 February 2003\u00a0\u2013 16 February 2003), 6% of people claimed that someone from their household went on the march or had intended to. The StWC claims that this translates into 1.25\u00a0million households and thus supports the estimate of two million people, assuming that more than one person could come from each household.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 66], "content_span": [67, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012122-0052-0000", "contents": "15 February 2003 anti-war protests, Europe, United Kingdom, London\nRadioVague in conjunction with the now defunct CableRadio broadcast speeches, music and interviews from the event to the internet throughout the day using a satellite uplink provided by Psand.net.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 66], "content_span": [67, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012122-0053-0000", "contents": "15 February 2003 anti-war protests, Europe, United Kingdom, London\nA sole person demonstrated in opposition to the march outside the Iraqi section of the Jordanian Embassy on the day\u00a0\u2013 Jacques More a writer from Croydon\u00a0\u2013 with a placard saying that, although a last resort, war is necessary \"[w]hen evil dictators rule and murder their own people\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 66], "content_span": [67, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012122-0054-0000", "contents": "15 February 2003 anti-war protests, Europe, United Kingdom, London\nTen years on writer Ian Sinclair assembled an oral history of the demonstration. Journalist Ellie Mae O'Hagan, a UK Uncut activist, told Sinclair that despite its size \"it did absolutely nothing\". Other witnesses, such as Milan Rai, are of the opposite opinion: \"We achieved a lot, and a hell of a lot more than we realise\". Tariq Ali, one of the speakers in February 2003, said at the tenth anniversary: \"I didn\u2019t quite tell them 'Blair is going to go to war regardless of today' but I knew that\". \"It was a huge show of anger but that's about it. It left no lasting legacy in my opinion.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 66], "content_span": [67, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012122-0055-0000", "contents": "15 February 2003 anti-war protests, Europe, United Kingdom, London\n\"One demonstration never overturned government policy overnight\u00a0\u2013 or very rarely\u00a0\u2013 and on something as strategic and massive as that\", commented Seumas Milne in an interview with The Quietus online magazine in October 2012. \"So if people imagine one demonstration is going to change everything of course that's wrong, but demos, protests, social organisation, trade union organisation, political organisation\u00a0\u2013 all these things are part of the process by which things are going to shift.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 66], "content_span": [67, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012122-0056-0000", "contents": "15 February 2003 anti-war protests, Europe, United Kingdom, Scotland\nIn addition to the demonstrations in England, the United Kingdom also saw protests in Scotland. Anti -war activists planned a demonstration in Glasgow which ended at the Scottish Exhibition and Conference Centre (SECC) where the Labour Party was holding a conference for party members. The Labour Party requested that the SECC refuse permission for a stage and PA system outside the conference hall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 68], "content_span": [69, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012122-0056-0001", "contents": "15 February 2003 anti-war protests, Europe, United Kingdom, Scotland\nIn response to this the then Scottish Socialist Party MSP Tommy Sheridan tabled a motion in the Scottish Parliament to allow the event to take place, condemning what he claimed were attempts to \"stifle all opposition to warmonger Blair\". The Labour Party was unsuccessful in blocking the demonstrators' plans. Tony Blair was due to give a speech at the same time as the protesters would have arrived outside the conference centre, but the speech was rescheduled to an earlier time to avoid this.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 68], "content_span": [69, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012122-0057-0000", "contents": "15 February 2003 anti-war protests, Europe, United Kingdom, Scotland\nOn the day around 50,000 people according to the Guardian joined the march, which started at Glasgow Green. By the time the front of the march had travelled the 2 miles (3.2\u00a0km) to the SECC, Blair had delivered his speech and had left the area. One protester was quoted as saying \"We've chased him out of town.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 68], "content_span": [69, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012122-0058-0000", "contents": "15 February 2003 anti-war protests, Europe, United Kingdom, Northern Ireland\nThe Northern Irish march was held in Belfast, where 10,000 (Guardian estimate) to 20,000 (SW estimate) protesters from across the sectarian divide joined the demonstration. The march started at the Arts College at 14:30 and moved through that Royal Avenue towards Belfast City Hall. Prominent politicians from Sinn F\u00e9in, the Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP) and the centrist Alliance Party joined the protest. Sinn F\u00e9in president Gerry Adams spoke from the platform at the end rally saying \"If President Bush and Mr Blair want war, it should be war against poverty and for equality.\" There was also a rally in Newry in County Down attending by hundreds of protesters (BBC estimate).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 76], "content_span": [77, 768]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012122-0059-0000", "contents": "15 February 2003 anti-war protests, Americas, Canada\nCanada saw protests in 70 cities and towns (WSWS estimate). The biggest took place in Montreal where more than 100,000 people protested (SW and WSWS each estimated 150,000) despite windchill temperatures below \u221230\u00a0\u00b0C (\u221222\u00a0\u00b0F). 80,000 people joined a demonstration in Toronto, 40,000 in Vancouver, 18,000 (by police estimates) in Edmonton, 8,000 in Victoria, 4,000 in Halifax and 6,000 in Ottawa. Some of the other major centres where protests were held included Windsor and Calgary", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 52], "content_span": [53, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012122-0060-0000", "contents": "15 February 2003 anti-war protests, Americas, Canada\nThere were protests in 70 cities in total. These demonstrations took place despite very cold weather, average temperatures were below \u221235\u00a0\u00b0C (\u221231\u00a0\u00b0F). In Chicoutimi, 1,500 protested in windchill temperatures of \u221240\u00a0\u00b0C (\u221240\u00a0\u00b0F) wind-chill temperature in what was one of the coldest marches on that global day of protest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 52], "content_span": [53, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012122-0061-0000", "contents": "15 February 2003 anti-war protests, Americas, United States\nProtests took place all across the United States of America with CBS reporting that 150 U.S. cities had protests. According to the World Socialist Web Site, protests took place in 225 different communities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 59], "content_span": [60, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012122-0062-0000", "contents": "15 February 2003 anti-war protests, Americas, United States\nThe largest protests took place in the nation's largest cities including Chicago, Los Angeles, and New York City, but there were also smaller rallies in towns such as Gainesville, Georgia; Macomb, Illinois; and Juneau, Alaska, among scores of others.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 59], "content_span": [60, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012122-0063-0000", "contents": "15 February 2003 anti-war protests, Americas, United States, New York City\nOrganisers of the New York City protest had hoped to march past the headquarters of the United Nations. However, a week before the march, police claimed that they would not be able to ensure order and District Court Judge Barbara Jones ruled against allowing the route. Instead, protesters were only permitted to hold a stationary rally.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 74], "content_span": [75, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012122-0063-0001", "contents": "15 February 2003 anti-war protests, Americas, United States, New York City\nAccording to Donna Lieberman, executive director of the New York City Civil Liberties Union, judicial denial of a permit for a protest march was an unprecedented restriction of civil liberties, as marching and parading through streets to express various points-of-view is \"a time-honoured tradition in our country that lies at the core of the First Amendment\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 74], "content_span": [75, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012122-0064-0000", "contents": "15 February 2003 anti-war protests, Americas, United States, New York City\nOn that day, over 300 buses and four special trains brought protesters in from across the country. BBC estimates that 100,000 protesters took part in a rally near the UN headquarters. Among those taking part was the 9/11 Families For Peaceful Tomorrows, a group made up of some relatives of victims of the attacks on the World Trade Center. Speakers included politicians, church leaders and entertainers, such as actress Susan Sarandon and South African Anglican Archbishop Desmond Tutu.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 74], "content_span": [75, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012122-0064-0001", "contents": "15 February 2003 anti-war protests, Americas, United States, New York City\nAs people tried to reach the rally area they ended up constituting an unplanned march, stretching twenty blocks down First Avenue and overflowing onto Second and Third Avenue. In total estimates range from 300,000 to 400,000 protesters (WSWS estimate). The protests were largely peaceful though a small group of protesters who were reported to have broken off from the main rally, caused damage to property in Union Square, and threw stones at police officers, which resulted in forty arrests.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 74], "content_span": [75, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012122-0065-0000", "contents": "15 February 2003 anti-war protests, Americas, United States, New York City\nThere were numerous complaints that the New York City Police Department (NYPD) were too heavy-handed. Many streets were blocked off and protesters reported feeling hemmed in and scared. By the end of the day, police reported that there had been roughly 275 arrests; organisers dispute this number, claiming that there were 348 arrests. The local Independent Media Center produced a short video claiming to show inappropriate and violent police behavior, including backing horses into demonstrators, shoving people into the metal barricades, spraying a toxic substance at penned-in demonstrators, using abusive language, and raising nightsticks against some who couldn't move. However, NYPD spokesman Michael O'Looney denied the charges claiming that the tape was \"filled with special effects\" and that it did not prove the police had not been provoked.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 74], "content_span": [75, 927]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012122-0066-0000", "contents": "15 February 2003 anti-war protests, Americas, United States, New York City\nA CNN journalist reported that the crowd was diverse, including \"older men and women in fur coats, parents with young children, military veterans and veterans of the anti-war movement.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 74], "content_span": [75, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012122-0067-0000", "contents": "15 February 2003 anti-war protests, Americas, United States, Other U.S. cities\nAt a demonstration in Los Angeles, California, 50,000 (WSWS estimate) to 60,000 (GLW estimate) protesters (CNN said \"thousands\") marched down Hollywood Boulevard filling it for four blocks. Amongst the protesters were the actors Martin Sheen and Mike Farrell and director Rob Reiner. Martin Sheen, who at the time was playing a fictitious U.S. president in The West Wing, said that \"None of us can stop this war\u00a0... there is only one guy that can do that and he lives in the White House\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 78], "content_span": [79, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012122-0068-0000", "contents": "15 February 2003 anti-war protests, Americas, United States, Other U.S. cities\nOther activists in California originally planned to hold a protest in San Francisco on the Saturday but they changed to the Sunday in order not to conflict with the city's Chinese New Year's parade. The protest was held on Sunday 16 February. The BBC estimated the crowd size to be 150,000 people, while protest organisers and police agreed that the crowd count was 200,000 people. However, a San Francisco Chronicle photographic investigation estimated that the number in attendance at the peak period was closer to 65,000 people, although it did not state how many people were in attendance for the duration of the demonstration.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 78], "content_span": [79, 710]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012122-0069-0000", "contents": "15 February 2003 anti-war protests, Americas, United States, Other U.S. cities\nThere was some controversy over Rabbi Michael Lerner not being selected as a speaker for the rally at the end of the demonstration. Lerner claimed that he was not picked to speak for reasons of anti-semitism due to his support for the existence of the Israeli state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 78], "content_span": [79, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012122-0069-0001", "contents": "15 February 2003 anti-war protests, Americas, United States, Other U.S. cities\nThe organisers responded with a statement that he was not picked because of an arrangement between the groups that organised the demonstration that there would be no speakers that had publicly attacked any other anti-war group and that \"since he had publicly attacked A.N.S.W.E.R. in both The New York Times and Tikkun community email newsletters, his inclusion in the program would violate [this] agreement.\" They also noted that two rabbis with views similar to those of Michael Lerner would be speaking.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 78], "content_span": [79, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012122-0070-0000", "contents": "15 February 2003 anti-war protests, Americas, United States, Other U.S. cities\nIn Austin, Texas, 10,000 protestors marched down Congress Avenue from the state capitol building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 78], "content_span": [79, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012122-0071-0000", "contents": "15 February 2003 anti-war protests, Americas, United States, Other U.S. cities\nIn Colorado Springs, 4,000 protesters were dispersed with pepper spray, tear gas, stun guns and batons. 34 were arrested on failure to disperse and other chargesand at least two protesters had to have hospital treatment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 78], "content_span": [79, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012122-0072-0000", "contents": "15 February 2003 anti-war protests, Americas, United States, Other U.S. cities\nIn Seattle, organisers aimed to have 20 to 30 thousand people join a march from Seattle Center following a giant blue planet, the emblem adopted by the march organisers. On the day 50,000 people (GLW estimate) turned out to protest under the dual slogan \"Stop the war on Iraq; Stop the war on immigrants\", more than on the Seattle protests against the WTO Ministerial Conference of 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 78], "content_span": [79, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012122-0073-0000", "contents": "15 February 2003 anti-war protests, Americas, United States, Other U.S. cities\nDemonstrations also took place in Philadelphia, where thousands (CNN estimate) joined a march to the Liberty Bell, and in Chicago, where 10,000 people demonstrated (GLW estimate).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 78], "content_span": [79, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012122-0074-0000", "contents": "15 February 2003 anti-war protests, Americas, United States, Other U.S. cities\nIn Florida a small number of protesters staged a naked protest on Palm Beach. They initially had some problems getting permission for the action, but on the Thursday before, a U.S. District court ruled that the planned nude protest was legal at the public beach. Most of the attendees had come from the four-day Mid-Winter Naturist Festival that was taking place at the same time. There was also a demonstration of 900 people (USA Today estimate) on the island of Puerto Rico.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 78], "content_span": [79, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012122-0075-0000", "contents": "15 February 2003 anti-war protests, Americas, Mexico\nThe chief demonstration in Mexico took place in Mexico City where around 10,000 people (USA Today estimate) joined a demonstration which ended with a rally at a heavily guarded US embassy. Among the demonstrators was Nobel Peace Prize laureate Rigoberta Mench\u00fa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 52], "content_span": [53, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012122-0076-0000", "contents": "15 February 2003 anti-war protests, Americas, South America\nProtests took place across South America including Uruguay, where their protest took place on the day before 15 February, Friday. An estimated 70,000 people marched down Montevideo's Avenida\u00a018. In Brazil, a protest led by President Luiz In\u00e1cio Lula da Silva was attended by 1,500 marchers (Police estimate).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 59], "content_span": [60, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012122-0077-0000", "contents": "15 February 2003 anti-war protests, Americas, South America\nIn Buenos Aires, Argentina, an estimate of 50,000 protesters attended which included veterans of the Falklands War of 1982.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 59], "content_span": [60, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012122-0078-0000", "contents": "15 February 2003 anti-war protests, Asia\nAreas in Asia with large Muslim populations, in particular the countries of the West Asia, had the highest levels of opposition to the proposed Iraq war, however demonstrations in many of these countries were relatively small. One United Arab Emirates newspaper Al Bayan led with the statement: \"The people of the world and more than one million Europeans demonstrate against an attack on Iraq while the Arab people and their leaders are in a deep coma.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 40], "content_span": [41, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012122-0079-0000", "contents": "15 February 2003 anti-war protests, Asia\nThe reasons for this are no doubt complex, but one factor that is commonly cited is the suppression of protest movements by the conservative leaders of those countries. A report by Asef Bayat in the Middle East Report suggests that \"the Arab governments allow little room for independent dissent\" as is shown by the fact that \"Since 2000, demands for collective protests against the US and Israel have been ignored by the authorities\" and \"unofficial street actions have faced intimidation and assault, with activists being harassed or detained\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 40], "content_span": [41, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012122-0080-0000", "contents": "15 February 2003 anti-war protests, Asia, West Asia\nIn Iraq, the country in which the war would take place, protesters marched down Palestine Street in Baghdad where several thousand Iraqis\u2014many carrying Kalashnikov rifles\u2014joined in the global protests. Unlike the vast majority of protests across the world the protest in Baghdad was also in support of the Baathist regime; it was called by Saddam Hussein as \"World Anger Day\". Protesters carried posters of Saddam and burned US flags.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 51], "content_span": [52, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012122-0081-0000", "contents": "15 February 2003 anti-war protests, Asia, West Asia\nA large protest also took place on the streets of Damascus in Syria, which borders Iraq. Protesters chanted anti-U.S. and anti-Israeli slogans while marching to the \"People's Assembly\" in a demonstration of between 10,000 (GLW estimate) to 200,000 protesters (CBS estimate and USA Today estimate).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 51], "content_span": [52, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012122-0082-0000", "contents": "15 February 2003 anti-war protests, Asia, West Asia\nIn Lebanon, 10,000 protesters (CBS, GLW estimate) took part in a demonstration in Beirut. However, the protest ended early when it rained heavily. There were also demonstrations of 5,000 people (GLW estimate) in Amman, Jordan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 51], "content_span": [52, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012122-0083-0000", "contents": "15 February 2003 anti-war protests, Asia, West Asia\nIn Israel there was a demonstration in Tel Aviv of approximately 2,000 (USA Today estimate) to 3,000 people (GLW and WSWS estimate). The demonstration contained both Arabs and Jews. It was organized by a wide range of organizations including the Communist Party of Israel, the National Democratic Assembly, the Arab Democratic Party, the Independent Media Center, the Alternative Information Center, Ta'ayush, the Gush Shalom movement, and the Organization for Democratic Action. However, it was boycotted by other left-wing groups, including Peace Now and Meretz. The demonstration was coordinated with a similar demonstration which took place in Ramallah.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 51], "content_span": [52, 709]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012122-0084-0000", "contents": "15 February 2003 anti-war protests, Asia, Other areas in Asia\nSmall protests took place across Japan mostly being held outside US military bases. The biggest demonstration of the day took place in Shibuya, where 5,000 (SW estimate) people marched. However, there was a demonstration of 25,000 in Tokyo on Friday, the day before as well as smaller demonstrations in Osaka and other cities. The Tokyo protesters contained Japanese veterans of World War II and survivors of the 1945 atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 61], "content_span": [62, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012122-0085-0000", "contents": "15 February 2003 anti-war protests, Asia, Other areas in Asia\nAround 3,000 people (SW estimate) joined an illegal demonstration in the Malaysian city of Kuala Lumpur despite police warnings that any participants in a protest would face stern action. The demonstration ended at the US embassy at Jalan Tun Razak. Taiwan had a protest of more than 2,000 people (WSWS estimate) in the capital city of Taipei under the slogan of \"No Blood for Oil\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 61], "content_span": [62, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012122-0086-0000", "contents": "15 February 2003 anti-war protests, Asia, Other areas in Asia\nIndia saw protests across the country including 10,000 (BBC estimate) in Calcutta. In Bangladesh 2,000 people joined a demonstration in Dhaka.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 61], "content_span": [62, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012122-0087-0000", "contents": "15 February 2003 anti-war protests, Asia, Other areas in Asia\nIn South Korea there was a demonstration of 2,000 people (WSWS estimate) which took place in the capital city Seoul. The protest started with a rally at Ma-ron-i-ea Park after which there was a demonstration that ended in Jong-Myo Park were the size of the protest increased in size to 3,000 people (WSWS estimate). Jong-Myo Park was surrounded by riot police who almost out numbered the protesters. Protests also took place in the South Korean cities of Pusan, Taegu, Taejon, Kwangju and Wonju.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 61], "content_span": [62, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012122-0088-0000", "contents": "15 February 2003 anti-war protests, Asia, Other areas in Asia\nNo protests were reported as having taken place in mainland China. According to a WSWS correspondent from Beijing there were two factors that explain the lack of protest in mainland China; \"[Beijing's] appeasement of imperialism and its fear of any public protest, whatever its content.\" There was a demonstration in Hong Kong of up to 1,000 people (WSWS estimate).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 61], "content_span": [62, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012122-0089-0000", "contents": "15 February 2003 anti-war protests, Africa, South Africa\nIn Johannesburg, around 8,000-10,000 people joined in a colorful and peaceful protest. They toyi-toyied and marched, stopping at the U.S. Consulate General where riot police formed a protective chain around the entrance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 56], "content_span": [57, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012122-0090-0000", "contents": "15 February 2003 anti-war protests, Africa, South Africa\nIn Cape Town 5,000 (USA Today estimate) to 20,000 protesters (WSWS estimate) joined a demonstration march which started at 10 in the morning on Keizersgracht road and ended at the offices of the US consulate-general which was guarded by a ring of riot police, where there was a rally with speakers. Protests were organised by the Anti-War Coalition and the Stop the War campaign of the Congress of South African Trade Unions (Cosatu).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 56], "content_span": [57, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012122-0091-0000", "contents": "15 February 2003 anti-war protests, Africa, South Africa\nProtests of thousands of people also took place at Durban and Bloemfontein.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 56], "content_span": [57, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012122-0092-0000", "contents": "15 February 2003 anti-war protests, Africa, South Africa\nA number of prominent ANC politicians attended marches. At the Cape Town rally the South African Minister, Pallo Jordan addressed the protesters saying; \"We will stop the war. The voice of the people will be heard.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 56], "content_span": [57, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012122-0093-0000", "contents": "15 February 2003 anti-war protests, Africa, Tunisia\nA protest of around 3,000 (SW estimate) in the Tunisian city of Sfax was attacked by police who beat the protesters with batons and truncheons, injuring at least 20.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 51], "content_span": [52, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012122-0094-0000", "contents": "15 February 2003 anti-war protests, Oceania, Fiji\nProtests in Fiji took place on the day before, on Friday morning, heralding the weekend of demonstrations. Protesters handed floral Valentine's Day messages to the representatives of the US, British and Australian governments urging them to avoid the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 49], "content_span": [50, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012122-0095-0000", "contents": "15 February 2003 anti-war protests, Oceania, Australia\nFriday also saw protests in Melbourne, Australia where around 150,000 people (BBC estimate) (Over 200,000 organisers estimate) joined a demonstration.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 54], "content_span": [55, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012122-0096-0000", "contents": "15 February 2003 anti-war protests, Oceania, Australia\nOn the Saturday protests also took place in Australia's six state capitals with 200,000 protesters (BBC estimate) demonstrating in Sydney, and an estimated 600,000 demonstrating in cities around the country. The Sydney demonstration included a feeder march of 10,000 trade unionists.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 54], "content_span": [55, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012122-0097-0000", "contents": "15 February 2003 anti-war protests, Oceania, Australia\nBeyond the capitals, many major cities and towns around Australia had protests.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 54], "content_span": [55, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012122-0098-0000", "contents": "15 February 2003 anti-war protests, Oceania, Australia\nAt protests in Australia in Bellingen, New South Wales around 2,500 people (SW estimate) joined a rally at the towns sports ground. As well as hearing from speakers, the demonstrators were entertained by a group of a cappella singers called 'The Bushbombs'. The rally was about as large as the town's population.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 54], "content_span": [55, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012122-0099-0000", "contents": "15 February 2003 anti-war protests, Oceania, New Zealand\nThe first actual demonstration of the day took place in New Zealand where 10,000 people demonstrated in Auckland and Wellington. The Auckland march was bigger than expected, forcing police to shut off Queen Street. People were reported to be still starting the march as those at the front of the march reached a rally in Myers Park several kilometres away. In Wellington the march had to carry on after the then planned end point as there were too many people to fit into the park. Around 400 to 500 people marched in Hamilton. There were also protests in at least 18 other centres, including Dunedin, Thames, Opotiki, Whakatane, Whangarei, Timaru and Rotorua, and Picnic for Peace in Christchurch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 56], "content_span": [57, 755]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012122-0100-0000", "contents": "15 February 2003 anti-war protests, Antarctica\nA group of scientists at the US McMurdo Station held a rally on the ice at the edge of the Ross sea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 46], "content_span": [47, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012122-0101-0000", "contents": "15 February 2003 anti-war protests, Effect\nAt the time, many commentators were hopeful that this global mobilization of unprecedented scale would stop the coming Iraq war. The New York Times writer Patrick Tyler claimed that they showed that there were \"two superpowers on the planet\u00a0\u2013 the United States, and worldwide public opinion\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 42], "content_span": [43, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012122-0102-0000", "contents": "15 February 2003 anti-war protests, Effect\nThe unprecedented size of the demonstrations was widely taken to indicate that the majority of people across the world opposed the war. However, the potential effect of the protests was generally dismissed by pro-war politicians. The Prime Minister of Australia, John Howard, claimed that the protests were not representative of public opinion, saying \"I don't know that you can measure public opinion just by the number of people that turn up at demonstrations.\" In the United States, the then National Security Advisor Condoleezza Rice was reported as saying that the protests would \"not affect [the administration's] determination to confront Saddam Hussein and help the Iraqi people\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 42], "content_span": [43, 731]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012122-0103-0000", "contents": "15 February 2003 anti-war protests, Effect\nHer view was borne out as the day of protests, along with the protests that followed it, failed to stop the war. However, the protests and other public opposition have been held up as a key factor in the decisions of the governments of many countries, such as Canada, to not send troops to Iraq.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 42], "content_span": [43, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012122-0104-0000", "contents": "15 February 2003 anti-war protests, Effect\nThough demonstrations against the Iraq war and subsequent occupation have continued none has matched this day in terms of size. One explanation for this that has been suggested is that people have become disillusioned with marching as a political tactic because of the failure of these demonstrations to achieve their explicit aim. In 2006 three years after this day, in an article arguing for people to attend a further march, Mike Marqusee put forward two counter arguments to this.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 42], "content_span": [43, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012122-0104-0001", "contents": "15 February 2003 anti-war protests, Effect\nFirstly he claimed that it was too soon to judge the long-term significance of the demonstrations noting that \"People who took part in the non-cooperation campaigns in India in the 20s and 30s had to wait a long time for independence.\" and that \"There were eight years of protest and more than 2 million dead before the Vietnam war came to an end\". Secondly, he claimed that while the effect of marching may be uncertain, the effect of not marching would surely be to make it more likely that the occupation would continue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 42], "content_span": [43, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012122-0105-0000", "contents": "15 February 2003 anti-war protests, Effect\nDespite failing in its explicit aim, the 15 February global day of anti-war protests had many effects that, according to some, were not directly intended. According to United Kingdom left-wing anti-war activist Salma Yaqoob, one of these was that they were a powerful antidote to the idea that the war was a \"Clash of Civilizations\", or a religious war, an idea she claimed was propagated both by Western leaders and reactionary forces in the Arab world. This is echoed in the words of former Hizb ut-Tahrir organiser Hadiya Masieh who said of the non-Muslims marching in London \"How could we demonise people who obviously opposed aggression against Muslims? \".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 42], "content_span": [43, 704]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012123-0000-0000", "contents": "15 Feet of Snow\n\"15 Feet of Snow\" is a song by Australian rock musician, Diesel. It was released in February 1995 as the second single from his third studio album, Solid State Rhyme  (1994). It peaked at number 29 in Australia in April 1995.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012124-0000-0000", "contents": "15 Field Ambulance\n15 (Edmonton) Field Ambulance (15 (Edm) Fd Amb) is a Canadian Forces Primary Reserve medical unit headquartered in Edmonton, Alberta with a detachment (15 (Edmonton) Field Ambulance Detachment Calgary) in Calgary. The unit mission is to attract, train, force generate and retain high-quality health service personnel to provide health service support (HSS) to 41 Canadian Brigade Group and to augment CF domestic and international operations. An additional and important activity is to participate in activities that will raise its profile in Edmonton and Calgary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012124-0001-0000", "contents": "15 Field Ambulance, History\n15 (Edmonton) Field Ambulance's lineage originates with No. 4 Casualty Clearing Station mobilized in December 1939 as one of the medical units of the 1st Canadian Division for service overseas during the second world war. No. 4 CSS departed Halifax on 30 Jan 1940 embarked in the Empress of Britain and disembarked along the Clyde on 8 February 1940. The unit was directed to Aldershot where it spent the next three years. The medical services of No. 4 CCS during the winter of 1941\u201342 were provided in a large country house that accommodated 130 patients. Patients expected to be ill for more than three or four days were transferred from a field ambulance to the CCS.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 697]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012124-0002-0000", "contents": "15 Field Ambulance, History\nDuring the Dieppe Raid, No. 4 CCS remained in Dorking, England. Casualties from the battle were evacuated by landing craft back to the casualty reception area at Portsmouth and No. 4 CCS handled the walking wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012124-0003-0000", "contents": "15 Field Ambulance, History\nIn 1943 No. 4 CCS was sent to Sicily and operated in Catania providing care for sick and injured Canadian soldiers. The unit followed the battle of the I Canadian Corps through Ortona to the Gustav Line, on to the Hitler Line and Northern Italy. In 1945, the unit moved to Marseilles, France, and to Belgium and finally into the Netherlands. No. 4 CCS opened with attached surgical and transfusion units in Brakkenstein, near Nijmegen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012124-0004-0000", "contents": "15 Field Ambulance, History\nAt war's end, No. 4 CCS returned to Canada and was re-designated No. 36 Casualty Clearing Station in the Militia. In 1954, the unit was once again re-designated No. 23 Medical Company (Royal Canadian Army Medical Corps). 23 Med Coy trained to achieve the highest standards and won the Ryerson Trophy each year from 1961 to 1964, and 1972 to 1974.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012124-0005-0000", "contents": "15 Field Ambulance, History\nIn 1978 No. 23 Medical Company was once again redesignated as 15 (Edmonton) Medical Company. In 1991, 14 Medical Platoon of 14 (Calgary) Service Battalion was reassigned and became 15 (Edmonton) Medical Company Detachment Calgary. In 2004, subsequent to the reorganization of all Canadian Forces medical and dental units into the Canadian Forces Health Services Group, the militia medical companies were re-designated and organized as Reserve field ambulances and the unit became 15 (Edmonton) Field Ambulance with its detachment 15 (Edmonton) Field Ambulance Detachment Calgary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012124-0006-0000", "contents": "15 Field Ambulance, Present day\n15 (Edm) Fd Amb is a unit of 1 Health Services Group (1 HSG) and under operational control (OPCON) of 41 Canadian Brigade Group, consisting of all Alberta Army Reserve personnel. As a Canadian Forces (CF) Primary Reserve unit, members may serve on a full or part-time basis. Deployments are voluntary, and personnel continue to serve alongside Regular Force CF members. The Edmonton unit is based at Brigadier James Curry Jefferson Building, and in Calgary at the Mewata Armoury. The current Commanding Officer (CO)is Lieutenant-Colonel David Allen, CD (Apr 2019) and the current Regimental Sergeant Major (RSM) is Chief Warrant Officer Suzanne McAdam,MMM, CD (Sep 2019).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 703]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012124-0007-0000", "contents": "15 Field Ambulance, Operations\n15 Field Ambulance members have deployed in many domestic and international operations including:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012124-0008-0000", "contents": "15 Field Ambulance, Royal Canadian Army Cadets\n15 (Edmonton) Field Ambulance is affiliated with 2995 Medical Company RCACC, based in Lac La Biche, Alberta.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 46], "content_span": [47, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012125-0000-0000", "contents": "15 Field Squadron (Search) RE\nThe 15 Field Squadron is a Field Squadron of the Royal Engineers a part of the British Army based in Wimbish.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012125-0001-0000", "contents": "15 Field Squadron (Search) RE, Summary\nThe current title of this unit is 15 Fd Sqn (EOD&S) and is located at Carver Barracks, Essex.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012125-0002-0000", "contents": "15 Field Squadron (Search) RE, Summary\nIts previous title was 15 Field Squadron (Search) and was located at Claro Barracks, Ripon before it was disbanded in 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012125-0003-0000", "contents": "15 Field Squadron (Search) RE, Summary\n15 Field Squadron (Search) is a specialist counter-IED search squadron, part of 36 Engineer Regiment (Search), which itself comes under command of 29 EOD & Search Group, under control of 8 Force Engineer Brigade. Whilst it is co-located in Claro Barracks, Ripon, alongside 21 Engineer Regiment, its own Regimental Headquarters is 36 Engineer Regiment (Search) located in Maidstone, Kent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012125-0004-0000", "contents": "15 Field Squadron (Search) RE, Summary\nThe squadron is one of only five specialist search squadrons within the UK Armed Forces and is at the forefront of the fight to defeat improvised explosive device (IED) threat to forces deployed on operations. When not conducting search operations, it retains the capability to conduct the full range of specialist military engineer support.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012125-0005-0000", "contents": "15 Field Squadron (Search) RE, Summary\nPrior to its current role, the squadron was a field support squadron role supporting 3 (UK) Divisional Engineer Group. As a Field Support Squadron its role was focused on the management and delivery of specialist military engineer logistic support. In Dec -April 1991 it deployed to the first Gulf War under the Command of Major Philip Crook RE and played a key engineer support role in the retaking of Kuwait.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012125-0006-0000", "contents": "15 Field Squadron (Search) RE, Summary\nOne of its most notable members, Lt Philip Neame, is the only holder of both the Victoria Cross and Olympic gold medal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012125-0007-0000", "contents": "15 Field Squadron (Search) RE, Squadron badge\nThe squadron's unit badge is the Native American Indian Chieftain's head, with XV imprinted in the middle, denoting 15 Squadron. Whilst its actual origins are unknown, it is believed to represent its early work in Canada, where it was sent as part of the military construction force to build the Rideau Canal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 45], "content_span": [46, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012125-0008-0000", "contents": "15 Field Squadron (Search) RE, Squadron history\nThe Royal Warrant of 27 April 1825 authorised the formation of a service company of the Royal Sappers and Miners for service at Portsmouth. After training at Chatham, the new company, the 15th, moved to Portsmouth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012125-0009-0000", "contents": "15 Field Squadron (Search) RE, Squadron history\nSince its formation 15 Squadron has been amalgamated and disbanded many times, only to be reformed ready to take on a new roles. Its history is one that includes service in almost all of the United Kingdom's major conflicts over a period of history spanning nearly 190 years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012125-0010-0000", "contents": "15 Field Squadron (Search) RE, Rideau Canal\nOn 26 March 1827 a Royal Warrant was issued that ordered the augmentation of two companies of 81 men each for works on the Rideau Canal. The officer commanding the 15th was Captain Victor. When the company was up to strength it sailed on the transport ship \"Southworth\" and landed in Canada on 1 June 1827.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 43], "content_span": [44, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012125-0011-0000", "contents": "15 Field Squadron (Search) RE, Rideau Canal\nThe Rideau Canal was to run between the Ottawa River Kingston. It was to provide a link between Upper and Lower Canada that would secure it from attack by the United States, Lt Col John By RE was selected to carry out the project, and, by the spring of 1827, had completed his survey of the proposed route and had got it approved by the Earl of Dalhousier's land beside the Ottawa river. This settlement was named Bytown and the project headquarters was set up there. 15 Company lived in a barracks at Bytown on the present site of the Ottawa Parliament buildings. Sadly, during the construction of the canal, 21 members of the squadron perished. Lt Col By, the designer of the canal, is quoted as saying to the governor general of Canada:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 43], "content_span": [44, 783]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012125-0012-0000", "contents": "15 Field Squadron (Search) RE, Rideau Canal\n\"I have the honour to report that I find the greater part of Captain Victors\u2019 [ 15th] Company such intelligent and well instructed men, that they are of the greatest use to me\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 43], "content_span": [44, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012125-0013-0000", "contents": "15 Field Squadron (Search) RE, Previous unit titles\n15 Squadron has undergone many transformations during its service, this is a list of all known titles used in its history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 51], "content_span": [52, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012125-0014-0000", "contents": "15 Field Squadron (Search) RE, Operational history, First World War\n15th Field Company, part of 8th Division, commanded by Captain PK Betty. Served on the Somme from July to November 1916. 15th Field Company participated in the Battle of Asine (27 May to 2 June 1918), where it suffered heavy casualties. Took part in the attack on Neuve Chapelle (March, 1915) supporting 24th Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 67], "content_span": [68, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012125-0015-0000", "contents": "15 Field Squadron (Search) RE, Operational history, Second World War\nParticipated in D-Day as part of 3rd British Division, landing on Sword Beach, commanded by Major HC Dykes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 68], "content_span": [69, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012125-0016-0000", "contents": "15 Field Squadron (Search) RE, Ripon\nBoth the Corps of Royal Engineers and 15 Squadron have a long relationship with the city of Ripon, North Yorkshire. 15 Squadron first arrived in the city in December 1958 following its deployment to Christmas Island supporting nuclear-weapons testing that was conducted on the Islands. It arrived as part of the re-location of 38 Corps Engineer Regiment (which included 48 and 63 Field Squadrons, and later 12 Squadron). In 1964 the squadron was tasked with levelling of the ground for a new cemetery in Ripon. In 1991 the Sqn deployed to the Gulf War as part of the Coalition to retake Kuwait, it was commanded by Major Philip Crook RE.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 36], "content_span": [37, 674]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012125-0017-0000", "contents": "15 Field Squadron (Search) RE, Notable members of the Squadron\nPhilip Neame VCThe squadron's most famous member who on 18 December 1914 won the Victoria Cross during the First World War as lieutenant in 15th Field Company. He later went on to reach the rank of lieutenant general in the British Army and is the only Victoria Cross recipient to ever win an Olympic Gold medal, which he achieved in the 1924 Olympic Games.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 62], "content_span": [63, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012125-0018-0000", "contents": "15 Field Squadron (Search) RE, Notable members of the Squadron\n\"For conspicuous bravery on the 19th December 1914 near Neuve Chapelle, when notwithstanding the very heavy rifle fire and bomb throwing by the enemy, he succeeded in holding them back and rescuing all the wounded men whom it was possible to move\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 62], "content_span": [63, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012125-0019-0000", "contents": "15 Field Squadron (Search) RE, Notable members of the Squadron\nHe was decorated with the VC by HM King George V at Windsor Castle on 19 July 1915.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 62], "content_span": [63, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012125-0020-0000", "contents": "15 Field Squadron (Search) RE, Notable members of the Squadron\nIn 2012, the squadron deployed a troop to provide personnel as a venue security force for the 2012 London Olympic Games. In honour of Philip Neame's achievement, this troop was named Neame Troop and was commanded by a Royal Engineer lieutenant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 62], "content_span": [63, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012125-0021-0000", "contents": "15 Field Squadron (Search) RE, Honours and awards\nThe following is a list of honours and awards earned by members of the squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 49], "content_span": [50, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012126-0000-0000", "contents": "15 Firwood Fold\n15 Firwood Fold is a 16th-century house in Bolton, Greater Manchester (grid reference ). It is a Grade II* listed building and according to local tradition is the oldest inhabited house in Bolton. It stands separate from the other houses in Firwood Fold.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012126-0001-0000", "contents": "15 Firwood Fold\nThe house was originally built in a medieval style using the cruck construction technique, whereby A-shaped oak trusses on stone bases were covered in wattle and daub and thatch. It was later renovated and clad in stone. One of the trusses can be clearly seen in the gable end.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012127-0000-0000", "contents": "15 Great Hits\n15 Great Hits is the fifth album by the rock band The Kingsmen, released in 1966.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012127-0001-0000", "contents": "15 Great Hits, Release and reception\nThe Kingsmen's fifth album was an amalgam containing seven new songs, one previously released single, four alternate versions of previously released songs, and three tracks from earlier LPs. The album entered the Billboard LP chart on August 20, 1966, and remained for eight weeks, peaking at #87. The album's sales were supported by the continued popularity of \"Louie Louie\" (re-released in 1966 as \"Louie Louie 64-65-66\") and the Kingsmen's busy touring schedule.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 36], "content_span": [37, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012127-0002-0000", "contents": "15 Great Hits, Release and reception\nBoth mono (WDM 674) and stereo (WDS 674) versions were released. International releases included Canada (Wand 674), France (Disques Vogue CLVLXS 101 30), Taiwan (CSJ 519, orange vinyl), and United Kingdom (Pye International NPL 28085). The album has not been reissued on CD.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 36], "content_span": [37, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012127-0003-0000", "contents": "15 Great Hits, Release and reception\nThis was the group's fifth and final album chart appearance, and the last effort by the 1963-1966 line-up of Lynn Easton, Mike Mitchell, Barry Curtis, Dick Peterson, and Norm Sundholm. Later in 1966, Barry Curtis was drafted and Norm Sundholm left to develop Sunn amplifiers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 36], "content_span": [37, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012128-0000-0000", "contents": "15 Head Theatre Lab\n15 HEAD - a theatre lab was a non-profit, professional, experimental theatre company based in Minneapolis, Minnesota.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012128-0001-0000", "contents": "15 Head Theatre Lab, History\nThe company was founded in 1995 by directors Julia Fischer and Greg Smucker, and designer Joe Stanley. 15 HEAD focused on creating original company works, employing a unique method of communal creation to bring their productions to the stage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012128-0002-0000", "contents": "15 Head Theatre Lab, History\nFollowing two years at Old Arizona studios, they became a resident company at the Red Eye Theater in Minneapolis in 1997. Several former members went on the create the Minneapolis-based company known as Sandbox Theatre.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012128-0003-0000", "contents": "15 Head Theatre Lab, History\nIn its final years (after the departure of two of the original founders), the remaining company members utilized methods popularized by Anne Bogart and the SITI Company. The company was awarded a Jerome Foundation grant for their work in 2002 and 2004. 15 HEAD produced plays and offered classes in the Viewpoints method in Minneapolis from 1995, until the dissolution of the company in 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012128-0004-0000", "contents": "15 Head Theatre Lab, Style\n15 HEAD's productions were marked by a signature style featuring intense physical movement that included music, dance and visually dynamic design.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 26], "content_span": [27, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012128-0005-0000", "contents": "15 Head Theatre Lab, Style\nA unique feature of 15 HEAD was its use of a broad, cross-disciplinary, collaborative rehearsal process. The company of professional directors, designers, actors and writers ignored the traditional problems between their specializations, so that all participants could provide input into each aspect of the production. Although 15 HEAD was inspired by stories, legends and myths through an extensive discovery and rehearsal process, the finished product reflected the individual and collective strengths of each of the company members.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 26], "content_span": [27, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012128-0006-0000", "contents": "15 Head Theatre Lab, Awards\nTop Ten Shows of 1999 for The Mountain Giants -City Pages", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 27], "content_span": [28, 85]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012129-0000-0000", "contents": "15 Hudson Yards\n15 Hudson Yards (originally known as Tower D) is a residential skyscraper on Manhattan's West Side, completed in 2019. Located in Chelsea near Hell's Kitchen Penn Station area, the building is a part of the Hudson Yards project, a plan to redevelop the Metropolitan Transportation Authority's West Side Yards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012129-0001-0000", "contents": "15 Hudson Yards, History\n15 Hudson Yards started construction on December 4, 2014. In September 2015, the project received $850 million in construction financing from UK hedge fund The Children's Investment Fund Management. Additional funding came from the New York State Housing Finance Agency due to the building's affordable housing component. The tower was topped out in February 2018 and opened on March 15, 2019. By January 2019, approximately 60% of the building's units had been sold.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012129-0002-0000", "contents": "15 Hudson Yards, History\nIn 2021, prospective low-income tenants of the building filed a lawsuit against Related. The suit alleges the company created a different address (553 West 30th Street) for 15 Hudson Yards' affordable units and that the tenants of those units would not have access to the same amenities as those in the market-rate units. The suit alleges the building does not have an actual \"poor door\" but does still segregate its tenants through a \"poor address\" and \"poor floors\". \"Poor doors\" were banned in 2015 by New York City mayor Bill de Blasio.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012129-0003-0000", "contents": "15 Hudson Yards, Architecture and design\n15 Hudson Yards is designed by Diller Scofidio + Renfro, Lead Architect and Rockwell Group, Lead Interior Architect  and features straps along the middle and top part of the building to make it more \"fluid-like\". Ismael Leyva Architects, P.C. served as the Executive Architect. Structural engineering as performed by WSP Cantor Seinuk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012129-0004-0000", "contents": "15 Hudson Yards, Architecture and design\nThe building includes 285 residential units. The 50th and 51st floor are a 40,000 square feet (3,700\u00a0m2) amenity space containing an aquatics center with a 75-foot-long swimming pool, spa, fitness center, yoga studio, children\u2019s playroom, private dining suites, screening room, golf club lounge, wine storage, and business center. The building also features the \"Skytop\", an open-air terrace on top of the building that is marketed as the highest outdoor residential roof deck in New York City.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012129-0005-0000", "contents": "15 Hudson Yards, Architecture and design\nThe tower is integrated with The Shed, a cultural venue at the tower's base. Opened on April 5, 2019, The Shed hosts activities in a wide range of cultural areas including art, performance, film, design, food, fashion, and new combinations of cultural content. The building's lobby contains a large-scale wooden installation designed by American sculptor Joel Shapiro.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012129-0006-0000", "contents": "15 Hudson Yards, Notable residents\nResidents who have purchased units include Philip I. Kent, the former CEO of Turner Broadcasting System.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 34], "content_span": [35, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012130-0000-0000", "contents": "15 Inolvidables (Marco Antonio Sol\u00eds album)\n15 Inolvidables is a compilation album released by Marco Antonio Sol\u00eds on February 10, 2015. Acepto Mi Derrota was recorded with Los Bukis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012130-0001-0000", "contents": "15 Inolvidables (Marco Antonio Sol\u00eds album), Track listing\nAll songs were written and composed by Marco Antonio Sol\u00eds", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 58], "content_span": [59, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012131-0000-0000", "contents": "15 Inolvidables Vol. 2 (Marco Antonio Sol\u00eds album)\n15 Inolvidables Vol. 2 is a compilation album released by Marco Antonio Sol\u00eds on August 7, 2015. It reached the number 4 spot on the billboard Latin pop charts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012132-0000-0000", "contents": "15 Jash\n15 Jash is a village in Osh Region of Kyrgyzstan. Its population was 687 in 2009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012133-0000-0000", "contents": "15 Kenya Rifles\n15 Battalion Kenya Rifles (15 KR) is an infantry battalion of the Kenya Army. It was formed on 13 March 1989 as an infantry unit based in the outskirts of coastal Mombasa. The unit took part in the UNTAG peacekeeping mission in Namibia in 1990.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012133-0001-0000", "contents": "15 Kenya Rifles\nAt the time of the Battle of Kulbiyow (27 January 2017) against Al Shabaab, the Kulbiyow base in Jubaland, Somalia, was held by 250 Kenyan and Somali soldiers. The core of the base garrison was formed by C Company, 15 KR of 120 men, organized into four platoons. The Kenyan company also included a howitzer battery as well as several mortars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012134-0000-0000", "contents": "15 Khordad Foundation\nThe 15 Khordad Foundation (Persian: \u0628\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u062f \u067e\u0627\u0646\u0632\u062f\u0647 \u062e\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062f\u200e) is one of the organization created in 1982 on the orders of Rouhollah Khomeini that intend to fix the economic issues of the families of martyrs, veterans, and founders of the Revolution. This foundation is one of the Revolutionary Institutions of the Islamic Republic of Iran and is under the supervision of the Office of the Supreme Leader.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012134-0001-0000", "contents": "15 Khordad Foundation\nThe 15 Khordad Foundation in reality was a supplementary office to the Foundation of Martyrs and Veterans Affairs. The scope of its activities included: the creation of the 15 Khordad Cultural and Literary Association, collection of documents regarding the 1963 demonstrations in Iran, organizing commemoration ceremonies of 15 Khordad, construction of 15 Khordad Dam near Qom, regulating supply of drinking water in Qom, and many more.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012134-0002-0000", "contents": "15 Khordad Foundation\nThe foundation is one of the organizations under the supervision of the Supreme Leader. After its creation the foundation was under the supervision of a council appointed by Rouhollah Khomeini, in which one of the members was Habibollah Asgaroladi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012134-0003-0000", "contents": "15 Khordad Foundation\nThe several million dollar reward for the killing Salman Rushdie was offered by this foundation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012135-0000-0000", "contents": "15 Lacertae\n15 Lacertae is a binary star system in the northern constellation of Lacerta, near the southeast constellation border with Andromeda. It is faintly visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of 4.95. The distance to this system is approximately 337\u00a0light years based on parallax. It is drifting closer to the Sun with a radial velocity of \u221219\u00a0km/s. The absolute magnitude of 15 Lacertae is \u22120.04.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012135-0001-0000", "contents": "15 Lacertae\nThe primary component is an aging red giant with a stellar classification of M0\u00a0III. With the supply of hydrogen at its core exhausted, the star has cooled and expanded to 37 times the Sun's radius. It is radiating 295 times the luminosity of the Sun from its swollen photosphere at an effective temperature of 3,915\u00a0K, giving it a reddish hue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012135-0002-0000", "contents": "15 Lacertae\nThe secondary companion was discovered by American astronomer S. W. Burnham in 1888. It has a visual magnitude of 11.9 and is located at an angular separation of 23.6\u2033 from the primary along a position angle of 159\u00b0, as of 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012136-0000-0000", "contents": "15 Leonis Minoris\n15 Leonis Minoris is the Flamsteed designation for a single star in the northern circumpolar constellation of Ursa Major. It has an apparent visual magnitude of 5.08, making it a fifth magnitude star that is visible to the naked eye. Based on parallax measurements, it is located at a distance of 61.7\u00a0light years from the Sun. The star has been examined for an infrared excess, but none was detected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012136-0001-0000", "contents": "15 Leonis Minoris\nThis star has a stellar classification of G0\u00a0IV-V with an age of about 9.3\u00a0billion years, which suggests that it is an older G-type main sequence star that may be evolving into a subgiant as the hydrogen at its core runs out. The estimated mass of the star is 15% greater than the Sun's mass, and it is larger in girth than the Sun by +52%. It is spinning with a projected rotational velocity of 4\u00a0km/s. The star is radiating almost three times the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 5,859\u00a0K, giving it the yellow-hued glow of a G-type star.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012137-0000-0000", "contents": "15 Lyncis\n15 Lyncis is a binary star system in the northern constellation of Lynx. It is visible to the naked eye as a faint point of light with a combined apparent visual magnitude of 4.35. Based on the system's parallax, it is located 178 light-years (54.7 parsecs) away. The pair are moving away from the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of +2\u00a0km/s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012137-0001-0000", "contents": "15 Lyncis\nA telescope reveals it is formed by two yellowish stars of magnitudes 4.7 and 5.8 that are 0.9 arcseconds apart. The two stars orbit each other every 262 years and the orbital eccentricity is 0.74. The components are a magnitude 4.7 evolved giant star of spectral type G8III, and a magnitude 5.8 F-type main-sequence star of spectral type F8V. The former has exhausted the hydrogen at its core, causing it to expand to 8 times the Sun's radius. It is radiating 40 times the luminosity of the Sun from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of 5,164\u00a0K.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012138-0000-0000", "contents": "15 Maiden Lane\n15 Maiden Lane is a 1936 American crime film directed by Allan Dwan and starring Claire Trevor, Cesar Romero, and Lloyd Nolan. The plot involves an insurance investigator (Trevor) who infiltrates a gang who had stolen jewels from the eponymous building on Maiden Lane in the Fulton Street District of Manhattan. The neighborhood had been the center of New York City's Diamond District since the 19th century before its gradual relocation uptown to 47th Street after World War II. The Museum of Modern Art in New York City screened a restored print of the film in June 2013 as part of an Allan Dwan retrospective.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012139-0000-0000", "contents": "15 May Organization\nFounded in 1979, the 15 May Organization or Abu Ibrahim Faction was a minor breakout faction from Wadie Haddad's Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine \u2013 External Operations (PFLP-EO).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012139-0001-0000", "contents": "15 May Organization, History\nThe name is drawn from 15 May 1948, the day that the British Mandate over Palestine ended and the 1948 Arab\u2013Israeli War began.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012139-0002-0000", "contents": "15 May Organization, History\nThe group was led by Muhammad al-Umari (kunya: Abu Ibrahim), and took credit for several bombings of international targets in the early 1980s, including hotels and airliners, but is believed to have disbanded after members joined Fatah radical Col. Hawari's Fatah Special Operations Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012139-0003-0000", "contents": "15 May Organization, Operations\nIn 1980, in the group's first attack was against the Royal Hotel in London, England, ostensibly because of its high number of Jewish patrons. The 21-year-old Palestinian-Iraqi Mohammed Zuhair travelled from Baghdad into an unnamed European country, and finally arrived in London, with several kilograms of plastic explosives hidden inside his suitcase. He rented a room in the centre of the fifth floor, where Ibrahim had hoped an explosion might cause enough structural damage to cause the building to collapse. The bomb detonated prematurely on 17 January however, and killed only Zuhair himself; injuring several hotel guests. After his death, his photograph was hung in one of Ibrahim's safe houses, and Capt. Mohammed Rashid named his son after Zuhair.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 789]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012139-0004-0000", "contents": "15 May Organization, Operations\nIn 1981, the group organised the bombing of Israeli airline El Al offices in Rome and Istanbul, as well as the Israeli embassies in Athens and Vienna.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012139-0005-0000", "contents": "15 May Organization, Operations\nThe following year, the group unsuccessfully attempted to bomb a Pan Am flight in Rio de Janeiro, and then successfully detonated a bomb, killing only one passenger, aboard Pan Am Flight 830 on 11 August. The latter attack was orchestrated by Rashid, who was imprisoned for his actions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012139-0006-0000", "contents": "15 May Organization, Operations\nIn 1985 the group recruited a Tunisian to carry out a bombing attack against a department store in Paris in February.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012139-0007-0000", "contents": "15 May Organization, Downfall\nThe 15 May Organization is believed to have been sponsored by Iraq, and founder Abu Ibrahim was believed by US authorities to have relocated there after the group disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012139-0008-0000", "contents": "15 May Organization, Downfall\nTwenty days after the unsuccessful bombing by Rashid, construction contractor Adnan Awad turned himself over to the American Embassy in Saudi Arabia and claimed that he had been pressured into joining the group. He was turned over to the Swiss, but later returned to the United States to help secure indictment against the 15 May leadership. With his aid, American intelligence agencies determined that it was the 15 May Organization that had constructed the bomb aboard Pan Am Flight 830.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012139-0009-0000", "contents": "15 May Organization, Downfall\nAbu Ibrahim was placed on the FBI's most wanted in June 2009", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012140-0000-0000", "contents": "15 Minute Drama\n15 Minute Drama, previously known as Woman's Hour Drama, was a BBC Radio 4 Arts and Drama production strand that was broadcast between 1998 and 2021. It consisted of 15-minute episodes, broadcast every weekday 10.45\u201311.00am (i.e. at the end of Woman's Hour proper), repeated at 7.45\u20138.00pm. These tended to be plays which extended over a week, or multiple of five episodes. Occasionally, each day's slot for a week or more would be filled by single drama, linked to the others of the week by a theme. For the last decade of its broadcasting life, the single episodes would be repeated as omnibuses on BBC Radio 4 Extra at the weekend.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012140-0001-0000", "contents": "15 Minute Drama\nThe subjects covered were many and varied, and not just for women. According to Radio 4, they aimed to provide a mixture of classic and contemporary drama, adaptations of books and original writing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012141-0000-0000", "contents": "15 Minute Musical\n15 Minute Musical is a comedy series on BBC Radio 4 written by Richie Webb, David Quantick and Dave Cohen. Each episode is in a different musical style with a story featuring current celebrities and politicians. The show won the 2009 Writers' Guild Award for Best Radio Comedy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012141-0001-0000", "contents": "15 Minute Musical, Episodes\nThe first series aired from October 2004 and featured the following episodes:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 27], "content_span": [28, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012142-0000-0000", "contents": "15 Minuten Wahrheit\n15 Minuten Wahrheit (German pronunciation: [ \u02c8f\u028fnftse\u02d0n mi\u02c8nutn\u0329 \u02c8va\u02d0\u0250\u032fha\u026at]; lit. '15 minutes of truth') is a German film directed by Nico Zingelmann and starring Herbert Knaup and Christoph Bach.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012142-0001-0000", "contents": "15 Minuten Wahrheit, Plot\nThe 50-year-old Georg Komann and his colleagues at Jaffcorp Investment AG are completely unexpectedly dismissed from their employer without adequate compensation. They are facing a personal end because they know that no one over 50 is hiring new people. Komann forges a risky plan with which he could secure the future for himself and his friends. He puts everything on one card and asks his boss Sebastian Berg for a conversation, one that could change his life - in any direction - a conversation of 15 minutes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 25], "content_span": [26, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012142-0002-0000", "contents": "15 Minuten Wahrheit, Plot\nBerg offers Komann a severance payment, which he refuses because he is apparently the only one who is to be lavishly rewarded. He wants to stand up for the employees and demands severance payments for all those who are to be laid off, as many are over 50 and no longer have a chance to get a new job. Berg leaves that cold. During the conversation, Komann said that he knew that the company had a secret bank account in Switzerland and that a lot of money had been stashed away.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 25], "content_span": [26, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012142-0002-0001", "contents": "15 Minuten Wahrheit, Plot\nWith the knowledge he wants to put his young boss under pressure and threatens to go public. Berg does not agree to this because he believes that Komann has no evidence. Komann tells his boss that this was only used by the management to open the account. Thus, the board is above suspicion and Berg is the bogeyman. Komann claims that he and his employees have already cleared the secret account. Berg doesn't think so. He has a notebook with the TAN numbers on his desk so that he can carry out transactions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 25], "content_span": [26, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012142-0002-0002", "contents": "15 Minuten Wahrheit, Plot\nKomann says that he can't memorize anything either, whereupon Berg believes that Komann secretly stole the notebook and photocopied it. In fact, Komann pulls copies out of his jacket pocket. Since the TAN numbers are only valid once, Berg does not worry and secretly calls the security service via live mail. When Komann leaves the office, Berg has him arrested by the security guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 25], "content_span": [26, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012142-0003-0000", "contents": "15 Minuten Wahrheit, Plot\nBerg now calls the bank in Zurich to see if there have been any transactions in the last 24 hours. The alleged employee on the phone says no. Berg then goes into the anteroom, where Komann is in handcuffs, and says with a grin that he almost had him. Komann thinks that the attempt was worth it. Berg sees Komann as a traitor. He had abused the trust when he was caught stealing confidential documents. He gambled everything away and no one would hire him anymore.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 25], "content_span": [26, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012142-0003-0001", "contents": "15 Minuten Wahrheit, Plot\nAt Berg's instructions, the security guard reaches into Komann's jacket pocket and pulls out the alleged copy of the TAN numbers, which, to Berg's horror, turns out to be a menu card. In the presence of the security guard, however, he pretends that this is really a copy of the TAN numbers and alleges that Komann is spying. In addition, by the time Komann unpacks, all evidence would have been removed. Berg cuts his severance payment because traitors would get nothing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 25], "content_span": [26, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012142-0004-0000", "contents": "15 Minuten Wahrheit, Plot\nThen he has Komann taken away by the security service. This should hand him over to the police. Berg goes back to the office. As soon as he is sitting at his desk, he receives a live mail sent by his secretary in the anteroom. A video opens, recorded by the surveillance camera in the anteroom. The entire conversation was recorded. The video also shows that Berg did not speak to the bank in Zurich, but first to the secretary, who disguise her voice, and then to a Jaffcorp employee who also spoke in a Swiss accent. The conversation was deliberately diverted by the secretary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 25], "content_span": [26, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012142-0005-0000", "contents": "15 Minuten Wahrheit, Plot\nShortly afterwards, Berg received a voice mail from Komann; the whole thing was planned by the employees in order to get to the transaction number that Berg gave on the phone. The employee who posed as a Swiss banker on the phone wrote down this transaction number and called the bank in Switzerland to complete a transaction. Now the employees have the money. Berg then calls the security guard and has Komann released. Komann explains on the voice mail that Berg will get the money back, minus a reasonable compensation for the employees. Only then would they keep the secret.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 25], "content_span": [26, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012142-0005-0001", "contents": "15 Minuten Wahrheit, Plot\nHe assures him that he will have a long and prosperous future at Jaffcorp and that he will find a way to discreetly balance everything. Berg is angry and kicks over the chair in his office on which Komann was just sitting. Komann, the secretary and the colleague who pretended to be Swiss leave the company and hand in their IDs to the porter. The latter gives Komann a recording device. On the tape you can hear the voice mail that the porter sent to Berg as a recording. He also recorded the conversation in the anteroom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 25], "content_span": [26, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012143-0000-0000", "contents": "15 Minutes\n15 Minutes is a 2001 crime action thriller film directed by John Herzfeld and starring Robert De Niro and Edward Burns. Its story revolves around a homicide detective (De Niro) and a fire marshal (Burns) who join forces to apprehend a pair of Eastern European murderers (Karel Roden and Oleg Taktarov) videotaping their crimes in order to become rich and famous. The title is a reference to the Andy Warhol quotation, \"In the future, everyone will be world-famous for 15 minutes.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012143-0001-0000", "contents": "15 Minutes, Plot\nEx-convicts Emil Slovak (Karel Roden) and Oleg Razgul (Oleg Taktarov) arrive in the United States to claim their part of a bank heist in eastern Europe. Oleg steals a video camera from an electronics store. At the rundown apartment of their old partner, they are denied their share of the spoils, so Emil fatally stabs the partner and his wife as Oleg tapes it with the camera. Czech immigrant Daphne Handlova (Vera Farmiga) witnesses the murders from the bathroom, then escapes before Emil and Oleg can kill her as well. To hide the crime, Emil burns down the apartment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012143-0002-0000", "contents": "15 Minutes, Plot\nJordy Warsaw (Edward Burns) is a New York City arson investigator assigned to the case. Also at the scene is Eddie Flemming (Robert De Niro), is a high-profile detective who is followed by his girlfriend Nicolette Karas (Melina Kanakaredes), a reporter from the tabloid TV show Top Story. Flemming and Warsaw agree to work the case together. While checking out the crowd, Warsaw spots Daphne trying to get his attention, but she disappears. Meanwhile, Emil calls an escort service and asks for a \"Czech girl.\" Oleg tapes Emil as he kills the escort (Noelle Evans) and learns the address of the escort service. Oleg continually films everything, claiming he wants to be the next Frank Capra.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 707]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012143-0003-0000", "contents": "15 Minutes, Plot\nFlemming and Warsaw investigate this murder and visit the escort service. The madam, Rose Hearn (Charlize Theron), tells them that the girl Warsaw described doesn't work for her but rather a hairdresser. She mentions a couple of other guys having just asked her the same questions. Flemming and Warsaw arrive at the hair salon just after Emil and Oleg have warned Daphne to keep quiet. Flemming notices Oleg filming them from across the street. In the ensuing foot chase, Flemming's regular partner Leon Jackson (Avery Brooks) is hit with a glass bottle and his wallet and gun are stolen. Emil finds a card with Flemming's name and address. He becomes jealous of Flemming's celebrity status and is convinced that anyone in America can get away with anything.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 775]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012143-0004-0000", "contents": "15 Minutes, Plot\nOn the night Flemming plans to propose to his girlfriend Nicolette Karas (Melina Kanakaredes), Oleg and Emil sneak into his house and bind Flemming to a chair. While Oleg is recording, Emil explains that he plans to kill Flemming and sell the tape to Top Story. After getting himself committed to an insane asylum, Emil will declare that he is actually sane. Since he can't be tried again, he will get off, collecting royalties from books and movies based on his crimes. Flemming attacks them with his chair (while still taped to it), but Emil gets the upper-hand and stabs him in the chest, mortally wounding him. Emil then suffocates and kills Flemming with a pillow.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 686]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012143-0005-0000", "contents": "15 Minutes, Plot\nThe entire city is in mourning. Emil sells the tape of Flemming's murder to Top Story anchor Robert Hawkins (Kelsey Grammer) in exchange for $1 million, outraging Warsaw and the entire police force. Emil and Oleg watch the tape's broadcast on Top Story inside a Planet Hollywood; customers realize that Emil and Oleg are sitting with them and panic. Police arrive and arrest Emil, while Oleg escapes. Warsaw takes Emil to an abandoned warehouse to kill him, but other police arrive just in time and take Emil into custody. Everything goes as planned for Emil, now a celebrity who is pleading insanity. His lawyer agrees to work for 30% of the royalties Emil will receive for his story. Meanwhile, in hiding, Oleg becomes jealous of the notoriety that Emil is receiving.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 786]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012143-0006-0000", "contents": "15 Minutes, Plot\nWhile the lawyer is leading Emil away in court, Warsaw provokes an argument, with the Top Story crew recording the whole thing. Oleg quietly approaches Hawkins and hands him the tape of Emil explaining his plan to Flemming, proving he was sane the whole time. Hawkins shouts out to Emil about the evidence in his possession. Emil grabs a policeman's gun, shoots Oleg and grabs Nicolette, threatening to shoot her. Against orders, Warsaw shoots Emil a dozen times in the chest to avenge Flemming's murder. Hawkins rushes to Oleg's side as he dies. He attempts to get a comment from Warsaw, who punches him and walks away as the police all smile with approval.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 675]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012143-0007-0000", "contents": "15 Minutes, Production\nThe film was shot on location in New York City and Los Angeles from May to July 1999. It was originally slated to be released by New Line Cinema in the spring of 2000, with theatrical trailers appearing in late 1999. For reasons unknown, the film was pulled from the spring 2000 schedule and then delayed until the following year, on March 9, 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012143-0008-0000", "contents": "15 Minutes, Reception, Box office\nThe film grossed $24,403,552 domestically in the United States and Canada. It made a further $31,956,428 internationally, for a worldwide total of $56,359,980 against a production budget of $42 million.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 33], "content_span": [34, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012143-0009-0000", "contents": "15 Minutes, Reception, Critical response\nReview aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes gave the film an approval rating of 32% based on reviews from 125 critics, with an average rating of 4.42/10. The site's consensus reads, \"As critical as it is about sensationalism in the media, 15 Minutes itself indulges in lurid violence, and its satire is too heavy-handed to be effective.\" It currently holds a 34 out of 100 rating on Metacritic, based on 32 critical reviews, indicating \"generally unfavorable reviews\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 40], "content_span": [41, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012143-0010-0000", "contents": "15 Minutes, Reception, Critical response\nRoger Ebert of Chicago Sun-Times gave it three out of four stars, calling it \"a cynical, savage satire about violence, the media and depravity.\" Ebert felt \"It doesn't have the polish of \"Natural Born Killers\" or the wit of \"Wag the Dog,\" but it's a real movie, rough edges and all, and not another link from the sausage factory.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 40], "content_span": [41, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012143-0011-0000", "contents": "15 Minutes, Reception, Critical response\nOn the negative side, Stephen Hunter of The Washington Post wrote:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 40], "content_span": [41, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012143-0012-0000", "contents": "15 Minutes, Reception, Critical response\nFor a while, as long as it's cops vs. scum, \"15 Minutes\" bangs along pretty spectacularly. The contrived script gets Brooks out of the picture fast, so that De Niro and Burns can have a nice male bonding moment or two, if that's the sort of thing that brings tears to your eyes. ... But like oh-so-many movies in today's film culture, where nobody ever met a story he could tell, this one becomes so jammed up with subplots it seems to run out of room, space and time. ... it ruins the movie, leaving it without its engine, without its rooting interest, without, really, much of anything going for it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 40], "content_span": [41, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012143-0013-0000", "contents": "15 Minutes, Reception, Critical response\nOwen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly stated: \"At the movies, we\u2019re now bamboozled into expecting not drama but sensation, and so it\u2019s no surprise that the plot of a movie like 15 Minutes is less an end in itself than an excuse, a jumping-off point for showy, contrived, borderline-exploitation sequences that fail to tie together because they\u2019re not really there to do anything but sell themselves as money-shot thrills. ... 15 Minutes is a glum and sadistic mess.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 40], "content_span": [41, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012144-0000-0000", "contents": "15 Minutes (Barry Manilow album)\n15 Minutes is the 28th studio album by American singer-songwriter Barry Manilow. It was released on June 14, 2011, by Stiletto Entertainment", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012144-0001-0000", "contents": "15 Minutes (Barry Manilow album), Background\nThe album was the first independent release of Manilow's career, through his Stiletto Entertainment label (distributed by Fontana/Universal Music). In interviews around the time of the release, Manilow said that his long-time friend and mentor, Clive Davis, had told him that he could not sell an album of Manilow performing any new Manilow songs now, given the string of great albums covering other artists' songs Manilow released in the 1990s and 2000s. But Manilow thought he could still be relevant as a songwriter too. This led to his second departure from Arista and the decision to go independent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012144-0002-0000", "contents": "15 Minutes (Barry Manilow album), Content\nAlthough described by Manilow as a concept album, it can be as accurately described as a rock opera, making this his debut in this genre. The majority of the songs were co-written with longtime lyricist Enoch Anderson, with one song, \"Wine Song,\" co-written with another longtime lyricist, Adrienne Anderson. \"He's a Star\" was originally featured on Tryin' to Get the Feeling in 1975 as \"She's a Star;\" the version heard on 15 Minutes, in addition to the change in gender, is also recorded in a much more uptempo style compared to the original.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012144-0003-0000", "contents": "15 Minutes (Barry Manilow album), Honors\n15 Minutes won Manilow a Best Traditional Pop Vocal Album Grammy Award nomination in 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 40], "content_span": [41, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012144-0004-0000", "contents": "15 Minutes (Barry Manilow album), Storyline\nThe album tells the story of a fictional singer/musician who dreams of fame (\"15 Minutes\"), works to achieve fame (\"Work the Room\"), and realizes his dream and shares the news of his success with his partner (\"Bring on Tomorrow\"). The main character then experiences the euphoria of realized dreams (\"Now it's For Real\"), and begins to enjoy a more indulgent lifestyle (\"Wine Song\"). The album goes on to explore fame from the outsider's viewpoint (\"He's a Star\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012144-0005-0000", "contents": "15 Minutes (Barry Manilow album), Storyline\nIn the middle section of the album, the main character begins to experience the downside of fame. He first deals with his partner's withdrawal from his parties and celebrations (\"Written in Stone\"). He becomes demanding and delusional, while remembering a letter received from a young lady who is equally delusional (\"Letter from a Fan/So Heavy, So High\"). Strained emotionally to the breaking point, he laments his solitude (\"Everybody's Leaving\"), then lashes out at his aides (\"Who Needs You\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012144-0006-0000", "contents": "15 Minutes (Barry Manilow album), Storyline\nThe point of view changes from internal to external, once again, as Manilow comments on the price of fame and the ferocity with which the press seems to latch on to a story of a star gone bad (\"Winner Go Down\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012144-0007-0000", "contents": "15 Minutes (Barry Manilow album), Storyline\nToward the end of the album, the main character has been abandoned, and he realizes that his career has been ruined (\"Slept Through the End of the World\"). After some time to think (\"Reflection\"), he gives himself a pep talk (\"Trainwreck\"), and begins to put the pieces back together. He realizes he can continue to perform (\"15 Minutes (Reprise)\"). The album's final track is an anthem to optimism (\"Everything's Gonna Be Alright\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012144-0008-0000", "contents": "15 Minutes (Barry Manilow album), Critical reception\nIn a review for AllMusic, critic reviewer Stephen Thomas Erlewine wrote: \"Manilow not only rides a tightly wound drum loop on \"Work the Room,\" he also raps, a development nearly as disconcerting as the cuss he slips into its chorus. 15 Minutes offers something unexpected: here, Barry Manilow is trying hard to deliver serious, sharply crafted pop, and even if the album doesn't entirely work, it's hard not to give him considerable credit for his ambition.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 52], "content_span": [53, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012144-0009-0000", "contents": "15 Minutes (Barry Manilow album), Commercial performance\nThe album debuted on the Billboard 200 album chart at its peak position of number 7, his first studio album of mostly original songs to crack the Top 10 since 1979's One Voice. It also debuted on the UK Albums Chart at its peak of number 20. In Canada, the album reached number 36 on the Canadian Albums Chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 56], "content_span": [57, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012145-0000-0000", "contents": "15 Minutes (Nik Kershaw album)\n15 minutes is a 1999 album released by UK singer-songwriter Nik Kershaw.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012145-0001-0000", "contents": "15 Minutes (Nik Kershaw album)\nIn a 2008 interview, Kershaw spoke of two tracks from the album after being asked for his proudest song.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012145-0002-0000", "contents": "15 Minutes (Nik Kershaw album)\n\"'Billy' would be my finest lyric. Lyrics usually take me days or even weeks but this was one of those rare occasions when they just poured out and everything fell into place. It has a complex rhyming scheme but still manages to make a point with humour. There's another song on the same album called 'Have a Nice Life' which is very simple and heartfelt. Again, that was quick and easy to write. The best ones always are and you spend most of your creative life trying to find them. The trouble is they find you and not the other way around.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012145-0003-0000", "contents": "15 Minutes (Nik Kershaw album), Reception\nStephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic described the album as an \"immaculately produced collection of modern mature pop\", but felt the album concentrated too much on \"sonic texture\" rather than the songwriting. He concluded: \"It's easy to admire the craft behind the production and the subtle songwriting, even if the songs don't work their way into your subconscious.\" Tom Roland of The Tennessean wrote: \"Kershaw delivers 15 Minutes with a Brit boy-next-door disposition and a bed of guitars, in a swirl of restrained, midtempo pop.\" Dana Tofig of the Hartford Courant commented: \"Kershaw has put out a new album that testifies he should have received much more time in the spotlight. 15 Minutes, although inconsistent, is filled with catchy pop songs that stand out with brilliant hooks and a touch of oddness.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 41], "content_span": [42, 853]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012146-0000-0000", "contents": "15 Minutes (Rodney Atkins song)\n\"15 Minutes\" is a song written by Tony Mullins and Jamie Lee Thurston and recorded by American country music singer Rodney Atkins. It was released in May 2009 as the second single from Atkin's 2009 album It's America.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012146-0001-0000", "contents": "15 Minutes (Rodney Atkins song), Content\nThe narrator talks about quitting smoking, drinking, and women. He states \"it was the worst 15 minutes of [his] life\", and shows that he couldn't last long without them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012146-0002-0000", "contents": "15 Minutes (Rodney Atkins song), Critical reception\nPierce Greenberg of Engine 145 viewed the song favorably, comparing it to Kevin Fowler's and Brad Paisley's styles and saying, \"Likely to be a crowd favorite, it's a song that shows the same kind of thoughtful, clever hook that those artists have built careers around.\" Todd Sterling of Allmusic called it a \"honky tonk mashup\" and said that it had \"a ton of heart\" even if it was \"calculated\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 51], "content_span": [52, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012147-0000-0000", "contents": "15 Minutes (The Yeah You's song)\n\"15 Minutes\" is a pop song performed and written by British group The Yeah You's. It was penned by the band for their debut studio album Looking Through You (2009), and released as the debut single in June 2009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012147-0001-0000", "contents": "15 Minutes (The Yeah You's song)\nThe song reached a peak position of number 36 on the UK Singles Chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012147-0002-0000", "contents": "15 Minutes (The Yeah You's song), Music video\nThe video follows the band's rise to stardom, with Andy Warhol's words, \"In the Future, everyone will be famous for 15 minutes\", appearing at the start of the video. The band can be seen singing in a bedroom, then busking on the streets. Doing a spot at a club, a record company producer overhears them and signs them. The band is next seen in a recording studio, before a video shoot, then on a talk show with Tracy Ann Oberman, as they become the world's biggest band. This is all short lived as the bubble bursts and the video ends with the band back in the bedroom singing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 45], "content_span": [46, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012148-0000-0000", "contents": "15 Minutes of Shame\n\"15 Minutes of Shame\" is the debut song written by Kelly Archer, Casey Kessel and Justin Weaver, recorded by American country music artist Kristy Lee Cook. It was released in August 2008 as the first single from her album Why Wait. The single is also her first entry on the Billboard country charts, reaching a peak of number 28 in November 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012148-0001-0000", "contents": "15 Minutes of Shame, Content\n\"15 Minutes of Shame\" centralizes on the female narrator, who explains that she is going to tell everyone what she knows about her partner, who has been unfaithful and lied to her (\"Every single lie you told, I'm tellin'\"). She explains that \"every girl in the world's gonna know [his] name\", and that she hopes he enjoys his \"15 minutes of shame\" for his actions. The title is a play on  the famous quote by Andy Warhol about everyone getting 15 minutes of fame.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012148-0002-0000", "contents": "15 Minutes of Shame, Reception\nCommon Sense wrote that the song is \"a blend of mainstream pop with a country twang, and works surprisingly well in both musical styles and that the lyrics \u2014 full of sass and spunk \u2014 benefit from Cook's vocals and keep the single lighter and more fun despite the injections of bitterness and mean-spiritedness.\" \"15 Minutes of Shame\" got 3 stars from Common Sense.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012148-0003-0000", "contents": "15 Minutes of Shame, Music video\nThe video for the song was released on the CMT website on October 30, 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 32], "content_span": [33, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012148-0004-0000", "contents": "15 Minutes of Shame, Chart performance\n\"15 Minutes of Shame\" debuted at number 58 on the Hot Country Songs charts dated for the week of August 16, 2008, and entered Top 40 on the same chart for the week of October 18. It has sold 45,000  units as of February 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012149-0000-0000", "contents": "15 Minutes of War\n15 Minutes of War (French: L'intervention, lit. ' The Intervention') is a 2019 French-Belgian war film directed by Fred Grivois. It is freely based on real events known at the Prise d'otages de Loyada.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012149-0001-0000", "contents": "15 Minutes of War, Plot\nIn February 1976 in Djibouti, a school bus was taken hostage at the Somali border. The GIGN is sent on the spot, where after 30 hours of tension a rescue operation is organized.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 23], "content_span": [24, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012149-0002-0000", "contents": "15 Minutes of War, Production\nPrincipal photography on the film was conducted during the summer of 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012150-0000-0000", "contents": "15 Minutes with Bing Crosby\n15 Minutes with Bing Crosby was Bing Crosby's first solo radio series, which ran from September 2, 1931 until October 31 the same year. It was to have a major impact on his career.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012150-0001-0000", "contents": "15 Minutes with Bing Crosby, Background\nCrosby had appeared on radio on many occasions as a member of The Rhythm Boys trio, first as part of the Paul Whiteman orchestra and later in the nightly broadcasts with Gus Arnheim from the Cocoanut Grove in the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles. It was at the Cocoanut Grove that Bing's solos made him stand out from the Rhythm Boys and a dispute with the management at the Grove more or less led to the break-up of the trio in May 1931. Bing had already started making records under his own name and then he made several short films for Mack Sennett which were well received.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012150-0002-0000", "contents": "15 Minutes with Bing Crosby, Background\nA regular nationwide radio broadcast show was the next logical step in the development of his solo career. Bing and his attorney, Roger Marchetti, traveled from Los Angeles to New York seeking $1,500 a week on sustaining time and $3,000 a week if and when a sponsor was found. As Bill Paley, CEO of CBS, wrote; \"It was an astounding price at the time, in fact an outrage, but I did not want to lose him. I negotiated as hard as I could, but we finally settled for his asking price.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012150-0002-0001", "contents": "15 Minutes with Bing Crosby, Background\n\u2026 What made Bing Crosby's first contract with CBS so extravagant was that he came to our network as new or developing talent, just as had Morton Downey, Kate Smith, the Mills Brothers, and others, to be put on the air on a sustaining basis; that is, without advertiser support. Under this new contract policy, we usually paid such talent a little over $100 a week, or at most $500 a week, until we could find a sponsor.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012150-0003-0000", "contents": "15 Minutes with Bing Crosby, Background\nVariety announced the news on August 25, 1931 and touched on an ongoing problem with the musicians' union following the dispute with the Cocoanut Grove. \"With CBS, Crosby will receive around $1,500 a week, from accounts, although in the east he is still an unknown on the radio. The Ambassador hotel contract which he broke would have paid him $250. According to the musicians' union ruling, Crosby can perform with union accompaniment anywhere but in Los Angeles. In that city he is barred from any amusement places that are considered opposition to Gus Arnheim at the Ambassador.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012150-0004-0000", "contents": "15 Minutes with Bing Crosby, Background\nMuch publicity heralded the planned debut of 15 Minutes with Bing Crosby on August 31, 1931 but after rehearsing all that afternoon at the CBS HQ at 484 Madison Avenue, Bing was unable to go ahead with the six nights-a-week show at 11\u00a0pm. The next night Bing did not appear either and rumors started to circulate that he was either drunk or too nervous to sing. Finally on Wednesday September 2, came the answer. Rehearsing in air-conditioned rooms had given him laryngitis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012150-0004-0001", "contents": "15 Minutes with Bing Crosby, Background\n, Bing completed his first solo radio show with Eddie Lang playing guitar and with an orchestra conducted by Victor Young. He sang \"Just One More Chance,\" \"I Found a Million Dollar Baby,\" and \"I'm Through with Love.\" The opening theme played by the orchestra was \"Too Late\" and the sheet music of this song quickly stated that it was from Fifteen Minutes of Bing Crosby.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012150-0005-0000", "contents": "15 Minutes with Bing Crosby, Reception\nThe Los Angeles Illustrated Daily News commented: \"So far as Southern California goes, Amos 'n' Andy listenage has been sadly cut, what with Bing Crosby back on the old air at the same time. Despite two false starts early in the week, due to bad case of laryngitis, Crosby has come back strong and is his old self again...\" Variety made some suggestions. \"When Crosby first came to town, WABC had him warbling around 10:30 or 11 at night. This hour was soon discarded for the more important period of 7 pm. \u2026 Getting an earful of Crosby over a series of programs doesn't leave much doubt that he's not entirely at ease when delivering an unfamiliar song. \u2026 If he can work out a schedule allowing him the same preparation for radio as for recording, he's a cinch for ether popularity.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 38], "content_span": [39, 823]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012150-0006-0000", "contents": "15 Minutes with Bing Crosby, Reception\nThe nationwide shows continued daily (except Sundays) on a sustaining basis until October 31, 1931 from station WABC in New York. Harry Von Zell was the announcer. Freddie Rich led the orchestra after the first week. Russ Columbo was broadcasting for NBC at 11:30\u00a0pm each night as competition for Bing with Variety noting \"Scrap between NBC & CBS over Russ Columbo and Bing Crosby is getting warm.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 38], "content_span": [39, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012150-0007-0000", "contents": "15 Minutes with Bing Crosby, Reception\nCrosby's popularity soon attracted a sponsor \u2013 the American Tobacco Company \u2013 and rather than Lucky Strike cigarettes, the company's president, George Washington Hill, chose to promote another of the company's products, Cremo Cigars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 38], "content_span": [39, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012150-0008-0000", "contents": "15 Minutes with Bing Crosby, Bing Crosby \u2013 The Cremo Singer\nStarting on November 3, 1931, Crosby became The Cremo Singer which broadcast from CBS station WABC (studio 8) in New York between 7:15 and 7:30\u00a0pm six nights a week (not Sundays) until February 27, 1932. David Ross was the announcer and Carl Fenton conducted the orchestra. A further broadcast was made at 11:00\u00a0pm each night for the West Coast audiences. \"Where the Blue of the Night\" was chosen as Bing's radio theme song. The show had a Co-operative Analysis of Broadcasting rating of 6.9 compared with Amos 'n' Andy (38.1), Rudy Vallee (24.7) and Paul Whiteman (19.1). The ratings were known as Crossleys, named after Archibald Crossley, the man who conducted them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 59], "content_span": [60, 729]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012150-0009-0000", "contents": "15 Minutes with Bing Crosby, Bing Crosby \u2013 The Cremo Singer\nVariety heard one of the shows on November 9 and reported: \"Certified Cremo Cigar Company must have stepped high to corral Bing Crosby, the rage of the radio hour, for their WABC broadcast. But, judging by his work, he's worth it\u2026 On the air Monday night he used, 'Now That You're Gone', 'Then She's Mine' (sic) and 'Goodnight, Sweetheart'. All these he threw off in the manner that has brought him forward so fast in the favor of the public. It is highly individual, belongs to him alone and he need stand in no fear of competition, because, while he may have imitators, there will be only one Bing Crosby.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 59], "content_span": [60, 668]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012150-0010-0000", "contents": "15 Minutes with Bing Crosby, Bing Crosby \u2013 The Cremo Singer\nSaturday, February 27, 1932, marked Crosby's last appearance as the Cremo Singer as the sponsor abruptly cancelled the show which puzzled CBS President Bill Paley for a couple of years until he received an explanation. It seems that the Cremo cigar was heavily advertised and sold as a machine-made cigar, which supposedly had a big advantage over the handmade variety because no worker's saliva would touch the cigar wrapper in making the cigar. However, sales of the cigar went so well that the production manager had to augment the machine-made cigars with some of the hand-made variety. He had not told his superiors about this and when the company president eventually found out, he cancelled the radio show because his advertising would have been shown to be untrue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 59], "content_span": [60, 832]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012150-0011-0000", "contents": "15 Minutes with Bing Crosby, Bing Crosby \u2013 The Cremo Singer\nThe singer then reverted to broadcasting on a sustained basis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 59], "content_span": [60, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012150-0012-0000", "contents": "15 Minutes with Bing Crosby, 15 Minutes with Bing Crosby unsponsored radio show (March 8 \u2013 July 15, 1932, CBS)\nOn March 8, 1932, Crosby commenced evening radio shows on three nights a week for CBS on station WABC, on a sustaining basis, with Freddie Rich's Orchestra. The first week the shows aired on Tuesday, Thursday, and Saturday in the 6:30\u20136:45\u00a0pm time slot before switching to a Monday, Wednesday, and Friday format. In April Crosby embarked on a tour of Paramount-Publix theatres, working across the country to Hollywood where he was to make the film The Big Broadcast. At each location, he continued to broadcast his show until he reached the West Coast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 110], "content_span": [111, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012150-0012-0001", "contents": "15 Minutes with Bing Crosby, 15 Minutes with Bing Crosby unsponsored radio show (March 8 \u2013 July 15, 1932, CBS)\nOn July 12, Variety carried a review of Bing's radio show. \"With a new corking musical background, Bing Crosby was at his best over WABC from a Hollywood pickup. \u2026 \"  Soon afterwards Crosby's contract expired on July 15 and he and CBS could not agree on the new one which apparently would have imposed a 35 percent pay cut on him. Crosby did not return to the air until January 1933.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 110], "content_span": [111, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012150-0013-0000", "contents": "15 Minutes with Bing Crosby, Chesterfield Cigarettes Presents \"Music That Satisfies\" (also known as Chesterfield Time)\nAfter almost seven months off the air, Bing Crosby started a new radio program called Chesterfield Cigarettes Presents \"Music That Satisfies\" on CBS, originating from station WABC in New York.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 118], "content_span": [119, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012150-0014-0000", "contents": "15 Minutes with Bing Crosby, Chesterfield Cigarettes Presents \"Music That Satisfies\" (also known as Chesterfield Time)\nThe \"Music That Satisfies\" series had begun in the fall of 1932 with Arthur Tracy, Ruth Etting and Alexander Gray appearing on different nights of the week accompanied by Nat Shilkret and his Orchestra. Norman Brokenshire was the announcer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 118], "content_span": [119, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012150-0015-0000", "contents": "15 Minutes with Bing Crosby, Chesterfield Cigarettes Presents \"Music That Satisfies\" (also known as Chesterfield Time)\nSponsored by Chesterfield Cigarettes, the show was re-launched in January 1933 and broadcast each night (except Sundays) from WABC New York, at 9\u20139:15 pm EST with Crosby appearing on Wednesdays and Saturdays. On other nights, Ruth Etting (Mondays and Thursdays) and Tom Howard and George Shelton (Tuesdays and Fridays) were featured. Jane Froman replaced Howard and Shelton on February 21. The show came from New York with Norman Brokenshire again acting as announcer and Lennie Hayton conducting the orchestra. Eddie Lang accompanied Crosby, who used \"Just an Echo\" as his closing theme song.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 118], "content_span": [119, 712]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012150-0015-0001", "contents": "15 Minutes with Bing Crosby, Chesterfield Cigarettes Presents \"Music That Satisfies\" (also known as Chesterfield Time)\nCrosby's contract paid him $2000 a week for 13 weeks and he made his bow on January 4. Variety liked it saying, \"\u2026 As far as this quarter hour is concerned, it is highly palatable stuff, if not particularly distinguished. Crosby and Hayton are both adept but the presentation  is quite formula featuring Crosby in three and a half songs not counting the 'Please' vamp-in.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 118], "content_span": [119, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012150-0016-0000", "contents": "15 Minutes with Bing Crosby, Chesterfield Cigarettes Presents \"Music That Satisfies\" (also known as Chesterfield Time)\nEddie Lang had a chronically inflamed sore throat and had felt ill for a year or eighteen months. Crosby persuaded Lang to see a doctor and the doctor advised a tonsillectomy. Unfortunately Lang did not come out from under the general anaesthetic and he died on March 26, 1933.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 118], "content_span": [119, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012150-0017-0000", "contents": "15 Minutes with Bing Crosby, Chesterfield Cigarettes Presents \"Music That Satisfies\" (also known as Chesterfield Time)\nCrosby had to leave for Hollywood after his appearance on the show on March 29 to make College Humor for Paramount Pictures. The film studio agreed to pay the line charges figure of around $1800 a week and for the band (another $2300 weekly) for the balance of Crosby's contract with Chesterfield which ran until April 15, 1933. Paul Douglas was the announcer for the Hollywood based show with Raymond Paige becoming conductor. After the April 15 program the show was discontinued for the summer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 118], "content_span": [119, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012151-0000-0000", "contents": "15 October 2011 global protests\nThe 15 October 2011 global protests were part of a series of protests inspired by the Arab Spring, the Icelandic protests, the Portuguese \"Gera\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e0 Rasca\", the Spanish \"Indignants\", the Greek protests, and the Occupy movement. The protests were launched under the slogan \"United for #GlobalChange\", to which the slogan \"United for Global Democracy\" was added by many people's assemblies. The protest was first called for by the Spanish Plataforma \u00a1Democracia Real YA! in May 2011 and endorsed by people's assemblies across the world.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012151-0000-0001", "contents": "15 October 2011 global protests\nReasons were varied but mainly targeted growing economic inequality, corporate influence over government and international institutions, and the lack of truly democratic institutions allowing direct public participation at all levels, local to global. Global demonstrations were held on 15 October in more than 950 cities in 82 countries. The date was chosen to coincide with the 5-month anniversary of the first protest in Spain. General assemblies, the social network n-1, mailing lists, Mumble voice chat, open pads such as Pirate Pad and Titan Pad, and Facebook were used to coordinate the events. Some protests were only a few hundred in number, whereas others numbered in the hundreds of thousands, with the largest in Madrid numbering half a million and the second largest city Barcelona with 400,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 840]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012151-0001-0000", "contents": "15 October 2011 global protests, Protests, Europe, Spain\nAs a continuation of the 2011 Spanish Protests, the largest protests took place in Spain, where more than a million people took the streets on 15 October, including 500,000 in Madrid, 400,000 in Barcelona, and 150,000 in Zaragoza. In Madrid, protesters reoccupied the Puerta del Sol square where the Indignados had camped five months earlier on 15 May. As in protests elsewhere, slogans on signs included \"We are the 99%\", \"United for Global Change\" and \"Human Rights for Everybody\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 56], "content_span": [57, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012151-0002-0000", "contents": "15 October 2011 global protests, Protests, Europe, Italy\nAt least 300,000 under the banner of \"People of Europe: Rise Up!\" gathered in the centre of Rome, according to the organizers. During the peaceful march against corporate greed and austerity measures, a group of people broke away from the main demonstration and threw rocks, bottles and incendiary devices at banks and riot police. Riot police charged and clashed with the protesters repeatedly, firing water cannons and tear gas. At least 135 people were injured, including 105 police officers. 12 people were arrested.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 56], "content_span": [57, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012151-0003-0000", "contents": "15 October 2011 global protests, Protests, Europe, London\n5,000 people gathered outside the London Stock Exchange, ending up setting a camp that remained there for three months, in what became known as Occupy London. In the following weeks, camps were set up in dozens of cities around the UK.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 57], "content_span": [58, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012151-0004-0000", "contents": "15 October 2011 global protests, Protests, Europe, Germany\n10,000 people gathered at the Neptune Fountain in Alexanderplatz between 13:00 and 14:00. At 14:00 the march set off towards the Brandenburg Gate (Brandenburger Tor), arriving to a police barrier at the Pariser Platz square at about 15:00. The march thus made a detour around Brandenburger Tor and marched towards the Kanzleramt, the seat of the federal government of Germany. In front of the Kanzleramt, an open microphone was put in place where anybody could come up and give their thoughts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 58], "content_span": [59, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012151-0004-0001", "contents": "15 October 2011 global protests, Protests, Europe, Germany\nThe sound system was not loud enough for such a big gathering and so it was proposed to use the human microphone (das menschliche Megaphone in German) technique of Occupy Wall Street. The plan had been for everyone to go to Mariannenplatz in the evening where stages, music and food had been prepared. However the people spontaneously decided to assemble in front of the Reichstag and held an assembly there. Tents were put out, and the food was brought from Mariannenplatz. The police came and told the people to disperse.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 58], "content_span": [59, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012151-0004-0002", "contents": "15 October 2011 global protests, Protests, Europe, Germany\nThe people refused to disperse and continued their assembly using the human mic. The police then proceeded to destroy the tents which had been put up. After all the tents had been destroyed or confiscated by the police, the police made rounds around the assembly and stole the blankets and mats of the people. At around midnight the police made a final call to disperse and threatened serious consequences for those who stayed. The people decided to stay. The police then proceeded to violently and forcibly remove the peaceful gathering of people in the park in front of the parliamentarian.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 58], "content_span": [59, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012151-0004-0003", "contents": "15 October 2011 global protests, Protests, Europe, Germany\nThe police then told the dislodged people on the streets around Platz der Republik to go to Brandenburgertor. More than 100 people then regrouped at Pariserplatz near Brandenburgertor to make a new assembly. In that assembly it was decided to come back the next day at 13:00 at Pariserplatz to continue the movement. As soon had this decision been made that the police made renewed threats to the people. The people then decided to leave for the moment and come back the next day. People from the protest reported that the police blocked sms and Twitter communication containing certain key words such as \"occupyreichtag\" or \"occupywallst\" during periods of the day. The protest became ongoing and continues as Occupy Berlin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 58], "content_span": [59, 784]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012151-0005-0000", "contents": "15 October 2011 global protests, Protests, Europe, Germany\nFrankfurt in Germany, where 8000 people gathered in front of the European Central BankFrankfurt headquarters on the first day of a worldwide protest against income disparity and corporate greed. Organizers declared they would occupy and blockade the square in front of the ECB \"for an undefined period of time.\" Demonstrators set up a protest camp like those in Madrid and New York with 109 tents and 9 pavilions, soup kitchen and bread line, facility's, generators, W-Lan and live stream and a media team with its own podcast called Klargestellt (German for clarified).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 58], "content_span": [59, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012151-0006-0000", "contents": "15 October 2011 global protests, Protests, Europe, Germany\nAround 5000 people supported the global protest at the \"schlossplatz\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 58], "content_span": [59, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012151-0007-0000", "contents": "15 October 2011 global protests, Protests, Europe, Germany\nBetween 2,000 and 5,000 people joined the rally on 15 October. Since then, a protest camp with currently around 15 tents (as of 22 Oct) is located in front of the HSH Nordbank headquarter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 58], "content_span": [59, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012151-0008-0000", "contents": "15 October 2011 global protests, Protests, Europe, Cyprus\nA small number of Greek and Turkish Cypriot activists gathered in Eleftheria Square in Nicosia as a response to the global call for a protest. Through discussion, they decided to move their protest to the buffer zone located in the Ledra/Lokmac\u0131 street. This started the Occupy Buffer Zone movement in Cyprus. The movement had a strong focus on the Cyprus Dispute and its relation to the economic status quo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 57], "content_span": [58, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012151-0009-0000", "contents": "15 October 2011 global protests, Protests, Europe, United Kingdom\nA group of protesters organized an occupation of the London Stock Exchange to bring attention to what they see as unethical behavior on the part of banks. By 2:30\u00a0pm, police had contained the crowd near the St. Paul's Cathedral, where Wikileaks founder Julian Assange held a speech, stating that Wikileaks would support the protests through a campaign against financial institutions. A similar protest group inspired by Occupy Wall Street has formed in the UK under the name OccupyLSX. Prostestors also marched through the Scottish Capital, Edinburgh and formed a tented encampment on St Andrew's Square to kick off Occupy Edinburgh.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 65], "content_span": [66, 699]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012151-0010-0000", "contents": "15 October 2011 global protests, Protests, Europe, Ireland\nIn Ireland protests were held throughout the country, including in Dublin and Cork. Now the demonstrations are spreading to Galway as described by The Irish Times. In the same article this newspaper describes the movement in the following terms: The group has no hierarchical structure, has set up a Facebook page and Twitter account \u2013 with the social media links attracting a very mixed, and sometimes critical, reaction. The protest in Dublin was organized by the Real Democracy Now! Ireland, Causes United (Ireland) & Occupy Dame Street protest, set up outside the Central Bank of Ireland in solidarity with the Occupy Wall Street movement in New York, also continued throughout the day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 58], "content_span": [59, 749]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012151-0011-0000", "contents": "15 October 2011 global protests, Protests, Europe, Slovenia\nIn Slovenia protesters gathered in Koper, Maribor and the capital, Ljubljana, with the latter being the most prominent one. In Koper around 300 people gathered to protest against corruption, capitalism and also against Port of Koper, which is accused of violation of workers' rights. in the capital, people gathered on Congress Square to protest against greed, corruption and capitalism in general. They later moved to Ljubljana Stock Exchange where an assembly was called. The participants decided to continue the protest by means of symbolic occupation. In the following days, the camp size has risen to some 30 tents with continuing assemblies averaging between 150 and 200 participants, before ceasing in early 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 59], "content_span": [60, 780]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012151-0012-0000", "contents": "15 October 2011 global protests, Protests, Europe, Finland\nIn Finland there were gatherings at 13 locations. The largest meeting was held at the Narinkkatori square in Helsinki where about 1000 people attended during the day, according to the organizers. Several hundred people gathered also in Turku, Tampere and Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 58], "content_span": [59, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012151-0013-0000", "contents": "15 October 2011 global protests, Protests, Europe, Hungary\nIn Hungary there were demonstrations at two cities. A gathering with an assembly and marching was held in the capitol Budapest where about 1500 people attended during the day, according to the police and organizers. Several dozen people gathered also in P\u00e9cs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 58], "content_span": [59, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012151-0014-0000", "contents": "15 October 2011 global protests, Protests, North America, United States\n15 October was the day that many local Occupies started, mainly in the smaller cities. Most of the big cities already had Occupies that people from the smaller cities and towns came to.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 71], "content_span": [72, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012151-0015-0000", "contents": "15 October 2011 global protests, Protests, North America, United States\nIn New York City, after police prepared to evict protesters from Zuccotti Park near Wall Street, the protesters marched into the heart of the city where they gathered 10,000 supporters. 76 were arrested, 45 in Times square and 24 at a branch of Citibank. Protests also took place in hundreds of major cities across the US like Washington, Boston, Philadelphia, San Francisco, Los Angeles, Chicago, Miami, and Dallas and smaller communities like Champaign\u2013Urbana, Memphis Oklahoma City, Buffalo, and Fort Lauderdale.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 71], "content_span": [72, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012151-0016-0000", "contents": "15 October 2011 global protests, Protests, Latin America\nProtests were organized in dozens of cities, including in Chile, Brazil, Peru and Mexico.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 56], "content_span": [57, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012151-0017-0000", "contents": "15 October 2011 global protests, Protests, Middle East and North Africa\nProtests were organized in dozens of cities and countries, including in Egypt, Tunisia and Israel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 71], "content_span": [72, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012151-0018-0000", "contents": "15 October 2011 global protests, Arrests, United States\n100 were arrested in Boston, 76 in New York, 175 in Chicago, 50 in Phoenix, 19 in Sacramento, 20 in Raleigh., and 24 in Denver.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 55], "content_span": [56, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012151-0019-0000", "contents": "15 October 2011 global protests, Arrests, Italy\n12 were arrested in Rome after a part of the protest turned violent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 47], "content_span": [48, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012152-0000-0000", "contents": "15 Orionis\n15 Orionis is a suspected astrometric binary star system in the equatorial constellation of Orion, near the border with Taurus. It is visible to the naked eye as a faint, yellow-white hued star with an apparent visual magnitude of 4.82. The system is approximately 340\u00a0light years away from the Sun based on parallax. It is moving further from the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of +29\u00a0km/s, having come to within 69 light-years some three million years ago.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012152-0001-0000", "contents": "15 Orionis\nThe primary component is an early F-type subgiant star with a stellar classification of F2\u00a0IV, a star that has exhausted the hydrogen at its core and has begun to evolve into a giant. It has 3.42 times the mass of the Sun and 5.9 times the Sun's radius. The star still has a relatively high rotation rate, showing a projected rotational velocity of 60\u00a0km/s. It is radiating 300 times the luminosity of the Sun from its expanding photosphere at an effective temperature of 7,161\u00a0K.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012152-0002-0000", "contents": "15 Orionis\nIt has one suspected companion, component B, at a separation of 0.3\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 80]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012153-0000-0000", "contents": "15 Park Avenue\n15 Park Avenue is a 2005 English-language Indian film directed by Aparna Sen. It stars Shabana Azmi, Konkona Sen Sharma, Soumitra Chatterjee, Waheeda Rehman, Dhritiman Chatterjee, Rahul Bose and Kanwaljeet Singh. It won the National Film Award for Best Feature Film in English.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012153-0001-0000", "contents": "15 Park Avenue, Plot\n30-something Mitali aka Meethi (Konkona Sen Sharma) suffers from schizophrenia and is taken care of by her older, divorced sister Anjali aka Anu (Shabana Azmi), who is a professor, and their ageing mother (Waheeda Rehman). Although she was never married in real life, Meethi has created her own alternate reality in her mind in which she married her ex-fianc\u00e9 Joydeep (Rahul Bose) and has five children.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012153-0001-0001", "contents": "15 Park Avenue, Plot\nWhile Anu has dedicated her life to taking care of Meethi and her mother, even putting her own relationship with a fellow professor (Kanwaljeet Singh) on hold, in Meethi's imaginary world both the older women are holding her in the house and away from her husband and children against her will. She imagines her family to be living at the non-existent 15 Park Avenue in Kolkata.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012153-0002-0000", "contents": "15 Park Avenue, Plot\nAfter Meethi has a severe seizure, her case is taken up by a new doctor Kunal Barua (Dhritiman Chatterjee). While discussing her sister's case with the new doctor, Anu reveals that though Meethi had dormant schizophrenic traits since childhood, she led a very normal life till her early 20s, before a traumatic experience in the course of her job as a journalist made her withdraw from the outer world. Her fianc\u00e9, unable to deal with the emotional upheaval caused by the incidence, broke off the engagement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012153-0002-0001", "contents": "15 Park Avenue, Plot\nOn the doctor's advice, Anu takes both women on a vacation to Bhutan, where they are spotted by Joydeep, now married with two children. In her present state, Meethi does not recognize Joydeep as the same man she is married to in her imagination, and befriends him. When Joydeep learns of Meethi's worsened condition and her imaginary world, he offers to help her locate the elusive family home - 15 Park Avenue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012153-0003-0000", "contents": "15 Park Avenue, Plot\nBack in Kolkata, Joydeep drives her down to the part of the city where she believes her house and her family are. In a surrealistic climax, Meethi finally locates the house and finds her husband Jojo (as she fondly calls him) and her five children waiting for her return. She walks into the house, reunited with her 'real' family and is never seen again.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012154-0000-0000", "contents": "15 Penn Plaza\n15 Penn Plaza, also known as PENN15 and Vornado Tower, is a 68-story tower proposed by Vornado Realty Trust in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City. It would be located on Seventh Avenue between 32nd and 33rd Streets, on the site of present-day Hotel Pennsylvania. The Hiller Group is the designer. Despite only having 68 floors, it is planned to be 1,270 feet (390\u00a0m) tall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012154-0001-0000", "contents": "15 Penn Plaza, Description\nThe building would have 430 units on 68 floors and 2,050,000 square feet (190,000\u00a0m2) of floor space. It would be 1,216 feet (371\u00a0m) in height,  34 feet (10\u00a0m) shorter than the Empire State Building two blocks east. Anthony and Peter L. Malkin, owners of the historic structure, had requested the creation of a 17-block exclusion zone that would prohibit large buildings from being built that would obstruct views of the Empire State Building and suggested that the proposed skyscraper be limited to 825 feet (251\u00a0m) in height.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 26], "content_span": [27, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012154-0001-0001", "contents": "15 Penn Plaza, Description\nWhile Manhattan Community Board 5 voted overwhelmingly against the proposed project, the New York City Planning Commission approved the plan, which would allow the building to be 56% larger than standard zoning rules provide under special regulations that encourage the development of high-density office space near transit hubs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 26], "content_span": [27, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012154-0001-0002", "contents": "15 Penn Plaza, Description\nOpinion is divided about the plan, with Henry Stern, former Commissioner of the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation said the proposed building \"could do irreparable harm\" to the city, Daniel Biederman, president of the 34th Street Partnership joined union and construction officials in saying that \"If there's anywhere a building of this size and bulk should be built, it's at Penn Station.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 26], "content_span": [27, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012154-0002-0000", "contents": "15 Penn Plaza, Controversy\nThe Empire State Building's owner, Anthony Malkin, asked the City Council on August 24, 2010, to deny permission for the construction of the Vornado Tower. Malkin's reasoning is that the new building would alter the skyline and obscure the view of the western side of the Empire State Building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 26], "content_span": [27, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012154-0002-0001", "contents": "15 Penn Plaza, Controversy\nLocated at Seventh Avenue between 32nd and 33rd Streets on the site of present-day Hotel Pennsylvania, opposite Pennsylvania Station \u2013 a major transit hub for the Long Island Rail Road, New Jersey Transit, Amtrak and the New York City Subway \u2013 the proposed building would add a concourse improving access within Penn Station and adding several new subway entrances.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 26], "content_span": [27, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012154-0002-0002", "contents": "15 Penn Plaza, Controversy\nIn exchange for increases in height and density for the building, Vornado would undertake $100 million in transit-related improvements that would reopen the \"Gimbels passageway\", which was blocked off in 1986 and would reconnect Penn Station to Herald Square at Sixth Avenue and the 34th Street\u2013Herald Square station (B, \u200bD, \u200bF, <F>, \u200bM\u200b, N, \u200bQ, \u200bR, and \u200bW trains) and the 33rd Street terminal of the Port Authority Trans-Hudson (PATH) train, which provides access to Hoboken\u201333rd Street, Journal Square\u201333rd Street (via Hoboken) and Journal Square\u201333rd Street trains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 26], "content_span": [27, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012154-0002-0003", "contents": "15 Penn Plaza, Controversy\nAn updated passageway would be built to the standards of \"the elegant and efficient passageways at Grand Central and Rockefeller Center\" and would also have integrated access to the proposed New Jersey Transit terminal that would be constructed as part of the Access to the Region's Core tunnel that was to be constructed under the Hudson River.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 26], "content_span": [27, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012154-0003-0000", "contents": "15 Penn Plaza, Controversy\nOn August 25, 2010, in a 47\u20131 vote, the City Council voted to approve construction of the building, despite what The New York Times described as \"a fierce public relations, advertising and lobbying campaign\" by the owners of the Empire State Building to derail the project. The Council's zoning and land use committees approved the project and the full council overwhelmingly voted to approve the plan, with the only dissenter, Brooklyn Councilmember Charles Barron, voting in the negative as a protest against the absence of a guarantee by Vornado to hire minority and female construction workers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 26], "content_span": [27, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012154-0004-0000", "contents": "15 Penn Plaza, Controversy\nAccording to the New York Post, by December 2011 the building project was suspended, with Vornado Realty Trust announcing it will instead renovate the Hotel Pennsylvania \u2013 the intended site for the 15 Penn Plaza tower \u2013 delaying the skyscraper until it becomes financially feasible to start construction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 26], "content_span": [27, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012154-0005-0000", "contents": "15 Penn Plaza, Delays\nOn March 4, 2013, Vornado announced that it was abandoning plans to build the tower; instead it will \"invest aggressively\" into the Hotel Pennsylvania to make it into \"a really profitable, really good hotel for our purposes.\" In August 2014, citing increased interest from tenants, the project was unshelved and the proposed renovation of Hotel Penn was put on hold indefinitely.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012154-0006-0000", "contents": "15 Penn Plaza, Delays\nAs of February 2015, Vornado Chairman & CEO Steve Roth was non-committal to the project:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012154-0007-0000", "contents": "15 Penn Plaza, Delays\nThe Hotel Penn is important, but not the main event. The main event is to get the office buildings so that they command higher market ranch than they do currently. And by the way, they are rising with the marketplace, quite smartly, currently. So we\u2019re not prepared to commit to what our plan for the Hotel Pennsylvania is.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012154-0008-0000", "contents": "15 Penn Plaza, Delays\nIn March 2018, Vornado Realty Trust renewed special permits with the City Planning Commission to develop the proposed 15 Penn Plaza skyscraper on the Hotel Pennsylvania's site. In an April 2018 letter to investors, Roth mentioned the demolition and 15 Penn skyscraper plan as a continued option, but also described Vornado as being at \"a tipping point\" with regard to redeveloping the Pennsylvania into a \"giant convention/entertainment hotel\". In April 2021, Vornado again announced plans to demolish the hotel to make way for the new skyscraper, now known as Penn15. According to Roth, \"the hotel math has deteriorated significantly over the last five years\", and the benefits of continuing to operate the hotel were outweighed by the drawbacks of maintenance, taxes, and lack of demand. At this time, Penn15 was planned to be 1,270 feet (390\u00a0m) tall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 875]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012155-0000-0000", "contents": "15 Percent Pledge\nThe 15 Percent Pledge is a US-based non-profit organization that encourages retailers to pledge at least 15 percent of their shelf-space to Black-owned businesses. The foundation conducts audits, shares its database of Black-owned businesses, and offers business development strategies to participating companies. It was established in 2020 by Aurora James after she created the 15 Percent Pledge initiative on Instagram, following the murder of George Floyd.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012155-0001-0000", "contents": "15 Percent Pledge, History\nThe murder of George Floyd sparked a wave of activism for the Black Lives Matter movement that renewed calls for social justice reform and the end of systemic racism, and included declarations of support from various corporations; according to TIME Magazine, James wanted to \"find a way that companies could make a tangible change,\" and \"from there, the 15 Percent Pledge was born.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012155-0002-0000", "contents": "15 Percent Pledge, History\nJames launched the initiative called the 15 Percent Pledge with an Instagram post on May 29, 2020, that tagged Barnes & Noble, Home Depot, MedMen, Net-a-Porter, Saks Fifth Avenue, Sephora, Target, Walmart, and Whole Foods. James wrote on Instagram: \"So many of your businesses are built on Black spending power. So many of your stores are set up in Black communities. So many of your sponsored posts are seen on Black feeds. This is the least you can do for us. We represent 15% of the population and we need to represent 15% of your shelf space.\" In August 2020, James recalled, \"I was watching Black-owned businesses literally shutter before my very eyes while I was also seeing these major retailers say, 'We stand with you,'\" ... \"And the reality is that you actually don\u2019t.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 806]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012155-0003-0000", "contents": "15 Percent Pledge, History\nVogue writes the post \"immediately went viral and resulted in an outpouring of interest.\" James then started an Instagram account for the 15 Percent Pledge and continued tagging retailers to highlight disparities impacting Black-owned businesses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012155-0004-0000", "contents": "15 Percent Pledge, History\nIn June 2020, James told GQ, \"This is a really tough time for everyone, and people shopping is by no means going to ease the pain of the lives that we have lost ... There are also a lot of other things that we need people to be doing, like donating to bail funds.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012155-0005-0000", "contents": "15 Percent Pledge, The 15 Percent Pledge Foundation\nAfter the early success of the 15 Percent Pledge initiative, the 15 Percent Pledge Foundation was created as a non-profit organization to urge major retailers to commit 15% of their shelf-space to Black-owned businesses and to build generational wealth in Black communities. The 15 Percent Pledge is registered as a domestic not-for-profit organisation in New York and fiscally sponsored by the Philanthropic Ventures Foundation, a 501(c)(3) that serves as a fiscal depository for organizations in the process of obtaining 501(c)(3) status.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 51], "content_span": [52, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012155-0006-0000", "contents": "15 Percent Pledge, The 15 Percent Pledge Foundation\nThe 15 Percent Pledge is more than a commitment to allocating shelf space to Black-owned businesses; companies signing the pledge are also asked to audit their contracts to determine how their spending is allocated. The foundation conducts the audit of the company each quarter, shares its database of Black-owned businesses, and offers business development strategies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 51], "content_span": [52, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012155-0007-0000", "contents": "15 Percent Pledge, Development\nOn June 10, 2020, Sephora was announced publicly as the first business to sign on to the 15 Percent Pledge, and said it would create an advisory group that includes James and other leaders of brands owned by people of color to help Sephora make changes. The New York Times writes Sephora also \"said it would provide connections and support to black-owned businesses from funders and venture capitalists and evolve its existing incubation programs to 'focus on women of color,'\" and that this is an example of the type of longer-lasting change sought by the 15 Percent Pledge. Since then, Sephora developed Sephora Accelerate, a mentoring program focused on supporting beauty brands founded by Black, indigenous and people of color.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 30], "content_span": [31, 762]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012155-0008-0000", "contents": "15 Percent Pledge, Development\nBusinesses including Rent The Runway, West Elm, and MedMen, as well as Macy's, Indigo Books & Music in Toronto, Yelp, the U.S. edition of Cond\u00e9 Nast\u2019s Vogue, Macy's subsidiaries Bloomingdale's and Bluemercury, and InStyle magazine have since signed on to the 15 Percent Pledge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 30], "content_span": [31, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012155-0009-0000", "contents": "15 Percent Pledge, Development\nIn August 2020, the 15 Percent Pledge Foundation conducted audits of retailers, including Target, Whole Foods, Nordstrom, and Neiman Marcus, and according to Reuters, found \"Black-owned businesses currently constitute on average just 1% of U.S. retailers' supplier base.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 30], "content_span": [31, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012155-0010-0000", "contents": "15 Percent Pledge, Development\nIn September 2020, James asked Canadian retailers to take the 15 Percent Pledge in a Toronto Star opinion article, and CBC News reports \"James said the Canadian effort was launched partly in response to feedback she got from Canadians who got in touch as a result of the U.S. campaign to say that retailers such as Hudson's Bay and Holt Renfrew can do better.\" Indigo Books and Music became the first Canadian company to take the 15 Percent Pledge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 30], "content_span": [31, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012155-0011-0000", "contents": "15 Percent Pledge, Development\nIn April 2021, the foundation publicly addressed the announcement by Target of its plan to spend more than $2 billion on Black-owned businesses by 2025, with a statement that included, \"We should not be applauding this. We deserve so much more than this\" and an allegation that Target had copied the foundation's branding, which Target denied. James told CNBC in May 2021, \"Whether or not Target wants to take the pledge or any of these other companies want to take the pledge, we\u2019re still going to keep holding their feet to the fire and pushing them to do more.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 30], "content_span": [31, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012155-0012-0000", "contents": "15 Percent Pledge, Development\nBy May 2021, the 15 Percent Pledge Foundation had 25 retail partners.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 30], "content_span": [31, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012156-0000-0000", "contents": "15 Psychological Operations Group\n15 (United Kingdom) Psychological Operations Group was a tri-service, or \"purple\", military unit formerly parented by 1 Military Intelligence Brigade but from April 2014, part of the Security Assistance Group within the British Army's Force Troops Command. Since April 2015, it has been subsumed into 77th Brigade within 6th (United Kingdom) Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012156-0001-0000", "contents": "15 Psychological Operations Group, History\nFollowing the Gulf War of 1991, the UK formed a shadow PSYOPS unit called 15 (UK) PSYOPS Group (Shadow). A double digit prefix was selected to avoid any confusion with the U.S counterparts of the 2nd, 4th, 7th, and 8th MIS/Psych Ops Groups, and the number 15 was chosen because PSYOPS battlefield activities in support of 21 Army Group during WW2 were conducted by Amplifier Units (numbered 10-14). The Group adopted the stag's head formation sign used by the World War II Indian Field Broadcast Units (IFBU). Reputedly the deer's antlers symbolize both the combat support function of PSYOPS and the antennae associated with a major means of dissemination of psychological warfare messages.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 733]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012156-0002-0000", "contents": "15 Psychological Operations Group, History\n15 (UK) Psychological Operations Group was established immediately after the 1991 Gulf War when the success of US military psychological operations convinced the Ministry of Defence that the UK required a similar capability. Initially, it was composed of just a single desk officer with the intention that it would be augmented by additional personnel when required. As such, the group was referred to in military terminology as a 'shadow' unit. Subsequently, conspiracy theorists have suggested incorrectly that 'shadow' was a covert code name for the group and members of the group have been targeted in the press.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012156-0003-0000", "contents": "15 Psychological Operations Group, History\nSince 1991, the group expanded significantly in size to meet operational requirements and participated in every major UK military operation since that period. The Black and White Association (formerly club) is the regimental association for the group and for the first time, in 2013, members paraded on Remembrance Sunday at the Cenotaph.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012156-0003-0001", "contents": "15 Psychological Operations Group, History\nLeading members of the Black and White Association include Colonel Colin Mason (ret'd), Tony Rowlands (former Foreign Office official), Commander Steve Tatham RN, and the UK's former two-star Director of Defence Communications, Stephen Jolly, now a Fellow in Information Operations at the Defence Academy of the United Kingdom and generally considered the most senior serving psyops officer in British defence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012156-0004-0000", "contents": "15 Psychological Operations Group, History\nIn October 2012, the group was awarded the Firmin Sword of Peace for its \"valuable contribution to humanitarian activities by establishing good and friendly relations with the inhabitants of any community at home or overseas\". The citation noted that:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012156-0005-0000", "contents": "15 Psychological Operations Group, History\nA small team from 15 POG has been continuously deployed to Helmand for six years. Working predominantly with the Afghan civilian population, it has sought to inform, reassure, educate and through the promotion of free and unbiased discussion persuade Afghans that their futures are best served not with the Taliban, nor with ISAF, but with themselves and their elected government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012156-0005-0001", "contents": "15 Psychological Operations Group, History\nThe unit runs a network of radio stations employing local Afghans as DJs, broadcasting music, poetry, debate programmes and even a Helmandi soap opera, as well as producing graphical posters and leaflets to communicate in an area where literacy rates are only around 20%. Recent projects include information campaigns to prevent children picking up spent ordnance they find, disseminating information from farming and veterinary workshops using their radio stations, and promoting debate on political issues of the day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012156-0006-0000", "contents": "15 Psychological Operations Group, History\nThe sword was presented to the group's then commanding officer, Commander Steve Tatham RN at a ceremony in London by the Chief of Defence Staff General Sir David Richards. The award was covered by the BBC which was granted exclusive access to the group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012156-0007-0000", "contents": "15 Psychological Operations Group, History\nThe group's honorary colonel Lieutenant General Sir Paul Newton, formerly Commander of Force Development and Training for the British Army, stepped down in 2014. In 2016, 15 (UK) Psychological Operations Group was moved from Chicksands to Denison Barracks, Hermitage, Berkshire, where it was integrated into 77th Brigade, formerly the Security Assistance Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012156-0008-0000", "contents": "15 Psychological Operations Group, Role\n15 (UK) Psychological Operations Group had over 150 personnel under its command, approximately 75 from the regular Armed Forces and 75 from the Reserves. The Group supported deployed commanders in the provision of psychological operations in operational and tactical environments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 39], "content_span": [40, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012157-0000-0000", "contents": "15 Reception Depot\n15 Reception Depot was an administrative unit of the Personnel Service Corps of the South African Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012157-0001-0000", "contents": "15 Reception Depot, History, Origin\n15 Reception Depot (15 RCD) was activated on 10 September 1939 to muster South African volunteers signing up to take part in World War 2, it operated as the reception depot to service the then Witwatersrand Command. The depot drew its recruits mainly from Johannesburg and the immediate surrounds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 35], "content_span": [36, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012157-0002-0000", "contents": "15 Reception Depot, History, UDF era and World War II\nThe depot operated from the Milner Park Showgrounds and the Wanderers Grounds in Johannesburg. The unit was also responsible for the routing and demobilisation of returning South African Union Defence Force (UDF) soldiers until it was disbanded after the Second World War on 31 December 1945..", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 53], "content_span": [54, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012157-0003-0000", "contents": "15 Reception Depot, History, SADF era and the Bush War\nThe unit was reactivated on 29 April 1964 owing to the threat of a United Nations action in respect of South West Africa, and in case such a situation required the mobilisation of South African Army Citizen Force units. When the threat subsided, the unit was retained to process the bi-annual national service intake of white South African conscripts drawn from the greater Witwatersrand area. The government policy of compulsory conscription preceding 1994 was exclusively for young \u2018white\u2019 South African men. Men of \u2018black\u2019 South African heritage at the time were recruited into the South African Army on a voluntary basis and joined ethnically differentiated Battalions directly as 'Permanent Force' members.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 54], "content_span": [55, 766]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012157-0004-0000", "contents": "15 Reception Depot, History, SADF era and the Bush War\n15 Reception Depot was one of a number of Reception Depots around South Africa which was tasked to the intake of national service conscripts into the South African Defence Force (SADF). Each Regional Command in the SADF structure had its own Reception Depot. Due to the population size of the Witwatersrand region and resultant intake size, 15 RCD spearheaded the drafting process.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 54], "content_span": [55, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012157-0005-0000", "contents": "15 Reception Depot, History, SADF era and the Bush War\nThe reception depot units fell under the Personnel Services Corps (PSC) of the SADF. To mobilise these 'white' South African conscripted troops, duties and tasks performed by 15 RCD involved:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 54], "content_span": [55, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012157-0006-0000", "contents": "15 Reception Depot, History, SADF era and the Bush War\n15 Reception Depot HQ was stationed at the Witwatersrand Command's Drill Hall in downtown Johannesburg until the Drill Hall was bombed on 30 July 1987 by a lone Umkhonto we Sizwe insurgent, Hein Grosskopf. The explosion injured 26 people (a mix of both military personnel and by-standing civilians) with no deaths, the building was however deemed unsafe and 15 Reception Depot's HQ moved into a high rise building adjacent to the Drill Hall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 54], "content_span": [55, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012157-0007-0000", "contents": "15 Reception Depot, History, SADF era and the Bush War\n15 Reception Depot initially conducted the bi-annual intake of national servicemen from Sturrock Park railway station in Johannesburg and escorted these recruits to their respective army training units by train, this intake of conscripts was later moved to the Nasrec Expo centre show grounds and the majority of national servicemen recruits were convoyed to their training units in busses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 54], "content_span": [55, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012157-0008-0000", "contents": "15 Reception Depot, History, SADF era and the Bush War\nDuring early 1994, 15 Reception Depot became involved in the mustering of members of the SADF's reserve. SADF Army numbers needed boosting by trained SADF conscripts ahead of South Africa's first fully democratic election. During these General Elections which were held between 26 and 29 April 1994, these SADF Reservists were called to maintain national security at the election stations themselves and the secure transfer of ballot boxes for counting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 54], "content_span": [55, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012157-0009-0000", "contents": "15 Reception Depot, History, SANDF era\nFrom April 1994, the unit was initially involved in the integration of non-statutory forces members into the newly reformatted South African National Defence Force (SANDF). The first multiracial intakes also occurred in 1994 through the Voluntary Military Service (VMS) System. Mustering at this time of VMS recruits was coordinated by 15 RCD at the Nasrec show grounds. After 1994 Witwatersrand Command was re-designated as Gauteng Command, and the Command along with 15 Reception Depot HQ was moved to Group 18 located at Doornkop military base.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 38], "content_span": [39, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012157-0010-0000", "contents": "15 Reception Depot, History, SANDF era\nBy the early 2000s, Commands were no longer responsible for individual recruitment, making Reception Depots essentially redundant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 38], "content_span": [39, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012157-0011-0000", "contents": "15 Reception Depot, Leadership\nCapt J.W. Hammond; 10 Sep 39 - 31 Dec 45", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 71]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012157-0012-0000", "contents": "15 Reception Depot, Leadership\nMaj H. van der Merwe; 29 Apr 64 - 31 Dec 69", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 74]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012157-0013-0000", "contents": "15 Reception Depot, Leadership\nMaj W.F.J. Smith; 10 Jan 70 - 30 May 72", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012157-0014-0000", "contents": "15 Reception Depot, Leadership\nMaj R.P. van Belkum; 01 Jun 72 - 31 Jan 73", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 73]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012157-0015-0000", "contents": "15 Reception Depot, Leadership\nCmdt C.A. Twomey; 01 Feb 73 - 28 Feb 74", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012157-0016-0000", "contents": "15 Reception Depot, Leadership\nCmdt H.L. K\u00fchn; 06 Mar 74 - 31 Dec 77", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 68]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012157-0017-0000", "contents": "15 Reception Depot, Leadership\nCmdt C.A. Roos; 01 Jan 78 - 30 Jun 79", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 68]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012157-0018-0000", "contents": "15 Reception Depot, Leadership\nCmdt P.J. Joubert; 01 Jul 79 - 31 May 87", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 71]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012157-0019-0000", "contents": "15 Reception Depot, Leadership\nCmdt P.J.M. Van Niekerk; 01 Jan 88 - 31 Dec 92", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 77]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012157-0020-0000", "contents": "15 Reception Depot, Leadership\nW01 J.D. Baptiste; 01 Jan 78 - 30 Sep 79", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 71]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012157-0021-0000", "contents": "15 Reception Depot, Leadership\nW02 P.L. Botha (Acting); 01 Jul 79 - 31 Jul 85", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 77]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012157-0022-0000", "contents": "15 Reception Depot, Leadership\nW01 D. Kruger; 01 Sep 85 - 30 Jun 91", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 67]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012157-0023-0000", "contents": "15 Reception Depot, Leadership\nW02 G.J. Snyman; 01 Jan 92 - 01 Jul 93", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 69]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012157-0024-0000", "contents": "15 Reception Depot, Leadership\nW01 C.J. Van Zyl; 01 Sep 93 - 31 May 97", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012157-0025-0000", "contents": "15 Reception Depot, Leadership\nW02 H.J. Shand (Acting); 01 Jun 97 - 31 Dec 97", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 77]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012157-0026-0000", "contents": "15 Reception Depot, Leadership\nW01 C.H. Lane-Blake; 01 Apr 98 - 31 Dec 99", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 73]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012158-0000-0000", "contents": "15 Sagittae\n15 Sagittae (15 Sge) is a star in the northern constellation Sagitta, located around 58\u00a0light years away from the Sun. It is visible to the naked eye as a faint, yellow-hued star with an apparent visual magnitude of 5.80. Considered a solar analog, it was the target of the first radial velocity survey from Lick Observatory, which found a drift due to a companion. In 2002, the cause of this was found to be brown dwarf companion B via direct imaging.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012158-0001-0000", "contents": "15 Sagittae\nThe companion is a high-mass substellar brown dwarf of spectral class L4 \u00b1 1.5, only a few Jupiter masses below the limit for stars, in a long-period orbit around the primary star. Imaged by the Keck telescope, was the first brown dwarf candidate orbiting a sun-like star detected via imaging and is currently the only known companion brown dwarf which both has a significant radial velocity trend on the primary that has also been imaged.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012158-0002-0000", "contents": "15 Sagittae\nThe brown dwarf was originally thought to have a semi-major axis of 14 AU and a circular orbit viewed from pole-on, but ten more years of observations found that the brown dwarf's orbit is viewed from nearly edge-on, is significantly eccentric and appeared to be moving in a circular orbit when first discovered, but is now approaching the primary as viewed from Earth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012159-0000-0000", "contents": "15 Sagittarii\n15 Sagittarii is a blue-hued binary star system in the southern zodiac constellation of Sagittarius. The estimated distance based upon  photometry is around 4,200\u00a0ly (1,300\u00a0pc). It is faintly visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of 5.37. The system is moving closer to the Sun with a heliocentric radial velocity of around \u22126\u00a0km/s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012159-0001-0000", "contents": "15 Sagittarii\nChini et al. (2012) identify this as a double-lined spectroscopic binary star system. It shows a stellar classification of O9.7\u00a0Iab, matching a massive O-type supergiant star. Along with the O-type star 16 Sgr (HD\u00a0167263), it is ionizing an H II region along the western edge of the molecular cloud L291.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012159-0002-0000", "contents": "15 Sagittarii\nThe Washington Double Star Catalog lists four companions within a 2\u00a0arcsecond angular radius.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012160-0000-0000", "contents": "15 Scaffolds for a Murderer\n15 Scaffolds for a Murderer or The Dirty Fifteen (Italian: 15 forche per un assassino) is a 1967 action drama mystery Spaghetti Western film directed by Nunzio Malasomma, scored by Francesco De Masi, and starring Craig Hill, Andrea Bosic, George Martin and Margarita Lozano. It was the last film of Nunzio Malasomma, who died in 1974.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012161-0000-0000", "contents": "15 Signal Regiment (United Kingdom)\nThe 15th Signal Regiment is military communications unit of the British Army's Royal Corps of Signals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012161-0001-0000", "contents": "15 Signal Regiment (United Kingdom), History\nThe regiment was originally formed before World War II during the expansion of British Army signals units. The unit provided communications for the island of Cyprus but was disbanded shortly after 1963. In 1992, following the Options for Change reforms, it was reformed to support HQ Northern Ireland and other units deployed during Operation Banner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012161-0002-0000", "contents": "15 Signal Regiment (United Kingdom), History, World War Period, Inter-war\nBefore World War II, the Egypt Signals unit was formed. It was tasked with providing communications and signals support for British Army units based in Egypt. Their area of responsibility was not limited to Egypt itself, but included the following areas: Mandatory Palestine, Sudan, and Cyprus. During this time, the unit was collectively known as Egypt Command Signals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 73], "content_span": [74, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012161-0003-0000", "contents": "15 Signal Regiment (United Kingdom), History, World War Period, World War II\nIn 1940, the regiment was based in Cairo. Following Italy's entry in the war, the regiment's support ranged from providing signals and communications for units in Cyprus, Greece, Macedonia, the Balkans, and Eastern Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 76], "content_span": [77, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012161-0004-0000", "contents": "15 Signal Regiment (United Kingdom), History, World War Period, Cyprus\nFollowing the end of World War Two, the regiment was re-titled in 1946 as the 3rd General Headquarters Signal Regiment. In 1959, Middle East Command was dissolved and split into two new formations, namely, British Forces Suez Canal and British Forces Arabian Peninsula. As a result, the regiment was renamed as 15th (Cyprus) Signal Regiment to better represent their new role.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 70], "content_span": [71, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012161-0005-0000", "contents": "15 Signal Regiment (United Kingdom), History, Cold War\nOn 15 January 1965, the regiment was reformed in Aden. After this reform, the regiment was re-titled as 15th Signal Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 54], "content_span": [55, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012161-0006-0000", "contents": "15 Signal Regiment (United Kingdom), History, Post-Cold War\nThe regiment was reformed for the third time at Thiepval Barracks in Lisburn, Northern Ireland in 1990 and was re-titled as 15th Signal Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 59], "content_span": [60, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012161-0007-0000", "contents": "15 Signal Regiment (United Kingdom), History, Post-Cold War\nAfter the Options for Change reforms, the regiment gained command of more signal squadrons. After the end of Operation Banner, the regiment was relocated to Blandford Forum in Dorsetshire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 59], "content_span": [60, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012161-0008-0000", "contents": "15 Signal Regiment (United Kingdom), History, Post-Cold War\nAccording to a FOI Response, the regiment will fall under the command of 11th Signal Brigade and Headquarters West Midlands. By 2025, the regiment will move from its current location at Blandford Camp to Swinton Barracks in Perham Down, thereby co-locating with the remainder of the regular units of 7th Signal Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 59], "content_span": [60, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012161-0009-0000", "contents": "15 Signal Regiment (United Kingdom), History, Post-Cold War\nThe regiment under the reform is to re-organise and become a close support signals unit. The regiment will support the 12th Armoured Infantry Brigade by 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 59], "content_span": [60, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012161-0010-0000", "contents": "15 Signal Regiment (United Kingdom), History, Post-Cold War\nIn 2019, the regiment moved from Blandford Camp to Swinton Barracks in Perham Down.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 59], "content_span": [60, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012161-0011-0000", "contents": "15 Signal Regiment (United Kingdom), Current structure\nThe regiment's current structure in March 2021 is as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 54], "content_span": [55, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012162-0000-0000", "contents": "15 South African Infantry Battalion\n15 South African Infantry Battalion is a motorised infantry unit of the South African Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012162-0001-0000", "contents": "15 South African Infantry Battalion, History, Origin\nThis battalion was established in 1994 from the ranks of the former Venda Defence Force. The unit badge reflects its location. Thohoyandou means \"head of the elephant\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 52], "content_span": [53, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012162-0002-0000", "contents": "15 South African Infantry Battalion, History, Operational Command\nThe unit resorted for operational purposes under the command of the Soutpansberg Military Area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 65], "content_span": [66, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012162-0003-0000", "contents": "15 South African Infantry Battalion, SANDF's Motorised Infantry\nSANDF's Motorised Infantry is transported mostly by Samil trucks, Mamba APC's or other un-protected motor vehicles. Samil 20,50 and 100 trucks transport soldiers, towing guns, and carrying equipment and supplies. Samil trucks are all-wheel drive, in order to have vehicles that function reliably in extremes of weather and terrain. Motorised infantry have an advantage in mobility allowing them to move to critical sectors of the battlefield faster, allowing better response to enemy movements, as well as the ability to outmaneuver the enemy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 63], "content_span": [64, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012163-0000-0000", "contents": "15 South Second Street, Newport, PA\n15 South Second Street is a historic home located in Newport, Pennsylvania. It served as home to many Newsstands as well as a grocer and clothier over the years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012163-0001-0000", "contents": "15 South Second Street, Newport, PA\nThis is a two-story home with a hipped roof, resting on a stone foundation. Its original clapboards are now clad in aluminum siding. The home has two bay windows, with a storefront on first story. It has a pair of double windows on the 2nd floor along with hipped-roof dormers with triple panes in the upper sashes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012163-0002-0000", "contents": "15 South Second Street, Newport, PA, History\nThis was home to the William Witmer Newsstand, Jess Thomas Newsstand, Russel Zeiders Newsstand, Charles Fleck Grocer, Joseph Frish Clothing and Watches as well as the Margaret Bell Millinery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012163-0003-0000", "contents": "15 South Second Street, Newport, PA, History\nIt was designated a contributing property to the  Newport Historic District in 1999. It is also identified as #70 in the", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012164-0000-0000", "contents": "15 Squadron SAAF\n15 Squadron SAAF is a squadron of the South African Air Force. It is currently a transport/utility helicopter squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012164-0001-0000", "contents": "15 Squadron SAAF, History\nThe squadron was formed on 18 September 1939 as a SAAF Coastal Command squadron based at Cape Town. During the war it flew Junkers Ju-86, Bristol Blenheim and Martin Maryland aircraft. The squadron suffered a tragedy in May 1942, when eleven out of twelve personnel perished when three Blenheims encountered a sand storm and lost their bearings during a training flight and had to make an emergency landing in the desert.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012164-0002-0000", "contents": "15 Squadron SAAF, History\nThe squadron flew Baltimore 5 Light Bombers in May 1945 as part of 253 Wing of the Mediterranean Allied Tactical Air Force. Other aircraft flown during and after the war included Bristol Blenheims, and Martin Baltimores. Notable Second World War members include Harry Schwarz, who in 1984 was made honorary colonel of the squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012164-0003-0000", "contents": "15 Squadron SAAF, Post Second World War\nAircraft flown after the war included the A\u00e9rospatiale SA 321 Super Frelon and the A\u00e9rospatiale SA 330 Puma.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 39], "content_span": [40, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012164-0004-0000", "contents": "15 Squadron SAAF, Post Second World War\nThe current base is AFB Durban situated at the old Durban international airport. It operates Atlas Oryx, Augusta Westland A109 and BK 117 helicopters. Their primary role is maritime and landward search and rescue. Two flights of Oryx, A and B Flights, are based in Durban and C Flight, consisting of four BK 117s is detached to Port Elizabeth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 39], "content_span": [40, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012164-0005-0000", "contents": "15 Squadron SAAF, Post Second World War\nThe current BK 117 aircraft of C Flight were originally inherited from the Apartheid-era \"homelands\", the Ciskei having acquired 3 in 1983, Venda 2 in 1985, Transkei 2 in 1986 and Bophuthatswana 2 in 1987, making a total of 10 with an extra delivered from Brazil. Two of the aircraft have already been mothballed at AFB Bloemspruit. Four remain in service with 15 Squadron. C Flight's conversion to AgustaWestland AW109 helicopters has been postponed due to delays in developing emergency flotation equipment for the type, thus precluding its use in a maritime environment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 39], "content_span": [40, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012164-0006-0000", "contents": "15 Squadron SAAF, Roll of Honour\nIn respect of those recipients about whom it is available, the actions they were cited for follow below the table, since inclusion in the table itself is impractical.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 32], "content_span": [33, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012164-0007-0000", "contents": "15 Squadron SAAF, Officer commanding\nList of officers to have served as commanding officers at 15 Squadron, South African Air Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 36], "content_span": [37, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012165-0000-0000", "contents": "15 Square\n15 Square, formerly known as NORM-UK, is an English-registered charity concerned with the health of the human genitals, with a particular focus on the foreskin and the avoidance of unnecessary circumcision. It provides information about conservative treatments for conditions such as phimosis and frenulum breve, as well as advice regarding foreskin restoration for circumcised males. It also hosts and participates in conferences and symposia about genital health and integrity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012165-0001-0000", "contents": "15 Square\nThe charity co-operates, but is not affiliated, with other non-profit organisations, and it is a member of the International Coalition for Genital Integrity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012165-0002-0000", "contents": "15 Square, History and mission\nNORM-UK was founded in 1994 by English physician Dr. John Warren. The original aim was to provide information to circumcised men about non-surgical foreskin restoration methods. The organisation quickly expanded its mission to provide information about all aspects of health related to the foreskin, penis, and genital area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 30], "content_span": [31, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012165-0003-0000", "contents": "15 Square, History and mission\nIt is independent of any other organisation and it is regulated by the Charity Commission for England and Wales. It is registered with charity number 1072831 and with the stated objective: To advance the education of the public in all matters relating to circumcision and other forms of surgical alteration of the genitals including alternative treatments and offering information and advice on such matters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 30], "content_span": [31, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012165-0004-0000", "contents": "15 Square, History and mission\nFemale genital mutilation, which is illegal in the United Kingdom, is also a concern of the charity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 30], "content_span": [31, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012165-0005-0000", "contents": "15 Square, History and mission\nThe organisation currently trades under the name 15 Square. If unfolded and laid out flat, a typical adult's foreskin would measure about 15\u00a0sq\u00a0in (97\u00a0cm2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 30], "content_span": [31, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012165-0006-0000", "contents": "15 Square, Publications\n15 Square publishes a quarterly journal, 15 Squared. The charity also publishes a number of pamphlets covering a range of issues such as care of an infant's foreskin, phimosis and tightness of the foreskin in general, and alternatives to circumcision as a remedy. 15Square 's vice-chairman, Dr. Peter Ball, also produced a video, Restoration in Focus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 23], "content_span": [24, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012165-0007-0000", "contents": "15 Square, Office and personnel\nThe organisation's office is located in Stone, Staffordshire. David Smith serves as general manager and is the charity's only paid employee. There are also a number of volunteers who work in the office and remotely.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 31], "content_span": [32, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012165-0008-0000", "contents": "15 Square, Office and personnel\nThe board of trustees includes founder Dr. John Warren (chairman), Dr. Peter Ball (vice-chairman), Margaret Green (treasurer) and John Dalton (lead researcher and archivist).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 31], "content_span": [32, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012165-0009-0000", "contents": "15 Square, Office and personnel\nThe actor Alan Cumming and scientist Jack Cohen serve as patrons of the charity. The late Brian Sewell, art critic and writer, was also a patron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 31], "content_span": [32, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012166-0000-0000", "contents": "15 Storeys High\n15 Storeys High is a  British sitcom, set in a tower block. It originated as two radio series broadcast in 1998\u20132000, transferring to television in 2002\u20132004. The main characters in the television series are Vince Clark, a depressed, sardonic recluse played by Sean Lock, and Errol Spears, Vince's optimistic whipping boy, played by Benedict Wong.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012166-0001-0000", "contents": "15 Storeys High, Radio series\nBoth radio series (Sean Lock's 15 Minutes of Misery and Sean Lock: 15 Storeys High) were recorded in front of a studio audience. The theme tune used for both series is the 1960s song \"England Swings\" by Roger Miller.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 29], "content_span": [30, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012166-0002-0000", "contents": "15 Storeys High, Radio series, Sean Lock's 15 Minutes of Misery\nThe show's original incarnation was a radio series entitled Sean Lock's 15 Minutes of Misery. It was broadcast weekly on BBC Radio 4 in the \"Late Night on 4\" comedy slot at 11.00pm. It ran for six episodes between 30 December 1998 and 3 February 1999. The show was written by Sean Lock and produced by Dan Freedman, and starred Lock, Kevin Eldon and Hattie Hayridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 63], "content_span": [64, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012166-0003-0000", "contents": "15 Storeys High, Radio series, Sean Lock: 15 Storeys High (Radio 4)\nLock's second series was entitled Sean Lock: 15 Storeys High, and it was also broadcast on Radio 4's \"Late Night on 4\" comedy slot and written by Sean Lock and Martin Trenaman and produced by Chris Neill. These series each consisted of five half-hour episodes. Series one aired from 24 November 1999 to 22 December 1999, and starred Lock, along with Felix Dexter, Jenny Eclair, Tim Mitchell, Tracy-Ann Oberman, Chris Pavlo and Peter Serafinowicz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 67], "content_span": [68, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012166-0003-0001", "contents": "15 Storeys High, Radio series, Sean Lock: 15 Storeys High (Radio 4)\nSeries two aired from 24 November 2000 to 22 December 2000, and included roles from Dan Freedman, Alex Lowe, Dan Mersh, Paul Putner, Rob Rouse and Chris Neill. The 15 Storeys High radio series used a different method to present the events going on in other flats in the tower block. It dispensed with the idea of Sean listening in on others using \"Bugger King\", replacing it with a voiceover simply announcing the flat number of the subsequent scene. The show introduced Sean's flatmate Errol (played by Serafinowicz in series 1, episodes 2\u20135).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 67], "content_span": [68, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012166-0004-0000", "contents": "15 Storeys High, TV programme\nIn 2002, 15 Storeys High was made into a television show which ran for two series, each series consisting of six half-hour episodes. In the television series, Lock's character was named Vince (he was simply Sean Lock in the radio series). Vince's flatmate Errol Spears was played by Benedict Wong. The TV shows were recorded on location and therefore without a live audience. The pilot originally had a laugh track, although this was removed for the broadcast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 29], "content_span": [30, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012166-0005-0000", "contents": "15 Storeys High, TV programme\nThe series was written by Lock, Trenaman and Mark Lamarr (credited under his real name, Mark Jones), and directed by Mark Nunneley. In the second TV series Lamarr is also credited as a writer. Digital comedy channel Gold began showing repeats of the first series during September 2014 as part of their After Dark comedy line-up schedules. In August 2021, following Lock's death, the series became available on BBC iPlayer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 29], "content_span": [30, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012166-0006-0000", "contents": "15 Storeys High, TV programme, Filming locations\nThe flat in which Vince lives was actually filmed in a studio with large pictures of the adjacent tower blocks as a backdrop. All other flats in both series are real, and are located in the Brandon Estate, Kennington, London. The British science fiction drama Doctor Who has also used this location. The location of the swimming pool, in which Vince works as a lifeguard, is Ladywell Leisure Centre in Lewisham, South East London in the first series. (). In the second series, the swimming pool used is in the basement of the Shell Centre next to Waterloo station. The Elephant and Castle Shopping centre is also used as a location in several episodes, notably the Sundial restaurant and the bowling alley.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 48], "content_span": [49, 755]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012166-0007-0000", "contents": "15 Storeys High, TV programme, Filming locations\nSeries one was initially broadcast on BBC Choice (the forerunner to BBC Three) from 7 November 2002 to 12 December 2002. Series two was broadcast from 12 February 2004 to 18 March 2004.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 48], "content_span": [49, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012166-0008-0000", "contents": "15 Storeys High, TV programme, Filming locations\nThe show starred Sean Lock and Benedict Wong. Additional cast members included Dan Mersh, Bill Bailey, Aml Ameen, William Tomlin, Steven Webb, Mark Lamarr, Toby Jones, Tracey-Ann Oberman, Felix Dexter, Paul Putner, Pearce Quigley, Perry Benson, Simon Godley, Melanie Gutteridge, Peter Serafinowicz, Michael Greene and James Bachman.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 48], "content_span": [49, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012166-0009-0000", "contents": "15 Storeys High, Awards\nIn 2003, 15 Storeys High was nominated for a BAFTA in the Best New Director category for its unique style, and innovative shots.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012167-0000-0000", "contents": "15 Temmuz K\u0131z\u0131lay Milli \u0130rade (Ankara Metro)\n15 Temmuz K\u0131z\u0131lay Milli \u0130rade, formerly known and still commonly referred to as just K\u0131z\u0131lay, is an underground station and a hub of the Ankara Metro. A total of three lines meet at K\u0131z\u0131lay, with a fourth line under construction; Ankaray, the M1, and the M2, while the M4 will be extended southeast from Atat\u00fcrk K\u00fclt\u00fcr Merkezi. The station was first opened on 30 August 1996 with the Ankaray platform, while the M1 platform was opened on 29 December 1997.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012167-0001-0000", "contents": "15 Temmuz K\u0131z\u0131lay Milli \u0130rade (Ankara Metro)\nK\u0131z\u0131lay station is largest rapid transit complex on the Ankara Metro system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012167-0002-0000", "contents": "15 Temmuz K\u0131z\u0131lay Milli \u0130rade (Ankara Metro), History\nWhile the Ankara Metro system was planned in the early 1990s, K\u0131z\u0131lay station was chosen to be the transfer station between the original two line. The station was first opened on 30 August 1996 as part of the 11-station Ankaray line, which is the second-oldest rapid transit line in Turkey. 16 months later, the M1 platform was opened on 29 December 1997. K\u0131z\u0131lay remained the only hub and transfer station on the Ankara Metro until 12 February 2014, when the M3 line entered service from Bat\u0131kent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 53], "content_span": [54, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012167-0002-0001", "contents": "15 Temmuz K\u0131z\u0131lay Milli \u0130rade (Ankara Metro), History\nA month later, on 13 March, the M2 line from K\u0131z\u0131lay to Koru entered service, making K\u0131z\u0131lay one of two metro stations in Turkey serving more than two lines, along with Yenikap\u0131 Transfer Center in Istanbul. Following the failed 2016 coup d'\u00e9tat, the station, along with the square, was renamed 15 Temmuz K\u0131z\u0131lay Milli \u0130rade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 53], "content_span": [54, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012168-0000-0000", "contents": "15 Thank You, Too\n15 Thank You, Too (stylized as \u246e Thank you, too) is the 15th studio album by the Japanese girl group Morning Musume '17. It was released in Japan on December 6, 2017 with two versions: a limited CD+Blu-ray edition and a regular CD-only edition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012168-0001-0000", "contents": "15 Thank You, Too, Release details\nThe album was announced on October 21 in Hokkaido, during their 2017 Autumn Tour: \"Morning Musume Tanj\u014d 20 Shuunen Kinen Concert Tour 2017 Aki ~We are MORNING MUSUME~\". Making this their first album in over 3 years and created their widest gap between studio albums.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 34], "content_span": [35, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012168-0002-0000", "contents": "15 Thank You, Too, Release details\nOn November 2, the official track list was released and revealed that only their two most recent singles were included. Leaving out five other singles released between 2015 and 2016. Nonetheless, the album includes 10 brand new tracks and 3 of which are: an unreleased song from 2015, a remake of their 23rd single and a self cover of their indies single with new arrangements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 34], "content_span": [35, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012168-0003-0000", "contents": "15 Thank You, Too, Release details\nThis release also includes a limited edition Blu-ray recording of their 20th Anniversary Event held on September 14, 2017 in Shinkiba Studio Coast: \"Morning Musume Kessei 20 Shuunen Kinen Event ~21 Nenme mo Ganbatte Ikimasshoi!~\". The event featured surprise guests, Sayumi Michishige and Reina Tanaka (Morning Musume OG).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 34], "content_span": [35, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012168-0004-0000", "contents": "15 Thank You, Too, Release details\nThis is the first album to feature the 12th, 13th and 14th generations, the last album to feature 10th generation members, Haruka Kudo and Haruna Iikubo, and the only album to feature 12th generation member, Haruna Ogata.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 34], "content_span": [35, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012169-0000-0000", "contents": "15 Union Square West\n15 Union Square West is a residential building on East 15th Street overlooking Union Square in Manhattan, New York City. Originally Tiffany & Company\u2019s 19th-century headquarters, it was refurbished and reopened in 2008 as high-end apartments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012169-0001-0000", "contents": "15 Union Square West\nCommissioned by Charles Lewis Tiffany in 1869, John Kellum designed the original structure, which included 16-foot cast-iron arches that rose above the park. The building cost $500,000 and opened in 1870. At the time, the store was described as \u201cthe largest of its kind devoted to this business of any in the world,\u201d and dubbed the \u201cpalace of jewels\u201d. Tiffany & Co. stayed there until 1906. By 1925 the building was occupied by the Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America trade union.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012169-0002-0000", "contents": "15 Union Square West\nBy 1952 it was owned by Amalgamated Bank. After a fatal accident where a pedestrian was struck by a falling piece of cast iron, they stripped the original fa\u00e7ade and covered it with white brick. The building then stood unchanged for more than 50 years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012169-0003-0000", "contents": "15 Union Square West\nBrack Capital Real Estate purchased the property in 2006, and restored the original six-story structure and added six newly constructed floors to create a boutique condominium with 36 residences. The brick fa\u00e7ade was dismantled and the original arches were reconditioned and wrapped behind a fa\u00e7ade of glass and black anodized aluminum. The original structure was topped by an additional six stories of all glass residences. Designed by Eran Chen of ODA-Architecture, previously of Perkins Eastman, the building blends historic and contemporary elements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012169-0004-0000", "contents": "15 Union Square West\nIn 2011, two of the two-bedroom apartments were purchased by tennis player Caroline Wozniacki for $9 million. Earlier that year, the retail portion of the development was purchased by the State Teachers Retirement System of Ohio (STRS) for $57.88 million.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012170-0000-0000", "contents": "15 Ursae Majoris\n15 Ursae Majoris is a star in the northern circumpolar constellation Ursa Major, located 94\u00a0light years away from the Sun. It has the Bayer designation f Ursae Majoris; 15 Ursae Majoris is the Flamsteed designation. It is visible to the naked eye as a white-hued star with an apparent visual magnitude of 4.46. 15 Ursae Majoris is a suspected member of the Castor stellar kinematic group, a 200\u00a0million year old association of co-moving stars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012170-0001-0000", "contents": "15 Ursae Majoris\nAccording to Eggleton and Tokovinin (2008), this is a suspected binary star system with an orbital period of 4.9\u00a0days and an eccentricity of 0.2. However, De Rosa et al. (2014) did not find a companion. The primary is metallic-lined (Am) star, meaning it has unusually strong absorption lines of metals in its spectrum. Classification of the spectrum is difficult due to the peculiarities. An MK classification of 15 UMa using the calcium K line is A3\u00a0V, but using metallic spectral lines it can appear as a cooler and more luminous star. Spectral lines in the blue region give a classification of F5\u00a0Ib, while in the violet region the lines suggest F5\u00a0III/IV.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 677]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012170-0002-0000", "contents": "15 Ursae Majoris, Nomenclature\nWith \u03c4, h, \u03c5 Ursae Majoris, \u03c6, \u03b8 dan e it composed the Arabic asterism Sar\u012br Ban\u0101t al-Na'sh, the Throne of the daughters of Na'sh, and Al-Haud, the Pond. According to the catalogue of stars in the Technical Memorandum 33-507 - A Reduced Star Catalog Containing 537 Named Stars, Al-Haud were the title for seven stars\u00a0: this star (f) as Alhaud I, \u03c4 as Alhaud II, e as Alhaud III, h as Alhaud IV, \u03b8 as Alhaud V, \u03c5 as Alhaud VI and \u03c6 as Alhaud VII.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 30], "content_span": [31, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012170-0003-0000", "contents": "15 Ursae Majoris, Nomenclature\nIn Chinese, \u6587\u660c (W\u00e9n Ch\u0101ng), meaning Administrative Center, refers to an asterism consisting six stars, such as 15 Ursae Majoris, \u03c5 Ursae Majoris, \u03b8 Ursae Majoris and \u03c6 Ursae Majoris.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 30], "content_span": [31, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012171-0000-0000", "contents": "15 Vulpeculae\n15 Vulpeculae is a variable star in the northern constellation of Vulpecula, located approximately 243 light years away based on parallax. It has the variable star designation NT Vulpeculae; 15 Vulpeculae is the Flamsteed designation. It is visible to the naked eye as a faint, white-hued star with a typical apparent visual magnitude of 4.66. This object is moving closer to the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of \u221226\u00a0km/s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012171-0001-0000", "contents": "15 Vulpeculae\nThis is an Am star with a stellar classification of A4\u00a0IIIm, matching an evolved A-type giant star. However, Gray & Garrison (1989) found a class of kA5hA7mA7 (IV\u2013V), which matches a blend of subgiant and main sequence luminosity classes with the K-line (kA5) of an A5 star and the hydrogen (hA7) and metal (mA7) absorption lines of an A7 star. It is an Alpha2 Canum Venaticorum-type variable with magnitude ranging from 4.62 down to 4.67 over a period of 14 days. The star is radiating 60 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 8,084\u00a0K.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012172-0000-0000", "contents": "15 Westferry Circus\n15 Westferry Circus is a 16,250\u00a0m2 (174,900\u00a0sq\u00a0ft) building located on the upper level of Westferry Circus, Canary Wharf. Construction began in November 1998. Its finish marked the completion of the Westferry Complex, the westernmost point of Canary Wharf.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012172-0001-0000", "contents": "15 Westferry Circus\nThe building was designed to fully incorporate the requirements of the tenant, Morgan Stanley Dean Witter, who also occupied the adjoining building. Their lease began in March 2000, the same month Citigroup leased 25 Canada Square.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012172-0002-0000", "contents": "15 Westferry Circus\nMorgan Stanley Dean Witter sublet the building to Tube Lines. They share the building leading to the video wall, built for use in stock trading but used as a Recovery Silver Control for the London Underground in the aftermath of the 7 July 2005 London bombings. In 2013 Morgan Stanley vacated the building and it was taken over by London Underground, who had taken over Tube Lines. London Underground vacated the building in 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012172-0003-0000", "contents": "15 Westferry Circus\n15 Westferry Circus serves as the fifteen mile (24\u00a0km) marker in the London Marathon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012172-0004-0000", "contents": "15 Westferry Circus\nThe ownership of this building was the subject of a protracted legal dispute in Ireland in 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012172-0005-0000", "contents": "15 Westferry Circus\nAs of 2018, Morgan Stanley is once again occupying two floors of the building, with another floor sublet to a tenant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012173-0000-0000", "contents": "15 William\n15 William, formerly known as the William Beaver House, is a 47-story, 528-foot-tall (161\u00a0m) condominium apartment building at 15 William Street in the Financial District of Manhattan, New York City. It opened in 2008, at which time it was the only ground-up residential development in the Financial District.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012173-0001-0000", "contents": "15 William\n15 William was designed by the New York firms Tsao & McKown, Ismael Leyva Architects, and SLCE Architects, with interiors and public spaces designed by SPAN Architecture and Allied Works Architecture. It was developed by SDS Investments, Sapir Organization, Andr\u00e9 Balazs Properties, and CIM Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012173-0002-0000", "contents": "15 William, Site\n15 William is located in the Financial District of Manhattan, at the northwest corner of William Street and Beaver Street. The block on which the building is located is bounded by Broad Street to the west, Exchange Placeto the north, William Street to the east, and Beaver Street to the south. The site at William and Beaver Streets was historically taken up by the Corn Exchange Bank in the early 20th century, and later by a 20-story office building, although the lot was vacant by the 1990s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012173-0003-0000", "contents": "15 William, Design\n15 William, initially known as the William Beaver House, was designed by Tsao & McKown, Ismael Leyva Architects, and SLCE Architects. The interior was designed by SPAN Architecture and Allied Works Architecture. The building was jointly developed by SDS Procida Development Group and Andr\u00e9 Balazs. The building is 528 feet (161\u00a0m) high, with 47 floors, and includes 320 residential units and two commercial spaces. There are 370,815 square feet (34,449.8\u00a0m2) of space in 15 William.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012173-0004-0000", "contents": "15 William, Design, Facade\nThe building has a brick exterior with dark grey and gold brick panels between the windows. Shears, staggers, and other components of the building's facade were incorporated into the building\u2019s design to give apartments the most light and views in a part of the city that is densely built. Its general appearance has earned it the nickname \"The Post-It Note Building\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 26], "content_span": [27, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012173-0005-0000", "contents": "15 William, Design, Features\nAccording to two of the project's principal architects, Calvin Tsao and Zack Mckown, the condominium was designed as a \"vertically integrated village\" and a \"self-sufficient place to live.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 28], "content_span": [29, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012173-0006-0000", "contents": "15 William, Design, Features\nThe interiors have open living spaces and bathrooms with separate rain showers and oversized deep-soaking tubs. Bedrooms and bathrooms are en suite with louvered doors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 28], "content_span": [29, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012173-0007-0000", "contents": "15 William, Design, Features\nThe property includes a fitness center with an outdoor terrace and herb garden, squash court, yoga studio, boxing gym, indoor saltwater swimming pool, outdoor saltwater jacuzzi, sauna, steam room, an indoor children\u2019s playroom, and an outdoor children's playground designed by Jean-Gabriel Neukomm of SPAN Architecture that includes a slate-clad wall for children to use as a chalkboard. The building also has a covered dog-run, landscaped roof deck, rooftop lounge with catering kitchen and views of Manhattan and the New York Harbor, event space, movie theater, an outdoor basketball court, and a resident\u2019s library. Residents additionally have the option of renting private storage bins in the basement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 28], "content_span": [29, 735]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012173-0008-0000", "contents": "15 William, Design, Features\nThe ground floor of the building includes retail space with a deli and a subterranean parking lot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 28], "content_span": [29, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012173-0009-0000", "contents": "15 William, History\nPlans were filed with the New York City Department of Buildings in 2004, and announced to the public in May 2006; sales were launched later that year. In 2007, the building's three penthouses were each sold for prices ranging between $4.7 to $5 million, the highest price per square foot ever paid in the Financial District at the time. Work was completed in 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012173-0010-0000", "contents": "15 William, Reception\nIn September 2016, Interior Design ranked 15 William one of the \"5 Enviable Residential Buildings in New York.\" The building was ranked one of the \"Top 50 Luxury Condos & Co-ops in Manhattan\" by Manhattan Scout. New York Family included 15 William on its list of the most family-friendly buildings in New York City. The AIA Guide to New York City called the building \"daring amidst the financial district's monochromatic canyons.\" In 2015, 15 William was featured in a series of articles in Domino Magazine where designers redecorated several apartments throughout the building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 21], "content_span": [22, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012174-0000-0000", "contents": "15 Year Killing Spree\n15 Year Killing Spree is a box set by the American death metal band Cannibal Corpse. The cover art contains demons and skeletons placed in windows in a castle surrounded by a moat of blood. Observant Cannibal Corpse fans will notice that the cover art, drawn by the usual artist Vincent Locke draws from the themes and features characters from previous Cannibal Corpse albums.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012174-0001-0000", "contents": "15 Year Killing Spree\nIn addition to the three CDs and DVD which are listed below, this boxed set also contains a poster of the band. Two thousand of the posters that were shipped with the boxed set were autographed by the band. The boxed set also contains a booklet with history and commentary by the band members as well as pictures from the band's history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012174-0002-0000", "contents": "15 Year Killing Spree\n15 Year Killing Spree also contains a comic book depicting the story behind one of Cannibal Corpse's most famous songs \"Unleashing The Bloodthirsty\" from their album Bloodthirst.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012175-0000-0000", "contents": "15 Years After\n15 Years After is a box set by the musical project Enigma. It was released by Virgin Germany on 9 December 2005. The box set contains 8 discs, 5 of them original studio albums created from 1990 to 2003, 2 DVDs and a bonus CD of Enigma's songs covered by Rollo Armstrong.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012175-0001-0000", "contents": "15 Years After\nAs the title suggests, the box set's release was to celebrate the 15 years since the release of Enigma's first single, \"Sadeness (Part I)\". The album cover was taken from Lady with an Ermine, a 1490 painting by Leonardo da Vinci. The box set packaging and photography was done by Dirk Rudolph while artwork direction and original designs were created by Johann Zambryski, a long-time designer of Enigma artworks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012175-0002-0000", "contents": "15 Years After\nOriginally the box set was sold at \u20ac128 and this raised a stir with fans of the project, since the discs were not remastered unlike the compilation album Love Sensuality Devotion: The Greatest Hits but were instead fitted with Copy Control. The new single, \"Hello and Welcome\" (from the unreleased 6th album A Posteriori) and The Dusted Variations disc also received mixed responses from the fans, who questioned the release of the album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012175-0003-0000", "contents": "15 Years After\nAdditionally, the music video for \"Out from the Deep\" which was dropped from the Remember the Future DVD without an apparent reason, was still absent in this re-release, and despite the box set being 12-inch vinyl-sized, there were little information about the history of the project within the booklet, apart from the credits and a press release inside.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012175-0004-0000", "contents": "15 Years After\nLater on, the price of the box set dropped to \u20ac92.99 and on 30 November 2005, the producer and creator of Enigma, Michael Cretu personally visited the EMI factory in Uden, Netherlands to sign a thousand copies of the box set. The thousand signed copies had Cretu's initials (\"MC\") signed with a silver marker. While signed copies of Enigma's albums are extremely rare, the autographed version of the box set was still available for purchase at Amazon.de half a year after its release. Also within the box set was a code which enabled owners of the box set to download the music videos of \"Voyageur\" and \"Boum-Boum\" by typing it in a special section within Enigma's official website, but is no longer available.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 725]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012176-0000-0000", "contents": "15 Years On\n15 Years On is the eleventh studio album by the Irish folk band The Dubliners. This album was created to celebrate the band's 15th anniversary from the day they started music together. The album was released on the Chyme label in 1977. The album features 24 tracks on two records (nine of which were previously unreleased). In spite of having only nine previously unreleased tracks, it is still regarded as an original album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012176-0001-0000", "contents": "15 Years On, Special Track Features\nThe group's line-up consisted of Barney McKenna, Luke Kelly, John Sheahan and Jim McCann. (Ronnie Drew and Ciar\u00e1n Bourke feature on a number of the previously available tracks).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 35], "content_span": [36, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012176-0002-0000", "contents": "15 Years On, Mislabelled Instrumental Tracks\nThe tune labelled \"Salamanca\" is a medley of \"The Snow on the Hills\" (O'Neill 569) and \"The Salamanca Reel\"(O'Neill 603), from O'Neill's Dance Music of Ireland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 44], "content_span": [45, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012176-0003-0000", "contents": "15 Years On, Tour\nThe 15 Years On Tour was a tour of Europe and Australia throughout 1977 in support of the album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012177-0000-0000", "contents": "15 Years and One Day\n15 Years and One Day (Spanish: 15 a\u00f1os y un d\u00eda) is a 2013 Spanish drama film directed by Gracia Querejeta. The film was selected as the Spanish entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 86th Academy Awards, but it was not nominated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012178-0000-0000", "contents": "15 Years on Death Row\n15 Years on Death Row is a double album compilation released in 2006 by CEO of Death Row Recordings, Suge Knight. The release features several notable Death Row artists such as Snoop Dogg, Dr. Dre, 2Pac, Nate Dogg, Daz Dillinger, and The Lady Of Rage. A music video DVD is included. The album includes \"G'z Up, Hoes Down\", a Track from Snoop Dogg's Doggystyle album that was removed for sample clearance issues.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012178-0001-0000", "contents": "15 Years on Death Row, Track listing, Music Videos\n1. Dr. Dre\u00a0\u2013 Dre Day2. Dr. Dre\u00a0\u2013 Nuthin' but a \"G\" Thang3. Dr. Dre\u00a0\u2013 Let Me Ride4. Dr. Dre\u00a0\u2013 Lil' Ghetto Boy5. Dr. Dre & Ice Cube\u00a0\u2013 Natural Born Killaz6. Snoop Dogg\u00a0\u2013 Who Am I (What's My Name)? 7 . Snoop Dogg\u00a0\u2013 Gin and Juice (Laid Back Mx)8. Snoop Dogg\u00a0\u2013 Doggy Dogg World9. Snoop Dogg\u00a0\u2013 Vapors10. Snoop Dogg\u00a0\u2013 Murder Was The Case11. Snoop Dogg\u00a0\u2013 Doggfather12. Snoop Dogg\u00a0\u2013 Snoop's Upside Ya Head13. Warren G\u00a0\u2013 Regulate14.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 50], "content_span": [51, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012178-0001-0001", "contents": "15 Years on Death Row, Track listing, Music Videos\nThe Lady of Rage\u00a0\u2013 Afro Puffs15. 2Pac\u00a0\u2013 How Do U Want It16. 2Pac\u00a0\u2013 All About U17. 2Pac\u00a0\u2013 California Love (Original Version)18. 2Pac\u00a0\u2013 California Love (Remix Version)19. 2Pac\u00a0\u2013 I Ain't Mad at Cha20. 2Pac\u00a0\u2013 Hit 'Em Up21. 2Pac\u00a0\u2013 Made Niggaz22. 2Pac\u00a0\u2013 To Live & Die in L.A.23. 2Pac\u00a0\u2013 Toss It Up24. 2Pac\u00a0\u2013 Hail Mary", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 50], "content_span": [51, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012179-0000-0000", "contents": "15 Years: A Retrospective\n15 Years: A Retrospective is the tenth Sons of the San Joaquin album. It contains three previously unreleased songs. According to the liner notes, the previously released material was \"digitally re-mixed and re-mastered.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012179-0001-0000", "contents": "15 Years: A Retrospective, Track listing\nAll tracks are written by Jack Hannah, except where noted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 40], "content_span": [41, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012180-0000-0000", "contents": "15 and 290 theorems\nIn mathematics, the 15 theorem or Conway\u2013Schneeberger Fifteen Theorem, proved by John H. Conway and W. A. Schneeberger in 1993, states that if a positive definite quadratic form with integer matrix represents all positive integers up to 15, then it represents all positive integers. The proof was complicated, and was never published. Manjul Bhargava found a much simpler proof which was published in 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012180-0001-0000", "contents": "15 and 290 theorems\nBhargava used the occasion of his receiving the 2005 SASTRA Ramanujan Prize to announce that he and Jonathan P. Hanke had cracked Conway's conjecture that a similar theorem holds for integral quadratic forms, with the constant 15 replaced by 290. The proof has since appeared in preprint form.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012180-0002-0000", "contents": "15 and 290 theorems, Details\nSuppose Qij{\\displaystyle Q_{ij}} is a symmetric matrix with real entries. For any vector x{\\displaystyle x} with integer components, define", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012180-0003-0000", "contents": "15 and 290 theorems, Details\nThis function is called a quadratic form. We say Q{\\displaystyle Q} is positive definite if Q(x)>0{\\displaystyle Q(x)>0} whenever x\u22600{\\displaystyle x\\neq 0}. If Q(x){\\displaystyle Q(x)} is always an integer, we call the function Q{\\displaystyle Q} an integral quadratic form.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012180-0004-0000", "contents": "15 and 290 theorems, Details\nWe get an integral quadratic form whenever the matrix entries Qij{\\displaystyle Q_{ij}} are integers; then Q{\\displaystyle Q} is said to have integer matrix. However, Q{\\displaystyle Q} will still be an integral quadratic form if the off-diagonal entries Qij{\\displaystyle Q_{ij}} are integers divided by 2, while the diagonal entries are integers. For example, x2 + xy + y2 is integral but does not have integral matrix.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012180-0005-0000", "contents": "15 and 290 theorems, Details\nA positive integral quadratic form taking all positive integers as values is called universal. The 15 theorem says that a quadratic form with integer matrix is universal if it takes the numbers from 1 to 15 as values. A more precise version says that, if a positive definite quadratic form with integral matrix takes the values 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 10, 14, 15 (sequence  in the OEIS), then it takes all positive integers as values. Moreover, for each of these 9 numbers, there is such a quadratic form taking all other 8 positive integers except for this number as values.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012180-0006-0000", "contents": "15 and 290 theorems, Details\nis universal, because every positive integer can be written as a sum of 4 squares, by Lagrange's four-square theorem. By the 15 theorem, to verify this, it is sufficient to check that every positive integer up to 15 is a sum of 4 squares. (This does not give an alternative proof of Lagrange's theorem, because Lagrange's theorem is used in the proof of the 15 theorem.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012180-0007-0000", "contents": "15 and 290 theorems, Details\nis a positive definite quadratic form with integral matrix that takes as values all positive integers other than 15.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012180-0008-0000", "contents": "15 and 290 theorems, Details\nThe 290 theorem says a positive definite integral quadratic form is universal if it takes the numbers from 1 to 290 as values.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012180-0008-0001", "contents": "15 and 290 theorems, Details\nA more precise version states that, if an integer valued integral quadratic form represents all the numbers 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 10, 13, 14, 15, 17, 19, 21, 22, 23, 26, 29, 30, 31, 34, 35, 37, 42, 58, 93, 110, 145, 203, 290 (sequence  in the OEIS), then it represents all positive integers, and for each of these 29 numbers, there is such a quadratic form representing all other 28 positive integers with the exception of this one number.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012180-0009-0000", "contents": "15 and 290 theorems, Details\nBhargava has found analogous criteria for a quadratic form with integral matrix to represent all primes (the set {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 67, 73} (sequence  in the OEIS)) and for such a quadratic form to represent all positive odd integers (the set {1, 3, 5, 7, 11, 15, 33} (sequence  in the OEIS)).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012180-0010-0000", "contents": "15 and 290 theorems, Details\nExpository accounts of these result have been written by Hahn and Moon (who provides proofs).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012181-0000-0000", "contents": "15 ans d\u00e9j\u00e0...\n15 ans d\u00e9j\u00e0... is the 12th French studio album by Joe Dassin. It came out in 1978 on CBS Disques.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012182-0000-0000", "contents": "15 ans et demi\n15 ans et demi (lit. '15 years and a half', also known as Daddy Cool) is a 2008 French comedy film by Fran\u00e7ois Desagnat and Thomas Sorriaux, starring Daniel  Auteuil.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012182-0001-0000", "contents": "15 ans et demi, Critical reception\nFrench reviewers considered the film a creditable French attempt at an American-style teen movie, derivative but entertaining on its own terms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 34], "content_span": [35, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012183-0000-0000", "contents": "15 aut\u00e9nticos \u00e9xitos (Irma Serrano album)\n15 aut\u00e9nticos \u00e9xitos (15 Authentic Hits) is a greatest hits album by Mexican singer Irma Serrano, released in 1984 by CBS Records International. It features Serrano's fifteen hit songs released from 1963 to 1967.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012184-0000-0000", "contents": "15 a\u00f1os de \u00e9xitos\n15 A\u00f1os De \u00c9xitos is the first greatest hits album (sixteenth overall) from Mexican singer Alejandro Fern\u00e1ndez this album contains 15 successful tracks from 8 of his previous albums (Piel De Ni\u00f1a, Que Seas Muy Feliz, Muy Dentro de Mi Coraz\u00f3n, Me Estoy Enamorando, Mi Verdad, Or\u00edgenes, Ni\u00f1a Amada M\u00eda and A Coraz\u00f3n Abierto) in addition to the newly recorded track \"El Lado Oscuro Del Amor\" from the Mexican film \"El B\u00fafalo De La Noche\". The CD/DVD edition brings in addition to the CD with the 16 tracks, a DVD with 6 videos of Alejandro Fern\u00e1ndez.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012185-0000-0000", "contents": "15 chansons d'avant le d\u00e9luge, suite et fin\n15 chansons d'avant le d\u00e9luge, suite et fin is a compilation by experimental French singer Brigitte Fontaine and French rock singer Jacques Higelin, released in 1976 on the Productions Jacques Canetti label.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012185-0001-0000", "contents": "15 chansons d'avant le d\u00e9luge, suite et fin\nIt is an album of Boris Vian-penned songs recorded by Higelin and released on an EP in January 1966 and on an LP shared with Marie-Jos\u00e9 Casanova, also released in 1966. The nine Brigitte Fontaine songs come from her first album, 13 chansons d\u00e9cadentes et fantasmagoriques. Contrary to the first release co-billed to both artists, 1966's 12 chansons d'avant le d\u00e9luge, none of the songs are duets. The Fontaine songs were only added to fill in because the Higelin songs were not enough to make an LP.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012185-0002-0000", "contents": "15 chansons d'avant le d\u00e9luge, suite et fin, Track listing\nThis 1970s album-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 58], "content_span": [59, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012186-0000-0000", "contents": "15 cm Autokanone M. 15/16\nThe 15\u00a0cm Autokanone M. 15/16 was a heavy field gun used by Austria-Hungary in World War I. Guns turned over to Italy as reparations after World War I were taken into Italian service as the Cannone da 152/37. Austrian and Czech guns were taken into Wehrmacht service after the Anschluss and the occupation of Czechoslovakia as the 15.2\u00a0cm K 15/16(t). Italian guns captured after the surrender of Italy in 1943 were known by the Wehrmacht as the 15.2\u00a0cm K 410(i). Due to their unique ammunition, the Germans did not use them that much, and generally served on coast-defense duties during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012186-0001-0000", "contents": "15 cm Autokanone M. 15/16, Design\nThe M. 15 was a thoroughly conventional design for its day with a box trail, iron wheels and a curved gunshield. It was notable as being the first Austro-Hungarian gun to be designed for motor transport, towed behind the M\u00a017 'Goliath' artillery tractor, hence the Autokanone designation. For transport the barrel was generally detached from the recoil system and moved on its own trailer. The original M. 15 weapons had a maximum elevation of only 30\u00b0, but an elevation of 45\u00b0 was demanded early in the gun's production run, mainly to engage high-altitude targets in the mountains. 27 M. 15 guns were completed before production switched to the improved M. 15/16 with greater elevation in the first half of 1917. A total of 44 barrels and 43 carriages were completed by the end of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 33], "content_span": [34, 824]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012186-0002-0000", "contents": "15 cm Autokanone M. 15/16, Design\nIt seems likely that surviving M. 15 guns were rebuilt after the war to M. 15/16 standards. During the Twenties, guns in Italian service were relined and given new wheels by Vickers-Terni. In June 1940 Italy had 29 Cannone da 152/37 in service. By the time of the Italian capitulation this number had declined to 17.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 33], "content_span": [34, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012187-0000-0000", "contents": "15 cm K (E)\nThe 15\u00a0cm Kanone in Eisenbahnlafette (gun on railroad mounting) (15\u00a0cm K (E)) was a type of German railroad gun used in the Second World War. They were used in the invasion of Belgium in 1940, but spent most of the war on coast-defense duties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012187-0001-0000", "contents": "15 cm K (E), Design\nThis weapon was the first modern railroad gun to enter service with the Heer. The gun was mounted on a simple pivot mount on a ballrace on a well-base flatcar with four outriggers. In action the outriggers and their jacks would be dropped to stabilize the gun and absorb the firing recoil. In addition jacks locked the spring suspension, bore on the surface of the rails and screw clamps gripped the rails for more stability. The elderly 15\u00a0cm Schnelladekanone L/40 was used because it was available in some numbers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012187-0002-0000", "contents": "15 cm K (E), Ammunition\nThe standard high-explosive shell was the 15\u00a0cm K Gr 18, a 43 kilograms (95\u00a0lb) nose-fuzed round containing 5.68 kilograms (12.5\u00a0lb) of TNT. An anti-concrete shell was also available, the 15\u00a0cm Gr 19 Be. It was a base-fuzed 43.5 kilograms (96\u00a0lb) shell with a TNT filler of 4.8 kilograms (11\u00a0lb), with a rounded sheet-steel ballistic cap.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012187-0002-0001", "contents": "15 cm K (E), Ammunition\nA base propellant charge was combined with three increments to form three standard loadings, Small Load (Kleine Ladung) with a muzzle velocity of 600 metres per second (2,000\u00a0ft/s), Medium (Mittelere) with a muzzle velocity of 725 metres per second (2,380\u00a0ft/s) and Large (Grosse) with a muzzle velocity of 805 metres per second (2,640\u00a0ft/s).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012187-0003-0000", "contents": "15 cm K (E), Combat history\nTwo guns were damaged by premature detonations in their barrels on 20 May 1940 while bombarding Li\u00e8ge. They spent most of the war assigned to Artillery Battery (Artillerie-Batterie) 655 (E) in Belgium on coast-defense duties along the Channel coast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 27], "content_span": [28, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012187-0004-0000", "contents": "15 cm K (E), Note\nSources are contradictory on the gun used and numbers produced of this weapon. The most recent source, Fran\u00e7ois, has been generally been followed, not least because he cites serial numbers. Do not confuse this gun with those of Naval Artillery Battery (Marine-Artillerie-Batterie) \"Gneisenau\" that used a slightly more modern 15\u00a0cm SK L/45 gun with a gun shield.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012188-0000-0000", "contents": "15 cm Kanone 16\nThe 15\u00a0cm Kanone 16 (15\u00a0cm K\u00a016) was a heavy field gun used by Germany in World War I and World War II. Guns turned over to Belgium as reparations after World War I were taken into Wehrmacht service after the conquest of Belgium as the 15\u00a0cm K\u00a0429(b). It generally served on coast-defense duties during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012188-0001-0000", "contents": "15 cm Kanone 16, Design\nThe K\u00a016 was a thoroughly conventional design for its day with a box trail, steel wheels for motor transport and a curved gunshield. The axle was suspended on a traverse leaf spring. For transport the barrel was generally detached from the recoil system and moved on its own trailer. In 1941 a small number of K\u00a016 barrels were placed on 21 cm Mrs 18 carriages to become the 15\u00a0cm K\u00a016 in Mrs Laf.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012188-0002-0000", "contents": "15 cm Kanone 16, Ammunition\nIt fired 2 types of high-explosive shells, which differed only in which fuzes they could accept. It used a three part charge in its cartridge case. Charge 1 yielded a muzzle velocity of 555 metres per second (1,820\u00a0ft/s). Charge 2 replaced Charge 1 in the cartridge case and propelled the shell with a velocity of 696 metres per second (2,280\u00a0ft/s). Charge 3 was added to Charge 2 and raised the muzzle velocity to 757 metres per second (2,480\u00a0ft/s).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 27], "content_span": [28, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012189-0000-0000", "contents": "15 cm Kanone 18\nThe 15\u00a0cm Kanone 18 (15\u00a0cm K\u00a018) was a German heavy gun used in the Second World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012189-0001-0000", "contents": "15 cm Kanone 18, Design and history\nIn 1933 Rheinmetall began development of a new artillery piece to fulfill a German Army requirement for a replacement of the aged 15 cm Kanone 16, with the first production units received in 1938. There was not much of an improvement over the older gun as it weighed two tons more than the K\u00a016, but only had 2,290 metres (2,500\u00a0yd) more range. The army was happy with the range, but not with the carriage. There was a special transport carriage for just the gun when traveling long distances. Putting it on its turntable took even more time to assemble. The rate of fire was at best two rounds per minute.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 35], "content_span": [36, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012189-0002-0000", "contents": "15 cm Kanone 18, Design and history\nAround a hundred were built between 1939 and 1943. It was not popular in service as it was regarded as too much gun for too little shell. This caused its production to be terminated in August 1943. Many were used in coastal installations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 35], "content_span": [36, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012190-0000-0000", "contents": "15 cm Kanone 39\nThe 15\u00a0cm Kanone 39 (15\u00a0cm K\u00a039) was a German heavy gun used in the Second World War. First deliveries began in 1940 to the Wehrmacht. In the Battle of France, only the independent Artillerie-Batterie 698 was equipped with the gun. For Operation Barbarossa, it served with the Artillerie-Abteilungen 680, 731, 740 and 800. A year later, for Fall Blau, they served with Artillerie-Abteilungen 511, 620, 680, 767 and 800.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012190-0001-0000", "contents": "15 cm Kanone 39, Design and history\nDesigned by Krupp as a dual-purpose heavy field and coast defence gun in the late-1930s for Turkey. Only two had been delivered before the rest were appropriated by the Heer upon the outbreak of World War II. In the coast defense role, it was provided with an elaborate portable turntable. This had a central platform and twelve radial struts that connected to an outer ring. In action, the trails would be locked together and put on a small trolley that rode on the outer ring. Coarse aiming was by cranking the trolley back and forth while fine laying was done by traversing the gun on its mount, up to the 6\u00b0 limit imposed by the closed trails.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 35], "content_span": [36, 683]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012190-0002-0000", "contents": "15 cm Kanone 39, Design and history\nFor transport, it broke down into two loads, the barrel being removed and carried on its own wagon. A third wagon was necessary to carry the firing platform. It could fire the same ammunition as the 15\u00a0cm Kanone 18 as well as its own special ammunition designed to Turkish specifications.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 35], "content_span": [36, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012191-0000-0000", "contents": "15 cm Kanone M 80\nThe 15\u00a0cm Kanone M 80 was a siege gun used by Austria-Hungary during World War I. Designed to replace the M 61 series of siege guns the M 80 family of siege guns offered greater range and armor penetration than the older guns. The proven steel-bronze (92% copper bronze strengthened by autofrettage) was used for the barrel and the iron carriage lacked any system to absorb recoil other than the traditional recoil wedges placed underneath and behind the wheels of the carriage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012191-0000-0001", "contents": "15 cm Kanone M 80\nThese wedges helped to absorb the recoil force and encouraged the wheels to run forward to bring the gun back into battery. Generally a wooden firing platform was constructed for these guns in action to provide a level and smooth surface. Shortly after these guns were adopted a hydraulic recoil cylinder was adapted to absorb the recoil forces. It was attached to the underside of the carriage and the firing platform. For transport the barrel was removed from the carriage by a crane and carried separately.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012191-0001-0000", "contents": "15 cm Kanone M 80\nThese siege guns were no longer useful against modern armored fortresses by the outbreak of World War I and many saw action in the field to fill the need for heavy artillery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012192-0000-0000", "contents": "15 cm L/40 Feldkanone i.R.\nThe 15\u00a0cm Feldkanone L/40 in R\u00e4derlafette (40-caliber Field Gun on Wheeled Carriage) was a heavy field gun used by Germany in World War I. It was an ex-naval gun hastily adapted for land service by rigidly mounting it in a field carriage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012192-0001-0000", "contents": "15 cm L/40 Feldkanone i.R., History\nThe Germans were desperate for long-range artillery by 1915 and were forced to adapt a number of ex-naval guns for Army use, details of which are often lacking. The 15-cm SK L/40 (SK = Schnelladekanone or quick loading cannon) was an obsolete gun that was used as the secondary armament by pre-dreadnought battleships. It seems that there were actually two versions of this gun, one with an L/40 and the other with an L/45 barrel and the layout of the recoil mechanism differs between the two. It is not known if the designation changed depending on the barrel. The gun could not traverse on the mount and had to be fixed on a firing platform that weighed 7,450 kilograms (16,420\u00a0lb) to give it 60\u00b0 of traverse. For transport purposes, it was broken down into three loads; barrel, carriage and firing platform.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 846]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012192-0002-0000", "contents": "15 cm L/40 Feldkanone i.R., History\nWhile details are unclear, it seems that this gun was also adapted for land use, complete with its armored gunhouse, as the 15 cm KiSL (Kanone in Schirmlafette). It was mounted on a central pivot, which was in turn mounted on a firing platform. It was transported by rail or by road to its firing location in one piece and then offloaded onto the firing platform by crane.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012192-0003-0000", "contents": "15 cm L/40 Feldkanone i.R., History\nIt retained the Navy's (Kaiserliche Marine) semi-fixed ammunition, where one bag of powder was loaded before the brass cartridge containing the rest of the propellant and the primer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012192-0004-0000", "contents": "15 cm L/40 Feldkanone i.R., History\nAt the final stages of the World War I at least 6 guns were ceded to Bulgaria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012193-0000-0000", "contents": "15 cm Lang staal L/24\nThe 15\u00a0cm Lang staal L/24 was a Dutch rifled breechloading steel siege gun made by Krupp.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012193-0001-0000", "contents": "15 cm Lang staal L/24, Context, The name 15 cm Lang staal L/24\nThe Dutch army had a rather efficient naming system for its artillery. The 15\u00a0cm Lang staal L/24 was at first known as '15\u00a0cm zwaar' in order to distinguish it from a planned '15\u00a0cm licht'. When many more breechloading guns appeared in the Dutch Army's inventory, it added an 'A' for Achterlader (breechloader) to distinguish these from the smoothbore or rifled muzzle loaders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 62], "content_span": [63, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012193-0001-0001", "contents": "15 cm Lang staal L/24, Context, The name 15 cm Lang staal L/24\nWhen steel and bronze guns of the same caliber appeared, it added the label staal (steel) to distinguish the 8 cm staal, 12 cm Lang staal and this gun as '15\u00a0cm Lang staal' from other guns. At first this gun was therefore simply known as '15\u00a0cm zwaar', later it became the '15\u00a0cm Lang staal'. However, within a few years, even longer guns of the same caliber appeared among the coastal artillery. Therefore, the Dutch army added the length in calibers (L/24) in order to keep these apart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 62], "content_span": [63, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012193-0001-0002", "contents": "15 cm Lang staal L/24, Context, The name 15 cm Lang staal L/24\nIn fact they did this only for the long guns, and by replacing the label 'Lang' with the exact length in calibers. While all long guns of 15\u00a0cm and longer were made of steel, the label 'staal' was omitted for these guns, leading to the name 15\u00a0cm L/24. Still later, when the gun became part of the field army, there was a renewed preference for the name 15\u00a0cm Lang staal, to designate it as an old gun, but the designation 15\u00a0cm L/24 was also used. Hence the name 15\u00a0cm Lang staal L/24.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 62], "content_span": [63, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012193-0002-0000", "contents": "15 cm Lang staal L/24, Context, The failed 15 cm A. brons\nIn 1872 the Minister for War was busy modernizing the rifles of the infantry. For artillery he had a 24\u00a0cm gun in production. He expected that a 15\u00a0cm gun breechloading gun would be ready in 1872, and be tested before the end of the year, so production of 15\u00a0cm guns could start in early 1873. He planned to construct 25 15\u00a0cm guns in 1873. In total, 120 15\u00a0cm A. brons were thought to be required.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 57], "content_span": [58, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012193-0003-0000", "contents": "15 cm Lang staal L/24, Context, The failed 15 cm A. brons\nMuch later, in November 1880 the House of Representatives asked why 10 15\u00a0cm A. brons had disappeared from the army's inventory. The Minister of War answered that these were 10 15\u00a0cm breechloaders made (i.e. cast) from regular bronze in 1871 and 1872. Only one had been completed. The other 9 had not been rifled, nor been provided with a breech lock. Trials had ended after the decision to buy steel siege guns. The 15\u00a0cm A. brons's had then been designated to be melted down.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 57], "content_span": [58, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012193-0004-0000", "contents": "15 cm Lang staal L/24, Procurement, Procurement of 15 cm Lang staal L/24\nBy 1875 it was clear that in a direct artillery duel, the Dutch bronze guns would be at a severe disadvantage against the newest steel guns. Therefore, these bronze guns would have to be supplemented with a number of steel (staal) guns. For 1876, the plan for the siege artillery was to procure 40 15\u00a0cm Lang staal L/24 ('15\u00a0cm zwaar staal') guns at 22,570 guilders a piece all included, 20 12\u00a0cm Lang staal at 13,200 guilders a piece ditto, and 100 bronze 12 cm K.A. at 3,825 guilders a piece ditto. For trials of the foreseen guns, single steel guns of 15\u00a0cm, 12\u00a0cm, and 8.7\u00a0cm(!) were bought in 1875.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 72], "content_span": [73, 676]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012193-0005-0000", "contents": "15 cm Lang staal L/24, Procurement, Procurement of 15 cm Lang staal L/24\nIn December 1875 the Minister of War declared that the inclusion of the 8,7\u00a0cm under the siege artillery was a mistake. Even while the procurement was urgent, no more than 40 15\u00a0cm zwaar staal guns, and 20 12\u00a0cm Lang staal siege guns to be ordered at Krupp were brought on the budget for 1876. It was sound practice to limit the first series, and it was not even clear whether Krupp could deliver more. The trials would serve to specify alterations which would make the guns fit with the rest of the Dutch equipment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 72], "content_span": [73, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012193-0006-0000", "contents": "15 cm Lang staal L/24, Procurement, Procurement of 15 cm Lang staal L/24\nIn September 1876 trials with the 15\u00a0cm zwaar staal and 12\u00a0cm Lang staal were held at the Krupp trial grounds. The results were very positive. In light of the trials at the Krupp grounds, the Minister of War then decided to contract with Krupp. However, for the money that was voted on the 1876 budget, he bought less 15\u00a0cm zwaar staal guns and more 12\u00a0cm Lang staal guns. The House of Representatives was not amused, and wanted to know how many guns had been bought at Krupp for which price.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 72], "content_span": [73, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012193-0006-0001", "contents": "15 cm Lang staal L/24, Procurement, Procurement of 15 cm Lang staal L/24\nIn December 1876 the minister replied that the state had 20 15\u00a0cm zwaar staal guns and 60 12\u00a0cm Lang staal guns on order at Krupp. The 12\u00a0cm Lang staal gun would cost 15,310 mark, same price as before. For 1877 the Minister of War then asked money for 100 12\u00a0cm Lang staal, i.e. did not order anymore 15\u00a0cm Lang staal L/24.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 72], "content_span": [73, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012193-0007-0000", "contents": "15 cm Lang staal L/24, Procurement, Procurement of 15 cm Lang staal L/24\nIn November 1877 the Minister of War deemed 124 15\u00a0cm Lang staal still to be required for the first line of the new Dutch Water Line. 22 had already been bought on the budgets for 1876 and 1877. Therefore, the minister asked for money for 54 more guns on the 1878 budget. On the final budget for 1879, a new Minister of War only asked budget for the lighter 12\u00a0cm guns. On 1 January 1880 there were 75 15\u00a0cm Lang staal available in the Netherlands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 72], "content_span": [73, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012193-0008-0000", "contents": "15 cm Lang staal L/24, Characteristics, Barrel\nThe barrel of the 15\u00a0cm Lang staal L/24 was made by Krupp. It was a built-up gun barrel. It was 3,6\u00a0m long and weighed 3,045\u00a0kg. The caliber was 149.1\u00a0mm at the muzzle. The powder chamber was 42.5\u00a0cm long, and had a diameter of 151.1\u00a0mm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 46], "content_span": [47, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012193-0009-0000", "contents": "15 cm Lang staal L/24, Characteristics, Barrel\nWhat makes the 15\u00a0cm Lang staal L/24 hard to discern from the 12\u00a0cm Lang staal, is that both had a caliber of 24.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 46], "content_span": [47, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012193-0010-0000", "contents": "15 cm Lang staal L/24, Characteristics, Carriage\nThe carriage of the 15\u00a0cm Lang staal L/24 was made of steel, and was also made by Krupp. For transport the barrel would be placed in a lower position on the carriage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 48], "content_span": [49, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012193-0011-0000", "contents": "15 cm Lang staal L/24, Characteristics, Transport\nThe 15\u00a0cm Lang staal L/24 was envisioned as a siege gun, which would dismount enemy siege artillery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 49], "content_span": [50, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012193-0012-0000", "contents": "15 cm Lang staal L/24, Capabilities\nThe first serious tests of the gun were done by Krupp in D\u00fclmen in June 1875. With a charge of 6.2\u00a0kg of prismatic powder, and a projectile of 28.4\u00a0kg, the average velocity was 470.9\u00a0m/s at 50 meters from the muzzle with a pressure of 1,939 atm. With 6.2\u00a0kg of another kind of gunpowder it was 412.8\u00a0m/s and a pressure of 1,296 atm. A third type of powder gave a speed of 451\u00a0m/s and a pressure of 1,420 atm. The first kind of powder gave the highest velocity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 35], "content_span": [36, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012193-0013-0000", "contents": "15 cm Lang staal L/24, Capabilities\nIn the subsequent Dutch trials, which started in April 1876 many kinds of gunpowder were tested. Most of it was coarse gunpowder of about 350 grains per kg. Krupp had determined that the gas pressure inside the gun should not exceed 2,200 atm, and that a suitable gunpowder should propel the projectile to at least 465\u00a0m/s at 50\u00a0m from the muzzle. That is, the speed of the 15\u00a0cm should be equal to that of the 12\u00a0cm, but it could withstand a higher pressure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 35], "content_span": [36, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012193-0014-0000", "contents": "15 cm Lang staal L/24, Capabilities\nThe next round of Dutch tests was done with a new set of two guns, which had grooves inside the chamber, and of which the 15\u00a0cm gun fired a heavier 31.3\u00a0kg projectile. With a charge of 6.8\u00a0kg a velocity of 465.4\u00a0m/s was achieved at a pressure of 2,180 atm. With 6.9\u00a0kg this was 468.3\u00a0m/s, at a pressure of 2,070 atm. It led to establishing that the regular charge of the gun would be 6.8\u00a0kg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 35], "content_span": [36, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012193-0015-0000", "contents": "15 cm Lang staal L/24, Capabilities\nThe trials were then invalidated by a change that was made to the guns as a result of trials in Germany. The change was that the angle of the grooves was changed from constant to progressive. After some tests, the commission noted very significant differences with regard to atmospheric pressure in July. In particular, it had the first 15\u00a0cm gun fired again, and with the same 6.8\u00a0kg charge as above, it now noted a speed of 474.5\u00a0m/s at a pressure of 2,410 atm. After many investigations, it was found that in warm weather there was a slight increase in velocity, and a much higher increase in gas pressure inside the guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 35], "content_span": [36, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012193-0016-0000", "contents": "15 cm Lang staal L/24, Capabilities\nLater in the trials, the regular charge of the 15\u00a0cm Lang staal L/24 was established to be 6.0\u00a0kg black gunpowder. With that charge there was no danger of ignition of the explosive charge of the projectile itself. Initial velocity with the 6.0\u00a0kg black gunpowder charge was 428.8\u00a0m/s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 35], "content_span": [36, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012193-0017-0000", "contents": "15 cm Lang staal L/24, Operations, Becomes part of the field artillery and is retired\nIn 1927 the fortification artillery regiment was disbanded. From its remains two regiments of Onbereden Artillerie (unmounted artillery) were formed. In times of war, the first regiment of dismounted artillery would form 6 artillery regiments. These were the 13th, 18th, 14th, and 19th artillery regiments armed with the 12\u00a0cm Lang staal, and the 20th and 21st Artillery Regiments armed with the 15\u00a0cm Lang staal L/24. On 1 April 1933 the first dismounted artillery regiment was disbanded. Training for the 15\u00a0cm Lang staal L/24 ceased, and the 20th and 21st artillery regiments were deleted from the war time organization. The 15\u00a0cm Lang staal L/24 guns were then put in storage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 85], "content_span": [86, 766]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012193-0018-0000", "contents": "15 cm Lang staal L/24, Operations, World War II\nDuring the mobilization for World War II the 15\u00a0cm Lang staal L/24 was brought out of storage. Three new artillery artillery regiments of only one company (Artillerie Afdeling) were founded. These were the units: 24 AA, 25 AA and 26 AA. Each had three batteries of 4 15\u00a0cm Lang staal L/24, but no traction. 25 AA was actively engaged in the fight near Moerdijk. Four of its 12 guns permanently broke down due to mechanical defects. For multiple reasons, the fire of the guns was almost completely ineffective. 26 AA was in Numansdorp. When the enemy did not appear before its guns, it had to move. After the orders were given, and horses were collected etc. two days had passed, and the army had surrendered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 47], "content_span": [48, 756]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012194-0000-0000", "contents": "15 cm Luftminenwerfer M 15 M. E.\nThe 15\u00a0cm Luftminenwerfer M 15 M. E. (Pneumatic Trench Mortar Maschinenfabrik Esslingen) was a medium mortar used by Austria-Hungary in World War I. It was developed by the German firm Maschinenfabrik Esslingen in response to a German requirement. Its initial testing was observed by an Austro-Hungarian representative and his positive report convinced them to order a batch of five for comparative testing. It was evaluated on 21 September 1915 and it produced the right impression. Nonetheless four weapons were sent off for combat trials at the end of October 1915, which were presumably favorable.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012194-0001-0000", "contents": "15 cm Luftminenwerfer M 15 M. E.\nThe barrel was mounted on a central pivot attached to a base plate, apparently with 360\u00b0 of traverse. A single cylinder of compressed air was good for twelve shots.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012194-0002-0000", "contents": "15 cm Luftminenwerfer M 15 M. E.\nThe Model II incorporated minor improvements suggested by both the Austrians and German pioneer troops and was evaluated at the end of 1915. It was deemed satisfactory and another hundred were ordered. However, they were soon made obsolete by the better performance of the 12 cm Luftminenwerfer M 16 and shelved before the production run was finished.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012195-0000-0000", "contents": "15 cm M\u00f6rser M 80\nThe 15\u00a0cm M\u00f6rser M 80 was a heavy howitzer used by Austria-Hungary in World War I. It had a bronze barrel and was intended for siege work, although it had carriages suitable for both field and siege duties. The siege carriage was a steel sledge-type and was equipped with a hydraulic braking device to help absorb the recoil forces. Two wheels could be attached to the front of the carriage and a limber attached to the rear for transport. The field carriage relied on chock blocks and a rope brake device to absorb the gun's recoil.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012196-0000-0000", "contents": "15 cm M\u00f6rser M1881\nThe 15 cm Festungs und Belagerungs M\u00f6rser M1881 or (15 cm Fortress and Siege Mortar M1881) in English was a heavy mortar designed by Krupp that armed several European countries before and during World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012196-0001-0000", "contents": "15 cm M\u00f6rser M1881, Background\nDuring the second half of the 1800s, several military conflicts changed the balance of power in Europe and set off an arms race leading up to World War I. A company that profited from this arms race was the Friedrich Krupp Company of Essen Germany and several European countries were armed with Krupp artillery. Some customers like Belgium, Italy, Romania, and Russia imported and built Krupp designs under license while others like the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria lacking industrial capacity imported Krupp weapons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012196-0002-0000", "contents": "15 cm M\u00f6rser M1881, Design\nThe majority of military planners before World War I were wedded to the concept of fighting an offensive war of rapid maneuver that before mechanization meant a focus on cavalry and light horse artillery firing shrapnel shells at formations of troops in the open. This focus on quick firing light horse artillery meant that the use of mortars declined before World War I. However, Krupp continued to produce a range of siege mortars including 7.5 cm, 8.7 cm, 10.6 cm, 12 cm, 15 cm, 21 cm, and 24 cm mortars for their customers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 26], "content_span": [27, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012196-0003-0000", "contents": "15 cm M\u00f6rser M1881, Design\nThe 15 cm M1881 was a heavy mortar that was designed to provide high-angle indirect fire for siege operations. It could be used to either attack or defend fortified areas. In defense, the mortar was used to provide high-angle fire to destroy enemy communications, supply, and attack trenches dug by an attacker during siege operations or it could be used by an attacker to destroy gun turrets, casemates, pillboxes, supply dumps, and command posts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 26], "content_span": [27, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012196-0004-0000", "contents": "15 cm M\u00f6rser M1881, Design\nThe 15 cm M1881 was a breech-loaded rifled mortar with an early form of horizontal sliding block breech that used separate loading propellant charges and projectiles. There were two types of mount one was a static fortress mount that had a round metal base that bolted to a concrete slab or a mobile siege mount that bolted to a rectangular wooden platform.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 26], "content_span": [27, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012196-0005-0000", "contents": "15 cm M\u00f6rser M1881, Design\nThe upper part of both mounts was a wedge-shaped cradle constructed of riveted metal plates that held a trunnioned barrel. The U-shaped cradle allowed for high angles of elevation and was adjusted by a hand wheel on the side of the cradle that connected to a crescent-shaped elevation mechanism. Traverse was adjusted by a wooden pole that fit into a hole in the rear of the base and was levered into position. For transport, a pair of wheels were attached to an axle on the carriage and the rear was attached to a caisson with a seat for the crew. Or a set of poles could be attached to the base and towed by the crew.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 26], "content_span": [27, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012196-0006-0000", "contents": "15 cm M\u00f6rser M1881, Users\nThe 15 cm M1881 was used during the Balkan Wars and World War I by the Ottoman Empire. A number armed Ottoman forts in the Balkans and a few were captured during the Balkan Wars. It is unknown if Serbia, Bulgaria, Greece, or Montenegro continued to use the mortars they captured? It may have also seen action during the Italo-Turkish War of the same period. The 15 cm M1881 was also used by the Swiss and the Italians used them during World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 25], "content_span": [26, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012196-0007-0000", "contents": "15 cm M\u00f6rser M1881, Gallery\nAn Italian 15 cm mortar captured by Austro-Hungarian forces during World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012196-0008-0000", "contents": "15 cm M\u00f6rser M1881, Gallery\nA 15 cm mortar attached to a caisson for transport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 79]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012196-0009-0000", "contents": "15 cm M\u00f6rser M1881, Gallery\nA similar 21 cm mortar at the Royal Military Museum, Brussels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012197-0000-0000", "contents": "15 cm Nebelwerfer 41\nThe 15\u00a0cm Nebelwerfer 41 (15\u00a0cm NbW 41) was a German multiple rocket launcher used in the Second World War. It served with units of the Nebeltruppen, German Chemical Corps units that had the responsibility for poison gas and smoke weapons that were also used to deliver high-explosives during the war. The name Nebelwerfer is best translated as \"smoke mortar\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012197-0001-0000", "contents": "15 cm Nebelwerfer 41\nAllied troops nicknamed it Screaming Mimi and Moaning Minnie due to its distinctive sound.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012197-0002-0000", "contents": "15 cm Nebelwerfer 41, Development\nRocket development had begun during the 1920s and reached fruition in the late-1930s. These offered the opportunity for the Nebeltruppen to deliver large quantities of poison gas or smoke simultaneously. The first weapon to be delivered to the troops was the 15\u00a0cm Nebelwerfer 41 in 1940, after the Battle of France, a purpose-designed rocket with gas, smoke, and high-explosive warheads. It was fired from a six-tube launcher mounted on a towed carriage adapted from that used by the 3.7\u00a0cm\u00a0PaK\u00a036 to a range of 6,900\u00a0metres (7,500\u00a0yds), later also mounted on a halftrack as Panzerwerfer 42. Almost five and a half million 15\u00a0cm rockets and six thousand launchers were manufactured over the course of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 33], "content_span": [34, 744]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012197-0003-0000", "contents": "15 cm Nebelwerfer 41, Ammunition\nLike virtually all German rocket designs, 15 cm Wurfgranate 41 projectiles were spin-stabilized to increase accuracy. However, one unusual feature was that the rocket motor was in the front, the exhaust venturis being about two-thirds down the body from the nose, with the intent to optimize the blast and fragmentation effect of the rocket as the warhead would still be above the ground when it detonated. This proved to greatly complicate manufacture without much improvement and it was not copied on later rocket designs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 32], "content_span": [33, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012197-0003-0001", "contents": "15 cm Nebelwerfer 41, Ammunition\nThe motor consisted of seven sticks of solid-fuel propellant and the exhaust ring had twenty-six venturis that were drilled at a 14\u00b0 angle to impart spin. There were high-explosive, smoke and chemical warfare rockets available. The chemical warfare rockets were stockpiled but are said to have not been used operationally. Field Rocket Equipment of the German Army 1939-45 lists Phosgene Gas and Mustard Gas as the two primary chemical agents but it does not describe how the rockets were identified with color coded rings. German and Japanese Solid-Fuel Rocket Weapons describes the color coding for the rockets but only gives cryptic codes like M/HA for the type of chemical agent it was filled with.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 32], "content_span": [33, 735]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012197-0004-0000", "contents": "15 cm Nebelwerfer 41, Photo gallery\nNebelwerfer 41 rocket launcher on display at the Rock Island Arsenal museum, viewed from the front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 35], "content_span": [36, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012197-0005-0000", "contents": "15 cm Nebelwerfer 41, Photo gallery\nWgr. 41 projectile for the 15\u00a0cm Nbw 41 on display at the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 35], "content_span": [36, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012198-0000-0000", "contents": "15 cm Ring Kanone C/72\nThe 15 cm Ring Kanone C/72 was a fortress and siege gun developed after the Franco-Prussian War and used by Germany and Portugal before and during World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012198-0001-0000", "contents": "15 cm Ring Kanone C/72, History\nAfter the Franco-Prussian War, the Army began to study replacements for its cast bronze 15 cm Kanone C/61 and steel 15 cm Kanone C/64 breech loaded cannons. Although Prussian artillery had outclassed their French rivals during the war the breech mechanism the C/64 used was weak and there was a tendency for barrels to burst due to premature detonation of shells. In 1872 a new gun which retained the same 149.1\u00a0mm (5.87\u00a0in) caliber as the previous gun was designed and placed in production. The new gun designated the 15 cm Ring Kanone C/72 was assigned to fortress and siege artillery battalions of the Army. Each artillery battery consisted of four guns with four batteries per battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 723]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012198-0002-0000", "contents": "15 cm Ring Kanone C/72, Design\nThe C/72 was a typical built-up gun constructed of steel with a central rifled tube, reinforcing layers of hoops, and trunnions. The C/72 featured a new breech which although similar to the breech of the C/64 had a semi-circular face which allowed the gun to avoid the stress fractures which caused catastrophic failures in its square blocked predecessor. This type of breech was known as a cylindro-prismatic breech which was a predecessor of Krupp's horizontal sliding-block and the gun used separate-loading, bagged charges and projectiles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012198-0003-0000", "contents": "15 cm Ring Kanone C/72, Design\nThe C/72 was fairly conventional for its time and most nations had similar guns such as its Russian cousin the 6-inch siege gun M1877 or the Italian Cannone da 149/23. Like many of its contemporaries, the C/72 had a tall and narrow box trail carriage built from bolted iron plates with two wooden 12-spoke wheels. The carriages were tall because the guns were designed to sit behind a parapet with the barrel overhanging the front in the fortress artillery role or behind a trench or berm in the siege role.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012198-0003-0001", "contents": "15 cm Ring Kanone C/72, Design\nLike its contemporaries, the C/72's carriage did not have a recoil mechanism or a gun shield. However, when used in a fortress the guns could be connected to an external recoil mechanism which connected to a steel eye on a concrete firing platform and a hook on the carriage between the wheels. For siege gun use a wooden firing platform could be assembled ahead of time and the guns could attach to the same type of recoil mechanism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012198-0003-0002", "contents": "15 cm Ring Kanone C/72, Design\nA set of wooden ramps were also placed behind the wheels and when the gun fired the wheels rolled up the ramp and was returned to position by gravity. There was also no traverse so the gun had to be levered into position to aim. A drawback of this system was the gun had to be re-aimed each time which lowered the rate of fire. For transport, the gun was broken down into two loads 4,560\u00a0kg (10,050\u00a0lb) and 2,780\u00a0kg (6,130\u00a0lb) for towing by horse teams or artillery tractors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012198-0004-0000", "contents": "15 cm Ring Kanone C/72, World War I\nThe majority of military planners before the First World War were wedded to the concept of fighting an offensive war of rapid maneuver which in a time before mechanization meant a focus on cavalry and light horse artillery firing shrapnel shells. Since the C/72 was heavier and wasn't designed with field use in mind it was employed as a fortress gun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 35], "content_span": [36, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012198-0005-0000", "contents": "15 cm Ring Kanone C/72, World War I\nAlthough the majority of combatants had heavy field artillery prior to the outbreak of the First World War, none had adequate numbers of heavy guns in service, nor had they foreseen the growing importance of heavy artillery once the Western Front stagnated and trench warfare set in. The theorists hadn't foreseen that trenches, barbed wire, and machine guns had robbed them of the mobility they had been counting on and like in the Franco-Prussian and Russo-Turkish war the need for high-angle heavy artillery reasserted itself.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 35], "content_span": [36, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012198-0005-0001", "contents": "15 cm Ring Kanone C/72, World War I\nSince aircraft of the period were not yet capable of carrying large diameter bombs the burden of delivering heavy firepower fell on the artillery. The combatants scrambled to find anything that could fire a heavy shell and that meant emptying the fortresses and scouring the depots for guns held in reserve. It also meant converting coastal artillery and naval guns to siege guns by either giving them simple field carriages or mounting the larger pieces on rail carriages.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 35], "content_span": [36, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012198-0006-0000", "contents": "15 cm Ring Kanone C/72, World War I\nA combination of factors led the Germans to issue C/72's to their frontline troops:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 35], "content_span": [36, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012198-0007-0000", "contents": "15 cm Ring Kanone C/72, World War I\nAlthough new guns with superior performance were introduced the C/72's remained in service until the end of the war due to the number in service and a lack of replacements. However, their poor range eventually became a handicap.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 35], "content_span": [36, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012198-0008-0000", "contents": "15 cm Ring Kanone C/72, World War I\nIn 1886, Portugal bought several C/72 artillery pieces and they were still in use by the time the Great War began. They were initially deployed in forts around the city of Lisbon, but during the war they were moved to batteries elsewhere, like in neighboring city of Set\u00fabal and the islands of Azores and Madeira, for coastal defensive duties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 35], "content_span": [36, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012199-0000-0000", "contents": "15 cm Ring Kanone C/92\nThe 15 cm Ring Kanone C/92 was a fortress and siege gun developed in the 1880s that saw service in the Italo-Turkish War, Balkan Wars, and World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012199-0001-0000", "contents": "15 cm Ring Kanone C/92, History\nDuring the Franco-Prussian War, the breech-loaded Prussian cannons easily outclassed their muzzle-loaded French rivals. After the war, the Prussian Army replaced its 15 cm C/61 and C/64 cannons with the new 15 cm Ring Kanone C/72. The French also rearmed and their new breech-loaded Canon de 155 L mle 1877 had nearly twice the range of the C/72. During the 1880s Krupp began designing a replacement for the C/72 which would retain the same 149.1\u00a0mm (5.87\u00a0in) caliber as the C/72 and would feature a barrel 30 calibers in length rather than the 23 calibers of its predecessor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012199-0001-0001", "contents": "15 cm Ring Kanone C/92, History\nThe new gun was designated the 15 cm Ring Kanone C/92 and could have been introduced as early as 1889 but the development of smokeless powder and new high-explosive shells necessitated design changes and the new guns weren't introduced until 1892. C/92's were assigned to fortress and siege artillery battalions of the Imperial German Army. Each artillery battery consisted of four guns with four batteries per battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012199-0002-0000", "contents": "15 cm Ring Kanone C/92, Design\nThe C/92 was a typical built-up gun constructed of steel with a central rifled tube, reinforcing layers of hoops, and trunnions. The guns used a predecessor of Krupp's horizontal sliding-block breech known as a cylindro-prismatic breech and it fired separate-loading, bagged charges and projectiles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012199-0003-0000", "contents": "15 cm Ring Kanone C/92, Design\nThe C/92 was fairly conventional for its time and most nations had similar guns such as the Russian 6-inch siege gun M1904. Like many of its contemporaries, the C/92 had a tall and narrow box trail carriage built from bolted iron plates with two wooden 12-spoke wheels. The carriages were tall because the guns were designed to sit behind a parapet with the barrel overhanging the front in the fortress artillery role or behind a trench or berm in the siege role. Like its contemporaries, the C/92's carriage did not have a recoil mechanism or a gun shield.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012199-0003-0001", "contents": "15 cm Ring Kanone C/92, Design\nHowever, when used in a fortress the guns could be connected to an external recoil mechanism which connected to a steel eye on a concrete firing platform and a hook on the carriage between the wheels. For siege gun use a wooden firing platform could be assembled ahead of time and the guns could attach to the same type of recoil mechanism. A set of wooden ramps were also placed behind the wheels and when the gun fired the wheels rolled up the ramp and was returned to position by gravity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012199-0003-0002", "contents": "15 cm Ring Kanone C/92, Design\nThere was also no traverse so the gun had to be levered into position to aim. A drawback of this system was the gun had to be re-aimed each time which lowered the rate of fire. To facilitate towing on soft ground and lessen recoil the wheels were often fitted with Bonagente grousers patented by the Italian major Crispino Bonagente. These consisted of twelve rectangular plates connected with elastic links and are visible in many photographs of World War I artillery from all of the combatants. For transport, the gun was broken down into two loads 5,035\u00a0kg (11,100\u00a0lb) and 3,860\u00a0kg (8,510\u00a0lb) for towing by horse teams or artillery tractors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 675]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012199-0004-0000", "contents": "15 cm Ring Kanone C/92, Balkan Wars\nC/92's were used by both the Bulgarians and Ottoman forces during the Balkan Wars. It's also possible that Albania, the Kingdom of Greece, the Kingdom of Montenegro, the Kingdom of Romania, and the Kingdom of Serbia may have either bought C/92's or captured them from Ottoman forces. It is also likely they were used by Ottoman forces during the Italo-Turkish War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 35], "content_span": [36, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012199-0005-0000", "contents": "15 cm Ring Kanone C/92, World War I\nThe majority of military planners before the First World War were wedded to the concept of fighting an offensive war of rapid maneuver which in a time before mechanization meant a focus on cavalry and light horse artillery firing shrapnel shells. Since the C/92 was heavier and wasn't designed with field use in mind it was employed as a fortress gun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 35], "content_span": [36, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012199-0006-0000", "contents": "15 cm Ring Kanone C/92, World War I\nAlthough the majority of combatants had heavy field artillery prior to the outbreak of the First World War, none had adequate numbers of heavy guns in service, nor had they foreseen the growing importance of heavy artillery once the Western Front stagnated and trench warfare set in. The theorists hadn't foreseen that trenches, barbed wire, and machine guns had robbed them of the mobility they had been counting on and like in the Franco-Prussian and Russo-Turkish war the need for high-angle heavy artillery reasserted itself.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 35], "content_span": [36, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012199-0006-0001", "contents": "15 cm Ring Kanone C/92, World War I\nSince aircraft of the period were not yet capable of carrying large diameter bombs the burden of delivering heavy firepower fell on the artillery. The combatants scrambled to find anything that could fire a heavy shell and that meant emptying the fortresses and scouring the depots for guns held in reserve. It also meant converting coastal artillery and naval guns to siege guns by either giving them simple field carriages or mounting the larger pieces on rail carriages.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 35], "content_span": [36, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012199-0007-0000", "contents": "15 cm Ring Kanone C/92, World War I\nA combination of factors led the Germans to issue C/92's to their frontline troops:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 35], "content_span": [36, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012199-0008-0000", "contents": "15 cm Ring Kanone C/92, World War I\nThe C/92 could be considered a dubious upgrade from the C/72 because at the time of their introduction they were virtually obsolescent due to the invention of hydro-pneumatic recoil mechanisms and the introduction of separate loading quick fire ammunition. Also despite having a barrel 7 calibers longer and using smokeless propellant the improvement in range was only 3.2\u00a0km (2\u00a0mi). Although new guns with superior performance were introduced the C/92's remained in service until the end of the war due to the number in service, a shortage of heavy artillery and a lack of replacements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 35], "content_span": [36, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012199-0009-0000", "contents": "15 cm Ring Kanone C/92, Ammunition\nThe C/92 fired a variety of separate-loading, 10.7\u00a0kg (23\u00a0lb 9\u00a0oz) bagged charges and projectiles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012200-0000-0000", "contents": "15 cm Ring Kanone L/30\nThe 15 cm Ring Kanone L/30 was a naval gun and coastal artillery piece that was used by the German Navy before the First World War that was converted to a siege gun for the German Army during the First World War when the ships that carried it were decommissioned.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012200-0001-0000", "contents": "15 cm Ring Kanone L/30, History\nThe majority of military planners before the First World War were wedded to the concept of fighting an offensive war of rapid maneuver which in a time before mechanization meant a focus on cavalry and light horse artillery firing shrapnel shells. Although the majority of combatants had heavy field artillery prior to the outbreak of the First World War, none had adequate numbers of heavy guns in service, nor had they foreseen the growing importance of heavy artillery once the Western Front stagnated and trench warfare set in.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012200-0001-0001", "contents": "15 cm Ring Kanone L/30, History\nThe theorists hadn't foreseen that trenches, barbed wire, and machine guns had robbed them of the mobility they had been counting on and like in the Franco-Prussian War and Russo-Turkish War the need for high-angle heavy artillery reasserted itself. Since aircraft of the period were not yet capable of carrying large diameter bombs the burden of delivering heavy firepower fell on the artillery. The combatants scrambled to find anything that could fire a heavy shell and that meant emptying the fortresses and scouring the depots for guns held in reserve. It also meant converting coastal artillery and surplus naval guns to siege guns by either giving them simple field carriages or mounting the larger pieces on rail carriages.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 763]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012200-0002-0000", "contents": "15 cm Ring Kanone L/30, Design\nThe 15 cm Ring Kanone L/30 was a typical built-up gun constructed of steel with a central rifled tube, reinforcing layers of hoops, and trunnions. This type of breech was known as a cylindro-prismatic breech which was a predecessor of Krupp's horizontal sliding-block and the gun used separate-loading, bagged charges and projectiles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012200-0003-0000", "contents": "15 cm Ring Kanone L/30, Design\nThe 15 cm Ring Kanone L/30 was fairly conventional for its time and most combatants during the First World War had similar conversions of naval guns such as the British BL 6-inch Mk VII or the French Canon de 155 L modele 1916. The barrels were mounted on simple two-wheeled steel box trail carriages which did not have a recoil mechanism or a gun shield. The carriages were tall and there was an opening behind the breech to allow high angles of elevation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012200-0003-0001", "contents": "15 cm Ring Kanone L/30, Design\nTo facilitate towing on soft ground the wheels were often fitted with Bonagente grousers patented by the Italian major Crispino Bonagente. These consisted of rectangular plates connected with elastic links and are visible in many photographs of World War I artillery from all of the combatants. A set of wooden ramps were placed behind the wheels and when the gun fired the wheels rolled up the ramp and the gun was returned to position by gravity. A drawback of this system was the gun had to be re-aimed each time which lowered the rate of fire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012200-0004-0000", "contents": "15 cm Ring Kanone L/30, Photo Gallery\nThe same gun being towed away by a MK IV tank.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 37], "content_span": [38, 84]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012201-0000-0000", "contents": "15 cm SK \"Nathan\"\nThe 15\u00a0cm SK L/45 \"Nathan\" or, more formally, the 15\u00a0cm SK L/45 in Mittelpivot-Lafette (SK - Schnelladekanone (quick loading gun)) 45 caliber on a central-pivot mount was a German railroad gun used in World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012201-0001-0000", "contents": "15 cm SK \"Nathan\", Design and history\nThe Germans were desperate for long-range artillery in the early part of World War I and resorted to mounting naval guns on wheeled carriages as well as rail cars. The wheeled carriages were less than successful due to their great weight, but the rail-mounted guns rather more so. All of the naval guns received nicknames and were crewed by sailors. The 15\u00a0cm guns were called \"Nathan\", \"Nathan Ernst\" and \"Nathan Emil\" although the reason for three different names isn't known for certain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 37], "content_span": [38, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012201-0001-0001", "contents": "15 cm SK \"Nathan\", Design and history\nQuite probably they were used to differentiate between models of the 15\u00a0cm gun as both the C/13 and the C/16 guns are known to have been used. The latter guns were originally intended for the canceled  C\u00f6ln-class cruisers then under construction while the former were spare guns for dreadnoughts and older light cruisers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 37], "content_span": [38, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012201-0002-0000", "contents": "15 cm SK \"Nathan\", Design and history\nAt any rate the 15\u00a0cm guns were mounted in a well-base flatcar with two four-wheel bogies. No outriggers were fitted so the recoil energy from shots fired perpendicular to the railroad track could rock the flatcar significantly even with it chained to the ground. They were fitted with front and side gunshields, although, oddly enough, no overhead armor was fitted. They first saw service in 1918 and appear to have been mainly used for coastal defense duties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 37], "content_span": [38, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012201-0003-0000", "contents": "15 cm SK \"Nathan\", Design and history\nIt fired naval Spgr. L/5 (Haube) HE shells weighing 44 kilograms (97\u00a0lb) with 5 kilograms (11\u00a0lb) of explosive filler. It used the German naval system of ammunition where the base charge was held in a metallic cartridge case and supplemented by another charge in a silk bag which was rammed first.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 37], "content_span": [38, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012201-0004-0000", "contents": "15 cm SK \"Nathan\", Design and history\nThe same gun was used for coast defense duties in concrete emplacements after World War I as the 15 cm SK L/45.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 37], "content_span": [38, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012202-0000-0000", "contents": "15 cm SK C/25\nThe 15\u00a0cm SK C/25 was a German medium-caliber naval gun used during the Second World War. It served as the primary armament for the K- and  Leipzig-class cruiser. No surplus weapons of this type appear to have been used as coast-defense guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012202-0001-0000", "contents": "15 cm SK C/25, Description\nThis gun was the most powerful of the Kriegsmarine's 15 centimetres (5.9\u00a0in) guns and was designed with a loose barrel, jacket and breech-piece with a vertical sliding breech block.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 26], "content_span": [27, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012202-0002-0000", "contents": "15 cm SK C/25, Description, Mount\nThe Drh. LC/25 triple-gun mount was the only mount used for this gun in the Kriegsmarine. The mount weighed between 136.91\u2013147.15 tonnes (134.75\u2013144.83 long tons; 150.92\u2013162.21 short tons), depending on its armor thickness; the N\u00fcrnberg's mounts had between 20\u201380\u00a0mm (0.79\u20133.15\u00a0in) of armor while the other ships had 20\u201330\u00a0mm (0.79\u20131.18\u00a0in). Each mount was designed for full 360\u00b0 of traverse, but was limited to much less than that by the ship's superstructure. The electrically powered hydraulic pumps had a maximum elevating speed of 8\u00b0 per second, while train was a maximum of 6-8\u00b0 per second. The maximum firing cycle was 7.5 seconds, or 8 rounds per minute, despite being hand-loaded and rammed. Ammunition was supplied by three hoists, one between the left and center guns and the other two between center and right guns at the rear of the mount.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 33], "content_span": [34, 886]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012202-0003-0000", "contents": "15 cm SK C/25, Description, Ammunition\nThe SK C/25 had a number of different shells available.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 38], "content_span": [39, 94]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012203-0000-0000", "contents": "15 cm SK C/28\nThe 15\u00a0cm SK C/28 was a German medium-caliber naval gun used during the Second World War. It served as the secondary armament for the  Bismarck class and  Scharnhorst-class battleships,  Deutschland-class cruisers and the  Graf Zeppelin-class aircraft carriers. A number of surplus weapons were used as coast-defense guns and eight were adapted to use Army carriages and used as heavy field guns as the 15 cm Schiffskanone C/28 in M\u00f6rserlafette", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012203-0001-0000", "contents": "15 cm SK C/28, Description\nThis gun was designed as a smaller and lighter version of the 15 cm SK C/25 guns used as the main armament of the  K\u00f6nigsberg- and  Leipzig-class cruisers. It shared the earlier gun's design with a loose barrel, jacket and breech-piece with a vertical sliding breech block.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 26], "content_span": [27, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012203-0002-0000", "contents": "15 cm SK C/28, Description, Naval mountings\nThe Drh. LC/34 twin-gun mount was the most common mount for the gun in the Kriegsmarine. It was used as the secondary armament of the  Bismarck-class and  Scharnhorst-class battleships and was planned to equip the proposed H-class battleships. The mount weighed between 114\u2013120 tonnes (112\u2013118 long tons; 126\u2013132 short tons), depending on its armor thickness; the Scharnhorst's mounts had between 14\u20133\u00a0cm (5.5\u20131.2\u00a0in) of armor while the Bismarck's had 10\u20132\u00a0cm (3.94\u20130.79\u00a0in). Maximum elevation was 40\u00b0, giving a range of 23,000 metres (25,000\u00a0yd) and maximum depression was -10\u00b0, while maximum elevating speed was 8\u00b0 per second.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 43], "content_span": [44, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012203-0002-0001", "contents": "15 cm SK C/28, Description, Naval mountings\nEach mount was designed for full 360\u00b0 of traverse, but was limited to much less than that by the ship's superstructure. Speed in train was a maximum of 9\u00b0 per second. The fastest firing cycle was 7.5 seconds, or 8 rounds per minute. Ammunition was supplied by twin hoists between the guns, at the rear of the mount. The M-class cruiser was intended to use a lighter version of this mount with thinner armor that only weighed approximately 102 tonnes (100 long tons; 112 short tons). This may have designated as the Drh. LC/40, but development ceased when the ships were canceled in 1939.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 43], "content_span": [44, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012203-0003-0000", "contents": "15 cm SK C/28, Description, Naval mountings\nScharnhorst and Gneisenau also carried four single MPL C/35 mounts that weighed 26.71 tonnes (26.29 long tons; 29.44 short tons) with armor between 6\u20132\u00a0cm (2.36\u20130.79\u00a0in) thick. Each mount could depress -10\u00b0 and elevate to 35\u00b0; this gave a maximum range of 22,000 metres (24,000\u00a0yd). The MPL C/28 mount used in the  Deutschland-class cruisers was virtually identical to the newer mount except its gun shield was smaller so it weighed only 24.83 tonnes (24.44 long tons; 27.37 short tons).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 43], "content_span": [44, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012203-0004-0000", "contents": "15 cm SK C/28, Description, Naval mountings\nThe  Graf Zeppelin-class aircraft carriers were going to carry eight twin-gun Dopp MPL C/36 casemate mountings. These weighed 47.6 tonnes (46.8 long tons; 52.5 short tons) and had an armored shield  30 millimetres (1.2\u00a0in) thick. The mount elevated at a speed of 6\u00b0 per second and trained at a rate of 8\u00b0 per second.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 43], "content_span": [44, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012203-0005-0000", "contents": "15 cm SK C/28, Description, Coast defense mountings\nThe K\u00fcsten-Marinepivotlafette (K\u00fcst. MPL C/36) was a highly successful mobile coast defense mount fitted with a gun shield. The gun traversed on a six-legged firing platform that allowed 360\u00b0 of traverse. It could depress -7\u00b0 and elevate to a maximum of 47\u00b0 30', which gave it a range of 23,500 metres (25,700\u00a0yd). The gun on its carriage weighed 19,761 kilograms (43,566\u00a0lb). It was towed via two two-axle trailers, one at each end. For travel the four lateral legs of the platform folded vertically. It entered service in 1940.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 51], "content_span": [52, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012203-0006-0000", "contents": "15 cm SK C/28, Description, Army mount\nProduction of carriages for the 21 cm M\u00f6rser 18 and the 17 cm Kanone 18 in M\u00f6rserlafette exceeded the available number of barrels in 1941 and eight SK C/28 barrels were adapted for use on the carriages as the 15 cm Schiffskanone C/28 in M\u00f6rserlafette. They were converted to Heer-standard percussion firing. Most guns were replaced by 17-centimetre (6.7\u00a0in) barrels as they became available, but one battery retained them through the beginning of the Battle of Kursk in July 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 38], "content_span": [39, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012203-0007-0000", "contents": "15 cm SK C/28, Description, Ammunition\nThe SK C/28 used several different shells depending on its target. The 15\u00a0cm Sprgr L/4.6 KZ m Hb weighed 45.5\u00a0kg (100\u00a0lb) and had a muzzle velocity of 785\u00a0m/s (2,580\u00a0ft/s). It was a nose-fused HE shell with ballistic cap with two copper driving band and a lead ring behind them to act as a decoppering device by scraping away any copper residue from the driving band. The 15\u00a0cm Sprgr L/4.5 Bd Z m. Hb was a base-fused shell with a ballistic cap and weighed 44.8\u00a0kg (99\u00a0lb).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 38], "content_span": [39, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012203-0007-0001", "contents": "15 cm SK C/28, Description, Ammunition\nIt was roughly equivalent to the British \"Common Pointed\" and also used a lead decoppering ring. The armor-piercing 15\u00a0cm Pzgr L/3.8 m Hb shell had a ballistic cap and weighed 45.3\u00a0kg (100\u00a0lb). All shells used 14.1\u00a0kg (31\u00a0lb) of propellant in an artificial silk bag, housed in a brass cartridge case. An illumination shell was also available, although details are unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 38], "content_span": [39, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012203-0008-0000", "contents": "15 cm SK C/28, History\nSurplus naval mountings were used to reinforce German coast defenses from Norway to the French Atlantic coast. These included guns from incomplete or disarmed ships like the aircraft carrier Graf Zeppelin or the battleship Gneisenau. For example, three or four of the Graf Zeppelin's Dopp MPL C/36 mounts equipped both batteries of Naval Artillery Battalion (Marine-Artillerie-Abteilung) 517 at Cap Romanov near Petsamo, Finland while two of the Gneisenau's Drh. LC/34 mounts were emplaced on the west coast of Denmark at Esbjerg where they equipped Batterie Gneisenau of Naval Artillery Battalion 518. All told, a total of 111 SK C/28 guns were employed on coast defense duties in a variety of mounts, 28 in Norway, 12 in Denmark, 24 in the German Bight, 8 in the Netherlands, and 39 in Belgium and the Atlantic coast of France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 852]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012203-0009-0000", "contents": "15 cm SK C/28, History\nSurviving guns in Norway and Denmark were used throughout the Cold War by both countries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012204-0000-0000", "contents": "15 cm SK L/35\nThe 15\u00a0cm Schnelladekanone L\u00e4nge 35, abbreviated as 15\u00a0cm SK L/35, was a German naval gun developed in the years before World War I that armed a variety of warships from different nations. The navies of Austria-Hungary, China, Denmark, Japan, The Netherlands, The Ottoman Empire, Romania and Spain all used this gun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012204-0001-0000", "contents": "15 cm SK L/35, History\nIn 1880 Krupp designed the 15\u00a0cm SK L/35 and started production in 1883 to arm protected cruisers, turret ships and coastal defense ships then under construction. It was also used to rearmed a number of earlier iron clad warships. Originally designed to use one piece ammunition 1.33\u00a0m (4\u00a0ft 4\u00a0in) long and weighing 68\u00a0kg (150\u00a0lb) the gun was redesigned to use two part quick loading cased charges and projectiles due to complaints about the size and weight of the ammunition. By breaking the ammunition down into two pieces the rate of fire was improved and crew workload was eased.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012204-0002-0000", "contents": "15 cm SK L/35, Land use\nIn addition to its naval artillery role the 15 cm SK L/35 was also used as coastal artillery in either armored gun turrets or on garrison mounts. The garrison mount consisted of a rectangular steel firing platform which sat on a concrete slab behind a parapet with a pivot at the front and two wheels at the rear to give a limited amount of traverse. The recoil system consisted of a U shaped gun cradle which held the trunnioned barrel and a slightly inclined firing platform with a hydro-gravity recoil system. When the gun fired the hydraulic buffers under the front slowed the recoil of the cradle which slid up a set of inclined rails on the firing platform and then returned the gun to position by the combined action of the buffers and gravity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 23], "content_span": [24, 775]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012204-0003-0000", "contents": "15 cm SK L/35, Ammunition\nAmmunition was of separate quick loading type with a cased charge and projectile. The charge for AP and Common shells weighed 8\u00a0kg (18\u00a0lb). The charges for Shrapnel were 3.7\u20135.2\u00a0kg (8.2\u201311.5\u00a0lb).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 25], "content_span": [26, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012204-0004-0000", "contents": "15 cm SK L/35, Photo Gallery\nThe breech block of a 15 cm SK L/35 at the Khabarovsk Krai Local Museum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 28], "content_span": [29, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012205-0000-0000", "contents": "15 cm SK L/40 naval gun\nThe 15\u00a0cm SK L/40 was a German naval gun that was used as secondary armament on pre-dreadnought battleships, protected cruisers and armored cruisers of the Imperial German Navy in World War I. It was also used as a coast-defence gun during World Wars I and II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012205-0001-0000", "contents": "15 cm SK L/40 naval gun, Construction\nThe 15\u00a0cm SK L/40 gun was constructed of A tube, two layers of hoops and used a Krupp horizontal sliding-wedge breech block. It used separate loading metallic cased propellant charges and projectiles. Unlike other large naval guns of the time which used separate loading bagged charges and projectiles, this gun used charges inside of a brass cartridge case to provide obturation. The guns were often mounted in single casemates or single turrets amidships. In addition to guns produced for the Imperial German Navy comparable export models were produced for the Royal Netherlands Navy and produced under license by \u0160koda for the Austro-Hungarian Navy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 37], "content_span": [38, 690]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012205-0002-0000", "contents": "15 cm SK L/40 naval gun, Naval Use\nShip classes that carried the 15\u00a0cm SK L/40 include:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 87]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012205-0003-0000", "contents": "15 cm SK L/40 naval gun, Ammunition\nAmmunition was of separate loading quick fire type. The projectiles were 39\u201346.5\u00a0cm (1\u20132\u00a0ft) long with a cartridge case and  bagged charge which weighed 10\u00a0kg (22\u00a0lb).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012206-0000-0000", "contents": "15 cm SK L/45\nThe 15\u00a0cm SK L/45 was a German naval gun used in World War I and World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 92]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012206-0001-0000", "contents": "15 cm SK L/45, Naval service\nThe 15\u00a0cm SK L/45 was a widely used naval gun on many classes of World War I Dreadnoughts and Cruisers in both casemates and turrets. It was constructed of an A tube and two layers of hoops with a Krupp horizontal sliding-wedge breech block. During World War I a few pre-war cruisers that were armed with 10.5\u00a0cm guns were rearmed with these weapons. In World War II the 15\u00a0cm SK L/45 was widely used as Coastal artillery and as primary armament on German Auxiliary Cruisers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 28], "content_span": [29, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012206-0002-0000", "contents": "15 cm SK L/45, Naval service\nShip classes that carried the 15\u00a0cm SK L/45 include:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 28], "content_span": [29, 81]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012206-0003-0000", "contents": "15 cm SK L/45, Ammunition\nAmmunition was of separate loading quick fire type. The projectiles were 61\u00a0cm (2\u00a0ft) long with a single bagged charge which weighed 13\u201314\u00a0kg (29\u201331\u00a0lb).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 25], "content_span": [26, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012206-0004-0000", "contents": "15 cm SK L/45, Coast Defense Gun\nThe same gun was used for coast defense duties in concrete emplacements after World War I. One example was 3./Marine-Artillerie Abteilung 604 (\"3rd Battery of Naval Artillery Battalion 604\") in Jersey. They show it using 44 kilograms (97\u00a0lb) shells with a range of 18,000 metres (20,000\u00a0yd)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 32], "content_span": [33, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012206-0005-0000", "contents": "15 cm SK L/45, Railroad Gun\nIt was also used as a railroad gun during World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 27], "content_span": [28, 82]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012207-0000-0000", "contents": "15 cm Schiffskanone C/28 in M\u00f6rserlafette\nThe 15\u00a0cm Schiffskanone C/28 in M\u00f6rserlafette (SK C/28 in Mrs Laf) was a German heavy gun used in the Second World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012207-0001-0000", "contents": "15 cm Schiffskanone C/28 in M\u00f6rserlafette, Development\nProduction of carriages for the 21 cm M\u00f6rser 18 and the 17 cm Kanone 18 in M\u00f6rserlafette exceeded available barrels in 1941 and eight naval 15 cm SK C/28 coast defense gun barrels were adapted for use on the carriages. They were converted to Heer-standard percussion firing (see the articles of those guns for details on the design of the carriage).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 54], "content_span": [55, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012207-0002-0000", "contents": "15 cm Schiffskanone C/28 in M\u00f6rserlafette, Operational use\nFor Operation Barbarossa (the invasion of the Soviet Union), it equipped Artillerie-Abteilung 625. Most guns were replaced by 17\u00a0cm barrels as they became available. However, for Case Blue (the German summer offensive in southern Russia), one battery of Artillery Battalion (Artillerie-Abteilung) 767 was still equipped with them. That same battery retained them through the beginning of the Battle of Kursk in July 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 58], "content_span": [59, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012207-0003-0000", "contents": "15 cm Schiffskanone C/28 in M\u00f6rserlafette, Ammunition\nThe 15 cm SK C/28 in Mrs Laf could not be converted to use the Heer's standard 15\u00a0cm ammunition and had to use naval ammunition. These included the 15 cm Sprgr L/4.6 KZ m. Hb., the 15cm Sprgr L/4.5 BdZ m. Hb. and the 15 cm Pzgr L/3.8 m. Hb. The former was a nose-fuzed 45.5 kilograms (100\u00a0lb) HE shell with a ballistic cap. The second was a base-fuzed 44.8 kilograms (99\u00a0lb) HE shell, also with a ballistic cap. The last-named was a standard 45.3 kilograms (100\u00a0lb) armor-piercing shell. Only one 14.1 kilograms (31\u00a0lb) bag of propellant was used in a separate-loading cartridge case.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 53], "content_span": [54, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012208-0000-0000", "contents": "15 cm TbtsK C/36 naval gun\nThe 15\u00a0cm TbtsK C/36 was a German medium-caliber naval gun deployed on Type 1936A (Mob) destroyers during the Second World War. It was designed because the Oberkommando der Marine (German Naval High Command) thought that the 12.7\u00a0cm (5.0\u00a0in) guns of the Type 1936 and 1936A destroyers would potentially be inferior to those of possible enemies. The guns caused serious issues when actually placed upon ships however, as they added significant weight high up on the ships. To deal with this increase in weight, the destroyers had one gun removed, sometimes with a twin gun being used in order to keep five guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012208-0001-0000", "contents": "15 cm TbtsK C/36 naval gun, Design history\nIn 1932, the Reichsmarine (Weimar Republican Navy) approved a new program for 1,500 tonnes (1,500 long tons; 1,700 short tons) destroyers. Design work for the project began immediately, at the Vulcan Shipyard in Stettin, and at the F Schichau yard in Elbing. These were to have main guns of a 12.7-centimetre (5.0\u00a0in) caliber, in order to match or exceed the firepower of other countries destroyers, which usually had a caliber of between 12\u00a0cm (4.7\u00a0in) and 13\u00a0cm (5.1\u00a0in).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 42], "content_span": [43, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012208-0001-0001", "contents": "15 cm TbtsK C/36 naval gun, Design history\nThe 15\u00a0cm TbtsK C/36 was originally designed to be used on torpedo boats, but studies into its possible usage on destroyers, and of rearming the Type 1934 and 1934A destroyers with it began after the commissioning of the two classes, in 1936. The Oberkommando der Marine (Naval High Command) thought that the 12.7\u00a0cm (5.0\u00a0in) guns of the Type 1936 and 1936A destroyers may be inferior to that of some potential enemies, and thus ordered that the new Type 1936 destroyers should have 15\u00a0cm (5.9\u00a0in) guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 42], "content_span": [43, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012208-0002-0000", "contents": "15 cm TbtsK C/36 naval gun, Design history\nIn order to test the 15\u00a0cm guns, the German destroyer Z8 Bruno Heinemann had her 12.7\u00a0cm SK C/34 guns replaced by five 15\u00a0cm TbtsK C/36 guns, in single mountings, in 1938. It was quickly discovered that not only did the guns themselves cause problems, but also that the mountings were far too heavy. The new weight placed so high up on the ship seriously damaged stability, and in heavy seas only two of the five guns could be worked. In an attempt to remedy the problem, one of the 15\u00a0cm guns was removed, but this did not fix the problem. Z8 Bruno Heinemann quickly had her old 12.7\u00a0cm guns reinstalled.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 42], "content_span": [43, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012208-0003-0000", "contents": "15 cm TbtsK C/36 naval gun, Gun characteristics\nThe 15\u00a0cm TbtsK C/36 naval gun had an actual caliber of exactly 14.91\u00a0cm (5.87\u00a0in), a weight of 7,200 kilograms (15,900\u00a0lb), an overall length of 7.165 metres (23.51\u00a0ft), a bore length of 6.815\u00a0m (22.36\u00a0ft), a chamber volume of 212 cubic centimetres (12.9\u00a0cu\u00a0in), a rifling length of 558.7\u00a0cm (220.0\u00a0in). It had 44 grooves, which were all 1.75 millimetres (0.069\u00a0in) by 6.14\u00a0mm (0.242\u00a0in) in size.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 47], "content_span": [48, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012208-0003-0001", "contents": "15 cm TbtsK C/36 naval gun, Gun characteristics\nIt shot a projectile which weighed 45.3\u00a0kg (100\u00a0lb), which was propelled by 13.5\u00a0kg (30\u00a0lb) of RPC/38, with a muzzle velocity of 875 metres per second (2,870\u00a0ft/s). The gun had a working pressure of 3,000 kilograms per square centimetre (43,000\u00a0psi), and had a service life of about 1,600 rounds fired. The gun had a maximum range of 23.55 kilometres (14.63\u00a0mi) at 47\u00b0 of elevation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 47], "content_span": [48, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012208-0004-0000", "contents": "15 cm TbtsK C/36 naval gun, Gun characteristics, Gun mechanics\nThe 15\u00a0cm TbtsK C/36 naval gun was semi-automatic, and had a horizontal sliding breech, which needed to be manually opened to load the first shot. The first shot was loaded using a breech level, which was on the right hand side of the breech ring. The barrel was somewhat loose, but anchored to the breech end with a breech nut. The gun had an electromagnetic trigger circuit, which was backed up by a mechanical system in case of emergency. The gun was placed on a TbtsL C/36 mount.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 62], "content_span": [63, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012208-0004-0001", "contents": "15 cm TbtsK C/36 naval gun, Gun characteristics, Gun mechanics\nThis mount was placed upon a cylindrical pillar, which was affixed to the base by fourteen bolts. The mount's vertical shaft bearing was in the centre of the pillar, and was topped by the toothed training ring. The mount itself was made out of a splinter-proof shield, training and elevation mechanisms, buffer-stops, the gunners' seats, gun sights, triggers, remote control mechanisms and the electric gun motors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 62], "content_span": [63, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012208-0004-0002", "contents": "15 cm TbtsK C/36 naval gun, Gun characteristics, Gun mechanics\nIn 1943, tests were done on adding a muzzle heater to the barrel of the 15\u00a0cm TbtsK C/36 gun, in order to prevent the barrel from icing up in freezing temperatures, but this was abandoned when it was found that it both would consume too much electricity, and put too much strain on the mount's elevating gear. The gun cradle was made of a hollow tube, two hydraulic buffers which could absorb a recoil force of up to 58,000\u00a0kg (128,000\u00a0lb), and a pneumatic recuperator.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 62], "content_span": [63, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012208-0005-0000", "contents": "15 cm TbtsK C/36 naval gun, Gun characteristics, Controls\nThe 15\u00a0cm TbtsK C/36 naval gun's training and elevation mechanisms were powered either manually or by electric motors, which were controlled by hydraulic handles. The left side gunner controlled the training and elevating mechanisms. When power training was on, the movement of the gun could be controlled simply by the hand-wheels, in an arc of up to 150\u00b0. In order to revert to manual controls, all the handles had to be disengaged. In an emergency, the right side gunner could take control of the training and elevation of the gun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 57], "content_span": [58, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012208-0005-0001", "contents": "15 cm TbtsK C/36 naval gun, Gun characteristics, Controls\nThe gun had two trigger systems, one electromagnetic, the other mechanical. Both gunners had a foot pedal for the mechanical system, which could also be fired directly by attaching a lanyard to the trigger level, if needed. Both gunners had a trigger switch on their right hand-wheel, which controlled the electromagnetic circuit, which could also be fired remotely from the conning tower, if needed. Both gunners had linked stereoscopic sights, which could magnify between 5x and 10x zoom. The right gunner was responsible for making corrections for elevation, which were supplied by two sets of compensating gears.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 57], "content_span": [58, 674]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012208-0005-0002", "contents": "15 cm TbtsK C/36 naval gun, Gun characteristics, Controls\nThe first gear, also called the \"Regler\" gear, gave corrections based upon what type of ammunition was in use, and the second compensated for barrel wear. Firing information was transmitted to the gun via wire, from the fire-direction centre. Both gunners had a receiver, and their settings would be transmitted to the fire-direction centre, which also had an intercom link to the guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 57], "content_span": [58, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012208-0006-0000", "contents": "15 cm TbtsK C/36 naval gun, Gun houses, C/36 single turret\nThe C/36 gun house had a total weight of 18,800\u00a0kg (41,400\u00a0lb): 7,200\u00a0kg (15,900\u00a0lb) from the barrel and breech, 1,730\u00a0kg (3,810\u00a0lb) from the cradle and recuperating gear (only 1,500\u00a0kg (3,300\u00a0lb) after 1942 modifications), 3,885\u00a0kg (8,565\u00a0lb) from the mount, 4,153\u00a0kg (9,156\u00a0lb) from the gun shield, 650\u00a0kg (1,430\u00a0lb) from the gun sights, and 580\u00a0kg (1,280\u00a0lb) from the electronic wires and equipment. The gun house could have up to an extra 330\u00a0kg (730\u00a0lb) in auxiliary equipment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 58], "content_span": [59, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012208-0006-0001", "contents": "15 cm TbtsK C/36 naval gun, Gun houses, C/36 single turret\nOf the five single turrets, the first, 'A', could be trained from 30\u00b0 to 0\u00b0 to 330\u00b0. The second, 'B', could be trained from 40\u00b0 to 0\u00b0 to 320\u00b0. The third, 'C', could be trained from 20\u00b0 to 0\u00b0 to 340\u00b0. The fourth, 'D', could be trained from 27\u00b0 to 0\u00b0 to 333\u00b0. The fifth, 'E', could be trained from 42\u00b0 to 0\u00b0 to 318\u00b0. All of the turrets could be depressed to up to \u201310\u00b0, or elevated to up to 30\u00b0.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 58], "content_span": [59, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012208-0007-0000", "contents": "15 cm TbtsK C/36 naval gun, Gun houses, C/36 single turret\nThe C/36 gun house was encased by a splinter-proof shield, which covered the front, sides, and top of the gun, but not the rear. The gun house's armor was 10\u00a0mm (0.39\u00a0in) thick in the front, and 6\u00a0mm (0.24\u00a0in) thick on the sides and roof. The front side contained two closable flaps for sighting ports, one to the right and one to the left of the central gun port. The foot of the shield contained four inspection flaps, two at the front, and one on both the right and left side.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 58], "content_span": [59, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012208-0007-0001", "contents": "15 cm TbtsK C/36 naval gun, Gun houses, C/36 single turret\nThese flaps allowed for the power-training equipment to be serviced easily. The mount was supplied from the ship's main supply, at 220-electronvolt (35\u00a0aJ) direct current. This current powered the trigger circuit solenoid, the 1 kilowatt (1.3\u00a0hp) permanent and 3\u00a0kW (4.0\u00a0hp) peak output training and elevating motors, and the moveable auxiliary lighting of the mount. The lights for the gun sights, the control positions, the breech, and the firing warning system (flashing blue and red lights, alongside a buzzer), were all powered by a 4\u00a0eV (0.64\u00a0aJ) transformer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 58], "content_span": [59, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012208-0008-0000", "contents": "15 cm TbtsK C/36 naval gun, Gun houses, DrhL C/38 twin turret\nThe DrhL C/38 turret was originally designed for the three O class battlecruisers and cruisers, but after these were cancelled, it was decided to use them to arm the Type 1936A destroyers. It was thought that one twin turret might raise the number of effective guns back to five, without causing the same weight problems that led to the reduction down to four. Two 15\u00a0cm TbtsK C/36 guns were thus fit into the DrhL C/38 twin turret.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 61], "content_span": [62, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012208-0008-0001", "contents": "15 cm TbtsK C/36 naval gun, Gun houses, DrhL C/38 twin turret\nDespite extensive melding and other modifications, the new twin turret still weighed almost twice that of the C/36 turret, making it roughly weight equal with simply adding back the fifth C/36 gun. Additionally, there were problems integrating the new DrhL C/38 turret into the existing fire control systems. There were some plans to mount two of these turrets onto new destroyers, but they were never put into place. The DrhL C/38 turret was used on the German destroyers: Z23, Z24, Z25, Z29, Z31, Z32, Z33, Z34, Z37, Z38, Z39, Z40, Z41, and Z42.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 61], "content_span": [62, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012208-0009-0000", "contents": "15 cm TbtsK C/36 naval gun, Gun houses, DrhL C/38 twin turret\nThe C/38 turret was elevated by a Pittler-Thoma hydraulic gear, which was powered by electric motors, and training was done by electric motors. Manual training could also be used in emergencies. The internal design of the C/38 turret was almost identical to that of the C/36, and their guns and equipment were entirely identical. Both guns had an Ardelt electric ammunition hoist, and a ten-round ready use supply was placed at the rear of the turret, allowing the gunners to fire at short notice, without having to wait for the hoists. These ready use charges were kept in airtight aluminum containers, which were themselves locked in galvanized steel boxes, in order to keep them dry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 61], "content_span": [62, 748]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012208-0010-0000", "contents": "15 cm TbtsK C/36 naval gun, Gun houses, DrhL C/38 twin turret\nThe C/38 had a total weight of 60.4\u00a0t (59.4 long tons; 66.6 short tons): 7,200\u00a0kg from the barrel and breech, 4,300\u00a0kg (9,500\u00a0lb) from the cradle and recuperator, 22,250\u00a0kg (49,050\u00a0lb) from the mount, 13,750\u00a0kg (30,310\u00a0lb) from the turret shield, 650\u00a0kg (1,430\u00a0lb) from the sights, and 2,400\u00a0kg (5,300\u00a0lb) from the electronic wiring and mechanisms. The turret had an armor thickness of 30\u00a0mm (1.2\u00a0in) on the front, 20\u00a0mm (0.79\u00a0in) on the sides, 20\u00a0mm on the roof, and 15\u00a0mm (0.59\u00a0in) on the rear.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 61], "content_span": [62, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012208-0010-0001", "contents": "15 cm TbtsK C/36 naval gun, Gun houses, DrhL C/38 twin turret\nThe turret had a barbette diameter of 3.2\u00a0m (10\u00a0ft), a turret diameter of 2.8\u00a0m (9\u00a0ft 2\u00a0in), and a recoil distance of 44\u00a0cm (17\u00a0in). The distance between the twin guns was 1.07\u00a0m (3\u00a0ft 6\u00a0in). The gun could be elevated at up to 8\u00b0/s, and trained at the same speed. The turret had a maximum depression of \u201310\u00b0, and a maximum elevation of 65\u00b0.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 61], "content_span": [62, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012208-0010-0002", "contents": "15 cm TbtsK C/36 naval gun, Gun houses, DrhL C/38 twin turret\nOf the turrets: 'A', which was the sole Drhl C/38 twin turret, could be trained from 30\u00b0 to 0\u00b0 to 330\u00b0. 'B' could be trained from 42\u00b0 to 0\u00b0 to 318\u00b0. 'C' could be trained from 27\u00b0 to 0\u00b0 to 333\u00b0. 'D' could be trained from 20\u00b0 to 0\u00b0 to 340\u00b0.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 61], "content_span": [62, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012208-0011-0000", "contents": "15 cm TbtsK C/36 naval gun, Static gun batteries\nThe C/36 gun was installed in a number of static gun batteries for coastal defence. In Normandy, the Longues-sur-Mer battery had four steel-reinforced concrete casemates each with a C/36 naval gun. The guns were controlled by a ranging post in front of the battery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 48], "content_span": [49, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012209-0000-0000", "contents": "15 cm hrub\u00e1 houfnice vz. 25\nThe 15\u00a0cm hrub\u00e1 houfnice vz. 25 (Heavy howitzer model 25) was a Czech heavy howitzer used in the Second World War. It was taken into Wehrmacht service as the 15\u00a0cm sFH 25(t). Slovakia had 126 in inventory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012209-0001-0000", "contents": "15 cm hrub\u00e1 houfnice vz. 25, Design & History\nIntended to replace the various Austro-Hungarian heavy howitzer that the Czechs had inherited, they began a program to develop a new howitzer shortly after achieving independence in 1919. It didn't reflect many of the lessons of World War I as it retained a box trail and wooden wheels suitable only for horse traction. Its carriage broke down into two loads for transport. It fired a 42 kilograms (93\u00a0lb) shell.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 45], "content_span": [46, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012210-0000-0000", "contents": "15 cm sFH 02\nThe 15\u00a0cm schwere Feldhaubitze 1902 was a German heavy field howitzer cannon introduced in 1903 and served in World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012210-0001-0000", "contents": "15 cm sFH 02, Design and history\nIt was the first artillery piece to use a modern recoil system in the German Army. Some 416 were in service at the beginning of the World War I. Its mobility, which allowed it to be deployed as medium artillery, and fairly heavy shell gave the German army a firepower advantage in the early battles in Belgium and France in 1914 as the French and British armies lacked an equivalent. France had a Canon de 65 M with a recoil system, but used it only as a mountain howitzer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 32], "content_span": [33, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012210-0002-0000", "contents": "15 cm sFH 02, Design and history\nThe remains of a German sFH 02 howitzer located in Kei Mouth, South Africa. It was captured from German forces in South West Africa during World War I. Like other such German weapons of the time, it was cast with the markings R II Ultima Ratio Regum (\"last argument of kings\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 32], "content_span": [33, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012210-0003-0000", "contents": "15 cm sFH 02, Design and history\nAnother sFH 02 howitzer, this one confiscated by the US after World War I and now located in Sierra Madre Memorial Park.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 32], "content_span": [33, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012211-0000-0000", "contents": "15 cm sFH 13\nThe 15\u00a0cm schwere Feldhaubitze 13 (15\u00a0cm sFH\u00a013), was a heavy field howitzer used by Germany in World War I and the beginning of World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012211-0001-0000", "contents": "15 cm sFH 13, History\nThe gun was a development of the previous standard howitzer, the 15 cm sFH 02. Improvements included a longer barrel resulting in better range and a gun shield to protect the crew. Variants were: the original \"kurz\" (L/14 \u2013 14 calibre short barrel version), the lg. sFH13 with a longer barrel; with minor modifications to simplify wartime manufacture of the lg. sFH weapons. Initially there were serious issues of weak recoil spring mechanisms that would break, and gun barrel explosions. The problems were solved with the upgrades.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012211-0001-0001", "contents": "15 cm sFH 13, History\nA sub variant of the sFH 13 was the lg. 15 cm sFH 13/02 which combined the long barrel with the carriage of the earlier sFH 02 when those guns became obsolete. The sFH 13/02 gun shield wasn't hinged at the top and it only used a hydro-spring recoil system. Approximately 1,000 conversions were completed and their performance was the same with only a 40\u00a0kg difference in weight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012211-0002-0000", "contents": "15 cm sFH 13, History\nThe British referred to these guns and their shells as \"five point nines\" or \"five-nines\" as the internal diameter of the barrel was 5.9 inches (150\u00a0mm). The ability of these guns to deliver mobile heavy firepower close to the frontline gave the Germans a major firepower advantage on the Western Front early in World War I, as the French and British lacked an equivalent. It was not until late 1915 that the British began to deploy their own 6 inch 26 cwt howitzer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012211-0003-0000", "contents": "15 cm sFH 13, History\nAbout 3,500 of these guns were produced from 1913 to 1918. They continued to serve in the Reichswehr and then the Wehrmacht in the interwar period as the standard heavy howitzer until the introduction of 15\u00a0cm sFH 18 in the 1930s. They were then shifted to reserve and training units, as well as to coastal artillery. Guns turned over to Belgium and the Netherlands as reparations after World\u00a0War\u00a0I were taken into Wehrmacht service after the conquest of the Low Countries as the 15\u00a0cm sFH 409(b) and 15\u00a0cm sFH 406(h) respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012211-0004-0000", "contents": "15 cm sFH 13, History\nIn the course of World War II about 94 of these howitzers were mounted on Lorraine 37L tractors to create self-propelled guns, designated 15\u00a0cm sFH13/1 (Sf) auf Geschuetzwagen Lorraine Schlepper (f).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012212-0000-0000", "contents": "15 cm sFH 18\nThe 15\u00a0cm schwere Feldhaubitze 18 or sFH 18 (German: \"heavy field howitzer, model 18\"), nicknamed Immergr\u00fcn (\"Evergreen\"), was the basic German division-level heavy howitzer of 149mm during the Second World War, serving alongside the smaller but more numerous 10.5\u00a0cm leFH 18. Its mobility and firing range and the effectiveness of its 44 kilogram shell made it the most important weapon of all German infantry divisions. A total of 6,756 examples were produced.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012212-0001-0000", "contents": "15 cm sFH 18\nIt replaced the earlier, First World War-era design of the 15\u00a0cm sFH 13, which was judged by the Krupp-Rheinmetall designer team of the sFH 18 as completely inadequate. The sFH 18 was twice as heavy as its predecessor, had a muzzle velocity increase of forty percent, a maximum firing range 4.5 kilometers greater, and a new split-trail gun carriage that increased the firing traverse twelvefold. The secret development from 1926\u20131930 allowed German industry to deliver a trouble-free design at the beginning of German re-armament in 1933. It was the first artillery weapon equipped with rocket-assisted ammunition to increase range. The sFH 18 was also used in the self-propelled artillery piece schwere Panzerhaubitze 18/1 (more commonly known as Hummel).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 770]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012212-0002-0000", "contents": "15 cm sFH 18\nThe sFH 18 was one of Germany's three main 15\u00a0cm calibre weapons, the others being the 15\u00a0cm Kanone 18, a corps-level heavy gun, and the 15\u00a0cm sIG 33, a short-barreled infantry gun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012212-0003-0000", "contents": "15 cm sFH 18, Design and development\nDevelopment work on the sFH 18 began in 1926 and the gun was ready for production by 1933. The model year was an attempt at camouflage. The gun originated with a contest between Rheinmetall and Krupp, both of whom entered several designs that were all considered unsatisfactory for one reason or another. In the end the army decided the solution was to combine the best features of both designs, using the Rheinmetall gun on a Krupp carriage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 36], "content_span": [37, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012212-0004-0000", "contents": "15 cm sFH 18, Design and development\nThe carriage was a relatively standard split-trail design with box legs. Spades were carried on the sides of the legs that could be mounted onto the ends for added stability. The carriage also saw use on the 10 cm schwere Kanone 18 gun. As the howitzer was designed for horse towing, it used an unsprung axle and hard rubber tires. A two-wheel bogie was introduced to allow it to be towed, but the lack of suspension made it unsuitable for towing at high speed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 36], "content_span": [37, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012212-0005-0000", "contents": "15 cm sFH 18, Design and development\nThe gun was officially introduced into service on 23 May 1935, and by the outbreak of war the Wehrmacht had about 1,353 of these guns in service. Production continued throughout the war, reaching a peak of 2,295 guns in 1944. In 1944, the howitzer cost 40,400 RM, 9 months and 5,500 man-hours to make.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 36], "content_span": [37, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012212-0006-0000", "contents": "15 cm sFH 18, Design and development, Variants\nSeveral other versions of the basic 15\u00a0cm were produced:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 46], "content_span": [47, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012212-0007-0000", "contents": "15 cm sFH 18, Combat record\nThe first field combat for the 15\u00a0cm sFH 18 was with the Chinese National Revolutionary Army in the Second Sino-Japanese War. The Chinese were desperately short on artillery guns and other heavy weapons, but the few 15\u00a0cm sFH 18 units the Chinese did have hopelessly outclassed their Japanese counterparts which were mainly the Type 38 15\u00a0cm howitzer and Type 4 15\u00a0cm howitzer, forcing the Japanese to introduce the Type 96 15\u00a0cm Howitzer. Some earlier pieces (about 24) of sFH18 in China were designed specially with a 32/L barrel, known as sFH18 32/L; the maximum range was increased to 15\u00a0km.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 27], "content_span": [28, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012212-0008-0000", "contents": "15 cm sFH 18, Combat record\nAgainst the Soviet Union, the sFH 18 lacked the range of the Red Army 152\u00a0mm ML-20 gun-howitzer, its maximum range of 17.3 kilometres (18,900\u00a0yd) allowed it to fire counter-battery against the sFH 18 with a   4 kilometres (4,400\u00a0yd) advantage. This led to numerous efforts to introduce new guns with even better performance than the ML-20, while various experiments were also carried out on the sFH\u00a018 to improve its range.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 27], "content_span": [28, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012212-0008-0001", "contents": "15 cm sFH 18, Combat record\nThese led to the 15\u00a0cm sFH 18M version with a removable barrel liner and a muzzle brake that allowed a larger \"special 7\" or 8 charge to be used. The 18M increased range to 15,100 metres (16,500\u00a0yd), but it was found that the liners suffered increased wear and the recoil system could not handle the increased loads in spite of the brake. This led to the introduction of the 15\u00a0cm R. Gr. 19 FES ammunition, which used a rocket-assisted round that could reach 18,200 metres (19,900\u00a0yd) and give it some level of parity with the ML-20.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 27], "content_span": [28, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012212-0009-0000", "contents": "15 cm sFH 18, Combat record\nSeveral countries continued fielding the sFH 18 after the war in large numbers including Czechoslovakia, Portugal and many South American and Central American countries. Finland bought 48 sFH\u00a018 howitzers from Germany in 1940 and designated them 150 H/40. These guns were modernized in 1988 as the 152 H 88, and they were used by the Finnish Army until 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 27], "content_span": [28, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012213-0000-0000", "contents": "15 cm sFH 36\nThe 15 cm schwere Feldhaubitze 36 or sFH 36 (German: \"heavy field howitzer, model 36\"), was a shortened lightweight version of the earlier 15 cm schwere Feldhaubitze 18 that was produced in limited numbers from 1938-1942 and used during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012213-0001-0000", "contents": "15 cm sFH 36, History\nIn 1935 the army drafted a requirement for a lightened version of the 15 cm schwere Feldhaubitze 18 which could be towed by a single horse team in one piece. After testing in 1938 a design from Rheinmetall was selected to meet the requirement. The new design consisted of a shortened sFH 18 barrel with a prominent muzzle brake with four rows of 13 baffles and a split trail carriage made largely of light alloys.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012213-0001-0001", "contents": "15 cm sFH 36, History\nThe carriage had two pressed steel wheels with solid rubber tires and for travel the barrel could be disconnected from the hydro-pneumatic recoil system and pulled back to lie on top of the closed trails for towing. A limber with a tow bar was provided for the horse team for towing. The sFH 36 used the same separate loading cased charges and projectile as the sFH 18 and it used the same sliding-block breech as the sFH 18.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012213-0001-0002", "contents": "15 cm sFH 36, History\nHowever, the sFH 36 used up to 7 bagged charges to vary velocity and range, while the sFH 18 used up to 8. Production of the sFH 36 ceased in 1942 due to increased mechanization of the army, limited supplies of light alloys and the prioritization of their use for aircraft production.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012214-0000-0000", "contents": "15 cm sFH 93\nThe 15\u00a0cm sFH 93 was a German howitzer which served in a number of colonial conflicts, the Balkan Wars and World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012214-0001-0000", "contents": "15 cm sFH 93, History\nThe 15\u00a0cm sFH 93 was designed and built by Krupp and entered service in 1893. The sFH 93 was designed with the lessons of the Franco-Prussian and Russo-Turkish war in mind where field guns with smaller shells and limited elevation had difficulty overcoming fortifications. What was needed was a howitzer capable of high-angle fire which could fire a large shell to drop inside the walls of enemy fortifications. The sFH 93 was fairly conventional for its time and most nations had similar guns. However, its lack of recoil mechanism made it dated and by the time the First World War broke out it had been largely replaced.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012214-0002-0000", "contents": "15 cm sFH 93, History\nThe majority of military planners before the First World War were wedded to the concept of fighting an offensive war of rapid maneuver which in a time before mechanization meant a focus on cavalry and light horse artillery firing shrapnel shells. Although the majority of combatants had heavy field artillery prior to the outbreak of the First World War, none had adequate numbers of heavy guns in service, nor had they foreseen the growing importance of heavy artillery once the Western Front stagnated and trench warfare set in.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012214-0002-0001", "contents": "15 cm sFH 93, History\nThe theorists hadn't foreseen that trenches, barbed wire, and machine guns had robbed them of the mobility they had been counting on and like in the Franco-Prussian and Russo-Turkish war the need for high-angle heavy artillery reasserted itself. Since aircraft of the period were not yet capable of carrying large diameter bombs the burden of delivering heavy firepower fell on the artillery. The combatants scrambled to find anything that could fire a heavy shell and that meant emptying the fortresses and scouring the depots for guns held in reserve. It also meant converting coastal artillery and naval guns to siege guns by either giving them simple field carriages or mounting the larger pieces on rail carriages.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 741]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012214-0003-0000", "contents": "15 cm sFH 93, History\nAlthough largely replaced by the German Army before the First World War the sFH 93 was brought back into service because of a combination of higher than expected losses of field artillery and insufficient numbers of heavy guns which led to them being brought out of reserve and issued as replacements to field artillery regiments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012214-0004-0000", "contents": "15 cm sFH 93, Design\nThe sFH 93 was a short barreled breech-loading cannon on a rigid two-wheeled box trail carriage. The barrel was a typical built-up gun of the period with all steel construction. The gun had an early form of horizontal sliding-block breech and it fired separate-loading, bagged charges and projectiles. The sFH 93 fired a wide variety of different projectiles which are listed . The advantage the sFH 93 had over its predecessors was that it was made from nickel-steel of much greater strength than previous guns of cast iron construction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012214-0004-0001", "contents": "15 cm sFH 93, Design\nThis meant that the sFH 93 could be much smaller in diameter and lighter in weight than its predecessors which meant it was easier for it to keep pace with infantry divisions on the march. It also meant that unlike previous guns it could be transported in one piece and was light enough to be part of maneuvering forces to overcome local strong points rather than relegated to the slower siege train. However, the cavalry still felt the sFH 93 was too heavy for their use so they were assigned to heavy howitzer battalions of the infantry. For travel, the gun could be attached to a limber and towed by a six-horse team and each battery consisted of four guns with four batteries per battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 715]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012214-0005-0000", "contents": "15 cm sFH 93, Design\nLike many of its contemporaries, its carriage did not have a recoil mechanism. For prolonged use a spot of ground could be leveled and a wooden firing platform could be laid for the guns. The guns could then be connected to an external recoil mechanism which connected to a steel eye on the firing platform and a hook on the carriage between the wheels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012214-0005-0001", "contents": "15 cm sFH 93, Design\nA set of wooden ramps were then placed behind the wheels and when the gun fired the wheels rolled up the ramp and was returned to position by the combined effect of the recoil mechanism and gravity. In the field only ramps were used. There was also no traversing mechanism and the gun had to be levered into position to aim. A drawback of this system was the gun had to be re-aimed each time which lowered the rate of fire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012214-0006-0000", "contents": "15 cm sFH 93, Photo Gallery\nA Dutch sFH 93 during the Balinese Intervention of 1906.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 27], "content_span": [28, 84]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012214-0007-0000", "contents": "15 cm sFH 93, Photo Gallery\nA captured sFH 93 at the National World War I Museum in Kansas City, MO.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 27], "content_span": [28, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012215-0000-0000", "contents": "15 cm sIG 33\nThe 15\u00a0cm sIG 33 (schweres Infanterie Gesch\u00fctz 33, lit. \"Heavy Infantry Gun\") was the standard German heavy infantry gun used in the Second World War. It was the largest weapon ever classified as an infantry gun by any nation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012215-0001-0000", "contents": "15 cm sIG 33\nIts weight made it difficult to use in the field, and the gun was increasingly adapted to various ad hoc mobile mountings. These were generically referred to as the SIG 33.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012215-0002-0000", "contents": "15 cm sIG 33, Development\nSources differ on the development history, but the gun itself was of conventional design. Early production models were horse-drawn, with wooden wheels. Later production models had pressed steel wheels, with solid rubber tires and air brakes for motor towing, albeit at a low speed (only carriages with pneumatic tires and suspension system could be towed at highway speeds). As with most German artillery carriages, the solid rubber tires and lack of springing meant that the gun could not safely be towed above 10\u00a0mph, and horse-drawing was still extensively employed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 25], "content_span": [26, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012215-0003-0000", "contents": "15 cm sIG 33, Development\nThe sIG 33 was rather heavy for its mission, and it was redesigned in the late 1930s to incorporate light alloys. This saved about 150 kilograms (330\u00a0lb), but the outbreak of war forced the return to the original design before more than a few hundred were made, as the Luftwaffe had a higher priority for light alloys. A new carriage, made entirely of light alloys, was tested around 1939, but was not accepted for service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 25], "content_span": [26, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012215-0004-0000", "contents": "15 cm sIG 33, Ammunition\nMost of the shells used by the sIG 33 were unexceptional in design, but the Stielgranate 42 was different in fundamental ways from ordinary shells. The driving rod was loaded into the muzzle so that the finned projectile remained in front of, and outside, the barrel entirely. A special charge was loaded and would propel the projectile about 1,000 metres (1,100\u00a0yd). At about 150 metres (160\u00a0yd) distance, the driving rod would separate from the projectile. Unlike other Stielgranaten, this version was not intended for anti-tank use, but rather for the demolition of strongpoints and clearing barbed-wire obstacles and minefields by blast effect.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 24], "content_span": [25, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012216-0000-0000", "contents": "15 cm sIG 33 (Sf) auf Panzerkampfwagen I Ausf B\nThe 15\u00a0cm sIG 33 (Sf) auf Panzerkampfwagen I Ausf B, sometimes referred to (unofficially) as the Sturmpanzer I Bison  was a German self-propelled gun used during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012216-0001-0000", "contents": "15 cm sIG 33 (Sf) auf Panzerkampfwagen I Ausf B, Development and history\nThe Invasion of Poland had shown that the towed sIG 33 guns assigned to the infantry gun companies of the motorized infantry regiments had difficulties keeping up with the tanks during combat. The easiest solution was to modify a spare tank chassis to carry it into battle. A sIG 33 was mounted on the chassis of the Panzer I Ausf. B, complete with carriage and wheels, in place of the turret and superstructure. Plates 13 millimetres (0.51\u00a0in) thick were used to form a tall, open-topped fighting compartment on the forward part of the hull. This protected little more than the gun and the gunner himself from small arms fire and shell fragments, the loaders being completely exposed. The rearmost section of armor was hinged to ease reloading.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 72], "content_span": [73, 818]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012216-0002-0000", "contents": "15 cm sIG 33 (Sf) auf Panzerkampfwagen I Ausf B, Development and history\nThere was no room to stow any ammunition, so it had to be carried by a separate vehicle. When mounted, the sIG 33 had a total traverse of 25\u00b0 and could elevate from -4\u00b0 to +75\u00b0. The gun used an Rblf36 sight. The chassis was overloaded and breakdowns were frequent. The vehicle's extreme height and lack of on-board ammunition were severe tactical drawbacks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 72], "content_span": [73, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012216-0003-0000", "contents": "15 cm sIG 33 (Sf) auf Panzerkampfwagen I Ausf B, Combat use\nThirty-six vehicles were organized into independent schwere Infanteriegesch\u00fctz-Kompanie (mot.S.) (\"self-propelled heavy infantry gun companies\") numbers 701\u2013706, assigned to Panzer divisions in the Battle of France as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 59], "content_span": [60, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012216-0004-0000", "contents": "15 cm sIG 33 (Sf) auf Panzerkampfwagen I Ausf B, Combat use\nAs part of the 5th Panzer Division, assigned to the German XIVth Motorized Army Corps, the 704th company participated in Operation Marita, the invasion of the Balkans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 59], "content_span": [60, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012216-0005-0000", "contents": "15 cm sIG 33 (Sf) auf Panzerkampfwagen I Ausf B, Combat use\nLater in 1941, the same assignment was maintained for Operation Barbarossa, the invasion of the Soviet Union. The 705th and 706th belonging to the 7th and 10th Panzer Divisions respectively, were destroyed at this time. Of the remaining companies, only the 701st participated in the opening stages of the subsequent Case Blue in 1942, although it, and its parent 9th Panzer Division, were transferred to Army Group Center by the end of the summer of 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 59], "content_span": [60, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012216-0006-0000", "contents": "15 cm sIG 33 (Sf) auf Panzerkampfwagen I Ausf B, Combat use\nThe last reference to these vehicles is with the 704th Company of the 5th Panzer Division during the middle of 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 59], "content_span": [60, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012217-0000-0000", "contents": "15 cm sIG 33 auf Fahrgestell Panzerkampfwagen II (Sf)\nThe 15\u00a0cm sIG 33 auf Fahrgestell Panzerkampfwagen II (Sf), sometimes referred to as the Sturmpanzer II Bison, was a German assault gun used during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012217-0001-0000", "contents": "15 cm sIG 33 auf Fahrgestell Panzerkampfwagen II (Sf), Development\nThe 15 cm sIG 33 (Sf) auf Panzerkampfwagen I Ausf B that had participated in the Invasion of France in 1940 had proven to be too heavy for its chassis as well as being enormously tall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 66], "content_span": [67, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012217-0002-0000", "contents": "15 cm sIG 33 auf Fahrgestell Panzerkampfwagen II (Sf), Development\nThe same gun was mated to the Panzerkampfwagen II chassis in an attempt to drastically lower its height while using a stronger chassis. The prototype used a standard Panzer II Ausf. B chassis when it was built in February 1941, but this was too cramped for use. The chassis was lengthened by 60 centimetres (24\u00a0in), which required adding a sixth roadwheel, and widened by 32 centimetres (13\u00a0in) to better accommodate the gun while preserving its low silhouette. 15-millimetre (0.59\u00a0in) plates formed the front and sides of the open-topped fighting compartment, which was also open at the rear. Its sides were notably lower than the front, which made the crew vulnerable to small arms fire and shell fragments. Large hatches were added to the rear deck to better cool the engine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 66], "content_span": [67, 845]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012217-0003-0000", "contents": "15 cm sIG 33 auf Fahrgestell Panzerkampfwagen II (Sf), Development\nThe 15-centimetre (5.9\u00a0in) sIG 33 gun was used to act as close support artillery and infantry support, for which 30 rounds were carried, could traverse a total of 5\u00b0 left and right and used a Rblf36 sight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 66], "content_span": [67, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012217-0004-0000", "contents": "15 cm sIG 33 auf Fahrgestell Panzerkampfwagen II (Sf), Combat use\nTwelve were built at the end of 1941. In early 1942, they were shipped to North Africa, where they formed schwere Infanteriegesch\u00fctz-Kompanien (mot.S.) (\"Heavy Self-propelled Infantry Gun Companies\") 707 and 708. They were used as close support mobile artillery, with the former assigned to Sch\u00fctzen-Regiment 155 and the latter to Sch\u00fctzen-Regiment 200, both part of the 90. leichte Afrika-Division. Both companies fought until the Axis surrender in Tunisia in May 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 65], "content_span": [66, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012218-0000-0000", "contents": "15 cm schwere Feldhaubitze M 14\nThe 15\u00a0cm schwere Feldhaubitze M 14 was a heavy howitzer which served with Austria-Hungary during World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012218-0001-0000", "contents": "15 cm schwere Feldhaubitze M 14, Design\nThe \u0160koda 15\u00a0cm M 14 was developed and built at the \u0160koda works in Pilsen. Like other guns of the time it had two crew seats mounted on the Gun shield. It broke down into two loads for transport. The M 14 was modified to improve elevation and range as well as to strengthen the carriage as the M 14/16.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 39], "content_span": [40, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012218-0002-0000", "contents": "15 cm schwere Feldhaubitze M 14, Users\nThe successor states to the Austro-Hungarian Empire continued to use the M 14 and M 14/16 after the First World War. Postwar war modifications were common to make it suitable for motor traction and to address other issues. Former enemies such as Romania and Italy also operated this series of guns whether they were captured, bought or received as war reparations after the Treaty of Versailles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 38], "content_span": [39, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012218-0003-0000", "contents": "15 cm schwere Feldhaubitze M 14, Users, Austria\nThe M 14 and M 14/16 were kept in service by Austria. Those captured by Germany after the Anschluss were given the designation 15\u00a0cm sFH M.14(\u00f6).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 47], "content_span": [48, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012218-0004-0000", "contents": "15 cm schwere Feldhaubitze M 14, Users, Czechoslovakia\nThe M 14 and M 14/16 were kept in service by Czechoslovakia. Czechoslovak weapons were known as the 15\u00a0cm hrub\u00e1 houfnice vz. 14 and 15\u00a0cm hrub\u00e1 houfnice vz. 14/16. The German designation for captured Czech guns was 15\u00a0cm sFH M.14(t).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 54], "content_span": [55, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012218-0005-0000", "contents": "15 cm schwere Feldhaubitze M 14, Users, Hungary\nThe M 14 and M 14/16 was kept in service by Hungary. Hungarian weapons were upgraded in 1935 by MAVAG and designated as M.14/35. Later in 1939 another batch of guns were updated and designated as M.14/39.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 47], "content_span": [48, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012218-0006-0000", "contents": "15 cm schwere Feldhaubitze M 14, Users, Italy\nM 14 and M 14/16 howitzers captured by Italy during the war or received as reparations, were put into service with the designation Obice da 149/13. Some 490 were on hand in 1939 and weapons captured by the Germans after the Italians changed sides in 1943 were used as the 15\u00a0cm sFH 400(i) and 15\u00a0cm sFH 401(i).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 45], "content_span": [46, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012219-0000-0000", "contents": "15 cm schwere Feldhaubitze M 94\nThe 15\u00a0cm schwere Feldhaubitze M 94 was a heavy howitzer used by Austria-Hungary in World War I. It had a bronze barrel and relied on wheel ramps to absorb its recoil. The barrel was modified in 1899 as the M 99 and can be identified by its octagonal shape. Both howitzers could be mounted on a wide variety of carriages to suit their mission, including a carriage only 1.13 metres (44\u00a0in) wide for mountain use. Around the start of the 20th century both the M 94 and M 99 were modified to increase their elevation up to 65\u00b0. The elevation arc had to be extended and the trunnion mounts and wheels had to be strengthened to withstand the greater recoil forces when firing at high elevation. They were known as the M 94/4 and the M 99/4 after modification.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 787]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012220-0000-0000", "contents": "15 cm schwere Feldhaubitze M. 15\nThe 15\u00a0cm schwere Feldhaubitze M. 15 was a heavy howitzer used by Austria-Hungary in World War I. Austrian and Czech guns were taken into Wehrmacht service after the Anschluss and the occupation of Czechoslovakia as the 15\u00a0cm schwere Feldhaubitze 15(t) or (\u00f6).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012220-0001-0000", "contents": "15 cm schwere Feldhaubitze M. 15\nThe M. 15 was adapted from a fortress turret howitzer called the 15 cm Turmhaubitze M15 designed to throw the same ammunition as the schwere Feldhaubitze M.14 some 3.5 kilometres (3,800\u00a0yd) further. It didn't normally breakdown for transport, but could be disassembled into four loads for transport in mountainous areas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012220-0002-0000", "contents": "15 cm schwere Feldhaubitze M. 15\nThe first five weapons were delivered in the first half of 1916. A total of 57 barrels and 56 carriages were completed by the end of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012220-0003-0000", "contents": "15 cm schwere Feldhaubitze M. 15\nThe Finns purchased twenty weapons after the end of the Winter War. They arrived on the SS Widor on 9 October 1940. They were initially issued to Heavy Artillery Battalions 21, 22 and 28. They were unpopular with the field artillery as they were thought to be too heavy and were withdrawn from field duty during the Continuation War. Some went to equip the Maaselk\u00e4 Fortification Artillery Battalions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012220-0004-0000", "contents": "15 cm schwere Feldhaubitze M. 15, Notes\nThis artillery-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 39], "content_span": [40, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012221-0000-0000", "contents": "15 cm/45 41st Year Type\nThe 15\u00a0cm/45 41st Year Type was a British naval gun designed by the Elswick Ordnance Company for export in the years before World War I that armed warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy. These guns served aboard Japanese ships during World War I and as coastal artillery during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012221-0001-0000", "contents": "15 cm/45 41st Year Type, History\nThe 15\u00a0cm/45 41st Year began life as a design produced by the parent company of Elswick, Armstrong Whitworth for export customers and called the Pattern GG. These guns did not serve aboard ships of the Royal Navy. On 5 October 1917 the Japanese designation system for artillery changed from inches 6 in/45 41st Year Type to centimeters 15 cm/45 41st Year Type. Whether the guns originated in Britain or were built in Japan they still shared the same 41st Year designation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012221-0002-0000", "contents": "15 cm/45 41st Year Type, Construction\nThe 15\u00a0cm/45 41st Year was constructed of an A tube and wire wound with a protective outer jacket. Ships built in British shipyards for Japan were armed with Pattern GG guns and later Japan produced their own versions under license at the Kure Naval Arsenal. Four different models were produced at Kure which differed in the style of rifling used. Although sometimes referred to as QF guns, they were actually BL guns which used separate loading bagged charges and projectiles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 37], "content_span": [38, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012221-0003-0000", "contents": "15 cm/45 41st Year Type, Naval Use\n15\u00a0cm/45 41st Year guns equipped armored cruisers, predreadnought battleships and protected cruisers of the Imperial Japanese Navy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012221-0004-0000", "contents": "15 cm/45 41st Year Type, Ammunition\nAmmunition was of separate loading bagged charge and projectile. The bagged charges weighed 22\u00a0kg (49\u00a0lb), while the projectiles weighed 45.4\u00a0kg (100\u00a0lb).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012222-0000-0000", "contents": "15 cm/50 41st Year Type\nThe 15\u00a0cm/50 41st Year Type gun (50\u53e3\u5f84\u56db\u5341\u4e00\u5f0f15cm\u7832, 50-k\u014dkei yonj\u016b-ichi shiki 15-senchi h\u014d) was a naval gun used by the Imperial Japanese Navy before and during World War II. It had a 152 millimetres (6.0\u00a0in) bore with a length of 7.6 metres (25\u00a0ft) (50 calibre) and fired 45.4 kilograms (100\u00a0lb) shell for a distance of 18,000 metres (20,000\u00a0yd) (in single mount version) or 21,000 metres (23,000\u00a0yd) (in the later twin mounts). The gun was first used in single casemates on the Kong\u014d-class battlecruisers and Fus\u014d-class battleships and later in the Agano-class light cruisers in twin mountings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012222-0001-0000", "contents": "15 cm/50 41st Year Type, History\nThe Type 41 was a Japanese version of the Vickers \"Mark M\", originally introduced by Vickers-Armstrong (Barrow) as the secondary battery for the Kong\u014d-class. These original guns were designated by the Japanese Navy as the \"Mark II\", whereas the Japanese-designed copy (adopted from 1912) were designated as the \"Mark III\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012222-0002-0000", "contents": "15 cm/50 41st Year Type, History\nIn the 1930s, the Kong\u014d-class were modernized, at which time these guns were replaced by new 12.7 cm/40 DP guns. The old guns were placed in storage and were reused on the Agano-class. Some were taken to Guam and were used for coastal defense batteries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012222-0003-0000", "contents": "15 cm/50 41st Year Type, History\nIn the Agano-class, the gun could elevate to 55\u00b0 for anti-aircraft fire; however, its manual loading method allowed a rate of fire of only about 6 rounds per minute, which significantly limited its utility as an anti-aircraft weapon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012223-0000-0000", "contents": "15 de Septiembre de Trujillo\n15 de Septiembre was a Peru football club, located in the city of Trujillo, La Libertad. The club was founded with the name of Club 15 de Septiembre.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012223-0001-0000", "contents": "15 de Septiembre de Trujillo, History\nThe club have played at the highest level of Peruvian football on three occasions, in the 1988 Torneo Descentralizado until 1990 Torneo Descentralizado when was relegated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012224-0000-0000", "contents": "15 equal temperament\nIn music, 15 equal temperament, called 15-TET, 15-EDO, or 15-ET, is a tempered scale derived by dividing the octave into 15 equal steps (equal frequency ratios). Each step represents a frequency ratio of 15\u221a2 (=2(1/15)), or 80 cents (Play\u00a0(help\u00b7info)). Because 15 factors into 3 times 5, it can be seen as being made up of three scales of 5 equal divisions of the octave, each of which resembles the Slendro scale in Indonesian gamelan. 15 equal temperament is not a meantone system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012224-0001-0000", "contents": "15 equal temperament, History and use\nGuitars have been constructed for 15-ET tuning. The American musician Wendy Carlos used 15-ET as one of two scales in the track Afterlife from the album Tales of Heaven and Hell. Easley Blackwood, Jr. has written and recorded a suite for 15-ET guitar. Blackwood believes that 15 equal temperament, \"is likely to bring about a considerable enrichment of both classical and popular repertoire in a variety of styles\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 37], "content_span": [38, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012224-0002-0000", "contents": "15 equal temperament, Notation\nEasley Blackwood, Jr.'s notation of 15-EDO creates this chromatic scale:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 30], "content_span": [31, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012224-0003-0000", "contents": "15 equal temperament, Notation\nB\u266f/C, C\u266f/D\u266d, D, D\u266f, E\u266d, E, E\u266f/F, F\u266f/G\u266d, G, G\u266f, A\u266d, A, A\u266f, B\u266d, B, B\u266f/C", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 30], "content_span": [31, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012224-0004-0000", "contents": "15 equal temperament, Notation\nAn alternate form of notation, which is sometimes called \"Porcupine Notation,\" can be used. It yields the following chromatic scale:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 30], "content_span": [31, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012224-0005-0000", "contents": "15 equal temperament, Notation\nC, C\u266f/D\u266d, D, D\u266f/E\u266d, E, E\u266f/F\u266d, F, F\u266f/G\u266d, G, G\u266f, A\u266d, A, A\u266f/B\u266d, B, B\u266f, C", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 30], "content_span": [31, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012224-0006-0000", "contents": "15 equal temperament, Notation\nA notation that uses the numerals is also possible, in which each chain of fifths is notated either by the odd numbers, the even numbers, or with accidentals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 30], "content_span": [31, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012224-0007-0000", "contents": "15 equal temperament, Notation\n1, 1\u266f/2\u266d, 2, 3, 3\u266f/4\u266d, 4, 5, 5\u266f/6\u266d, 6, 7, 7\u266f/8\u266d, 8, 9, 9\u266f/0\u266d, 0, 1", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 30], "content_span": [31, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012224-0008-0000", "contents": "15 equal temperament, Notation\nIn this article, unless specified otherwise, Blackwood's notation will be used.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 30], "content_span": [31, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012224-0009-0000", "contents": "15 equal temperament, Interval size\nHere are the sizes of some common intervals in 15-ET:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 35], "content_span": [36, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012224-0010-0000", "contents": "15 equal temperament, Interval size\n15-ET matches the 7th and 11th harmonics well, but only matches the 3rd and 5th harmonics roughly. The perfect fifth is more out of tune than in 12-ET, 19-ET, or 22-ET, and the major third in 15-ET is the same as the major third in 12-ET, but the other intervals matched are more in tune (except for the septimal tritones). 15-ET is the smallest tuning that matches the 11th harmonic at all and still has a usable perfect fifth, but its match to intervals utilizing the 11th harmonic is poorer than 22-ET, which also has more in-tune fifths and major thirds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 35], "content_span": [36, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012224-0011-0000", "contents": "15 equal temperament, Interval size\nAlthough it contains a perfect fifth as well as major and minor thirds, the remainder of the harmonic and melodic language of 15-ET is quite different from 12-ET, and thus 15-ET could be described as xenharmonic. Unlike 12-ET and 19-ET, 15-ET matches the 11:8 and 16:11 ratios. 15-ET also has a neutral second and septimal whole tone. To construct a major third in 15-ET, one must stack two intervals of different sizes, whereas one can divide both the minor third and perfect fourth into two equal intervals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 35], "content_span": [36, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012225-0000-0000", "contents": "15 kV AC railway electrification\nRailway electrification systems using alternating current (AC) at 15 kilovolts (kV) and 16.7 Hertz (Hz) are used on transport railways in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Sweden, and Norway. The high voltage enables high power transmission with the lower frequency reducing the losses of the traction motors that were available at the beginning of the 20th century. Railway electrification in late 20th century tends to use 25 kV, 50 Hz AC systems which has become the preferred standard for new railway electrifications but extensions of the existing 15 kV networks are not completely unlikely. In particular, the Gotthard Base Tunnel (opened on 1\u00a0June 2016) still uses 15 kV, 16.7\u00a0Hz electrification.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 733]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012225-0001-0000", "contents": "15 kV AC railway electrification\nDue to high conversion costs, it is unlikely that existing 15 kV, 16.7 Hz systems will be converted to  25 kV, 50 Hz despite the fact that this would reduce the weight of the on-board step-down transformers to one third that of the present devices.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012225-0002-0000", "contents": "15 kV AC railway electrification, History\nThe first electrified railways used series-wound DC motors, first at 600\u00a0V and then 1,500\u00a0V. Areas with 3\u00a0kV DC catenaries (primarily in Eastern Europe) used two 1,500\u00a0V DC motors in series. But even at 3\u00a0kV, the current needed to power a heavy train (particularly in rural and mountainous areas) can be excessive. Although increasing the transmission voltage decreases the current and associated resistive losses for a given power, insulation limits make higher voltage traction motors impractical. Transformers on each locomotive are thus required to step high transmission voltages down to practical motor operating voltages. Before the development of suitable ways to efficiently transform DC currents through power electronics, efficient transformers strictly required alternating current (AC); thus high voltage electrified railways adopted AC along with the electric power distribution system (see War of the currents).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 968]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012225-0003-0000", "contents": "15 kV AC railway electrification, History\nThe 50\u00a0Hz (60\u00a0Hz in North America) AC grid was already established at the beginning of the 20th century. Although series-wound motors can in principle run on AC as well as DC (the reason they are also known as universal motors) large series-wound traction motors had problems with such high frequencies. High inductive reactance of the motor windings caused commutator flashover problems and the non-laminated magnetic pole-pieces originally designed for DC exhibited excessive eddy current losses. Using a lower AC frequency alleviated both problems.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012225-0004-0000", "contents": "15 kV AC railway electrification, History\nIn the German-speaking countries, high-voltage electrification began at 16+2\u20443 hertz, exactly one third of the national power grid frequency of 50\u00a0Hz. This facilitated the operation of rotary converters from the grid frequency and allowed dedicated railway power generators to operate at the same shaft speed as a standard 50\u00a0Hz generator by reducing the number of pole pairs by a factor of three. For example, a generator turning at 1,000 rpm would be wound with two pole pairs rather than six.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012225-0005-0000", "contents": "15 kV AC railway electrification, History\nSeparate plants supply railway power in Austria, Switzerland and Germany, except for Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania and Saxony-Anhalt; converters powered by the grid supply railway power in those two German states plus Sweden and Norway. Norway also has two hydro-electric power plants dedicated for railway power with 16+2\u20443 hertz output.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012225-0006-0000", "contents": "15 kV AC railway electrification, History\nThe first generators were synchronous AC generators or synchronous transformers; however, with the introduction of modern double fed induction generators, the control current induced an undesired DC component, leading to pole overheating problems. This was solved by shifting the frequency slightly away from exactly \u2153 the grid frequency; 16.7 hertz was arbitrarily chosen to remain within the tolerance of existing traction motors. Austria, Switzerland and Southern Germany switched their power plants to 16.7\u00a0Hz on 16 October 1995 at 12:00 CET. Note that regional electrified sections run by synchronous generators keep their frequency of 16+2\u20443 Hz just as Sweden and Norway still run their railway networks at 16+2\u20443 Hz throughout.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 776]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012225-0007-0000", "contents": "15 kV AC railway electrification, History\nOne of the disadvantages of 16.7 Hz locomotives as compared to 50 Hz or 60 Hz locomotives is the heavier transformer required to reduce the overhead line voltage to that used by the motors and their speed control gear. Low frequency transformers need to have heavier magnetic cores and larger windings for the same level of power conversion. (See effect of frequency on the design of transformers.) The heavier transformers also lead to higher axle loads than for those of a higher frequency. This, in turn, leads to increased track wear and increases the need for more frequent track maintenance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012225-0007-0001", "contents": "15 kV AC railway electrification, History\nThe Czech Railways encountered the problem of the reduced power handling of lower frequency transformers when they rebuilt some 25 kV AC, 50 Hz locomotives (series 340) to operate on 15 kV AC, 16.7 Hz lines. As a result of using the same transformer cores (originally designed for 50 Hz) at the lower frequency, the transformers had to be de-rated to one third of their original power handling capability, thereby reducing the available tractive effort by the same amount (to around 1,000\u00a0kW).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012225-0008-0000", "contents": "15 kV AC railway electrification, History\nThese drawbacks, plus the need for a separate supply infrastructure and the lack of any technical advantages with modern motors and controllers has limited the use of 16+2\u20443\u00a0Hz and 16.7\u00a0Hz beyond the original five countries. Most other countries electrified their railways at the utility frequency of 50/60\u00a0Hz. Newer European electrification is mostly 25 kV AC at 50 Hz (primarily in Eastern Europe). Conversion to this voltage/frequency requires higher voltage insulators and greater clearance between lines and bridges and other structures. This is now standard for new overhead lines as well as for modernizing old installations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 674]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012225-0009-0000", "contents": "15 kV AC railway electrification, History\nSimple European standardization with an alignment of voltage/frequency across Europe is not necessarily cost-effective since trans-border traction is more limited by the differing national standards in other areas. To equip an electric locomotive with a transformer for two or more input voltages is cheap compared to the cost of installing multiple train protection systems and to run them through the approval procedure to get access to the railway network in other countries. However, some new high-speed lines to neighbouring countries are already intended to be built to 25 kV (e.g. in Austria to Eastern Europe).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012225-0009-0001", "contents": "15 kV AC railway electrification, History\nNewer locomotives are always built with asynchronous motor control systems that have no problem with a range of input frequencies including DC. However the Deutsche Bahn train operator does still use older models from the standard electric locomotive series - even though some are now as much as 50 years old. As soon as these obsolescent models are decommissioned, it will be easier to standardise, but this may take a few decades to happen. Meanwhile, the Deutsche Bahn tends to order train sets that are capable of running multiple electrification systems.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012225-0010-0000", "contents": "15 kV AC railway electrification, History, Distribution networks\nIn Germany (except Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania and Saxony-Anhalt), Austria and Switzerland, there is a separate single-phase power distribution grid for railway power at 16.7 Hz; the voltage is 110 kV in Germany and Austria and 132 kV in Switzerland. This system is called the centralized railway energy supply. A separate single-phase power distribution grid makes the recuperation of energy during braking extremely easy in comparison with 25\u00a0kV 50\u00a0Hz system tied to 3 phase distribution grid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012225-0011-0000", "contents": "15 kV AC railway electrification, History, Distribution networks\nIn Sweden, Norway, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania and Saxony-Anhalt, the power is taken directly from the three-phase grid (110 kV at 50 Hz), converted to low frequency single phase and fed into the overhead line. This system is called the decentralized (i.e. local) railway energy supply.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012225-0012-0000", "contents": "15 kV AC railway electrification, History, Generation and conversion\nThe centralized system is supplied by special power plants that generate 110 kV (or 132 kV in the Swiss system) AC at 16.7 Hz and by rotary converters or AC/AC converters that are supplied from the national power grid (e.g. 110 kV, 50 Hz), they convert it to 55-0-55\u00a0kV (or 66-0-66\u00a0kV) AC at 16.7 Hz. The 0\u00a0V point is connected to earth through an inductance so that each conductor of the single phase AC power line has a voltage of 55 kV (or 66 kV) with respect to earth potential.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 68], "content_span": [69, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012225-0012-0001", "contents": "15 kV AC railway electrification, History, Generation and conversion\nThis is similar to split-phase electric power systems and results in a balanced line transmission. The inductance through which the earthing is done is designed to limit earth currents in cases of faults on the line. At the transformer substations, the voltage is transformed from 110 kV (or 132 kV) AC to 15 kV AC and the energy is fed into the overhead line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 68], "content_span": [69, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012225-0013-0000", "contents": "15 kV AC railway electrification, History, Generation and conversion, Asynchronous converters\nThe frequency of 16.7 Hz depends on the necessity to avoid synchronism in parts of the rotary machine, which consists principally of a three phase asynchronous motor and a single phase synchronous generator. Since synchronism sets in at a frequency of 16+2\u20443 Hz (according to the technical details) in the single phase system, the frequency of the centralized system was set to 16.7 Hz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 93], "content_span": [94, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012225-0014-0000", "contents": "15 kV AC railway electrification, History, Generation and conversion, Asynchronous converters\nPower plants providing 110 kV, 16.7 Hz, are either dedicated to generating this specific single phase AC or have special generators for the purpose, such as the Neckarwestheim nuclear power plant or the Walchensee hydroelectric power station.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 93], "content_span": [94, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012225-0015-0000", "contents": "15 kV AC railway electrification, History, Generation and conversion, Synchronous converters\nThe power for the decentralized system is taken directly from the national power grid and directly transformed and converted into 15 kV, 16+2\u20443 Hz by synchronous-synchronous-converters or static converters. Both systems need additional transformers. The converters consist of a three-phase synchronous motor and a single-phase synchronous generator. The decentralized system in the north-east of Germany was established by the Deutsche Reichsbahn in the 1980s, because there was no centralized system available in these areas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 92], "content_span": [93, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012225-0016-0000", "contents": "15 kV AC railway electrification, Facilities for 15 kV AC railway electrification in Germany, Austria and Switzerland\nGermany, Austria and Switzerland operate the largest interconnected 15 kV AC system with central generation, and central and local converter plants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 117], "content_span": [118, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012225-0017-0000", "contents": "15 kV AC railway electrification, Germany, Substations\nIn these facilities, electricity is transformed down from 110 kV to the DB level of 15 kV. There is no conversion or generation of power.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 54], "content_span": [55, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012225-0018-0000", "contents": "15 kV AC railway electrification, Germany, Central converter plants\nIn these facilities the AC from the public grid is transformed and converted into the single phase AC and fed into the railway current distribution grid. At some facilities, power is also fed to the overhead line. Conversion is done by rotary converters or electronic inverters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 67], "content_span": [68, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012225-0019-0000", "contents": "15 kV AC railway electrification, Germany, Local converter plants\nIn these facilities the AC from the public grid is transformed and converted into the single phase AC and fed to the overhead line. Conversion is done by rotary converters or electronic inverters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 65], "content_span": [66, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012225-0020-0000", "contents": "15 kV AC railway electrification, Switzerland, Substations\nIn these facilities electricity is transformed down from 132 kV or 66 kV to 15 kV. There is no conversion or generation of power.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 58], "content_span": [59, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012225-0021-0000", "contents": "15 kV AC railway electrification, Switzerland, Central converter plants\nIn these facilities the AC from public grid is transformed and converted into the single phase AC and fed into the railway current distribution grid. At some facilities, power is also fed to the overhead line. Conversion is done by rotary converters or electronic inverters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 71], "content_span": [72, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012225-0022-0000", "contents": "15 kV AC railway electrification, Austria, Substations\nIn these facilities electricity is transformed down from 110 kV to 15 kV. No conversion or generation of power takes place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 54], "content_span": [55, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012225-0023-0000", "contents": "15 kV AC railway electrification, Austria, Central converter plants\nIn these facilities the AC from the public grid is transformed and converted into the single phase AC and fed into the railway current distribution grid. At some facilities, power is also fed to the overhead line. Conversion is done by rotary converters or electronic inverters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 67], "content_span": [68, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012225-0024-0000", "contents": "15 kV AC railway electrification, Norway\nIn Norway all electric railways use 16 kV 162\u20443 Hz AC  (except the Thamshavnbanen museum railway which uses 6.6 kV 25\u00a0Hz AC). The Oslo T-bane and tramways use 750 V DC power.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 40], "content_span": [41, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012225-0025-0000", "contents": "15 kV AC railway electrification, Sweden\nIn Sweden most electric railways use 15 kV 162\u20443 Hz AC. Exceptions include: Saltsj\u00f6banan and Roslagsbanan (1.5 kV DC), the Stockholm Metro (650 V and 750 V DC) and tramways (750 V DC). The Oresund Bridge linking Sweden and Denmark is electrified at 25 kV, Danish standard; the split is located on the Swedish side near the bridge. Only two-system trains (or diesel trains; rare) can pass the point.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 40], "content_span": [41, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012226-0000-0000", "contents": "15 km, Kemerovo Oblast\n15 km (Russian: 15 \u043a\u043c) is a rural locality (a settlement) in Topkinskoye Rural Settlement of Topkinsky District, Russia. The  population was 0 as of 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012227-0000-0000", "contents": "15 let Kasakhstan\n15 let Kasakhstan (Kazakh: \u049a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u049b\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0493\u0430 15 \u0436\u044b\u043b Russian: 15 \u043b\u0435\u0442 \u041a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0445\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0430) is a village located in the Gabit Musirepov District of North Kazakhstan Region in northern Kazakhstan. Population: 243 (2009 Census results);.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012228-0000-0000", "contents": "15 mil dibujos\n\"15 mil dibujos\" (15 thousand drawings) is a 1942 Chilean animated film of 35 millimeters made by the filmmakers Juan Carlos Trupp and Jaime Escudero Sanhueza, considered the third Chilean animated film, \"15 mil dibujos\" was filmed by Enrique Soto and musicalized by The Chilean band Los Huasos Quincheros. Other animated films of Chile that are currently lost are: \"Transmisi\u00f3n del mando presidencial\" and \"Vida y milagros de Don Fausto\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012228-0001-0000", "contents": "15 mil dibujos, Plot\nThe story recounts the adventures from the condor anthropomorphous, Copuchita (whose name comes of the Chilean term \"Copucha\"), and of his friends, the Cougar dressed as mapuche Manihuel, the rooster dressed as huaso \u00d1o Benhaiga, and a woman young named Clarita.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012228-0002-0000", "contents": "15 mil dibujos, Production\nIn 1930s Carlos Trupp met Jaime Escudero at the Arquitecture of Pontifical Catholic University of Chile in a workshop on the corner of Lira and Marcoleta, a street in the Santiago's center. And both began the realization of this short in an artisanal way, taking place in a workshop in the corner of the street \"Lira con Marcoleta\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 26], "content_span": [27, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012228-0002-0001", "contents": "15 mil dibujos, Production\nThe film received financial help from friends and family of directors Trupp and Escudero, like Leopoldina, grandmother of Carlos Trupp, what made the music of the film, Escudero y Trupp wonning the support and financing of CORFO and the Corporaci\u00f3n Chilena del Salitre (\"Chilean Saltpeter Corporation\"), where Escudero's father worked, who was a lawyer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 26], "content_span": [27, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012228-0003-0000", "contents": "15 mil dibujos, Production\nAccording to an interview with Escudero from the \"Museo de la Historieta de Chile\" (Chilean Cartoon Museum), the central idea of the film was born out of his interest in dignifying the Roto Chilean, and from this concept a large part of the characters were designed, Copuchita, the main character of the film, wears a typical hat of a Roto.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 26], "content_span": [27, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012228-0003-0001", "contents": "15 mil dibujos, Production\nAccording Escudero: \"I am already 87 years old, so I apologize for forgetting some things,\" says Escudero, however, Escudero was certain that it was a long-term film, since scenes filmed with actors to extend your footage, this sequences were filmed in Chilefilms, this was stated by Escudero, despite the great efforts of Escudero and Trupp, the movie went unfinished for a long time, which caused a drop in mood, especially from family members, since the monetary demand was very high.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 26], "content_span": [27, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012228-0004-0000", "contents": "15 mil dibujos, Production\nIn 1941 Walt Disney during your visit in Chile, visited Lira con Marcoleta, and watched the movie progress, Disney support and advice them to do their work more efficiently, since until then they used basic and handmade materials. After finishing his visit to Disney, seeing the effort put into production, he invited the filmmakers to work with him in United States, but this was never fulfilled due to the tense situation that the North American country during the World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 26], "content_span": [27, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012228-0004-0001", "contents": "15 mil dibujos, Production\nAlthough Escudero was the cartoonist, he recognizes that the presence of Carlos Trupp was what helped him to continue with the project, according to Escudero, Carlos Trupp was a fairly hyperkinetic young man. Escudero did not hesitate to consider that the film \"was not good\", against this Victor Uribe he pointed out that \"Don Escudero detracts from his own work\" and affirmed \"but the value of this material as a historical document is invaluable\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 26], "content_span": [27, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012228-0005-0000", "contents": "15 mil dibujos, Reception\nThis film was premiered in a room from Santiago de Chile on December 24, 1942, after a week of its publication, the film was a box office flop, and the criticisms from the \"Ecran\" magazine on December 29, 1942 were mainly negative. in addition, the creators, unable to collect the money invested, were indebted to the cinemas that showed it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012228-0006-0000", "contents": "15 mil dibujos, Reception\nOn November 5, 1947 Carlos Trupp directed the documentary \"Santiago de Cuatro Siglos\", a film on Black and white of 35 millimeters, that tells the Santiago de chile's story. The movie whose duration was 30 minutes, was scripted by Orlando Cabrera Leiva, filmed by Luis Bernal and sponsored by the Municipality of Las Condes. On the other hand Jaime Escudero later worked in other areas: either working in magazines like \"El Cabrito\" and \"El Peneca\", or creating the logos of the stations in the 1980s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012228-0007-0000", "contents": "15 mil dibujos, Reception, Conservation status\nAbout 2 years before 2001, Rodrigo Trupp, a Carlos Trupp's grandson, came across at their house located in Chicago, United States a chest what contained a old copy of the tape. Later he try to restore the tape \"15 mil dibujos\", thing that was never completed. Later, the Trupp's grandson along with Victor Uribe joined forces to go in search of lost pieces of the film and money to complete the project. Uribe asked for a total of $1 million, as Uribe explained: \"My idea is to transfer this material from film to video and make a short film\", however they did not continue with the project.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 46], "content_span": [47, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012228-0008-0000", "contents": "15 mil dibujos, Reception, Conservation status\nKylie Trupp, a Trupp's granddaughter and student at the University of the Americas, began a search to try to rediscover all the material that had been left over of the tape, in this way, he obtained a trunk containing rolls of the film \"15 mil dibujos\". According to the Chilean magazine El Mercurio, Kylie reported this discovery to the teachers of the university, who were in charge of the restoration and digitization of the work together with the Cineteca Nacional. While was not achieved to discover all the material of the tape, the little material that Kylie Trupp could find, her present it at the 2014 Noche de Monos Festival of  UDLA, and later uploaded to their YouTube account.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 46], "content_span": [47, 736]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012228-0009-0000", "contents": "15 mil dibujos, In other media\nIn 1960 were used scenes from this film in the documentary \"Recordando\" by Edmundo Urrutia, in 2012, the Cineteca Nacional de Chile rediscovered a fragment of the film found in the aforementioned film but without its audio original. In 1962, during the production of the film \"Condorito en el Circo\" (film which was never released), the magazine \"Ecran\" published an article mentioning that Copuchita could be Condorito's father.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 30], "content_span": [31, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012228-0009-0001", "contents": "15 mil dibujos, In other media\nIn an interview with one of the film's directors together with \"Ergocomics.cl\" he pointed out that \u00abthe character \"Copuchita\" is from 1941 and Condorito appeared in \"Okey\" in 1949, so it must be one of the inspirations of Condorito, since Pepo met him and at some point talked about him, but nothing that can be proven, in any case it is an honor if it was so\u00bb.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 30], "content_span": [31, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012229-0000-0000", "contents": "15 minutes of fame\n15 minutes of fame is short-lived media publicity or celebrity of an individual or phenomenon. The expression was inspired by a quotation misattributed to Andy Warhol: \"In the future, everyone will be world-famous for 15 minutes.\" Attributed to two other people, the first printed use was in the program for a 1968 exhibition of Warhol's work at the Moderna Museet in Stockholm, Sweden. The phenomenon is often used in reference to figures in the entertainment industry or other areas of popular culture, such as reality television and YouTube.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012229-0001-0000", "contents": "15 minutes of fame\nAn older version of the same concept in English is the expression \"nine days' wonder.\" This phrase dates at least as far back as the Elizabethan era, referencing William Kempe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012229-0002-0000", "contents": "15 minutes of fame, Origins\nWarhol's alleged quotation first appeared in print in a program for his 1968 exhibit at the Moderna Museet in Stockholm, Sweden. In the autumn of 1967, Pontus Hult\u00e9n (the director for the Moderna Museet) asked Olle Granath to help with the production of the exhibit, which was due to open in February 1968. Granath was tasked with writing a program for the exhibit, complete with Swedish translations. He was given a box of writings by and about Warhol to use for the program.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012229-0002-0001", "contents": "15 minutes of fame, Origins\nGranath claims that submitting his manuscript, Hult\u00e9n asked him to insert the quote: \"In the future, everyone will be world-famous for 15 minutes.\" To which Granath replied that quote was not in the material he was given. Hult\u00e9n replied, \"if he didn\u2019t say it, he could very well have said it. Let\u2019s put it in.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012229-0003-0000", "contents": "15 minutes of fame, Origins\nPhotographer Nat Finkelstein claimed credit for the expression, stating that he was photographing Warhol in 1966 for a proposed book. A crowd gathered trying to get into the pictures and Warhol supposedly remarked that everyone wants to be famous, to which Finkelstein replied, \"Yeah, for about fifteen minutes, Andy.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012229-0004-0000", "contents": "15 minutes of fame, Interpretation\nGerman art historian Benjamin H. D. Buchloh suggests that the core tenet of Warhol's aesthetic, being \"the systematic invalidation of the hierarchies of representational functions and techniques\" of art, corresponds directly to the belief that the \"hierarchy of subjects worthy to be represented will someday be abolished;\" hence, anybody, and therefore \"everybody,\" can be famous once that hierarchy dissipates, \"in the future,\" and by logical extension of that, \"in the future, everybody will be famous,\" and not merely those individuals worthy of fame.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 34], "content_span": [35, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012229-0005-0000", "contents": "15 minutes of fame, Interpretation\nOn the other hand, wide proliferation of the adapted idiom \"my fifteen minutes\" and its entrance into common parlance have led to a slightly different application, having to do with both the ephemerality of fame in the information age and, more recently, the democratization of media outlets brought about by the advent of the internet. In this formulation, Warhol's quote has been taken to mean: \"At the present, because there are so many channels by which an individual might attain fame, albeit not enduring fame, virtually anyone can become famous for a brief period of time.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 34], "content_span": [35, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012229-0006-0000", "contents": "15 minutes of fame, Interpretation\nThere is a third and even more remote interpretation of the term, as used by an individual who has been legitimately famous or skirted celebrity for a brief period of time, that period of time being their \"fifteen minutes.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 34], "content_span": [35, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012229-0007-0000", "contents": "15 minutes of fame, Interpretation\nJohn Langer suggests that 15 minutes of fame is an enduring concept because it permits everyday activities to become \"great effects.\" Tabloid journalism and the paparazzi have accelerated this trend, turning what may have before been isolated coverage into continuing media coverage even after the initial reason for media interest has passed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 34], "content_span": [35, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012229-0008-0000", "contents": "15 minutes of fame, Derivative phrases\nOn their 1987 album Yoyo, Bourgeois Tagg have a song called \"15 Minutes In The Sun\" that is a direct reference to the Warhol statement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 38], "content_span": [39, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012229-0009-0000", "contents": "15 minutes of fame, Derivative phrases\nIn the song \"I Can't Read\", released by David Bowie's Tin Machine in their 1989 debut album and re-released by Bowie in 1997 for the soundtrack of the movie The Ice Storm, the phrase is used in direct reference to Andy Warhol: \"Andy, where's my 15 minutes?\" The age of reality television has seen the comment wryly updated as: \"In the future, everyone will be obscure for 15 minutes.\" The British artist Banksy has made a sculpture of a TV that has, written on its screen, \"In the future, everyone will be anonymous for 15 minutes,\" which was later used in the lyrics of Robbie Williams' song \"The Actor\" from his 2006 album Rudebox.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 38], "content_span": [39, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012229-0010-0000", "contents": "15 minutes of fame, Derivative phrases\nA more recent adaptation of Warhol's quip, possibly prompted by the rise of online social networking, blogging, and internet celebrity, is the claim that \"In the future, everyone will be famous to fifteen people\" or, in some renditions, \"On the Web, everyone will be famous to fifteen people\". This quote, though attributed to David Weinberger, was said to have originated with the Scottish artist Momus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 38], "content_span": [39, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012229-0011-0000", "contents": "15 minutes of fame, Derivative phrases\nThe Marilyn Manson song \"I Don't Like the Drugs (But the Drugs Like Me)\", released on his 1998 album Mechanical Animals, alludes to the term in the line \"We're rehabbed and we're ready for our fifteen minutes of shame\", as part of the song's theme of unrepentant escapism through drugs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 38], "content_span": [39, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012229-0012-0000", "contents": "15 minutes of fame, Derivative phrases\nIn 1993, the British techno/industrial music group Sheep on Drugs released a single \"15 Minutes of Fame\" which reached the lower reaches of the UK Singles Chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 38], "content_span": [39, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012229-0013-0000", "contents": "15 minutes of fame, Derivative phrases\nMusician and actor Tim Minchin refers to the phrase (and to Warhol explicitly) in his song \"15 minutes\", wherein the phrase \"15 minutes of shame\" is sung repeatedly to describe the phenomenon of online shaming.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 38], "content_span": [39, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012230-0000-0000", "contents": "15 of the Best\n15 of the Best is a compilation album by Canadian Country singer Anne Murray. It was released by Liberty Records in the spring of 1992. The album peaked at number 62 on the Billboard Top Country Albums chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012231-0000-0000", "contents": "15 point Programme for minorities\nPrime Minister\u2019s New 15 point Programme for minorities is a programme launched by Indian government for welfare of religious minorities in furtherance of  reports by committees such as the Sachar Committee Report that highlighted that minorities, especially Muslims, in the country were often in a worse socio-economic and political condition than communities such as the Scheduled Casts and Scheduled tribes communities that have  been oppressed over millennia through the caste system (also referred to as the varna system). It pegged the status of minorities on various indicators such as nutrition, health, education et al.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012231-0000-0001", "contents": "15 point Programme for minorities\nof minorities and specially Muslims at an abysmally poor level. The 15 point program was the government's response to these finding by laying down guidelines to target minorities in schemes and entitlements that are already in place and designing and executing new schemes aimed at the empowerment of these groups. The programme advocated allocating 15% of plan outlays of welfare schemes identified under the 15 point programme.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012231-0001-0000", "contents": "15 point Programme for minorities, 15 Points\nThree more schemes were introduced into the 15 point programme for minorities in 2009 namely:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 44], "content_span": [45, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012231-0002-0000", "contents": "15 point Programme for minorities, 15 Points\nCertain state governments have opposed the allocation of resources  based on religion and called it communal budgeting and a ploy to divide society on religious lines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 44], "content_span": [45, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012232-0000-0000", "contents": "15 puzzle\nThe 15 puzzle (also called Gem Puzzle, Boss Puzzle, Game of Fifteen, Mystic Square and many others) is a sliding puzzle having 15 square tiles numbered 1\u201315 in a frame that is 4 tiles high and 4 tiles wide, leaving one unoccupied tile position. Tiles in the same row or column of the open position can be moved by sliding them horizontally or vertically, respectively. The goal of the puzzle is to place the tiles in numerical order.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012232-0001-0000", "contents": "15 puzzle\nNamed for the number of tiles in the frame, the 15 puzzle may also be called a 16 puzzle, alluding to its total tile capacity. Similar names are used for different sized variants of the 15 puzzle, such as the 8 puzzle that has 8 tiles in a 3\u00d73 frame.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012232-0002-0000", "contents": "15 puzzle\nThe n puzzle is a classical problem for modelling algorithms involving heuristics. Commonly used heuristics for this problem include counting the number of misplaced tiles and finding the sum of the taxicab distances between each block and its position in the goal configuration. Note that both are admissible, i.e. they never overestimate the number of moves left, which ensures optimality for certain search algorithms such as A*.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012232-0003-0000", "contents": "15 puzzle, Mathematics, Solvability\nJohnson & Story (1879) used a parity argument to show that half of the starting positions for the n puzzle are impossible to resolve, no matter how many moves are made. This is done by considering a function of the tile configuration that is invariant under any valid move, and then using this to partition the space of all possible labeled states into two equivalence classes of reachable and unreachable states.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 35], "content_span": [36, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012232-0004-0000", "contents": "15 puzzle, Mathematics, Solvability\nThe invariant is the parity of the permutation of all 16 squares plus the parity of the taxicab distance (number of rows plus number of columns) of the empty square from the lower right corner. This is an invariant because each move changes both the parity of the permutation and the parity of the taxicab distance. In particular, if the empty square is in the lower right corner then the puzzle is solvable if and only if the permutation of the remaining pieces is even.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 35], "content_span": [36, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012232-0005-0000", "contents": "15 puzzle, Mathematics, Solvability\nJohnson & Story (1879) also showed that the converse holds on boards of size m\u00d7n provided m and n are both at least 2: all even permutations are solvable. This is straightforward but a little messy to prove by induction on m and n starting with m=n=2. Archer (1999) gave another proof, based on defining equivalence classes via a hamiltonian path.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 35], "content_span": [36, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012232-0006-0000", "contents": "15 puzzle, Mathematics, Solvability\nWilson (1974) studied the generalization of the 15 puzzle to arbitrary finite graphs, the original problem being the case of a 4\u00d74 grid graph. The problem has some degenerate cases where the answer is either trivial or a simple combination of the answers to the same problem on some subgraphs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 35], "content_span": [36, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012232-0006-0001", "contents": "15 puzzle, Mathematics, Solvability\nNamely, for paths and polygons, the puzzle has no freedom; if the graph is disconnected, only the connected component of the vertex with the \"empty space\" is relevant; and if there is an articulation vertex the problem reduces to the same puzzle on each of the biconnected components of that vertex. Excluding these cases, Wilson showed that other than one exceptional graph on 7 vertices, it is possible to obtain all permutations unless the graph is bipartite, in which case exactly the even permutations can be obtained. The exceptional graph is a regular hexagon with one diagonal and a vertex at the center added; only 1/6 of its permutations can be attained.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 35], "content_span": [36, 700]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012232-0007-0000", "contents": "15 puzzle, Mathematics, Solvability\nFor larger versions of the n puzzle, finding a solution is easy, but the problem of finding the shortest solution is NP-hard. It is also NP-hard to approximate the fewest slides within an additive constant, but there is a polynomial-time constant-factor approximation. For the 15 puzzle, lengths of optimal solutions range from 0 to 80 single-tile moves (there are 17 configurations requiring 80 moves) or 43 multi-tile moves; the 8 puzzle always can be solved in no more than 31 single-tile moves or 24 multi-tile moves (integer sequence ). The multi-tile metric counts subsequent moves of the empty tile in the same direction as one.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 35], "content_span": [36, 671]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012232-0008-0000", "contents": "15 puzzle, Mathematics, Solvability\nThe number of possible positions of the 24 puzzle is 25!/2 \u2248 7.76\u00d71024 which is too many to calculate God's number. In 2011, lower bounds of 152 single-tile moves or 41 multi-tile moves had been established, as well as upper bounds of 208 single-tile moves or 109 multi-tile moves. In 2016, the upper bound was improved to 205 single-tile moves.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 35], "content_span": [36, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012232-0009-0000", "contents": "15 puzzle, Mathematics, Solvability\nThe transformations of the fifteen puzzle form a groupoid (not a group, as not all moves can be composed); this groupoid acts on configurations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 35], "content_span": [36, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012232-0010-0000", "contents": "15 puzzle, Mathematics, Group Theory\nBecause the combinations of the 15 puzzle can be generated by 3-cycles, it can be proved that the 15 puzzle can be represented by the alternating group A15{\\displaystyle A_{15}}. In fact, any 2k\u22121{\\displaystyle 2k-1} sliding puzzle with square tiles of equal size can be represented by A2k\u22121{\\displaystyle A_{2k-1}}.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 36], "content_span": [37, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012232-0011-0000", "contents": "15 puzzle, Alternate proof\nIn an alternate view of the problem, we can consider the invariant to be the sum of the parity of the number of inversions in the current order of the 15 numbered pieces and the parity of the difference in the row number of the empty square from the row number of the last row. (Let's call it row distance from the last row.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 26], "content_span": [27, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012232-0011-0001", "contents": "15 puzzle, Alternate proof\nThis is an invariant because each column move, when we move a piece within the same column, changes both the parity of the number of inversions (by changing the number of inversions by \u00b11, \u00b13) and the parity of the row distance from the last row (changing row distance by \u00b11); and each row move, when we move a piece within the same row, does not change any of the two parities. Now if we look at the solved state of the puzzle, this sum is even.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 26], "content_span": [27, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012232-0011-0002", "contents": "15 puzzle, Alternate proof\nHence it is easy to prove by induction that any state of the puzzle for which the above sum is odd cannot be solvable. In particular, if the empty square is in the lower right corner (even anywhere in the last row) then the puzzle is solvable if and only if the number of inversions of the numbered pieces is even.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 26], "content_span": [27, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012232-0012-0000", "contents": "15 puzzle, History\nThe puzzle was \"invented\" by Noyes Palmer Chapman, a postmaster in Canastota, New York, who is said to have shown friends, as early as 1874, a precursor puzzle consisting of 16 numbered blocks that were to be put together in rows of four, each summing to 34.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 18], "content_span": [19, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012232-0012-0001", "contents": "15 puzzle, History\nCopies of the improved Fifteen Puzzle made their way to Syracuse, New York, by way of Noyes' son, Frank, and from there, via sundry connections, to Watch Hill, Rhode Island, and finally to Hartford (Connecticut), where students in the American School for the Deaf started manufacturing the puzzle and, by December 1879, selling them both locally and in Boston, Massachusetts. Shown one of these, Matthias Rice, who ran a fancy woodworking business in Boston, started manufacturing the puzzle sometime in December 1879 and convinced a \"Yankee Notions\" fancy goods dealer to sell them under the name of \"Gem Puzzle\". In late January 1880, Dr. Charles Pevey, a dentist in Worcester, Massachusetts, garnered some attention by offering a cash reward for a solution to the Fifteen Puzzle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 18], "content_span": [19, 801]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012232-0013-0000", "contents": "15 puzzle, History\nThe game became a craze in the U.S. in 1880.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 18], "content_span": [19, 63]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012232-0014-0000", "contents": "15 puzzle, History\nNoyes Chapman had applied for a patent on his \"Block Solitaire Puzzle\" on February 21, 1880. However, that patent was rejected, likely because it was not sufficiently different from the August 20, 1878 \"Puzzle-Blocks\" patent (US 207124) granted to Ernest U. Kinsey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 18], "content_span": [19, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012232-0015-0000", "contents": "15 puzzle, History, Sam Loyd\nSam Loyd claimed from 1891 until his death in 1911 that he invented the puzzle, for example writing in the Cyclopedia of Puzzles (published 1914): \"The older inhabitants of Puzzleland will remember how in the early seventies I drove the entire world crazy over a little box of movable pieces which became known as the '14-15 Puzzle'.\" However, Loyd had nothing to do with the invention or initial popularity of the puzzle, and in any case, the craze was in 1880, not the early 1870s. Loyd's first article about the puzzle was published in 1886 and it was not until 1891 that he first claimed to have been the inventor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 28], "content_span": [29, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012232-0016-0000", "contents": "15 puzzle, History, Sam Loyd\nSome later interest was fuelled by Loyd offering a $1,000 prize for anyone who could provide a solution for achieving a particular combination specified by Loyd, namely reversing the 14 and 15, called by Loyd the 14-15 puzzle. This was impossible, as had been shown over a decade earlier by Johnson & Story (1879), as it required a transformation from an even to an odd permutation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 28], "content_span": [29, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012232-0017-0000", "contents": "15 puzzle, Miscellaneous\nThe Minus Cube, manufactured in the USSR, is a 3D puzzle with similar operations to the 15 puzzle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 24], "content_span": [25, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012232-0018-0000", "contents": "15 puzzle, Miscellaneous\nBobby Fischer was an expert at solving the 15-Puzzle. He had been timed to be able to solve it within 25 seconds; Fischer demonstrated this on November 8, 1972, on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 24], "content_span": [25, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012233-0000-0000", "contents": "15 till Midnight\n15 till Midnight is a 2010 science fiction film directed by Wolfgang Meyer and written by Brandon Slagle, who also stars in the film. The film also stars Dee Martin and Devanny Pinn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012233-0001-0000", "contents": "15 till Midnight, Plot\nLukas Reyes is trapped in a seemingly endless loop between parallel existences, one being occupied by his spouse, Sera, and another being occupied by a relation from another life, Nara. As worlds seem to begin colliding and further bleeding into one another, he finds himself pursued by a group of shadow-men known as \"The Knowers\". The common thread between everything being a significance with the time 11:45 - fifteen minutes until midnight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012234-0000-0000", "contents": "15 \u00c9xitos (Alejandra Guzm\u00e1n album)\n15 \u00c9xitos is a compilation album by Mexican singer Alejandra Guzm\u00e1n. It was released by her former record label Fonovisa and includes fifteen tracks recorded by her from 1988 to 1991.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012235-0000-0000", "contents": "15 \u00c9xitos Vol. 2 (Los Caminantes album)\n15 \u00c9xitos Vol. 2 is a compilation album by Mexican group Los Caminantes, released in 1985 on Luna Records. It is the second of a three volume greatest hits collection from their Supe Perder, Especialmente Para Usted, and Numero Tres albums.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012236-0000-0000", "contents": "15 \u00c9xitos Vol. 3 (Los Caminantes album)\n15 \u00c9xitos Vol. 3 is a compilation album by Mexican group Los Caminantes, released in 1987 on Luna Records. It is the third of a three volume greatest hits collection from their Corridos Al Estilo De Los Caminantes, Porque Tengo Tu Amor, Cada Dia Mejor, and De Guanajuato...Para America! albums.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012237-0000-0000", "contents": "15 \u00c9xitos de Juan Gabriel\n15 \u00c9xitos de Juan Gabriel is a compilation album released by Juan Gabriel in 1981. Re -released on August 3, 2004.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012238-0000-0000", "contents": "15 \u00e9xitos (Flor Silvestre album)\n15 \u00e9xitos (English: 15 Hits) is a greatest hits album by Mexican singer Flor Silvestre, released in 1984 by Musart Records. The 1989 CD reissue and most recent releases of this compilation include \"Mi destino fue quererte\" as the first track.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012239-0000-0000", "contents": "15 \u00e9xitos, vol. 2 (Flor Silvestre album)\n15 \u00e9xitos, vol. 2 is a greatest hits album by Mexican singer Flor Silvestre, released in 1989 by Musart Records. It includes fifteen of Flor Silvestre's hits from the late 1950s to the late 1960s. Originally released as an LP record, it has been reissued several times on compact cassette, CD, and digital download.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012240-0000-0000", "contents": "15&\n15& (Korean: \ud53c\ud504\ud2f4\uc564\ub4dc, also known as Fifteen And) was a South Korean duo formed by JYP Entertainment in 2012. The duo consisted of Park Ji-min and Baek Ye-rin. The name means '15' being their age at debut and the \u2018&\u2019 in '15&' means that they can have success into the future. They debuted with and released their debut single \"I Dream\" on October 5, 2012. Following a four-year hiatus which began in February 2015, the group de facto disbanded upon the expiration of both member's contracts with JYP Entertainment in 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012240-0001-0000", "contents": "15&, History, Formation\nIn 2012, Park Ji-min was the first-place winner of the South Korean reality TV competition, \"K-pop Star\". With the opportunity of signing with three major record labels (YG Entertainment, SM Entertainment and JYP Entertainment), she had chosen to sign with JYP Entertainment on May 21.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 23], "content_span": [24, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012240-0002-0000", "contents": "15&, History, Formation\nWhen Baek Ye-rin was ten years old, she was introduced as a \"R&B genius\" on Star King. In 2008, she auditioned with Beyonc\u00e9\u2019s \"Listen\" and was accepted as a trainee at the same time as 2PM's Wooyoung and Highlight's Doo-joon. Baek had been a JYP trainee for over four years before she officially debuted with Park.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 23], "content_span": [24, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012240-0003-0000", "contents": "15&, History, 2012\u20132013: Debut with I Dream and Somebody\n15&'s debut single I Dream was released on October 5, 2012. The duo's debut officially began on October 7, 2012, performing on SBS Inkigayo. On October 12, 2012, 15& held their \u2018school attack\u2019 guerrilla concerts. The girls performed at the Chungdam Middle School, Eonnam Middle School, Sungil Information High School and Dankook University. For a total of eight hours, 15& held a surprise concert at each school, performing their debut song and their cover versions of Alicia Keys's \"Put It in a Love Song\", and Sistar19's \"Ma Boy\". The event attracted a total of 5,000 in attendance. Not only the students who attended the schools were there, but also the citizens living nearby who heard the news of the free concert.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 56], "content_span": [57, 776]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012240-0004-0000", "contents": "15&, History, 2012\u20132013: Debut with I Dream and Somebody\n15&'s second single Somebody was released on April 7, 2013. The music video showed the two parodying the \"K-Pop Star\" judge panel while reacting to staged auditions/cameos by Park Jin-young and some of Park Ji-min's fellow contestants from K-pop Star 1. On April 7, 2013, 15& made their comeback performance on K-pop Star 2 finale with \"Somebody\". Upon its release on the same day, the song rose to the summit of music charts on Olleh, Melon, Daum and others.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 56], "content_span": [57, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012240-0005-0000", "contents": "15&, History, 2014\u20132019: Can't Hide It, Sugar, Love is Madness, and unofficial disbandment\n15&'s third single Can't Hide It was released on April 13. On the same day, they made their comeback performance on K-pop Star 3 finale with \"Can't Hide It.\" It was also revealed that their first album is scheduled to be released in May 2014. 15&'s first album Sugar was released on May 26, 2014. They made their comeback on Mnet's M Countdown on May 29, 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 90], "content_span": [91, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012240-0006-0000", "contents": "15&, History, 2014\u20132019: Can't Hide It, Sugar, Love is Madness, and unofficial disbandment\n15& released the fourth single Love Is Madness, featuring Kanto of Troy on February 8, 2015. They performed the song for the first time along with other songs on February 14, 2015 for their Valentine's Day concert for singles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 90], "content_span": [91, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012240-0007-0000", "contents": "15&, History, 2014\u20132019: Can't Hide It, Sugar, Love is Madness, and unofficial disbandment\nFollowing four year of hiatus, the expiration and non-renewal of Park Ji-min's contract with JYP Entertainment in August 2019 led to the group's de facto disbanding.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 90], "content_span": [91, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012241-0000-0000", "contents": "15,000 BC in art, Events\nCave paintings were born during this time period. Historians now use these cave paintings as a guide to help them unravel our civilization's history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 24], "content_span": [25, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012242-0000-0000", "contents": "15,000 Kids and Counting\n15,000 Kids and Counting is a three-part British documentary on Channel 4, first shown in April 2014. It deals with children put up for adoption in the UK. The title is a reference to the American show 19 Kids and Counting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012243-0000-0000", "contents": "15,000 Miles in a Ketch\n15,000 Miles in a Ketch is a non-fiction book written by French explorer and sailor Captain Raymond Rallier du Baty, published by Thomas Nelson and Sons in 1922. The book describes Captain du Baty's experience on the voyage of the J.B. Charcot, a small French fishing ketch which weighed 48 tons. The aim of this voyage was to chart the subantarctic Kerguelen Islands, which they funded by hunting southern elephant seals in the local area and selling their oil. The crew set out from Boulogne in September 1907. and sailed across the South Atlantic, Antarctic and Indian seas to outside Melbourne Harbour in July 1909. The voyage totalled a distance of 15,000 miles, which is where the name of the novel originates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 740]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012243-0001-0000", "contents": "15,000 Miles in a Ketch, Translations\nAlthough du Baty's native language was French, 15,000 Miles in a Ketch was first published in English. It was later translated to and published in French in 1991 by Ed. maritimes et d'outre-mer under the title, Aventures aux Kerguelen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 37], "content_span": [38, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012243-0002-0000", "contents": "15,000 Miles in a Ketch, Preface\nSince Francis Drake went round the world in the Golden Hind there has perhaps been no voyage quite so venturesome as that in a little French fishing ketch, of forty-five tons, called the J.B. Charcot, which set out from Boulogne in September of the year 1907, and, sailing across the South Atlantic, and the Antarctic and Indian seas, lay to outside Melbourne Harbour in July 1909 - a distance of 15,000 miles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012243-0003-0000", "contents": "15,000 Miles in a Ketch, Preface\nShe was commanded by two young French-men hardly more than boys in age, though captains in the French merchant service, named Raymond and Henri du Baty, and she carried a tiny crew of one seaman and three lads.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012243-0004-0000", "contents": "15,000 Miles in a Ketch, Preface\nWhen a little while ago Captain Raymond Rallier du Baty was welcomed home by the French Geographical Society, Prince Roland Bonaparte, its president, summed up the voyage in the following words:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012243-0005-0000", "contents": "15,000 Miles in a Ketch, Preface\n'You are sixteenth-century adventurers,' he said, 'who have been lost in the twentieth.'", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012243-0006-0000", "contents": "15,000 Miles in a Ketch, Preface\nThe story of their remarkable trip in the little J. B. Charcot, named after the famous French explorer who has just returned from the Antarctic, as written by the leader of the expedition, is a true and vivid tale of romance and adventure which carries one back to the youth of the world, when men first began to venture out into unknown seas in frail craft. With high spirits, full of French gaiety, he tells of terrific storms encountered by his fishing boat, and of the many hardships which they faced with brave hearts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012244-0000-0000", "contents": "15,16-Dihydroxy-alpha-eleostearic acid\n15,16-Dihydroxy-\u03b1-eleostearic acid, or 15,16-Dihydroxy-(9Z,11E,13E)-9,11,13-octadecatrienoic acid, is an organic compound with formula C18H30O4, or H3C-CH2-(-CH(OH)-)2(-CH=CH-)3-(-CH2-)7-(C=O)OH. It can be seen as derived from \u03b1-eleostearic acid by the replacement of two hydrogen atoms by two hydroxyl (OH) groups.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012244-0001-0000", "contents": "15,16-Dihydroxy-alpha-eleostearic acid\nThe compound is found in the pulp and seeds of bitter melons (the fruits of Momordica charantia). It has been found to induce apoptosis in HL60 leukemia cells in vitro at a concentration of 160 \u03bcM, although it is less potent in this regard than the unsubstituted \u03b1-eleostearic acid (also found in the seed oil). While \u03b1-eleostearic acid has been found to prevent carcinogenesis in rats, this derivative does not seem to have that effect.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012244-0002-0000", "contents": "15,16-Dihydroxy-alpha-eleostearic acid\nThe compound can be extracted from the fruit with ethanol, and is soluble in ethyl acetate but not in water or acetone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012245-0000-0000", "contents": "15,16-dihydrobiliverdin:ferredoxin oxidoreductase\n15,16-dihydrobiliverdin:ferredoxin oxidoreductase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012245-0001-0000", "contents": "15,16-dihydrobiliverdin:ferredoxin oxidoreductase\nThe two substrates of this enzyme are 15,16-dihydrobiliverdin and oxidized ferredoxin, whereas its two products are biliverdin IXalpha and reduced ferredoxin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012245-0002-0000", "contents": "15,16-dihydrobiliverdin:ferredoxin oxidoreductase, Classification\n15,16-dihydrobiliverdin:ferredoxin oxidoreductase belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-CH group of donor with an iron-sulfur protein as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 15,16-dihydrobiliverdin:ferredoxin oxidoreductase. This enzyme is also called PebA. This enzyme participates in porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 65], "content_span": [66, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012246-0000-0000", "contents": "15-25 Dalgety Road, Millers Point\n15-25 Dalgety Road, Millers Point are heritage-listed terrace houses located at 15-25 Dalgety Terrace, in the inner city Sydney suburb of Millers Point in the City of Sydney local government area of New South Wales, Australia. The property is also called Dalgety Terraces and Dalgety Terrace. The property was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012246-0001-0000", "contents": "15-25 Dalgety Road, Millers Point, History\nMillers Point is one of the earliest areas of European settlement in Australia, and a focus for maritime activities. These are a group of early twentieth century workman's terraces built c.\u20091911 as part of the post plague redevelopment by the Sydney Harbour Trust. First tenanted by the NSW Department of Housing in 1986.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012246-0002-0000", "contents": "15-25 Dalgety Road, Millers Point, Description\nThese large terraces feature elaborate timber verandahs with ornamental brackets in the Federation style. Also, they have teracotta Marsailles roofs. The terrace consists of a two bedroom units on both the ground floor and the first floor. The stairs leading to the upper units are generally shared by two units, with the entry to the lower units directly to the sides of them. Storeys: Two; Construction: Facebrick walls, tiled roof, timber verandah and balustrading. Style: Federation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 46], "content_span": [47, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012246-0003-0000", "contents": "15-25 Dalgety Road, Millers Point, Heritage listing\nAs at 23 November 2000, this terrace is one of a group of early twentieth century workmen's terraces built as part of the post-bubonic plague redevelopment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 51], "content_span": [52, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012246-0004-0000", "contents": "15-25 Dalgety Road, Millers Point, Heritage listing\nIt is part of the Millers Point Conservation Area, an intact residential and maritime precinct. It contains residential buildings and civic spaces dating from the 1830s and is an important example of 19th century adaptation of the landscape.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 51], "content_span": [52, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012246-0005-0000", "contents": "15-25 Dalgety Road, Millers Point, Heritage listing\nTerraces was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 51], "content_span": [52, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012246-0006-0000", "contents": "15-25 Dalgety Road, Millers Point, References, Attribution\nThis Wikipedia article was originally based on , entry number 925 in the New South Wales State Heritage Register published by the State of New South Wales and Office of Environment and Heritage 2018 under  , accessed on 13 October 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 58], "content_span": [59, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012247-0000-0000", "contents": "15-Cis-phytoene desaturase\n15-cis-phytoene desaturases (PDS, plant-type phytoene desaturases) (EC , 15-cis-phytoene:plastoquinone oxidoreductase), are enzymes involved in the carotenoid biosynthesis in plants and cyanobacteria. Phytoene desaturases are membrane-bound enzymes localized in plastids and introduce two double bonds into their colorless substrate phytoene by dehydrogenation and isomerize two additional double bonds. This reaction starts a biochemical pathway involving three further enzymes (zeta-carotene isomerase, zeta-carotene desaturase and carotene cis-trans isomerase) called the poly-cis pathway and leads to the red colored lycopene. The homologous phytoene desaturase found in bacteria and fungi (CrtI) converts phytoene directly to lycopene by an all-trans pathway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 791]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012247-0001-0000", "contents": "15-Cis-phytoene desaturase, Biochemistry\nPDS converts 15-cis-phytoene into 9,15,9'-tri-cis-\u03b6-carotene through reduction of the enzymes non-covalently bound FAD cofactor. This conversion introduces two additional double bonds at positions 11 and 11' of the carbon chain and isomerizes two adjacent already existing double bonds at positions 9 and 9' from trans to cis. The electrons involved in the reaction are subsequently transferred onto plastoquinone and to plastid terminal oxidase PTOX ultimately coupling the desaturation to oxygen reduction. Disruption of this biosynthesis step results in albinism and stunted plant growth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 40], "content_span": [41, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012247-0002-0000", "contents": "15-Cis-phytoene desaturase, Applications\nDisruption of PDS function can be achieved by bleaching herbicides such as norflurazon and fluridone. These inhibitors occupy the binding pocket of plastoquinone within the enzyme thus blocking it from its function. Due to the clear effect of PDS disruption in plants, the corresponding gene was targeted to showcase successful genome editing in fruit such as apples, grapes or bananas using CRISPR/Cas9 systems. In rice, the natural PDS was supplemented by its bacterial homolog to create Golden Rice and thus increase the \u03b2-carotene content of the rice endosperm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 40], "content_span": [41, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012248-0000-0000", "contents": "15-Crown-5\n15-Crown-5 is a crown ether with the formula (C2H4O)5. It is a cyclic pentamer of ethylene oxide that forms complex with various cations, including sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+), however, it is complementary to Na+ and thus has a higher selectivity for Na+ ions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012248-0001-0000", "contents": "15-Crown-5, Synthesis\n15-Crown-5 can be synthesized using a modified Williamson ether synthesis:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 21], "content_span": [22, 96]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012248-0002-0000", "contents": "15-Crown-5, Synthesis\nIt also forms from the cyclic oligomerization of ethylene oxide in the presence of gaseous boron trifluoride.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 21], "content_span": [22, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012248-0003-0000", "contents": "15-Crown-5, Properties\nAnalogous to 18-crown-6, 15-crown-5 binds to sodium ions. Thus, when treated with this complexing agent, sodium salts often become soluble in organic solvents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012248-0004-0000", "contents": "15-Crown-5, Properties\nFirst-row transition metal dications fit snugly inside the cavity of 15-crown-5. They are too small to be included in 18-crown-6. The binding of transition metal cations results in multiple hydrogen-bonded interactions from both equatorial and axial aqua ligands, such that highly crystalline solid-state supramolecular polymers can be isolated. Metal salts isolated in this form include Co(ClO4)2, Ni(ClO4)2, Cu(ClO4)2, and Zn(ClO4)2. Seven coordinate species are most common for transition metal ions complexes of 15-crown-5, with the crown ether occupying the equatorial plane, along with 2 axial aqua ligands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012248-0005-0000", "contents": "15-Crown-5, Properties\n15-crown-5 has also been used to isolate salts of oxonium ions. For example, from a solution of tetrachloroauric acid, the oxonium ion [H7O3]+ has been isolated as the salt [(H7O3)(15-crown-5)2][AuCl4]. Neutron diffraction studies revealed a sandwich structure, which shows a chain of water with remarkably long O-H bond (1.12 \u00c5) in the acidic proton, but with a very short OH\u2022\u2022\u2022O distance (1.32 \u00c5).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012248-0006-0000", "contents": "15-Crown-5, Properties\nA derivative of 15-crown-5, benzo-15-crown-5, has been used to produce anionic complexes of carbido ligands as their [K(benzo-15-crown-5)2]+ salts:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012249-0000-0000", "contents": "15-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid\n15-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (also termed 15-HETE, 15(S)-HETE, and 15S-HETE) is an eicosanoid, i.e. a metabolite of arachidonic acid. Various cell types metabolize arachidonic acid to 15(S)-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid (15(S)-HpETE). This initial hydroperoxide product is extremely short-lived in cells: if not otherwise metabolized, it is rapidly reduced to 15(S)-HETE. Both of these metabolites, depending on the cell type which forms them, can be further metabolized to 15-oxo-eicosatetraenoic acid (15-oxo-ETE), 5S,15S-dihydroxy-eicosatetraenoic acid (5(S),15(S)-diHETE), 5-oxo-15(S)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (5-oxo-15(S)-HETE, a subset of specialized pro-resolving mediators viz., the lipoxins, a class of pro-inflammatory mediators, the eoxins, and other products that have less well-defined activities and functions. Thus, 15(S)-HETE and 15(S)-HpETE, in addition to having intrinsic biological activities, are key precursors to numerous biologically active derivatives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 1019]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012249-0001-0000", "contents": "15-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid\nSome cell types (e.g. platelets) metabolize arachidonic acid to the stereoisomer of 15(S)-HpETE, 15(R)-HpETE. Both stereoisomers may also be formed as result of the metabolism of arachidonic acid by cellular microsomes or as a result of arachidonic acid auto-oxidation. Similar to 15(S\")-HpETEs, 15(R)-HpETE may be rapidly reduced to 15(R)-HETE. These R,S stereoisomers differ only in having their hydroxy residue in opposite orientations. While the two R stereoisomers are sometimes referred to as 15-HpETE and 15-HETE, proper usage should identify them as R  stereoisomers. 15(R)-HpETE and 15(R)-HETE lack some of the activity attributed to their S stereoisomers but can be further to metabolized to bioactive products viz., the 15(R) class of lipoxins (also termed epi-lipoxins).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 814]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012249-0002-0000", "contents": "15-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid\n15(S)-HETE, 15(S)-HpETE, and many of their derivative metabolites are thought to have physiologically important functions. They appear to act as hormone-like autocrine and paracrine signalling agents that are involved in regulating inflammatory and perhaps other responses. Clinically, drugs that are stable analogs, and therefore mimic the anti-inflammatory actions of the lipoxins and drugs that block the production or actions of the pro-inflammatory eoxins may prove useful for treating acute and chronic inflammatory disorders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012249-0003-0000", "contents": "15-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, Nomenclature and stereoisomers\n15(S)-HETE is unambiguously designated by a shortened version of its IUPAC name viz., 15(S)-hydroxy-5Z,8Z,11Z,13E-eicosatetraenoic acid. In this terminology S refers to the absolute configuration of the chirality of the hydroxy functional group at carbon position 15. Its 15(R) enantiomer is designated 15(R)-hydroxy-5Z,8Z,11Z,13E-eicosatetraenoic acid. Z and E give the cis\u2013trans isomerism about each double bond moiety at carbon positions 5, 8, 11, and 13 with Z indicating cis and E indicating trans isomerism. Both stereoisomers are produced from their corresponding S and R 15-HpETE stereoisomers, i.e. 15(S)-hydroperoxy-5Z,8Z,11Z,13E-eicosatetraenoic acid (15(S)-HpETE) and (15R)-hydroperoxy-5Z,8Z,11Z,13E-eicosatetraenoic acid (15(R)-HpETE).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 63], "content_span": [64, 812]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012249-0004-0000", "contents": "15-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, Production\nHuman cells release arachidonic acid (i.e. 5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z-eicosatetraenoic acid) from its storage site in phospholipids by reactions that involve phospholipase C and/or lipase enzymes. This release is stimulated or enhanced by cell stimulation. The freed arachidonic acid is then converted to 15-hydroperoxy/hydroxy products by one or more of the following five pathways.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012249-0005-0000", "contents": "15-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, Production\n15-Lipoxygenase-1: Cells metabolize arachidonic acid with 15-lipoxygenase-1 (i.e., 15-LO-1, ALOX15) to form 15(S)-HpETE as a major product and 12(S)-hydroperoxy-5Z,8Z,10E,15Z-eicosatetraenoic acid (12(S)-HpETE) and 14(S),15(S)-trans-oxido-5Z,8Z,11Z-14,15-leukotriene A4 as minor products; 15(S)-HpETE and 12(S)-HpETE are rapidly converted to 15(S)-HETE and 12(S)-hydroxy-5Z,8Z,10E,15Z-eicosatetraenoic acid (12(S)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid), (i.e. 12(S)-HETE), respectively, or further metabolized through other enzyme pathways; 14(S),15(S)-trans-oxido-5Z,8Z,11Z-14,15-leukotriene A4 is metabolized by 15-LO-1 to various isomers of 8,15(S)-dihydroxy-5S,8S,11Z,13S-eicosatetraenoic acids, e.g. 8,15(S)-LTB4's.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 755]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012249-0006-0000", "contents": "15-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, Production\n15-Lipoxygenase-2: Cells also used 15-lipoxygenase 2 (i.e. 15-LOX-2 or ALOX15B) to make 15(S)-HpETE and 15(S)-HETE. However this enzyme has a preference for metabolizing linoleic acid rather than  arachidonic acid. It therefore forms linoleic acid metabolites (e.g. 13-hydoxyperoxy/hydroxy-octadecadienoic and 9-hydroperoxy/hydroxyl-octadecadienoic acids) in greater amounts than 15(S)-HpETE and 15(S)-HETE. 15-LOX-2 also differs from 15-LOX-1 in that it does not make 12(S)-HpETE or the leukotriene A4 isomer cited above.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012249-0007-0000", "contents": "15-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, Production\nCycloxygenase: Cells can use prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 1 (i.e. cyclooxygenenase-1 or COX-1) and Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (COX-2) to metabolize arachidonic acid primarily to prostaglandins but also to small amounts of 11(R)-HETE and a racemic mixture of 15-HETEs composed of ~22% 15(R)-HETE and ~78% 15(S)-HETE. When pretreated with aspirin, however, COX-1 is inactive while COX-2 attacks arachidonic acid to produce almost exclusively 15(R)-HETE along with its presumed precursor 15(R)-HpETE.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012249-0008-0000", "contents": "15-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, Production\nMicrosome metabolism: Human and rat microsomal cytochrome P450s, e.g. CYP2C19, metabolize arachidonic acid to a racemic mixture of 15-HETEs, i.e., 15(R,S)-HETEs, >90% of which is the 15(R) stereoisomer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012249-0009-0000", "contents": "15-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, Production\nAutoxidation: The spontaneous and non-enzymatically-induced autoxidation of arachidonic acid yields 15(R,S)-hydroperoxy-5Z,8Z,11Z,13E-eicosatetraenoic acids. This non-enzymatic reaction is promoted in cells undergoing oxidative stress. Cells forming this racemic mixture of 15-hydroperoxy products may convert then to 15(R,S)-HETEs and other products. However, the uncontrolled overproduction of the 15-hydroperoxy products may react with other elements to produce cell injury.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012249-0010-0000", "contents": "15-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, Further metabolism\nThe newly formed products formed by the pathways cited in the previous section are bioactive but may also flow into down-stream pathways to form other metabolites with a different sets of bioactivity. The initially formed 15(S)-HpETE may be further metabolized by its parent cell or pass it to nearby cell by a process termed transcellular metabolism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 51], "content_span": [52, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012249-0011-0000", "contents": "15-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, Activities, 15(S)-HpETE and 15(S)-HETE\nMost studies have analyzed the action of 15(S)-HETE but not that of its less stable precursor 15(S)-HpETE. Since this precursor is rapidly converted to 15(S)-HETE in cells, it is likely that the two metabolites share similar activities. In many studies, however, is not clear that these activities reflect their intrinsic action or reflect their conversion to the metabolites sited above.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 71], "content_span": [72, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012249-0012-0000", "contents": "15-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, Activities, 15(S)-HpETE and 15(S)-HETE\n15(S)-HpETE and 15(S)-HETE bind to and activate the G protein-coupled receptor, Leukotriene B4 receptor 2, i.e. BLT2. This receptor activation may mediate, at least in part, certain cell-stimulating activities of the two metabolites. BLT2 may be responsible in part or whole for mediating the growth-promoting and anti-apoptosis (i.e. anti-cell death) activities of 15(S)-HETE in cultured human breast cancer cells; human cancer colon cells, human hepatocellular HepG2 and SMMC7721 cancer cells;  mouse 3T3 cells (a fibroblast cell line); rat PA adventitia fibroblasts; Baby hamster kidney cells; and diverse types of vascular endothelial cells.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 71], "content_span": [72, 717]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012249-0012-0001", "contents": "15-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, Activities, 15(S)-HpETE and 15(S)-HETE\nThese growth-stimulating effects could contribute to the progression of the cited cancer types in animal models or even humans and the excess fibrosis that causes the narrowing of pulmonary arteries in hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension or narrowing of portal arteries in the portal hypertension accompanying liver cirrhosis. 15(S)-HETE may also act through BLT2 to stimulate an immediate contractile response in rat pulmonary arteries and its angiogenic effect on human umbilical and dermal vascular endothelial cells.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 71], "content_span": [72, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012249-0013-0000", "contents": "15-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, Activities, 15(S)-HpETE and 15(S)-HETE\n15(S)-HpETE and 15(S)-HETE also directly bind with and activate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma. This activation may contribute to the ability of 15(S)-HETE to inhibit the growth of cultured human prostate cancer PC-3, LNCaP, and DU145 cell lines and non-malignant human prostate cells; lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells; human colorectal cancer cells; corneal epithelial cells; and Jurkat T-cell leukemia cells.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 71], "content_span": [72, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012249-0013-0001", "contents": "15-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, Activities, 15(S)-HpETE and 15(S)-HETE\nThe decline in the level of 15(S)-HpETE-forming enzymes and consequential fall in cellular 15-HETE production that occurs in human prostate cancer cells may be one mechanism by which this and perhaps other human cancer cells (e.g. those of the colon, rectum, and lung) avoid the apoptosis-inducing actions of 15(S)-HpETE and/or 15(S)-HETE and thereby proliferate and spread. In this scenario,  15(S)-HETE and one of its formaing enzymes, particularly 15-LOX-2, appear to act as tumor suppressors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 71], "content_span": [72, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012249-0014-0000", "contents": "15-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, Activities, 15(S)-HpETE and 15(S)-HETE\nSome of the inhibitory effects of 15(S)-HpETE and 15(S)-HETE, particularly when induced by high concentrations (e.g. >1-10 micromolar), may be due to a less specific mechanism: 15(S)-HpETE and to a lesser extent 15(S)-HETE induce the generation of Reactive oxygen species. These species trigger cells to activate their death programs, i.e. apoptosis, and/or are openly toxic to the cells. 15(S)-HpETE and 15(S)-HETE inhibit angiogenesis and the growth of cultured human chronic myelogenous leukemia K-562 cells by a mechanism that is associated with the production of reactive oxygen species.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 71], "content_span": [72, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012249-0015-0000", "contents": "15-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, Activities, 15(S)-HpETE and 15(S)-HETE\nSeveral bifunctional electrophilic breakdown products of 15(S)-HpETE, e.g. 4-hydroxy-2(E)-nonenal, 4-hydroperoxy-2(E)-nonenal, 4-oxo-2(E)-nonenal, and cis-4,5-epoxy-2(E)-decanal, are mutagens in mammalian cells and thereby may contripute to the development and/or progression of human cancers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 71], "content_span": [72, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012249-0016-0000", "contents": "15-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, Activities, 15(R)-HETE\nSimilar to 15(S)-HpETE and 15(S)-HETE and with similar potency, 15(R)-HETE binds with and activates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma. The precursor of 15(R)-HETE, 15(R)-HpETE may, similar to 15(S)-HpETE, break down to the mutagenic products 4-hydroxy-2(E)-nonenal, 4-hydroperoxy-2(E)-nonenal, 4-oxo-2(E)-nonenal, and cis-4,5-epoxy-2(E)-decanal and therefore be involved in cancer development and/or progression.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 55], "content_span": [56, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012249-0017-0000", "contents": "15-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, Activities, 15-oxo-ETE\nIn cultured human monocytes of the THP1 cell line, 15-oxo-ETE inactivates IKK\u03b2 (also known as IKK2) thereby blocking this cell's NF-\u03baB-mediated pro-inflammatory responses (e.g.,. Lipopolysaccharide-induced production of TNF\u03b1, Interleukin 6, and IL1B) while concurrently activating anti-oxidant responses upregulated through the anti-oxidant response element (ARE) by forcing cytosolic KEAP1 to release NFE2L2 which then moves to the nucleus, binds ARE, and induces production of, e.g. hemoxygenase-1, NADPH-quinone oxidoreductase, and possibly glutamate-cysteine ligase modifier. By these actions, 15-oxo-ETE may dampen inflammatory and/or Oxidative stress responses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 55], "content_span": [56, 723]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012249-0017-0001", "contents": "15-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, Activities, 15-oxo-ETE\nIn a cell-free system, 15-oxo-ETE is a moderately potent (IC50=1 \u03bcM) inhibitor of 12-lipoxygenase but not other human lipoxygenases. This effect could also have anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects by blocking the formation of 12-HETE and Hepoxilins. 15-Oxo-ETE is an example of an  \u03b1,\u03b2 unsaturated ketone Electrophile. These ketones are highly reactive with nucleophiles, adducting to, for example, the cysteines in transcription and transcription-related regulatory factors and enzymes to form their alkylated and thereby often inactivated products. It is presumed that the preceding activities of 15-oxo-ETE reflect its adduction to the indicated elements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 55], "content_span": [56, 723]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012249-0017-0002", "contents": "15-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, Activities, 15-oxo-ETE\n15-Oxo-ETE, at 2-10 \u03bcM, also inhibits the proliferation of cultured Human umbilical vein endothelial cells and LoVo human colorectal cancer cells  and at the extremely high concentration of 100 \u03bcM inhibits the proliferation of cultured MBA-MD-231 and MCF7 breast cancer cells as well as SKOV3 ovarian cancer cells. They may use a similar \"protein-adduction\" mechanism; if so the target protein(s) for these effects have not been defined or even suggested. This 15-oxo-ETE action may prove to inhibit the remodeling of blood vessels and reduce the growth of the cited cell types and cancers. At sub-micromolar concentrations, 15-oxo-ETE has weak Chemotaxis activity for human monocytes and could serve to recruit this White blood cell into inflammatory responses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 55], "content_span": [56, 818]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012249-0018-0000", "contents": "15-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, Activities, 5-Oxo-15(S)-hydroxy-ETE\n5-Oxo-15(S)-hydroxy-ETE is properly a member of the 5-HETE family of agonists which binds to the Oxoeicosanoid receptor 1, a G protein-coupled receptor, to activate its various target cells. As such, it is a potent stimulator of leukocytes, particularly eosinophils, as well as other OXE1-bearing cells including MDA-MB-231, MCF7, and SKOV3 cancer cells (see 5-Hydroxyicosatetraenoic acid and 5-oxo-eicosatetraenoic acid). It also binds with and activates PPAR\u03b3 and thereby can stimulate or inhibit cells independently of OXE1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 68], "content_span": [69, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012249-0019-0000", "contents": "15-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, Activities, Lipoxins\nLXA4, LXB4, AT-LXA4, and AT-LXB4 are specialized proresolving mediators, i.e. they potently inhibit the progression and contribute to the resolution of diverse inflammatory and allergic reactions (see specialized proresolving mediators#lipoxins and Lipoxins).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 53], "content_span": [54, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012249-0020-0000", "contents": "15-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, Activities, Eoxins\nEoxin A4, Eoxin C4, Eoxin D4, and Eoxin E4 and analogs of leukotriene A4, C4, leukotriene D4, and E4. Formation of the leukotrienes is initiated by 5-lipoxygenase metabolism of arachidonic acid to form a 5,6-epoxide viz, leukotriene A4; the latter metabolite is then converted to C4, D4, and E4 in succession. Formation of the eoxins is initiated by a 15-lipoxyenase-mediated metabolism of arachiconic acid to a 14,15-epoxide, eoxin A4 followed by its serial conversion to epoxins C4, D4, and E4 using the same pathways and enzymes that metabolize leukotriene A4 to its down-stream products.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 51], "content_span": [52, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012249-0020-0001", "contents": "15-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, Activities, Eoxins\nPreliminary studies have found that the eoxins have pro-inflammatory actions, suggest that they are involved in severe asthma, aspirin-induced asthma attacks, and perhaps other allergic reactions. The production of eoxins by Reed-Sternburg cells has also led to suggestion that they are involve in the lymphoma of Hodgkins disease. Drugs blocking the 15-lipoxygenases may be useful for inhibiting inflammation by reducing the production of the eoxins.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 51], "content_span": [52, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012250-0000-0000", "contents": "15-Minute Hamlet\n15-Minute Hamlet is a 1976 comedic abridgement of William Shakespeare's Hamlet, written by Tom Stoppard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012250-0001-0000", "contents": "15-Minute Hamlet\nThe play, an excerpt from Dogg's Hamlet, condenses the original Hamlet, including all the best-known scenes, into approximately 13 minutes of on-stage action. This is followed by another even more drastically reduced performance of the play from beginning to end, lasting 2 minutes, bringing the total running time up to 15 minutes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012251-0000-0000", "contents": "15-hydroxyicosatetraenoate dehydrogenase\nIn enzymology, a 15-hydroxyicosatetraenoate dehydrogenase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012251-0001-0000", "contents": "15-hydroxyicosatetraenoate dehydrogenase\nThe 3 substrates of this enzyme are 15-Hydroxyicosatetraenoic acid (i.e. 15(S)-15-hydroxy-5,8,11-cis-13-trans-icosatetraenoate), NAD+, and NADP+, whereas its 4 products are 15-oxo-5,8,11-cis-13-trans-icosatetraenoate, NADH, NADPH, and H+.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012251-0002-0000", "contents": "15-hydroxyicosatetraenoate dehydrogenase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-OH group of donor with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is (15S)-15-hydroxy-5,8,11-cis-13-trans-icosatetraenoate:NAD(P)+ 15-oxidoreductase. This enzyme is also called 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoate dehydrogenase. This enzyme participates in arachidonic acid metabolism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012253-0000-0000", "contents": "15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD+)\nHydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase 15-(NAD) (the HUGO-approved symbol = HPGD; HGNC ID, HGNC:5154), also called 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD+), (EC ), is an enzyme that catalyzes the following chemical reaction:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012253-0001-0000", "contents": "15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD+)\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are (5Z,13E)-(15S)-11alpha,15-dihydroxy-9-oxoprost-13-enoate and NAD+, whereas its 3 products are (5Z,13E)-11alpha-hydroxy-9,15-dioxoprost-13-enoate, NADH, and H+.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012253-0002-0000", "contents": "15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD+)\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-OH group of donor with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is (5Z,13E)-(15S)-11alpha,15-dihydroxy-9-oxoprost-13-enoate:NAD+ 15-oxidoreductase. Other names in common use include NAD+-dependent 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (type I), PGDH, 11alpha,15-dihydroxy-9-oxoprost-13-enoate:NAD+ 15-oxidoreductase, 15-OH-PGDH, 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase, 15-hydroxyprostanoic dehydrogenase, NAD+-specific 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase, prostaglandin dehydrogenase, and 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD+).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 697]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012253-0003-0000", "contents": "15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD+), Structural studies\nAs of late 2007, only one structure has been solved for this class of enzymes, with the PDB accession code .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 64], "content_span": [65, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012254-0000-0000", "contents": "15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NADP+)\nIn enzymology, a 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NADP+) (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012254-0001-0000", "contents": "15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NADP+)\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are (13E)-(15S)-11alpha,15-dihydroxy-9-oxoprost-13-enoate and NADP+, whereas its 3 products are (13E)-11alpha-hydroxy-9,15-dioxoprost-13-enoate, NADPH, and H+.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012254-0002-0000", "contents": "15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NADP+)\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-OH group of donor with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is (13E)-(15S)-11alpha,15-dihydroxy-9-oxoprost-13-enoate:NADP+ 15-oxidoreductase. Other names in common use include NADP+-dependent 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase, NADP+-linked 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase, NADP+-specific 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase, type II 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase, and 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NADP+).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012254-0003-0000", "contents": "15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NADP+), Structural studies\nAs of late 2007, only one structure has been solved for this class of enzymes, with the PDB accession code .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 65], "content_span": [66, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012255-0000-0000", "contents": "15-hydroxyprostaglandin-D dehydrogenase (NADP+)\nIn enzymology, a 15-hydroxyprostaglandin-D dehydrogenase (NADP+) (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012255-0001-0000", "contents": "15-hydroxyprostaglandin-D dehydrogenase (NADP+)\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are (5Z,13E)-(15S)-9alpha,15-dihydroxy-11-oxoprosta-5,13-dienoate and NADP+, whereas its 3 products are (5Z,13E)-9alpha-hydroxy-11,15-dioxoprosta-5,13-dienoate, NADPH, and H+.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012255-0002-0000", "contents": "15-hydroxyprostaglandin-D dehydrogenase (NADP+)\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-OH group of donor with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is (5Z,13E)-(15S)-9alpha,15-dihydroxy-11-oxoprosta-5,13-dienoate:NADP+ 15-oxidoreductase. Other names in common use include prostaglandin-D 15-dehydrogenase (NADP+), dehydrogenase, prostaglandin D2, NADP+-PGD2 dehydrogenase, dehydrogenase, 15-hydroxyprostaglandin (nicotinamide adenine, dinucleotide phosphate), 15-hydroxy PGD2 dehydrogenase, 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NADP+), NADP+-dependent 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase, prostaglandin D2 dehydrogenase, NADP+-linked 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase, NADP+-specific 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase, NADP+-linked prostaglandin D2 dehydrogenase, and 15-hydroxyprostaglandin-D dehydrogenase (NADP+). This enzyme participates in arachidonic acid metabolism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 966]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012256-0000-0000", "contents": "15-hydroxyprostaglandin-I dehydrogenase (NADP+)\nIn enzymology, a 15-hydroxyprostaglandin-I dehydrogenase (NADP+) (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012256-0001-0000", "contents": "15-hydroxyprostaglandin-I dehydrogenase (NADP+)\nThe 3 substrates of this enzyme are (5Z,13E)-(15S)-6,9alpha-epoxy-11alpha,15-dihydroxyprosta-5,13-, dienoate, and NADP+, whereas its 3 products are (5Z,13E)-6,9alpha-epoxy-11alpha-hydroxy-15-oxoprosta-5,13-dienoate, NADPH, and H+.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012256-0002-0000", "contents": "15-hydroxyprostaglandin-I dehydrogenase (NADP+)\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-OH group of donor with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is (5Z,13E)-(15S)-6,9alpha-epoxy-11alpha,15-dihydroxyprosta-5,13-dienoa te:NADP+ 15-oxidoreductase. Other names in common use include prostacyclin dehydrogenase, PG I2 dehydrogenase, prostacyclin dehydrogenase, NADP+-linked 15-hydroxyprostaglandin (prostacyclin) dehydrogenase, NADP+-dependent PGI2-specific 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase, and 15-hydroxyprostaglandin-I dehydrogenase (NADP+).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012257-0000-0000", "contents": "15-meter band\nThe 15-meter band (also called the 21-MHz band or 15 meters) is an amateur radio frequency band spanning the shortwave spectrum from 21 to 21.45\u00a0MHz. The band is suitable for amateur long-distance communications, and such use is permitted in nearly all countries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012257-0001-0000", "contents": "15-meter band\nBecause 15-meter waves propagate primarily via reflection off of the F-2 layer of the ionosphere, the band is most useful for intercontinental communication during daylight hours, especially in years close to solar maxima, but the band permits long-distance without high-power station equipment outside such ideal windows. The 15-meter wavelength is harmonically related to that of the 40-meter band, so it is often possible to use an antenna designed for 40 meters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012257-0002-0000", "contents": "15-meter band, History\nThe 15-meter band was designated by the  in part to compensate for the loss of the 160-meter band to amateurs by the introduction of LORAN during World War II. The 15-meter band opened to amateurs for CW operation only in the United States on May 1, 1952, and telephony operations were authorized above 21.25\u00a0MHz on March 28, 1953.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012257-0003-0000", "contents": "15-meter band, Frequency allocation, Canada\nCanada is part of region 2 and as such is subject to the IARU band plan. Radio Amateurs of Canada offers the bandplan below as a recommendation for use by radio amateurs in that country but it does not have the force of law and should only be considered a suggestion or guideline.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 43], "content_span": [44, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012258-0000-0000", "contents": "15-metre class\nThe IYRU Fifteen Metre class yachts are constructed to the First International rule of 1907. A total of twenty 15mR yachts were built between 1907 and 1917, the four that have survived are still actively raced.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012258-0001-0000", "contents": "15-metre class, History\nThe IYRU International Rule was set up in 1907 to replace the YRA 1901 revised Linear Rating Rule. The IYRU 15mR boats would replace the YRA 52-raters and open competition to foreign nations, replacing local or national systems with a unified rating system across Europe. The rule changed several times, but the 15mR boats only raced in the first rule of 1907. The twenty boats that were built, were raced in Spain, France, Britain and Germany. The rule was proposed for competition in the 1908 Olympics but there were no entries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012258-0002-0000", "contents": "15-metre class, 1907 Rule\nThe 15-Metre class is a construction class, meaning that the boats are not identical but are all designed to meet specific measurements in a formula, in this case the In their heyday, Metre classes were the most important group of international yacht racing classes, and they are still actively raced around the world. \"Metre\" does not refer to the length of the boat, but to her rating; the length overall of 15mR boats measuring almost 30 metres (98\u00a0ft).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012258-0003-0000", "contents": "15-metre class, 1907 Rule\nThe 15mR formula used in the First International Rule from 1907 to 1920:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 98]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012259-0000-0000", "contents": "15-minute city\nThe 15-minute city is a residential urban concept in which most daily necessities are within a short walk or bicycle ride of residents' homes. The concept was popularized by Paris mayor Anne Hidalgo and inspired by French-Colombian scientist Carlos Moreno.15-minute cities are built from a series of 5-minute neighborhoods, also known as complete communities or walkable neighborhoods. The concept has been described as a \"return to a local way of life.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012259-0001-0000", "contents": "15-minute city, History\nThe 15-minute city concept is derived from historical concepts of proximity and walkability, such as Clarence Perry's controversial neighborhood unit. As inspiration for the 15-minute city, Moreno cited Jane Jacobs's model laid out in The Death and Life of Great American Cities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012259-0002-0000", "contents": "15-minute city, History\nAnne Hidalgo, the mayor of Paris, included a plan to implement the 15-minute city concept during her 2020 re-election campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012259-0003-0000", "contents": "15-minute city, History\nThe climate crisis and global COVID-19 pandemic accelerated the consideration and implementation of the 15-minute city. In July 2020, the C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group published a framework for cities to \"build back better\" using the 15-minute concept, referring specifically to plans implemented in Milan, Madrid, Edinburgh, and Seattle after COVID-19 outbreaks. The C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group report highlighted the importance of an inclusive community engagement through mechanisms like participatory budgeting and adjusting city plans and infrastructure to encourage dense, complete overall communities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012259-0004-0000", "contents": "15-minute city, History\nA manifesto published in Barcelona in April 2020 proposing a radical change in the organization of cities in the wake of COVID-19 was signed by 160 academics and 300 architects. The proposal is based on four key elements: reorganization of mobility, (re) naturalization of the city, de-commodification of housing, and de-growth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012259-0005-0000", "contents": "15-minute city, Research Models\nThe 15-minute city is a proposal for developing a polycentric city, where density is made pleasant, one's proximity is vibrant, and social intensity (a large number of productive, intricately linked social ties) is real.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 31], "content_span": [32, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012259-0006-0000", "contents": "15-minute city, Research Models\nCarlos Moreno first proposed the 15-minute city in 2016. Other authors have proposed similar but different models within the realm of chrono-urbanism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 31], "content_span": [32, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012259-0007-0000", "contents": "15-minute city, Research Models, Moreno and the 15-minute city\nMoreno's 2021 article introduced the 15-minute city concept as a way to ensure that urban residents can fulfill six essential functions within a 15-minute walk or bike from their dwellings. These functions include: living, working, commerce, healthcare, education and entertainment. The 15-minute city framework of this model has four components; density, proximity, diversity and digitalization.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 62], "content_span": [63, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012259-0008-0000", "contents": "15-minute city, Research Models, Moreno and the 15-minute city\nMoreno cites the work of Nikos Salingaros, who posits that there exists an optimal density for urban development which would encourage local solutions to local problems. The authors discuss proximity in terms of both space and time and argue that a 15-minute city would decrease both space and time necessary for activity. Diversity in this 15-minute city model refers to mixed-use development and multicultural neighborhoods, both of which Moreno et al. argue would improve the urban experience and increase community participation in the planning process. Digitalization is a key aspect of the 15-minute city derived from smart cities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 62], "content_span": [63, 700]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012259-0008-0001", "contents": "15-minute city, Research Models, Moreno and the 15-minute city\nMoreno et al. argue that the Fourth Industrial Revolution has reduced the need for commuting because of access to technology like virtual communication and online shopping. Moreno et al. conclude by stating that these four components, when implemented at scale, would form an accessible city with a high quality of life.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 62], "content_span": [63, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012259-0009-0000", "contents": "15-minute city, Research Models, Larson and the 20-minute city\nThe 20-minute city concept was described by Kent Larson in a 2012 TED talk and his City Science Group at the MIT Media Lab has developed a neighborhood simulation platform  to integrate the necessary design, technology, and policy interventions into \u201ccompact urban cells.\u201d In his \u201cOn Cities\u201d Masterclass for the Norman Foster Foundation, Larson proposed that the planet is becoming a network of cities, and those successful cities in the future will evolve into a network of high-performance, resilient, entrepreneurial communities", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 62], "content_span": [63, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012259-0010-0000", "contents": "15-minute city, Research Models, Weng and the 15-minute walkable neighborhood\nWeng et al., in their 2019 article using Shanghai as a case study, proposed the 15-minute walkable neighborhood with a focus on health, and specifically non-communicable diseases. The authors posit the 15-minute walkable neighborhood as a way to improve the health of residents and documented existing disparities in walkability within Shanghai. The authors found that rural areas on average are significantly less walkable and areas with low walkability tend to have a higher proportion of children. Compared to Moreno et al., the authors focused more on the health benefits of walking and differences in walkability and usage across age groups.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 77], "content_span": [78, 724]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012259-0011-0000", "contents": "15-minute city, Research Models, Da Silva and the 20-minute city\nDa Silva et al., in their 2019 article using Tempe, Arizona, as a case study, propose that the 20-minute city, where all needs could be met within 20 minutes by walking, biking, or transit. The authors found that Tempe is highly accessible, especially by bike, but accessibility varies with geographic area. Compared to Moreno et al., the authors focused more on accessibility within the built environment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 64], "content_span": [65, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012259-0012-0000", "contents": "15-minute city, Implementations, Africa\nLagos, Nigeria, converted schools that were closed due to the COVID-19 pandemic into food markets to prevent panic buying. The program also decreased commute times and shored up food supplies within communities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 39], "content_span": [40, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012259-0013-0000", "contents": "15-minute city, Implementations, Asia\nSingapore's Land Transport Authority in 2019 proposed a by 2040 a master plan that included the goals of \"20-minute towns\" and a \"45-minute city\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 37], "content_span": [38, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012259-0014-0000", "contents": "15-minute city, Implementations, Asia, China\nThe 2016 Master Plan for Shanghai called for \"15-minute community life circles,\" where residents could complete all of their daily activities within 15 minutes of walking. The community life circle has been implemented in other Chinese cities, like Baoding and Guangzhou.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 44], "content_span": [45, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012259-0015-0000", "contents": "15-minute city, Implementations, Asia, China\nThe Standard for urban residential area planning and design (GB 50180\u20132018), a national standard that came into effect in 2018, stipulates four levels of residential areas: 15-min pedestrian-scale neighborhood, 10-min pedestrian-scale neighborhood, 5-min pedestrian-scale neighborhood, and a neighborhood block. Among them, \"15-min pedestrian-scale neighborhood\" means \"residential area divided according to the principle that residents can meet their material, living and cultural demand by walking for 15 minutes; usually surrounded by urban trunk roads or site boundaries, with a population of 50,000 to 100,000 people (about 17,000 to 32,000 households) and complete supporting facilities.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 44], "content_span": [45, 739]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012259-0016-0000", "contents": "15-minute city, Implementations, Asia, China\nChengdu, to combat urban sprawl, commissioned the \"Great City\" plan, where development on the edges of the city would be dense enough to support all necessary services within a 15-minute walk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 44], "content_span": [45, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012259-0017-0000", "contents": "15-minute city, Implementations, Europe\nParis Mayor Anne Hidalgo introduced the 15-minute city concept during her 2020 re-election campaign and began implementing the concept during the COVID-19 pandemic. For example, school playgrounds have been converted to parks after hours, while the Place de la Bastille and other squares have been revamped with trees and bicycle lanes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 39], "content_span": [40, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012259-0018-0000", "contents": "15-minute city, Implementations, Europe\nCagliari, a city on the Italian island of Sardinia, began a municipal strategic plan for revitalizing the city and improving walkability. The city actively sought public feedback through a participatory planning process, as described in the Moreno model. A unique aspect of the plan calls for re-purposing public spaces and buildings that were no longer being used, relating to the general model of urban intensification.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 39], "content_span": [40, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012259-0019-0000", "contents": "15-minute city, Implementations, North America\nIn 2012, Portland developed a plan for complete neighborhoods within the city, which are aimed at supporting youth, providing affordable housing, and promoting community-driven development and commerce in historically under-served neighborhoods. Similar to the Weng et al. model, the Portland plan emphasizes walking and cycling as ways to combat non-communicable diseases like obesity and stresses the importance of the availability of affordable healthy food. The Portland plan notably calls for a high degree of transparency and community engagement during the planning process, which is similar to the diversity component of the Moreno et al. model.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 46], "content_span": [47, 700]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012259-0020-0000", "contents": "15-minute city, Implementations, South America\nBogot\u00e1, Colombia in March 2021, implemented 84 kilometers of bike lanes to encourage social distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic. This expansion complemented the Ciclov\u00eda practice that originated in Colombia in 1974, where bicycles are given primary control of streets. The resulting bicycle lane network is the largest of its kind in the world.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 46], "content_span": [47, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012259-0021-0000", "contents": "15-minute city, Implementations, Oceania\nThe city of Melbourne, Australia developed Plan Melbourne 2017\u20132050 to accommodate growth and combat sprawl. The plan contains multiple elements of the 15-minute city concept, including new bike lanes and the construction of \"20-minute neighborhoods.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012259-0022-0000", "contents": "15-minute city, Implications\nThe 15-minute city, with its emphasis on walkability and accessibility, has been put forward as a way to better serve groups of people that have historically been left out of planning, such as women, children, people with disabilities, and the elderly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 28], "content_span": [29, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012259-0023-0000", "contents": "15-minute city, Implications\nSocial infrastructure is also emphasized in order to maximize urban functions such as schools, parks, and complementary activities for residents. There is also a large focus on access to green space, which may promote positive environmental impacts such as increasing urban biodiversity and helping to protect the city from invasive species. Studies have found that increased access to green spaces can also have a positive impact on the mental and physical health of a city's inhabitants, reducing stress and negative emotions, increasing happiness, improving sleep, and promoting positive social interactions. Urban residents living near green spaces have also been found to exercise more, improving their physical and mental health.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 28], "content_span": [29, 764]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012259-0024-0000", "contents": "15-minute city, Critiques\nWhile many cities have implemented policies that resemble the 15-minute city concept, there remains disagreement over whether the model benefits residents. Critics have pointed out that the creation of dense, walkable cores, like a 15-minute neighborhood, often leads to gentrification and displacement. Furthermore, price increases, like those which lead to gentrification, could be most harmful to marginalized groups like people with disabilities, forcing move-outs. Similarly, as the origin of the idea is largely European, critics have argued that implementation of the model could be colonialist and perpetuate harm to marginalized communities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 676]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012259-0025-0000", "contents": "15-minute city, Critiques\nIn addition, critics noted that models are not universal, as cities with less urban sprawl, like those in Europe, are more likely to implement the concept than cities with lots of sprawl, like those in Asia and North America. Notable exceptions include Chengdu, which utilized the 15-minute city concept to curb sprawl, and Melbourne, where Sally Capp, the Lord Mayor of Melbourne, stressed the importance of public transit in expanding the radius of the 15-minute city.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012260-0000-0000", "contents": "15-oxoprostaglandin 13-oxidase\nIn enzymology, a 15-oxoprostaglandin 13-oxidase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012260-0001-0000", "contents": "15-oxoprostaglandin 13-oxidase\nThe 3 substrates of this enzyme are (5Z)-(15S)-11alpha-hydroxy-9,15-dioxoprostanoate, NAD+, and NADP+, whereas its 4 products are (5Z)-(15S)-11alpha-hydroxy-9,15-dioxoprosta-13-enoate, NADH, NADPH, and H+.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012260-0002-0000", "contents": "15-oxoprostaglandin 13-oxidase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-CH group of donor with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is (5Z)-(15S)-11alpha-hydroxy-9,15-dioxoprostanoate:NAD(P)+ Delta13-oxidoreductase. Other names in common use include 15-oxo-Delta13-prostaglandin reductase, Delta13-15-ketoprostaglandin reductase, 15-ketoprostaglandin Delta13-reductase, prostaglandin Delta13-reductase, prostaglandin 13-reductase, and 15-ketoprostaglandin Delta13-reductase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012260-0003-0000", "contents": "15-oxoprostaglandin 13-oxidase, Structural studies\nAs of late 2007, 4 structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with PDB accession codes , , , and .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012261-0000-0000", "contents": "15.5 cm/60 3rd Year Type naval gun\nThe 15.5\u00a0cm/60 3rd Year Type (60\u53e3\u5f84\u4e09\u5e74\u5f0f15.5cm3\u9023\u88c5\u7832, 60 k\u014dkei sannenshiki 15.5 centi sanrens\u014dh\u014d) was a dual-purpose naval gun used by the Imperial Japanese Navy on the  Yamato-class battleships as secondary armament in four triple turrets, the  Mogami-class cruisers in five triple turrets (later converted to five twin 20 cm/50 3rd Year Type naval gun turrets) and on the light cruiser \u014cyodo in two triple turrets. The  Tone-class cruisers were also initially planned to carry the 15.5\u00a0cm/60 3rd Year Type in five triple turrets, but were redesigned with the 20\u00a0cm/50 3rd Year Type in four twin turrets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012261-0000-0001", "contents": "15.5 cm/60 3rd Year Type naval gun\nThey were also deployed on 60\u00b0 single mounts as coastal defense guns in the Tokyo Bay area. Construction was of the monobloc type with autofretting and used a Welin breech block mechanism which could be operated either hydraulically or by hand. Their slow rate of fire, limited elevation and slow traverse made them unsuitable for the AA role, but they were an excellent anti-ship weapon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012262-0000-0000", "contents": "15/Love\n15/Love is a Canadian television series that revolves around the lives of aspiring young tennis players at the Cascadia Tennis Academy. The show was created by Karen Troubetzkoy and Derek Schreyer, 15/Love first aired on the television channel YTV on September 6, 2004. The series was filmed in Saint-C\u00e9saire, Quebec.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012262-0001-0000", "contents": "15/Love, Series overview\nThe show focuses on the lives of hopeful teenage tennis players as they train at the Cascadia Tennis Academy. In this high-pressure environment, the characters struggle through adolescence and romance while trying to become the world champion tennis stars that they and others think they can be.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 24], "content_span": [25, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012262-0002-0000", "contents": "15/Love, Cast, Main\nSchneider and Linetsky were killed in a car accident on September 8, 2003, on their way to the set of 15/Love in St. Cesaire, Qu\u00e9bec. Their deaths were written into the series as their characters were killed in a plane crash on their way home from a tennis tournament in the thirteenth episode.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 19], "content_span": [20, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012263-0000-0000", "contents": "150 (number)\n150 (one hundred [and] fifty) is the natural number following 149 and preceding 151.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012263-0001-0000", "contents": "150 (number), In other fields\nThe total number of dragon eggs in Spyro: Year of the Dragon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 29], "content_span": [30, 91]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012264-0000-0000", "contents": "150 000 000\n150 000 000 (Russian: Sto pyat'desyat millionov) is a poem by Vladimir Mayakovsky written in 1919\u20131920 and first published in April 1921 by GIZ (Gosizdat) Publishers, originally anonymously. The poem, hailing the 150-million-strong Russian people's mission in starting the world revolution (represented here as an allegorical battle of Russian Ivan and the American president Woodrow Wilson, the embodiment of the capitalist evil) failed to impress the Soviet revolutionary leader Vladimir Lenin who apparently saw in it little but a pretentious Futuristic experiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012264-0001-0000", "contents": "150 000 000, History\nMayakovsky conceived and started writing the poem in the first half of 1919 and completed it in March 1920. Among its several working titles were \"The Will of the Millions\" (\u0412\u043e\u043b\u044f \u043c\u0438\u043b\u043b\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432), \"The Tale of Ivan\" (\u0411\u044b\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0431 \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0435) and \"Ivan The Bylina. The Revolutionary Epic\" (\u0418\u0432\u0430\u043d \u0411\u044b\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0430. \u042d\u043f\u043e\u0441 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u0438).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012264-0002-0000", "contents": "150 000 000, History\nOn 5 March 1920 Mayakovsky recited fragments of the poem at the event celebrating the opening of the All-Russian Union of Poets Club in Moscow. He read it in full on the 4th and the 20th of December of the same year, at the Petrograd House of Arts and Polytechnic Museum in Moscow, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012264-0003-0000", "contents": "150 000 000, History\nThe poem first appeared in fragments in Khudozhestvennoye Slovo (Artistic Word) magazine's October 1920 issue. As a separate edition it came out in April 1921, published by Gosizdat (GIZ) without the name of the author mentioned. The reason for this anonymity was explained in the poem's first two stanzas: \"150 millions is the name of this poem's master / Bullet is rhythm, flame's a rhyme jumping from house to house. / 150 millions speak through my mouth / Masses marching over the stepping-stone paper is the offset duplicator machine getting these pages printed. // Who'd enquire the Moon and the Sun of what makes them bring out day and night, who\u2019d demand the name of creator genius? / The same's with this poem: it hasn't got one single author.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 774]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012264-0004-0000", "contents": "150 000 000, History\n\"Completed 150 Millions. Published it anonymously, so that everyone could add things and improve it. Nobody did, everybody knew the name of the author anyway. Well, whatever. Now it comes out with my name on,\" Mayakovsky commented in I, Myself autobiography (\"Year 1920\" chapter).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012264-0005-0000", "contents": "150 000 000, Reception\nMayakovsky's public recitals in Moscow and Petrograd had great success, but in higher places the publication caused controversy. Vladimir Lenin, for whom Mayakovsky was just \"one of those Futurists\" (whom he reviled) was outraged with the fact that Gosizdat printed 5 thousand copies of the poem which he found \"pretentious and dodgy.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012264-0006-0000", "contents": "150 000 000, Reception\nOn 6 May 1921 in the course of one of the Soviet government's meetings Lenin forwarded a note to Lunacharsky: \"You should be ashamed of yourself, having supported the printing of 5 thousand copies of Mayakovsky's 150 000 000. Its nonsensical, utterly  silly and pretentious. I reckon no more than 1 of 10 books of this ilk should be published, and in 1500 copies maximum, for libraries and oddballs who enjoy reading  such things. You, Lunacharsky, should be caned for your Futurism. Lenin.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012264-0007-0000", "contents": "150 000 000, Reception\nOn the flip side of the paper there is Lunacharsky's written reply: \"For me personally this particular thing holds little appeal. But \u2013 1) no lesser poet than Brysov expressed his delight and demanded for 20 000 [copies] to be printed, 2) the poem, as recited by its author, had great success - mind you, with the workers' audience.\" Indeed, in August 1920 Bryusov sent a letter to the Gosizdat leadership: \"The board of directors of the Narkompros' Literary and Publishing Department (\u041b\u0418\u0422\u041e) received the manuscript of c(omrade) Mayakovsky's 150 Millions, found the poem extremely important from the propagandistic point of view and suggests that it should be published as soon as possible.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 714]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012264-0008-0000", "contents": "150 000 000, Reception\nLenin, obviously dissatisfied with Lunacharsky's reply, sent to Gosizdat's director M.N.Pokrovsky a similar note, demanding that the publication of the works by \"those Futurists\" should be curtailed. The note ended with the question: \"Would it be possible for us to find some reliable anti-Futurists?\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012264-0009-0000", "contents": "150 000 000, Reception\nThere is evidence, though, that Lenin still professed some interest to Mayakovsky's poetry, at least occasionally. According to the Soviet literary historian E. Naumov, there is one \"still unpublished verbatim account of one of the disputes under the Lunacharsky's chairmanship, concerning the Left Front of the Arts (LEF). The Gosizdat director N.L.Meshcheryakov, having credited the LEF writers with supporting the revolution, added: \"I recall one curious episode. After his poem's 150 000 000's release, Mayakovsky took one copy, wrote upon its cover: \"To Comrade Vladimir Ilyich with our ComFut greetings, Vladimir Mayakovsky\" and sent it. Lenin, a lively, open and curious man, upon reading it, commented: \"But it's an intriguing kind of literature, you know. It represents one very special brand of communism. It's the hooligan communism.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 868]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012264-0010-0000", "contents": "150 000 000, Plot\nDriven by hunger, rage and hatred for the hostile outside world, people of Russia leave their homes to march all over the land, joined by animals, machines and even whole gubernias, all merging into one sweeping force, intent on \"doing this old romantic world in.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012264-0011-0000", "contents": "150 000 000, Plot\nIn Chicago, a monstrously rich wonder-city, the world revolution's worst enemy Woodrow Wilson abides in a giant hotel, sporting a bowler-hat \"higher than Sukharev Tower.\" Among his servants Adelina Patti, Fyodor Chalyapin and Ilya Mechnikov are notable.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012264-0012-0000", "contents": "150 000 000, Plot\nThe rumor of a storm coming from the Pacific spreads among the people of Chicago, sunbathing on the ocean beach. Soon it transpires that the reason behind this cataclysm is mysterious Ivan's approaching them, walking on water. Wilson makes a decision to confront the enemy face to face, gets all of his fat turned into muscles by some magic ointment and arms himself with revolvers and a 70-blade sabre.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012264-0013-0000", "contents": "150 000 000, Plot\nThe world gets divided into two: half of it joins Ivan (in fact, merges with him, physically), the other half runs away for Wilson's protection. Ivan steps upon the beach without having wetted his feet, and challenges Wilson, now clad in armory, for a showdown. The \"World Class Struggle Championship Final\" takes place on Chicago's central square. Wilson strikes first and slashed armless Ivan, but out of the wound, instead of blood, peoples, machines, gubernias, et cetera start to pour out to attack the old world.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012264-0014-0000", "contents": "150 000 000, Plot\nWilson, sieged in his palace, spreads out famine, diseases and, worst of all, \"ideas\" to ward the enemy off, but to no avail. He dies, gets \"scorched out\" and the rejoicing world marches into the Future, ruled by \"a genius Cain.\" A hundred years on, and everybody (the visiting Martians included) is celebrating the victory, remembering \"the Revolution's bloody Ilyad.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012265-0000-0000", "contents": "150 BC\nYear 150 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Flamininus and Balbus (or, less frequently, year 604 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 150 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012266-0000-0000", "contents": "150 California Street\n150 California Street is a 24-story, 101\u00a0m (331\u00a0ft) office tower skyscraper located on California Street in the financial district of San Francisco, California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012266-0001-0000", "contents": "150 California Street, History\nConstruction of the building was completed in 2000 and the building was designed by architecture firm Hellmuth, Obata + Kassabaum. In 2002, the AIA San Francisco and The San Francisco Business Times honored its designers with the 2002 Honor Award for Architecture.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012267-0000-0000", "contents": "150 High Street, Stratford\n150 High Street, Stratford, also known as the Stratford Halo, is a 43-storey 135\u00a0m (443\u00a0ft) high residential tower in Stratford, London. It began construction in 2008 and was completed in 2013. As of 2019, it is the 46th tallest structure in London.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012267-0001-0000", "contents": "150 High Street, Stratford, Architecture\nThe tower, rising to 43 stories, has a blue and purple exterior cladding. The development is accompanied by two medium rise buildings of 7 and 10 stories. It features three enclosed multi-storey sky gardens.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 40], "content_span": [41, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012267-0002-0000", "contents": "150 High Street, Stratford, Architecture\nIn 2014, The Guardian included it in their list of \"Horror storeys: the 10 worst London skyscrapers\". Others in the list included 20 Fenchurch Street (also known as \"The Walkie Talkie\") and the Vauxhall Tower.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 40], "content_span": [41, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012268-0000-0000", "contents": "150 Mile House\n150 Mile House (also referred to as \"the 50\") is an unincorporated community of 893 people in the Cariboo region of British Columbia. It is located 15\u00a0km (9\u00a0mi) southeast of Williams Lake on Highway 97.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012268-0001-0000", "contents": "150 Mile House\n150 Mile House was an important stop on the Cariboo Wagon Road during the Cariboo Gold Rush. The name marks the distance from Lillooet via the Old Cariboo Road. It is the junction for roads to the communities of Likely and Horsefly to the northeast. Its main features are the \"50 Centre\", a red roofed mini mall, and 150 Mile House Elementary school.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012269-0000-0000", "contents": "150 Milligrams\n150 Milligrams (French: La Fille de Brest, lit. The Girl of Brest) is a 2016 French drama film directed by Emmanuelle Bercot. It was screened in the Special Presentations section at the 2016 Toronto International Film Festival. The film is based on the true story of French pulmonologist Ir\u00e8ne Frachon, who became noted for her investigations of the serious side effects and deaths attributed to the diabetes drug Mediator, produced by French manufacturer Laboratoires Servier.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012269-0001-0000", "contents": "150 Milligrams, Reception\nThe Hollywood Reporter's Leslie Felperin cited the \"outsize but empathic central performance\" by star Sidse Babett Knudsen in the role of Frachon and the director's ability to handle the film's \"intellectually rigorous storytelling\" and many characters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012270-0000-0000", "contents": "150 Nassau Street\n150 Nassau Street, also known as the Park Place Tower and the American Tract Society Building, is a 23-story, 291-foot (89\u00a0m) building in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan in New York City. It is located at the southeast corner of Spruce Street and Nassau Street, next to 8 Spruce Street, the former New York Times Building, and New York City Hall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012270-0001-0000", "contents": "150 Nassau Street\n150 Nassau Street was built in 1894\u20131895 as the headquarters of the American Tract Society (ATS), a nonprofit, nonsectarian but evangelical organization that distributed religious tracts. Designed by the architect R.\u00a0H. Robertson, it is one of the first skyscrapers built from a steel skeleton and was among New York City's tallest buildings when it was completed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012270-0002-0000", "contents": "150 Nassau Street\n150 Nassau Street is located near Park Row, which contained several newspaper headquarters. The building failed to make a profit during ATS's occupancy, and the New York Life Insurance Company foreclosed on the building in 1914. After ATS moved out, the New York Sun occupied the building from 1914 to 1919. The building's 10th through 23rd floors were converted into condominiums between 1999 and 2002. In 1999, it was designated as a city landmark by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. The American Tract Society Building is also a contributing property to the Fulton\u2013Nassau Historic District, a National Register of Historic Places district created in 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 696]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012270-0003-0000", "contents": "150 Nassau Street, Site\n150 Nassau Street is located in the Financial District of Manhattan, just east of New York City Hall and the Civic Center. The building is located on a parallelogram-shaped plot that abuts Nassau Street to the west for 100\u00a0feet 7\u00a0inches (30.66\u00a0m) and Spruce Street to the north for 94\u00a0feet 6\u00a0inches (28.80\u00a0m). The Morse Building is immediately to the south, while a public plaza and 8 Spruce Street is located to the east. The Potter Building and 41 Park Row are located across Nassau Street and Pace University is located across Spruce Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 23], "content_span": [24, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012270-0004-0000", "contents": "150 Nassau Street, Design\n150 Nassau Street was designed by Robert Henderson Robertson in the Romanesque style. The building is 291 feet (89\u00a0m) tall with 23 stories. 150 Nassau Street was one of New York City's first skyscrapers to employ a steel skeletal frame. It is designed with elements of Romanesque Revival and Renaissance Revival architecture.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 25], "content_span": [26, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012270-0005-0000", "contents": "150 Nassau Street, Design, Form\nMuch of the building is 20 stories high, except for its northwestern corner, which contains a small three-story tower with a pitched roof. The top of the main roof is 261 feet (80\u00a0m) tall, but the top of the pitched roof is 291 feet (89\u00a0m). The floors above the first story are U-shaped, with a small light court facing south. Two water towers were located above the main roof, but were removed. The Nassau Street side consists of a three-story arcade, meant to complement 41 Park Row to the west, with an open-air top story.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 31], "content_span": [32, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012270-0006-0000", "contents": "150 Nassau Street, Design, Facade\nAt the time of 150 Nassau Street's construction, the facades of many 19th-century early skyscrapers consisted of three horizontal sections similar to the components of a column, namely a base, midsection, and capital. 150 Nassau Street contains six horizontal layers, divided by band courses and cornices: of these, two are in the base, three in the midsection, and one at the capital. Both principal facades contain five vertical bays. The main entrance, located in the center bay on Nassau Street, consists of a double-height archway supported by two pairs of columns, one on each side. Underneath the arch is an elaborate entablature and a semicircular transom. The windows are mostly sash windows.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 33], "content_span": [34, 735]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012270-0007-0000", "contents": "150 Nassau Street, Design, Facade\nThe principal facades are the northern and western facades, which are made of self-supporting masonry on the ground through fifth floors, and brick and terracotta supported by the building's box girders on the upper floors. The basement on the Spruce Street side is visible due to the downward slope of the lot from west to east. On the lowest two floors of both principal facades, each bay contains an arched window. On each of the third through 20th floors, there are two sash windows in each bay.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 33], "content_span": [34, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012270-0007-0001", "contents": "150 Nassau Street, Design, Facade\nThe 6th, 10th, 14th, and 18th floors are framed by cornices on their tops and bottoms, and divide the midsection into three distinct horizontal segments. The 19th through 23rd floors form a \"capital\"; the 19th and 20th floors cover the entire lot area and are similar in design to the lower floors, but the 21st floor contains an arched, open-air arcade measuring two bays wide on Spruce Street and five bays wide on Nassau Street. The 21st through 23rd stories constitute the building's tower: 21st and 22nd stories contain tile walls and rectangular windows, while the 23rd floor contains a pitched roof with dormers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 33], "content_span": [34, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012270-0008-0000", "contents": "150 Nassau Street, Design, Facade\nThe southern and eastern facades are made of self-supporting brick below the 13th floor and are supported by lattice girders above that point. These facades mostly lack ornament. The lower five stories of the eastern facade served as a party wall to a now-demolished building on Spruce Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 33], "content_span": [34, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012270-0009-0000", "contents": "150 Nassau Street, Design, Facade\nTerracotta, possibly created by New York Architectural Terra Cotta, was used for decorative detail on the facade. When built, the top story contained further ornamentation such as a flagpole and finials, which caused the building to stand out on the skyline. The winged figures on the facade's uppermost portion were similar to that of Robertson's previous Corn Exchange Bank building at William and Nassau Streets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 33], "content_span": [34, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012270-0010-0000", "contents": "150 Nassau Street, Design, Foundation\nThe ground directly underneath 150 Nassau Street was made of a layer of fine red sand extending 36 feet (11\u00a0m) deep, then a 7-to-8-foot (2.1 to 2.4\u00a0m) layer of clay, followed by another layer of fine sand. The layer of bedrock was located 100 feet (30\u00a0m) underground, and the builders decided against digging to the depth of the bedrock using pneumatic caissons. During construction, the foundation was excavated to a depth of 35 feet (11\u00a0m). The builders then drove pilings into the ground. Each piling was made of spruce tree trunks between 20 and 25 feet (6.1 and 7.6\u00a0m) long and 10 to 14 inches (250 to 360\u00a0mm) wide. Atop each piling was granite blocks, then vertical brick piers, and finally cast-iron footings for the building's columns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 37], "content_span": [38, 781]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012270-0011-0000", "contents": "150 Nassau Street, Design, Foundation\nAlong portions of the south and west walls, the builders could not install pilings to provide foundations for the columns. These columns were instead supported by cantilevers made of trusses; six pairs of cantilevers were used. Several neighboring buildings, including the Morse Building, were underpinned while the foundation was being built. The columns are generally spaced 18 to 19 feet (5.5 to 5.8\u00a0m) apart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 37], "content_span": [38, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012270-0012-0000", "contents": "150 Nassau Street, Design, Features\n150 Nassau Street uses some 2,665 short tons (2,379 long tons; 2,418\u00a0t) of metal. Generally, each floor is supported by pairings of I-beams, with each pairing spaced about 6.3 feet (1.9\u00a0m) apart. The I-beams under the basement through third floors are 12 inches (300\u00a0mm) thick, while the I-beams under the remaining floors are 15 inches (380\u00a0mm) thick. Box girders are also located under the 6th, 10th, 14th, and 18th floors, and plate girders are under the 19th floor. The floors themselves are made of flat brick arches 12 inches (300\u00a0mm) deep. The columns were wrapped with 4 inches (100\u00a0mm) of brick to provide fireproofing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 35], "content_span": [36, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012270-0013-0000", "contents": "150 Nassau Street, Design, Features\n150 Nassau Street features six elevators arranged around a semicircular space in the northwest corner of the building. Of these, two were originally \"express elevators\" running non-stop to the upper floors. The building's only fire staircase is located on the opposite side of the semicircular elevator lobbies on each floor. Upon the building's completion, the ATS described the new facilities as \"convenient or necessary for an office of the highest standard\". These included radiators under every window, as well as steam, electric and gas services.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 35], "content_span": [36, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012270-0013-0001", "contents": "150 Nassau Street, Design, Features\nTwo storefronts were located at ground level and there was space for four additional stores in the basement; the 22nd floor also contained a restaurant. The rest of the building had space for more than 700 offices. As built, each floor had 36 offices, which could be rented either as singular units or as part of a multi-unit suite. The corridors in the building were built to a relatively narrow width to maximize office space.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 35], "content_span": [36, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012270-0014-0000", "contents": "150 Nassau Street, Design, Features\nSince the building's 2002 renovation, the lowest nine floors contain 80 corporate offices. The 10th through 23rd floors contain 45 luxury condominiums, most of which are two- or three-bedroom units. The top three floors contain a penthouse unit with 6,400 square feet (590\u00a0m2) of space, an outdoor deck, a private terrace on the roof, and ceilings 18 feet (5.5\u00a0m) tall. The penthouse, dubbed the \"Skyhouse\", was designed by David Hotson and Ghislaine Vi\u00f1as, and includes features such as geometrical designs and an 80-foot (24\u00a0m) slide. As originally planned, the 23rd story was to be used as condominiums.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 35], "content_span": [36, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012270-0015-0000", "contents": "150 Nassau Street, History, Planning\nThe American Tract Society, or ATS, was established in 1825 as a nonprofit, nonsectarian but evangelical organization. It was the first organization in the U.S. formed specifically to give out religious tracts. ATS bought land in 1825 at the southwest corner of Nassau and Spruce Streets, completing its four-story Tract House the next year. The house's addresses were subsequently changed to 144 Nassau Street in 1827, and then to 150 Nassau Street in 1833. A five-story Tract House was built on the same site in 1846\u20131847.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 36], "content_span": [37, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012270-0016-0000", "contents": "150 Nassau Street, History, Planning\nATS subsequently went into financial decline after the Panic of 1873. By 1886, the society had voted for a \"thorough examination of all [its] affairs and business\". In 1894, ATS's executive committee proposed relocating uptown to Madison Square Park, stating that most of New York City's commerce had relocated further north. Two years later, ATS decided instead to build a new speculative skyscraper on its current land, calling the site \"a safe and remunerative investment\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 36], "content_span": [37, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012270-0016-0001", "contents": "150 Nassau Street, History, Planning\nDuring the late 19th century, the surrounding area had grown into the \"Newspaper Row\", as several newspaper headquarters had been built on the adjacent Park Row, including the New York Times Building, the Potter Building, the Park Row Building, and the New York World Building. Meanwhile, printing was centered around Beekman Street, less than one block south of 150 Nassau Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 36], "content_span": [37, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012270-0017-0000", "contents": "150 Nassau Street, History, Construction\nATS bought two nearby lots in March 1894 and Robertson announced plans for a new 23-story skyscraper on the site the following month. Robertson submitted these plans to the New York City Department of Buildings in May 1894. The structure was expected to cost $1\u00a0million. ATS financed the project by mortgaging its existing property.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 40], "content_span": [41, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012270-0018-0000", "contents": "150 Nassau Street, History, Construction\nConstruction began almost immediately afterward. William Williams Crehore was the engineering consultant, John Downey was the general contractor, and George R. Read served both as construction supervisor and managing agent. Keystone Bridge Works was the steel supplier, Atlas Iron Construction was the steel contractor, and Louis Weber Building was the masonry contractor. The structure was erected with the largest derrick utilized in the city at the time, completing two stories per week.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 40], "content_span": [41, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012270-0018-0001", "contents": "150 Nassau Street, History, Construction\nTwo double-drum engines were installed on the seventh floor of the light court to bring up the material: one with 30 horsepower (22\u00a0kW) and the other with 50 horsepower (37\u00a0kW). There were fears that the adjacent Morse Building was structurally unstable when a crack appeared in the facade due to 150 Nassau Street's construction, though engineers said it was not serious.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 40], "content_span": [41, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012270-0019-0000", "contents": "150 Nassau Street, History, Construction\nDuring the new building's construction, ATS was exempt from real-estate taxes. In early 1895 the under-construction building was assessed at $300,000, of which $6,000 of taxes would have normally had to be paid. The New York Life Insurance Company offered ATS a $1.25\u00a0million mortgage loan on the property that July. The project was completed by September 1895. At that point, it was among the city's tallest buildings, behind only the Manhattan Life Insurance Building, the World Building, Madison Square Garden, and St. Patrick's Cathedral.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 40], "content_span": [41, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012270-0019-0001", "contents": "150 Nassau Street, History, Construction\nHowever, 150 Nassau Street contained usable space up to its top story, while the other structures' top sections were composed mainly of spires or domes. 150 Nassau Street was largely a speculative development, relying on businesses from the nearby Civic Center neighborhood to occupy the structure. Upon the building's completion, the New York City Department of Public Works leased the basement, 17th floor, and one of the two ground-level storefronts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 40], "content_span": [41, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012270-0020-0000", "contents": "150 Nassau Street, History, American Tract Society use\nThe construction of the new headquarters caused ATS to go into debt. From its opening, 150 Nassau Street was beset with \"painful disappointments\", in part because of its inability to attract tenants. Several major elevator accidents also occurred at the building. In one such accident, a cab dropped from a lower floor to the cellar, and in another, a cab dropped from the eighth to the fifth floor without slowing down; however, no serious injuries were incurred in either incident.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 54], "content_span": [55, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012270-0020-0001", "contents": "150 Nassau Street, History, American Tract Society use\nThe third such incident occurred in November 1896, when a cab dropped from the 10th floor to the basement, injuring three people. ATS replaced the Otis elevators with Crane elevators in early 1897. Despite this, in September 1897, another elevator dropped 19 floors, killing the two occupants. The coroner's jury did not find anyone culpable in the 1897 incident, but highlighted a need for a \"competent\" elevator maintenance engineer. The elevator accidents, which were covered intensively by the media, were among the reasons why tenants were reluctant to rent space in the building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 54], "content_span": [55, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012270-0021-0000", "contents": "150 Nassau Street, History, American Tract Society use\nBy 1900, 150 Nassau Street had over 3,000 employees. In subsequent years, 150 Nassau Street was occupied by ATS's publishing and administrative offices, as well as several \"tenants of questionable character\", which in turn led to accusations of mismanagement. ATS defaulted on the mortgage in 1913, and after unsuccessfully attempting to raise funds, gave the structure to the New York Life Company the following year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 54], "content_span": [55, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012270-0022-0000", "contents": "150 Nassau Street, History, Later history\nIn August 1914, it was announced that The New York Sun would move into 150 Nassau Street and demolish its former headquarters nearby at Nassau and Frankfort Streets. The Sun started moving into the building the following July, taking space in the basement and the second through fifth floors. The New York Life Insurance Company filed a lawsuit to foreclose on the building's $1.25\u00a0million mortgage. In 1916, a New York Supreme Court judge appointed a referee to oversee the foreclosure. The building was damaged the same year by a fire at a nearby low-rise building on Beekman Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 41], "content_span": [42, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012270-0022-0001", "contents": "150 Nassau Street, History, Later history\nThe Sun moved out during 1919, the same year that the building was sold to the 150 Nassau Street Corporation. The company defaulted on the building's mortgage in 1936 and New York Life took back the building. New York Life kept the building until 1945, after which it was acquired by multiple owners. Tenants during this time included the Woodrow Wilson Foundation, founded in 1921.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 41], "content_span": [42, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012270-0023-0000", "contents": "150 Nassau Street, History, Later history\nThe New York World and Tribune buildings immediately to the north were demolished in the 1950s and 1960s, and Pace College (later Pace University) built 1 Pace Plaza on the site of the latter. Pace also acquired 150 Nassau Street and other nearby buildings in 1967, with plans to destroy them and build an office tower. These plans did not proceed and Pace University sold 150 Nassau Street in 1982.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 41], "content_span": [42, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012270-0024-0000", "contents": "150 Nassau Street, History, Later history\nNassau Equities bought the building in 1998 and proposed renovating the upper stories with offices and residences. A controversy ensued when Nassau Equities' executive Jack Lefkowitz attempted to evict all the tenants at once. The next year, on June 15, 1999, the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission designated the building as an official city landmark. Renovations took place during 2001 and were completed the next year. On September 7, 2005, the building was designated as a contributing property to the Fulton\u2013Nassau Historic District, a National Register of Historic Places district.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 41], "content_span": [42, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012270-0024-0001", "contents": "150 Nassau Street, History, Later history\nThe penthouse unit went unsold until 2007 when it was purchased by Google engineering director Craig Nevill-Manning and his wife. By 2013 the penthouse was on sale for $20\u00a0million. That same year, residents filed a lawsuit to prevent a Denny's restaurant from opening in the building. The restaurant moved to 150 Nassau Street anyway, but closed permanently in 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 41], "content_span": [42, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012270-0025-0000", "contents": "150 Nassau Street, Critical reception\nLower Manhattan's late-19th century skyscrapers generally received mixed reception. Negative criticism focused mainly on the layered design of the facade. A writer for the Architectural Record said that 150 Nassau Street had a \"repetition of motif\". Sarah Landau, summarizing critics' general sentiments toward the building, said that \"detractors object[ed] to the breaking up of the street elevations into six horizontal divisions and to the considerable diversity of treatment from top to bottom\", but that the layers were typical of Robertson's designs. Montgomery Schuyler praised the design of the building's top, but was critical of the facade's six-part horizontal division, saying that it was \"arbitrary\" and failed to \"correspond to any actual requirement, mechanical or aesthetic\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 37], "content_span": [38, 829]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012270-0026-0000", "contents": "150 Nassau Street, Critical reception\nThe building also received praise because of the facade's layering, rather than in spite of it. An Engineering News article stated that, as a result of the inclusion of details such as belt courses, \"the general treatment of the building by its designer is very good and the appearance is quite pleasing\". Robertson himself found skyscrapers to be \"uninteresting architecturally\", but that despite the many restrictions that he felt to be a hindrance to skyscraper design, \"something monumental could be made out of the building\". The Landmarks Preservation Commission wrote that the building was architecturally notable as the result of a \"contemporary search for an appropriate solution for the architectural expression for a skyscraper\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 37], "content_span": [38, 778]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012271-0000-0000", "contents": "150 North Riverside\n150 North Riverside Plaza is a highrise building in Chicago, Illinois, completed in 2017. The building is 54 stories tall. The building occupies a two-acre site on the west bank of the Chicago River, whose size and location demanded an unusually small base for the building. The building features 1.2\u00a0million square feet (110,000\u00a0m2) of leasable office space. Due to its unique superstructure design, it encompasses just 25 percent of the lot. In 2019, the building was given the Chicago Chapter of the American Institute of Architects' highest award for design excellence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012271-0001-0000", "contents": "150 North Riverside, Background\nAs required by the city of Chicago for any new riverfront building, the developer was required to set aside part of the lot size for public park space; 75 percent of the project site is reserved for a public park, amphitheater, and riverwalk. The site is built with air rights over tracks that carry Metra and Amtrak trains into Chicago Union Station. The building has achieved LEED gold and WiredScore Platinum certification.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012271-0002-0000", "contents": "150 North Riverside, Design\nThe west side of the building features a lobby with a glass wall that is nearly 100 feet (30\u00a0m) tall at its peak. The architect's intention is to connect the interior and exterior visually.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 27], "content_span": [28, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012271-0003-0000", "contents": "150 North Riverside, Design\nOne signature aspect of 150 North Riverside building is the way the office floors cantilever out from the central core. The building is constructed with a smaller base for a height of 8 stories (104\u00a0ft), but the building cantilevers out to the full size of the office floor space. This gives it a slenderness ratio of 1:20 at its base.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 27], "content_span": [28, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012271-0004-0000", "contents": "150 North Riverside, Reception\nVariously referred to by popular names like \"The Tuning Fork\", \"The Champagne Flute\", or \"The Guillotine\", the building has become a highlight of architectural boat tours. Architecture critic Blair Kamin in his positive review calls it \"a persuasive blend of the pragmatic and dramatic.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012271-0005-0000", "contents": "150 North Riverside, Reception\nThe building is one of the most-awarded towers in Chicago, receiving national and international acclaim:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012272-0000-0000", "contents": "150 Nuwa\nNuwa (minor planet designation: 150 Nuwa) is a large main-belt asteroid with an orbital period of 5.15 years. It was discovered by Canadian-American astronomer James Craig Watson on October 18, 1875, and named after N\u00fcwa, the Chinese creator goddess. This object is a candidate member of the Hecuba group of asteroids that orbit near the 2:1 mean-motion resonance with Jupiter. Based upon the spectrum it is classified as a C-type asteroid, which indicates that it is probably composed of primitive carbonaceous chondritic material and the surface is exceedingly dark.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012272-0001-0000", "contents": "150 Nuwa\nPhotometric observations of this asteroid at the Catania Astrophysical Observatory during 1992 and 1993 gave a light curve with a period of 8.140 \u00b1 0.005 hours. In 2004, an additional photometric study was performed at Swilken Brae Observatory in St Andrews, Fife, yielding a probable period of 8.1364 \u00b1 0.0008 hours and a brightness variation of 0.26 \u00b1 0.03 in magnitude. A 2011 study from Organ Mesa Observatory in Las Cruces, New Mexico gave a period of 8.1347 \u00b1 0.0001 hours with a brightness variation of 0.17 \u00b1 0.02 magnitude, which is consistent with prior results.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012272-0002-0000", "contents": "150 Nuwa\nOn December 17, 1999, a star was occulted by Nuwa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 59]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012273-0000-0000", "contents": "150 Regiment RLC\n150 Regiment RLC is a regiment of the Royal Logistic Corps Army Reserve in the United Kingdom", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012273-0001-0000", "contents": "150 Regiment RLC, History\nThe regiment was formed in the Royal Corps of Transport in 1967, as 150th (Northumbrian) Transport Regiment from seven territorial transport regiments, with four transport squadrons. The regiment was transferred into the Royal Logistic Corps and was renamed the 150th (Yorkshire) Regiment RLC in 1993. 216 Squadron was transferred to 159th Support Regiment in 2006 but transferred back under Army 2020 in 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012274-0000-0000", "contents": "150 West Jefferson\n150 West Jefferson is a skyscraper and class-A office center in Downtown Detroit, Michigan. The building's construction began in 1987 and was completed in 1989. It stands at 26 stories tall, with two basement floors, for a total of 28. The building stands at 150 West Jefferson Avenue, between Shelby Street and Griswold Street, and between Jefferson and Larned Street bordering the Detroit Financial District.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012274-0001-0000", "contents": "150 West Jefferson\nDetroit's two oldest law firms,  and Miller, Canfield, Paddock & Stone, occupy the building. Butzel Long on the main lobby level Miller Canfield on the 25th floor. KPMG and Amazon also occupy 150 West Jefferson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012274-0002-0000", "contents": "150 West Jefferson\nREDICO, a Southfield-based commercial real estate firm, purchased the building in July 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012274-0003-0000", "contents": "150 West Jefferson, Architecture\nThe building's main exterior materials include glass, granite, and concrete in a postmodern architectural design. The high-rise building is primarily used as an Office tower, with a parking garage, restaurant and retail offices inside it. This building is connected to the rest of downtown Detroit by a station stop on the Detroit People Mover transit system built into the adjacent parking ramp. The 150 West Jefferson high rise replaced the Detroit Stock Exchange Building. Some of the fa\u00e7ade of the old building was preserved and incorporated into the interior and exterior decoration of the new building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 32], "content_span": [33, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012274-0003-0001", "contents": "150 West Jefferson, Architecture\nThe skyscraper rises 444' 6\" from its front entrance off West Jefferson Avenue. The back entrance off the podium on Larned Street actually sits 7' lower. Four flagpoles, each 30 feet (9 m) high, are located at each corner of the top of the slanted roof. Each displays an American flag; the four can be seen across the river in Windsor, Ontario.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 32], "content_span": [33, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012274-0004-0000", "contents": "150 West Jefferson, Architecture\nThe Financial District station of the Detroit People Mover system is accessed inside this building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 32], "content_span": [33, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012275-0000-0000", "contents": "150 West Main Street\n150 West Main Street is the fourth tallest building in Downtown Norfolk, Virginia, United States. Norfolk's highest rated restaurant, Todd Jurich's Bistro, is located on the building's ground floor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012275-0001-0000", "contents": "150 West Main Street, History\nIn 2000, Norfolk's office vacancy rate was well below 10%. The development was a joint project between the city of Norfolk and a limited liability company headed by local businessmen Tom Robinson (Robinson Development Group) and Robert Stanton (Stanton Partners, Inc.). The 840-space parking facility, which occupies the second through tenth floors, was financed by the city of Norfolk. When the highrise opened in 2002, a large number of tenants in older properties, especially the Bank of America Center, built in 1967, moved to the new Class \"A\" building when their leases expired.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012275-0002-0000", "contents": "150 West Main Street, Structure\nThe 20-story tower contains 234,000\u00a0sq\u00a0ft (21,700\u00a0m2) of leasable space, managed by CB Richard Ellis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012275-0003-0000", "contents": "150 West Main Street, Structure\nA branch office of SunTrust occupies part of the ground floor, and their name is on the banner sign at the top of the building. Todd Jurich's Bistro, a full-service restaurant established in 1992, changes its menu regularly based on the availability of fresh seasonal ingredients. Their wine selection is notable, and they have several private dining rooms. The lobby features original artwork on display, and a 2,000\u00a0sq\u00a0ft (190\u00a0m2) penthouse is available to tenants for conferences and meetings. The building has 24/7 security and a backup generator provides electricity during power outages.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012275-0004-0000", "contents": "150 West Main Street, Structure\nIn 2005, the original investors sold the property to the St. Joe Company for $50.5 million.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012275-0005-0000", "contents": "150 West Main Street, Structure\nOn August 7, 2007 St. Joe sold the 98% leased building to Eola Capital, LLC for $56 million.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012275-0006-0000", "contents": "150 West Main Street, Structure\nFinally, Gate Petroleum acquired the building on February 8, 2008. At the time, the occupancy rate was 97% with just three vacant suites. The majority of lessees are legal and financial businesses, including dozens of lawyers, Certified Public Accountants, and prominent firms: Troutman Sanders, Kaufman & Canoles, Virginia Natural Gas, CB Richard Ellis brokerage and Wachovia Securities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012276-0000-0000", "contents": "150 metres\n150 metres is a sprint event in track and field. It is a very rarely contested non-championship and not an IAAF-recognised event. Given the proportion of standard running tracks, the event typically incorporates a bend when held in a track and field stadium, although some especially-built tracks allow the event to take place entirely on a straight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012276-0001-0000", "contents": "150 metres\nThe event was given a high-profile outing in 1997 as an intermediate contest between two 1996 Olympic champions: Donovan Bailey (100 metres) and Michael Johnson (200 metres). Johnson pulled up mid-race, allowing Bailey to win the $1 million prize. This race coincided with a period of similar 150\u00a0m meetings between Bailey and the 1992 Olympic champion Linford Christie; the pair raced three years running for high cash prizes in Sheffield, England, in 1995, 1996 and 1997, with Christie winning the first two outings and Bailey winning the last.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012276-0002-0000", "contents": "150 metres\nThe Manchester City Games in England \u2013 a competition featuring a long, raised track on one of the city's major streets \u2013 has provided many of the event's highlights since 2009, including the men's world best of 14.35 seconds, set by Usain Bolt in 2009. Allyson Felix ran the fastest ever 150\u00a0m race by a woman in 2013 (16.36 seconds), although faster times have been recorded at intermediate stages of the 200\u00a0m event.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012276-0002-0001", "contents": "150 metres\nThe Great North City Games (held variously in Newcastle and Gateshead) features a similar setup to the Manchester event and has provided several of the best men's and women's times. The British events typically attracted American, British and Caribbean competitors, and athletes from these places account for nearly all the top 25 best times for men and women. A one-off 150\u00a0m race on Copacabana Beach in Rio de Janeiro was held in 2013 and Bolt finished in a time close to his own world record.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012276-0003-0000", "contents": "150 metres\nThe 150\u00a0m had some significance as a regular indoor event in the 1960s and 1970s as a result of indoor tracks matching that distance. Wales held a national championship over the distance up to 1972 and Finland briefly had a women's national championship in the mid 1960s. A relay version of the distance (4 \u00d7 150 metres) was contested at the 1967 European Athletics Indoor Championships and was won by the Soviet Union's women's team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012276-0003-0001", "contents": "150 metres\nThe distance attracted the attention of 1980 Olympic 200\u00a0m champion Pietro Mennea, whose hand-timed run of 14.8 seconds in Cassino, Italy, in 1983 stood as a world best time for over a quarter of a century. Italy also provided a women's 150\u00a0m best that same decade, with Jamaican Merlene Ottey setting a time of 16.46 seconds in Trapani in 1989 \u2013 a world best mark which was unbeaten for over two decades.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012276-0004-0000", "contents": "150 metres, All-time top 25, Men, Notes\nBelow is a list of other times equal or superior to 14.88:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 39], "content_span": [40, 98]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012276-0005-0000", "contents": "150 metres, All-time top 25, Men, Assisted marks\nAny performance with a following wind of more than 2.0 metres per second is not counted for record purposes. Below is a list of the fastest wind-assisted times (inside 14.92). Only times that are superior to legal bests are shown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 48], "content_span": [49, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012276-0006-0000", "contents": "150 metres, All-time top 25, Women, Notes\nBelow is a list of other times equal or superior to 16.70:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 41], "content_span": [42, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012277-0000-0000", "contents": "150 personae non gratae of Turkey\nThe 150 personae non gratae of Turkey (Turkish: Y\u00fczellilikler, lit. ' Hundred-and-fiftyers') is a list of high-ranking personages of the Ottoman Empire who were exiled from the Republic of Turkey shortly after the end of the Turkish War of Independence with the Armistice of Mudanya on 11 October 1922. The Sultanate was abolished by the Grand National Assembly of Turkey in Angora (Ankara) on 1 November 1922, and the last Ottoman Sultan, Mehmed VI, was declared persona non grata. Leaving Constantinople (now Istanbul) aboard the British warship HMS Malaya on 17 November 1922, he went into exile and died in Sanremo, Italy, on 16 May 1926.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 676]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012277-0001-0000", "contents": "150 personae non gratae of Turkey\nThe list was created on 23 April 1924 by the Grand National Assembly of Turkey, and revised on 1 June 1924. By targeting the former Imperial ruling-elite, it reaffirmed the political and cultural break between the Empire and the Republic. The preliminary list contained 600 individuals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012278-0000-0000", "contents": "150 women in 150 words\nThe \"150 women in 150 words\" project was undertaken by the Royal Society Te Ap\u0101rangi and published during their 150th anniversary celebrations in 2017. The aim of the project was \"celebrating women\u2019s contributions to expanding knowledge in New Zealand\", and involved short online biographies of a range of women from early Polynesian settlers to present-day scientists.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012278-0001-0000", "contents": "150 women in 150 words\nThe biographies are arranged on the Royal Society Te Ap\u0101rangi's website in four categories: pre-1866 (of which there are two, Whakaotirangi and Kahupeka), 1867\u20131917, 1918\u20131967, and 1968\u2013to the present time. The full list of biographies below is arranged alphabetically by (most commonly used) surname.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012279-0000-0000", "contents": "1500\nYear 1500 (MD) was a leap year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. The year 1500 was not a leap year in the Proleptic Gregorian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012279-0001-0000", "contents": "1500\nThe year was seen as being especially important by many Christians in Europe, who thought it would bring the beginning of the end of the world. Their belief was based on the phrase \"half-time after the time\", when the apocalypse was due to occur, which appears in the Book of Revelation and was seen as referring to 1500. This time was also just after the Old World's discovery of the Americas in 1492, and therefore was influenced greatly by the New World.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012279-0002-0000", "contents": "1500\nHistorically, the year 1500 is also often identified, somewhat arbitrarily, as marking the end of the Middle Ages and beginning of the Early Modern Era.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012279-0003-0000", "contents": "1500\nThe end of this year marked the halfway point of the 2nd millennium, as there were 500 years before it and 500 years after it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012280-0000-0000", "contents": "1500 AM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1500\u00a0kHz: The Federal Communications Commission categorizes 1500 AM as a U.S. clear-channel frequency. WFED Washington, D.C. and KSTP St. Paul are the dominant Class A stations on 1500 AM.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012281-0000-0000", "contents": "1500 Broadway\n1500 Broadway is a skyscraper located in Times Square, New York City. The skyscraper was completed in 1972 by Arlen Realty & Development Corporation, with a height of 119 meters (390 feet), and has 34 floors. 1500 Broadway is famous for the seven-story NASDAQ ticker tape display that wraps around the building and for the glass-fronted studio of ABC's Good Morning America television show.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012281-0001-0000", "contents": "1500 Broadway\nReplacing the Hotel Claridge that figured prominently in the 1969 film Midnight Cowboy, 1500 Broadway occupies an entire block front on the east side of Broadway between 43rd Street and 44th Street, and comprises 500,000 square feet of office and retail space. The property was acquired by Tamares Group in 1995.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012281-0002-0000", "contents": "1500 Broadway\nTenants include ABC Studios, Disney, NASDAQ, Sunrise Brokers LLC, Hewitt Associates, Fair Isaac, Starbucks, Essence Magazine, Edelman Public Relations Worldwide, and IIG Capital. The Beijing-based, English-language newspaper China Daily publishes a U.S. edition which is also based at 1500 Broadway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012281-0003-0000", "contents": "1500 Broadway, Times Square Studios\nThe 1500 Broadway building has been host to ABC Studios and Times Square Studios since 1985. Times Square Studios is a television studio located in Times Square, New York City. The studio is best known as the home of ABC's Good Morning America.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 35], "content_span": [36, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012282-0000-0000", "contents": "1500 Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4\n1500 Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4 (jyv\u00e6s-kyl\u00e6), provisional designation 1938 UH, is a stony Florian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 7 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 16 October 1938, by Finnish astronomer Yrj\u00f6 V\u00e4is\u00e4l\u00e4 at the Turku Observatory in Southwest Finland. It was named for the Finnish town Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012282-0001-0000", "contents": "1500 Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4, Classification and orbit\nJyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4 is a member of the Flora family, a large collisional group of stony asteroids. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.8\u20132.7\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 4 months (1,227 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.19 and an inclination of 7\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at Turku, 3 weeks prior to its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012282-0002-0000", "contents": "1500 Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4, Physical characteristics\nIn 2016, a modeled lightcurve was derived from data contained in the Lowell photometric database. Light-curve analysis gave it a rotation period of 8.8275 hours and a spin axis of (123\u00b0, \u221275.0\u00b0) in ecliptic coordinates (U=n.a. ).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012282-0003-0000", "contents": "1500 Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4, Physical characteristics\nAccording to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, the asteroid measures between 7.39 and 8.095 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.161 and 0.31. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.24 \u2013 derived from 8\u00a0Flora, the largest member and namesake of this family \u2013 and calculates a diameter of 6.63 kilometers, using an absolute magnitude of 13.06.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012282-0004-0000", "contents": "1500 Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4, Naming\nThis minor planet was named for the Finnish town Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4. It is the largest city in the region of Central Finland and on the Finnish Lakeland. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 February 1976 (M.P.C. 3928).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012283-0000-0000", "contents": "1500 Louisiana Street\n1500 Louisiana Street, formerly Enron Center South, is a 600\u00a0ft (183m) tall skyscraper in Houston, Texas. It was completed in 2002 and has 40 floors and a total building area of 1,284,013sq.ft. It is the 17th tallest building in the city and the tallest completed in the 2000s. It was designed by C\u00e9sar Pelli.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012283-0001-0000", "contents": "1500 Louisiana Street, History\nEnron, a Houston-based company, had the building constructed to serve as its US headquarters. Due to a scandal in late 2001 the company collapsed and filed for bankruptcy that same year; Enron never occupied the building. Intell Management and Investment Co. paid $102 million for the tower, which came equipped with technology that was, in 2003, the latest for energy firms. Charlie Giammalva of Lincoln Property Co., the leasing company of 1500 Louisiana, said that the building was \"zero percent occupied.\" Giammalva said that the management of the building had contacted several firms, such as ExxonMobil, about the possibility of leasing space in the building. By July 2003 none of the firms contacted the management.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 753]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012283-0002-0000", "contents": "1500 Louisiana Street, History\nChevronTexaco bought the building in 2004 for $340 million. By 2005 the firm announced that it would move out of the former Chevron Tower in Houston Center and moved into 1500 Louisiana Street. In 2006 4,000 employees worked in 1500 Louisiana.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012284-0000-0000", "contents": "1500 in India\nThe following lists events that happened during 1500 in India.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 76]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012285-0000-0000", "contents": "1500 in Italy\nAn incomplete list of events which occurred in Italy in AD 1500", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 77]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012286-0000-0000", "contents": "1500 in Scotland\nEvents from the year 1500 in the Kingdom of Scotland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012287-0000-0000", "contents": "1500 in art\nThe year 1500 in art involved some significant events and new works.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 80]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012288-0000-0000", "contents": "1500 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1500.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012289-0000-0000", "contents": "1500 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012289-0001-0000", "contents": "1500 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012289-0002-0000", "contents": "1500 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012290-0000-0000", "contents": "1500 in science\nThe year 1500 AD in science and technology included many events, some of which are listed here.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012291-0000-0000", "contents": "1500 metres\nThe 1500 metres or 1,500-metre run (typically pronounced 'fifteen-hundred metres') is the foremost middle distance track event in athletics. The distance has been contested at the Summer Olympics since 1896 and the World Championships in Athletics since 1983. It is equivalent to 1.5 kilometers or approximately 15\u204416\u00a0miles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012291-0001-0000", "contents": "1500 metres\nThe demands of the race are similar to that of the 800 metres, but with a slightly higher emphasis on aerobic endurance and a slightly lower sprint speed requirement. The 1500 metre race is predominantly aerobic, but anaerobic conditioning is also required.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012291-0002-0000", "contents": "1500 metres\nEach lap run during the world-record race run by Hicham El Guerrouj of Morocco in 1998 in Rome, Italy averaged just under 55 seconds (or under 13.8\u00a0seconds per 100\u00a0metres).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012291-0003-0000", "contents": "1500 metres\n1,500 metres is three and three-quarter laps around a 400-metre track. During the 1970s and 1980s this race was dominated by British runners, along with an occasional Finn, American, or New Zealander, but through the 1990s many African runners began to win Olympic medals in this race, especially runners from Kenya, Ethiopia, Morocco and Algeria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012291-0004-0000", "contents": "1500 metres\nIn the Modern Olympic Games, the men's 1,500-metre race has been contested from the beginning, and at every Olympic Games since. The first winner, in 1896, was Edwin Flack of Australia, who also won the first gold medal in the 800-metre race. The women's 1,500-metre race was first added to the Summer Olympics in 1972, and the winner of the first gold medal was Lyudmila Bragina of the Soviet Union.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012291-0004-0001", "contents": "1500 metres\nDuring the Olympic Games of 1972 through 2008, the women's 1,500-metre race has been won by three Soviets plus one Russian, one Italian, one Romanian, one Briton, one Kenyan, and two Algerians. The 2012 Olympic results are still undecided as a result of multiple doping cases. The best women's times for the race were controversially set by Chinese runners, all set in the same race on just two dates four years apart at the Chinese National Games. At least one of those top Chinese athletes has admitted to being part of a doping program. This women's record was finally broken by Genzebe Dibaba of Ethiopia in 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012291-0005-0000", "contents": "1500 metres\nIn American high schools, the mile run (which is 1609.344 metres in length) and the 1,600-metre run, also colloquially referred to as \"metric mile\", are more frequently run than the 1,500-metre run, since US customary units are better-known in America.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012291-0006-0000", "contents": "1500 metres\nWhich distance is used depends on which state the high school is in, and, for convenience, national rankings are standardized by converting all 1,500-metre run times to their mile run equivalents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012291-0007-0000", "contents": "1500 metres, Strategy\nMany 1500 metres events, particularly at the championship level, turn into slow, strategic races, with the pace quickening and competitors jockeying for position in the final lap to settle the race in a final sprint. Such is the difficulty of maintaining the pace throughout the duration of the event, most records are set in planned races led by pacemakers or \"rabbits\" who sacrifice their opportunity to win by leading the early laps at a fast pace before dropping out.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 21], "content_span": [22, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012291-0008-0000", "contents": "1500 metres, All-time top 25, Women, Non-legal\nThe following athlete had her performance (superior to 3:56.31) annulled due to a doping violation:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 46], "content_span": [47, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012291-0009-0000", "contents": "1500 metres, Other sports\n1,500 metres is also an event in swimming and speed skating. The world records for the distance in swimming for men are 14:31.02 (swum in a 50-metre pool) by Sun Yang, 14:08.06 (swum in a 25-metre pool) by Gregorio Paltrinieri; and by women 15:25.48 (swum in a 50-metre pool) by Katie Ledecky, and 15:19.71 (swum in a 25-metre pool) by Mireia Belmonte Garc\u00eda.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 25], "content_span": [26, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012291-0010-0000", "contents": "1500 metres, Other sports\nThe world records for the distance in speed skating are 1:40.17 by Kjeld Nuis and 1:49.83 by Miho Takagi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 25], "content_span": [26, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012292-0000-0000", "contents": "1500 metres at the Olympics\nThe 1500 metres at the Summer Olympics has been contested since the first edition of the multi-sport event. The men's 1500\u00a0m has been present on the Olympic athletics programme since 1896. The women's event was not introduced until over seventy years later, but it has been a permanent fixture since it was first held in 1972. The Olympic final and the World Athletics Championship final are the most prestigious 1500\u00a0m races at an elite level. The competition format comprises three rounds: a heats stage, semi-finals, then a final typically between twelve athletes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012292-0001-0000", "contents": "1500 metres at the Olympics\nThe 1500 meters was one of four individual events documented exclusively by Olympic documentary filmmaker Bud Greenspan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012292-0002-0000", "contents": "1500 metres at the Olympics\nThe Olympic records for the event are 3:28.32 minutes for men, set by Jakob Ingebrigtsen in 2021, and 3:53.11 minutes for women, set by Faith Kipyegon in 2021. The 1500 metres world record has been broken several times at the Olympics: the men's record was beaten in 1900, 1936, and 1960, while the women's record was improved in 1972 (three times) and in 1980.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012292-0003-0000", "contents": "1500 metres at the Olympics\nOnly two athletes have defended the Olympic 1500\u00a0m title: Tatyana Kazankina became the first person to win two gold medals in the event in 1980 (repeating her 1976 win) and, soon after, Sebastian Coe became the first man to do so in 1980 and 1984. No athlete of either sex has won more than two medals. Historically, athletes in this event have also had success in the 800 metres at the Olympics. Kelly Holmes was the last athlete to win both events at the same Olympics in 2004. 2012 1500m gold medalist Taoufik Makhloufi made both podiums without winning gold in 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012292-0004-0000", "contents": "1500 metres at the Olympics\nGreat Britain is the most successful nation in the event, having won six gold medals and a total of fourteen. Kenya has the next highest number of gold medals, with five, while the United States has the next highest medal total with thirteen. The United States is the only nation to have swept the medals in the event, having done so in St. Louis in 1904, albeit in a final between seven Americans and two foreigners.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012292-0005-0000", "contents": "1500 metres at the Olympics, Intercalated Games\nThe 1906 Intercalated Games were held in Athens and at the time were officially recognised as part of the Olympic Games series, with the intention being to hold a games in Greece in two-year intervals between the internationally held Olympics. However, this plan never came to fruition and the International Olympic Committee (IOC) later decided not to recognise these games as part of the official Olympic series. Some sports historians continue to treat the results of these games as part of the Olympic canon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 47], "content_span": [48, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012292-0006-0000", "contents": "1500 metres at the Olympics, Intercalated Games\nAt this event a men's 1500\u00a0m was held and the reigning 800 metres and 1500\u00a0m champion from the 1904 Olympics, James Lightbody, was the winner. Two 1908 Olympic participants, Britain's John McGough and Sweden's Kristian Hellstr\u00f6m were the silver and bronze medalists.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 47], "content_span": [48, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012293-0000-0000", "contents": "1500 metres at the World Athletics Championships\nThe 1500 metres at the World Championships in Athletics has been contested by both men and women since the inaugural edition in 1983. It is the second most prestigious title in the discipline after the 1500 metres at the Olympics. The competition format typically has two qualifying rounds leading to a final between twelve athletes. It is one of two middle-distance running events on the programme, alongside the World Championship 800 metres.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012293-0001-0000", "contents": "1500 metres at the World Athletics Championships\nThe championship records for the event are 3:27.65 minute for men, set by Hicham El Guerrouj in 1999, and 3:58.52 minutes for women, set by Tatyana Tomashova in 2003. The world record has never been broken or equalled at the competition by either men or women, reflecting the lack of pacemaking and athletes' more tactical approach to championship races.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012293-0002-0000", "contents": "1500 metres at the World Athletics Championships\nHicham El Guerrouj of Morocco is the most successful athlete of the event through his four straight wins from 1997 to 2003, as well as a silver in 1995. Algeria's Noureddine Morceli is the next most successful athlete, with three gold medals. Two-time champion Hassiba Boulmerka of Algeria is the only woman to have won three medals. Rashid Ramzi is the only athlete to have won both middle-distance titles, having done an 800\u00a0m/1500\u00a0m double at the 2005 World Championships in Athletics. The first two women's champions Mary Decker and Tatyana Dorovskikh both completed 1500\u00a0m/3000\u00a0m World Championships doubles, while Bernard Lagat completed a 1500\u00a0m/5000 metres double at the 2007 World Championships. Steve Cram, the inaugural men's winner, is the only non-African-born man to win the World Championship event.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 863]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012293-0003-0000", "contents": "1500 metres at the World Athletics Championships\nAlgeria is the most successful nation in the discipline, having won five gold medals across the men's and women's event. Morocco and Bahrain each have won four gold medals, while Russia and the United States each have three. The United States has the highest total of medals in the events at twelve, with six in both in the men's and women's divisions. Kenya has the highest number of medals in the men's event, with a total of seven.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012293-0004-0000", "contents": "1500 metres at the World Athletics Championships\nTwo medallists have been stripped of their honours in the event due to doping: 1987 bronze medallist Sandra Gasser and 2007 silver medallist Yelena Soboleva.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012293-0005-0000", "contents": "1500 metres at the World Athletics Championships, Doping\nThe 1500\u00a0m was the event that first saw the disqualification of a World Championships medallist on the grounds of doping. The 1987 women's bronze medallist Sandra Gasser gave a positive test for anabolic steroids at the competition and received a two-year ban from the sport later that month. Twelve years passed without incident in the event, until the disqualification of the first male 1500\u00a0m athlete in 1999: Ibrahim Mohamed Aden was disqualified and given a public warning for ephedrine usage due to failing his post-race test after the semi-finals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 56], "content_span": [57, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012293-0006-0000", "contents": "1500 metres at the World Athletics Championships, Doping\nThe 2003 men's finalist Fouad Chouki was banned for two-years after a positive test for EPO. Chouki lost an appeal at the Court of Arbitration for Sport in which he claimed that an unknown person had injected him with EPO in the aftermath of the race. Regina Jacobs (a two-time silver medallist) had her 2003 semi-final performance annulled retrospectively following the BALCO scandal, as later analysis of her sample at the 2003 USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships showed usage of the novel steroid THG.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 56], "content_span": [57, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012293-0007-0000", "contents": "1500 metres at the World Athletics Championships, Doping\nThe women's World Championships 1500\u00a0m was affected by doping for three straight editions starting from 2007. Russia's Yelena Soboleva became the second athlete to be stripped of a 1500\u00a0m medal after she was banned for her involvement in a doping test manipulation scheme, alongside 2007 finalist Yuliya Fomenko and two-time world champion Tatyana Tomashova (who did not compete in 2007 and whose gold medals from 2003 and 2005 still stand).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 56], "content_span": [57, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012293-0007-0001", "contents": "1500 metres at the World Athletics Championships, Doping\nIn 2009 Mariem Alaoui Selsouli withdrew from the final after a sample given earlier that year tested positive for EPO while heats runner Alemitu Bekele Degfa was banned due to biological passport abnormalities. Ukrainian duo Anzhelika Shevchenko and Nataliya Tobias had their 2011 results annulled while Olesya Syreva became the third Russian 1500\u00a0m to be disqualified for doping.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 56], "content_span": [57, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012293-0008-0000", "contents": "1500 metres at the World Athletics Championships, Doping\nBernard Lagat, the men's gold medallist in 2007, had a positive \"A\" sample test for EPO prior to the 2003 World Championships which was disregarded after the \"B\" sample (taken at the same time) returned a negative result. He was temporarily banned in the interim period of testing and missed the world championships as a result, having been runner-up two years earlier. Lagat and medical advisor Hans Heid were critical of the testing procedure for EPO and advocated the dropping of the technique until more reliable methods were found.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 56], "content_span": [57, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012293-0009-0000", "contents": "1500 metres at the World Athletics Championships, Doping\nOutside of the competition, the 2005 men's champion Rashid Ramzi was banned for doping after winning at the 2008 Beijing Olympics. Inaugural women's champion Mary Decker was banned for doping later in her career, as were 2003 and 2005 runners-up S\u00fcreyya Ayhan and Olga Yegorova.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 56], "content_span": [57, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012294-0000-0000", "contents": "1500 metres world record progression\nThe 1500-metre run became a standard racing distance in Europe in the late 19th century, perhaps as a metric version of the mile, a popular running distance since at least the 1850s in English-speaking countries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012294-0001-0000", "contents": "1500 metres world record progression\nA distance of 1500 m sometimes is called the \"metric mile\". The French had the first important races over the distance, holding their initial championship in 1888.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012294-0002-0000", "contents": "1500 metres world record progression\nWhen the Olympic Games were revived in 1896, metric distances were run, including the 1500; however, most of the best milers in the world were absent, and the winning time of 4:33 1/5 by Australian Edwin Flack was 17 4/5 seconds slower than the amateur mile record, despite the fact one mile is 109.344 metres longer than 1500 metres.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012294-0003-0000", "contents": "1500 metres world record progression\nThe 1900 Olympics and 1904 Olympics showed improvements in times run, but it was not until the 1908 Olympics that a meeting of the top milers over the distance took place, and not until the 1912 Olympics that a true world-class race over the distance was run.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012294-0004-0000", "contents": "1500 metres world record progression\nThe distance has now almost completely replaced the mile in major track meets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012294-0005-0000", "contents": "1500 metres world record progression, Men (outdoors), IAAF era\nThe first world record in the 1500 m for men (athletics) was recognized by the International Amateur Athletics Federation, now known as the International Association of Athletics Federations, in 1912.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 62], "content_span": [63, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012294-0006-0000", "contents": "1500 metres world record progression, Men (outdoors), IAAF era\nTo July 17, 2015, the IAAF has ratified 38 world records in the event.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 62], "content_span": [63, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012294-0007-0000", "contents": "1500 metres world record progression, Men (outdoors), IAAF era\nThe \"Time\" column indicates the ratified mark; the \"Auto\" column indicates a fully automatic time that was also recorded in the event when hand-timed marks were used for official records, or which was the basis for the official mark, rounded to the 10th of a second, depending on the rules then in place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 62], "content_span": [63, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012294-0008-0000", "contents": "1500 metres world record progression, Men (outdoors), IAAF era\nAuto times to the hundredth of a second were accepted by the IAAF for events up to and including 10,000 m from 1981. Hence, Steve Ovett's record at 3:31.4 was rendered as 3:31.36 from that year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 62], "content_span": [63, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012294-0009-0000", "contents": "1500 metres world record progression, Women (outdoors), IAAF era\nThe first world record in the 1,500 m for women (athletics) was recognized by the International Amateur Athletics Federation, now known as the International Association of Athletics Federations, in 1967.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 64], "content_span": [65, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012294-0010-0000", "contents": "1500 metres world record progression, Women (outdoors), IAAF era\nTo June 21, 2009, the IAAF has ratified 13 world records in the event.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 64], "content_span": [65, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012294-0011-0000", "contents": "1500 metres world record progression, Women (outdoors), IAAF era\nThe \"Time\" column indicates the ratified mark; the \"Auto\" column indicates a fully automatic time that was also recorded in the event when hand-timed marks were used for official records, or which was the basis for the official mark, rounded to the 10th of a second, depending on the rules then in place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 64], "content_span": [65, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012294-0012-0000", "contents": "1500 metres world record progression, Women (outdoors), IAAF era\nThe IAAF accepted records to the hundredth of a second starting in 1981.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 64], "content_span": [65, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012295-0000-0000", "contents": "1500 or Nothin'\n1500 or Nothin' is an American musical ensemble composed of record producers, songwriters, musicians and music videographers, formed in 2006, in Los Angeles, California. With headquarters located in Inglewood, California, 1500 or Nothin' is composed of three internal divisions: 1500 Or Nothin\u2019  Music, 1500 Or Nothin\u2019  Video, and 1500 Or Nothin\u2019 Ancillary. In 2006, 1500 or Nothin' began to create \"a variety of music genres including Hip-Hop Rap, Rhythm & Blues, Alternative Rock, Urban and New Adult Contemporary. The collective 1500 or Nothin' has lent their writing, production or instrument skills to records for Justin Timberlake, Asher Roth, Jay-Z, Kanye West, T.I., Bruno Mars and B.o.B..", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 713]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012295-0001-0000", "contents": "1500 or Nothin'\nIn addition, the 1500 or Nothin' band or The Fifteen Hundreds as they are often referred to, are an 8-piece band that tours internationally and makes television appearances regularly with artists including Snoop Dogg, Lupe Fiasco, The Game, and Faith Evans. 1500 Or Nothin' official members are Larrance \"Rance\" Dopson, Charles 'Uncle Chucc' Hamilton, Lamar 'Mars' Edwards, Brody Brown, James Fauntleroy, Kenneth \"Bam\" Alexander, Alexandria Dopson, Carlos 'Los' Mc Swain, and Jeret Black.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012295-0002-0000", "contents": "1500 or Nothin', Touring\nIn anticipation of his sixth album Mastermind, Miami-based rapper Rick Ross teamed up with the 1500 or Nothin' band to give concertgoers a whole new experience for 'One Night Only on August 14, 2013 at Club Nokia at L.A. LIVE. Live on tour or for television appearances, the band had performed with artists such as Nas, Lupe Fiasco, Rick Ross, Snoop Dogg, The Game, Xzibit, T.I., Faith Evans, and Fort Minor. They are currently working with rapper Azealia Banks. They appeared at her April 2015 shows at the Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012295-0003-0000", "contents": "1500 or Nothin', Ventures\nAs a growing label, 1500 or Nothin'  has partnered with Peer Publishing Company to create their own publishing company, 1500 Or Nothin'  Publishing. They have signed artists Janae, Ally Brooke, and more.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 25], "content_span": [26, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012295-0004-0000", "contents": "1500 or Nothin', Ventures\n1500 or Nothin' has also created the 1500 Sound Academy with member James Fauntleroy as one of the instructors. The facility offers courses relating to production, mixing, writing, muscianship, and management to aspiring music professionals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 25], "content_span": [26, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012295-0005-0000", "contents": "1500 or Nothin', Awards and recognition\nIn 2012, 1500 or Nothin'  had eight Grammy nominations and by 2014 were nominated for 21in total.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 39], "content_span": [40, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012295-0006-0000", "contents": "1500 or Nothin', Awards and recognition\nThe 1500 or Nothin' band worked as co-music directors for The 2013 Soul Train Awards in Las Vegas, legendary keyboardist Greg Phillinganes in 2014. They have also been nominated and received accolades from ASCAP, BET, BMI and the American Billboards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 39], "content_span": [40, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012296-0000-0000", "contents": "1500s (decade)\nThe 1500s ran from January 1, 1500, to December 31, 1509.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 72]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012297-0000-0000", "contents": "1500s BC (decade)\nThe 1500s BC was a decade lasting from January 1, 1509 BC to December 31, 1500 BC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012300-0000-0000", "contents": "1500s in music\nThe first decade of the 16th century marked the creation of some significant compositions. These were to become some of the most famous compositions of the century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012301-0000-0000", "contents": "1500th Air Transport Wing\nThe 1500th Air Transport Wing (ATW) is a discontinued United States Air Force unit. It was last active in 1971 at Hickam Air Force Base, Hawaii under the designation 6486th Air Base Wing (ABW). The 1500th ATW was a heavy cargo transport wing of Military Air Transport Service (MATS), formed on 1 June 1949. In 1952 the wing lost its operational elements and became the base support element for Hickam until it was replaced by the 15th Air Base Wing in 1971.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012301-0001-0000", "contents": "1500th Air Transport Wing, History, 1500th Air Transport Group\nMilitary Air Transport Service assumed responsibility for the strategic airlift mission previously carried out by the Air Transport Command (ATC), transporting cargo and personnel to destinations within the Pacific and the Continental United States. It organized the 531st Air Transport Group (ATG) at Hickam to replace ATC's 1521st Air Force Base Unit (Air Transport). The group was initially equipped with three squadrons of C-54 Skymasters that could reach the Continental US, but required intermediate stopovers along the Pacific transport routes to stations as far away as Pakistan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 62], "content_span": [63, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012301-0001-0001", "contents": "1500th Air Transport Wing, History, 1500th Air Transport Group\nThe unit also had association with Naval Air Transport squadrons assigned to Hickam as part of the joint service organization of MATS. The group was a tenant organization at Hickam, which was a Pacific Air Command (PAC) Base. In October 1948, the group was redesignated the 1500th ATG when MATS renumbered its Table of Distribution (TD) units to conform to USAF policy that its TD units be numbered between 1200 and 2100.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 62], "content_span": [63, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012301-0002-0000", "contents": "1500th Air Transport Wing, History, 1500th Air Transport Wing\nIn 1949, Hickam transferred from PAC to MATS, and MATS organized the 1500th Air Transport Wing as the overall headquarters for the 1500th ATG and support organizations to operate Hickam. In 1949, MATS reorganized its units at Hickam and the wing briefly lost its host responsibilities for Hickam and its operational squadrons. It soon received C-54 squadrons, which were transferred from the 1501st ATW at Fairfeld-Susun (later Travis) AFB. It received its first long-range C-97 Stratofreighter aircraft and two additional squadrons in 1951.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 61], "content_span": [62, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012301-0003-0000", "contents": "1500th Air Transport Wing, History, 1500th Air Transport Wing\nThe wing reorganized in May 1952 as the 1500th Air Base Wing and the 1500th Air Transport Group was reassigned to Pacific Division, MATS. The wing continued as a support organization for Hickam and the Pacific Division until 1954. At that time, in anticipation of the transfer of Hickam to Far East Air Forces (later Pacific Air Forces) (PACAF), the wing was reassigned and renumbered as the 6486th Air Base Wing to reflect its new assignment. It remained the host at Hickam until being replaced by the 15th ABW in a USAF program to continue the histories of notable combat units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 61], "content_span": [62, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012301-0004-0000", "contents": "1500th Air Transport Wing, Lineage, Aircraft\nNote: 1284th Air Transport Squadron (later 50th ATS) operated a VC-97 version of Stratofreighter, 1951\u20131966 for VIP/Special Air Missions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 44], "content_span": [45, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012301-0005-0000", "contents": "1500th Air Transport Wing, Notes and references\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 47], "content_span": [48, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012302-0000-0000", "contents": "1500\u20131550 in Western European fashion\nFashion in the period 1500\u20131550 in Western Europe is marked by voluminous clothing worn in an abundance of layers (one reaction to the cooling temperatures of the Little Ice Age, especially in Northern Europe and the British Isles). Contrasting fabrics, slashes, embroidery, applied trims, and other forms of surface ornamentation became prominent. The tall, narrow lines of the late Medieval period were replaced with a wide silhouette, conical for women with breadth at the hips and broadly square for men with width at the shoulders. Sleeves were a centre of attention, and were puffed, slashed, cuffed, and turned back to reveal contrasting linings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 691]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012302-0001-0000", "contents": "1500\u20131550 in Western European fashion\nHenry VIII of England (ruled 1509\u20131547) and Francis I of France (ruled 1515\u20131547) strove to host the most glittering renaissance court, culminating in the festivities around the Field of Cloth of Gold (1520). But the rising power was Charles V, king of Spain, Naples, and Sicily from 1516, heir to the style as well as the riches of Burgundy, and Holy Roman Emperor from 1520.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012302-0001-0001", "contents": "1500\u20131550 in Western European fashion\nThe inflow of gold and silver from the New World into recently united Spain changed the dynamics of trade throughout Western Europe, ushering in a period of increased opulence in clothing that was tempered by the Spanish taste for sombre richness of dress that would dominate the second half of the century. This widespread adaptation of Hispanic court attire in Europe was seen as a sign of allegiance to the empire of Charles V.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012302-0002-0000", "contents": "1500\u20131550 in Western European fashion\nRegional variations in fashionable clothing that arose in the 15th century became more pronounced in the sixteenth. In particular, the clothing of the Low Countries, German states, and Scandinavia developed in a different direction than that of England, France, and Italy, although all acknowledged the sobering and formal influence of Spanish dress after the mid-1520s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012302-0003-0000", "contents": "1500\u20131550 in Western European fashion\nLinen shirts and chemises or smocks had full sleeves and often full bodies, pleated or gathered closely at neck and wrist. The resulting small frill gradually became a wide ruffle, presaging the ruff of the latter half of the century. These garments were often decorated with embroidery in black or red silk, and occasionally with gold metal threads if the garment was meant to be flashier of ones wealth. The bodice was boned and stiffened to create a more structured form, and often a busk was inserted to emphasise the flattening and elongation of the torso.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012302-0003-0001", "contents": "1500\u20131550 in Western European fashion\nSmall geometric patterns appeared early in the period and, in England, evolved into the elaborate patterns associated with the flowering of blackwork embroidery. German shirts and chemises were decorated with wide bands of gold trim at the neckline, which was uniformly low early in the period and grew higher by midcentury. Silk brocades and velvets in bold floral patterns based on pomegranate and thistle or artichoke motifs remained fashionable for those who could afford them, although they were often restricted to kirtles, undersleeves and doublets revealed beneath gowns of solid-coloured fabrics or monochromatic figured silks. Yellow and red were fashionable colours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 715]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012302-0004-0000", "contents": "1500\u20131550 in Western European fashion\nInspired by the mended uniforms of the Swiss soldiers after the country's 1477 victory over the Duke of Burgundy, elaborate slashing remained popular, especially in Germany, where a fashion arose for assembling garments in alternating bands of contrasting fabrics. Elsewhere, slashing was more restrained, but bands of contrasting fabric called guards, whether in colour or texture, were common as trim on skirts, sleeves, and necklines. These were often decorated with bands of embroidery or applied passementerie. Bobbin lace arose from passementerie in this period, probably in Flanders, and was used both as an edging and as applied trim; it is called passamayne in English inventories.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 728]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012302-0005-0000", "contents": "1500\u20131550 in Western European fashion\nThe most fashionable furs were the silvery winter coat of the lynx and dark brown (almost black) sable.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012302-0006-0000", "contents": "1500\u20131550 in Western European fashion, Women's fashion, Overview\nWomen's fashions of the early 16th century consisted of a long gown, usually with sleeves, worn over a kirtle or undergown, with a linen chemise or smock worn next to the skin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 64], "content_span": [65, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012302-0007-0000", "contents": "1500\u20131550 in Western European fashion, Women's fashion, Overview\nThe high-waisted gown of the late medieval period evolved in several directions in different parts of Europe. In the German states and Bohemia, gowns remained short-waisted, tight-laced but without corsets or stays (see the difference between the two ). The open-fronted gown laced over the kirtle or a stomacher or plackard. Sleeves were puffed and slashed, or elaborately cuffed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 64], "content_span": [65, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012302-0008-0000", "contents": "1500\u20131550 in Western European fashion, Women's fashion, Overview\nIn France, England, and Flanders, the high waistline gradually descended to the natural waist in front (following Spanish fashion) and then to a V-shaped point. Cuffs grew larger and were elaborately trimmed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 64], "content_span": [65, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012302-0009-0000", "contents": "1500\u20131550 in Western European fashion, Women's fashion, Overview\nHoop skirts or farthingales had appeared in Spain at the very end of the 15th century, and spread to England and France over the next few decades. Stays also appeared during this period.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 64], "content_span": [65, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012302-0010-0000", "contents": "1500\u20131550 in Western European fashion, Women's fashion, Overview\nA variety of hats, caps, hoods, hair nets, and other headresses were worn, with strong regional variations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 64], "content_span": [65, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012302-0011-0000", "contents": "1500\u20131550 in Western European fashion, Women's fashion, German fashion\nIn the first half of the 16th century, German dress varied widely from the costume worn in other parts of Europe. Skirts were cut separately from bodices, though often were sewn together, and the open-fronted gown laced over a kirtle with a wide band of rich fabric, often jeweled and embroidered, across the bust. Partlets (called in German gollers or collars) were worn with the low-cut bodice to cover the neck and shoulders, and were made in a variety of styles. The most popular goller was a round shoulder-capelet, frequently of black velvet lined in silk or fur, with a standing neckband; this goller would remain in use in some parts of Germany into the 17th century and became part of national dress in some areas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 70], "content_span": [71, 794]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012302-0012-0000", "contents": "1500\u20131550 in Western European fashion, Women's fashion, German fashion\nNarrow sleeves were worn in the earliest years of the century, and were later decorated with bands of contrasting fabric and rows of small panes or strips over puffed linings. Skirts were trimmed with bands of contrasting fabric, but were closed all around. They would be worn draped up to display an underskirt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 70], "content_span": [71, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012302-0013-0000", "contents": "1500\u20131550 in Western European fashion, Women's fashion, German fashion\nFrom 1530, elements of Spanish dress were rapidly adopted in fashionable Germany under the influence of the imperial court of Charles V.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 70], "content_span": [71, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012302-0014-0000", "contents": "1500\u20131550 in Western European fashion, Women's fashion, Gowns\nDress in Holland, Belgium, and Flanders, now part of the Empire, retained a high, belted waistline longest. Italian gowns were fitted to the waist, with full skirts below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 61], "content_span": [62, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012302-0015-0000", "contents": "1500\u20131550 in Western European fashion, Women's fashion, Gowns\nThe French gown of the first part of the century was loosely fitted to the body and flared from the hips, with a train. The neckline was square and might reveal the kirtle and chemise beneath. Cuffed sleeves were wide at the wrist and grew wider, displaying a decorated undersleeve attached to the kirtle. The gown fastened in front early, sometimes lacing over the kirtle or a stomacher, and the skirt might be slit in front or the train tucked up in back to display the skirt of the kirtle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 61], "content_span": [62, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012302-0016-0000", "contents": "1500\u20131550 in Western European fashion, Women's fashion, Gowns\nAs a fitted style emerged under Spanish influence, the gown was made as a separate bodice and skirt; this bodice usually fastened at the side or the side-back with hooks and eyes or lacing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 61], "content_span": [62, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012302-0017-0000", "contents": "1500\u20131550 in Western European fashion, Women's fashion, Gowns\nFrom the 1530s, French and English fashions featured an open, square-necked gown with long sleeves fitted smoothly over a tight, sometimes boned kirtle or pair of bodies, (later in the century) and a farthingale. With the smooth, conical line of the skirt, the front of the kirtle or petticoat was displayed, and a decorated panel called a forepart, heavily embroidered and sometimes jeweled, was pinned to the petticoat or directly to the farthingale.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 61], "content_span": [62, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012302-0018-0000", "contents": "1500\u20131550 in Western European fashion, Women's fashion, Gowns\nThe earlier cuffed sleeves evolved into trumpet sleeves, tight on the upper arm and flared below, with wide, turned back cuffs (often lined with fur) worn over full undersleeves that might match the decorated forepart. At the very end of the period, full round sleeves (perhaps derived from Italian fashions) began to replace the flaring trumpet sleeves, which disappeared by the later 1550s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 61], "content_span": [62, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012302-0019-0000", "contents": "1500\u20131550 in Western European fashion, Women's fashion, Gowns\nFabric or chain girdles were worn at the waist and hung down to roughly knee length; a tassel or small prayer book or purse might be suspended from the girdle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 61], "content_span": [62, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012302-0020-0000", "contents": "1500\u20131550 in Western European fashion, Women's fashion, Gowns\nThe low neckline of the dress could be filled with a partlet. Black velvet partlets lined in white with a high, flared neckline were worn pinned over the gown. Partlets of the same rich fabric as the bodice of the gown give the appearance of a high-necked gown. Sheer or opaque linen partlets were worn over the chemise or smock, and high-necked smocks began to appear; toward 1550 these might have a small standing collar with a ruffle, which would become the pleated ruff of the next period.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 61], "content_span": [62, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012302-0021-0000", "contents": "1500\u20131550 in Western European fashion, Women's fashion, Hats and headgear\nIn France, England, and the Low Countries, black hoods with veils at the back were worn over linen undercaps that allowed the front hair (parted in the middle) to show. These hoods became more complex and structured over time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 73], "content_span": [74, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012302-0022-0000", "contents": "1500\u20131550 in Western European fashion, Women's fashion, Hats and headgear\nUnique to England was the gable hood, a wired headdress shaped like the gable of a house. In the 16th century gable headdress had long embroidered lappets framing the face and a loose veil behind; later the gable hood would be worn over several layers that completely concealed the hair, and the lappets and veil would be pinned up in a variety of ways.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 73], "content_span": [74, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012302-0023-0000", "contents": "1500\u20131550 in Western European fashion, Women's fashion, Hats and headgear\nA simple rounded hood of the early years of the century evolved into the French hood, popular in both France and England; its arched shape sat further back on the head and displayed the front hair which was parted in the center and pinned up in braids or twists under the veil.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 73], "content_span": [74, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012302-0024-0000", "contents": "1500\u20131550 in Western European fashion, Women's fashion, Hats and headgear\nGerman women adopted hats like fashionable men's baretts early in the century; these were worn over caps or cauls (colettes) made of netted cord over a silk lining. Hats became fashionable in England as an alternative to the hood toward the 1540s. Close fitting caps of fur were worn in cold climates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 73], "content_span": [74, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012302-0025-0000", "contents": "1500\u20131550 in Western European fashion, Women's fashion, Hats and headgear\nLinen caps called coifs were worn under the fur cap, hood or hat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 73], "content_span": [74, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012302-0026-0000", "contents": "1500\u20131550 in Western European fashion, Women's fashion, Hats and headgear\nIn warmer climates including Italy and Spain, hair was more often worn uncovered, braided or twisted with ribbons and pinned up, or confined in a net. A Spanish style of the later 15th century was still worn in this period: the hair was puffed over the ears before being drawn back at chin level into a braid or wrapped twist at the nape.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 73], "content_span": [74, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012302-0027-0000", "contents": "1500\u20131550 in Western European fashion, Women's fashion, Hats and headgear\nFirst-time brides wore their hair loose, in token of virginity, and a wreath or chaplet of orange blossoms was traditional. A jeweled wreath with enameled \"orange blossoms\" was sometimes worn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 73], "content_span": [74, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012302-0028-0000", "contents": "1500\u20131550 in Western European fashion, Women's fashion, Jewellery and accessories\nWomen of wealth wore gold chains and other precious jewellery; collar-like necklaces called carcanets, earrings, bracelets, rings, and jewelled pins. Bands of jeweller's work were worn as trim by the nobility, and would be moved from dress to dress and reused. Large brooches were worn to pin overpartlets to the dress beneath.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 81], "content_span": [82, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012302-0029-0000", "contents": "1500\u20131550 in Western European fashion, Women's fashion, Jewellery and accessories\nDress hooks, of silver gilt for the wealthy and of base metal for the lower classes, were worn to loop up skirts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 81], "content_span": [82, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012302-0030-0000", "contents": "1500\u20131550 in Western European fashion, Women's fashion, Jewellery and accessories\nA fashionable accessory was the zibellino, the pelt of a sable or marten worn draped at the neck or hanging at the waist; some costume historians call these \"flea furs\". The most expensive zibellini had faces and paws of goldsmith's work with jewelled eyes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 81], "content_span": [82, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012302-0031-0000", "contents": "1500\u20131550 in Western European fashion, Women's fashion, Jewellery and accessories\nHowever, not all women or men were allowed to wear jewellery because of the sumptuary laws that restricted wearing certain types of jewellery and luxurious fabrics, such as purple velvet, to first royalty and then nobility. The newly wealthy merchant classes who were not aristocrats could not wear jewellery on their clothing or fabrics restricted to nobles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 81], "content_span": [82, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012302-0032-0000", "contents": "1500\u20131550 in Western European fashion, Women's fashion, Jewellery and accessories\nGloves of soft leather had short, sometimes slashed, cuffs and were perfumed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 81], "content_span": [82, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012302-0033-0000", "contents": "1500\u20131550 in Western European fashion, Women's fashion, Beauty Ideals\nPortraits produced during the Renaissance provide an invaluable resource for visualizing and understanding the beauty ideals of the period. Sandro Botticelli's Venus and Mars, painted between 1480-1490 depicts Venus as the ultimate amalgamation of female physical beauty. Her face is perfectly symmetrical, her skin is unblemished and pure white, her hair is light in colour and slightly waved, her forehead is high, her eyebrows are severely arched, her lips are red and full and her abdomen and hips protrude slightly under her thin garment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 69], "content_span": [70, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012302-0034-0000", "contents": "1500\u20131550 in Western European fashion, Women's fashion, Beauty Ideals\nWomen sometimes applied toxic substances to their faces and chests such as mercury, alum, and ceruse to lighten the skin and remove freckles, as the ideal was loosely 'natural'. However, these products, such as ceruse, a lead derivative, severely irritated the skin, leaving women's faces blemished and burned. Although safer alternatives existed, women preferred the consistency and coverage offered by ceruse. Not all cosmetics were dangerous, many women relied on lotions and balms containing almonds, olive oil, lemon juice, bread crumbs, eggs, honey, rosewater and snake fat to clarify and cleanse the skin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 69], "content_span": [70, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012302-0034-0001", "contents": "1500\u20131550 in Western European fashion, Women's fashion, Beauty Ideals\nRed lips and rosy cheeks were achieved primarily through the application of vermilion; ceruse mixed with organic dyes such as henna and cochineal (a powder made from the ground exoskeleton of insects). In Italy especially, women sought to achieve the light tresses that were viewed as the ideal. Women applied mixtures of lemon juice, alum and white wine and sat in the sun to lighten their hair. In order to produce loose curls, women wrapped hair saturated in gum arabic or beer around clay curlers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 69], "content_span": [70, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012302-0034-0002", "contents": "1500\u20131550 in Western European fashion, Women's fashion, Beauty Ideals\nFinally, the appearance of a high forehead was achieved by plucking hairs along the hairline, and severely arching or removing the eyebrows altogether. Although at this time, women could not cosmetologically alter the symmetry of their face, or the structure of their nose in order to obtain the ideal, the products available allowed them to come close.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 69], "content_span": [70, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012302-0035-0000", "contents": "1500\u20131550 in Western European fashion, Men's fashion, Overview\nEarly in this period, men's silhouette was long and narrow, but gradually it grew wider until by the later reign of Henry the VIII the silhouette was almost square, with shoulder emphasis achieved through wide revers and collars and large sleeves.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 62], "content_span": [63, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012302-0036-0000", "contents": "1500\u20131550 in Western European fashion, Men's fashion, Overview\nFrom the 1530s, a narrower silhouette became popular under Spanish influence. Collars were higher and tighter. Shoulders lost their padding and developed a slight slope. Doublet sleeves became fuller rather than tight. Jerkins closed to the neck; their skirts were shorter and slightly flared rather than full, and they displayed more of the hose. Overall the fashion was more rigid and restrained.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 62], "content_span": [63, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012302-0037-0000", "contents": "1500\u20131550 in Western European fashion, Men's fashion, Overview\nLower-class men wore a one-piece garment called a cotte in English, tight to the waist with knee-length skirts and long sleeves over their hose.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 62], "content_span": [63, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012302-0038-0000", "contents": "1500\u20131550 in Western European fashion, Men's fashion, Overview\nBright colors (reds, yellows, purples, pinks, and greens) were popular.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 62], "content_span": [63, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012302-0039-0000", "contents": "1500\u20131550 in Western European fashion, Men's fashion, Overview\nMatth\u00e4us Schwarz compiled a Klaidungsb\u00fcchlein or Trachtenbuch (usually translated as \"Book of Clothes\"), a book cataloguing the clothing that he wore between 1520 and 1560. The book contains color illustrations focused on Schwarz's individual clothing history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 62], "content_span": [63, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012302-0040-0000", "contents": "1500\u20131550 in Western European fashion, Men's fashion, Hairstyles and headgear\nA variety of hats were worn in the period. The German 'barett, with its turned-up brim, was fashionable throughout the period, and a similar hat with a turned-up round or \"halo\" brim was popular in the court of Henry VIII. The flat hat combined a low, gathered crown with a circular brim and was worn in mid-century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 77], "content_span": [78, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012302-0041-0000", "contents": "1500\u20131550 in Western European fashion, Footwear\nStyle in men's and women's footwear was the same in this period. Shoes for men and women were flat, and often slashed and fastened with a strap across the instep. They were made of soft leather, velvet, or silk. Broad, squared toes were worn early, and were replaced by rounded toes in the 1530s. Toward the middle of the century, shoes became narrower and were shaped naturally to the foot. Soft boots for riding fitted to mid-calf.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 47], "content_span": [48, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012302-0042-0000", "contents": "1500\u20131550 in Western European fashion, Children's fashion\nAs shown in the images below, children's clothing was mostly smaller versions of adult clothing, complete with low necklines and cumbersome underthings. Children of the nobility must have had limited freedom of movement to play and romp because of the restrictive clothing they wore. Toddler boys wore gowns until they were breeched.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 57], "content_span": [58, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012303-0000-0000", "contents": "1501\nYear 1501 (MDI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012304-0000-0000", "contents": "1501 Broadway\n1501 Broadway, also known as the Paramount Building, is a 33-story, 391-foot (119\u00a0m) office building on Times Square between West 43rd and 44th Streets in the Theater District neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City. Completed in 1927, it once housed the Paramount Theatre. It was designated a New York City Landmark in 1988.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012304-0001-0000", "contents": "1501 Broadway, History\nParamount Pictures, one of the major American motion picture companies in the 1920s, built its headquarters at the 1501 Broadway location along with a cinematic theatre. Construction lasted between 1926 and 1927, costing $13.5 million. At the time of its completion, it was the tallest building in Times Square, and once sported an observation deck.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012304-0002-0000", "contents": "1501 Broadway, History\nParamount president Adolph Zukor had acquired a controlling interest in the Chicago-based Balaban and Katz theatre chain, and with it the services of Sam Katz, who became the head of Paramount's theatre division. Balaban and Katz had a long working relationship with the Chicago architectural firm Rapp and Rapp (C. W Rapp and George L. Rapp), which had designed numerous theaters for his company in the Midwest. They later hired the firm to design their new Manhattan flagship theater and office tower. The Rapp brothers created a thirty-three story office tower which was influenced by the Art Deco style, and a theatre in the palatial Neo-Renaissance style behind it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 693]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012304-0003-0000", "contents": "1501 Broadway, History\nIn 1922, Paramount Pictures had purchased the Putnam Building. Construction of the building began on November 1925. The Paramount Theatre opened on November 19, 1926.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012304-0004-0000", "contents": "1501 Broadway, History\nWith the spin-off of the theater units in 1950 as United Paramount Theatre, Inc. (UPT) the building became the UPT's headquarters being leased along with the theater from Paramount Pictures. The building continued as American Broadcasting-Paramount Theatres's headquarters after UPT's merger with ABC. The theater closed in 1964 under UPT ownership only to be reopened later that year under new ownership, while ABC moved to the ABC Building at 1330 Avenue of the Americas in 1965. The theater was dismantled in 1967.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012304-0005-0000", "contents": "1501 Broadway, History\nToday, the Paramount Building is known for its large four-faced clock near the top of the pyramidal architectural feature, with the hours denoted by twelve five-pointed stars (forming a circle of stars as used in the Paramount Pictures logo), topped by an ornamental glass globe. At the outset of World War II, the globe and clock were painted black to maintain blackout conditions for fear of an enemy invasion; they were restored in 1996.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012304-0006-0000", "contents": "1501 Broadway, Design\nThe ceilings were painted with a fresco and gilded, while the railings were manufactured from brass. There were Greek statues and busts carved in wall niches, while the restrooms and waiting rooms were grandiose in style in comparison to cathedrals at the time. The highlight of the decor was an enormous crystal chandelier in the main lobby. The theatre, with 3,664 seats, was located at the rear of the building and served as the company's flagship venue where its major films would be premiered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012304-0007-0000", "contents": "1501 Broadway, Design\nThe theatre entrance at the front of the Paramount Building is marked by a five-story arch on Broadway with an elaborate curved marquee, which was restored in 2007. A long gallery passed from there through the office building to reach the theatre itself, which occupied the rear of the building in the middle of the block between 43rd and 44th streets. This structure included a long grand lobby along the south end which opened into the auditorium facing a stage at the north end.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012304-0007-0001", "contents": "1501 Broadway, Design\nThe lobby was modeled after the Paris Opera House with white marble columns, balustrades and an opening arms grand staircase. Within the auditorium, the drapes were colored in red velvet and the rugs were designed in a similar red. The interior of it was very high but somewhat shallow as necessitated by its allotted space. In addition, a large orchestra pit could be raised and lowered from the basement for theatric use.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012305-0000-0000", "contents": "1501 McGill College\nLe 1501 McGill College, also known as La Tour McGill, is a 158\u00a0m (518\u00a0ft), 36-storey skyscraper in Downtown Montreal. Named for its address at 1501 McGill College Avenue, it was completed in 1992 at the same time as the city's two tallest buildings, 1000 de La Gaucheti\u00e8re and 1250 Ren\u00e9-L\u00e9vesque. It is connected to the McGill Metro station via the Underground City.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012305-0001-0000", "contents": "1501 McGill College, Architecture\nDesigned by WZMH Architects, the building's postmodern form features a glass curtain wall that varies between blue and green depending on sunlight. The top 4 floors form a pyramid-shaped mechanical penthouse that is lit white at night. At certain times of year, it is lit with a colour (or colours) relating to a holiday or event.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012305-0001-0001", "contents": "1501 McGill College, Architecture\nFor example, it is lit white, green and red during the Christmas holidays (in a similar manner to the Empire State Building), purple and yellow for Easter, orange for Halloween, green for Saint Patrick's Day, red for Valentine's Day, and, as of April 2011, blue, white and red to support the Montreal Canadiens during the Stanley Cup playoffs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012306-0000-0000", "contents": "1501 in India\nThe following lists events that happened during 1501 in India.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 76]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012308-0000-0000", "contents": "1501 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1501.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012309-0000-0000", "contents": "1501 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012309-0001-0000", "contents": "1501 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012309-0002-0000", "contents": "1501 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012310-0000-0000", "contents": "1501 in science\nThe year 1501 in science and technology included many events, some of which are listed below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012311-0000-0000", "contents": "15017 Cuppy\n15017 Cuppy, provisional designation 1998 SS25, is a Florian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 2 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 22 September 1998, by the Lowell Observatory Near-Earth-Object Search (LONEOS) at its Anderson Mesa Station, Arizona, United States. The asteroid was named for American humorist Will Cuppy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012311-0001-0000", "contents": "15017 Cuppy, Orbit and classification\nCuppy orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 2.0\u20132.7\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 7 months (1,296 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.16 and an inclination of 6\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins 7 years prior to its official discovery observation, with a precovery taken at Palomar Observatory in October 1991.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012311-0002-0000", "contents": "15017 Cuppy, Physical characteristics\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Cuppy measures 1.8 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.50. This is in line with a generic absolute magnitude-to-diameter conversion, which gives a diameter of approximately 2 kilometers for an absolute magnitude of 15.6 and an assumed albedo of 0.2 to 0.25, which is typical for stony asteroids of the inner asteroid belt. As of 2017, Cuppy's composition, rotation period and shape remain unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012311-0003-0000", "contents": "15017 Cuppy, Naming\nThis minor planet was named in memory of American literary critic and humorist, Will Cuppy (1884\u20131949). He is known for his satirical books The Decline and Fall of Practically Everybody, How to Attract the Wombat, How to Become Extinct and How to Tell Your Friends from the Apes. The name was proposed by M. Walter. The approved naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 10 September 2003 (M.P.C. 49675).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012312-0000-0000", "contents": "1501st Air Transport Wing\nThe 1501st Air Transport Wing is an inactive United States Air Force unit, being inactivated on 8 January 1966.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012312-0001-0000", "contents": "1501st Air Transport Wing\nThe 1501st Air Transport Wing was a heavy cargo transport wing of the Military Air Transport Service (MATS), formed on 1 June 1948. The unit was originally designated as the 530th Air Transport Wing and assigned to the MATS Pacific Division. The wing was stationed at Travis Air Force Base, California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012312-0002-0000", "contents": "1501st Air Transport Wing\nThe 1501st was discontinued on 8 January 1966 as part of the replacement of MATS by Military Airlift Command. Its aircraft, personnel and equipment were transferred to the Military Airlift Command 60th Military Airlift Wing, which was activated at Travis the same day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012312-0003-0000", "contents": "1501st Air Transport Wing, History\nEstablished on 1 June 1948 concurrent with the activation of the Military Air Transport Service; assumed responsibility for mission previously carried out by the Air Transport Command by transporting cargo and personnel to destinations within Far East Air Force and to the Continental United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012312-0004-0000", "contents": "1501st Air Transport Wing, History\nAlso operated MATS West Coast's aerial embarkation and debarkation point. C-118 Liftmasters and C-121 Constellations were common sights in the 1950s, while C-135 Stratolifters and C-141 Starlifters were used in the 1960 for passenger transport, mostly to destinations in Southeast Asia or Japan. Many soldiers, sailors, airmen or marines returned to the United States from the Vietnam War via the Travis Aerial Port.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012312-0005-0000", "contents": "1501st Air Transport Wing, History\nThe 530th Air Transport Group was organized from a consolidation of the Air Transport Command (ATC) Eastern Pacific Wing and Naval Air Transport Squadrons. Its first commander was Brigadier General Harold Q. Huglin. It was initially equipped with four squadrons of C-54 Skymasters that could reach the Continental US, but required intermediate stopovers along the Pacific Transport Routes to stations as far as Pakistan. However, the demands of the Berlin Airlift for C-54s led to two of the group's squadrons being deployed to Germany in July 1948. Unit was redesignated as 1501st Air Transport Wing in October 1948 and assigned transport squadrons were also redesignated in a MATS reorganization.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 733]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012312-0006-0000", "contents": "1501st Air Transport Wing, History\nIn May 1949, Fairfield-Suisun was realigned from MATS to Strategic Air Command jurisdiction, and all of the Wing's squadrons were reassigned to the 1500 ATW at Hickam AFB on 30 June. Wing was reduced to a group level and operated an Aeromedical Transport Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012312-0007-0000", "contents": "1501st Air Transport Wing, History\nIn 1953, large-scale MATS operations were resumed when five C-97 Stratofreighter squadrons were activated. Returned to wing status in 1955. C-97 squadrons reduced to four in 1955 due to finding reductions. 75th & 85th ATS replaced C-97s with C-124 Globemaster IIs in 1957. 84th ATS re-equipped with C-133 Cargomasters in 1957. 47th ATS reassigned from Hickam in 1957 with C-97s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012312-0008-0000", "contents": "1501st Air Transport Wing, History\n22d Air Force arrived from Kelly AFB, TX, 25 June 1958 and the base's primary mission reverted to global airlift activities when MATS resumed jurisdiction. 1501 ATW was also reassigned to the Western Transport Air Force on 1 July 1958. Both 47th and 55th ATS inactivated in 1960, C-97s reassigned to reserves.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012312-0009-0000", "contents": "1501st Air Transport Wing, History\n44th ATS activated in 1961 with jet C-135 Stratolifters. 86th ATW activated in 1963 with extended-range MATS C-130E Hercules. The 1501st ATW was inactivated on 8 January 1966 as part of the inactivation of MATS, its aircraft, personnel and equipment being assigned to the Military Airlift Command 60th Military Airlift Wing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012313-0000-0000", "contents": "1502\nYear 1502 (MDII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012314-0000-0000", "contents": "1502 in Ireland\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by Sarah777 (talk | contribs) at 21:17, 19 November 2019 (rem stub tag). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012317-0000-0000", "contents": "1502 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1502.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012318-0000-0000", "contents": "1502 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012318-0001-0000", "contents": "1502 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012318-0002-0000", "contents": "1502 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012319-0000-0000", "contents": "1502 in science\nThe year 1502 in science and technology included many events, some of which are listed below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012320-0000-0000", "contents": "1502d Air Transport Wing\nThe 1502d Air Transport Wing is a discontinued United States Air Force unit, last assigned to Western Transport Air Force in January 1966. The 1502d ATW was a heavy cargo transport wing of the Military Air Transport Service (MATS), formed at Hickam AFB on 1 July 1955.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012320-0001-0000", "contents": "1502d Air Transport Wing, History\nThe wing was organized in mid-1955 with five C-97 squadrons established; squadrons again redesignated as part of the Wing realignment. In 1955 two squadrons were upgraded to very heavy lift C-124 Globemaster II which gave the wing a worldwide airlift capability. Also beginning in 1955, the wing operated VC-97s for VIP/Special Air Mission flights supporting HQ Far East Air Force (Rear). later HQ Pacific Air Forces, 1957\u20131966.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012320-0002-0000", "contents": "1502d Air Transport Wing, History\nThe 1502nd Air Transport Wing Rodeo team under the command of Major Joe Lodrige win the 1962 Military Air Transport Service Rodeo at Scott Air Force Base, Ill. The C-124 team from Hickam Air Force Base, Hawaii, devised a new airdrop system to use in that first active-duty Rodeo, which helped them claim the title of the \"best of the best. Several members of the 1502nd including Major Lodrige, went on to very distinguished service flying in the elite 89th Airlift Wing stationed at Andrews Air Force Base flying our nation's most senior civilian and military leaders to locations around the globe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012320-0003-0000", "contents": "1502d Air Transport Wing, History\nThe wing assumed responsibility for aircraft and personnel of 1503d Air Transport Group at Tachikawa Air Base, Japan in 1964 when 1503d reduced from Wing to Group level. The 1503d was a support organization and had no flying units assigned despite its name. The wing remained flying worldwide transport missions with the Globemasters until 1966 when MATS was inactivated and the wing assets were transferred to the Military Airlift Command 61st Military Airlift Wing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012321-0000-0000", "contents": "1503\nYear 1503 (MDIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012322-0000-0000", "contents": "1503 Kuopio\n1503 Kuopio, provisional designation 1938 XD, is a stony Eunomian asteroid from the central region of the asteroid belt, approximately 19 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 15 December 1938, by astronomer Yrj\u00f6 V\u00e4is\u00e4l\u00e4 at the Turku Observatory in Southwest Finland. The asteroid was named for the Finnish town of Kuopio.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012322-0001-0000", "contents": "1503 Kuopio, Orbit and classification\nKuopio is a member of the Eunomia family (502), a prominent family of stony S-type asteroid and the largest one in the intermediate main belt with more than 5,000 members. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.3\u20132.9\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 3 months (1,553 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.10 and an inclination of 12\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012322-0002-0000", "contents": "1503 Kuopio, Orbit and classification\nThe body's observation arc begins with its first identification as 1935 EF at Yerkes Observatory in March 1935, more than 3 years prior to its official discovery observation at Turku.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012322-0003-0000", "contents": "1503 Kuopio, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nSeveral rotational lightcurves of Kuopio were obtained from photometric observations since 2001. Analysis of these lightcurves gave a rotation period between 9.577 and 9.98 hours with a brightness variation of 0.01 to 0.05 magnitude (U=3/3/2/2/3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 54], "content_span": [55, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012322-0004-0000", "contents": "1503 Kuopio, Physical characteristics, Poles\nIn 2011 and 2013, a modeled lightcurve using data from the Uppsala Asteroid Photometric Catalogue (UAPC) and other sources was published. In both studies, the modeled lightcurve gave a concurring period 9.9586 hours. The 2013-publication also determined two spin axis of (170.0\u00b0, \u221286.0\u00b0) and (27.0\u00b0, \u221261.0\u00b0) in ecliptic coordinates (\u03bb,\u2009\u03b2) (U=n.a. ).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 44], "content_span": [45, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012322-0005-0000", "contents": "1503 Kuopio, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Kuopio measures between 18.43 and 22.99 kilometers in diameter  and its surface has an albedo between 0.223 and 0.399.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012322-0006-0000", "contents": "1503 Kuopio, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.3243 and a diameter of 18.54 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.5.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012322-0007-0000", "contents": "1503 Kuopio, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the town of Kuopio in central Finland. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 February 1976 (M.P.C. 3928).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012325-0000-0000", "contents": "1503 in Italy\nAn incomplete list of events which happened in Italy in 1503:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 75]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012325-0001-0000", "contents": "1503 in Italy\nThe Battle of Ruvo was fought on 23 February 1503 between a Spanish army under Gonzalo Fern\u00e1ndez de C\u00f3rdoba and Diego de Mendoza and a French army commanded by Jacques de la Palice. The battle was part of the Second Italian War and was fought at the town of Ruvo in the Province of Bari, modern-day Italy. The result was a Spanish victory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012325-0002-0000", "contents": "1503 in Italy\nThe Challenge of Barletta (Italian: Disfida di Barletta) was a battle fought near Barletta, southern Italy, on February 13, 1503, on the plains between Corato and Andria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012326-0000-0000", "contents": "1503 in Scotland\nEvents from the year 1503 in the Kingdom of Scotland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012328-0000-0000", "contents": "1503 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1503.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012329-0000-0000", "contents": "1503 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012329-0001-0000", "contents": "1503 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012329-0002-0000", "contents": "1503 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012330-0000-0000", "contents": "1503 in science\nThe year 1503 in science and technology included many events, some of which are listed below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012332-0000-0000", "contents": "1503d Air Transport Wing\nThe 1503d Air Transport Wing is an inactive United States Air Force unit. It was last assigned to Western Transport Air Force of Military Air Transport Service at Tachikawa Air Base, Japan. It was inactivated on 22 June 1964 and its remaining squadron transferred to the 1503d Air Transport Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012332-0001-0000", "contents": "1503d Air Transport Wing, History\nThe wing was first organized in at Haneda Air Base in June 1948 as the  540th Air Transport Wing by Military Air Transport Service (MATS). Along with its subordinate units, it replaced the 22d Air Transport Group (Provisional) and absorbed the personnel and equipment of the 1539th Air Force Base Unit of Air Transport Command, which had been stationed at Haneda since the summer of 1946. The wing was soon renamed the 1503d Air Transport Wing to comply with United States Air Force requirements that MATS units be numbered between 1200 and 2199.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012332-0002-0000", "contents": "1503d Air Transport Wing, History\nThe 1503d became the main MATS organization in the Western Pacific, supporting numerous tenant organizations such as the Air Rescue Service; Air Weather Service, and Far East Air Force theater Troop Carrier Groups (later Wings) which transshipped supplies and personnel from the MATS Aerial Port at Tachikawa throughout the 1950s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012332-0003-0000", "contents": "1503d Air Transport Wing, History\nThe first major mission by the 1503d was the evacuation of large numbers of Americans out of China in 1948 after the Communists defeated the Chinese Nationalist forces during the Chinese Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012332-0004-0000", "contents": "1503d Air Transport Wing, History\nThe Korean War saw operations increase, with Troop Carrier units carrying out the evacuation of American civilians and then transporting the torrent of Allied military men and material flowing into the war zone. Around the clock planes arrived and departed. A typical flight might carry 35,000 pounds of hand grenades to South Korea, with 80 wounded personnel arriving to be transported to the USAF Hospital on the base. For thousands of servicemen whose tours took them into, through or out of Tachikawa, the USAF hospital became the best barometer of American military activities in the Far East.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012332-0005-0000", "contents": "1503d Air Transport Wing, History\nMATS flights arriving on C-118, C-121, C-124, and later C-135 jet transports from Hickam Field, Hawaii or being staged through Alaska. From Tachikawa, outbound MATS flights headed to Clark Air Base heading to Saigon, Bangkok, and on to Karachi Airport, Pakistan or to Guam, Wake or Midway Island in the Central Pacific Region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012332-0006-0000", "contents": "1503d Air Transport Wing, History\nAs United States military forces began to increase in Indochina, more and more equipment moved into first Tan Son Nhut Air Base in South Vietnam, then to Don Muang Royal Thai Air Force Base, near Bangkok, and in early 1965 to the huge new Cam Ranh Air Base with the jet C-141 Starlifter transports.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012332-0007-0000", "contents": "1503d Air Transport Wing, History\nIn 1964, operations from Tachikawa began to phase down as its location in the urban area of Tokyo made heavy transport operations undesirable, with more and more heavy transport operations going to Yokota Air Base. The 1503d was discontinued and replaced by the 1503d Air Transport Group, and focused more on aeromedical transport operations from the Philippines, and supporting MATS units at deployed locations in the Pacific.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012333-0000-0000", "contents": "1504\nYear 1504 (MDIV) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012334-0000-0000", "contents": "1504 Lappeenranta\n1504 Lappeenranta, provisional designation 1939 FM, is a stony background asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 12 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 23 March 1939, by Finnish astronomer Liisi Oterma at the Iso-Heikkil\u00e4 Observatory, and named after the city of Lappeenranta in Finland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012334-0001-0000", "contents": "1504 Lappeenranta, Orbit and classification\nLappeenranta is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the inner asteroid belt at a distance of 2.0\u20132.8\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 9 months (1,358 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.16 and an inclination of 11\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins four nights prior to its official discovery observation at Turku.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012334-0002-0000", "contents": "1504 Lappeenranta, Physical characteristics\nIn the Tholen classification, Lappeenranta is a common S-type asteroid. Pan-STARRS photometric survey has also characterized it as an S-type.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012334-0003-0000", "contents": "1504 Lappeenranta, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nLappeenranta has an ambiguous rotation period. Recent photometric observations gave a period of 15.16 and 15.190 hours with a brightness variation of 0.09 and 0.22 magnitude, respectively (U=2/2+), while Richard Binzel obtained a period of 10.44 hours and an amplitude of 0.29 magnitude in the mid-1980s (U=2). An alternative period of 8 hours, which was measured by Laurent Bernasconi and Fernand van den Abbeel (2002) as well as by Ren\u00e9 Roy (2006), has been superseded (U=1/1).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 60], "content_span": [61, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012334-0004-0000", "contents": "1504 Lappeenranta, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Lappeenranta measures between 11.336 and 13.35 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.1939 and 0.434.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 64], "content_span": [65, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012334-0005-0000", "contents": "1504 Lappeenranta, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.1765 and a diameter of 12.65 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.99.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 64], "content_span": [65, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012334-0006-0000", "contents": "1504 Lappeenranta, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the city of Lappeenranta in southeastern Finland. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 February 1976 (M.P.C. 3928).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 25], "content_span": [26, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012338-0000-0000", "contents": "1504 in Scotland\nEvents from the year 1504 in the Kingdom of Scotland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012340-0000-0000", "contents": "1504 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1504.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012341-0000-0000", "contents": "1504 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012341-0001-0000", "contents": "1504 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012341-0002-0000", "contents": "1504 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012342-0000-0000", "contents": "1504 in science\nThe year 1504 in science and technology included a number of events, some of which are listed below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012343-0000-0000", "contents": "1505\nYear 1505 (MDV) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012344-0000-0000", "contents": "1505 Koranna\n1505 Koranna, provisional designation 1939 HH, is a stony Eunomia asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 21 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 21 April 1939, by South African astronomer Cyril Jackson at the Union Observatory in Johannesburg. The asteroid was named for the native Koranna people of South Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012344-0001-0000", "contents": "1505 Koranna, Orbit and classification\nKoranna is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population when applying the hierarchical clustering method to its proper orbital elements. The asteroid has also been classified as a member of the Eunomia family (502), a prominent family of stony S-type asteroid and the largest one in the intermediate main belt with more than 5,000 members.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012344-0002-0000", "contents": "1505 Koranna, Orbit and classification\nIt orbits the Sun in the central main belt at a distance of 2.3\u20133.0\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 4 months (1,584 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.13 and an inclination of 14\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroid was first identified in June 1935 as 1935 MD at Simeiz Observatory on Crimea, where the body's observation arc begins the following month on July 1935.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012344-0003-0000", "contents": "1505 Koranna, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nBetween 2088 and 2013, three rotational lightcurves of Koranna have been obtained from photometric observations. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 4.45, 4.451 and 4.452 hours with a brightness variation of 0.70, 0.55 and 0.53, respectively magnitude (U=2+/3/2). A high brightness amplitude typically indicates that the body has an elongated, non-spherical shape.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 55], "content_span": [56, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012344-0004-0000", "contents": "1505 Koranna, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Koranna measures between 20.46 and 22.83 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.082 and 0.127. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.1209 and a diameter of 21.00 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012344-0005-0000", "contents": "1505 Koranna, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the native Koranna people, better known as the Griqua people of South Africa. The tribe of wandering San people (Bushman) lives in the southern part of the Kalahari Desert in southern Africa. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center in April 1953 (M.P.C. 909).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012345-0000-0000", "contents": "1505 Lo Mustang earthquake\nThe 1505 Lo Mustang earthquake occurred on 6 June 1505 and had an estimated magnitude between 8.2 and 8.8 making it one of the largest earthquakes in Nepalese history. The earthquake killed an approximate 30 percent of the Nepalese population at the time. The earthquake was located in northern Nepal, and affected southern China.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012348-0000-0000", "contents": "1505 in Norway, Deaths\nThis year in Norway article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012350-0000-0000", "contents": "1505 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1505.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012351-0000-0000", "contents": "1505 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012351-0001-0000", "contents": "1505 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012351-0002-0000", "contents": "1505 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012352-0000-0000", "contents": "1505 in science\nThe year 1505 in science and technology included a number of events, some of which are listed below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012353-0000-0000", "contents": "1506\nYear 1506 (MDVI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012354-0000-0000", "contents": "1506 Xosa\n1506 Xosa, provisional designation 1939 JC, is a stony asteroid and slow rotator from the middle region of the asteroid belt, approximately 13 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 15 May 1939, by English-born, South African astronomer Cyril Jackson at the Johannesburg Observatory in South Africa. It is named for the Xhosa people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012354-0001-0000", "contents": "1506 Xosa, Orbit and classification\nThe S-type asteroid orbits the Sun at a distance of 1.9\u20133.2\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 2 months (1,507 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.26 and an inclination of 13\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. Xosa's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation, as no precoveries were taken and no prior identifications were made.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 35], "content_span": [36, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012354-0002-0000", "contents": "1506 Xosa, Physical characteristics, Slow rotator\nIn Fall 2010, lightcurve photometry by Brian Warner and at the Palomar Transient Factory revealed that Xosa is a slow rotator with a notably long rotation period of 292 and 298 hours and a brightness variation of 0.70 and 0.42 magnitude, respectively (U=2+/2). It also seems to be in a non-principal axis rotation (NPAR), colloquially called as \"tumbling\". However, observations are insufficient to determine the body's tumbling, or to rule out a non-tumbling state (T0). These observations superseded previous periods obtained in 2001 and 2005 (U=1/1).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 49], "content_span": [50, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012354-0003-0000", "contents": "1506 Xosa, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Xosa measures 13.96 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.157, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 11.83 kilometers using an absolute magnitude of 12.0.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 56], "content_span": [57, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012354-0004-0000", "contents": "1506 Xosa, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the Xhosa (formerly spelled \"Xosa\"), a Bantu ethnic group of native people in south-east South Africa, and who came into early contact with the white settlers. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center in April 1953 (M.P.C. 909).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 17], "content_span": [18, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012358-0000-0000", "contents": "1506 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1506.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012359-0000-0000", "contents": "1506 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012359-0001-0000", "contents": "1506 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012359-0002-0000", "contents": "1506 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012360-0000-0000", "contents": "1506 in science\nThe year 1506 in science and technology included many events, some of which are listed here.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012361-0000-0000", "contents": "1507\nYear 1507 (MDVII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012366-0000-0000", "contents": "1507 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1507.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012367-0000-0000", "contents": "1507 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012367-0001-0000", "contents": "1507 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012367-0002-0000", "contents": "1507 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012368-0000-0000", "contents": "1507 in science\nThe year 1507 in science and technology included many events, some of which are listed here.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012369-0000-0000", "contents": "1508\nYear 1508 (MDVIII) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012370-0000-0000", "contents": "1508 Kemi\n1508 Kemi, provisional designation 1938 UP, is an eccentric, carbonaceous asteroid and one of the largest Mars-crossers, approximately 17 kilometers in diameter. Discovered by Heikki Alikoski at Turku Observatory in 1938, the asteroid was later named after the Finnish town of Kemi and the Kemi River.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012370-0001-0000", "contents": "1508 Kemi, Discovery\nKemi was discovered on 21 October 1938, by Finnish astronomer Heikki Alikoski at the Iso-Heikkil\u00e4 Observatory in Turku, Finland. It was independently discovered by Hungarian astronomer Gy\u00f6rgy Kulin at Konkoly Observatory near Budapest on 30 October 1938. The Minor Planet Center, however, only acknowledges the first discoverer. The asteroid was first identified as 1935 FA at Uccle Observatory in March 1935.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 20], "content_span": [21, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012370-0002-0000", "contents": "1508 Kemi, Orbit and classification\nKemi is a Mars-crossing asteroid as it crosses the orbit of Mars at 1.666\u00a0AU. Because of its high inclination, it has been grouped with the Pallas family (801), an asteroid family of bright carbonaceous asteroids, as well as with the \"Phaethon group\", despite its untypical spectrum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 35], "content_span": [36, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012370-0003-0000", "contents": "1508 Kemi, Orbit and classification\nIt orbits the Sun at a distance of 1.6\u20133.9\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 7 months (1,685 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.42 and an inclination of 29\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at Uccle in May 1935, more than 3 years prior to its official discovery observation at Turku.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 35], "content_span": [36, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012370-0004-0000", "contents": "1508 Kemi, Physical characteristics\nIn the SMASS classification, Kemi is a common carbonaceous C-type asteroid. In the Tholen classification, the body's spectral type is ambiguous (BCF), closest to that of a bright carbonaceous B-type and somewhat similar to a C- and F-type asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 35], "content_span": [36, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012370-0005-0000", "contents": "1508 Kemi, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nSeveral rotational lightcurves of Kemi have been obtained from photometric observations since the 1990s. Analysis of the lightcurves gave a consolidated rotation period of 9.196 hours with a brightness variation between of 0.25 and 0.55 magnitude (U=2/3/3/2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 52], "content_span": [53, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012370-0006-0000", "contents": "1508 Kemi, Physical characteristics, Poles\nIn 2016, an international study modeled a lightcurve with a concurring period of 9.19182 hours. It also determined two spin axis at (352.0\u00b0, 72.0\u00b0) and (166.0\u00b0, 73.0\u00b0) in ecliptic coordinates (\u03bb,\u2009\u03b2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 42], "content_span": [43, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012370-0007-0000", "contents": "1508 Kemi, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Kemi measures between 15.78 and 17.98 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.084 and 0.11. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for carbonaceous asteroids of 0.057 and calculates a diameter of 21.86 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.03.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 56], "content_span": [57, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012370-0008-0000", "contents": "1508 Kemi, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the Finnish town of Kemi and the Kemi River (Kemijoki), the largest river in Finland, on which the town lies. The naming agrees with the established pattern of giving high-inclination asteroids four-letter names. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 February 1976 (M.P.C. 3928).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 17], "content_span": [18, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012374-0000-0000", "contents": "1508 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1508.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012375-0000-0000", "contents": "1508 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012375-0001-0000", "contents": "1508 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012375-0002-0000", "contents": "1508 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012376-0000-0000", "contents": "1508 in science\nThe year 1508 in science and technology included a number of events, some of which are listed here.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012377-0000-0000", "contents": "1509\nYear 1509 (MDIX) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012378-0000-0000", "contents": "1509 Constantinople earthquake\nThe 1509 Constantinople earthquake or historically K\u0131yamet-i Sugra ('Little Judgment Day') occurred in the Sea of Marmara on 10 September 1509 at about 10\u00a0p.m. The earthquake had an estimated magnitude of 7.2 \u00b1 0.3 on the surface wave magnitude scale. A tsunami and forty-five days of aftershocks followed the earthquake. The death toll of this earthquake is poorly known, with estimates in the range of 1,000 to 13,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012378-0001-0000", "contents": "1509 Constantinople earthquake, Background\nThe Sea of Marmara is a pull-apart basin formed at a releasing bend in the North Anatolian Fault, a right-lateral strike-slip fault. This local zone of extension occurs where this transform boundary between the Anatolian Plate and the Eurasian Plate steps northwards to the west of Izmit from the Izmit Fault to the Ganos Fault. The pattern of faults within the Sea of Marmara basin is complex but near Istanbul there is a single main fault segment with a sharp bend. To the west, the fault trends west\u2013east and is pure strike-slip in type. To the east, the fault is NW-SE trending and shows evidence of both normal and strike-slip motion. Movement on this fault, which bounds the \u00c7\u0131narc\u0131k Basin, was the most likely cause of the 1509 event.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 784]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012378-0002-0000", "contents": "1509 Constantinople earthquake, Damage\nThe area of significant damage (greater than VII (Very strong)) extended from \u00c7orlu in the west to Izmit in the east. Galata and B\u00fcy\u00fck\u00e7ekmece also suffered severe damage. In Constantinople 109 mosques were utterly destroyed, while most of those left standing suffered damage to their minarets. While 1070 homes collapsed, 49 towers along the Walls of Constantinople also collapsed or were damaged. The newly built Bayezid II Mosque was badly damaged; the main dome was destroyed and a minaret collapsed. The Fatih Mosque suffered damage to its four great columns and the dome was split.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 38], "content_span": [39, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012378-0002-0001", "contents": "1509 Constantinople earthquake, Damage\nThe quake also damaged the Rumeli Fortress, Anadolu Fortress, the Yoros Castle in Anadolu Kava\u011f\u0131, and the Maiden's Tower. The Grand Mosque of Hagia Sophia survived almost unscathed, although a minaret collapsed. Inside the mosque, the plaster that had been used to cover up the Byzantine mosaics inside the dome fell off, revealing the Christian images.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 38], "content_span": [39, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012378-0003-0000", "contents": "1509 Constantinople earthquake, Damage\nThe number of dead and injured is hard to estimate, with different sources giving accounts varying from 1,000 to 13,000. It is believed that some members of the Ottoman dynasty died in this earthquake. Aftershocks continued for 45 days after the earthquake, and people were unable to return to their homes for two months. Ottoman Turks felt that doomsday had arrived. Indeed, the quake was so destructive for Constantinople that historians referred to it as \u201cK\u0131yamet-i Sugra\u201d or \u201cLittle Doomsday.\u201d", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 38], "content_span": [39, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012378-0004-0000", "contents": "1509 Constantinople earthquake, Aftermath\nThe earthquake was allegedly predicted by an unnamed Greek monk from Saint Catherine's Monastery in Sinai while present in the Sultan's court. European interpretations at the time viewed the earthquake as a sort of punishment, a punishment from God set upon the Turks for taking up arms against European Christians. Similarly, Bayezid II saw it as a punishment from God, however he attributed the punishment to the wrongdoings of his ministers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 41], "content_span": [42, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012378-0004-0001", "contents": "1509 Constantinople earthquake, Aftermath\nThe sultan\u2019s residence Topkap\u0131 Palace was not damaged but Bayezid II\u2019s bedroom collapsed at the tremor, with the sultan only saved by the fact he had left his chambers only hours earlier. After staying for ten days in a tent set up in the palace garden, Bayezid II went to stay in former capital of Edirne.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 41], "content_span": [42, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012378-0005-0000", "contents": "1509 Constantinople earthquake, Aftermath\nThe Ottoman Imperial Council (Divan-\u0131 H\u00fcmayun) convened after the quake and made decisions to deal with the effects of the disaster. Constantinople had to be reconstructed and an additional tax of 22 ak\u00e7e would be taken from each household for the task, it was decided. Afterward, an empire-wide initiative was launched to reconstruct the city. Tens of thousands of workers, stonemasons and carpenters were brought to Istanbul from both Anatolia and Rumelia. Beginning on March 29, 1510, construction works in the city were undergone hastily and completed on June 1, 1510.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 41], "content_span": [42, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012378-0006-0000", "contents": "1509 Constantinople earthquake, Characteristics, Earthquake\nFrom the area and intensity of shaking, a 70\u00a0km (43\u00a0mi) fault rupture has been estimated. Major shocks occurred at half-hour intervals and were violent and protracted in nature, forcing residents to seek refuge in open parks and squares. Aftershocks were said to have continued for 18 days without causing any further damage, however, it did delay reconstruction in some areas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 59], "content_span": [60, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012378-0007-0000", "contents": "1509 Constantinople earthquake, Characteristics, Tsunami\nA tsunami is mentioned in some sources with a run-up of greater than 6.0\u00a0m (19.7\u00a0ft), but discounted in others. A turbidite bed whose deposition matches the date of the earthquake has been recognised in the \u00c7\u0131narc\u0131k Basin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 56], "content_span": [57, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012379-0000-0000", "contents": "1509 Esclangona\n1509 Esclangona, provisional designation 1938 YG, is a rare-type Hungaria asteroid and binary system from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 8 kilometers in diameter. It is named after French astronomer Ernest Esclangon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012379-0001-0000", "contents": "1509 Esclangona, Discoveries\nEsclangona was discovered on 21 December 1938, by French astronomer Andr\u00e9 Patry at Nice Observatory. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation as no precoveries were taken, and no prior identifications were made. On 13 February 2003, a minor-planet moon in orbit of Esclangona was discovered by astronomers at ESO's Very Large Telescope (UT4) on Cerro Paranal in Chile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 28], "content_span": [29, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012379-0002-0000", "contents": "1509 Esclangona, Orbit and classification\nEsclangona is a member of the Hungaria family, which form the innermost concentration of asteroids in the Solar System. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.8\u20131.9\u00a0AU once every 2 years and 7 months (931 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.03 and an inclination of 22\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012379-0003-0000", "contents": "1509 Esclangona, Binary system\nEsclangona has a small moon, provisionally named S/2003 (1509) 1, which measures 4 kilometers in diameter, and orbits 140 kilometers from its parent. This wide separation relative to the pair's size is rather unusual and it is believed that both Esclangona and its moon are ejecta from an asteroidal collision in the past that left the scene as a co-orbiting pair; a similar pairing is 3749 Balam and its moon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 30], "content_span": [31, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012379-0004-0000", "contents": "1509 Esclangona, Physical characteristics\nIn the Tholen taxonomy, Esclangona is a common stony S-type asteroid. It has since been characterized as a rare K-type asteroid by polarimetric observations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012379-0005-0000", "contents": "1509 Esclangona, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn December 2004, photometric measurements of Esclangona made by American astronomer Brian Warner at his Palmer Divide Observatory, California, showed a lightcurve with a rotation period of 3.247\u00b10.002 hours and a brightness variation of 0.17\u00b10.02 in magnitude.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 58], "content_span": [59, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012379-0006-0000", "contents": "1509 Esclangona, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Esclangona measures between 6.83 and 9.87 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.107 and 0.41. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.2041 and a diameter of 8.18 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 12.858.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 62], "content_span": [63, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012379-0007-0000", "contents": "1509 Esclangona, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after French astronomer Ernest Esclangon (1876\u20131954), was a director of the Paris Observatory and president of the International Astronomical Union. Naming citation was first mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 134).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012383-0000-0000", "contents": "1509 in Italy\nAn incomplete series of events, births and deaths which occurred in Italy in 1509:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 96]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012383-0001-0000", "contents": "1509 in Italy\nThe Battle of Agnadello, also known as Vail\u00e0, was one of the more significant battles of the War of the League of Cambrai, and one of the major battles of the Italian Wars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012383-0002-0000", "contents": "1509 in Italy\nThe Battle of Polesella, fought on December 22, 1509, by forces of the Duchy of Ferrara and the Republic of Venice, was a naval battle on the River Po in the War of the League of Cambrai in the Italian Wars. It was an overwhelming victory for Ferrara.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012383-0003-0000", "contents": "1509 in Italy\nThe Siege of Padua was a major engagement early in the War of the League of Cambrai.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 98]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012385-0000-0000", "contents": "1509 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1509.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012386-0000-0000", "contents": "1509 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012386-0001-0000", "contents": "1509 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012386-0002-0000", "contents": "1509 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012387-0000-0000", "contents": "1509 in science\nThe year 1509 in science and technology included many events, some of which are listed here.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012388-0000-0000", "contents": "15092 Beegees\n15092 Beegees, provisional designation 1999 EH5, is a stony Eoan asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 12 kilometers (7.5 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 15 March 1999, by Australian amateur astronomer John Broughton at his Reedy Creek Observatory in Queensland, Australia. The S-type asteroid was named for the brothers of the Gibb family, known as the musical trio Bee Gees.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012388-0001-0000", "contents": "15092 Beegees, Orbit and classification\nBeegees is a core member the Eos family (606), the largest stony asteroid family in the outer main belt, consisting of nearly 10,000 known asteroids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012388-0002-0000", "contents": "15092 Beegees, Orbit and classification\nIt orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.9\u20133.1\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 3 months (1,908 days; semi-major axis of 3.01\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.03 and an inclination of 10\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its first observation as 1975 TL1 at Crimea\u2013Nauchnij in October 1975, more than 23 years prior to its official discovery observation at Reedy Creek.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012388-0003-0000", "contents": "15092 Beegees, Physical characteristics\nIn the SDSS-based taxonomy, Beegees is a common, stony S-type asteroid, which is also the overall spectral type for members of the Eos family. The asteroid has an absolute magnitude of 12.1. As of 2018, no rotational lightcurve has been obtained from photometric observations. The body's rotation period, pole and shape remain unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012388-0004-0000", "contents": "15092 Beegees, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Beegees measures 12.012 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.122.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012388-0005-0000", "contents": "15092 Beegees, Naming\nThis minor planet was named for the members the British pop-rock-disco group Bee Gees: Barry Gibb (born 1946), Robin Gibb (1949\u20132012), and Maurice Gibb (1949\u20132003), as well as for their younger brother and solo singer, Andy Gibb (1958\u20131988), who was never a member of the group. The renowned musicians were raised in Australia, only 100 kilometers from the Reedy Creek Observatory where this asteroid was discovered. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 9 May 2001 (M.P.C. 42674).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012389-0000-0000", "contents": "15094 Polymele\n15094 Polymele /p\u0252l\u026a\u02c8mi\u02d0li\u02d0/ is a primitive Jupiter trojan from the Greek camp, approximately 21 kilometers (13 miles) in diameter. It is a target of the Lucy mission with a close fly by planned to occur in September 2027. It was discovered on 17 November 1999, by astronomers with the Catalina Sky Survey at Mount Lemmon Observatory, Arizona, in the United States. The P-type asteroid has a rotation period of 5.9 hours and possibly a spherical shape. It was named after Polymele from Greek mythology, the wife of Menoetius and the mother of Patroclus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012389-0001-0000", "contents": "15094 Polymele, Orbit and classification\nPolymele is a Jupiter trojan (or Jovian asteroid) orbiting in the leading Greek camp at Jupiter's L4 Lagrangian point, 60\u00b0 ahead of the Gas Giant's orbit (see Trojans in astronomy). It orbits the Sun at a distance of 4.7\u20135.7\u00a0AU once every 11 years and 9 months (4,289 days; semi-major axis of 5.17\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.09 and an inclination of 13\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroid's observation arc begins 48 years prior to its official discovery observation at Mount Lemmon, with a precovery taken at Palomar Observatory in 1951, and published by the Digitized Sky Survey later on.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012389-0002-0000", "contents": "15094 Polymele, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Polymele, the daughter of Peleus from Greek mythology. According to the Latin author Gaius Julius Hyginus (c. 64 BC \u2013 AD 17), she is the wife of the Argonaut Menoetius and the mother of Patroclus, who participated in the Trojan War. Polymele is also known as \"Philomela\"; that name was previously used for the asteroid 196 Philomela. The approved naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 22 February 2016 (M.P.C. 98711).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012389-0003-0000", "contents": "15094 Polymele, Lucy mission target\nPolymele is planned to be visited by the Lucy spacecraft which will launch in 2021. The fly by is scheduled for 15 September 2027, and will approach the asteroid to a distance of 415 kilometers at a velocity of 6 kilometers per second.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 35], "content_span": [36, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012389-0004-0000", "contents": "15094 Polymele, Physical characteristics\nPolymele has been characterized as a primitive P-type asteroid by the investigators of the Lucy mission. P-type asteroids are known for their low albedo. It has a V\u2013I color index of 0.799, which is lower than that for most larger Jupiter trojans (see table below).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012389-0005-0000", "contents": "15094 Polymele, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Polymele measures 21.075 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.091, while in 2018, Marc Buie published an albedo of 0.073 and an absolute magnitude of 11.691 in the S- and/or R band. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for a carbonaceous asteroid of 0.057 and calculates a larger diameter of 26.64 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.6.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 61], "content_span": [62, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012389-0006-0000", "contents": "15094 Polymele, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves\nIn March 2016, a rotational lightcurve of Polymele was obtained from photometric observations by Marc Buie and colleges. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 5.8607\u00b10.0005 hours with a small brightness amplitude of 0.09\u00b10.03 magnitude (U=2-), which indicates that the body has a spheroidal shape. Previously, the Lucy mission team published spin rates of 6.1 and 4 hours, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 53], "content_span": [54, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012389-0007-0000", "contents": "15094 Polymele, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves\nNote: missing data was completed with figures from the JPL SBDB () and from the LCDB () for the WISE/NEOWISE and SIMPS catalogs, respectively. These figures are given in italics. Also, listing is incomplete above #100.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 53], "content_span": [54, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012390-0000-0000", "contents": "150s\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by Graham87 (talk | contribs) at 10:36, 12 January 2021 (1 revision imported: import old edit from the Nostalgia Wikipedia). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012390-0001-0000", "contents": "150s\nThe 150s decade ran from January 1, 150, to December 31, 159.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 66]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012391-0000-0000", "contents": "150s BC\nThis article concerns the period 159 BC \u2013 150 BC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 57]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012392-0000-0000", "contents": "150th (York and Durham) Brigade\nThe 150th (York and Durham) Brigade was a formation of the Territorial Force of the British Army. It was assigned to the 50th (Northumbrian) Division and served on the Western Front during the First World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012393-0000-0000", "contents": "150th Aviation Regiment (United States)\nThe 150th Aviation Regiment is a regiment of the United States Army National Guard organized under the United States Army Regimental System. It was constituted 1 October 1987 in the New Jersey, Vermont and Delaware Army National Guard as the 150th Aviation, a parent regiment under the United States Army Regimental System. It was organized to consist of 1st Battalion at Trenton Airport, New Jersey, Company D at Burlington Airport, Vermont; Company E at New Castle Air National Guard Base, Delaware and Company F at Dover, New Jersey, all elements of the 50th Armored Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012393-0001-0000", "contents": "150th Aviation Regiment (United States), 1st Battalion\nThe 1st Battalion (Assault), 150th Aviation Regiment was split between two mid-Atlantic states with a total of 16 UH-60 Black Hawk helicopters. One half of the unit was the Headquarters & Headquarters Company (HHC), Company A, and Company C based at Trenton, New Jersey on the Trenton-Mercer Airport. The other half was Company B with an HHC detachment and a Company C detachment based at the New Castle County Airport in Delaware. The 1st Battalion, 150th Aviation Regiment was mobilized in May 2004 in support for Operation Iraqi Freedom and deployed to Iraq in November 2004. The soldiers of the 1\u2013150th served with distinction during the 12-month deployment supporting the 42nd Infantry Division Command Group Mission throughout their sector by executing command & control, air assault, and air movement missions. After their combat tour, they arrived back on US soil in November 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 54], "content_span": [55, 944]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012393-0002-0000", "contents": "150th Aviation Regiment (United States), 1st Battalion\nIn 2009 the units were again deployed to Iraq. The 628th went to Tallil and the 1-150th was in Al Kut. During this deployment the 1-150th Aviation fell under the Combat Aviation Brigade, 28th Infantry Division and later the 12th Combat Aviation Brigade. They suffered no casualties during the 9\u201310 months in country.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 54], "content_span": [55, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012393-0003-0000", "contents": "150th Aviation Regiment (United States), 1st Battalion\nThe battalion is based at Joint Base McGuire-Dix-Lakehurst, Lakehurst, New Jersey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 54], "content_span": [55, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012393-0004-0000", "contents": "150th Aviation Regiment (United States), 1st Battalion\nThe 150th falls under the 57th Troop Command, New Jersey Army National Guard, who are based out of Atlantic City, NJ.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 54], "content_span": [55, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012394-0000-0000", "contents": "150th Battalion (Carabiniers Mont-Royal), CEF\nThe 150th (Carabiniers Mont Royal) Battalion, CEF was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War. Based in Montreal, Quebec, the unit began recruiting in late 1915 in that city and the surrounding district. After sailing to England in September 1916, the battalion was absorbed into the 14th, 22nd, 24th, and 87th Battalions, CEF, and the 5th Canadian Mounted Rifles. The unit officially ceased to exist as of February 15, 1918. The 150th (Carabiniers Mont Royal) Battalion, CEF had one Officer Commanding: Lieut-Col. .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012395-0000-0000", "contents": "150th Cavalry Regiment\nThe 150th Cavalry Regiment (\"The Second West Virginia\") is a regiment of the West Virginia Army National Guard, with troops in multiple locations throughout West Virginia. It was originally formed as Greenbrier County militia, fighting for Virginia in the American Revolutionary War. During the American Civil War, companies of the regiment loyal to the recognized Union state government in Wheeling were later combined to form the Union Army's 5th and 9th West Virginia Infantry regiments, aiding in the defeat of Confederate troops in West Virginia, Ohio and Virginia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012395-0001-0000", "contents": "150th Cavalry Regiment\nThe 150th Cavalry has also deployed in support of World War I, the Border War with Mexico, World War II, Operation Spartan Shield, the Iraq War and the intervention in Syria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012395-0002-0000", "contents": "150th Cavalry Regiment, History\nThe lineage of the 150th Cavalry Regiment dates back to 1 March 1778, with the formation of the Militia of Greenbrier County. On 22 December 1792, the Militia of Greenbrier County was reorganized as volunteer companies of the 13th Brigade, Virginia Militia. During the War of 1812, five companies from the 13th Brigade were combined with seven companies from what is now northern West Virginia to form the 2nd Regiment, Virginia Volunteer Militia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012395-0003-0000", "contents": "150th Cavalry Regiment, History\nDuring the American Civil War, units with Union sympathies were combined to form the 5th and 9th West Virginia Volunteer Infantry Regiment. After becoming a separate state in 1863, West Virginia reorganized its militia, including the 5th and 9th Regiments, which were consolidated and reorganized on 9 November 1864, as the 1st West Virginia Veteran Infantry Regiment, part of the 2nd Division, West Virginia Militia. The regiment was mustered out on 21 July 1865 after the end of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012395-0004-0000", "contents": "150th Cavalry Regiment, History\nOn 7 June 1889, the 1st West Virginia Veteran Infantry Regiment was reorganized as the 2nd Regiment, West Virginia National Guard. After being mustered into service for eight months along the Mexican border in 1916, it was briefly mustered out of service for less than a month only to be mustered back into Federal service on 10 April 1917. After being federalized it was redesignated as the 150th Infantry Regiment and assigned to the 38th Division on 19 September 1917. The regiment would remain assigned to the 38th Division until the beginning of World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012395-0005-0000", "contents": "150th Cavalry Regiment, History\nOn 1 March 1942, the regiment was relieved from its assignment the 38th and transferred to the Panama Canal Zone where it served through the rest of the war. Postwar, it was inactivated at Fort Clayton on 1 February 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012395-0006-0000", "contents": "150th Cavalry Regiment, History\nAfter the war, the regiment went through a period of slow but drastic change. On 1 July 1955, the regiment was reorganized from an Infantry table of organization and equipment unit to an Armored Cavalry TO&E unit and redesignated as the 150th Armored Cavalry Regiment. On 1 March 1968, 2nd Squadron was relieved from the regiment and broken up to form other units within the West Virginia National Guard. Meanwhile, two months later, 3rd Squadron was redesignated as 3rd Squadron, 107th Armored Cavalry. 1st Squadron continued on as the only squadron remaining in the regiment until 1 September 1993, when the regiment was reorganized and redesignated as the 150th Armor Regiment, consisting of the 1st Battalion, and assigned to the 28th Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 789]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012395-0007-0000", "contents": "150th Cavalry Regiment, History\nWhen the 30th Enhanced Heavy Separate Brigade began mobilization to partake in Operation Iraqi Freedom in 2004, 1st Battalion, 150th Armor was chosen to reinforce the brigade. The battalion served with the brigade for approximately one year in Iraq and redeployed with the brigade back to the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012395-0007-0001", "contents": "150th Cavalry Regiment, History\nUpon returning to the United States in 2005, 1st Battalion 150th Armor was redesignated as the 150th Cavalry, consisting of the 1st Squadron, reorganized as a Reconnaissance, Surveillance, and Target Acquisition squadron, and reassigned to the 30th Brigade as that brigade's RSTA squadron under the new Heavy Brigade Unit of Acton TO&E.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012395-0008-0000", "contents": "150th Cavalry Regiment, 1st Squadron\nToday, 1st Squadron, 150th Cavalry Regiment is the only active squadron in the regiment. The unit is composed of cavalry scouts and armor crewmen equipped with HMMWVs, Bradley Fighting Vehicles and Abrams Main Battle Tanks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012395-0009-0000", "contents": "150th Cavalry Regiment, Distinctive unit insignia\nA Gold color metal and enamel device 1+1\u20448 inches (2.9\u00a0cm) in height overall consisting of a shield blazoned: Azure, a powder horn Argent, mouth to dexter, ferruled Or, stringed of the second; in chief five mullets of the third voided. Attached below the shield a bipartite scroll inscribed \"WE CAN TAKE IT\" in Blue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 49], "content_span": [50, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012395-0010-0000", "contents": "150th Cavalry Regiment, Distinctive unit insignia\nThe shield is blue, representative of the original organization. The powder horn is adapted from the State coat of arms. The five mullets symbolize the wars in which the original regiment participated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 49], "content_span": [50, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012395-0011-0000", "contents": "150th Cavalry Regiment, Distinctive unit insignia\nThe distinctive unit insignia was originally approved for the 150th Infantry Regiment on 28 May 1934. It was redesignated for the 150th Armored Cavalry Regiment on 21 September 1955. The insignia was redesignated for the 150th Armor Regiment with the description and symbolism revised effective 1 September 1993.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 49], "content_span": [50, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012395-0012-0000", "contents": "150th Cavalry Regiment, Coat of arms, Blazon\nAzure, a powder horn Argent, mouth to dexter, ferruled Or, stringed of the second; in chief five mullets of the third voided.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 44], "content_span": [45, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012395-0013-0000", "contents": "150th Cavalry Regiment, Coat of arms, Blazon\nThat for the regiments and separate battalions of the West Virginia Army National Guard: On a wreath of the colors, Argent and Azure, a slip of mountain rhododendron in full bloom and leaved Proper. Motto WE CAN TAKE IT.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 44], "content_span": [45, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012395-0014-0000", "contents": "150th Cavalry Regiment, Coat of arms, Blazon\nThe shield is blue, representative of the original organization. The powder horn is adapted from the State coat of arms. The five mullets symbolize the wars in which the original regiment participated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 44], "content_span": [45, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012395-0015-0000", "contents": "150th Cavalry Regiment, Coat of arms, Blazon\nThe crest is that of the West Virginia Army National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 44], "content_span": [45, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012395-0016-0000", "contents": "150th Cavalry Regiment, Coat of arms, Blazon\nThe coat of arms was originally approved for the 150th Infantry Regiment on 28 May 1934. It was redesignated for the 150th Armored Cavalry Regiment on 21 September 1955. The insignia was redesignated for the 150th Armor Regiment with the symbolism revised effective 1 September 1993.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 44], "content_span": [45, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012396-0000-0000", "contents": "150th Division (1st Formation)(People's Republic of China)\nThe 150th Division(Chinese: \u7b2c150\u5e08)(1st Formation) was created in January 1949 under the Regulation of the Redesignations of All Organizations and Units of the Army, issued by Central Military Commission on November 1, 1948, basing on the 52nd Temporary Division, 60th Corps of Republic of China Army defected in Changchun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012396-0001-0000", "contents": "150th Division (1st Formation)(People's Republic of China)\nIn August 1949 the division was disbanded and absorbed by 148th and 149th Divisions from the same Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012397-0000-0000", "contents": "150th Division (3rd Formation) (People's Republic of China)\nThe 150th Army Division (Chinese: \u9646\u519b\u7b2c150\u5e08)(3rd Formation) was formed in November 1967 from 1st, 5th, 10th and 12th Independent Regiments, Independent Infantry Battalion and Independent Antiaircraft Battalion of Chengdu Military Region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [59, 59], "content_span": [60, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012397-0001-0000", "contents": "150th Division (3rd Formation) (People's Republic of China)\nThe division maintained as a Catalogue B unit from 1967 to its disbandment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [59, 59], "content_span": [60, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012397-0002-0000", "contents": "150th Division (3rd Formation) (People's Republic of China)\nIn February the division took part in the Sino-Vietnamese War. Before the beginning of the war, he division expanded from 6000 personnel (peacetime Cat B division) to 11000. At the blink of war the division was composed of:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [59, 59], "content_span": [60, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012397-0003-0000", "contents": "150th Division (3rd Formation) (People's Republic of China)\nThe division took part in the Battle of Cao Bang.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [59, 59], "content_span": [60, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012397-0004-0000", "contents": "150th Division (3rd Formation) (People's Republic of China)\nOn March 11, 1979, when retreating from Ban young region to China, the division's 448th Infantry Regiment, commanded by Li Shaowen(Chinese: \u674e\u7ecd\u6587), run into an ambush set by 851st Regiment, PAVN 346th Division. The regimental HQ soon lost contact with all its units, and the whole regiment was in panic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [59, 59], "content_span": [60, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012397-0005-0000", "contents": "150th Division (3rd Formation) (People's Republic of China)\nBy March 13, 1979 the 2nd Battalion of 448th Regiment was surrounded and overrun. To make things worse, 1st Company, 1st Battalion and 8th Company, 3rd Battalion, sent by the regimental HQ to relieve them, were also surrounded. By March 14 all surrounded PLA units were either surrendered or destroyed. The last survivor from 2nd battalion finally reached the border of China on March 31.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [59, 59], "content_span": [60, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012397-0006-0000", "contents": "150th Division (3rd Formation) (People's Republic of China)\nDuring the engagement 7 PLA companies & batteries (1st, 4th, 5th, 6th, 8th Rifle Companies, Machine-gun Company and Mortar-Artillery Battery of the 2nd Battalion) were annihilated. 448th Regiment suffered 542 \"missing\", soon after it was cleared that 209 of which were captured or surrendered, the other of which KIA. The engagement is considered by China as the biggest failure during the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [59, 59], "content_span": [60, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012397-0007-0000", "contents": "150th Division (3rd Formation) (People's Republic of China)\nThe division was disbanded in September 1985 along with the Army Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [59, 59], "content_span": [60, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012398-0000-0000", "contents": "150th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by Rich Farmbrough (talk | contribs) at 17:59, 19 November 2019 (Date formats). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012398-0001-0000", "contents": "150th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)\nThe 150th Division (\u7b2c150\u5e2b\u56e3, Dai-hyakugoj\u016b Shidan) was an infantry division of the Imperial Japanese Army. Its call sign was the Morning Protection Division (\u8b77\u671d\u5175\u56e3, Gocho Heidan). It was formed 28 February 1945 in Seoul as a square division. It was a part of the 16 simultaneously created divisions batch numbering from 140th to 160th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012398-0002-0000", "contents": "150th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nFrom May 1945, the 150th division was tasked with the coastal defense of the North Jeolla Province and South Jeolla Province, with garrisons in Jeongeup (headquarters and barrage artillery), and 431st infantry regiment on Daejeon-ri island, and Jangseong County (429th infantry regiment and automatic cannon company). Also, the 430th, 432nd infantry regiments and the rest of units were deployed at Mokpo. After the Soviet invasion of Manchuria the division was ordered to move and by the time of surrender of Japan 15 August 1945 was in Gunsan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012399-0000-0000", "contents": "150th Field Artillery Regiment\nThe 150th Field Artillery Regiment (\"The Raiders\") is a field artillery unit in the Indiana Army National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012399-0001-0000", "contents": "150th Field Artillery Regiment, History\nThe 150th Field Artillery was formed from the 1st Indiana Field Artillery, which served during the Spanish\u2013American War. The Indiana Field Artillery was at service on the Mexican border when the United States declared war on Germany in 1917. As the United States mobilized for World War I, the Indiana Field Artillery became federalized as the 150th Field Artillery, and assigned to the 42nd Infantry \"Rainbow\" Division, which participated in several major battles in 1918. Major Robert Tyndall was promoted to Colonel in command of the entire regiment, which was issued French 155 millimeter cannons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012399-0002-0000", "contents": "150th Field Artillery Regiment, History\nDuring World War II, the 150th Field Artillery served with the 38th Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012399-0003-0000", "contents": "150th Field Artillery Regiment, History\nDuring the Iraq War, the 150th Field Artillery sent teams to train Iraqi police. In 2006 HHB 2-150 FA sent 152 Artillerymen to Mosul, Iraq to train Iraqi Policemen. Their success brought distinction by Award of the Meritorious Unit Commendation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012399-0004-0000", "contents": "150th Field Artillery Regiment, History\nIn 2007 2 batteries of 2-150 FA and 3-139 FA (organized under 2-150 FA) served as convoy security companies in 76th Infantry Brigade Combat Team. In 2009\u201310 officers and Soldiers of 2-150 formed the 2-150 Fires Team, serving on the staffs of 34th Infantry Division (MNARNG) and 17th Fires Brigade (AD), Ft. Lewis, WA in Multi-National Division \u2013 South and Basra Province respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012399-0005-0000", "contents": "150th Field Artillery Regiment, History\nDuring Operation Enduring Freedom Soldiers of 2-150 served on Embedded Training Teams with the Afghan National Army for the 76IBCT (INARNG) throughout Afghanistan. In 2012\u201313, E TAB \"Watchdogs,\" 139 Field Artillery, assigned to 2-150 FA conducted counter-fire and force protection missions throughout Regional Command Assistant Group \u2013 South in support of various Active Duty, Guard, Reserve and State Department missions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012399-0006-0000", "contents": "150th Field Artillery Regiment, History, Civil War\nThe 18th Indiana Battery of Light Artillery (Lilly's Brigade) was organized at Indianapolis and mustered into service on 14 August 1862, with Captain Eli Lilly in command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012399-0007-0000", "contents": "150th Field Artillery Regiment, History, Civil War\nThe 18th Indiana Battery, Light Artillery participated in the following Civil War Campaigns:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012399-0008-0000", "contents": "150th Field Artillery Regiment, History, Civil War\nThe company initially served at various posts at Cincinnati and throughout Kentucky. In June 1863, the 18th was assigned to the Wilder's Mounted Brigade. It participated in Rosecrans' East Tennessee Campaign in the succeeding months. During the battle of Hoover's Gap, Tennessee, the Confederate forces were well positioned, but Wilder's Brigade attacked and pushed the Confederate forces through the Gap. With effective fire, Lilly's Battery drove the Confederates from the field.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012399-0008-0001", "contents": "150th Field Artillery Regiment, History, Civil War\nThe effective aim and deadly fire of the 18th Battery was also experienced by the charging rebel columns of General Longstreet's Corps during the battle of Chickamauga, on 19 September 1863. Beginning in May 1864, Lilly's Battery marched with General Sherman's army on the campaign against Atlanta, during which it participated in numerous engagements, including Resaca, Cassville, Stilesboro, and Lost Mountain. Later, it was among the Union forces that pursued General Hood's troops after the Confederate defeat at Chattanooga.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012399-0009-0000", "contents": "150th Field Artillery Regiment, History, Later 19th century\n22 Nov. 1882, the First Regiment Light Artillery was organized from the original Indiana Legion, with Col. Eli Lilly as the Chief of Artillery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 59], "content_span": [60, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012399-0010-0000", "contents": "150th Field Artillery Regiment, History, Later 19th century\nIn 1895 the name Indiana Legion was changed to the Indiana National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 59], "content_span": [60, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012399-0011-0000", "contents": "150th Field Artillery Regiment, History, Later 19th century\nUnits of the 1st Battalion of Indiana Light Artillery Battalion were redesignated the 27th and 28th Light Batteries, which served during the Spanish\u2013American War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 59], "content_span": [60, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012399-0012-0000", "contents": "150th Field Artillery Regiment, History, The Mexican Expedition and the First World War\nDuring the Mexican Border Campaign, the First Artillery Battalion of the Indiana National Guard served under Maj. Robert H. Tyndall's command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 87], "content_span": [88, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012399-0013-0000", "contents": "150th Field Artillery Regiment, History, The Mexican Expedition and the First World War\nWhile in training at Ft. Harrison, the First Indiana Field Artillery was designated as the 150th Field Artillery Regiment with assignments to the 42nd Rainbow Division, with 155\u00a0mm Howitzers, horse drawn. The 150th Regiment's engagements are represented by the six streamers on the regimental standard and the six stars on the regimental coat of arms. Col. Robert H. Tyndall was the World War I commander, 1917\u20131919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 87], "content_span": [88, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012399-0014-0000", "contents": "150th Field Artillery Regiment, History, Inter-war period\nPost-WWI: The artillery in Indiana reorganized as the 1st Field Artillery Regiment in 1921. it was re-designated as the 181st Field Artillery. Because it was made up mostly of the 150th Field Artillery that had served during World War I, it was re-designated as the 150th Field Artillery in February 1922.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 57], "content_span": [58, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012399-0015-0000", "contents": "150th Field Artillery Regiment, History, Inter-war period\nDuring peacetime, the annual training was mostly conducted at Camp Knox, KY and Camp McCoy, WI. Some units called on for various state services, such as railroad strikes, storm damages, mine strikes, etc. All units had become truck drawn by 1936.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 57], "content_span": [58, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012399-0016-0000", "contents": "150th Field Artillery Regiment, History, Inter-war period\nThe 150th Artillery served during the flood of 1937, as did all of the Indiana Guard. The Second Army maneuvers were held in Wisconsin, in 1940. In January 1941 the 150th was inducted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 57], "content_span": [58, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012399-0017-0000", "contents": "150th Field Artillery Regiment, History, World War II\nIn 1942, redesignated as the 150th Field Artillery Battalion, it served through the war with the 38th Infantry Division. (The 2nd Bn of the 150th was redesignated 208th Field Artillery, later redesignated 989th Field Artillery Battalion, and inactivated February 1946.) Training started at Camp Shelby, Mississippi, the same camp where the division trained during World War I, and suffered the severe storm damage that gave them the name Cyclone Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 53], "content_span": [54, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012399-0018-0000", "contents": "150th Field Artillery Regiment, History, World War II\nJanuary 1944 - left New Orleans; arrived in Hawaii for jungle training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 53], "content_span": [54, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012399-0019-0000", "contents": "150th Field Artillery Regiment, History, World War II\nJuly 1944 - went to New Guinea for amphibious training. The 150th Field Artillery was engaged at Bataan, Zigzag Pass, Corregidor, Manila Bay, Wah Wah Dam of the Pacific theatre campaign. This brought the division the title of the \"Avengers of Bataan.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 53], "content_span": [54, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012399-0020-0000", "contents": "150th Field Artillery Regiment, History, Late 20th century in Indiana\nThe artillery returned to the States in 1947. Reorganized as the 150th Field Artillery Battalion, medium, with 155\u00a0mm Howitzers, towed, headquarters at Kokomo. Indiana had three light battalions, 105\u00a0mm towed; the 139th FA BN with headquarters at Crawfordsville, the 163rd with headquarters at Evansville and the 524th with headquarters at Bloomington.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 69], "content_span": [70, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012399-0021-0000", "contents": "150th Field Artillery Regiment, History, Late 20th century in Indiana\nReorganization in 1959 had the 150th Field Artillery Battalion redesignated as the 1st Battalion 150th Field Artillery. The 524th Field Artillery Battalion was inactivated and redesignated as the 2nd Battalion 150th Field Artillery, with headquarters in Bloomington.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 69], "content_span": [70, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012399-0022-0000", "contents": "150th Field Artillery Regiment, History, Late 20th century in Indiana\nMarch 1977 brought further realignment. The 1st Battalion 150th Field Artillery was reassigned into other units. Since 1977, the 2nd Battalion 150th Field Artillery is the only unit carrying the 150th regimental designation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 69], "content_span": [70, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012399-0023-0000", "contents": "150th Field Artillery Regiment, History, Late 20th century in Indiana\nIn 1987, Headquarters and service batteries are at Bloomington, with \"A\" Battery at Greencastle, \"B\" Battery at Spencer, \"C\" Battery at Noblesville with 155\u00a0mm towed, and \"D\" Battery at Lebanon with 8\" towed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 69], "content_span": [70, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012399-0024-0000", "contents": "150th Field Artillery Regiment, History, Late 20th century in Indiana\nThe 2- 150th reorganized again in 1996, becoming an Echelon above Division unit. \"D\" Battery was inactivated leaving HHSB in Bloomington, \"A\" Battery in Danville/Greencastle, \"B\" Battery in Spencer/ Bloomington, and \"C\" Battery inLebanon/ Noblesville, all 155\u00a0mm towed Howitzer batteries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 69], "content_span": [70, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012399-0025-0000", "contents": "150th Field Artillery Regiment, History, Late 20th century in Indiana\nHHB- BloomingtonA- GreencastleB- RockvilleC- LebanonTwo Units under Command and Control of 2-150 FA E (TA) 139th FA-Indianapolis 139th FSC- Crawfordsville", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 69], "content_span": [70, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012399-0026-0000", "contents": "150th Field Artillery Regiment, History, Late 20th century in Indiana\n1882: 110 years ago, on 22 Nov. 1882, the First Regiment Indiana Light Artillery was organized from the original Indiana Legion, with Col. Eli Lilly as the Chief of Artillery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 69], "content_span": [70, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012399-0027-0000", "contents": "150th Field Artillery Regiment, History, Late 20th century in Indiana\n1895: In 1895 the name Indiana Legion was changed to the Indiana National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 69], "content_span": [70, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012399-0028-0000", "contents": "150th Field Artillery Regiment, History, Late 20th century in Indiana\n1898: Units of the 1st Battalion of Indiana Light Artillery Battalion were redesignated as the 27th and 28th Light Batteries, which served during the Spanish\u2013American War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 69], "content_span": [70, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012399-0029-0000", "contents": "150th Field Artillery Regiment, History, Late 20th century in Indiana\n1916: During the Mexican Border Campaign, the First Artillery Battalion of the Indiana National Guard served with Maj. Robert H. Tyndall commanding.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 69], "content_span": [70, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012399-0030-0000", "contents": "150th Field Artillery Regiment, History, Late 20th century in Indiana\n1917: While in training at Ft. Harrison, the First Indiana Field Artillery was designated as the 150th Field Artillery Regiment with assignment to the 42nd Rainbow Division, with 155\u00a0mm Howitzers, horse drawn. The 150th Regiment's engagements are represented by the six streamers on the regimental standard and the six stars on the regimental coat of arms. Col. Robert H. Tyndall was the World War I commander, 1917-19.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 69], "content_span": [70, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012399-0031-0000", "contents": "150th Field Artillery Regiment, History, Late 20th century in Indiana\n1921-1922: The artillery in Indiana was reorganized as the 1st Field Artillery Regiment, in 1921. In Jun.1921, it was redesignated as the 181st Field Artillery Because it was made up mostly of the 150th Field Artillery that had served during World War 1, it was redesignated as the 150th Field Artillery in Feb. 1922. 1936 \u2013 1942: During peacetime, the annual training was mostly at Camp Knox, Ky. and Camp McCoy, Wisc. Some units were called on for various state services, such as railroad strikes, storm damages, mine strikes, etc. All units had become truck drawn by 1936.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 69], "content_span": [70, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012399-0031-0001", "contents": "150th Field Artillery Regiment, History, Late 20th century in Indiana\nThe 150th Artillery served during the flood of 1937 (as did all of the Indiana Guard). The Second Army maneuvers were held in Wisconsin, in 1940. In Jan. 1941 the 150th was inducted. In 1942, redesignated as the 150th Field Artillery Battalion, it served through the war with the 38th Infantry Division. (The 2nd Bn of the 150th was redesignated 208th Field Artillery, later redesignated 989th Field Artillery Battalion, and inactivated Feb. 1946.) Training started at Camp Shelby, Mississippi, the same camp where the division trained during World War I, and suffered the severe storm damage which gave them the name of Cyclone Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 69], "content_span": [70, 708]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012399-0032-0000", "contents": "150th Field Artillery Regiment, History, Late 20th century in Indiana\n1943: Training continued in Camp Carrabelle, Florida and Camp Livingston, Louisiana.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 69], "content_span": [70, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012399-0033-0000", "contents": "150th Field Artillery Regiment, History, Late 20th century in Indiana\n1944 \u2013 1947: Leaving New Orleans in Jan. 1944, they arrived in Hawaii for jungle training. In Jul. 1944 to New Guinea for amphibious training. The 150th Artillery was engaged at Bataan, Zigzag Pass, Corregidor, Manila Bay, Wah Wah Dam of the Pacific theatre campaign. This brought the division the title of the \"Avengers of Bataan. The artillery returned to the states. Reorganized in 1947 as the 150th Field Artillery Battalion, medium, with 155 mm Howitzers, towed, headquarters at Kokomo. The three light battalions, 105 mm towed, were the 130th with headquarters at Crawfordsville, the 163rd with headquarters at Evansville and the 524th with headquarters at Bloomington.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 69], "content_span": [70, 745]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012399-0034-0000", "contents": "150th Field Artillery Regiment, History, Late 20th century in Indiana\n1959: Reorganization in 1959 had the 150th Field Artillery Battalion redesignated as the 1st Battalion 150th Field Artillery The 524th Field Artillery Battalion was inactivated and redesignated as the 2nd Battalion 150th Field Artillery with headquarters at Bloomington.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 69], "content_span": [70, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012399-0035-0000", "contents": "150th Field Artillery Regiment, History, Late 20th century in Indiana\n1977: March of 1977 brought further realignment which saw the 1st Bn 150th Field Artillery being reassigned into other units. Since 1977, the 2nd Battalion 150th Field Artillery is the only unit carrying the 150th regimental designation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 69], "content_span": [70, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012399-0036-0000", "contents": "150th Field Artillery Regiment, History, Late 20th century in Indiana\n1987: Headquarters and service batteries are at Bloomington, with \"A\" Battery at Greencastle, \"B\" Battery at Spencer, \"C\" Battery at Noblesville with 155\u00a0mm towed, and \"D\" Battery at Lebanon with 8 towed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 69], "content_span": [70, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012399-0037-0000", "contents": "150th Field Artillery Regiment, History, Late 20th century in Indiana\nThere have been many changes and improvements in equipment and training in the artillery. It has gone from solid wheels to pneumatic tires, from horses to trucks, from chain measure to lasers, from compass and protractor to computerized fire control and new powders, fuzes and even rations. A11 the changes would make volumes. The artilleryman's training and education must keep up with these changes. The \"King of Battle,\" the artillery, as it is seen in the 150th Regiment, has much history and tradition. We trust you will have pride in being a part of the Long Red Line of the artillery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 69], "content_span": [70, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012399-0038-0000", "contents": "150th Field Artillery Regiment, History, Late 20th century in Indiana\n150th Field Artillery Regiment Jack P. Money (Hon. Co1.) Col. F.A. Ret. Tad Wilson (Hon. Adjutant) Cpt. F.A. Ret. Jack Shiflet (Hon. CSM) M/Sgt. F.A. Ret. Bernard K. Bucklew, Historian Maj. F.A. Ret.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 69], "content_span": [70, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012399-0039-0000", "contents": "150th Field Artillery Regiment, History, Late 20th century in Indiana\n2000: HHSB Det1 Sarajevo, BiH2003-2005: Operation Noble Eagle, CAJMTC and Newport Chemical Facility2005-2006: Operation Iraqi Freedom, Raider Battery2009-2010: OIF, 2-150 FEC", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 69], "content_span": [70, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012399-0040-0000", "contents": "150th Field Artillery Regiment, History, Late 20th century in Indiana\n2004-2005 Operation Enduring Freedom, Afghanistan Various individualsfrom 2-150 in support of 76th Bde Embedded Training Teams. 2004-2005 OIF, Target Acquisition Battery2008-2009 OIF, Two Batteries in support of 76th Bde2009-2010 OEF, Various individuals in support of 1-219th AG Team2002-2010 Many single soldiers in support of nearly every deployment from INARNG", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 69], "content_span": [70, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012400-0000-0000", "contents": "150th Fighter-Bomber Aviation Regiment\nThe 150th Fighter-Bomber Aviation Regiment (Serbo-Croatian Latin: 150. lova\u010dko-bombarderski avijacijski puk, 150. \u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0447\u043a\u043e-\u0431\u043e\u043c\u0431\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0430\u0432\u0438\u0458\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0458\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0443\u043a) was an aviation regiment established in 1952 as part of the SFR Yugoslav Air Force. The regimental headquarters was stationed at Ni\u0161 Airport until the regiment was disbanded in 1958.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012400-0001-0000", "contents": "150th Fighter-Bomber Aviation Regiment, History\nThe 150th Fighter-Bomber Aviation Regiment was formed on 1 February 1952, pursuant to an order issued on 7 December 1951, with its command at Ni\u0161 Airport. The regiment was part of the 29th Aviation Division. It consisted of one squadron equipped with US-built F-47D Thunderbolt fighter aircraft. It was disbanded by the beginning of 1958, with its aircraft, personnel and equipment transferred to other units of the 29th Aviation Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012401-0000-0000", "contents": "150th Georgia General Assembly, Overview\nThe 150th General Assembly of the U.S. state of Georgia convened its first session on January 12, 2009, at the Georgia State Capitol in Atlanta, Georgia. The 150th Georgia General Assembly succeeded the 149th and will serve as the precedent for the 151st General Assembly in 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 40], "content_span": [41, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012401-0001-0000", "contents": "150th Georgia General Assembly, Overview\nThe 150th General Assembly adjourned its first session on April 3, 2009. The second session of the 150th General Assembly convened January 11, 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 40], "content_span": [41, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012401-0002-0000", "contents": "150th Georgia General Assembly, Officers, House of Representatives, Presiding Officer\nGlenn Richardson (R) served as Speaker of the House from January 2009 through Jan. 1, 2010. Mark Burkhalter (R) served as Speaker pro tempore during the same period, and was acting Speaker when the House reconvened on Jan. 11, 2010, at which time the House elected David Ralston and Jan Jones.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 85], "content_span": [86, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012401-0003-0000", "contents": "150th Georgia General Assembly, Members of the State Senate, Changes in Membership from Previous Term\nWhile no seat changed party control from the previous session, the beginning of the 150th Georgia General Assembly still saw five new state senators. Two of these new senators defeated the incumbent in the runoff for their parties' primaries. Two replaced incumbents who had run for other office. Another replaced a senator who had retired.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 101], "content_span": [102, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012401-0004-0000", "contents": "150th Georgia General Assembly, Members of the State Senate, Changes in Membership During Current Term\nThere have been three vacancies in the State Senate as of December 25, 2009. All three have been due to resignations. Two have since been filled, both by members of the same party as the former incumbent. Another vacancy is expected at some point during the term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 102], "content_span": [103, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012401-0005-0000", "contents": "150th Georgia General Assembly, Members of the State Senate, Announced Retirements\nAs of December 25, 2009, six state senators have announced that they will not be running for re-election in 2010. One Senator, Dan Moody (56th) is retiring. The other five are seeking higher office.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 82], "content_span": [83, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012401-0006-0000", "contents": "150th Georgia General Assembly, Members of the State Senate, Announced Retirements\nJeff Chapman (3rd) is running for Governor. Following State Insurance and Fire Commissioner John Oxendine's decision to run for Governor, Seth Harp (29th) and Ralph Hudgens (47th) announced that they will seek the Republican nomination for the office. Lee Hawkins (49th) announced that he will run for the Congressional seat to be left open by incumbent Nathan Deal's campaign for Governor. Finally, Gail Buckner is running for state Secretary of State, a position she also ran for in 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 82], "content_span": [83, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012402-0000-0000", "contents": "150th Illinois Infantry Regiment\nThe 150th Regiment Illinois Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012402-0001-0000", "contents": "150th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 150th Illinois Infantry was organized at Camp Butler, Illinois, and mustered into Federal service on February 14, 1865, for a one-year enlistment. The 150th served in garrisons in Tennessee and Georgia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012402-0002-0000", "contents": "150th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Total strength and casualties\nThe regiment suffered 58 enlisted men who died of disease for a total of 58 fatalities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 63], "content_span": [64, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012403-0000-0000", "contents": "150th Indian Infantry Brigade\nThe 150th Indian Infantry Brigade was an Infantry formation of the Indian Army during World War II. The brigade was formed in March 1944, at Secunderabad as a Jungle Training Brigade assigned to the Southern Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012403-0001-0000", "contents": "150th Indian Infantry Brigade\nIn September 1945 the brigade was part of XXXIV Corps (India), en route to Hong Kong.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012404-0000-0000", "contents": "150th Indiana Infantry Regiment\nThe 150th Indiana Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment from Indiana that served in the Union Army between March 9 and August 5, 1865, during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012404-0001-0000", "contents": "150th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Service\nRecruited from the 8th district, the regiment was organized at Indianapolis, Indiana, with a strength of 1,082 men, and mustered in on March 9, 1865. It left Indiana for Harper's Ferry, West Virginia on March 13. The regiment saw duty at Charleston, West Virginia, Winchester, and Stevenson's Depot, remaining there until June 27. It then proceeded to Jordan's Springs, Virginia, and remained there until it was mustered out on August 5, 1865. During its service the regiment incurred thirty-four fatalities, and another fifty men deserted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012405-0000-0000", "contents": "150th Infantry\nThe 150th Infantry was an infantry regiment of the British Indian Army. It was formed in Mesopotamia in May 1918, saw service in the First World War and the Third Anglo-Afghan War, and was disbanded in June 1921.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012405-0001-0000", "contents": "150th Infantry, History, Background\nHeavy losses suffered by the British Expeditionary Force on the Western Front following the German spring offensive in March 1918 resulted in a major reorganization of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 35], "content_span": [36, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012405-0002-0000", "contents": "150th Infantry, History, Background\nIn fact, the 75th Division already had four Indian battalions assigned, so of the 36 battalions needed to reform the divisions, 22 were improvised by taking whole companies from existing units already on active service in Mesopotamia and Palestine to form the 150th Infantry (3 battalions), 151st Sikh Infantry (3), 152nd Punjabis (3), 153rd Punjabis (3), 154th Infantry (3), 155th Pioneers (2), 156th Infantry (1) and the 11th Gurkha Rifles (4). The donor units were then brought back up to strength by drafts. In the event, just 13 of the battalions were assigned to the divisions and the remaining nine were transferred from Mesopotamia to India in June 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 35], "content_span": [36, 698]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012405-0003-0000", "contents": "150th Infantry, History, Formation\nThe regiment formed three battalions in Mesopotamia in May 1918 with complete companies posted from regiments serving in the 15th, 17th, and 18th Indian Divisions. All three battalions were transferred to India in June 1918. The 2nd Battalion later took part in the Third Anglo-Afghan War in 1919 as part of the 16th Indian Division. They were disbanded in India in 1920 and 1921.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 34], "content_span": [35, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012405-0004-0000", "contents": "150th Infantry, History, Battalions, 1st Battalion\nThe 1st Battalion was formed in Mesopotamia in May 1918 by the transfer of complete companies from:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 50], "content_span": [51, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012405-0005-0000", "contents": "150th Infantry, History, Battalions, 1st Battalion\nThe battalion was transferred from Mesopotamia to India in June 1918 and joined the Ahmednagar Brigade in the 6th Poona Divisional Area where it remained in until the end of the First World War. The battalion was disbanded on 15 April 1921.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 50], "content_span": [51, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012405-0006-0000", "contents": "150th Infantry, History, Battalions, 2nd Battalion\nThe 2nd Battalion was formed in Mesopotamia in May 1918 by the transfer of complete companies from:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 50], "content_span": [51, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012405-0007-0000", "contents": "150th Infantry, History, Battalions, 2nd Battalion\nThe battalion was transferred from Mesopotamia to India in June 1918 and joined the Rawalpindi Additional Brigade in the 2nd (Rawalpindi) Division where it remained in until the end of the First World War. In May 1919, it mobilized with the 45th Indian Brigade, 16th Indian Division and took part in the Third Anglo-Afghan War. The battalion was disbanded on 15 June 1921.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 50], "content_span": [51, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012405-0008-0000", "contents": "150th Infantry, History, Battalions, 3rd Battalion\nThe 3rd Battalion was formed in Mesopotamia in May 1918 by the transfer of complete companies from:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 50], "content_span": [51, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012405-0009-0000", "contents": "150th Infantry, History, Battalions, 3rd Battalion\nThe battalion was transferred from Mesopotamia to India in June 1918 and joined the Ahmednagar Brigade in the 6th Poona Divisional Area where it remained in until the end of the First World War. The battalion was disbanded on 30 November 1920.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 50], "content_span": [51, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012406-0000-0000", "contents": "150th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)\nThe 150th Infantry Brigade was an infantry formation of the British Army that saw active service in the Second World War. A 1st Line Territorial Army brigade, it was part of the 50th (Northumbrian) Infantry Division. It served in the Battle of France and was evacuated from Dunkirk. Later it served in the Middle East and was overrun and forced to surrender during the Battle of Gazala in the North African Campaign. For almost 72 hours (29\u201331 May 1942) during the battle the 150th Brigade and the 44th Royal Tank Regiment held out against Erwin Rommel's concentrated attacks, without any support. On 1 June the German Army finally forced their surrender. The brigade was not reformed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 725]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012406-0001-0000", "contents": "150th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Battle of France\n50th (Northumbrian) Division was mobilised on the outbreak of war in September 1939. After training it travelled to France in January 1940 to join the new British Expeditionary Force (BEF).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 57], "content_span": [58, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012406-0002-0000", "contents": "150th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Battle of France\nThe Battle of France began on 10 May with the German invasion of the Low Countries. The BEF followed the pre-arranged Plan D and advanced into Belgium to take up defences along the River Dyle. 50th (N) Division was in reserve for the divisions along the Dyle line by 15 May. However, the German Army had broken through the Ardennes to the east, forcing the BEF to withdraw again across a series of river lines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 57], "content_span": [58, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012406-0002-0001", "contents": "150th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Battle of France\nBy the end of 19 May the whole force was back across the Escaut, with 50th (N) Division concentrating on Vimy Ridge above Arras and preparing to make a counter-attack on the German forces sweeping past towards the sea. The attack (the Battle of Arras) was made on 21 May, but 150th Bde was not involved, being sent to strengthen the garrison of Arras and to hold the line of the River Scarpe. It carried out a raid across the river during the day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 57], "content_span": [58, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012406-0002-0002", "contents": "150th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Battle of France\nAs the Germans continued to move west, behind the BEF, Arras was becoming a dangerous salient, and 150th Bde came under attack on 23 May. It fought its way out of Arras via Douai that night as the BEF scrambled to form a defensive ring round Dunkirk. 50th (N) Division was then thrown into a gap left near Ypres when the Belgian Army surrendered. By now the decision had been made to evacuate the BEF through Dunkirk (Operation Dynamo), and 50th (N) Division held the line to allow this to proceed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 57], "content_span": [58, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012406-0002-0003", "contents": "150th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Battle of France\nAll day on 29 May it was bombarded as it pulled back, still in contact with the enemy. The rest of II Corps was evacuated on the night of 31 May/1 June, while 50th (N) Division continued to hold the line. Finally, 150th Bde's turn came, and it was evacuated to England on 2 June.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 57], "content_span": [58, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012406-0003-0000", "contents": "150th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Battle of France\n50th (N) Division spent almost a year re-equipping and training in the UK, taking its place in the anti-invasion defences, before it was chosen for renewed overseas service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 57], "content_span": [58, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012406-0004-0000", "contents": "150th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), North Africa\n50th (N) Division sailed to reinforce Middle East Forces on 23 April 1941, landing in Egypt on 13 June. It was then sent to garrison Cyprus, but 150th Bde was detached to Western Desert Force (WDF). However, the WDF's Operation Battleaxe had failed, 150th Bde was not immediately required, and in August it rejoined 50th (N) Division in Cyprus. In November the division moved by sea and road to Iraq, but once again 150th Bde was detached to Egypt as an independent brigade group, arriving on 29 November and joining Eighth Army on 22 December.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 53], "content_span": [54, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012406-0005-0000", "contents": "150th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), North Africa\nWhile operating as an independent brigade group it included the following additional units:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 53], "content_span": [54, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012406-0006-0000", "contents": "150th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), North Africa\nOperation Crusader was just ending as the brigade arrived in the desert, and there was a lull of some months before active operations restarted. The rest of 50th (N) Division arrived in February, and 150th Bde reverted to its command on 22 February, but all of its brigades were to operate as independent groups in the next phase of fighting (the Battle of Gazala).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 53], "content_span": [54, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012406-0007-0000", "contents": "150th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), North Africa, Battle of Gazala\nThe \"Gazala Line\" was a series of occupied \"boxes\" each of brigade strength set out across the desert with minefields and wire watched by regular patrols between the boxes. When General Erwin Rommel attacked on 26 May, 150th and 69th Bdes of 50th Division occupied two boxes: there was a gap of 6 miles (9.7\u00a0km) between 150th Bde at Sidi Muftah and 69th Bde to the north, and another gap of 13 miles (21\u00a0km) between 150th Bde and 1st Free French Brigade's box at Bir Hakeim to the south.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 71], "content_span": [72, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012406-0007-0001", "contents": "150th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), North Africa, Battle of Gazala\nThe line was not equally manned, a greater number of troops covering the coast leaving the south less protected. 1st South African Division was nearest the coast, with 1st and 7th Armoured divisions waiting behind the main line as a mobile counter-attacking force. 2nd South African Division formed a garrison at Tobruk and 5th Indian Infantry Division (which had arrived in April to relieve 4th Indian Infantry Division) was held in reserve.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 71], "content_span": [72, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012406-0008-0000", "contents": "150th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), North Africa, Battle of Gazala\nThe German advance was spotted by the 4th South African Armoured Car Regiment at first light on 27 May. At about 08:30 they overran the 7th Armoured Divisional HQ. This scattered the 7th Motor Brigade, which withdrew to the Retma Box, fifteen miles east of Bir Hakeim, while 4th Armoured Brigade, fought all day to stem the attackers. By the afternoon, the German attack had shattered the 7th Armoured Division and they were in position to assault the 201st Guards Motor Brigade, in the Knightsbridge Box.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 71], "content_span": [72, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012406-0008-0001", "contents": "150th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), North Africa, Battle of Gazala\nThe Germans now attacked the Retma Box, which was garrisoned by the Rangers (9th King's Royal Rifle Corps), 2nd Rifle Brigade, C Bty 4th RHA, and a Rhodesian anti-tank unit. Accompanied by heavy artillery fire the Panzers swarmed in, swiftly overrunning the 9th KRRC, with the rest of the garrison then moving back to east of Bir El Gubi. The Germans now pushed their Panzers on to the north, moving behind the Gazala Boxes, where British resistance stiffened in what became known as the Battle of the Cauldron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 71], "content_span": [72, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012406-0008-0002", "contents": "150th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), North Africa, Battle of Gazala\nBy the evening of 28 May it was clear to Brigadier C.W. Haydon that his 150th Bde was going to be attacked from this direction, and he pulled in his southern battalion and prepared for all-round defence, reinforced by part of 1st Army Tank Bde, including 30 tanks. The garrison of 150th Bde Box now stood at:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 71], "content_span": [72, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012406-0009-0000", "contents": "150th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), North Africa, Battle of Gazala\nTo shorten their supply lines the Axis began clearing two paths through the minefield either side of the 150th Bde Box along the Trigh el Abd and Trigh Capuzzo. The brigade kept the supply lines under artillery fire and, although it was unable to stop the flow of traffic, it made the route so ineffective that the enemy armoured divisions to the east of the minefields were reduced to a parlous state for petrol, ammunition and food. Their water ration was down to half a cup a man.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 71], "content_span": [72, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012406-0010-0000", "contents": "150th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), North Africa, Battle of Gazala\nEarly on 30 May elements of the Afrika Korps attempted to break through the brigade's position but drew off after taking losses. Next day the Italian Trieste Division and German 90th Light Division attacked, but made little progress against a defence that they described as 'skilful and stubborn'. On 1 June Rommel reinforced the attackers with the 21st Panzer Division and more artillery, and the assault was resumed after heavy dive-bombing. Early in the afternoon 150th Bde was overcome by a series of concentric attacks, Brigadier Haydon was killed, and the survivors (including Brigadier O'Carroll) became prisoners of war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 71], "content_span": [72, 700]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012406-0011-0000", "contents": "150th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Postwar\n150th Brigade was not reformed when 50th (Northumbrian) Division was reconstituted in the Territorial Army in 1947. Instead, the reformed 4th East Yorkshires and 4th Green Howards became part of 151 Infantry Brigade, now subtitled 'Yorkshire & Durham'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012407-0000-0000", "contents": "150th Infantry Regiment (France)\nThe 150th Infantry Regiment (150e r\u00e9giment d'infanterie or 150e RI) was an infantry regiment in the French Army. Also known as the R\u00e9giment de Bagatelle, it inherited the traditions of the short-lived 150th Demi-Brigade (1794 to 1796) and 150th Line Infantry Regiment (1813 to 1814). The latter was formed by Napoleon I on 12 January 1813 to fight in Germany, where it was decimated, finally disbanding at Arras on 21 July 1814. The final regiment with the numeral 150 was formed as 150th Infantry Regiment on 25 July 1887. This fought in both World Wars, forming part of 12th Infantry Division in May\u2013June 1940 and holding the French sector of the perimeter around Dunkirk, buying time for the success of Operation Dynamo and only surrendering on the beach at Malo-les-Bains on 4 June.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 819]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012407-0001-0000", "contents": "150th Infantry Regiment (France)\nThe regiment was re-formed in the arm\u00e9e d'armistice at Agen on 31 August 1940, but this unit was disbanded on 28 November 1942. The Free French Forces also raised a battalion named 150th Infantry Regiment on 1 September 1944 at Verdun. The regiment was definitely re-formed using marching battalions from the Free French Forces in February 1945 and took part in the liberation of Royan. At the end of 1945 it was in Paris but the following year it was disbanded and another 150th Infantry Battalion formed at Verdun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012407-0001-0001", "contents": "150th Infantry Regiment (France)\nThis was sent to Morocco in 1947 before being disbanded on 1 January 1949. A final motorised infantry regiment was formed with the numeral 150 on 4 January 1963, becoming mechanised infantry twelve years later and finally being disbanded in 1990. The numeral was revived in 1990 for a reserve regiment, but this too was disbanded in 1996, ending the regiment's lineage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012408-0000-0000", "contents": "150th Mixed Brigade\nThe 150th Mixed Brigade was a unit of the Spanish Republican Army created during the Spanish Civil War. Located in front of Madrid, it did not play a relevant role throughout the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012408-0001-0000", "contents": "150th Mixed Brigade, History\nThe unit was created on June 11, 1937 in Madrid with battalions from the 7th, 43rd, 67th and 75th mixed brigades, initially receiving from Mixed Brigade \u00abA\u00bb. It received its definitive numbering after the Battle of Brunete, which had previously used by an International Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012408-0002-0000", "contents": "150th Mixed Brigade, History\nThe initial commander of the brigade was the infantry commander \u00c1ngel Roig Jorquera, who shortly after was replaced by the militia major Eduardo Zamora Conde. The head of the General Staff fell to the militia captain Miguel Soto A\u00f1ibarro, while Francisco Ortu\u00f1o was the political commissioner. During the war the brigade was assigned to the 13th and 18th divisions, remaining situated on the quiet front of Madrid. At the beginning of February 1939 it was garrisoning the road from Pozuelo to Torres and the road from Campo Real to Torres, in the Corpa sector, located in front of the nationalist 13th Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012409-0000-0000", "contents": "150th New York Infantry Regiment\nThe 150th New York Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War. It was mustered in October 10, 1862, and mustered out June 8, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012409-0001-0000", "contents": "150th New York Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment sustained 41 officers and men killed and mortally wounded, 116 wounded but recovered, and 40 missing or captured, for a total of 207 casualties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012410-0000-0000", "contents": "150th New York State Legislature\nThe 150th New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 5 to March 25, 1927, during the fifth year of Al Smith's second tenure as Governor of New York, in Albany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012410-0001-0000", "contents": "150th New York State Legislature, Background\nUnder the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1894, re-apportioned in 1917, 51 Senators and 150 assemblymen were elected in single-seat districts; senators for a two-year term, assemblymen for a one-year term. The senatorial districts consisted either of one or more entire counties; or a contiguous area within a single county. The counties which were divided into more than one senatorial district were New York (nine districts), Kings (eight), Bronx (three), Erie (three), Monroe (two), Queens (two) and Westchester (two). The Assembly districts were made up of contiguous area, all within the same county.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012410-0002-0000", "contents": "150th New York State Legislature, Background\nAt this time there were two major political parties: the Republican Party and the Democratic Party. The Socialist Party, the Prohibition Party, the Workers Party and the Socialist Labor Party also nominated tickets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012410-0003-0000", "contents": "150th New York State Legislature, Elections\nThe New York state election, 1926, was held on November 2. Governor Al Smith (Dem.) was re-elected. Lieutenant Governor Seymour Lowman (Rep.) was defeated for re-election by Smith's running mate Edwin Corning (Dem.). Of the other five statewide elective offices, three were carried by Democrats and two by Republicans. The approximate party strength at this election, as expressed by the vote for Governor, was: Democrats 1,520,000; Republicans 1,280,000; Socialists 83,000; Prohibition 21,000; Workers 5,500; and Socialist Labor 3,500.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012410-0004-0000", "contents": "150th New York State Legislature, Elections\nAssemblywoman Rhoda Fox Graves (Rep.), of Gouverneur, a former school teacher who after her marriage became active in women's organisations and politics, was re-elected, and remained the only woman legislator.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012410-0005-0000", "contents": "150th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for the regular session at the State Capitol in Albany on January 5, 1927; and adjourned on March 25.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012410-0006-0000", "contents": "150th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nJohn Knight (Rep.) was re-elected Temporary President of the State Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012410-0007-0000", "contents": "150th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature. Alfred J. Kennedy, Marcellus H. Evans, John L. Buckley, A. Spencer Feld, John W. Gates, Leon F. Wheatley and Charles A. Freiberg changed from the Assembly to the Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012410-0008-0000", "contents": "150th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members\nNote: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words \"...the Committee on (the)...\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012410-0009-0000", "contents": "150th New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Assemblymen\nNote: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words \"...the Committee on (the)...\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 61], "content_span": [62, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012411-0000-0000", "contents": "150th Ohio Infantry Regiment\nThe 150th Ohio Infantry Regiment, sometimes 150th Ohio Volunteer Infantry (or 150th OVI) was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012411-0001-0000", "contents": "150th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 150th Ohio Infantry was organized at Camp Taylor near Cleveland, Ohio, and mustered in May 5, 1864, for 100 days service under the command of Colonel William H. Hayward.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012411-0002-0000", "contents": "150th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment left Ohio for Washington, D.C., May 7, and was assigned to garrison duty at Fort Lincoln, Fort Saratoga, Fort Thayer, Fort Bunker Hill, Fort Slocum, Fort Totten, and Fort Stevens, Defenses of Washington, until August. It was attached to 1st Brigade, Haskins' Division, XXII Corps, to July. 2nd Brigade, Haskins' Division, XXII Corps, to August. Engaged in the repulse of Early's attack on Washington, D.C., July 11\u201312.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012411-0003-0000", "contents": "150th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 150th Ohio Infantry mustered out of service August 23, 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012411-0004-0000", "contents": "150th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Ohio National Guard\nOver 35,000 Ohio National Guardsmen were federalized and organized into regiments for 100 days service in May 1864. Shipped to the Eastern Theater, they were designed to be placed in \"safe\" rear areas to protect railroads and supply points, thereby freeing regular troops for Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant\u2019s push on the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia. As events transpired, many units found themselves in combat, stationed in the path of Confederate Gen. Jubal Early\u2019s veteran Army of the Valley during its famed Valley Campaigns of 1864. Ohio Guard units met the battle-tested foe head on and helped blunt the Confederate offensive thereby saving Washington, D.C. from capture. Ohio National Guard units participated in the battles of Monacacy, Fort Stevens, Harpers Ferry, and in the siege of Petersburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 49], "content_span": [50, 863]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012411-0005-0000", "contents": "150th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost 12 enlisted men during service; 2 men killed and 10 men due to disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012412-0000-0000", "contents": "150th Peacekeeping Battalion\nThe 150th Peacekeeping Battalion (Mongolian: \u0417\u044d\u0432\u0441\u044d\u0433\u0442 \u0445\u04af\u0447\u043d\u0438\u0439 150 \u0434\u04af\u0433\u044d\u044d\u0440 \u0430\u043d\u0433\u0438) is a military unit of the Armed Forces of Mongolia. It was the first unit that designated for peace-support operations. Operatively, it reports to the Peacekeeping Operations Office (PKOO) of the General Staff of the Mongolian Armed Forces, being deployed in the city of Ulaanbaatar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012412-0001-0000", "contents": "150th Peacekeeping Battalion, History\nIn 1997, the Mongolian armed forces established the battalion as primarily a combat unit. By order of President Natsagiin Bagabandi however, its duties changed in preparation for peacekeeping missions. Later, the battalion started conducting peacekeeping operations training an in September 2000, one platoon from the battalion participated in CENTRAZBAT 2000 in Kazakhstan, the country's first ever multinational peacekeeping field exercise. It also took part in the multinational peacekeeping exercise SHANTEE-DOOT in Bangladesh in 2002.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012412-0002-0000", "contents": "150th Peacekeeping Battalion, History\nIn 2010, it was trained by US Marines and the Alaska National Guard. It has taken part in the Khaan Quest exercise.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012412-0003-0000", "contents": "150th Peacekeeping Battalion, Operations, Iraq\nIn early 2004, the then-Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff of the United States, General Richard Myers, visited Mongolia and expressed his appreciation for the deployment of a 173-strong contingent from the battalion to Iraq, which was planned to send a fresh force to replace the first contingent later in January 2004.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012412-0004-0000", "contents": "150th Peacekeeping Battalion, Operations, Africa\nOn November 17, 2009, Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense James Schear had lunch with troops from the battalion bound for Chad on November 20, 2009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012413-0000-0000", "contents": "150th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment\nThe 150th Pennsylvania Infantry was a Union Army volunteer regiment during the American Civil War. The first major battle that the 150th was in was Gettysburg, where it held back overwhelming numbers of Confederates for several hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012413-0001-0000", "contents": "150th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Service history\nColonel Langhorne Wister raised the 150th Pennsylvania Infantry in Philadelphia and Harrisburg in September 1862. The regiment quickly joined the defences at Washington D.C.. Its Company K, commanded by Captain David Derrickson, was detached and served as bodyguard for President Abraham Lincoln for the duration of the war, including at his stay at the Soldiers' Home. The rest of the regiment joined the Army of the Potomac in February 1863. There it served in the 2nd Brigade, 3rd Division, First Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 53], "content_span": [54, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012413-0002-0000", "contents": "150th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Service history\nGoing into Gettysburg with 397 men present it saw action on all three days. Colonel Wister assumed brigade command and every field officer was wounded. The regiment lost 53 men killed & mortally wounded, 134 wounded, and 77 missing. Lieutenant-colonel Henry S. Huidekoper and Corporal J. Monroe Reisinger received the Medal of Honor while members of the regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 53], "content_span": [54, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012413-0003-0000", "contents": "150th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Service history\nIn 1864 the 150th was transferred to the Fifth Corps where it was in various brigades, including that of Brig. Gen. Joshua L. Chamberlain. It continued to serve until it was mustered out in June 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 53], "content_span": [54, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012414-0000-0000", "contents": "150th Rifle Division\nThe 150th Idritsa-Berlin Order of Kutuzov 2nd Class Motor Rifle Division (Russian: Russian: 150-\u044f \u0418\u0434\u0440\u0438\u0446\u043a\u043e-\u0411\u0435\u0440\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0440\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u041a\u0443\u0442\u0443\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430 2-\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u0438\u044f) of the Russian Ground Forces was re-instituted in 2016. It is part of the 8th Guards Army that was re-instituted in 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012414-0001-0000", "contents": "150th Rifle Division\nIts Red Army predecessor fought on the Eastern Front of World War II from 1941 to 1945. It gained fame as a formation, whose soldiers raised the Soviet flag over the Reichstag shortly before the end of the war. The nickname \u2018Idritskaya\u2019 was given to the Soviet division on July 23, 1944, by the order \u2116 207 for its heroic battle in the town of Idritsa. The Division fought at Schneidem\u00fchl and Berlin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012414-0002-0000", "contents": "150th Rifle Division, History\nThe Division was formed three times, being initially established at Vyazma in September 1939. As part of the 3rd Army's 3rd Rifle Corps, the division took part in the Soviet Invasion of Poland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012414-0003-0000", "contents": "150th Rifle Division, History\nOperating as part of the 9th Army on 22 June 1941, then, after the Second Battle of Kharkov, was wiped out at Izyum in May 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012414-0004-0000", "contents": "150th Rifle Division, History, 2nd Formation\nThe division was reformed at Turga in the Siberian Military District on July 23, 1942, based on the 1st Siberian Volunteer Division. The unit was made up of over 10,000 men from Siberian factories and the Kuzbass coal fields and had a cadre of 1,460 combat veterans. By September 1 it had enlisted 13,754 personnel, 43.8 percent of whom were Communist Party members or Komsomols. Within two weeks it was assigned to the 6th \"Siberian Volunteer\" Rifle Corps and began moving by rail to camps near Moscow where it received the last of its support troops and transport. On September 30, the 150th set out on a 170km road march to join the 22nd Army near Belyi in Kalinin Front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 44], "content_span": [45, 719]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012414-0005-0000", "contents": "150th Rifle Division, History, 2nd Formation\nDuring the Second Rzhev-Sychevka Offensive (Operation Mars) the 150th Division and the 6th Rifle Corps were referred to as \"Stalin\" units and were regarded as an elite force. On January 6, 1943, the division was pulled from the line and moved by rail to the Velikiye Luki area, where it served in the 5th Guards Rifle Corps during the last few days of the battle for that city, then on the 25th staged an assault crossing of the Lovat and Loknya Rivers. By the middle of February it was back in 6th Corps in 22nd Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 44], "content_span": [45, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012414-0005-0001", "contents": "150th Rifle Division, History, 2nd Formation\nOver the next two months it fought in the Kholm area, pinning down the German forces evacuating from the Demyansk Pocket. On April 16 the Supreme High Command recognized the service of the 6th \"Siberian Volunteer\" Rifle Corps by re-designating it as the 19th Guards Rifle Corps, and three days later the 150th became the second formation of the 22nd Guards Rifle Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 44], "content_span": [45, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012414-0006-0000", "contents": "150th Rifle Division, History, 3rd Formation\nIt was then re-created for the third time in September 1943. When formed for the third time, it was composed of the 127th, 144th, and 151st brigades. Initially, this division fell under the command of the 34th Army. But during some time in early 1944, it was transferred to the 6th Guards Army, and then finally it was assigned to the 79th Rifle Corps of the 3rd Shock Army, of the 1st Belorussian Front, under which it would stay on the offensive all the way from Nevel, Pskov Oblast to Berlin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 44], "content_span": [45, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012414-0007-0000", "contents": "150th Rifle Division, History, 3rd Formation\nOn April 22, 1945, when victory for the Soviet Army was near, an order from the Military Council of the 3rd Shock Army designated the 150th Division to be one of 9 divisions to receive a special banner solely for the purpose of raising it over the Reichstag as a sign of the Soviet victory. Red Army photographer Yevgeny Khaldei took the picture of  soldiers Kovaliev and another comrade of the Division's 756th Rifle Regiment hoisting the flag (called the Victory Banner) on April 30, 1945, on the roof of the Reichstag building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 44], "content_span": [45, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012414-0007-0001", "contents": "150th Rifle Division, History, 3rd Formation\nAn earlier flag had been raised the day before while the building was being fought over with remaining German soldiers. However, as the flag was raised after dusk, there was no chance to take a picture. After taking the shot with the flag Khaldei rushed back to Moscow, and it was later decided that the true persons on the photo, Kovaliev and his comrade, were not politically correct. So they became Meliton Kantaria (a Georgian, like Stalin) and Mikhail Yegorov (a Russian).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 44], "content_span": [45, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012414-0008-0000", "contents": "150th Rifle Division, History, 3rd Formation\nOn April 26, 1945, for its earlier heroic overnight victory at lake Wo\u015bwin east of Stargard,  150th Rifle Division was awarded the Order of Kutuzov, second degree.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 44], "content_span": [45, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012414-0009-0000", "contents": "150th Rifle Division, History, 3rd Formation\nIn December 1946 the division was disbanded in the Group of Soviet Forces in Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 44], "content_span": [45, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012414-0010-0000", "contents": "150th Rifle Division, History, 3rd Formation\n15 personnel were awarded the Gold Star Medal as Heroes of the Soviet Union, while a veteran of the unit was given the Gold Star Medal as a Hero of Ukraine in 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 44], "content_span": [45, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012414-0011-0000", "contents": "150th Rifle Division, Reactivation (2016)\nThe unit was re-established in December 2016 in Rostov Oblast as a full motor rifle division with its division HQ scheduled to open in Novocherkassk and was meant to become part of the to-be-reactivated 8th Guards Army, as part of the broader structural reform of the Russian armed forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 41], "content_span": [42, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012414-0012-0000", "contents": "150th Rifle Division, Reactivation (2016)\nThe division was equipped with T-90A MBTs, BMP-3 IFVs and BTR-80 APCs, and contains as-yet undisclosed infantry, armour, artillery and SAM regiments, as well as communications, logistics and intelligence units. The division's re-formation was completed by 2017. In 2018, Russian president Putin signed decrees naming some of the division's units after localities in Belarus, Poland, and Ukraine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 41], "content_span": [42, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012414-0013-0000", "contents": "150th Rifle Division, Reactivation (2016)\nOn the eve of Victory Day in 2019, the commander of the Southern Military District, Colonel General Aleksandr Dvornikov, presented a copy of the Victory Banner to the commander of the 150th Rifle Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 41], "content_span": [42, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012415-0000-0000", "contents": "150th Special Operations Squadron\nThe 150th Special Operations Squadron, equipped with the C-32B aircraft, is a unit of the 108th Wing of the New Jersey Air National Guard. It provides global airlift to special response teams within the Department of Defense and other agencies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012415-0001-0000", "contents": "150th Special Operations Squadron\nThe squadron was established in 1956 as the 150th Air Transport Squadron. The following year, it converted to the aeromedical evacuation mission as the 150th Aeromedical Evacuation Transport Squadron. It continued in various airlift roles until 1973, when it converted to the air refueling mission as the 150th Air Refueling Squadron. The squadron was stationed at Newark Municipal Airport until 1965, when it moved to McGuire Air Force Base, New Jersey. The squadron was inactivated in 2008 following the retirement of the wing's Boeing KC-135E Stratotanker aircraft. It was later reactivated with a special operations mission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012415-0002-0000", "contents": "150th Special Operations Squadron, History, Airlift operations\nThe squadron was established and federally recognized at Newark Municipal Airport, New Jersey, on 1 February 1956. It was initially equipped with Curtiss C-46 Commando aircraft, performing transport missions from Newark in the northeast. In 1963, it retired the C-46 and was re-equipped with the Lockheed C-121 Constellation long-distance transport, primarily for passenger movements to Europe, also flew to the Caribbean and to Japan, Thailand, South Vietnam, Australia and the Philippines during the Vietnam War. In 1965, the unit relocated to McGuire Air Force Base, New Jersey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 62], "content_span": [63, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012415-0003-0000", "contents": "150th Special Operations Squadron, History, Airlift operations\nThe Constellations were retired in 1973, being replaced with the de Haviland Canada C-7 Caribou light transport, which was withdrawn from service in the Vietnam War. The C-7s were used for carrying small payloads in combat areas with rough airstrips.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 62], "content_span": [63, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012415-0004-0000", "contents": "150th Special Operations Squadron, History, Air refueling operations\nIn 1977, upon receipt of Boeing KC-135 Stratotankers, the unit became the 150th Air Refueling Squadron. It was the first air refueling unit in the United States to launch tankers to establish the U.S.-Saudi Arabia \"Air Bridge\" during Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm. Hours after President Bush ordered U.S. forces to the Persian Gulf, 150th aircrews were refueling fighters and cargo transports winging their way nonstop from the U.S. to the Persian Gulf. Shortly thereafter, and again, prior to certain units personnel being activated, the 150th deployed aircraft, aircrews, maintenance and support personnel to Saudi Arabia. It also provided urgently needed medical, security police and support personnel to U.S. air bases to assist active duty personnel and serve as \"back-fill\" for those already rushed to the combat theater.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 68], "content_span": [69, 908]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012415-0005-0000", "contents": "150th Special Operations Squadron, History, Air refueling operations\nOn 1 October 1993, the squadron's parent 170th Air Refueling Group was inactivated and its components transferred to or consolidated with the parent 108th Air Refueling Wing at McGuire under the Objective Wing organization. The 150th was assigned to the 108th Operations Group as its second KC-135 Squadron (along with the 141st Air Refueling Squadron).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 68], "content_span": [69, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012415-0006-0000", "contents": "150th Special Operations Squadron, History, Air refueling operations\nIn September 1994, for over 30 days, five aircraft and 300 squadron members deployed to Pisa International Airport, Italy for Operation Deny Flight. Supported by 15 active duty Air Force personnel, the squadron was the first Air National Guard unit to take full responsibility during that period.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 68], "content_span": [69, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012415-0007-0000", "contents": "150th Special Operations Squadron, History, Air refueling operations\nThe squadron was inactivated in 2008, as the Air Force retired the KC-135E from the inventory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 68], "content_span": [69, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012415-0008-0000", "contents": "150th Special Operations Squadron, History, Special operations\nThe squadron was reactivated and equipped with the Boeing C-32 for special operations. Its mission is to \"[p]rovide dedicated rapid response airlift to the Department of Defense in support of United States Government crisis response events domestic and abroad.\" These include responses to terrorist incidents. Its aircraft do not carry standard United States Air Force markings, and the serial/registration numbers they display are subject to change. owed at the rear of the cabin as the usual cargo space in the hold has been configured to accommodate enlarged fuel tanks, extending the aircraft's unrefueled max range to 6000 nautical miles. The C-32Bs have been given an air refueling capability and the under cabin cargo space has been converted to additional fuel tanks, extending the plane's range. The C-32B also has a satellite communications package installed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 62], "content_span": [63, 932]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012415-0009-0000", "contents": "150th Special Operations Squadron, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 59], "content_span": [60, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012416-0000-0000", "contents": "150th Special Operations Wing\nThe 150th Special Operations Wing (150 SOW) is a unit of the New Mexico Air National Guard, stationed at Kirtland Air Force Base. The wing traces its history back to the expansion of the 150th Tactical Fighter Group into the 150th Fighter Wing in 1995. In 2013, the Wing combined with the 58th Special Operations Wing to become the 150th Special Operations Wing, tasked with providing training for Air Force Special Operations Command units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012416-0001-0000", "contents": "150th Special Operations Wing, History\nThe group began converting from the A-7D Corsair II to the F-16 Fighting Falcon at the beginning of the 1990s. On 16\u00a0March 1992, the 150th Tactical Fighter Group was redesignated as the 150th Fighter Group. Its last A-7 was flown from Kirtland to Davis\u2013Monthan Air Force Base for decommissioning on 28\u00a0September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012416-0002-0000", "contents": "150th Special Operations Wing, History\nIn October 1995 the 150th Tactical Fighter Group was expanded into the 150th Fighter Wing. On 1\u00a0December 2013 the 150th Fighter Wing was re-designated as the 150th Special Operations Wing and integrated with the 58th Special Operations Wing. The wing assumed the mission of special operations training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012417-0000-0000", "contents": "150th anniversary of Canada\nThe 150th anniversary of Canada, also known as the 150th anniversary of Confederation and promoted by the Canadian government as Canada 150, occurred in 2017 as Canada marked the sesquicentennial of Canadian Confederation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012417-0001-0000", "contents": "150th anniversary of Canada, Planning\nMajor planning for the anniversary celebration began in 2010. The Institute of Public Administration of Canada held a conference called 150!Canada bringing together public servants, business leaders and non-governmental organizations at the National Arts Centre in Ottawa on March 11 and 12, 2010. More than 300 delegates heard from 25 speakers, with the goal of developing an action to celebrate Canada's sesquicentennial.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012417-0002-0000", "contents": "150th anniversary of Canada, Planning\nThe 150Alliance was established as a national network of groups with a goal to encourage communities and organizations to organize their own Canada 150 events. It held its first meeting in Ottawa on January 23, 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012417-0003-0000", "contents": "150th anniversary of Canada, Federal initiatives, Funding\nThe Canadian federal Government announced it would be spending an estimated half-billion dollars on 150th-anniversary events and projects. $300-million was to be spent by Canadian regional development agencies through a Canada 150 Community Infrastructure Program. The fund was set up by the ministry headed by Stephen Harper and originally assigned a $150-million budget prior to the 2015 Canadian federal election. The new Liberal ministry under Justin Trudeau doubled the program's size in its first budget.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 57], "content_span": [58, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012417-0004-0000", "contents": "150th anniversary of Canada, Federal initiatives, Funding\n$40-million for cultural projects was funded by the Canada Council for the Arts under its \"New Chapter\" program. The Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council also set up a grant program entitled Canada 150 Connection to support activities by post-secondary institutions and researchers that explore the contributions of social sciences and humanities research to Canadian society.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 57], "content_span": [58, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012417-0005-0000", "contents": "150th anniversary of Canada, Federal initiatives, Funding\nSome projects were given special recognition under the designation \"Signature Projects\" as \"large-scale, participation-oriented activities, of national scope and with high impact\". One of the projects with the highest profiles was the Canada C3 Expedition, a 5-month sailing cruise around Canada aboard the icebreaker Canada C3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 57], "content_span": [58, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012417-0006-0000", "contents": "150th anniversary of Canada, Federal initiatives, Logo\nThe official emblem of the sesquicentennial was designed by Ariana Cuvin, a then-19-year-old student in the University of Waterloo's global business and digital arts program. It consists of 13 multi-coloured diamonds forming a maple leaf; Cuvin stated that the four diamonds forming the emblem's base represented Canada's four original provinces, while the others represented the provinces and territories that had joined since. The government described the emblem as reflecting Canada's unity and diversity. The emblem was chosen through a competition held by the government, and open to post-secondary students. The logo contains several stylized items within itself such as: a tulip, an aboriginal stone spear, a ship and the Fleur de Lis. These items were occasionally displayed on the background of the stage during the Canada Day festivities on Parliament Hill.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 54], "content_span": [55, 922]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012417-0007-0000", "contents": "150th anniversary of Canada, Federal initiatives, Logo\nThe emblem received mixed reviews from the professional community; two designers interviewed by the Ottawa Citizen panned the logo for being the \"minimum\" of a usable logo and \"student work\" respectively, but another remarked that it was a \"strong and simple design that should hold up well in all applications\". The contest was criticized by the Society of Graphic Designers of Canada, which believed that the contest was \"unethical\" and \"exploited\" students, and expressed dissatisfaction over the fact that the contest was not open to design professionals. Cuvin, who received a prize of $5,000 for winning the contest, told the Ottawa Citizen that she did not feel that she was being exploited.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 54], "content_span": [55, 753]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012417-0008-0000", "contents": "150th anniversary of Canada, Federal initiatives, Logo\nType designer Ray Larabie donated Mesmerize, a geometric sans-serif typeface from his freeware collection, to the government of Canada to serve as the official typeface for the festivities, adding as many of the characters from Canada's indigenous languages as he could. The resulting font was named \"Canada 150.\" Larabie released a further expansion of that type, \"Canada1500,\" into the public domain, when the festivities ended.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 54], "content_span": [55, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012417-0009-0000", "contents": "150th anniversary of Canada, Federal initiatives, Commemorative currency\nThe Bank of Canada released a commemorative $10 banknote for Canada's sesquicentennial, which was broadly available by Canada Day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 72], "content_span": [73, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012417-0010-0000", "contents": "150th anniversary of Canada, Federal initiatives, Commemorative currency\nThe Royal Canadian Mint held a national contest titled My Canada, My Inspiration for the design of the reverses of each of five circulating coins of the Canadian dollar, which would be part of the \"Canada 150 Collection\". Each coin had an associated theme. On November 2, 2016, it held an unveiling ceremony in the communities of each of the winners, selected by an online vote in September 2015. The winners received a trip to Ottawa, $2000 in cash, and a special edition set of the coins.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 72], "content_span": [73, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012417-0011-0000", "contents": "150th anniversary of Canada, Federal initiatives, Commemorative currency\nThe Royal Canadian Mint also produced commemorative coins, including a 2-troy-ounce (62\u00a0g) matte proof-finish silver coin with a face value of $10, a 2017 variant based on the Silver Maple Leaf coin. It expects to release about fifty commemorative and circulating coin products, including Brilliant Uncirculated sets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 72], "content_span": [73, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012417-0012-0000", "contents": "150th anniversary of Canada, Federal initiatives, Commemorative stamps\nAll stamps produced by Canada Post during 2017 included references to the sesquicentennial.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 70], "content_span": [71, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012417-0013-0000", "contents": "150th anniversary of Canada, Federal initiatives, National parks\nParks Canada announced it would give away free passes to Canada's national parks, historic sites and marine conservation areas. The passes were available at Parks Canada sites and through partners until the end of 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 64], "content_span": [65, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012417-0014-0000", "contents": "150th anniversary of Canada, Federal initiatives, Official flower\nThe Canada 150 tulip, also known as the Maple Leaf tulip, is the official tulip of Canada 150 and was unveiled May 9, 2016, in Commissioners Park. The tulip was selectively bred with white flower and red flames, which resembles the flag of Canada. For Canada 150, the Canadian Tulip Festival in Ottawa planted 30,000 Maple Leaf tulip bulbs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 65], "content_span": [66, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012417-0015-0000", "contents": "150th anniversary of Canada, National cultural initiatives\nQueen Elizabeth II, Canada's sovereign, offered her best wishes and congratulations on the 150th anniversary of Confederation in a recorded message, released on January 1, 2017. Her son and heir-apparent, Prince Charles, and his wife, the Duchess of Cornwall, toured Nunavut and Ontario before attending the national celebration in Ottawa on July 1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 58], "content_span": [59, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012417-0016-0000", "contents": "150th anniversary of Canada, National cultural initiatives\nA Canada 150 Mosaic project will see in 150 interconnected murals created across the country, depicting a train travelling coast-to-coast across Canada. Each mural will be made up of hundreds of tiles painted by individual Canadians. Roughly 100,000 individuals are expected to take part.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 58], "content_span": [59, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012417-0017-0000", "contents": "150th anniversary of Canada, National cultural initiatives\nOn February 20, 2017, the National Film Board of Canada (NFB) launched a four-part online series entitled 1 Nation. 4 Lenses, exploring Canadian stories through films from the NFB collection. The first chapter, What We Call Home, examines how Canadians define home. Subsequent chapters are What We Protect (launching April), What We Seek (June) and What We Fight For (September). It also published Legacies 150\u2014a series of 13 interactive essays on themes of legacy and inheritance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 58], "content_span": [59, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012417-0018-0000", "contents": "150th anniversary of Canada, National cultural initiatives\nOn April 19, National Canadian Film Day 150 showcased Canadian films on television, online as well as at more than 600 cinemas, libraries and public venues in close to 200 communities across the country.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 58], "content_span": [59, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012417-0019-0000", "contents": "150th anniversary of Canada, National cultural initiatives\nLost Stories was inaugurated as an online film project initiated by Concordia University history professor Ronald Rudin, documenting unusual stories from Canadian history. Started in Montreal as a pilot project by Rudin, co-director of the Centre for Oral History and Digital Storytelling at Concordia, Lost Stories was elevated to a national initiative, with $235,000 in Canada 150 funding from the Department of Canadian Heritage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 58], "content_span": [59, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012417-0020-0000", "contents": "150th anniversary of Canada, National cultural initiatives\nThe University of Alberta also launched a digital content hub to mark Canada's 150th birthday with stories, images, videos and featured events, as well as experts who will address topics such as Canada's constitution, Canadian literature, Indigenous issues, wildlife conservation and climate change.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 58], "content_span": [59, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012417-0021-0000", "contents": "150th anniversary of Canada, National cultural initiatives\nCTV created and aired the documentary film Canada in a Day, in which director Trish Dolman selected footage from over 16,000 videos submitted by Canadians to present a portrait of 24 hours in the life of Canada.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 58], "content_span": [59, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012417-0022-0000", "contents": "150th anniversary of Canada, Criticism\nSome indigenous people criticised the Canada 150 celebrations for ignoring indigenous history and downplaying the contemporary hardships faced by aboriginals. Others criticised the amount of money the Canadian government spent on the celebrations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 38], "content_span": [39, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012417-0023-0000", "contents": "150th anniversary of Canada, Regional projects, British Columbia\nBritish Columbia established a funding program \"to celebrate B.C. communities and their contribution to Canada,\" with $8\u00a0million invested in museums and heritage sites throughout the province.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 64], "content_span": [65, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012417-0024-0000", "contents": "150th anniversary of Canada, Regional projects, British Columbia\nAs part of an effort to recognize the Aboriginal population of the region that lived there prior to colonialization, Vancouver's celebrations of the sesquicentennial were branded as Canada 150+ with the slogan \"Moving Forward Together\". The city organized three \"signature\" events in partnership with Reconciliation Canada to highlight Vancouver's Aboriginal community, including The Drum is Calling Festival at Larwill Park, the Gathering of Canoes at Jericho Beach, and the Walk for Reconciliation in September 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 64], "content_span": [65, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012417-0025-0000", "contents": "150th anniversary of Canada, Regional projects, New Brunswick\nThe New Brunswick government launched a website, canada150nb.ca, to promote events and celebrate New Brunswick pride as part of Canada's 150th anniversary. The website includes marketing tools to help community groups promote their Canada 150 events. The website also invites the public to submit their own video clips and photos of the province.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 61], "content_span": [62, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012417-0026-0000", "contents": "150th anniversary of Canada, Regional projects, Newfoundland and Labrador\nThe Newfoundland Insectarium and Butterfly Garden will be updating their exhibits and making them bilingual. These changes were put in place to celebrate the unity of Canada 150 and the influx of Franco-Canadian tourists to the island of Newfoundland in the recent years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 73], "content_span": [74, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012417-0027-0000", "contents": "150th anniversary of Canada, Regional projects, Nova Scotia\nThe province's 150 Forward Fund provides funding for organizations to help Nova Scotians celebrate Canada 150, with events or programs that honour Nova Scotian achievements, celebrate the province's cultural identity and diversity, or recognize innovation over the past 150 years. Communities, Culture and Heritage Minister Tony Ince announced January 30 that 39 non-profit enterprises and co-operatives had been awarded a total of $841,000 through the first round of grants. A second round of applications runs until February 28. Canada 150 celebrations in Nova Scotia will also include Rendez-Vous 2017, which will see tall ships visit 11 communities across the province over the summer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 59], "content_span": [60, 749]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012417-0028-0000", "contents": "150th anniversary of Canada, Regional projects, Ontario\nThe province of Ontario spent $7\u00a0million to support more than 350 Canada 150 events across the province. It opted to create its own Ontario 150 anniversary logo, or wordmark, at a cost of $30,000. It was criticized for featuring a giant rubber duck as part of the celebration, with one critic saying, \"It's an absurd waste of taxpayers' dollars.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 55], "content_span": [56, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012417-0029-0000", "contents": "150th anniversary of Canada, Regional projects, Ontario, Niagara Falls\nNiagara Falls officially launched its Canada 150 activities at a flag raising ceremony on January 27, with former Toronto Maple Leaf Johnny Bower in attendance. The city has allocated $150,000 for Canada 150 events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 70], "content_span": [71, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012417-0030-0000", "contents": "150th anniversary of Canada, Regional projects, Ontario, Ottawa\nCanada's capital of Ottawa is home to a vast number of events during the sesquicentennial under the banner \"Ottawa 2017\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 63], "content_span": [64, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012417-0031-0000", "contents": "150th anniversary of Canada, Regional projects, Ontario, Ottawa\nThe 2017 Juno Awards, took place March 27 \u2013 April 2 at the Canadian Tire Centre in the city's west end. The awards were hosted by Bryan Adams and Russell Peters, who replaced singer Michael Bubl\u00e9, who had to drop out because his son had cancer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 63], "content_span": [64, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012417-0032-0000", "contents": "150th anniversary of Canada, Regional projects, Ontario, Ottawa\nDuring the summer, an interactive area promoting Canada called Inspiration Village was created in the Byward Market. Talks from inspirational speakers and other performances were held in an amphitheatre, and workshops and exhibits were hosted by the different provinces and territories within converted cargo containers. The word \"Ottawa\" was displayed in large 3-D letters that visitors could climb upon. At the end of July, La Machine, an enormous urban street theatre production from France made its North American debut. The production involved large marionettes and street performers travelling through the Byward Market area and other downtown streets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 63], "content_span": [64, 722]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012417-0033-0000", "contents": "150th anniversary of Canada, Regional projects, Ontario, Ottawa\nOttawa hosted several notable sporting events in 2017, including the 2017 Canadian Olympic Curling Trials, the 2017 Canadian Track and Field Championships, and the 2017 Red Bull Crashed Ice World Championship (with a course built along the Rideau Canal beside the Chateau Laurier).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 63], "content_span": [64, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012417-0033-0001", "contents": "150th anniversary of Canada, Regional projects, Ontario, Ottawa\nOttawa's TD Place Stadium hosted the 105th Grey Cup (the 2017 championship game of the Canadian Football League), as well as two outdoor ice hockey games; the NHL 100 Classic (an outdoor National Hockey League game between the Ottawa Senators and Montreal Canadiens, which additionally celebrated the league's centennial year), and a Canadian Hockey League interleague game between the Ottawa 67's of the Ontario Hockey League (a team which was established in the year of Canada's centennial and named in its honour) and the Gatineau Olympiques of the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League (QMJHL).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 63], "content_span": [64, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012417-0034-0000", "contents": "150th anniversary of Canada, Regional projects, Ontario, Toronto\nThe City of Toronto's TO Canada with Love (the TO referring to the city's nickname, T.O.) is the year-long program of events related to the 150th anniversary of Canada. The city's iconic 3D Toronto sign was fitted with a large illuminated 3-D structure of a maple leaf prior to 2017 at the end of the sign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 64], "content_span": [65, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012417-0035-0000", "contents": "150th anniversary of Canada, Regional projects, Ontario, Toronto\nCanada Mosaic is a cross-country celebration of Canadian music and musicians administered by the Toronto Symphony Orchestra, with $7.5\u00a0million in funding from the government of Canada. The program will involve 40 orchestras and as many as 60 new commissions. Canada Mosaic had its first performance January 21 at Roy Thompson Hall in Toronto, with conductors Alain Trudel and Victor Feldbrill leading the TSO in works by John Weinzweig, Godfrey Ridout, Pierre Mercure, Jean Coulthard and Andr\u00e9 Mathieu. The concert began with a two-minute fanfare by Trudel \u2013 one of 40 such so-called \"sesquies\" commissioned by Canada Mosaic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 64], "content_span": [65, 690]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012417-0036-0000", "contents": "150th anniversary of Canada, Regional projects, Ontario, Toronto\nHundreds of musicians were expected to perform together in Toronto to set a Guinness world record for the largest rock performance, by playing four as-yet-unannounced Canadian rock classics. Organizers of Canada Rocks 150 hoped to attract 1,500 musicians, which did not come to fruition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 64], "content_span": [65, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012417-0037-0000", "contents": "150th anniversary of Canada, Regional projects, Ontario, Toronto\nThe Toronto Blue Jays wore special red-and-white uniforms throughout the 2017 season, during Sunday games and other selected home games.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 64], "content_span": [65, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012417-0038-0000", "contents": "150th anniversary of Canada, Regional projects, Ontario, Windsor\nDubbed the Great Canadian Flag Project, Windsor, Ontario is erecting a 150-foot (45.7-metre) flagpole to fly a 60 feet by 30 feet (18 metres by nine metres) Canadian flag. Four upward-facing spotlights will illuminate the flag at night. A smaller 24 feet by 12 feet (7.3 metres by 3.7 metres) flag will fly during periods of strong winds. As of January 14, 2017,  $300,000 has been raised for the project, including $150,000 from the federal government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 64], "content_span": [65, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012417-0039-0000", "contents": "150th anniversary of Canada, Regional projects, Quebec\nCanada 150 in Quebec coincides with celebrations marking the 375th anniversary of Montreal, where notable projects include decorative lights for the Jacques Cartier Bridge and a new headquarters for the National Film Board of Canada in the Quartier des spectacles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 54], "content_span": [55, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012417-0040-0000", "contents": "150th anniversary of Canada, Regional projects, Northern Canada\nA Canadian Arctic Aviation Tour will be a series of air shows across Canada's North, with plans to visit close to 100 northern communities. The tour will begin in June at Alberta's Rocky Mountain House Airport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 63], "content_span": [64, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012417-0041-0000", "contents": "150th anniversary of Canada, Regional projects, Northern Canada\nThe Canada C3 was scheduled to sail through the Northwest Passage, visiting many northern Aboriginal communities along the way, during the summer of 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 63], "content_span": [64, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012417-0042-0000", "contents": "150th anniversary of Canada, International responses\nTo celebrate Canada's 150th anniversary, the Glasgow Film Festival (Feb 15\u201326) has selected a program entitled \"True North: New Canadian Cinema.\" Films include Weirdos by Bruce McDonald, who is scheduled to attend the festival, along with Werewolf by Ashley McKenzie, Old Stone by Johnny Ma, Below Her Mouth by April Mullen and Hello Destroyer by Kevan Funk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 52], "content_span": [53, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012417-0043-0000", "contents": "150th anniversary of Canada, Other activities\nIn January 2017, the journal G3: Genes, Genomes, Genetics published a paper by molecular researchers from The Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto who had sequenced the genome of Castor canadensis (North American beaver) to celebrate the sesquicentennial.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 45], "content_span": [46, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012417-0044-0000", "contents": "150th anniversary of Canada, Other activities\nIn May 2017, a newly identified species of beetle (Apimela canadensis), first discovered in New Brunswick, was named in celebration of Canada'a 150th anniversary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 45], "content_span": [46, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012417-0045-0000", "contents": "150th anniversary of Canada, Other activities\nIn June 2017, the Bank of Canada issued a Canadian ten-dollar note commemorative design, celebrating the 150th anniversary of the confederation of Canada featuring John A. Macdonald, George-\u00c9tienne Cartier, Agnes MacPhail and James Gladstone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 45], "content_span": [46, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012418-0000-0000", "contents": "150th birth anniversary of Swami Vivekananda\nSwami Vivekananda was an Indian Hindu monk. He was a key figure in the introduction of the Indian philosophies of Vedanta and Yoga to the western world. The 150th birth anniversary of Swami Vivekananda (12 January 2013) was celebrated all over India and in different countries in the world. Ministry of Youth Affairs & Sports of India decided to observe 2013 as the year of 150th Birth Anniversary of Swami Vivekananda.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012418-0000-0001", "contents": "150th birth anniversary of Swami Vivekananda\nYear-long events and programs were organised by different branches of Ramakrishna Math, Ramakrishna Mission, central government and different state governments of India, education institutions, youth groups etc. Bengali film director Tutu (Utpal) Sinha made a film The Light: Swami Vivekananda as a tribute to Swami Vivekananda on his 150th birth anniversary. The movie was released on 23 August 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012418-0001-0000", "contents": "150th birth anniversary of Swami Vivekananda, Political parties\nPolitical parties of Dakshina Kannada district, Karnataka venerated Vivekananda at different functions and events across the city. Tamil Nadu Chief Minister Jayalalithaa told the life and teachings of Vivekananda has been a great inspiration to her, and she considers Vivekananda as her \"political teacher\". She sanctioned a fund of \u20b920 million (US$280,000) on behalf of the Tamil Nadu government for the welfare of Vivekananda Cultural Centre of the state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 63], "content_span": [64, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012418-0002-0000", "contents": "150th birth anniversary of Swami Vivekananda, World Congress of Religions 2012\nIn 2012, a 3-day World Congress of Religions conference was organised by the Institute of World Religions (of the Washington Kali Temple), Burtonsville, Maryland, in association with the Council for A Parliament of World Religions, Chicago, Illinois to commemorate the 150th birthday of Swami Vivekananda.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 78], "content_span": [79, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012418-0003-0000", "contents": "150th birth anniversary of Swami Vivekananda, World Congress of Religions 2012\nIn the official website of the event it was stated\u2013", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 78], "content_span": [79, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012418-0004-0000", "contents": "150th birth anniversary of Swami Vivekananda, World Congress of Religions 2012\nThe event commemorates the 150th birth anniversary of India\u2019s visionary monk, Swami Vivekananda, who addressed the Parliament of World\u2019s Religions in Chicago in September 1893, passionately calling for both tolerance and universal acceptance as a path to eliminate the evils of sectarianism, bigotry and fanaticism and engage all the world\u2019s religious and spiritual community leaders in efforts to forge a new global civil society.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 78], "content_span": [79, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012418-0005-0000", "contents": "150th birth anniversary of Swami Vivekananda, In popular media\nA bilingual film, The Light: Swami Vivekananda was made in India as tribute to Swami Vivekananda on his 150th birth anniversary. The director of the film Tutu Sinha told in an interview\u2013  \"I have directed serials like Trishna and Rajmahal. I have also directed the serial Sadhok Bamakhyapa up to its 1000th episode. I always wanted to make a film on Swamiji.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 62], "content_span": [63, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012418-0006-0000", "contents": "150th birth anniversary of Swami Vivekananda, In popular media\nBengali theatre group Lokkrishti staged a drama Biley to commemorate the birth anniversary. Bengali theatre actor Debshankar Haldar played the role of Swami Vivekananda in this drama.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 62], "content_span": [63, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012419-0000-0000", "contents": "150th meridian east\nThe meridian 150\u00b0 east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, Australasia, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012419-0001-0000", "contents": "150th meridian east\nThe 150th meridian east forms a great circle with the 30th meridian west.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012419-0002-0000", "contents": "150th meridian east\nThis is the exact middle of the Australian Eastern Standard Time Zone, where the sun rises at 6am and sets at 6pm precisely every equinox.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012419-0003-0000", "contents": "150th meridian east, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 150th meridian east passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012420-0000-0000", "contents": "150th meridian west\nThe meridian 150\u00b0 west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America (entirely within the State of Alaska), the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012420-0001-0000", "contents": "150th meridian west\nIn Antarctica, the meridian defines the eastern limit of New Zealand's territorial claim. The land further east is not claimed by any nation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012420-0002-0000", "contents": "150th meridian west\nThe 150th meridian west forms a great circle with the 30th meridian east.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012420-0003-0000", "contents": "150th meridian west\nThe Hawaii-Aleutian Time Zone and Line Islands Time Zone is based on the mean solar time of this meridian.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012420-0004-0000", "contents": "150th meridian west, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 150th meridian west passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012421-0000-0000", "contents": "151\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by Graham87 (talk | contribs) at 11:21, 10 January 2021 (1 revision imported: import old edit from the Nostalgia Wikipedia). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012421-0001-0000", "contents": "151\nYear 151 (CLI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Condianus and Valerius (or, less frequently, year 904 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 151 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012422-0000-0000", "contents": "151 (number)\n151 (one hundred [and] fifty-one) is a natural number. It follows 150 and precedes 152.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012422-0001-0000", "contents": "151 (number), In mathematics\n151 is the 36th prime number, the previous is 149, with which it comprises a twin prime. 151 is also a palindromic prime. 151 is a centered decagonal number. 151 is also a lucky number.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012422-0002-0000", "contents": "151 (number), In mathematics\n151 appears in the Padovan sequence, preceded by the terms 65, 86, 114 (it is the sum of the first two of these).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012422-0003-0000", "contents": "151 (number), In mathematics\n151 is a unique prime in base 2, since it is the only prime with period 15 in base 2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012423-0000-0000", "contents": "151 Abundantia\nAbundantia (minor planet designation: 151 Abundantia) is a stony main belt asteroid. It was discovered by Johann Palisa on 1 November 1875, from the Austrian Naval Observatory in Pula. The name was chosen by Edmund Weiss of the Vienna Observatory; although the name refers to Abundantia, a Roman goddess of luck, it was also chosen to celebrate the increasing numbers of asteroids that were being discovered in the 1870s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012423-0001-0000", "contents": "151 Abundantia\nInformation from A. Harris as of March 1, 2001 indicates that 151 Abundantia is an S class (stony) asteroid with a diameter of 45.37\u00a0km and H = 9.24 .1728 and albedo of 0.03. The light curve collected over 6 nights from 2/16/2002 to 3/10/2002 confirmed the rotational period to be 19.718h.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012423-0002-0000", "contents": "151 Abundantia\nData from 2001 shows a diameter of 45.37\u00a0km. An occultation by the asteroid was observed on December 10, 2017, showing the asteroid to be highly elongated, with dimensions of roughly 24 x 52\u00a0km.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012424-0000-0000", "contents": "151 BC\nYear 151 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Lucullus and Albinus (or, less frequently, year 603 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 151 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012425-0000-0000", "contents": "151 Battalion\n151 South African Infantry Battalion was a motorised infantry unit of the South African Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012425-0001-0000", "contents": "151 Battalion, History, Origin of the black battalions\nBy the late 1970s the South African government had abandoned its opposition to arming black soldiers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 54], "content_span": [55, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012425-0002-0000", "contents": "151 Battalion, History, Origin of the black battalions\nBy early 1979, the government approved a plan to form a number of regional African battalions, each with a particular ethnic identity, which would either serve in their homelands or under regional SADF commands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 54], "content_span": [55, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012425-0003-0000", "contents": "151 Battalion, History, Origin of the black battalions\nThis led to the formation of 151 Battalion for the Southern Sothos.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 54], "content_span": [55, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012425-0004-0000", "contents": "151 Battalion, History, Origin of the black battalions\nTroops for 151 SA Battalion were recruited from the self-governing territory of Qwaqwa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 54], "content_span": [55, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012425-0005-0000", "contents": "151 Battalion, History, Higher Command\nThe battalion was responsible for patrolling the border between Lesotho and South Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 38], "content_span": [39, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012425-0006-0000", "contents": "151 Battalion, History, Disbandment\n151 SA Battalion was disbanded around 1994 and members were assimilated into 1 South African Infantry Battalion and the new SANDF.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 35], "content_span": [36, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012425-0007-0000", "contents": "151 Battalion, Notes\nPeled, A. A question of Loyalty Military Manpower Policy in Multiethinic States, Cornell University Press, 1998, ISBN\u00a00-8014-3239-1 Chapter 2: South Africa: From Exclusion to Inclusion", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 20], "content_span": [21, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012426-0000-0000", "contents": "151 North Franklin\n151 North Franklin (officially named CNA Center) is a skyscraper located at 151 North Franklin Avenue in the Chicago Loop. Completed in 2018 and standing at 568 feet (173 meters) tall with 35 floors at the northeast corner of West Randolph Street and North Franklin Avenue, the building is the current corporate headquarters of namesake tenant CNA Insurance, which has been headquartered in the Loop since 1900. It also hosts large office spaces for Facebook and the law firm Hinshaw & Culbertson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012426-0001-0000", "contents": "151 North Franklin, History\nThe vision for the building first became public in 2013 when renderings were availed for a 30-story building from developer John Buck designed by John Ronan. In November 2013, Buck announced $145 million of equity financing for a 36-story building with 825,000 square feet (76,645\u00a0m2) of office space.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012426-0002-0000", "contents": "151 North Franklin, History\nIn February 2015, law firm Freeborn & Peters (Chicago's 22nd largest) signed a 15-year 5-floor letter of intent. That May, law firm Hinshaw & Culbertson (Chicago's 14th largest) signed a lease in the building. In August 2015, Freeborn & Peters accepted an offer to remain at 311 South Wacker Drive, but Buck went ahead with filing for demolition permits for the Walgreens at that location. In December 2015, CNA Insurance decided to relocate its headquarters from the 44-story CNA Center at 333 South Wabash that it had owned since its debut in 1972 to the new CNA Center building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012426-0002-0001", "contents": "151 North Franklin, History\nThe plan included selling the old building to Buck for $108 million, temporarily leasing space in that building until moving into the newly leased space with signage and naming rights. By that time the Walgreens on the site had been demolished and construction was expected to commence soon. Northern Trust would sign to consolidate many of its offices into the old CNA Center, which was to be renamed by Northern Trust.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012426-0003-0000", "contents": "151 North Franklin, History\nIn June 2018, 151 North Franklin became the new corporate headquarters for CNA Insurance, which has been headquartered in the Chicago Loop since 1900. Prior Loop headquarters included following locations: Metropolitan Tower (Continental Center I from 1943\u20131962 at 310 South Michigan Avenue), 55 East Jackson Boulevard (Continental Center II from 1962\u20131972) and CNA Center (Continental Center III from 1972\u20132018 at 333 South Wabash Avenue). Facebook signed a large lease in the building in July 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012426-0004-0000", "contents": "151 North Franklin, Features\nThe building has a column-free open-office design with many modern elements that pays homage to the 70 degree angle of the CNA logo. Chicago Tribune critic Blair Kamin praised the open air base but felt much of the rest of the glassy exterior was evidence of budgetary limitations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 28], "content_span": [29, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012427-0000-0000", "contents": "151 Regiment RLC\n151 Regiment RLC is a regiment of the British Army's Royal Logistic Corps. It is currently under Army Reserve control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012427-0001-0000", "contents": "151 Regiment RLC, History\nThe regiment was formed in the Royal Corps of Transport in 1967 as 151 (Greater London) Transport Regiment, from three territorial transport regiments and consisted of one ambulance squadron, one tank-transporter squadron, one parachute squadron and one transport squadron. The parachute squadron was redesignated as a general transport squadron in 1978. The regiment was transferred into the Royal Logistic Corps in 1993, and 215 Squadron was disbanded. In 1999, the independent 124 Petroleum Squadron was absorbed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012428-0000-0000", "contents": "151 Rum (song)\n\"151 Rum\" is a song by American rapper JID, released on September 19, 2018 as the lead single from his second studio album, DiCaprio 2. It was produced by Nice Rec and Christo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012428-0001-0000", "contents": "151 Rum (song), Critical reception\nKevin Goddard of HotNewHipHop called the song a \"lyrical onslaught\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 34], "content_span": [35, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012428-0002-0000", "contents": "151 Rum (song), Critical reception\nCharles Holmes of Rolling Stone said \"J.I.D. 's flow is the crowning achievement of '151 Rum'. Nimble, sparse and blunt, every word serves the song's plot. It's hard to make a chorus that contains a tongue twister like, '151 rum and a blunt, young nigga numb, numb, numb and he got a little gun / A little bitty killer really doin' it for fun, give him a little bit and he'll get a nigga done' work musically and technically. But the rapid flow, haunting chants and J.I.D's bars transform the song into the audio equivalent of running for one's life\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 34], "content_span": [35, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012428-0003-0000", "contents": "151 Rum (song), Music video\nThe music video for \"151 Rum\" premiered on May 1, 2019. It was directed by Scott Lazer, and features cameos from Ari Lennox, Lute and DJ Christo. In the video's plot, J.I.D is kidnapped and forced to perform. Complex called the video \"dark and intense\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012429-0000-0000", "contents": "1510\nYear 1510 (MDX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012430-0000-0000", "contents": "1510 (number)\n1510 (one thousand five hundred [and] ten) is the natural number following 1509 and preceding 1511.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012431-0000-0000", "contents": "1510 AM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1510\u00a0kHz: 1510 AM is a North American (U.S.) clear-channel frequency. WLAC in Nashville, Tennessee, is the dominant Class A station on 1510 AM. KGA Spokane had been a Class A station, before it reduced its nighttime power and downgraded to Class B in 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012432-0000-0000", "contents": "1510 Charlois\n1510 Charlois, provisional designation 1939 DC, is a carbonaceous Eunomia asteroid from the middle region of the asteroid belt, approximately 24 kilometers in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012432-0001-0000", "contents": "1510 Charlois\nIt was discovered on 22 February 1939, by French astronomer Andr\u00e9 Patry at Nice Observatory in southeastern France, and later named after astronomer Auguste Charlois.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012432-0002-0000", "contents": "1510 Charlois, Orbit and classification\nCharlois is a carbonaceous C-type asteroid and a member of the Eunomia family, a large group of otherwise mostly S-type asteroids and the most prominent family in the intermediate main-belt. It orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.3\u20133.1\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 4 months (1,595 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.15 and an inclination of 12\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. As no precoveries were taken and no prior identifications were made, the body's observation arc begins with its discovery observation in 1939.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012432-0003-0000", "contents": "1510 Charlois, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Charlois measures between 20.3 and 27.6 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.077 and 0.12, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.079 and a diameter of 23.7 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.5.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012432-0004-0000", "contents": "1510 Charlois, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn November 2007, a rotational lightcurve, constructed from photometric observations by Crag Bennefeld at the Rick Observatory, gave a rotation period of 6.653\u00b10.008 hours with a brightness variation of 0.23 in magnitude (U=2). Another lightcurve, obtained by French astronomers Pierre Antonini and Ren\u00e9 Roy in February 2013, gave a period of 5.866\u00b10.0003 hours with an amplitude of 0.18 (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 56], "content_span": [57, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012432-0005-0000", "contents": "1510 Charlois, Naming\nThis minor planet was named in memory of French astronomer Auguste Charlois (1864\u20131910), an early discoverer of minor planets at the Nice Observatory where this asteroid was discovered. He was a pioneer during the transition from visual to photographic discoveries in the late 19th century. Until his homicide in 1910, he had discovered 99 asteroids. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 30 June 1977 (M.P.C. 4190).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012437-0000-0000", "contents": "1510 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1510.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012438-0000-0000", "contents": "1510 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012438-0001-0000", "contents": "1510 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012438-0002-0000", "contents": "1510 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012439-0000-0000", "contents": "1510 in science\nThe year 1510 in science and technology included many events, some of which are listed here.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012440-0000-0000", "contents": "1510 influenza pandemic\nIn 1510, an acute respiratory disease emerged in Asia before spreading through North Africa and Europe during the first chronicled, inter-regional flu pandemic generally recognized by medical historians and epidemiologists. Influenza-like illnesses had been documented in Europe since at least Charlemagne, with 1357's outbreak the first to be called influenza, but the 1510 flu pandemic is the first to be pathologically described following communication advances brought about by the printing press.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012440-0000-0001", "contents": "1510 influenza pandemic\nFlu became more widely referred to as coqueluche and coccolucio in France and Sicily during this pandemic, variations of which became the most popular names for flu in early modern Europe. The pandemic caused significant disruption in government, church, and society with near-universal infection and a mortality rate of around 1%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012440-0001-0000", "contents": "1510 influenza pandemic, Asia\nThe 1510 flu is suspected of originating in East Asia, possibly China. Gregor Horst writes in Operum medicorum tombus primus (1661) that the disease came from Asia and spread along trade routes before attacking the Middle East and North Africa. German medical writer Justus Hecker suggested the 1510 influenza most likely came from Asia because of the historical nature of other influenzas to originate there in more recent pandemics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 29], "content_span": [30, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012440-0002-0000", "contents": "1510 influenza pandemic, Asia, Middle East\nThe flu spread along trade routes towards North Africa, traveling southwest through the Middle East. Frequently visited cities like Jerusalem and Mecca would have almost certainly been reached by the flu, with large volumes of people destined to travel to Egypt, North Africa, and the Ottoman Empire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 42], "content_span": [43, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012440-0003-0000", "contents": "1510 influenza pandemic, Africa\nIt is generally understood that the 1510 influenza had spread in Africa before Europe. Influenza was likely widespread in North Africa before crossing continents through the Mediterranean, arriving in Malta where British medical historian Thomas Short believed that the \"island of Melite in Africa\" became the 1510 flu's springboard into Europe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 31], "content_span": [32, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012440-0004-0000", "contents": "1510 influenza pandemic, Europe\nEurope's internationally traveled cities and flu's highly contagious nature enabled its spread through European populations. The 1510 flu disrupted royal courts, church services, and social life across Europe. Contemporary chroniclers and those who've read their accounts observed how entire populations were attacked at once, which is how the disease first received the name influenza (from the belief that such outbreaks were caused by influences like stars or cold). Turin professor Francisco Vallerioli (aka Valleriola) writes that the 1510 flu featured \"Constriction of breathing, and beginning with a hoarseness of voice and... shivering.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 31], "content_span": [32, 676]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012440-0004-0001", "contents": "1510 influenza pandemic, Europe\nNot long after that there being a cooked humor which fills the lungs.\" Physicians like Valleriola described the 1510 flu as more fatal to children and those who were bled. Lawyer Francesco Muralto noted that \"the disease killed 10 people out of a thousand in one day,\" supporting a fatality rate of around 1%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 31], "content_span": [32, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012440-0005-0000", "contents": "1510 influenza pandemic, Europe, Sicily and the Italian Kingdoms\nThe first cases of influenza began to appear in Sicily around July after the arrival of infected merchant ships from Malta. In Sicily it was commonly called coccolucio for the hood (resembling a coqueluchon - a kind of monk's cowl) the sick often wore over their heads. Influenza quickly spread out along the Mediterranean coasts of Italy and southern France via merchant ships leaving the island.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 64], "content_span": [65, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012440-0006-0000", "contents": "1510 influenza pandemic, Europe, Sicily and the Italian Kingdoms\nIn Emilia-Romagna, Tommasino de' Bianchi recorded the recovery of Modena's first cases on 13 July 1510, writing that in the city \"there appears an illness that lasts three days with a great fever, and headache and then they rise... but there remains a terrible cough that lasts maybe eight days, and then they recover.\" This data would indicate that the first cases of flu, which has an incubation period of one to four days, began to fall ill in the Emilia-Romagna region around late June or early July. Pope Julius II attributed the outbreaks in Rome and the Holy See to God's wrath.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 64], "content_span": [65, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012440-0007-0000", "contents": "1510 influenza pandemic, Europe, Central Europe\nFlu spread over the Alps into Switzerland and the Holy Roman Empire. In Switzerland it is documented as being called das Gruppie by the Mellingen chronicler Anton Tegenfeld, the flu nickname then preferred by German-speaking Europeans. A respiratory illness seemed to have menaced the Canton of Aargua in June, with the population falling ill with sniffling, coughing, and fatigue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 47], "content_span": [48, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012440-0007-0001", "contents": "1510 influenza pandemic, Europe, Central Europe\nGerman physician Achilles Gasser recorded a deadly epidemic spreading over the Holy Roman Empire's upper kingdoms, branching into the cities and the \"whole mankind:\" Mira qua edam Epidemia mortales per urbes hanc totamque adeo superiorem Germaniam corripiebat, qua aegri IV vel V ad summum dies molestissimis destillationibus laborabant ac ration privati instar phrenicorum furebant, atque inde iterum convalescebant, paucissimis ad Gorcum demissis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 47], "content_span": [48, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012440-0008-0000", "contents": "1510 influenza pandemic, Europe, Central Europe\nAndr\u00e9 de Burgo's letters dated 24 August 1510 indicate Margaret of Austria had to intervene at a royal assembly between her father, Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I, and Louis XII of France because the King of France was too sick with \"coqueluche\" to be spoken to. Influenza spread out from the Holy Roman Empire towards Northern Europe, the Baltic states, and west towards France and England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 47], "content_span": [48, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012440-0009-0000", "contents": "1510 influenza pandemic, Europe, France\nArriving aboard infected sailors from Sicily, influenza struck the Kingdom of France through the ports of Marseille and Nice and spread through the international crowds of the shipyards. Merchants, pilgrims, and other travelers from the south and east spread the virus throughout the western Mediterranean in July. It was referred to as \"cephalie catarrhal\" among French physicians, but more commonly just called coqueluche. Historian Fran\u00e7ois Eudes de M\u00e9zeray traced the etymology of \"coqueluche\" to an outbreak 1410s during which sufferers wore hoods resembling coqueluchons, a kind of monk's cowl.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 39], "content_span": [40, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012440-0009-0001", "contents": "1510 influenza pandemic, Europe, France\nFrench surgeon Ambroise Par\u00e9 described the outbreak as having been a \"rheumatic affliction of the head...with constriction of the heart and lungs.\" By August it had appeared in Tours and after it had propagated itself throughout France over summer, sickening the entire country by September. French poet and historian Jean Bouchet, employed by King Louis XII's Royal Court, wrote that the epidemic \"appeared in the entire Kingdom of France, as much in the towns as in the countryside.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 39], "content_span": [40, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012440-0010-0000", "contents": "1510 influenza pandemic, Europe, France\nCoqueluche filled up the hospitals in France. King Louis XII's National Assembly of Bishops, Prelates, and university professors scheduled for September 1510 was delayed because of the intensity of the flu in Paris. Jean Fernel (aka Fernelius), physician to Henry III of France, compares the 1557 influenza to the 1510 epidemic which attacked everyone with fever, a heaviness in their head, and profound coughing. Up to 1000 Parisians per day were dying at the height of the \"1510 peste.\" M\u00e9zeray mentions that it disrupted judicial proceedings and colleges, and that the 1510 flu was more widespread and deadly in France than in other countries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 39], "content_span": [40, 686]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012440-0011-0000", "contents": "1510 influenza pandemic, Europe, France\nCardinal Georges d'Amboise, a close friend and advisor to the King of France, is sometimes believed to have died of influenza since his health sharply declined after arriving in Lyons in May 1510. The cardinal, also known as Monseigneur le Ledat, made his final testimony and recited Sacraments around 22 May before he died on the 25th. His sudden decline in health and flu's arrival in Europe around early summer have created uncertainty as to whether he died of gout or influenza, but \"coqueluche\" is not mentioned in French royal correspondence that year until August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 39], "content_span": [40, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012440-0012-0000", "contents": "1510 influenza pandemic, Europe, England and Ireland\nBritish medical historian Charles Creighton claimed there is one foreign account of the 1510 flu in England, but did not elaborate. Fernel and Par\u00e9 suggested that the 1510 influenza \"spread to almost all countries of the world\" (not concerning Spain's territories in the New World). An epidemiological study of past influenza pandemics reviewing previous medical historians' data has found England was affected in 1510 and there were reports of symptoms like \"gastrodynia\" and noteworthy murrain among cattle. The 1510 flu is also recorded to have reached Ireland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 52], "content_span": [53, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012440-0013-0000", "contents": "1510 influenza pandemic, Europe, Spain and Portugal\nInfluenza reached the Iberian Peninsula early after Italy, due to the highly interconnected trade and pilgrimage routes between Spain, Portugal, and the Italian kingdoms. Cases began to appear in Portugal around the same time the disease entered the Holy Roman Empire. Spanish cities were reportedly \"dispopulated\" by the 1510 flu.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 51], "content_span": [52, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012440-0014-0000", "contents": "1510 influenza pandemic, The Americas\nThere are no records of influenza affecting the New World in 1510,even though Spain was sending fleets of ships across the Atlantic. The first recorded flu outbreak in the New World had afflicted the Isle of Santo Domingo (Now Haiti and the Dominican Republic) in 1493.Amerindian populations sharp decline due to Spanish-imported diseases in these 1490s and early 1500s is however documented, most notably due to smallpox.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 37], "content_span": [38, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012440-0015-0000", "contents": "1510 influenza pandemic, Medicine and Treatment\nBlistering on the back of the head and shoulders was one form of treatment prescribed in Europe for the flu. Par\u00e9 regarded the common treatments of bloodletting and purgation to be especially dangerous to 1510's flu patients. Supraorbital pain and vision problems were symptoms of coqueluche, so sufferers may have felt tempted to wear hoods due to light sensitivity. Short describes some medicinal treatments for the 1510 flu including \"Bole Armoniac, oily lintus, pectoral troches, and decoctions.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 47], "content_span": [48, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012440-0016-0000", "contents": "1510 influenza pandemic, Origin of 1510 Influenza\nJustus Hecker and John Parkin presumed the 1510 influenza originated from East Asia because of the historical nature of other influenza pandemics to originate there, while in 1661 Gregor Horst wrote that the 1510 flu spread along trade routes from East Asia to Africa before reaching Europe. Influenza viruses sometimes leap from Asia's migratory water fowl after massive migrations congregate near water sources for humans and domesticated animals, in which cross-species infections trigger antigenic shift and create new strains of flu human beings have little immunity to.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 49], "content_span": [50, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012440-0016-0001", "contents": "1510 influenza pandemic, Origin of 1510 Influenza\nEuropean chroniclers noticed that the 1510 influenza did appear in North Africa before Europe, which has led some medical historians to suggest it may have developed there(parts of North Africa also lie along migratory bird ways, specifically the east Africa-West Asia and Black Sea-Mediterranean routes, that make it vulnerable to spontaneous reassortment of pandemic flu viruses). There remains no chronicled or biological evidence to suggest the 1510 flu originated from, as opposed to just spread in, Africa before reaching Europe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 49], "content_span": [50, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012440-0017-0000", "contents": "1510 influenza pandemic, Debunking suggestions of whooping cough\nThe 1510 \"coqueluche\" has been recognized as influenza by modern epidemiologists and medical historians. Suggestions that the 1510 coqueluche was whooping cough have been doubted because adult sufferers often experienced \"precipitous\" symptoms described by contemporaries like Tommasino de Bianchi or Valleriola as high fever for 3 days, headache, prostration, loss of sleep and appetite, delirium, a cough most severe on the 5th to 10th days, lung congestion, and slow recovery beginning on the second week. Adults with pertussis will usually cough for weeks before becoming gradually more ill then recovering over a period of months. The coqueluche of 1510 is considered to be influenza by experts because of its sudden symptoms, explosive spread, and timelines of sickness to recovery. The first outbreak of whooping cough to be agreed on by most medical historians is Guillaume de Baillou's description of an outbreak in Paris in 1578.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 64], "content_span": [65, 1004]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012441-0000-0000", "contents": "1510s\nThe 1510s decade ran from January 1, 1510, to December 31, 1519.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012442-0000-0000", "contents": "1510s BC\nThe 1510s BC was a decade lasting from January 1, 1519 BC to December 31, 1510 BC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 91]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012446-0000-0000", "contents": "1510s in music\nThe decade of the 1510s in music (years 1510\u20131519) involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012447-0000-0000", "contents": "1511\nYear 1511 (MDXI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012448-0000-0000", "contents": "1511 Dal\u00e9ra\n1511 Dal\u00e9ra, provisional designation 1939 FB, is an asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 12 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 22 March 1939, by French astronomer Louis Boyer at the Algerian Algiers Observatory, North Africa, and named after Paul Dal\u00e9ra, a friend of the discoverer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012448-0001-0000", "contents": "1511 Dal\u00e9ra, Classification and orbit\nDal\u00e9ra orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 2.1\u20132.6\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 7 months (1,323 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.11 and an inclination of 4\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. It was first identified as 1928 DB at Heidelberg Observatory in 1928, extending the body's observation arc by 11 years prior to its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012448-0002-0000", "contents": "1511 Dal\u00e9ra, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn March 2015, three rotational lightcurves of Dal\u00e9ra were independently obtained by Italian astronomers Maurizio Scardella (D06), Fabio Salvaggio (K54, A81), and Giovanni Casalnuovo (C62) after being reported as a light-curve photometry opportunity at minorplanet.info (CALL). They gave a rotation period of 3.880 and 3.881 hours with a brightness variation of 0.18 and 0.14 magnitude, respectively (U=2/3-/2-). Previously, photometric observations at the Palomar Transient Factory in September 2013, gave a longer period of 4.2227 hours and an amplitude of 0.14 magnitude (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 54], "content_span": [55, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012448-0003-0000", "contents": "1511 Dal\u00e9ra, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Dal\u00e9ra measures between 11.36 and 18.23 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.03 and 0.10.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012448-0004-0000", "contents": "1511 Dal\u00e9ra, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for S-type asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 7.15 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 13.09. However, based on the low albedos (0.03, 0.08, 0.10) determined by WISE/NEOWISE, Dal\u00e9ra is not a stony but rather a carbonaceous asteroid, which are uncommon in the inner main-belt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012448-0005-0000", "contents": "1511 Dal\u00e9ra, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Paul Dal\u00e9ra, a friend of the discovering astronomer Louis Boyer. The official naming citation was first mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 135)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012449-0000-0000", "contents": "1511 Idrija earthquake\nThe 1511 Idrija earthquake (Slovene: Idrijski potres) occurred on March 26 with a maximum Mercalli intensity of X (Extreme). The epicenter was around the town of Idrija in present-day Slovenia, although some place it some 15-20 kilometers to the west, between Gemona and Pulfero in Friulian Slovenia. The earthquake affected a large territory between Carinthia, Friuli, present-day Slovenia and Croatia. An estimated twelve to fifteen thousand people were killed and damage was considered severe. The earthquake was felt as far as in Switzerland and present-day Slovakia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012449-0000-0001", "contents": "1511 Idrija earthquake\nA number of castles and churches were razed to the ground in a large area from Northeastern Italy to western Croatia. Among the destroyed buildings were the castles of Udine and \u0160kofja Loka, the monastery of the Teutonic Knights in Ljubljana; the Zagreb cathedral was severely damaged. Bla\u017e Ra\u0161kaj, commander of the Jajce fortess, in modern Bosnia, reported to the Hungarian Estates that the earthquake had severely damaged the fortifications.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012449-0001-0000", "contents": "1511 Idrija earthquake\nThe reconstruction of the destroyed buildings in the following decades is considered the dividing line between Gothic and Renaissance architecture in the art history of the Eastern Alps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012454-0000-0000", "contents": "1511 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1511.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012455-0000-0000", "contents": "1511 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012455-0001-0000", "contents": "1511 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012455-0002-0000", "contents": "1511 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012456-0000-0000", "contents": "1511 in science\nThe year 1511 in science and technology included a number of events, some of which are listed here.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012457-0000-0000", "contents": "1512\nYear 1512 (MDXII) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012458-0000-0000", "contents": "1512 Oulu\n1512 Oulu, provisional designation 1939 FE, is a dark Hildian asteroid, slow rotator and possibly the largest known tumbler orbiting in the outermost region of the asteroid belt. With a diameter of approximately 80 kilometers, it belongs to the fifty largest asteroids in the outer main-belt. The body was discovered on 18 March 1939, by Finnish astronomer Heikki Alikoski at Turku Observatory in Southwest Finland and named for the Finnish town Oulu.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012458-0001-0000", "contents": "1512 Oulu, Orbit and classification\nLocated in the outermost part of the main-belt, Oulu is a member of the Hilda family, a large orbital group of asteroids that are thought to have originated from the Kuiper belt. They orbit in a 3:2 orbital resonance with the gas giant Jupiter, meaning that for every 2 orbits Jupiter completes around the Sun, a Hildian asteroid will complete 3 orbits. As it does not cross the path of any of the planets, it will not be pulled out of orbit by Jupiter's gravitational field, and will likely remain in a stable orbit for thousands of years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 35], "content_span": [36, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012458-0002-0000", "contents": "1512 Oulu, Orbit and classification\nIt orbits the Sun at a distance of 3.4\u20134.6\u00a0AU once every 7 years and 11 months (2,891 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.15 and an inclination of 6\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. In 1938, Oulu was first identified as 1938 CU at Bergedorf Observatory. Its observation arc, however, begins one month after its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 35], "content_span": [36, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012458-0003-0000", "contents": "1512 Oulu, Physical characteristics\nOulu is characterized as a dark and reddish P-type asteroid in the Tholen taxonomy, of which only a few dozens bodies are currently known.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 35], "content_span": [36, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012458-0004-0000", "contents": "1512 Oulu, Physical characteristics, Slow rotator and likely tumbler\nIn May 2009, a rotational lightcurve of Oulu was obtained from photometric observations by Slovak astronomer Adri\u00e1n Gal\u00e1d at Modra Observatory. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 132.3 hours with a brightness variation of 0.33 in magnitude (U=2+). It is among the top few hundred slow rotators.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 68], "content_span": [69, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012458-0005-0000", "contents": "1512 Oulu, Physical characteristics, Slow rotator and likely tumbler\nOulu is likely in a state of non-principal axis rotation, which is commonly known as tumbling. It is the largest such object ever observed (also see List of tumblers).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 68], "content_span": [69, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012458-0006-0000", "contents": "1512 Oulu, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Oulu measures between 65.00 and 91.05 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.031 and 0.06.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 56], "content_span": [57, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012458-0007-0000", "contents": "1512 Oulu, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link agrees with IRAS, that is, an albedo of 0.0366 and a diameter of 82.72 kilometers using an absolute magnitude of 9.62. In May 2002, Vasilij Shevchenko and Edward Tedesco observed an occultation by Oulu, that gave a diameter of 65.0 kilometers with an occultation albedo of 0.0594.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 56], "content_span": [57, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012458-0008-0000", "contents": "1512 Oulu, Naming\nThis minor planet was named for the northern Finnish town Oulu, the birthplace of the discoverer. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 30 January 1964 (M.P.C. 2278).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 17], "content_span": [18, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012463-0000-0000", "contents": "1512 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1512.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012464-0000-0000", "contents": "1512 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012464-0001-0000", "contents": "1512 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012464-0002-0000", "contents": "1512 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012465-0000-0000", "contents": "1512 in science\nThe year 1512 in science and technology included a number of events, some of which are listed here.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012466-0000-0000", "contents": "1513\nYear 1513 (MDXIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012467-0000-0000", "contents": "1513 M\u00e1tra\n1513 M\u00e1tra, provisional designation 1940 EB, is a stony Florian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 5 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 10 March 1940, by Hungarian astronomer Gy\u00f6rgy Kulin at Konkoly Observatory in Budapest, Hungary. It was later named after the M\u00e1tra mountain range.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012467-0001-0000", "contents": "1513 M\u00e1tra, Orbit and classification\nM\u00e1tra is a member of the Flora family, a large group of stony S-type asteroids in the inner main-belt. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.0\u20132.4\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 3 months (1,186 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.10 and an inclination of 4\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012467-0002-0000", "contents": "1513 M\u00e1tra, Orbit and classification\nOne day prior to M\u00e1tra's official discovery observation at Konkoly, a precovery was taken at Nice Observatory. However, the body's observation arc begins 10 years later in 1950, when it was observed at the La Plata Observatory in Argentina.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012467-0003-0000", "contents": "1513 M\u00e1tra, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nAmerican astronomer Richard P. Binzel obtained a rotational light-curve of M\u00e1tra from photometric observation in the 1980s. It gave a tentative rotation period of 24 hours with a brightness variation of 0.1 magnitude (U=1). As of 2017, a secure period still has yet to be determined.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 53], "content_span": [54, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012467-0004-0000", "contents": "1513 M\u00e1tra, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, M\u00e1tra measures between 4.96 and 6.60 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.189 and 0.34.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 57], "content_span": [58, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012467-0005-0000", "contents": "1513 M\u00e1tra, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.24 \u2013 derived from the family's largest body and namesake, the asteroid 8\u00a0Flora \u2013 and calculates a diameter of 5.85 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 13.33.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 57], "content_span": [58, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012467-0006-0000", "contents": "1513 M\u00e1tra, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the M\u00e1tra mountain range in northern Hungary, where the outstation of the discovering Konkoly Observatory is located. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 February 1980 (M.P.C. 5182).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012473-0000-0000", "contents": "1513 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1513.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012474-0000-0000", "contents": "1513 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012474-0001-0000", "contents": "1513 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012474-0002-0000", "contents": "1513 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012475-0000-0000", "contents": "1513 in science\nThe year 1513 in science and technology included a number of events, some of which are listed here.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012476-0000-0000", "contents": "1513 papal conclave\nThe 1513 papal conclave, occasioned by the death of Pope Julius II on 21 February 1513, opened on 4 March with twenty-five cardinals in attendance, out of a total number of thirty-one. The Conclave was presided over by Cardinal Raffaele Sansoni Riario, who was both Dean of the College of Cardinals and Cardinal Chamberlain of the Holy Roman Church (Camerlengo). Voting began on 10 March, and there were only two Scrutinies. Negotiations after the first balloting led to the election of  Giovanni de'Medici, the son of Lorenzo the Magnificent and the de facto ruler of Florence, as Pope Leo X on the morning of 11 March.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012476-0001-0000", "contents": "1513 papal conclave, Death of Julius II\nMost of the cardinals were already in Rome at the time of the death of Pope Julius II, on 21 February 1513. They had been participating in the Fifth Lateran Council, which had been summoned by the Pope to deal with the most pressing problems facing the Church. Julius II was so ill that he was not able to attend the Fifth Session on 16 February, but nineteen cardinals were present. Cardinal Riario presided in the Pope's absence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 39], "content_span": [40, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012476-0001-0001", "contents": "1513 papal conclave, Death of Julius II\nIt was at that Session that Julius had solemnly republished his famous Bull, Cum tam divino, forbidding the buying and selling of sacred things (simony),  and most especially the papal office. The Bull was approved by the Council, which was then recessed until April 11. At the Conclave, therefore, the continuation of the Council was a major concern, and was written into the Electoral Capitulations. At his last audience for the Cardinals, on 19 February, Pope Julius advised the Cardinals not to allow the schismatic cardinals from the 'Council of Pisa' to take part in the Conclave, nor to allow the Ecumenical Council any part in the proceedings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 39], "content_span": [40, 691]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012476-0002-0000", "contents": "1513 papal conclave, Death of Julius II\nIn fact, the death of the Pope had been expected for some weeks. It had been reported generally (the Venetians knew it on 10 February) that the Pope was suffering from a double tertian fever (malaria), and that his doctors held little hope for his recovery. King Louis XII of France had been kept informed of the situation, and it was reported in Florence on 14 February that he had ordered the French cardinals to hasten their journey to Rome. He also wrote to the College of Cardinals, advising them not to rush into voting for a new pope, but to await the arrival of the French cardinals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 39], "content_span": [40, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012476-0003-0000", "contents": "1513 papal conclave, Death of Julius II\nThe Imperial Ambassador, Alberto Pio de Carpi, wrote to Maximilian I that the papabili were Riario, Fieschi and Luigi d'Aragona. The Cardinal prior Cardinalium presbyterorum, Tam\u00e1s Bak\u00f3cz, also had ambitions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 39], "content_span": [40, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012476-0004-0000", "contents": "1513 papal conclave, Death of Julius II\nCardinal Giovanni de' Medici, who had not been attending the Council, was ill in Florence with an anal fistula. He was ruling Florence on behalf of his family. Nonetheless he set out on his painful journey to Rome on 22 February in great haste; he was certainly in Rome on February 28. He employed the next few days in Rome in profitable conversations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 39], "content_span": [40, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012476-0004-0001", "contents": "1513 papal conclave, Death of Julius II\nHe met, for example, with Cardinal Francesco Soderini, whose family had helped drive the Medici out of Florence in 1494, with the support of Louis XII, and who had been driven out of Florence in their turn by the resurgent Medici in 1512. It was agreed that the Soderini would be repatriated to Florence and that the feud would end. Soderini became a strong supporter of Medici in the Conclave, and Medici voted for Soderini on the first Scrutiny.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 39], "content_span": [40, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012476-0005-0000", "contents": "1513 papal conclave, Sealed in the Conclave\nPope Julius II had created twenty-seven cardinals during his reign of more than nine years. Twelve of these had died, leaving fifteen cardinals, who were referred to as the 'Younger Cardinals'. They formed a faction, under the leadership of the della Rovere cardinals. The 'Elder Cardinals', named by earlier popes, numbered sixteen, and were led by Raffaele Sansoni Riario, the Cardinal of S. Giorgio, a nephew of Pope Sixtus IV.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012476-0006-0000", "contents": "1513 papal conclave, Sealed in the Conclave\nTwenty-five of the living thirty-one cardinals entered the conclave on Friday 4 March. Cardinal Sisto Gara della Rovere, one of Pope Julius' nephews, was so ill that he had to be carried into the Conclave, and he was given special accommodations. Cardinal Soderini and Cardinal de'Medici were also ill.   Medici had been in Rome since the 28th of February, but he was suffering from a fistula, and needed to be operated on. He did not enter the Conclave until 6 March, and had to be carried into the Conclave area in a sedan chair. The Cardinal Camerlengo, Raffaele Riario, accompanied by Cardinal d' Aragona and Cardinal Farnese, made the traditional examination of the entire area of the Conclave, and then supervised the sealing of the doors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 789]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012476-0007-0000", "contents": "1513 papal conclave, Sealed in the Conclave\nThe first several days were spent in the regular daily Congregations on the drafting of  Electoral Capitulations and  regulating the procedures of the Conclave. The Conclavists, too, were drawing up a list of demands, which included the disposal of the property of whichever Cardinal happened to be elected pope. The successful candidate's Conclavists were entitled to their employer's property as 'spoils', but the other conclavists wanted their share.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012476-0008-0000", "contents": "1513 papal conclave, Sealed in the Conclave\nIt had been the custom for hundreds of years for each cardinal, at the time of the second Obeisance to the new Pope, to present him with a small memorandum (libellus), in which was listed the names of the Cardinal's most favored followers with specific requests for benefices for them. These requests were usually granted, usually on the spot. Each cardinal had to draw up his list.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012476-0009-0000", "contents": "1513 papal conclave, Sealed in the Conclave\nA copy of the Capitulations was seen by the Florentine diarist, Luca Landucci. He reported that there were thirty clauses. One provided that the Pope could not create more than two cardinals from members of his own family, when the number of Cardinals was below 24, and with the agreement of two-thirds of the cardinals. Another required that there be a General Council of Christians to reform the Church, and to prepare a crusade against the Infidel. Another required that the text of the Capitulations be read out twice a year in Congregation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012476-0009-0001", "contents": "1513 papal conclave, Sealed in the Conclave\nAnother stated that the Roman Curia could not be transferred elsewhere in Italy without the consent of half of the cardinals; and that it could not be transferred outside of Italy without the consent of two-thirds. Ludwig Pastor, the historian of the Papacy, quotes those and others:  that any cardinal who did not already possess an income of 6000 ducats would be given a subsidy of 200 ducats per month;  that no cardinal would be appointed a Legate against his will; that all benefices connected with the Lateran Basilica and the Vatican Basilica would be conferred on Romans only. The list went on. No pope ever felt obliged to carry out all or any of these Capitulations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 720]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012476-0010-0000", "contents": "1513 papal conclave, Sealed in the Conclave\nAmong the conclavists was Giacomo di Brescia, the private physician required by Cardinal Medici; Giacomo, despite his plea, was not permitted to leave early once his services were no longer required.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012476-0011-0000", "contents": "1513 papal conclave, Sealed in the Conclave, Balloting\nThe first Scrutiny took place on March 10 after a ceremonial reading of Julius II's bull against simony. The reading was done at the special request of the 'Elder Cardinals'; there was, of course, no precedent. The voting itself took place in the chapel of S. Niccolo da Bari, which was replaced by the Cappella Paolina in the reign of Pope Paul III. As the ranking cardinal-deacon, prior Diaconum, Medici himself was charged with the counting of the ballots. Seventeen votes were required for a canonical election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 54], "content_span": [55, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012476-0011-0001", "contents": "1513 papal conclave, Sealed in the Conclave, Balloting\nCardinal Serra received thirteen votes on the first ballot, Grosso della Rovere 8, Accolti 7, Antonio del Monte 7, Bak\u00f3cz 8, Fieschi 7, Finale 5, Soderini 4, Robert Guib\u00e9 3, Adriano de Castello 3, Achille de Grassis 3, Farnese 3, Grimani 2, Bainbridge 2, Vigerio 1, Remolino 1, and Medici 1. Medici himself\u2014who voted for Soderini, Antonio del Monte, and Pietro Accolti\u2014received the vote of Matth\u00e4us Schiner. Riario received not a single vote\u2014so much for the designation papabile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 54], "content_span": [55, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012476-0011-0002", "contents": "1513 papal conclave, Sealed in the Conclave, Balloting\nAlthough Pirie subscribes this outcome to chance (see below), Roscoe argues that Alborense had the support of the older cardinals, while the younger, and particularly the royal and noble cardinals supported Medici. The alternative view, however, points out that the Older Cardinals and the papabili were astonished at the votes for Serra. It cannot be, therefore, that all those votes were their own. Rather, some of the thirteen votes for Cardinal Serra (Alborese) came from the supporters of Medici, that is, the 'Younger Cardinals', who did not want to reveal their support for Medici ahead of the appropriate moment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 54], "content_span": [55, 675]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012476-0012-0000", "contents": "1513 papal conclave, Sealed in the Conclave, Reconsideration of Positions\nRiario's position, without a single vote in his favor, must have caused him to reconsider his position. He was not papabile. He therefore had to make some sort of accommodation with his enemy Medici. That night, in the main hall of the Conclave (the Sala Ducale? ), the Cardinals and Conclavists observed Cardinal Medici and Cardinal Raffaele Riario in close conversation for more than an hour, although no other observer was able to make out the subject.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 73], "content_span": [74, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012476-0012-0001", "contents": "1513 papal conclave, Sealed in the Conclave, Reconsideration of Positions\nBetween then and the time for the vote  next morning, a rumor spread among the cardinals as to the outcome of the conversation, and every other cardinal flocked to Medici's cell to congratulate him. Trollope claims that every cardinal did such because \"it is ill voting against a man to-day who is to be the despotic master of your fate and fortunes on the morrow\". Actually, the success of Medici was due to the unity of the 'Younger Cardinals' behind their chosen candidate, as much as to Medici's mildness and generosity toward friend and enemy, as Pio de Carpi explained to the Emperor Maximilian.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 73], "content_span": [74, 675]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012476-0013-0000", "contents": "1513 papal conclave, Election\nMedici was elected unanimously in the Scrutiny on the morning of 11 March. The statement of unanimity is not surprising; every conclave strives to end unanimiter et concorditer, leaving no grounds for a schism. A window which had been boarded closed for the Conclave was opened, and Cardinal Alessandro Farnese (future Pope Paul III), who was now senior Cardinal Deacon in place of Medici,  announced the election of Medici by his chosen papal name, Leo X. Since Medici had only been ordained a deacon, it was necessary for him to be ordained a priest and consecrated a bishop immediately. He was ordained a priest on 15 March, and consecrated on 17 March 1513 by Cardinal Raffaele Sansoni Riario.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 727]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012476-0014-0000", "contents": "1513 papal conclave, Election\nFlorentine banker Filippo Strozzi the Younger accompanied Medici to Rome for the conclave; Strozzi's brother (a disciple of Savonarola) claimed that: \"inasmuch as the latter aspired not without good reason to the Papacy, it was likely enough that he might have to vail himself of Filippo's credit\". In the event, Julius II's bull against simony had all the participants on alert, and there is no hint of simony at the Conclave of 1513.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012476-0015-0000", "contents": "1513 papal conclave, Pirie's account\nTwenty-five cardinals entered the conclave. The absence of the French element left practically only two contending parties\u2014the young and the old. The former had secretly settled on Giovanni de' Medici; the second openly supported S. Giorgio, England's candidate. The Sacred College had been assembled almost a week before the first serious scrutiny took place. Many of the cardinals, wishing to temporise and conceal their real intentions, had voted for the man they considered least likely to have any supporters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 36], "content_span": [37, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012476-0015-0001", "contents": "1513 papal conclave, Pirie's account\nAs luck would have it, thirteen prelates had selected the same outsider, with the result that they all but elected Arborense, the most worthless nonentity present. This narrow shave gave the Sacred College such a shock that its members determined to come to some agreement which would put matters on a more satisfactory basis for both parties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 36], "content_span": [37, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012476-0016-0000", "contents": "1513 papal conclave, Electors\nFour more had been excommunicated and declared schismatic by Julius II, and thus could not participate (all were reinstated by Leo X):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012477-0000-0000", "contents": "1514\nYear 1514 (MDXIV) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012478-0000-0000", "contents": "1514 Ricouxa\n1514 Ricouxa, provisional designation 1906 UR, is a stony Florian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 7.5 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 22 August 1906, by German astronomer Max Wolf at Heidelberg Observatory in southern Germany. The origin of the asteroid's name is unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012478-0001-0000", "contents": "1514 Ricouxa, Classification and orbit\nRicouxa is a S-type asteroid and member of the Flora family, one of the largest collisional populations of stony asteroids in the entire main-belt. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 1.8\u20132.7\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 4 months (1,225 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.20 and an inclination of 5\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. Ricouxa's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation in 1906, as no precoveries were taken, and no prior identifications were made.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012478-0002-0000", "contents": "1514 Ricouxa, Physical characteristics, Rotation and poles\nIn the 1990s, Italian astronomer Maria A. Barucci obtained a rotational lightcurve of Ricouxa, using the ESO 1-metre telescope at La Silla Observatory in Chile. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 10.438 hours with a brightness variation of 0.62 magnitude (U=3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 58], "content_span": [59, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012478-0003-0000", "contents": "1514 Ricouxa, Physical characteristics, Rotation and poles\nPhotometric observations by French amateur astronomer Pierre Antonini in April 2006, gave a similar period of 10.033 hours and an identical amplitude of 0.62 magnitude (U=2+). Additional periods were derived on modeled light-curves from various data sources. They gave a period of 10.42466 and 10.42468 hours, as well as a spin axis of (0\u00b0, 71.0\u00b0) and (251.0\u00b0, 75.0\u00b0) in ecliptic coordinates, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 58], "content_span": [59, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012478-0004-0000", "contents": "1514 Ricouxa, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Ricouxa measures 7.78 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo of 0.228 (revised albedo-fits per 2014), while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.24 \u2013 taken from 8\u00a0Flora, the family's principal body and namesake \u2013 and derives a diameter of 7.07 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.92.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012478-0005-0000", "contents": "1514 Ricouxa, Naming\nThis minor planet was named by French astronomer Andr\u00e9 Patry (1902\u20131960), after whom the asteroid 1601\u00a0Patry is named. However, any reference to a person or occurrence for the name \"Ricouxa\" remains unknown. The asteroid's name was also published in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 135).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012478-0006-0000", "contents": "1514 Ricouxa, Naming, Unknown meaning\nAmong the many thousands of named minor planets, Ricouxa is one of 120 asteroids, for which no official naming citation has been published. All of these low-numbered asteroids have numbers between 164 Eva and 1514 Ricouxa and were discovered between 1876 and the 1930s, predominantly by astronomers Auguste Charlois, Johann Palisa, Max Wolf and Karl Reinmuth (also see category).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 37], "content_span": [38, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012483-0000-0000", "contents": "1514 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1514.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012484-0000-0000", "contents": "1514 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012484-0001-0000", "contents": "1514 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012484-0002-0000", "contents": "1514 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012485-0000-0000", "contents": "1514 in science\nThe year 1514 in science and technology included many events, some of which are listed here.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012486-0000-0000", "contents": "1515\nYear 1515 (MDXV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012487-0000-0000", "contents": "1515 Poydras\n1515 Poydras (formerly the Gulf Building), located at 1515 Poydras Street in the Central Business District of New Orleans, Louisiana, is a 29-story, 341-foot (104\u00a0m)-tall skyscraper.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012488-0000-0000", "contents": "1515 Tower\n1515 Tower (originally The Arkona) was a former residential high-rise in West Palm Beach, Florida. Completed in 1974, it was the second tallest building in West Palm Beach with 30 stories and rising 98 metres (322\u00a0ft). 1515 Tower was heavily damaged during Hurricane Frances and Hurricane Jeanne in 2004 and was subsequently vacated. The facade was heavily damaged as a result of the storms, and on August 1, 2006, the city issued a demolition order. The building was demolished by use of explosives, colloquially called implosion, on Sunday, February 14, 2010. 1515 Tower was the third tallest building in the United States to be imploded. There have been several proposals for a new building at the site at 1515 Flagler Drive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 739]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012494-0000-0000", "contents": "1515 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1515.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012495-0000-0000", "contents": "1515 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012495-0001-0000", "contents": "1515 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012495-0002-0000", "contents": "1515 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012496-0000-0000", "contents": "1515 in science\nThe year 1515 in science and technology included many events, some of which are listed here.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012497-0000-0000", "contents": "1516\nYear 1516 (MDXVI) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012498-0000-0000", "contents": "1516 Henry\n1516 Henry, provisional designation 1938 BG, is a stony asteroid from the middle region of the asteroid belt, approximately 20 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 28 January 1938, by French astronomer Andr\u00e9 Patry at Nice Observatory in southeastern France. It is named for French astronomers and opticians, Paul and Prosper Henry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012498-0001-0000", "contents": "1516 Henry, Orbit and classification\nThe S-type asteroid orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.1\u20133.1\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 3 months (1,551 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.19 and an inclination of 9\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. No precoveries were taken, and no prior identifications were made. Henry's observation arc starts at Nice in August 1939, or 19 months after its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012498-0002-0000", "contents": "1516 Henry, Physical characteristics\nIn May 2005, a rotational lightcurve of Henry was obtained by French amateur astronomer Christophe Demeautis. It gave a rotation period of 17.370 hours with a brightness variation of 0.54 magnitude (U=2). In February 2010, photometric observations by David Polishook and others at the Californian Palomar Transient Factory gave a divergent period of 10 hours with an amplitude of only 0.04 (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012498-0003-0000", "contents": "1516 Henry, Physical characteristics\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Henry measures between 19.19 and 28.55 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.039 and 0.070. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0701 and a diameter of 19.98 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 12.0.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012498-0004-0000", "contents": "1516 Henry, Naming\nThis minor planet is named for the two brothers Paul Henry and Prosper Henry (1848\u20131905 and 1849\u20131903, respectively), who each discovered seven asteroids. As opticians, they constructed the 76-cm refracting telescope at Nice Observatory, among others. While mapping the ecliptic during their Carte du Ciel survey, they made all their fourteen, low-numbered asteroid discoveries, starting with 125 Liberatrix.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012498-0005-0000", "contents": "1516 Henry, Naming\nThe Henry Brothers are also honored by the lunar crater Henry Fr\u00e8res. The Martian crater Henry was named in honour of Paul. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 April 1978 (M.P.C. 4358).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012501-0000-0000", "contents": "1516 in Ireland, Events\nThe Book of Fenagh Irish: Leabar Fidhnacha is a manuscript of prose and poetry written in Classical Irish by Muirgheas mac Ph\u00e1id\u00edn \u00d3 Maolconaire in the monastery at  Fenagh, County Leitrim. It was commissioned by Tadhg O'Roddy, the coarb of the monastery, and is believed to derive from the \"old Book of Caill\u00edn\" (Irish: Leabar Chaill\u00edn), a lost work about Caill\u00edn, founder of the monastery. \u00d3 Maolconaire began work about 1516.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012503-0000-0000", "contents": "1516 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1516.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012504-0000-0000", "contents": "1516 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012505-0000-0000", "contents": "1516 in science\nThe year 1516 in science and technology included many events, some of which are listed here.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012506-0000-0000", "contents": "1517\nYear 1517 (MDXVII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012507-0000-0000", "contents": "1517 Beograd\n1517 Beograd, provisional designation 1938 FD, is a dark Paduan asteroid from the central region of the asteroid belt, approximately 36 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 20 March 1938, by Serbian astronomer Milorad Proti\u0107 at Belgrade Astronomical Observatory in Serbia. It is named after the city Belgrade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012507-0001-0000", "contents": "1517 Beograd, Orbit and classification\nBeograd is member of the mid-sized Padua family (507), an asteroid family named after 363\u00a0Padua and at least 25 million years old. It consists of mostly X-type asteroids, that were previously associated to 110\u00a0Lydia (the Padua family is therefore also known as Lydia family). Together with the Agnia family, the Padua family is the only other family to have most of its members in a nonlinear secular resonance configuration with more than 75% of its members in a z1 librating state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012507-0002-0000", "contents": "1517 Beograd, Orbit and classification\nThis asteroid orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.6\u20132.8\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 6 months (1,635 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.05 and an inclination of 5\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. In 1931, Beograd was first identified as 1931 VF at Uccle Observatory, extending the body's observation arc by 7 years prior to its official discovery observation at Belgrade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012507-0003-0000", "contents": "1517 Beograd, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves\nFrench amateur astronomer Laurent Bernasconi obtained a lightcurve of Beograd from photometric observations taken in March 2005. Light-curve analysis gave a rotation period of 6.943 hours with a brightness variation of 0.18 magnitude (U=2). In April 2014, a lightcurve obtained by Vladimir Benishek at the discovering Belgrade Observatory gave a concurring period of 6.9490 hours with an amplitude of 0.23 magnitude (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 51], "content_span": [52, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012507-0004-0000", "contents": "1517 Beograd, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Beograd measures between 30.97 and 42.00 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.036 and 0.07.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012507-0005-0000", "contents": "1517 Beograd, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the results from IRAS, that is, an albedo of 0.0491 and a diameter of 36.16 kilometers using an absolute magnitude of 11.1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012507-0006-0000", "contents": "1517 Beograd, Physical characteristics, Spectral type\nBeograd is characterized as an X-type asteroid in the SMASS taxonomy, while NEOWISE classifies it as a reddish P-type asteroid due to its low albedo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 53], "content_span": [54, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012507-0007-0000", "contents": "1517 Beograd, Naming\nThis minor planet was named by the discoverer in honor of his native city and the capital of his country, Belgrade. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 30 January 1964 (M.P.C. 2277).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012508-0000-0000", "contents": "1517 Hebron attacks\n1517 Hebron attacks occurred in the final phases of the Ottoman\u2013Mamluk War (1516\u201317), when Turkish Ottomans had ousted the Mamluks and taken Palestine. The massacre targeted the Jewish population of the city and is also referred to as a pogrom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012508-0001-0000", "contents": "1517 Hebron attacks, Events\nAn account of the event, recorded by Japheth ben Manasseh in 1518, mentions how the onslaught was initiated by Turkish troops led by Murad Bey, the deputy of the Sultan from Jerusalem. Jews were attacked, beaten and raped, and many were killed as their homes and businesses were looted and pillaged. It has been suggested that the stable financial position of the Hebronite Jews at the time was what attracted the Turkish soldiers to engage in the mass plunder. Others suggest the pogrom could have in fact taken place in the midst of a localised conflict, an uprising by the Arabs against the new Ottoman rulers. Those who survived the calamity fled to Beirut and Jews only returned to Hebron 16 years later in 1533.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 27], "content_span": [28, 745]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012509-0000-0000", "contents": "1517 Media\n1517 Media, formerly Augsburg Fortress Press, is the official publishing house of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA), also publishing for the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Canada (ELCIC) as Augsburg Fortress Canada. Headquartered on South Fifth Street in Minneapolis, Minnesota, in the former headquarters of the American Lutheran Church, Augsburg Fortress publishes Living Lutheran (founded 1831, named The Lutheran until 2016), the Lutheran Book of Worship (1978), the Lutheran Study Bible, and Evangelical Lutheran Worship (2006), as well as a range of academic, reference and educational books. Tim Blevins has served as the CEO of 1517 Media since August, 2018. Beth Lewis served as the CEO of Augsburg Fortress since September 3, 2002.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 768]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012509-0001-0000", "contents": "1517 Media, History\nAugsburg Fortress was formed in 1988 when the Fortress Press of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and Augsburg Publishing House of Minneapolis, Minnesota, merged as their parent denominations, the Lutheran Church in America (LCA) and the American Lutheran Church (ALC) merged to form the ELCA, with headquarters at the Lutheran Center on West Higgins Road in suburban Chicago, Illinois.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012509-0002-0000", "contents": "1517 Media, History\nAugsburg Publishing House was affiliated with The American Lutheran Church. It had been founded in 1891 at Augsburg Seminary in Minneapolis  Both the publishing house and seminary were part of the United Norwegian Lutheran Church of America (UNLC). The publishing house left the seminary campus in 1894, relocating to the downtown area in 1908. By 1960 it had become the publishing house of the Evangelical Lutheran Church. With the 1960 merger of Lutheran denominations that formed the \"new\" American Lutheran Church, Augsburg was designated that church's publishing arm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012509-0002-0001", "contents": "1517 Media, History\nIt absorbed the publishing houses of the other denominations that participated in the merger, including Wartburg Press (established 1881) of the \"old\" American Lutheran Church in Columbus, Ohio; and the Danish Lutheran Publishing House (established 1893) of the United Evangelical Lutheran Church in Blair, Nebraska. When the Lutheran Free Church joined the ALC in 1963, its publishing house, Messenger Press (established 1922), was also added.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012509-0003-0000", "contents": "1517 Media, History\nAugsburg, and Wartburg before it, had published the old ALC denominational magazine The Lutheran Standard, which had ancestry back to the 1840s in the Evangelical Lutheran Joint Synod of Ohio.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012509-0004-0000", "contents": "1517 Media, History\nFortress Press was the publishing arm of the Lutheran Church in America, headquartered in northwest Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in the Muhlenberg Building, a unique U-shaped brick Georgian architecture style structure named for Henry Melchoir Muhlenberg and other members of the Muhlenberg family who were important in American Lutheranism. Henry is considered the \"Patriarch of American Lutheranism\" and the prime organizer of the first Lutheran synod in America, the Pennsylvania Ministerium in 1746.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012509-0005-0000", "contents": "1517 Media, History\nThe LCA came into existence in 1962 with the merger of several smaller Lutheran denominations. The largest forerunner of the Fortress Press was the Muhlenberg Press of the United Lutheran Church in America, the largest partner in the LCA merger. The oldest ancestor was the Henkel Press, started by the son of Paul Henkel, a famous late 18th - early 19th century Lutheran pastor, missionary, and evangelist in the Appalachian Mountains region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012509-0006-0000", "contents": "1517 Media, History\nFortress published The Lutheran, the monthly magazine of the LCA and also of the earlier United Lutheran Church in America. The magazine had its beginnings in 1831 in publications of the General Synod.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012509-0007-0000", "contents": "1517 Media, History\nIn July 2016, the company re-branded as 1517 Media. They continue to use Augsburg Fortress as an imprint for church resources and Fortress Press as an imprint for academic and reference titles. Other imprints include Beaming Books, Broadleaf Books, and Sparkhouse.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012510-0000-0000", "contents": "1517 Safed attacks\nThe Safed attacks were an incident that took place in Safed soon after the Turkish Ottomans had ousted the Mamluks and taken Levant during the Ottoman\u2013Mamluk War in 1517. At the time the town had roughly 300 Jewish households. The severe blow suffered took place as Mamluks clashed bloodily with the new Ottoman authorities. The view that the riot's impact on the Jews of Safed was severe is contested.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012510-0001-0000", "contents": "1517 Safed attacks\nHistorians link the event to the general conflict taking place in the country between the incoming Ottoman regime and its opponents and note that the Jews suffered maltreatment during the war. Accounts of the attack against the Jews in Safed were recorded by historian Rabbi Elijah Capsali of Candia, (Crete) and Rabbi Joseph Garson, who was living in Damascus at the time. According to these reports, many Jews were killed and left injured. They were compelled to flee the city and their property was plundered. Scholars debate whether or not the event led to a decline in the Jewish population of Safed, but all agree that a few years later, Jews had re-established a significant presence in the city.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 722]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012510-0002-0000", "contents": "1517 Safed attacks\nThe attack may have been initiated by retreating Mamluk soldiers who accused the Jews of treacherously aiding the Turkish invaders, with Arabs from the surrounding villages joining the melee. Alternatively, the attack occurred during an attempt by local Mamluk sheikhs to reassert their control after being removed from power by the incoming Turks. David suggests that the violence may have erupted after rumors of an Ottoman defeat in Egypt led to clashes between supporters of the old regime and those who backed the newly imposed Turkish authority. Supporters of the deposed Mamluk governor attacked Ottoman officials and after having murdered the Ottoman governor, the mob turned upon the Jews and rampaged through the Jewish quarter, the Jews suffering particular maltreatment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 801]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012510-0003-0000", "contents": "1517 Safed attacks\nMany Jews were reportedly killed while others were wounded or had their property pillaged. According to Garson, the Jews were \"evicted from their homes, robbed and plundered, and they fled naked to the villages without any provisions.\" Many subsequently fled the city, but the community was soon rehabilitated with the financial help of Egyptian Jewry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012510-0004-0000", "contents": "1517 Safed attacks\nThe Jewish community quickly recovered. The many Jews who had fled and sought refuge in neighbouring villages returned, and within 8 years the community had reestablished itself, exceeding the former level of 300 households. The Ottoman overthrow of the Mamluks brought about important changes. Under the earlier dynasty, Egyptian Jews were guided by their Nagid, a rabbi also exercising the functions of a prince-judge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012510-0004-0001", "contents": "1517 Safed attacks\nThis office was abolished because it represented a potential conflict with the jurisdiction of the hahamba\u015fi  or chief rabbi in Istanbul, who represented all Jews in the empire, and who had, via a Jewish officer (kahya), direct access to the sultan and his cabinet, and could raise complaints of injustices visited upon Jewish communities by governors in the provinces or Christians.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012515-0000-0000", "contents": "1517 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012515-0001-0000", "contents": "1517 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012515-0002-0000", "contents": "1517 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012516-0000-0000", "contents": "1517 in science\nThe year 1517 in science and technology included a number of events, some of which are listed here.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012517-0000-0000", "contents": "1518\nYear 1518 (MDXVIII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012517-0001-0000", "contents": "1518, Exceptions, France\nIn France, the year 1518 lasted from 4 April 1518 to 23 April 1519. Since Constantine (around year 325) and until the year 1565, the year was reckoned as beginning at Easter. For instance, the will of Leonardo da Vinci, drafted in Amboise on 23 April 1519, shows the legend \"Given on the 23rd of April of 1518, before Easter\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 24], "content_span": [25, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012518-0000-0000", "contents": "1518 Rovaniemi\n1518 Rovaniemi, provisional designation 1938 UA, is a stony Florian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 8 kilometers in diameter. Discovered by Yrj\u00f6 V\u00e4is\u00e4l\u00e4 at the Turku Observatory in 1938, the asteroid was later named for the Finnish city of Rovaniemi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012518-0001-0000", "contents": "1518 Rovaniemi, Discovery\nRovaniemi was discovered on 15 October 1938, by Finnish astronomer Yrj\u00f6 V\u00e4is\u00e4l\u00e4 at the Turku Observatory in Southwest Finland. Six nights later, it was independently discovered by Belgian astronomer Eug\u00e8ne Delporte at Uccle Observatory on 21 October 1938. The Minor Planet Center, however, only recognizes the first discoverer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012518-0002-0000", "contents": "1518 Rovaniemi, Discovery\nThe asteroid was first identified as 1928 TL at Simeiz Observatory on 7 October 1928. The body's observation arc begins two weeks later at Simeiz on 21 October 1928, almost 10 years prior to the asteroid's official discovery observation at Turku.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012518-0003-0000", "contents": "1518 Rovaniemi, Orbit and classification\nRovaniemi is a member of the Flora family (402), a giant asteroid family and the largest family of stony asteroids in the main-belt. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.9\u20132.5\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 4 months (1,212 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.14 and an inclination of 7\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012518-0004-0000", "contents": "1518 Rovaniemi, Physical characteristics\nRovaniemi is an assumed stony S-type asteroid, which corresponds to the overall spectral type of the Flora family.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012518-0005-0000", "contents": "1518 Rovaniemi, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn January 2009, two rotational lightcurves of Rovaniemi were obtained from photometric observations by Ren\u00e9 Roy at Blauvac Observatory (627) in France, and by Brian Warner at the Palmer Divide Observatory (716) in Colorado, United States. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 5.247 and 5.249 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.26 and 0.25 magnitude, respectively (U=2+/3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 57], "content_span": [58, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012518-0006-0000", "contents": "1518 Rovaniemi, Physical characteristics, Spin axis\nIn 2013, an international study modeled a lightcurve from various data sources including the Uppsala Asteroid Photometric Catalogue and the Palomar Transient Factory survey. The lightcurve gave a concurring period of 5.25047 hours and allowed for the determination of two spin axis of (62.0\u00b0, 60.0\u00b0) and (265.0\u00b0, 45.0\u00b0) in ecliptic coordinates (\u03bb,\u2009\u03b2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 51], "content_span": [52, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012518-0007-0000", "contents": "1518 Rovaniemi, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Rovaniemi measures between 7.46 and 9.019 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.2631 and 0.340.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 61], "content_span": [62, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012518-0008-0000", "contents": "1518 Rovaniemi, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.24 \u2013 derived from 8\u00a0Flora, the Flora family's largest member and namesake \u2013 and calculates a diameter of 8.98 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.4.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 61], "content_span": [62, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012518-0009-0000", "contents": "1518 Rovaniemi, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the Finnish city of Rovaniemi, located just six kilometers south of the Arctic Circle. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 February 1976 (M.P.C. 3929).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012521-0000-0000", "contents": "1518 in literature\nThis article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1518.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012522-0000-0000", "contents": "1518 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012522-0001-0000", "contents": "1518 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012522-0002-0000", "contents": "1518 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012523-0000-0000", "contents": "1518 in science\nThe year 1518 in science and technology included many events, some of which are listed here.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012524-0000-0000", "contents": "1518!\n1518! (1518! \u30a4\u30c1\u30b4\u30fc\u30a4\u30c1\u30cf\u30c1\uff01, Ichi Go Ichi Hachi!) is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Yu Aida. It was serialized in Shogakukan's seinen manga magazine Weekly Big Comic Spirits from August 2014 to March 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012524-0001-0000", "contents": "1518!, Media, Manga\n1518! is written and illustrated by Yu Aida. The series debuted in Weekly Big Comic Spirits on August 11, 2014. After various hiatuses that began in October 2015, the series continued in the magazine on a monthly basis starting in March 2017. The series finished on March 11, 2019. Shogakukan collected its chapters in seven tank\u014dbon volumes, released from March 30, 2015 to April 12, 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 19], "content_span": [20, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012524-0002-0000", "contents": "1518!, Media, Stage play\nA stage play adaptation, titled Seishun Butai 1518! Ichi Go Ichi Hachi! (\u9752\u6625\u821e\u53f0\u300c1518! \u30a4\u30c1\u30b4\u30fc\u30a4\u30c1\u30cf\u30c1\u300d) ran in Tokyo's Ikebukuro Theater Green from February 17\u201323, 2021.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 24], "content_span": [25, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012524-0003-0000", "contents": "1518!, Reception\n1518! ranked #19 in the 4th Next Manga Award in the print category in 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 16], "content_span": [17, 92]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012525-0000-0000", "contents": "1519\nYear 1519 (MDXIX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar, the 1519th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 519th year of the 2nd millennium, the 19th year of the 16th century, and the 10th and last year of the 1510s decade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012526-0000-0000", "contents": "1519 Imperial election\nThe imperial election of 1519 was an imperial election held to select the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. It took place in Frankfurt on the 28th of June.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012526-0001-0000", "contents": "1519 Imperial election, Background\nThe election followed the death of Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor on January 12, 1519. There was no German contender; the two main candidates were Charles, duke of Burgundy, king of Spain and archduke of Austria, and Francis I of France, king of France. Henry VIII of England, king of England, entered himself as a candidate as well. Although Charles was head of the House of Habsburg after the death of his grandfather Maximilian, he had grown up in the Burgundian low countries, stayed in Spain at the time of the election, and spoke French rather than German.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012526-0001-0001", "contents": "1519 Imperial election, Background\nHe was thus felt to be as much of a foreigner as Francis. While electing an emperor who was also the ruler of a foreign power had not happened since the king of Sicily Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor was elected in 1212, France and the Empire had not been joined since the days of the Carolingian dynasty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012526-0002-0000", "contents": "1519 Imperial election, Background\nCharles could count on the vote of Louis II, who was married to his younger sister Mary of Hungary. He and Francis competed to exceed one another in their bribery of the remaining electors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012526-0003-0000", "contents": "1519 Imperial election, Elected\nCharles in the end had deeper pockets. Francis had bought the elector of Trier; up for grabs were the electors of Mainz, Brandenburg and the Palatinate. Although full details of the election were never revealed, it is possible that the electors sought a way out of their dilemma by electing Frederick III as emperor, but that he turned them down. In the end, Charles was elected unanimously, though with some misgivings by the elector of Brandenburg. He was crowned at Aachen on October 26, 1520.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012526-0004-0000", "contents": "1519 Imperial election, Elected\nCharles was also able to win, as he used the threat of military force from the Swabian League-formed in 1488, that was sympathetic towards Charles' Habsburg background.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012526-0005-0000", "contents": "1519 Imperial election, Elected\nCharles underwent a relentless propaganda campaign in which he shifted the narrative to claim his heritage as a German, as well as being the grandson of Maximilian (previous Holy Roman Emperor), was of substantial reason to elect him as Holy Roman Emperor, coining the phrase 'German by blood and stock.' Consequentially presenting him as obtaining 'German sympathies', making his election more attractive. At the same time, Charles' superiority caused his competitor Francis to become nothing more than a 'foreign adventurer', fostering fears of foreign interference in German affairs. In contingency with this notion, Charles was also the ruler of other states in Spain and the Netherlands, therefore, it was less likely that he would impose his personal ambitions as he would be pre-occupied on his other affairs. Such displacement, made election that much more attractive than his competition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 929]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012526-0006-0000", "contents": "1519 Imperial election, Aftermath\nCharles was crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Clement VII in Bologna on February 22, 1530. He was the last emperor to accept the papal coronation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012527-0000-0000", "contents": "1519 Tequila\nTequila 1519 (NOM: 1577, DOT: 295) is a Certified Organic Tequila by both USDA and European Union that also certified Kosher Pareve by Orthodox Union. According to the official company page the Brand's name come from the year 1519 when conquistadors like Hern\u00e1n Cort\u00e9s were introduced to the Aztec's sacred ceremonial drink known as Aguamiel, though this explanation is disputed in other sources.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012532-0000-0000", "contents": "1519 in literature\nThis article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1519.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012533-0000-0000", "contents": "1519 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012533-0001-0000", "contents": "1519 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012533-0002-0000", "contents": "1519 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012534-0000-0000", "contents": "1519 in science\nThe year 1519 in science and technology included many events, some of which are listed here.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012535-0000-0000", "contents": "151997 Bauhinia\n151997 Bauhinia, provisional designation 2004 JL1, is a sub-kilometer background asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 900 meters in diameter. It was discovered on 11 May 2004, by Canadian astronomer William Yeung at the Desert Eagle Observatory, Arizona, United States. It was named after the flowering plant Bauhinia blakeana also known as the \"Hong Kong Orchid Tree\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012535-0001-0000", "contents": "151997 Bauhinia, Orbit and classification\nBauhinia is a non-family from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.9\u20132.7\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 6 months (1,281 days; semi-major axis of 2.31\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.16 and an inclination of 1\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012535-0002-0000", "contents": "151997 Bauhinia, Orbit and classification\nThe body's observation arc begins with its first observation by Spacewatch at Kitt Peak National Observatory in November 1998, more than 5 years prior to its official discovery observation at Desert Eagle Observatory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012535-0003-0000", "contents": "151997 Bauhinia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nBauhinia has not been observed by any of the space-based surveys such as the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite or the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer. Based on a generic magnitude-to-diameter conversion, the asteroid measures 0.91 kilometers in diameter based on an absolute magnitude of 17.6 and a geometric albedo of 0.20, which roughly corresponds to a body of stony composition, the most common type in the inner asteroid belt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 62], "content_span": [63, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012535-0004-0000", "contents": "151997 Bauhinia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nAs of 2018, no rotational lightcurve of Bauhinia has been obtained from photometric observations. The body's rotation period, shape and poles remain unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 58], "content_span": [59, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012535-0005-0000", "contents": "151997 Bauhinia, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the legume tree with orchid-like flowers, Bauhinia blakeana, commonly called the Hong Kong Orchid Tree. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 June 2007 (M.P.C. 59925).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012536-0000-0000", "contents": "151a\n151a is the first studio album by indie pop artist Kishi Bashi. The album, whose title resembles the Japanese expression ichi-go ichi-e, meaning one time, one place, was released on April 10, 2012. 151a, similar to Kishi Bashi's second studio album, Lighght, was produced by Kishi Bashi and was recorded in various locations, though most recording took place at Home Studios in Norfolk, Virginia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012536-0001-0000", "contents": "151a\nIn July 2021, the song \"I Am the Antichrist to You\" was featured in the fifth season of the animated television series Rick and Morty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012536-0002-0000", "contents": "151a, Music\nThe music on 151a has been compared to Animal Collective, Owen Pallett, Andrew Bird, Blitzen Trapper, and Kishi Bashi's former band Of Montreal. It features lyrics in both English and Japanese.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 11], "content_span": [12, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012536-0003-0000", "contents": "151a, Music\nBright Whites was named one of NPR Music's 100 Favorite Songs of 2012, and was featured in a commercial for Windows 8.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 11], "content_span": [12, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012536-0004-0000", "contents": "151a, Critical reception\n151a was released to critical acclaim, receiving a score of 77 of 100 from Metacritic based on 7 reviews. James Christopher Monger of AllMusic spoke of 151a as \"a trippy, intensely melodic set of nine cosmic chamber rock songs.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 24], "content_span": [25, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012537-0000-0000", "contents": "151st (Central Alberta) Battalion, CEF\nThe 151st (Central Alberta) Battalion, CEF, was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012537-0001-0000", "contents": "151st (Central Alberta) Battalion, CEF\nBased in Camp Sarcee near Calgary, Alberta, the unit began recruiting in late 1915 in Strathcona, Battle River, and Red Deer. After sailing to England in October 1916, the battalion was absorbed into the 9th, 11th, and 21st Reserve Battalions on October 13, 1916.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012537-0002-0000", "contents": "151st (Central Alberta) Battalion, CEF\nThe 151st (Central Alberta) Battalion, CEF, had one officer commanding: Lieutenant-Colonel J. W. Arnott.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012537-0003-0000", "contents": "151st (Central Alberta) Battalion, CEF\nPerpetuation of the 151st Battalion was assigned to the Alberta Regiment in 1920. When that regiment split in two in 1924, the North Alberta Regiment carried on the perpetuation. The North Albertas disbanded in 1936.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012537-0004-0000", "contents": "151st (Central Alberta) Battalion, CEF\nIn 1929, the battalion was awarded the theatre of war honour The Great War, 1916.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012537-0005-0000", "contents": "151st (Central Alberta) Battalion, CEF\nThe 151st (Central Alberta) Battalion is one of four units whose glyphs survive on the hillside at Battalion Park in the neighbourhood of Signal Hill, Calgary, Alberta.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012538-0000-0000", "contents": "151st (Durham Light Infantry) Brigade\nThe Durham Light Infantry Brigade was formed in 1902 to command the part-time Volunteer battalions of the Durham Light Infantry (DLI). Previously these had been in a combined Tyne and Tees Brigade with battalions of the Northumberland Fusiliers. It consisted of the 1st\u20134th Volunteer Battalions of the DLI (the 5th VB had remained in the Tyne Brigade), which were renumbered as the 5th\u20138th Battalions when the Volunteers were subsumed into the Territorial Force (TF) under the Haldane Reforms of 1908.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012538-0000-0001", "contents": "151st (Durham Light Infantry) Brigade\nConsisting of 6th\u20139th Battalions (the 5th Bn joined the York and Durham Brigade), it became part of the TF's Northumbrian Division. During World War I it was numbered as the 151st (Durham Light Infantry) Brigade on 14 May 1915, when the division became the 50th (Northumbrian) Division. The TF also raised 2nd Line units and formations, and the 190th (2nd Durham Light Infantry) Brigade was formed in 63rd (2nd Northumbrian) Division. The 1st Line battalions adopted the prefix '1/'", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012538-0001-0000", "contents": "151st (Durham Light Infantry) Brigade, Order of Battle\nThe brigade's composition during World War I was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 54], "content_span": [55, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012538-0002-0000", "contents": "151st (Durham Light Infantry) Brigade, Order of Battle\nAfter the Third Battle of the Aisne, the 50th Division was reduced to training cadres. The 151st Brigade was then reconstituted with battalions withdrawn from Salonika, giving it the following composition:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 54], "content_span": [55, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012538-0003-0000", "contents": "151st (Durham Light Infantry) Brigade, Order of Battle\nAfter the Armistice with Germany, 50th Division was disbanded in France on 19 March 1919. The old Northumbrian Division was reconstituted in April 1920.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 54], "content_span": [55, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012538-0004-0000", "contents": "151st (Durham Light Infantry) Brigade, Actions\nThe brigade fought in the following actions during World War I:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012538-0005-0000", "contents": "151st (Durham Light Infantry) Brigade, Commanders\nThe following officers commanded the brigade during World War I:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 49], "content_span": [50, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012539-0000-0000", "contents": "151st Air Refueling Squadron\nThe 151st Air Refueling Squadron (151 ARS) is a unit of the Tennessee Air National Guard 134th Air Refueling Wing located at McGhee Tyson Air National Guard Base, Knoxville, Tennessee. The 151st is equipped with the KC-135R Stratotanker.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012539-0001-0000", "contents": "151st Air Refueling Squadron, History\nThe squadron was constituted and allotted to the Air National Guard in 1957 to replace the active-duty 469th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron at McGhee Tyson Airport, Knoxville, Tennessee. It was activated on 15 December 1957 and federally recognized the next day as part of the new 134th Fighter-Interceptor Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012539-0002-0000", "contents": "151st Air Refueling Squadron, History, Air Defense\nThe 151st Fighter-Interceptor Squadron was the third Tennessee Air National Guard flying squadron. It was equipped with North American F-86D Sabre interceptors with a mission of air defense in the area including the Oak Ridge National Laboratory and the strategic Alcoa aluminum manufacturing facilities in the area. The active-duty Air Force 469th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron was inactivated on 8 January 1958, with the 151st taking over the Air Defense Command (ADC) daytime alert mission in October, a status that was estimated to take two years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012539-0003-0000", "contents": "151st Air Refueling Squadron, History, Air Defense\nADC released all its supersonic Lockheed F-104A Starfighters to the Air National Guard in 1960 because its fire control system was not sophisticated enough to make it an all weather interceptor. The 151st was one of the Guard squadrons that re-equipped with these aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012539-0004-0000", "contents": "151st Air Refueling Squadron, History, Air Defense\nThe unit was federalized in November 1961 as a result of the 1961 Berlin Crisis and deployed to Ramstein Air Base, West Germany. At Ramnstein the squadron was assigned to the 86th Air Division of United States Air Forces Europe. In May 1962 while still deployed to Ramstein, the unit set an all-time US Air Force jet fighter monthly flying hour record of 836 hours 5 minutes. In addition, the unit had the highest flying time per aircraft assigned ever recorded in the Air Force for jet fighters in any one month to that date. Following the defusing of the Berlin crisis, the 151st returned to Knoxville in August 1962 and reverted to state control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 700]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012539-0005-0000", "contents": "151st Air Refueling Squadron, History, Air Defense\nFollowing the Cuban Missile Crisis. ADC decided to station a permanent F-104 unit at Homestead Air Force Base, Florida because of the plane's superior fighter on fighter performance. The lack of an all weather capability not a factor at Homestead because Cuba lacked a bomber force. To equip the 319th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron at Homestead and a training squadron at Webb Air Force Base, Texas, the F-104s with the 151st were returned to the active Air Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012539-0006-0000", "contents": "151st Air Refueling Squadron, History, Air Refueling\nThe gaining command for the squadron and its parent 134th Fighter Group was transferred from ADC to Tactical Air Command and it was equipped with the Boeing KC-97G Stratotanker with an air refueling mission. Despite its lack of previously qualified aircrew or maintenance personnel, the 134th was still the first Air National Guard flying unit equipped with KC-97's to achieve operational status. It did so in eight months, the previous \"normal\" time for the conversion was two years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 52], "content_span": [53, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012539-0006-0001", "contents": "151st Air Refueling Squadron, History, Air Refueling\nIn 1966 the squadron began a rotational deployment to Ramstein Air Base in support of Operation Creek Party, which provided USAFE an air refueling capability. Creek Party deployment rotations lasted until 1976, and over the decade the 151st saw millions of pounds of jet fuel off-loaded and millions of miles flown, all accident free.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 52], "content_span": [53, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012539-0007-0000", "contents": "151st Air Refueling Squadron, History, Air Refueling\nIn July 1976 the KC-97s were retired and replaced by jet Boeing KC-135A Stratotankers. Strategic Air Command then became the squadrons mobilization command. Once again the 134th achieved combat operational status in record time. These squadron's aircraft were later upgraded to KC-135E models in 1982 and finally replaced with KC-125R models in 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 52], "content_span": [53, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012539-0008-0000", "contents": "151st Air Refueling Squadron, History, Air Refueling\nThe Volunteer spirit has always been alive and well in east Tennessee. This spirit was highlighted by former base commander Gen. Frederick H. Forster (Ret.) when he noted that at the beginning of the call up for Operation Desert Shield we had more volunteers than we needed. The unit has also played an enormous part in Operation Noble Eagle, Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom by deploying numerous times to several Continental United States and Middle East locations. This deployment marks the first time a Traditional Air Guard band has been tasked to deploy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 52], "content_span": [53, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012539-0009-0000", "contents": "151st Air Refueling Squadron, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 54], "content_span": [55, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012540-0000-0000", "contents": "151st Air Refueling Wing\nThe 151st Air Refueling Wing (151 ARW) is a unit of the Utah Air National Guard, stationed at Roland R. Wright Air National Guard Base, Utah. If activated to federal service, the Wing is gained by the United States Air Force Air Mobility Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012540-0001-0000", "contents": "151st Air Refueling Wing\nThe primary mission of the 151st Air Refueling Wing is to provide air refueling support to major commands of the United States Air Force, as well as other U.S. military forces and the military forces of allied nations. Additionally, the unit can support airlift missions. The unit is also tasked with supporting the nuclear strike missions of the Single Integrated Operational Plan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012540-0002-0000", "contents": "151st Air Refueling Wing, History\nOn 1 July 1958, the Utah Air National Guard 191st Fighter-Interceptor Squadron was authorized to expand to a group level, and the 151st Fighter-Interceptor Group was established by the National Guard Bureau. The 191st FIS becoming the group's flying squadron. Other squadrons assigned into the group were the 151st Headquarters, 151st Material Squadron (Maintenance), 151st Combat Support Squadron, and the 1151st USAF Dispensary. The group was gained by the Air Defense Command (ADC) 29th Air Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012540-0003-0000", "contents": "151st Air Refueling Wing, History\nIn 1958, the 151st FIW implemented the ADC Runway Alert Program, in which interceptors of the 191st Fighter-Interceptor Squadron were committed to a five-minute runway alert. Its existing F-86A day interceptors were replaced by the F-86L Sabre Interceptor, a day/night/all-weather aircraft designed to be integrated into the ADC SAGE interceptor direction and control system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012540-0004-0000", "contents": "151st Air Refueling Wing, History, Transport mission\nOn 1 April 1961, the 151st was transferred from Air Defense Command to the Military Air Transport Service (MATS), and re-equipped with C-97 Stratofreighter. The 151st Air Transport Group expanded its military airlift role to worldwide mission capabilities. Entering the realm of Southeast Asia and the Vietnam War, the Utah Air National Guard flew its first mission into the Southeast Asia theater combat zone in late 1964, and continued to do so throughout the Vietnam War years. In January 1966, the unit became the 151st Military Airlift Group (151 MAG), under the Military Airlift Command [MAC]. In 1969, the C-97s were retired and replaced by the C-124C Globemaster II. During the Vietnam War, Utah Air Guard crews flew 6,600 hours of support missions for American forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 52], "content_span": [53, 830]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012540-0005-0000", "contents": "151st Air Refueling Wing, History, Air Refueling\nThe 151st Military Airlift Group was transferred to Strategic Air Command (SAC) on 1 July 1972 and was equipped with second-line KC-97L Stratotankers. In 1978, the squadron received KC-135A Stratotankers; a newer and faster jet tanker. In January 1979 the unit began the 24-hour-per-day Strategic Air Command (SAC) alert commitment. This commitment would be maintained for the next 12 years until President George Bush ended the SAC Alert Force in 1991.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 48], "content_span": [49, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012540-0006-0000", "contents": "151st Air Refueling Wing, History, Air Refueling\nThe 1980s found the squadron involved in many training exercises as well as \"real World\" flying missions. In 1982 the unit converted to a newer version model aircraft\u2014the KC-135E. In April 1983 the 191st Air Refueling Squadron was involved in the first Pacific Tanker Task Force, with flights to Guam, South Korea and Australia. Spring of 1984 brought a very large \"first\" for the 1191st Air Refueling Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 48], "content_span": [49, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012540-0006-0001", "contents": "151st Air Refueling Wing, History, Air Refueling\nThe unit participated in Coronet Giant, an exercise which entailed a direct flight from the United States to West Germany by 12, A-10 Thunderbolt II attack fighters, refueled along the way by three KC-135's from the 191st The route spanned 3600 miles, and was the largest mission of this type ever undertaken by a guard force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 48], "content_span": [49, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012540-0007-0000", "contents": "151st Air Refueling Wing, History, Air Refueling\nDuring Operation Desert Shield, the squadron received orders for a partial activation on 20 December 1990. All aircraft, aircrews and a number of support personnel were dispatched to the newest forward operating base at Cairo West Airport, Egypt on 27\u201329 December 1990. They became the basis for the 1706th Air Refueling Wing (Provisional). Other unit personnel were mobilized for use as stateside \"backfill\" (replacing troops sent forward) or sent to overseas destinations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 48], "content_span": [49, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012540-0008-0000", "contents": "151st Air Refueling Wing, History, Air Refueling\nOn 30 April 1999, the 151st ARG was tasked for a Presidential Reserve Call Up due to the crisis in Kosovo. President William Clinton authorized the call up of 33,000 reserve personnel for up to 270 days. The 191st deployed to Europe to support Operation Allied Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 48], "content_span": [49, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012540-0009-0000", "contents": "151st Air Refueling Wing, History, Global War on Terrorism\nFollowing the terrorist's attacks on the United States the squadron was tasked to provide aerial refueling support for the countless fighter combat air patrols performed over major U.S. cities. Dubbed Operation Noble Eagle (ONE), the 191st ARS flew their first ONE mission on 12 September 2001. The highest sortie production occurred in November when fighter combat air patrols occurred every four hours over most of the major U.S. cities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 58], "content_span": [59, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012540-0010-0000", "contents": "151st Air Refueling Wing, History, Global War on Terrorism\nIn addition to supporting ONE, the 191st ARS also provided support for Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF), deploying aircraft and personnel to Spain to support combat air operations from late Sep 2001 until the spring of 2002.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 58], "content_span": [59, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012540-0011-0000", "contents": "151st Air Refueling Wing, History, Global War on Terrorism\nAt home, local communities see many benefits from the Utah ANG. Many opportunities exist to meet legitimate military training needs while serving the community. Activities include Sub-for-Santa, Blood Drives, highway cleanup, and the 2002 Winter Olympics. The Utah ANG also maintains a state of readiness should Utah need support during an earthquake, flood, civil disturbance, or major disaster, and was involved in assisting evacuees in the aftermath of hurricanes Katrina and Rita.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 58], "content_span": [59, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012541-0000-0000", "contents": "151st Aviation Regiment (United States)\nThe 151st Aviation Regiment is an aviation regiment of the U.S. Army, primarily provided by the South Carolina Army National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012542-0000-0000", "contents": "151st Cavalry Brigade (United States)\nThe 151st Cavalry Brigade was a cavalry unit of the United States Army Organized Reserve during the interwar period. Organized in 1922, the brigade spent its entire career with the 61st Cavalry Division and was disbanded after the United States entered World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012542-0001-0000", "contents": "151st Cavalry Brigade (United States), History\nThe brigade was constituted in the Organized Reserve on 15 October 1921, part of the 61st Cavalry Division in the Second Corps Area. It included the 301st and 302nd Cavalry Regiments and the 151st Machine Gun Squadron at Albany. On 6 February 1922, the brigade headquarters was initiated (organized) at Rochester.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012542-0001-0001", "contents": "151st Cavalry Brigade (United States), History\nFrom 6 June of that year to 14 April 1937, the brigade was led by Brice Disque, the head of the Spruce Production Division during World War I. On 20 December 1928, the 151st Machine Gun Squadron was relieved from its assignment to the 61st and withdrawn from the Organized Reserves, with its personnel transferred to the new 461st Armored Car Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012542-0002-0000", "contents": "151st Cavalry Brigade (United States), History\nThe brigade held its inactive training period meetings on Tuesday evenings. Between 1923 and 1940, the 151st usually conducted summer training at Fort Ethan Allen with the 1st Squadron, 3rd Cavalry Regiment,  holding summer training with the 3rd Cavalry Regiment at Fort Belvoir from 1937 to 1939. Its subordinate regiments provided basic military instruction to civilians under the Citizens' Military Training Camp program at Fort Ethan Allen with the assistance of the 1st Squadron, 3rd Cavalry as an alternate form of training. After the United States entered World War II, the brigade was disbanded on 30 January 1942 along with the division, after most of its officers were called up for active duty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 752]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012542-0003-0000", "contents": "151st Cavalry Brigade (United States), Commanders\nThe brigade is known to have been commanded by the following officers:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 49], "content_span": [50, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012543-0000-0000", "contents": "151st Cavalry Regiment\nThe 151st Cavalry Regiment was a United States Army cavalry regiment represented in the Arkansas Army National Guard by 1st Squadron, 151st Cavalry Regiment, headquartered in Warren, Arkansas, an element of the 39th Infantry Brigade Combat Team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012543-0001-0000", "contents": "151st Cavalry Regiment, History, Background\nThe 151st Cavalry Regiment was originally represented in the Arkansas National Guard by Troop E, 151st Cavalry Regiment from 1967 until the 39th Brigade Combat Team converted to the Modular Brigade Combat Team concept in 2005. At that time, Troop E at Marianna, Arkansas was deactivated and the Regimental Headquarters was moved to Warren, Arkansas. The former 3rd Battalion, 153rd Infantry Regiment was deactivated and its units were organized as the 1st Squadron, 151st Cavalry Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 43], "content_span": [44, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012543-0002-0000", "contents": "151st Cavalry Regiment, History, Global War on Terrorism, OIF II\n12 October 2003, 3-153rd IN and E/151st CAV activated for Operation Iraqi Freedom II and deployment as elements of the 39th Brigade (separate) with the 1st Cavalry Division to Iraq. The 39th Brigade trained at Fort Hood, Texas and Fort Polk, LA before deploying to Iraq in March 2004. Troop E, 151st CAV spent much of the deployment attached to 3-153rd Infantry and was responsible for patrolling the city of Hussainiyah, a town of 500,000 about 12 miles north of Baghdad. At other points in the deployment, E Troop was task organized to 2nd Squadron, 7th Cavalry Regiment and 1st Battalion, 206th Field Artillery. E/151st Cavalry had one platoon of troopers from Company C, 1st Battalion, 102nd Infantry, Connecticut National Guard attached to for OIF II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 64], "content_span": [65, 821]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012543-0003-0000", "contents": "151st Cavalry Regiment, History, Global War on Terrorism, Reorganization\nOn 5 September 2005, 1st Squadron of the 151st Cavalry Regiment was officially organized and Troop E, 151st Cavalry Regiment deactivated. The squadron headquarters was established at Warren, Arkansas from the former Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 3rd Battalion, 153rd Infantry Regiment. The 1-151st was organized as a reconnaissance, surveillance, and target acquisition squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 72], "content_span": [73, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012543-0004-0000", "contents": "151st Cavalry Regiment, History, Global War on Terrorism, Reorganization\nAn infantry brigade combat team reconnaissance squadron is composed of a headquarters and headquarters troop (HHT), two motorized (mounted) recon troops, a dismounted recon troop, and a forward support troop. The HHT is organized like a typical headquarters and headquarters company, with the squadron command group and staff sections. The motorized recon troops consist of a troop headquarters and three scout platoons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 72], "content_span": [73, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012543-0004-0001", "contents": "151st Cavalry Regiment, History, Global War on Terrorism, Reorganization\nThe scout platoons consist of six HMMWVs, armed with .50 cal M2 machine guns, 40 mm Mk 19 grenade launchers, M41 TOW improved target acquisition system, M240B machine guns, and are equipped with the Long Range Advanced Scout Surveillance System (LRAS3). Currently, the scout platoons are manned by eighteen 19D cavalry scouts, but recent revisions call for increasing the manning to twenty four scouts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 72], "content_span": [73, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012543-0005-0000", "contents": "151st Cavalry Regiment, History, Global War on Terrorism, Reorganization\nWomen are not eligible to serve in a RSTA unit, as RSTA soldiers are considered a combat unit on the front line of enemy engagement. In practice, however, this regulation only holds true for the 'line' troops (the mounted/dismounted recon troops). The forward support troop, despite being part of the squadron, is technically assigned to the brigade support battalion, allowing female soldiers to serve in a RSTA squadron in non-combat roles such as mechanics, and truck drivers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 72], "content_span": [73, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012543-0006-0000", "contents": "151st Cavalry Regiment, History, Global War on Terrorism, OIF 08-09\n2008, 2 January, 1st Squadron, 151st Cavalry activated for Operation Iraqi Freedom 08-09. The 1-151st Cavalry trained at Camp Shelby, MS from January through February 2008, before deploying to Iraq in March 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 67], "content_span": [68, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012543-0007-0000", "contents": "151st Cavalry Regiment, History, Global War on Terrorism, OIF 08-09\nTask Force 1-151st CAV, based at Tallil Airbase, consisted of over 800 soldiers assigned to six companies/troops/batteries consisting of active and reserve components. TF 1-151st CAV conducted over 700 tactical convoy security missions, without losing a single soldier due to enemy activity. The task force was responsible for long haul fuel mission between Kuwait and Tallil Air Base and as far north as Balad Air Base. TF 1-151st CAV suffered one non-combat related casualty when a soldier died while working on a vehicle in the motor pool.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 67], "content_span": [68, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012543-0008-0000", "contents": "151st Cavalry Regiment, History, Global War on Terrorism, OIF 08-09\nThe original task organization of the 1-151st as directed by 39th IBCT during the predeployment training was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 67], "content_span": [68, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012543-0009-0000", "contents": "151st Cavalry Regiment, History, Global War on Terrorism, OIF 08-09\nOnce the 1-151st reached Talilli Airbase, it intillally fell under the tactical control of the 1st Brigade, 82nd Airborne Division. On 21 April 2008, the squadron's higher headquarters became the 7th Sustaiment Brigade, of the 3d Sustainment Command (Expeditionary). Upon reaching theater the squadron's task organization was changed. The 1-151st was designated to command and control the following units:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 67], "content_span": [68, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012543-0010-0000", "contents": "151st Cavalry Regiment, History, Global War on Terrorism, OIF 08-09\nThe 1-151 CAV demobilized at Camp Shelby, Mississippi in December 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 67], "content_span": [68, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012543-0011-0000", "contents": "151st Cavalry Regiment, Deactivation\nIn 2015, as a part of restructuring, the 151st Cavalry Regiment, was deactivated that the force structure was moved to the state of Nebraska. The 1st Squadron, 134th Cavalry Regiment, Nebraska Army National Guard replaced it as the cavalry squadron assigned to the 39th Infantry Brigade Combat Team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012543-0012-0000", "contents": "151st Cavalry Regiment, Heraldic items\nYellow is the traditional color used by Cavalry units. The horse symbolizes the proud heritage and tradition of Cavalry. The Chevron suggests the forward motion, underscoring the unit's motto. The Polestar, adapted from the compass rose, highlights the leadership and direction while alluding to the North Star, commemorating the unit's WW II service in the Aleutians. Black and white refers to night and day and \"around the clock\" military capabilities. 1-151 Cavalry proudly serves as the Infantry Brigade Commander's eyes and ears on the combined arms battlefield", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 38], "content_span": [39, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012544-0000-0000", "contents": "151st Division (Imperial Japanese Army)\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by Rich Farmbrough (talk | contribs) at 17:59, 19 November 2019 (Date formats). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012544-0001-0000", "contents": "151st Division (Imperial Japanese Army)\nThe 151st Division (\u7b2c151\u5e2b\u56e3, Dai-hyakugoj\u016bichi Shidan) was an infantry division of the Imperial Japanese Army. Its call sign was the Utsunomiya Protection Division (\u8b77\u5b87\u5175\u56e3, Gou Heidan). It was formed 28 February 1945 in Utsunomiya as a square division. It was a part of the 16 simultaneously created divisions batch numbering from 140th to 160th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012544-0002-0000", "contents": "151st Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nThe 151st division was assigned to 51st army in April 1945 and performed a coastal defense duties in Mito, Ibaraki until surrender of Japan 15 August 1945 without seeing an actual combat. 433rd infantry regiment was garrisoning Hitachi, Ibaraki, 434th and 436th - Hitachinaka, Ibaraki, and 435th infantry regiment - Kasama, Ibaraki.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012545-0000-0000", "contents": "151st Georgia General Assembly, Overview\nThe 151st General Assembly of the U.S. state of Georgia convened its first session on January 10, 2011, at the Georgia State Capitol in Atlanta. The 151st Georgia General Assembly succeeded the 150th and served as the precedent for the 152nd General Assembly in 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 40], "content_span": [41, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012545-0001-0000", "contents": "151st Georgia General Assembly, Members of the State Senate, Changes in Membership from Previous Term\nTwo seats changed party control from the previous session, one due to defeat of an incumbent and the other due to a party switch (Tim Golden) the beginning of the 151st Georgia General Assembly saw thirteen new state senators. One defeated an incumbent in the General Election, one defeated an incumbent in the primary, Six replaced incumbents who had run for other office. Five replaced a senator who had retired.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 101], "content_span": [102, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012545-0002-0000", "contents": "151st Georgia General Assembly, Members of the House of Representatives, Changes in Membership from Previous Term\nFourteen seats changed party control from the previous session, three due to defeat of an incumbent, three due to retirements/resignation or runs for other office and the other eight due to a party switch from the Democrats to the Republicans (Ellis Black, Amy Carter, Mike Cheokas, Bubber Epps, Gerald E. Greene, Bob Hanner, Doug McKillip, Alan Powell) the beginning of the 151st Georgia General Assembly saw thirty-four new representatives. One defeated an incumbent in the primary, three in the primary run-off, ten replaced incumbents who had run for other office. Sixteen replaced a representative who had retired.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 113], "content_span": [114, 733]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012546-0000-0000", "contents": "151st Illinois Infantry Regiment\nThe 151st Regiment Illinois Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012546-0001-0000", "contents": "151st Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 151st Illinois Infantry was organized at Quincy, Illinois, and mustered into Federal service on February 23, 1865, for a one-year enlistment. The 151st served in garrisons in  Georgia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012546-0002-0000", "contents": "151st Illinois Infantry Regiment, Total strength and casualties\nThe regiment had 51 enlisted men who died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 63], "content_span": [64, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012547-0000-0000", "contents": "151st Indiana Infantry Regiment\nThe 151st Indiana Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment from Indiana that served in the Union Army between March 3 and September 19, 1865, during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012547-0001-0000", "contents": "151st Indiana Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was recruited from the 9th district and organized at Indianapolis, Indiana, with a strength of 1,013 men. It was mustered in on March 9, 1865, and left Indiana for Nashville, Tennessee, on March 13, where it reported to General Lovell Rousseau. On March 14, the regiment was ordered to Tullahoma, where it saw duty until June 14. The regiment was ordered to Nashville, and remained on garrison duty until early September. The regiment was mustered out on September 19, 1865. During its service the regiment incurred sixty fatalities, and another thirty-three men deserted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012548-0000-0000", "contents": "151st Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)\nThe 151st Infantry Brigade was an infantry brigade of the British Army that saw active service during the Second World War in Belgium and France in 1940, and later in North Africa, Tunisia and Sicily, and later in Normandy in mid-1944 and North-western Europe. The brigade was part of the 50th (Northumbrian) Infantry Division, and for most of its wartime existence consisted of three battalions of the Durham Light Infantry (DLI) the 6th, 8th and 9th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012548-0001-0000", "contents": "151st Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), History, Order of Battle\n151st Infantry Brigade was constituted as follows during the war:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 65], "content_span": [66, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012548-0002-0000", "contents": "151st Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), History, Battle of France\n50th Division with the Brigade was deployed to France with the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) in January 1940. The BEF was deployed on the border of Belgium, around the city of Lille. In May 1940, German armoured forces broke through French positions east of the BEF, and moved rapidly across its rear, separating it from the main French armies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012548-0003-0000", "contents": "151st Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), History, Battle of France, Arras counterattack\nTo close this gap, General Weygand ordered a counterattack by British forces around the city of Arras. \"Frankforce\" was to include the 5th and 50th Divisions and the 1st Army Tank Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 87], "content_span": [88, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012548-0004-0000", "contents": "151st Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), History, Battle of France, Arras counterattack\nThe attack was actually made by just two battalions of the 151st Brigade, the 6th and 8th DLI, with the 4th and 7th Royal Tank Regiments. The attack made significant progress before it was stopped, and the shocked Germans estimated that five divisions had attacked. It may have been one of the factors for the surprise German halt on 24 May that let the BEF begin evacuation from Dunkirk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 87], "content_span": [88, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012548-0005-0000", "contents": "151st Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), History, Battle of France, Evacuation\nAfter the failure of the Arras attack, the BEF had to get out of France. Most of 151st Brigade and 50th Division were fortunate enough to be evacuated from Dunkirk, but had to leave all equipment behind. On returning home, 151st Infantry Brigade and 150th Infantry Brigade were joined by the 69th Infantry Brigade, from the now disbanded 23rd (Northumbrian) Division (formed as a duplicate of the 50th Division), to complete 50th Division and bring it up to standard infantry division establishment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 78], "content_span": [79, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012548-0005-0001", "contents": "151st Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), History, Battle of France, Evacuation\nThe 151st Brigade was brought up to strength, largely with drafts of men from other regiments, with the 9th DLI receiving men from the King's Shropshire Light Infantry, the 6th from the Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders and only the 8th receiving from the DLI. Together with the rest of the 50th Division, the brigade prepared to repel an expected German invasion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 78], "content_span": [79, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012548-0006-0000", "contents": "151st Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), History, Battle of France, Evacuation\nThe 50th Division remained in Britain until 22 April 1941, when it was sent to the Middle East.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 78], "content_span": [79, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012548-0007-0000", "contents": "151st Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), History, North Africa\nIn April 1941, 50th Division with the Brigade was dispatched to the Middle East. The Brigade was first deployed in Cyprus, then in Iraq, Syria, and Egypt. In May 1942, 50th Division was deployed in Libya as part of XIII Corps in Eighth Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012548-0008-0000", "contents": "151st Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), History, North Africa, Battle of Gazala\nOn 27 May 1942, General Erwin Rommel, commander of the German-Italian Afrika Korps, attacked the Allied position at Gazala, leading the Afrika Korps in a flanking march around the left (southern) end of the Allied line. The 50th (Northumbrian) Division held the centre of the Allied line, with 151st Brigade on its right (see map at right\u2013151st Brigade's \"box\" is due south of the town of Gazala).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 80], "content_span": [81, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012548-0009-0000", "contents": "151st Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), History, North Africa, Battle of Gazala\nDuring the battle, the 151st Brigade, commanded by Brigadier John S. Nichols since late January 1942, remained facing east against a feigned Axis attack, and did repulse a feinting attack by Italian troops. By 14 June, Rommel had achieved a decisive victory, and the Eighth Army ordered the evacuation of the Gazala line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 80], "content_span": [81, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012548-0010-0000", "contents": "151st Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), History, North Africa, Battle of Gazala\nThe 50th Division was cut off from the coast road to Tobruk, so Major-General William Ramsden, the divisional commander, ordered 151st Brigade (and 69th Brigade) to break through the Italian forces to their front, then circle south before turning east. This remarkable manoeuvre succeeded completely. On the evening of 14 June, 8th Battalion, DLI made 151st Brigade's breakthrough, and the rest of the Brigade followed, except for the 9th Battalion, DLI. 9th DLI was cut off to the west, went north, and joined 1st South African Division's retreat along the coast. The rest of 151st Brigade continued east into Egypt, where the 9th DLI rejoined them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 80], "content_span": [81, 731]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012548-0011-0000", "contents": "151st Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), History, North Africa, Mersa Matruh\n50th Division was transferred to X Corps on 24 June.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 76], "content_span": [77, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012548-0012-0000", "contents": "151st Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), History, North Africa, Mersa Matruh\nEighth Army ordered X Corps and XIII Corps to make a rear-guard stand at Mersa Matruh. 151st Brigade was deployed about 17 miles south of Mersa Matruh. On 27 June, the German 90th Light Division attacked 151st Brigade, striking 9th DLI which lost 300 prisoners. On 28 June, British forces abandoned the Mersa Matruh position. On 1 July, 50th Division was withdrawn into Eighth Army reserve in Egypt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 76], "content_span": [77, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012548-0013-0000", "contents": "151st Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), History, North Africa, Mersa Matruh\nAdam Herbert Wakenshaw, 28-year-old private in the 9th DLI, was awarded the Victoria Cross for his valiant actions in the face of the enemy on 27 June 1942 south of Mersa Matruh.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 76], "content_span": [77, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012548-0014-0000", "contents": "151st Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), History, North Africa, El Alamein\nOn 5 October, 50th Division rejoined XIII Corps in preparation for the Second Battle of El Alamein. During the opening phase of the battle (24\u201325 October), 50th Division attacked the Italian 185th Parachute Division Folgore in the southern part of the line with little success.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 74], "content_span": [75, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012548-0015-0000", "contents": "151st Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), History, North Africa, El Alamein\nOn 29 October, 151st Brigade was attached to the 2nd New Zealand Division for Operation Supercharge, a new attack at \"Kidney Ridge\" on 2 November. 151st Brigade was on the right for the initial drive through the German minefields, which started at 1 AM and was a success. The next afternoon, while the tank forces battled, 151st Brigade pressed on to \"SKINFLINT\", a position about two miles west-south-west of Kidney Ridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 74], "content_span": [75, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012548-0016-0000", "contents": "151st Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), History, North Africa, El Alamein\nThat evening, 151st Brigade was withdrawn to XXX Corps reserve, and took no further part in the battle. On 11 November it was returned to 50th Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 74], "content_span": [75, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012548-0017-0000", "contents": "151st Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), History, North Africa, Tunisia\nBy March 1943, Eighth Army had driven Axis forces all the way across Libya and into Tunisia. Here the Axis forces made a stand, occupying the old French fortifications of the Mareth Line. 50th Division, now part of XXX Corps, was part of the initial assault on 19 March 1943 (Operation Pugilist).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 71], "content_span": [72, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012548-0018-0000", "contents": "151st Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), History, North Africa, Tunisia\nAfter the collapse of the Mareth Line, Axis forces retreated north, shortening the front. On 24 April, 50th Division was withdrawn to Eighth Army reserve.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 71], "content_span": [72, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012548-0019-0000", "contents": "151st Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), History, Invasion of Sicily\n50th Division, with the Brigade, was again assigned to XIII Corps for Operation Husky, the Allied invasion of Sicily. On 10 July, the 151st Brigade landed in the Gulf of Noto, at Avola; its objective was the hills above the landing beaches. The Brigade fought in eastern Sicily until 13 August, a few days before the fall of Messina.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 68], "content_span": [69, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012548-0020-0000", "contents": "151st Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), History, Northwest Europe, D-Day\nAfter Sicily, 50th Division, including the Brigade, did not participate in the Allied invasion of Italy. Instead, by request of General Bernard Law Montgomery, on 19 October 1943, 50th Division was withdrawn to Britain for reforming and training, in preparation for the invasion of northwest Europe. The Division and Brigade were under XXX Corps in the British Second Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 73], "content_span": [74, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012548-0021-0000", "contents": "151st Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), History, Northwest Europe, D-Day\n50th Division was designated to land on Gold Beach, in company with the 8th Armoured Brigade. The 151st Brigade was part of the second wave, to land after the beach was secure and push inland. The Brigade was to move southwest from Gold Beach toward Route Nationale 13.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 73], "content_span": [74, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012548-0022-0000", "contents": "151st Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), History, Northwest Europe, D-Day\nThe 151st Brigade came ashore as planned, and got to the outskirts of Bayeux. During the next week the Brigade advanced past Bayeux. On 14 June, the Brigade fought in Operation Perch against the Panzer Lehr Division. The Brigade made the initial assault on the villages of Ling\u00e8vres and Les Verri\u00e8res, which were captured by the 9th DLI. Later that day the Brigade and the 231st Brigade, also of the 50th Division, were cut off south of the villages, formed a \"brigade box\" and repulsed heavy German counterattacks before withdrawing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 73], "content_span": [74, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012548-0023-0000", "contents": "151st Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), History, Northwest Europe, D-Day\nThe Brigade continued to fight in Normandy until the German rout in August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 73], "content_span": [74, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012548-0024-0000", "contents": "151st Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), History, Northwest Europe, Operation Market Garden\n151st Brigade was part of Garden, the ground component of Operation Market-Garden.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 91], "content_span": [92, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012548-0025-0000", "contents": "151st Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), History, Northwest Europe, Operation Market Garden\nThe Garden force was XXX Corps, spearheaded by the Guards Armoured Division, with the 43rd Wessex and 50th Division in reserve.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 91], "content_span": [92, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012548-0026-0000", "contents": "151st Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), History, Northwest Europe, Operation Market Garden\nOn 23 September, 151st Brigade was ordered to move north and east of Eindhoven with 231st Brigade to guard the right flank.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 91], "content_span": [92, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012548-0027-0000", "contents": "151st Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), History, Northwest Europe, Operation Market Garden\nOn 30 September, all of 50th Division was tasked with guarding the bridge and bridgehead north of Nijmegen, called \"the Island\". The first German counterattack was by seventy tanks and the equivalent of an infantry division. There were several more strong German attacks, and 50th Division and the Brigade took substantial losses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 91], "content_span": [92, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012548-0028-0000", "contents": "151st Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), History, Training service\nAfter this very heavy fighting, 50th Division and the Brigade were pulled out of action. On 2 December, the Division and Brigade were withdrawn to Britain, and converted to training formations. The 9th DLI was removed from the Brigade, and replaced by 1st/7th Battalion of the Queen's Royal Surrey Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012548-0029-0000", "contents": "151st Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Postwar\nWhen 50th (Northumbrian) Division was reconstituted in the Territorial Army in 1947, 151st Brigade was reformed as 151 (Yorkshire & Durham) Infantry Brigade. The brigade had the following composition:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012549-0000-0000", "contents": "151st Infantry Division \"Perugia\"\nThe 151st Infantry Division \"Perugia\" (Italian: 151\u00aa Divisione fanteria \"Perugia\") was an infantry division of the Royal Italian Army during World War II. The Perugia was formed on 25 August 1941 as a garrison division and named for the city of Perugia. It was sent on operations to Yugoslavia in December 1941. It was part of the Italian forces committed to the Battle of the Sutjeska. It was then transferred to Albania in August 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012549-0000-0001", "contents": "151st Infantry Division \"Perugia\"\nFollowing the Italian surrender in September 1943, the division marched from Gjirokaster to the Albanian coast, where some thousand men could be evacuated by ship to Italy, but the majority was left behind and was largely captured by the Germans of the 99th Regiment, I Mountain Division, at \"Porto Palermo\". The commander of the \"Perugia\", gen. Ernesto Chiminello, was shot on October 4, 1943, at 16:45; the next day the other 120 officers were shot on the beach of \"baia Limione\" (a small bay just north of Sarande) and their bodies were thrown in the sea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012549-0000-0002", "contents": "151st Infantry Division \"Perugia\"\nThe last 32 officers, after fierce resistance, were captured near Kuc and shot there on the morning of 7 October 1943. Some survivors from the division joined the partisans, many others dispersed and tried to hide and survive in the woods; Bill Tilman reported in October 1943 that some 5,000 survivors from the \"Perugia\" and \"Parma\" Divisions were \"living on roots and berries\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012550-0000-0000", "contents": "151st Infantry Regiment \"Sassari\"\nThe 151st Infantry Regiment \"Sassari\" (Italian: 151\u00b0 Reggimento Fanteria \"Sassari\") is an active unit of the Italian Army based in Cagliari in Sardinia. The regiment is part of the Italian army's infantry corps and operationally assigned to the Mechanized Brigade \"Sassari\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012550-0001-0000", "contents": "151st Infantry Regiment \"Sassari\", Current structure\nAs of 2019 the 151st Infantry Regiment \"Sassari\" consists of:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 52], "content_span": [53, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012550-0002-0000", "contents": "151st Infantry Regiment \"Sassari\", Current structure\nThe Command and Logistic Support Company fields the following platoons: C3 Platoon, Transport and Materiel Platoon, Medical Platoon, and Commissariat Platoon. The regiment is equipped with VTLM Lince vehicles. The Maneuver Support Company is equipped with 120mm mortars and Spike MR anti-tank guided missiles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 52], "content_span": [53, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012551-0000-0000", "contents": "151st Infantry Regiment (United States)\nThe 151st Infantry Regiment is an infantry unit in the Indiana National Guard, part of the 76th Infantry Brigade Combat Team (Separate).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012551-0001-0000", "contents": "151st Infantry Regiment (United States), History\nThe 151st Infantry Regiment traces its roots to the Indiana Territory Indiana Rangers militia. It was in the 1811 Battle of Tippecanoe that it earned its motto \"Wide Awake! Wide Awake!\" In 1846, the 2d Regiment, Indiana Volunteers, Indiana Brigade was mustered into Federal Service for the Mexican\u2013American War, and was again federalized in 1861 during the American Civil War. It was reorganized in 1882 into the Indiana Legion, which was renamed the Indiana National Guard 5 March 1895. The 151st Infantry Regiment is credited with 24 campaigns from the Civil War due to lineage traced to the 7th, 10th, and 11th Indiana Volunteer Infantry Regiments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 700]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012551-0002-0000", "contents": "151st Infantry Regiment (United States), History\nThe Regiment was again federalized in 1898 for service in the Spanish\u2013American War. In 1900, it was reorganized as the First Infantry, Indiana National Guard. The First Infantry was mustered into federal service at Fort Benjamin Harrison in 1916 for service in the Mexican Border Campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012551-0003-0000", "contents": "151st Infantry Regiment (United States), History\nWith the outbreak of World War I, the First Infantry was reorganized into the 151st Infantry Regiment, and assigned to the 76th Infantry Brigade, 38th Division. The division was mobilized for Federal service in 1917 and demobilized in 1919. The division was again activated in 1941 in preparation for World War II. In the South Pacific, the 151st Regiment earned three battle streamers (New Guinea, Leyte and Luzon) helping the 38th Infantry Division win the nickname \"Avengers of Bataan.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012551-0004-0000", "contents": "151st Infantry Regiment (United States), History\nElements of the 151st Regiment served in the Vietnam War. Company D (Ranger), \"Delta Company,\" was the only National Guard Infantry unit to serve intact, and earned more medals in 1969 than any other Army infantry company during a 1-year period, and has been credited with reintegrating National Guard units with the United States Army after they were intentionally separated during the Vietnam War. The company was eventually assigned to II Field Force Vietnam with the mission of conducting long range patrols in War Zone D, in the III Corps Tactical Zone. After the company's arrival, the 199th Infantry Brigade (Light) oversaw its initial administration and support.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 719]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012551-0005-0000", "contents": "151st Infantry Regiment (United States), History\nIn 1977, the regiment was organized into two battalions, elements of the 38th Infantry Division. Both the 1st Battalion (1-151 IN) and 2nd Battalion (2-151 IN) are elements of the 76th Infantry Brigade Combat Team (Separate), Elements of the 151st have deployed to Bosnia (NATO SFOR), Iraq Operation Iraqi Freedom and Afghanistan Operation Enduring Freedom. During deployment to Afghanistan in 2009-2010, Bravo company of 2nd Bn, 151st Inf received both the Meritorious Unit Citation and the Valorous Unit Award while part of Task Force Yukon and the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) in Khost province during 2009-2010. The two battalions reunited in 2011 to commemorate the 200th anniversary of the Battle of Tippecanoe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 784]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012552-0000-0000", "contents": "151st New York Infantry Regiment\nThe 151st New York Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012552-0001-0000", "contents": "151st New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 151st New York Infantry was organized at Lockport, New York, and mustered in for three years service on October 22, 1862, under the command of Colonel William Emerson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012552-0002-0000", "contents": "151st New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to the Defenses of Baltimore, Maryland, VIII Corps, Middle Department, to January 1863. 3rd Separate Brigade, VIII Corps, to June 1863. 3rd Provisional Brigade, French's Division, VIII Corps, to July 1863. 1st Brigade, 3rd Division, III Corps, Army of the Potomac, to April 1864. 1st Brigade, 3rd Division, VI Corps, Army of the Potomac and Army of the Shenandoah, to June 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012552-0003-0000", "contents": "151st New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 151st New York Infantry mustered out of service at Washington, D.C. on June 26, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012552-0004-0000", "contents": "151st New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nLeft New York for Baltimore, Md., October 23, 1862. Duty at Baltimore, until April 22, 1863, and in the Middle Department until June. At South Mountain, Md., until July. Gettysburg Campaign. Pursuit of Lee to Manassas Gap, Va., July 5\u201324. Wapping Heights July 23. Duty on line of the Rappahannock and Rapidan to October. Bristoe Campaign October 9\u201322. McLean's Ford October 15. Advance to line of the Rappahannock November 7\u20138. Kelly's Ford November 7. Mine Run Campaign November 26-December 2. Payne's Farm November 27. Mine Run November 28\u201330. Demonstration on the Rapidan February 6\u20137, 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012552-0004-0001", "contents": "151st New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nCampaign from the Rapidan to the James May 3-June 15. Battles of the Wilderness May 5\u20137; Spottsylvania May 8\u201312; Spottsylvania Court House May 12\u201321. Assault on the Salient, \"Bloody Angle,\" May 12. North Anna River May 23\u201326. On line of the Pamunkey May 26\u201328. Totopotomoy May 28\u201331. Hanover Court House May 31. Cold Harbor June 1\u201312. Before Petersburg June 17\u201318. Siege of Petersburg June 17 to July 6. Jerusalem Plank Road, Weldon Railroad, June 22\u201323. Moved to Baltimore, Md., thence to Frederick, Md., July 6\u20138. Battle of Monocacy July 9. Sheridan's Shenandoah Valley Campaign August 7-November 28.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012552-0004-0002", "contents": "151st New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nBattle of Winchester September 19. Fisher's Hill September 22. Battle of Cedar Creek October 19. Duty at Kernstown and Winchester until December. Moved to Washington, D.C., thence to Petersburg, Va., December 3\u20136. Siege of Petersburg December 12, 1864, to April 2, 1865. Fort Fisher, Petersburg, March 25, 1865. Appomattox Campaign March 28-April 9. Fall of Petersburg April 2. Pursuit of Lee April 3\u20139. Sayler's Creek April 6. Appomattox Court House April 9. Surrender of Lee and his army. March to Danville April 23\u201327. Moved to Richmond, Va., May 16; thence to Washington, D.C., May 24-June 2. Corps Review June 8.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 668]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012552-0005-0000", "contents": "151st New York Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 206 men during service; 5 officers and 101 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 1 officer and 99 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012553-0000-0000", "contents": "151st New York State Legislature\nThe 151st New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 4 to March 22, 1928, during the sixth year of Al Smith's second tenure as Governor of New York, in Albany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012553-0001-0000", "contents": "151st New York State Legislature, Background\nUnder the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1894, re-apportioned in 1917, 51 Senators and 150 assemblymen were elected in single-seat districts; senators for a two-year term, assemblymen for a one-year term. The senatorial districts consisted either of one or more entire counties; or a contiguous area within a single county. The counties which were divided into more than one senatorial district were New York (nine districts), Kings (eight), Bronx (three), Erie (three), Monroe (two), Queens (two) and Westchester (two). The Assembly districts were made up of contiguous area, all within the same county.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012553-0002-0000", "contents": "151st New York State Legislature, Background\nAt this time there were two major political parties: the Republican Party and the Democratic Party. The Socialist Party also nominated tickets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012553-0003-0000", "contents": "151st New York State Legislature, Elections\nThe New York state election, 1927, was held on November 8. The only statewide elective office up for election was a judgeship on the New York Court of Appeals which was carried by the incumbent Democrat John F. O'Brien who was nominated by the Democrats and endorsed by the Republicans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012553-0004-0000", "contents": "151st New York State Legislature, Elections\nAssemblywoman Rhoda Fox Graves (Rep.), of Gouverneur, a former school teacher who after her marriage became active in women's organisations and politics, was re-elected, and remained the only woman legislator.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012553-0005-0000", "contents": "151st New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for the regular session at the State Capitol in Albany on January 4, 1928; and adjourned on March 22.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012553-0006-0000", "contents": "151st New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012553-0007-0000", "contents": "151st New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members\nNote: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words \"...the Committee on (the)...\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012553-0008-0000", "contents": "151st New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Assemblymen\nNote: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words \"...the Committee on (the)...\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 61], "content_span": [62, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012554-0000-0000", "contents": "151st Ohio Infantry Regiment\nThe 151st Ohio Infantry Regiment, sometimes 151st Ohio Volunteer Infantry (or 151st OVI) was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012554-0001-0000", "contents": "151st Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 151st Ohio Infantry was organized at Camp Dennison near Cincinnati, Ohio, and mustered in May 18, 1864, for 100 days service under the command of Colonel John M. C. Marble.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012554-0002-0000", "contents": "151st Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment left Ohio for Washington, D.C., May 14 and was attached to 2nd Brigade, Haskins' Division, XXII Corps, to July 1864. 1st Brigade, Haskins' Division, XXII Corps, to August 1864. Assigned to garrison duty at Fort Sumner, Fort Mansfield, and Fort Simmons until August 23. Companies C and G at Fort Stevens, Company I at Battery Smeade, Company K at Fort Kearney. Participated in the repulse of Early's attack on Washington, D.C., July 11\u201312. The regiment was concentrated at Fort Simmons August 17. Moved to Camp Chase, Columbus, Ohio, August 23.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012554-0003-0000", "contents": "151st Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 151st Ohio Infantry mustered out of service August 27, 1864, at Camp Chase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012554-0004-0000", "contents": "151st Ohio Infantry Regiment, Ohio National Guard\nOver 35,000 Ohio National Guardsmen were federalized and organized into regiments for 100 days service in May 1864. Shipped to the Eastern Theater, they were designed to be placed in \"safe\" rear areas to protect railroads and supply points, thereby freeing regular troops for Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant\u2019s push on the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia. As events transpired, many units found themselves in combat, stationed in the path of Confederate Gen. Jubal Early\u2019s veteran Army of the Valley during its famed Valley Campaigns of 1864. Ohio Guard units met the battle-tested foe head on and helped blunt the Confederate offensive thereby saving Washington, D.C. from capture. Ohio National Guard units participated in the battles of Monacacy, Fort Stevens, Harpers Ferry, and in the siege of Petersburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 49], "content_span": [50, 863]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012554-0005-0000", "contents": "151st Ohio Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost 10 enlisted men during service, all due to disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012555-0000-0000", "contents": "151st Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment\nThe 151st Pennsylvania Infantry was a Union Army regiment serving for a term of nine months during the American Civil War. The regiment sustained seventy-six percent casualties in the Battle of Gettysburg, its only major engagement. Following the war, it became popularly known as \"The Schoolteachers' Regiment\" due to the presence of at least sixty teachers in the regiment's ranks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012555-0001-0000", "contents": "151st Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History, Forming of the regiment\nThe regiment was recruited from across the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania during the early fall of 1862, with companies raised from the following counties:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 70], "content_span": [71, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012555-0002-0000", "contents": "151st Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History, Forming of the regiment\nThe 151st Pennsylvania was formed and mustered into nine months' Federal service at Camp Curtin on the outskirts of the state capital at Harrisburg. On November 4, 1862, the company commanders met to elect regimental officers from among themselves. Harrison Allen, former major of the 10th Pennsylvania Reserve Regiment and captain of Company F, was elected colonel of the regiment. George F. McFarland of Company D was elected lieutenant colonel. John W. Young of Company C was elected major. On November 26, the regiment was issued its equipment and smoothbore muskets, and sent by train to Washington, D.C.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 70], "content_span": [71, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012555-0003-0000", "contents": "151st Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History, Early service\nAfter a halt of a few days in Washington, the 151st Pennsylvania received orders to fall in under the New York brigade of Col. Frederick George D'Utassy. D'Utassy's brigade was composed of the 39th, 111th, 125th, and 126th New York. On December 3, the 151st Pennsylvania and the four New York regiments marched away from Washington toward Union Mills, Virginia on the outer perimeter of Washington's defenses. Posted along Bull Run near the Bull Run battlefield, the regiment stood picket duty and guarded against the partisan guerrillas of Confederate Col. John S. Mosby.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 60], "content_span": [61, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012555-0004-0000", "contents": "151st Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History, Early service\nOn February 10, the regiment received orders to march to the main winter quarters of the Army of the Potomac at Belle Plain, Virginia. There, the regiment was reassigned and brigaded with the 121st Pennsylvania, 142nd Pennsylvania, and 80th New York under the command of Brigadier General Thomas Rowley. Rowley's brigade was the First Brigade of Maj. Gen. Abner Doubleday's Third Division of the Maj. Gen. John F. Reynolds' I Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 60], "content_span": [61, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012555-0005-0000", "contents": "151st Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History, Chancellorsville\nThe 151st Pennsylvania's first engagements were during the Chancellorsville Campaign in late April and early May, 1863 near Fredericksburg, Virginia. The Army of the Potomac, under the command of Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker, made a series of diversions to mask a bold flanking maneuver around the left flank of Gen. Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia. The I Corps acted as one of the diversions, remaining across the Rappahannock River from Fredericksburg and acting as a pinning force against Lee. While fulfilling this purpose on April 30, the 151st Pennsylvania had its first experience with enemy fire. Confederate artillery batteries across the river opened a strong bombardment in the area. The shelling caused some men of the untested 151st to break ranks and run for cover, but Col. Allen reported later the shells \"fell with great rapidity, but none of my command were injured.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 63], "content_span": [64, 954]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012555-0006-0000", "contents": "151st Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History, Chancellorsville\nOn May 2, as the main body of the army engaged Lee's troops in the tangled second-growth forest known as The Wilderness, the I Corps marched roughly twenty miles to join the army's lines. Late that afternoon, Confederate Lt. Gen Thomas \u2033Stonewall\u2033 Jackson led his corps on a bold flanking maneuver and crushed the Federal right. When the I Corps arrived around midnight, it moved to bolster the right and anchored the army's flank on the Rapidan River. The 151st", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 63], "content_span": [64, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012555-0006-0001", "contents": "151st Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History, Chancellorsville\nPennsylvania was posted abutting the river and was tasked with guarding the main Federal supply and retreat route at United States Ford. The I Corps remained mostly unengaged for the remainder of the battle, however the 151st Pennsylvania worked in conjunction with the nearby 12th Massachusetts to fight off a series of small incursions by Brig. Gen. Francis T. Nicholls' Louisiana brigade of Jackson's corps. Though the 151st Pennsylvania sustained slight casualties through these skirmishes, Col. Allen reported 12 of the enemy killed and 61 taken prisoner. For the entirety of the campaign, Allen reported 1 man killed, 1 officer \"(accidentally)\" and 5 men wounded, and 9 men missing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 63], "content_span": [64, 752]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012555-0007-0000", "contents": "151st Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History, Gettysburg, Marching toward battle\nAs General Robert E. Lee and his Army of Northern Virginia commenced their invasion of Pennsylvania in June, 1863, the 151st Pennsylvania and the Army of the Potomac likewise moved north to repel them. As the campaign began, the regiment was struggling through an epidemic of typhoid fever and dysentery, leaving over 100 men and over half the regiment's officers too ill for duty. On June 8, Col. Allen was granted a furlough due to illness, and Lt. Col. McFarland assumed command of the regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 81], "content_span": [82, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012555-0008-0000", "contents": "151st Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History, Gettysburg, Marching toward battle\nBy June 30, the armies had begun to converge on the crossroads town of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania near the Mason\u2013Dixon line. That night, the 151st Pennsylvania crossed the border into Pennsylvania and encamped with the rest of Maj. Gen. Abner Doubleday's division along the banks of Marsh Creek roughly six miles southwest of town. Shortly after dawn the on July 1, Union Brig. Gen. John Buford's division of cavalry engaged the advancing Confederate division of Maj. Gen. Henry Heth on the series of low ridges northwest of town. Becoming heavily outnumbered, Buford called for assistance from any nearby infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 81], "content_span": [82, 695]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012555-0008-0001", "contents": "151st Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History, Gettysburg, Marching toward battle\nMaj. Gen. John F. Reynolds, commanding the I Corps and camped a half mile down the road from the 151st Pennsylvania, answered the call and immediately ordered his corps to march to the sound of the fighting. Shortly before 8:00 AM, the 151st Pennsylvania received orders to fall in and begin marching. The 151st and the three other regiments of Brig. Gen. Thomas A. Rowley's brigade followed local roads north and arrived at the scene of the fighting shortly before 11:00 AM. As the regiment marched toward the area, they witnessed their corps commander Maj. Gen. Reynolds being carried to the rear on a stretcher, killed by a bullet to the head. One man recorded later, \"Many a tear fell at the site of the stretcher.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 81], "content_span": [82, 801]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012555-0009-0000", "contents": "151st Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History, Gettysburg, \"Like ripe apples in a storm\"\nUpon arriving at the Federal lines, the regiment was sent to remain in reserve on Seminary Ridge, the ridge closest to town and named for the Lutheran Theological Seminary that stood there. While placed near the Seminary, the 151st and other units began constructing crude breastworks in case the area should be needed as a defensive fall-back point. At roughly 3:00 PM, the regiment - by now the last reserve of the I Corps - was ordered forward into a gap that had formed in the main Federal line on McPherson's Ridge. McPherson's Ridge runs parallel to Seminary Ridge and is separated by low hollow about 300 yards wide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 88], "content_span": [89, 712]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012555-0010-0000", "contents": "151st Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History, Gettysburg, \"Like ripe apples in a storm\"\nThe regiment advanced from Seminary Ridge, across the hollow, to McPherson's Ridge. Quickly forming their line on the ridge just in front of a woodlot named Herbst Woods, the regiment was immediately struck by a volley from Confederate troops in the trees. Urging his men to fire slowly and aim carefully, Lt. Col. McFarland ordered the regiment to fire at will. McFarland recalled of the firing discipline, \"This was strictly observed, and during the next hour's terrific fighting, many of the enemy were brought low.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 88], "content_span": [89, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012555-0011-0000", "contents": "151st Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History, Gettysburg, \"Like ripe apples in a storm\"\nThe Iron Brigade, one of the first Federal infantry units engaged that morning, was positioned in McPherson's Woods not far to the north of the 151st Pennsylvania's right flank. The regiments of the Iron Brigade mistakenly believed the large nine-month regiment to be a brigade coming to their relief, and thus began to withdraw to Seminary Ridge. On the right of the 151st Pennsylvania, the other regiments of Rowley's brigade had held position for a period of time in the fields west of Gettysburg. However, these regiments became outflanked on their left by the North Carolinians of Brig.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 88], "content_span": [89, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012555-0011-0001", "contents": "151st Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History, Gettysburg, \"Like ripe apples in a storm\"\nGen. James Pettigrew's brigade. Its supporting forces on the right and left both gone, the 151st Pennsylvania was soon entirely alone on McPherson's Ridge. The regiment had sustained heavy casualties from its front and its exposed left from Pettigrew's North Carolina troops. Seeing the regiment's vulnerable position, Lt. Col. McFarland ordered his remaining men to conduct a steady retreat back across the hollow to the Seminary, where other I Corps regiments were rallying and digging in for the next wave of Confederate attacks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 88], "content_span": [89, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012555-0012-0000", "contents": "151st Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History, Gettysburg, \"Like ripe apples in a storm\"\nA short break in the fighting occurred as Lt. Gen. A. P. Hill rotated in a fresh division to carry on the attacks on the Federal lines near Gettysburg. The 151st Pennsylvania ensconced itself in the barricade before the Seminary, along with the 4th U.S. Light Artillery, Battery B and infantry of Rowley's brigade and the Iron Brigade. The Confederate division of Maj. Gen. William Dorsey Pender advanced toward Seminary Ridge and renewed the assault on the breaking Federal lines. The 151st Pennsylvania faced the South Carolina brigade of Col. Abner Perrin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 88], "content_span": [89, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012555-0012-0001", "contents": "151st Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History, Gettysburg, \"Like ripe apples in a storm\"\nThe regiment attempted to repulse the enemy, but the Federal line again became outflanked from the left. Unbeknownst to the men of the 151st Pennsylvania, Federal troops to the left had begun retreating through town to the high ground at Cemetery Hill. Receiving heavy fire from the left, Lt. Col. McFarland ordered a final retreat to the heights south of town. A thick layer of smoke reduced visibility and prevented McFarland from watching Confederate movements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 88], "content_span": [89, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012555-0012-0002", "contents": "151st Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History, Gettysburg, \"Like ripe apples in a storm\"\nWhile crouching in an attempt to see below the smoke as he guided his men away, McFarland was struck simultaneously by bullets through both lower legs. Private Lyman Wilson of Co. F attempted to carry McFarland back to the Seminary for treatment, as it was then being used as a hospital. As McFarland's arm was around Wilson's neck, a bullet came close enough to Wilson's head that it sheared a button off McFarland's cuff. McFarland was treated inside the building, and once Confederate troops advanced and took possession of the town, fell captive to the enemy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 88], "content_span": [89, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012555-0013-0000", "contents": "151st Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History, Gettysburg, End of the battle and beyond\nThe regiment reformed on Cemetery Hill at the southeastern edge of town with 113 officers and men left, with Capt. Walter L. Owens of Company D assuming command. It was assigned a position on the left of the II Corps, where on July 3, it helped repulse Pickett's Charge. During the battle, the regiment lost 367 out of 478 officers and men killed, wounded, and captured, a casualty rate of nearly 75%. Col. Allen arrived at the close of the fighting to re-assume command of the regiment, which then participated in the pursuit of the Confederate army. Following the conclusion of the campaign, it was sent to Harrisburg on the 19th and mustered out on the 27th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 87], "content_span": [88, 749]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012555-0014-0000", "contents": "151st Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Legacy\nAt Gettysburg, they won, under the brave M'Farland, an imperishable fame. They defended the left front of the First Corps against vastly superior numbers; covered its retreat against the overwhelming masses of the enemy at the Seminary, west of the town, and enabled me, by their determined resistance, to withdraw the corps in comparative safety. This was on the first day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 44], "content_span": [45, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012555-0014-0001", "contents": "151st Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Legacy\nIn the crowning charge of the third day of the battle, the shattered remnants of the One Hundred and Fifty-first Pennsylvania, with the Twentieth New York State Militia [alternate name of 80th New York], flung themselves upon the front of the rebel column, and drove it from the shelter of a slashing in which it had taken shelter from a flank attack of the Vermont troops. I can never forget the services rendered me by this regiment, directed by the gallantry and genius of M'Farland. I believe they saved the First Corps, and were among the chief instruments to save the Army of the Potomac, and the country from unimaginable disaster.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 44], "content_span": [45, 683]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012555-0015-0000", "contents": "151st Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Legacy\nA plaque in McAlisterville, Pennsylvania stands across the street from the site of the former McAlisterville Academy where Lt. Col. McFarland and other members of the regiment taught prior to their enlistment. The plaque memorializes the regiment and its actions at Gettysburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 44], "content_span": [45, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012555-0016-0000", "contents": "151st Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Legacy\nThe regiment's national colors are kept and preserved by the Pennsylvania Capitol Preservation Committee in Harrisburg, along with the flags of other Pennsylvania Civil War regiments. The colors are currently on loan to Gettysburg National Military Park and can be viewed at the park museum and visitor center.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 44], "content_span": [45, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012556-0000-0000", "contents": "151st Regiment Royal Armoured Corps\nThe 151st Regiment Royal Armoured Corps (10th Bn King's Own) (151 RAC) was an armoured regiment of the British Army's Royal Armoured Corps that was raised during the Second World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012556-0001-0000", "contents": "151st Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, History, Origin\nThe 151st Regiment RAC was formed on 1 December 1941 by the conversion to the armoured role of 10th Battalion, King's Own Royal Regiment (Lancaster), a hostilities-only infantry battalion raised in 1940. 10th King's Own had been serving in 225th Independent Infantry Brigade (Home), a Home Service formation, when it was redesignated 35th Army Tank Brigade. In common with most other infantry battalions that were transferred to the Royal Armoured Corps, all personnel would have continued to wear their King's Own cap badge on the black beret of the Royal Armoured Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 52], "content_span": [53, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012556-0002-0000", "contents": "151st Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, History, Training\nBased at Prudhoe in Northumberland, the regiment began receiving Churchill tanks in February 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 54], "content_span": [55, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012556-0003-0000", "contents": "151st Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, History, Training\nIn August 1942 151 RAC was transferred to Westgate-on-Sea in Kent to serve with 25th Army Tank Brigade in 43rd (Wessex) Infantry Division, (at that time training as a 'mixed' division). Shortly afterwards, 25th Tank Brigade was replaced by 34th Tank Brigade, and 151 RAC transferred to this formation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 54], "content_span": [55, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012556-0004-0000", "contents": "151st Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, History, Training\nDuring 1943 the regiment continued to be based at various places in Kent, training in the infantry tank role with 43rd (Wessex) and 59th (Staffordshire) Infantry Divisions, including wading trials for amphibious operations. One night in December 1943, while based at Folkestone, the regiment's camp was shelled by German artillery batteries on the French coast, and lost a few vehicles destroyed and damaged.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 54], "content_span": [55, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012556-0005-0000", "contents": "151st Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, History, Disbandment\nIn autumn 1943 the decision was made disband surplus tank regiments. One of those selected was 107th Regiment RAC, which had been formed from the 5th Battalion, King's Own Royal Regiment (Lancaster). A 'token party' of three officers and 47 other ranks from 107 RAC was sent to 151 RAC. On 30 December 1943 151 RAC formally disbanded in order to adopt the number of 107 RAC \u2013 thus perpetuating the link with the 5th Battalion, King's Own, a permanent '1st Line' Territorial battalion as opposed to the 'hostilities-only' 10th Battalion that had become 151 RAC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 57], "content_span": [58, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012556-0006-0000", "contents": "151st Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, History, Disbandment\nUnder its new designation, the regiment served in Normandy, the Netherlands and Germany during the North-West Europe campaign, before disbanding in 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 57], "content_span": [58, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012557-0000-0000", "contents": "151st Sikh Infantry\nThe 151st Sikh Infantry\u00a0\u2013 also designated 151st Punjabi Rifles, see nomenclature (below)\u00a0\u2013 was an infantry regiment of the British Indian Army. It was formed in Mesopotamia and Palestine in May 1918, saw active service in the First World War and the Third Anglo-Afghan War, and was disbanded in May 1921.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012557-0001-0000", "contents": "151st Sikh Infantry, Background\nHeavy losses suffered by the British Expeditionary Force on the Western Front following the German spring offensive in March 1918 resulted in a major reorganization of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012557-0002-0000", "contents": "151st Sikh Infantry, Background\nIn fact, the 75th Division already had four Indian battalions assigned, so of the 36 battalions needed to reform the divisions, 22 were improvised by taking whole companies from existing units already on active service in Mesopotamia and Palestine to form the 150th Infantry (3 battalions), 151st Sikh Infantry (3), 152nd Punjabis (3), 153rd Punjabis (3), 154th Infantry (3), 155th Pioneers (2), 156th Infantry (1) and the 11th Gurkha Rifles (4). The donor units were then brought back up to strength by drafts. In the event, just 13 of the battalions were assigned to the divisions and the remaining nine were transferred from Mesopotamia to India in June 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 694]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012557-0003-0000", "contents": "151st Sikh Infantry, History, Nomenclature\nOddly, the designation of the regiment varied between the battalions. The 1st and 2nd Battalions were 151st Sikh Infantry whereas the 3rd Battalion was 151st Punjabi Rifles, hence 1st Battalion, 151st Sikh Infantry, 2nd Battalion, 151st Sikh Infantry and 3rd Battalion, 151st Punjabi Rifles. Gaylor states that the 2nd Battalion was 151st Indian Infantry; it is notable that no other Indian infantry regiment incorporated Indian in their titles at this time. Other sources designate both the 2nd and 3rd battalions as 151st Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 42], "content_span": [43, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012557-0004-0000", "contents": "151st Sikh Infantry, History, Formation\nThe 151st Sikh Infantry / 151st Punjabi Rifles was formed of three battalions in May 1918. The 1st Battalion was formed in Mesopotamia with companies posted from battalions serving in the 17th and 18th Indian Divisions. It was transferred to India in June 1918 and later took part in the Third Anglo-Afghan War in 1919 as part of the Kohat Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 39], "content_span": [40, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012557-0005-0000", "contents": "151st Sikh Infantry, History, Formation\nIn contrast, the 2nd and 3rd Battalions were formed in Palestine with companies posted from battalions serving in the theatre particularly from the 3rd (Lahore) and 7th (Meerut) Divisions. They were assigned to British divisions and took part in the final Allied offensive of the Sinai and Palestine Campaign (the Battles of Megiddo).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 39], "content_span": [40, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012557-0006-0000", "contents": "151st Sikh Infantry, History, 1st Battalion\nThe 1st Battalion was formed in Mesopotamia in May 1918 by the transfer of complete companies from:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012557-0007-0000", "contents": "151st Sikh Infantry, History, 1st Battalion\nThe battalion was transferred from Mesopotamia to India in June 1918 and joined the Allahabad Brigade in the 8th (Lucknow) Division where it remained in until the end of the First World War. In May 1919, it mobilized with the Kohat Brigade and took part in the Third Anglo-Afghan War. The battalion was disbanded on 15 May 1921.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012557-0008-0000", "contents": "151st Sikh Infantry, History, 2nd Battalion\nThe 2nd Battalion was formed near Jaffa on 30 May 1918 by the transfer of complete companies from:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012557-0009-0000", "contents": "151st Sikh Infantry, History, 2nd Battalion\nOn 10 June, the battalion joined the 29th Brigade, 10th (Irish) Division and remained with the division for the rest of the Sinai and Palestine Campaign, taking part in the Battle of Nablus (19\u201321 September 1918).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012557-0010-0000", "contents": "151st Sikh Infantry, History, 2nd Battalion\nThe 10th (Irish) Division concentrated near Tul Karm in the middle of October and was there when the Armistice of Mudros came into effect at noon on 31 October. The division moved to Sarafand (now Tzrifin) by 12 November and moved back to Egypt, concentrating in Cairo by 1 December. It was there when demobilization began in January 1919. The battalion was disbanded on 31 July 1920.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012557-0011-0000", "contents": "151st Sikh Infantry, History, 3rd Battalion\nThe 3rd Battalion was formed at Latrun and 'Ain 'Ariq between 24 May and 27 June 1918 by the transfer of complete companies from:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012557-0012-0000", "contents": "151st Sikh Infantry, History, 3rd Battalion\nThe battalion joined the 179th Brigade, 60th (2/2nd London) Division at 'Ain 'Ariq on 4 June. It remained with the division for the rest of the Sinai and Palestine Campaign, taking part in the Battle of Sharon (19\u201321 September 1918).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012557-0013-0000", "contents": "151st Sikh Infantry, History, 3rd Battalion\nAfter the Armistice of Mudros, the 60th Division was withdrawn to Alexandria by 26 November 1918 where demobilization gradually took place. Three Indian battalions returned to India in February 1919 and the last had departed by 31 May 1919. The battalion was disbanded on 15 May 1921.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012558-0000-0000", "contents": "151st Street station\n151st Street was a local station on the demolished IRT Ninth Avenue Line in Manhattan, New York City. It had 2 levels. The lower level had two tracks and two side platforms and served local trains. The station was built as part of the Dual Contracts and had one track that served express trains that bypassed this station. The next stop to the north was 155th Street. The next stop to the south was 145th Street. The station opened on November 15, 1917 and closed on June 11, 1940.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012559-0000-0000", "contents": "151st Theater Information Operations Group\nThe 151st Theater Information Operations Group, or 151st TIOG, is an Information Operations formation of the United States Army, headquartered at Fort Totten, New York. Founded in 2009, the 151st TIOG is the only Theater Information Operations Group in the U.S. Army Reserve. It is composed mostly of Army Reserve Soldiers in two battalions based out of Parks Reserve Forces Training Area (Camp Parks), Fort George G. Meade, and Fort Totten. The current commander is Colonel Marlene Markotan, who assumed command in July 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012559-0001-0000", "contents": "151st Theater Information Operations Group\nHistorically, 151st TIOG was a major subordinate command under the 76th Operational Response Command (76th ORC). In October 2015, the 151st TIOG was realigned to the U.S. Army Civil Affairs and Psychological Operations Command (Airborne) (USACAPOC(A)). The 151st TIOG gained the 303rd Information Operations Battalion and deactivated the 302nd Information Operations Battalion after the 152nd TIOG was deactivated in late 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012559-0002-0000", "contents": "151st Theater Information Operations Group\nRegionally aligned and globally engaged, the 151st TIOG is the U.S. Army Reserve Information Operations force provider to primarily USEUCOM, USAFRICOM, USCENTCOM, USSOUTHCOM, and United States Cyber Command. Since the establishment of the TIOGs in 2009, the demand signal for IO support to theater activities and operations has increased drastically. The command's soldiers bring civilian expertise, education, and qualifications not found among regular active duty soldiers. The projects they coordinate are the subject of many of the \"Good News\" stories run in the media each day across Africa, Europe, Middle East, and various other locations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 689]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012559-0003-0000", "contents": "151st Theater Information Operations Group, Information Operations\nInformation Operations (United States) is a category of direct and indirect support operations for the United States Military. By definition in Joint Publication 3-13, \"IO are described as the integrated employment of electronic warfare (EW), computer network operations (CNO), psychological operations (PSYOP), military deception (MILDEC), and operations security (OPSEC), in concert with specified supporting and related capabilities, to influence, disrupt, corrupt or usurp adversarial human and automated decision making while protecting our own.\" Information Operations (IO) are actions taken to affect adversary information and information systems while defending one's own information and information systems.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 66], "content_span": [67, 783]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012559-0004-0000", "contents": "151st Theater Information Operations Group, Subordinate units\nThe 151st TIOG primary mission is on order, to deploy modular and tailorable Information Operations forces worldwide in order to gain and maintain information dominance by conducting Information Warfare operations in the Information Environment.\" Information Operations (IO) are actions taken to affect adversary information and information systems while defending one's own information and information systems.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 61], "content_span": [62, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012559-0005-0000", "contents": "151st Theater Information Operations Group, Subordinate units\nInformation Operations units are the field commander's capability to synchronize and de-conflict information related capabilities (IRC) in the commander's information environment. The soldiers make up teams which interface and provide Information Operations expertise to the staff. 151st TIOG Information Operations soldiers are particularly suited for this mission since they are Army Reserve soldiers with civilian occupations such as law enforcement, engineering, medicine, law, banking, public administration, etc; and, civilian education and qualifications such as Project Management Professional (PMP), Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), Juris Doctor (J.D), Master of Business Administration (MBA), Master of Public Administration (MPA), etc.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 61], "content_span": [62, 803]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012559-0006-0000", "contents": "151st Theater Information Operations Group, Subordinate units\nInformation Operations soldiers have been integral to U.S. missions across North West Africa, East Africa, Europe, Middle East, and various other locations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 61], "content_span": [62, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012560-0000-0000", "contents": "151st meridian east\nThe meridian 151\u00b0 east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, Australasia, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012560-0001-0000", "contents": "151st meridian east\nThe 151st meridian east forms a great circle with the 29th meridian west.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012560-0002-0000", "contents": "151st meridian east, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 151st meridian east passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012561-0000-0000", "contents": "151st meridian west\nThe meridian 151\u00b0 west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012561-0001-0000", "contents": "151st meridian west\nThe 151st meridian west forms a great circle with the 29th meridian east.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012561-0002-0000", "contents": "151st meridian west, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 151st meridian west passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012562-0000-0000", "contents": "152\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by Graham87 (talk | contribs) at 11:21, 10 January 2021 (1 revision imported: import old edit from the Nostalgia Wikipedia). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012562-0001-0000", "contents": "152\nYear 152 (CLII) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Glabrio and Homullus (or, less frequently, year 905 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 152 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012563-0000-0000", "contents": "152 (North Irish) Regiment RLC\n152 (North Irish) Regiment RLC is a British Army regiment of The Royal Logistic Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012563-0001-0000", "contents": "152 (North Irish) Regiment RLC, History\nThe regiment was formed in the Royal Corps of Transport (RCT) in 1967 with two transport squadrons. It was redesignated 152 (Ulster) Ambulance Regiment RCT in the 1980s, and transferred into The Royal Logistic Corps (RLC) in 1993 as 152 (Ulster) Ambulance Regiment RLC. In 1999 it acquired a third squadron from 157 Transport Regiment and was put under the administrative control of the Army Medical Services. In 2006 it re-roled as a transport regiment and was transferred back to control of The Royal Logistic Corps, returning an ambulance squadron to 157 Transport Regiment and acquiring a newly raised third transport squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 671]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012563-0002-0000", "contents": "152 (North Irish) Regiment RLC, History\nUnder Army 2020 the regiment was paired with 9 Regiment RLC under 102nd Logistic Brigade, while the regiment joins 104th Logistic Support Brigade. As part of this plan, the regiment became a specialist 'Fuel Support' regiment in 2015, the only unit of its type in the army. The regiment also works closely with the Royal Engineers' 516 Specialist Team (Bulk Petroleum).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012564-0000-0000", "contents": "152 (film)\n152 is a 2006 Japanese short horror film written, produced, directed and edited by Darryl Knickrehm. It was an official selection, at the 2006 Calgary Underground Film Festival and at the 2007 Kansai International Film Festival.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012565-0000-0000", "contents": "152 (number)\n152 (one hundred [and] fifty-two) is the natural number following 151 and preceding 153.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012565-0001-0000", "contents": "152 (number), In mathematics\n152 is the sum of four consecutive primes (31 + 37 + 41 + 43). It is a nontotient since there is no integer with 152 coprimes below it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012565-0002-0000", "contents": "152 (number), In mathematics\n152 is a refactorable number since it is divisible by the total number of divisors it has, and in base 10 it is divisible by the sum of its digits, making it a Harshad number.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012565-0003-0000", "contents": "152 (number), In mathematics\nRecently, the smallest repunit probable prime in base 152 was found, it has 589570 digits.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012566-0000-0000", "contents": "152 Atala\nAtala (minor planet designation: 152 Atala) is a large main belt asteroid that was discovered by brothers Paul Henry and Prosper Henry on 2 November 1875, but the discovery was credited to Paul. It is a type D asteroid, meaning that it is composed of carbon, organic rich silicates and possibly water ice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012566-0001-0000", "contents": "152 Atala\nThe asteroid is named for the eponymous heroine of the 1801 novella Atala by Fran\u00e7ois-Ren\u00e9 de Chateaubriand. The Henry brothers also named the last of their discoveries, 186 Celuta, after another Chateaubriand heroine. Both Atala and C\u00e9luta are American Indian fictional characters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012566-0002-0000", "contents": "152 Atala\nAn occultation of a star by Atala was observed from Japan on 11 March 1994. Subsequent occultations have been observed as recently as 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012566-0003-0000", "contents": "152 Atala\nPhotometric of this asteroid made in 1981 gave a light curve with a period of 5.282 \u00b1 0.004 hours with a brightness variation of 0.50 in magnitude.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012567-0000-0000", "contents": "152 BC\nYear 152 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Marcellus and Flaccus (or, less frequently, year 602 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 152 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012568-0000-0000", "contents": "152 H 88\n152 H 88 is the name of a series of modernized 152\u00a0mm towed heavy howitzers with 32 caliber barrels. The guns of the series  share the same barrel as well as other similar qualities, but differ slightly in appearance, since they consist of three different, older (modernized) versions. The modernization was carried out by Vammas Oy from 1988 to mid-1990s. The modernization project consisted of numerous modifications to the guns, some of which had already undergone earlier smaller modifications. The most important change was the replacement of the original barrels by a Finnish-made 152\u00a0mm barrel. Also the gun carriages were subjected to various modifications. After the modernization, increased towing speeds were made possible. The breech mechanism is manually operated in all the guns. All the 152 H 88 series artillery pieces are being withdrawn from service and scrapped (as of 2007).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 903]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012568-0001-0000", "contents": "152 H 88, Versions\nThe two Soviet models were either taken as war booty during the Continuation War or bought from the Germans. The German 15 cm sFH 18 guns were bought during the Interim Peace and saw service during the Continuation War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 18], "content_span": [19, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012568-0002-0000", "contents": "152 H 88, Ammunition\nThe howitzers use a cased variable charge separate-loading propellant system. The Soviet type ammunition is usually transported as complete in a wooden box. The weight of the projectile is 43\u00a0kg (with a 6\u00a0kg explosive charge), and the weight of the largest propellant charge is 8\u00a0kg. The guns can fire high-explosive fragmentation shells, which have a muzzle velocity of about 650\u00a0m/s and an effective radius of 50\u2013150 meters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 20], "content_span": [21, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012568-0003-0000", "contents": "152 H 88, Ammunition\nThe Soviet-made 152\u00a0mm D-20 howitzer (152 H 55) uses the same ammunition as the 152 H 88 series guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 20], "content_span": [21, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012569-0000-0000", "contents": "152 Nassau\n152 Nassau, home to Nassau Street Sessions Recording Studio, was a historic recording studio building in Atlanta, Georgia. The studio recorded blues, jazz, and country musicians in the South beginning in June 1923. Despite the efforts of preservationists and music history aficionados, in 2019, the building was slated to be torn down and replaced by a hotel and restaurant. A Margaritaville Resort is due to open on the site.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012569-0001-0000", "contents": "152 Nassau\nOne of the first commercial recordings by a rural white musician, Fiddlin' John Carson's \"The Little Old Log Cabin in the Lane\" was recorded in the building on June 19, 1923. Georgia Public Broadcasting reported that it was the first country music hit. Fannie May Goosby's \"Grievous Blues\" and Lucille Bogan's \"The Pawn Shop Blues\" were also recorded there, notable as the first rural blues to be recorded. Other artists to record songs at the studio include Eddie Heywood, Sr., and the Morehouse College Quartet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012569-0002-0000", "contents": "152 Nassau\nRalph Peer was one of those involved in the studio. The building was later used as a museum with Gone with the Wind memorabilia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012569-0003-0000", "contents": "152 Nassau, Demolition\nDemolition began in August 2019 but was halted after the rear of the building had been torn down. However, a lawsuit attempting to prevent demolition was thrown out in October 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012570-0000-0000", "contents": "152 mm 45 caliber Pattern 1892\nThe 152mm 45 caliber Pattern 1892 was a Russian naval gun developed in the years before the Russo-Japanese War that armed a variety of warships of the Imperial Russian Navy during the Russo-Japanese War and World War I. Guns salvaged from scrapped ships found a second life on river gunboats of the Soviet Navy during the Russian Civil War and as coastal artillery and railway artillery during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012570-0000-0001", "contents": "152 mm 45 caliber Pattern 1892\nIn 1941 it was estimated that there were 196 guns (82 in the Baltic, 70 in the Pacific, 37 in the Black sea and 7 in the Northern fleet) still in use as coastal artillery. After independence in 1917 Finland was estimated to have inherited 100 guns and some remained in use until the 1980s. The last was decommissioned in 2003.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012570-0001-0000", "contents": "152 mm 45 caliber Pattern 1892, History\nIn 1891 a Russian naval delegation was shown three guns designed by the French designer Canet. One was a 75/50 gun caliber gun, one was a 120/45 gun, and the last was a 152/45 gun. All three guns used fixed QF ammunition which produced a rate of fire of 15 rpm for the 75/50 gun, 12 rpm for the 120/45 gun and 10 rpm for the 152/45 gun. The Russians were impressed and in 1892 they negotiated a production license for all three guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012570-0001-0001", "contents": "152 mm 45 caliber Pattern 1892, History\nIn practice the rate of fire of 10 rpm was hard to achieve due to difficulties with ammunition handling. The practical rate of fire varied by class of ship from a low of 2 rpm in the Petropavlovsk-class battleships, to a high of 7 rpm in single deck mounted guns. In 1901 the fixed ammunition was changed to separate loading QF cased charge and projectile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012570-0002-0000", "contents": "152 mm 45 caliber Pattern 1892, Construction\nThere were two main series of the 152/45 guns produced. The first series of guns were constructed of a thick A tube, a 3.2\u00a0m (10\u00a0ft 6\u00a0in) long B tube and jacket. 215 of the first series of guns were built between 1897\u20131901, 181 at the Obhukov factory and 37 at the Perm factory. During the Russo-Japanese war a number of gun barrels burst in action and a strengthened series of 133 guns were produced, 21 at the Obhukov factory and 112 at the Perm factory between 1909\u20131918. The strengthened series of guns had a thinner A tube reinforced with three sections of B tube and a jacket which was 4\u00a0m (13\u00a0ft 1\u00a0in) long.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 44], "content_span": [45, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012570-0003-0000", "contents": "152 mm 45 caliber Pattern 1892, Naval Use\nThe 152/45 guns armed the majority of armored cruisers, pre-dreadnought battleships and protected cruisers of the Imperial Russian Navy built between 1890\u20131916.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 41], "content_span": [42, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012570-0004-0000", "contents": "152 mm 45 caliber Pattern 1892, Finnish use\nAs Finland became independent the northern half of the coastal fortifications in Imperial Russian Peter the Great's Naval Fortress fell in to Finnish hands mostly intact. The coastal guns included about 100 pieces of the 152\u00a0mm 45 caliber Canet guns and this type became the primary coastal gun of its class in Finland. It was given a designation of 152/45 C. There was considerable variation between the guns as they included both naval and army coastal gun models from different years. There were also different gun mountings used with about 70 guns on taller coastal gun mountings but the remaining 30 guns were on lower ship deck mounts with lower maximum elevation and range.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 43], "content_span": [44, 724]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012570-0005-0000", "contents": "152 mm 45 caliber Pattern 1892, Finnish use\nFinnish coastal artillery made modifications to the gun mountings during the interwar period. The most significant of these was inverting the gun so that the recuperating springs were on top of the gun which allowed increasing the maximum elevation and thus the range. Inverting the gun however required also strengthening the recuperator, adding an equilibrator to correct the changed balance and other changes to the mounting and elevation mechanism. Increased maximum elevation also allowed using the gun as an anti-aircraft weapon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 43], "content_span": [44, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012570-0005-0001", "contents": "152 mm 45 caliber Pattern 1892, Finnish use\nTo increase maximum range even more the ammunition for the guns was modified by adding a ballistic cap to existing ammunition which increased the range by a factor of 1.5. Additionally Finns changed the gun loading practice to allow reloading without the need to return the gun to zero elevation after each shot. This practice increased the rate of fire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 43], "content_span": [44, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012570-0006-0000", "contents": "152 mm 45 caliber Pattern 1892, Finnish use\nDuring World War II 152/45 C was the de facto Finnish standard coastal gun with 95 guns in the inventory at the beginning of 1939. During Winter War coastal batteries equipped with the gun defended against Soviet Navy attacks before the sea was frozen. The guns also provided important artillery support for the Finnish army: at both ends of the Mannerheim line were coastal batteries equipped with 152/45 C guns, and their role was important given the Finnish lack of field artillery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 43], "content_span": [44, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012570-0006-0001", "contents": "152 mm 45 caliber Pattern 1892, Finnish use\nOther coastal batteries in the northern part of Lake Ladoga also supported land battles, and later in the war coastal forts in Gulf of Vyborg and Kotka participated in the fighting. 18 guns were lost during the war, most when the coastal forts had to abandoned. 76 guns remained in use after Winter War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 43], "content_span": [44, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012570-0007-0000", "contents": "152 mm 45 caliber Pattern 1892, Finnish use\nDuring the Interim Peace Finland began constructing Salpa Line to fortify the new border to replace Mannerheim Line fortifications. Salpa Line artillery included six 152/45 C guns. In the Continuation War 152/45 C was involved in the fighting again and several guns were lost to barrel explosions or simply worn out. Some guns lost in the Winter War were recaptured bringing the total to 78 pieces in 1943. By 1 May 1944 the number had dropped to 60. During World War II 152/45 C guns were also used as anti-aircraft guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 43], "content_span": [44, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012570-0007-0001", "contents": "152 mm 45 caliber Pattern 1892, Finnish use\nThe guns, designed originally before aircraft had been invented, were not especially effective in this role even after the modifications that had been done. Despite the limitations they were used against enemy bomber formations, especially in the defense of Helsinki and also against fighters. Finland also used 152/45 C guns as railway guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 43], "content_span": [44, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012570-0007-0002", "contents": "152 mm 45 caliber Pattern 1892, Finnish use\nThe first trials with a 152/45 C gun mounted in a railway wagon in Finland was performed in 1924 and the gun was given the designation of 152/45 CRaut. Winter War mobilization plans called for two gun railway battery, but due to equipment problems only a single gun was available for most of the war. In Continuation War the battery was expanded to four guns. On 21.9.1941 the battery was renamed as 2nd railway battery after 1st railway battery had been formed from captured Soviet 180 mm railway guns. The battery was disbanded and the guns removed from the railway wagons after the war, but the plans for re-forming it remained in place. In 1962 there were three guns reserved for forming a railway artillery battery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 43], "content_span": [44, 764]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012570-0008-0000", "contents": "152 mm 45 caliber Pattern 1892, Finnish use\nAfter the Continuation War ended with Moscow Armistice Allied Control Commission demanded that all coastal guns larger than 120\u00a0mm in calibre east of Porkkala had to be removed and placed in storage. This included the coastal fortifications around Porkkala, fortifications of the capital Helsinki (18 152\u00a0mm guns) and the Kotka-Hamina area forts (17 152/45 C guns). This restriction was lifted in 1947 after signing of the Paris Peace Treaty. 152/45 C guns were badly worn out after the war, and several had cracked or broken barrels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 43], "content_span": [44, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012570-0008-0001", "contents": "152 mm 45 caliber Pattern 1892, Finnish use\nAn investigation of the barrel failures concluded that the guns could not withstand the pressures created by the gunpowder used. This led to a development of a new light weight high explosive shell which could be fired by a half-charge of gunpowder. The worn out gun barrels were replaced with newly developed 50 caliber 152 50 Tampella barrels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 43], "content_span": [44, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012570-0009-0000", "contents": "152 mm 45 caliber Pattern 1892, Finnish use, 152 50 Tampella\nAlready near the end of the World War II Tampella company was ordered to construct new gun barrels for 152/45 C guns. Due to the end of the war this did not happen, but in the early 1950s there was again available funds to start modernizing the guns. Tampella barrel was longer than the original at 50 calibers and it had different, progressive rifling with 48 1.25 millimetres (0.049\u00a0in) deep grooves instead of the original constant 38 1.0 millimetre (0.039\u00a0in) deep grooves.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 60], "content_span": [61, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012570-0009-0001", "contents": "152 mm 45 caliber Pattern 1892, Finnish use, 152 50 Tampella\nDue to these changes the modernized gun could not use the ammunition of the original guns and new ammunition was developed for it using cartridge cases. The maximum range of the modernized gun was 25 kilometres (16\u00a0mi). The new barrels were also equipped with muzzle brakes. The new guns were given the designation 152 50 T and they started equipping coastal batteries in 1959. A total of 29 guns were built. In 1960s concern for the vulnerability of fixed guns against napalm led to adding a protective metal cupola for the guns. An overpressurization system was also fitted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 60], "content_span": [61, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012570-0009-0002", "contents": "152 mm 45 caliber Pattern 1892, Finnish use, 152 50 Tampella\nThe cupola was built of thin metal and provided only very limited armour protection against small shrapnel. Smaller changes to the gun mounting were also made, including replacing the recoil springs. The modernized guns replaced older 152/45 C guns but some original models remained in less important positions. Bolax battery is unique where the cupola armour was fitted but the guns themselves were not modernized. By the 1980s the 152 50 T was in turn being replaced with 130 53 TK and they were withdrawn from service in 2003.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 60], "content_span": [61, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012570-0010-0000", "contents": "152 mm 45 caliber Pattern 1892, Ammunition\nEarly ammunition was of Fixed QF type while later ammunition was of Separate QF. The projectiles weighed 41.4\u00a0kg (91\u00a0lb) and the charge weighed 12\u00a0kg (26\u00a0lb).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012570-0011-0000", "contents": "152 mm 45 caliber Pattern 1892, Photo gallery\nA gun captured by the Germans at Kaunas Fort (now Lithuania).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 45], "content_span": [46, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012570-0012-0000", "contents": "152 mm 45 caliber Pattern 1892, Photo gallery\nForward gun on the Cruiser Aurora that fired the first shot of the Bolshevik Revolution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 45], "content_span": [46, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012570-0013-0000", "contents": "152 mm 45 caliber Pattern 1892, Photo gallery\n152\u00a0mm 45 caliber Pattern 1892 coastal gun on Kuivasaari Island. Manufactured by the Obukhov State Plant in 1896, serial number 30.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 45], "content_span": [46, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012570-0014-0000", "contents": "152 mm 45 caliber Pattern 1892, Photo gallery\nFinnish railway artillery at night near Vanozero in Karelia during the Continuation War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 45], "content_span": [46, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012571-0000-0000", "contents": "152 mm air defense gun KM-52\nThe 152\u00a0mm air defense gun KM-52 is a type of experimental anti-aircraft artillery developed by the Experimental Design Bureau (now independent as NPO Novator) of Plant No.8.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012571-0001-0000", "contents": "152 mm air defense gun KM-52\nOriginally developed as the 152\u00a0mm air defense gun KS-52 in 1949, the gun had a muzzle velocity of 1030\u00a0m/s, firing a 49\u00a0kg shell at 10 rounds per minute with a travel weight of 46 tons. After inspection by the Soviet Artillery Committee (the Artkom) and the Ministry of Armaments, work on the KS-52 was halted in 1949.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012571-0002-0000", "contents": "152 mm air defense gun KM-52\nResolution No. 2966-1727 of November 26, 1951 from the Council of Ministers approved development of a \"152 mm air defense gun on the basis of the KS-30\", which was entrusted to OKB-8 and the Design Bureau of Plant No.172. Its head designer was Tsyrulnikov. The new gun, carrying the designation KM-52, was not fully developed until 1954. The Technical Council of the Ministry of Defense Industry inspected the gun on January 28\u201329, 1955.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012571-0003-0000", "contents": "152 mm air defense gun KM-52\nProduction work of the KM-52 and its shells were distributed to different factories; the gun itself was mainly assigned to Plant No.172 (now Motovilikha Plants), who received different gun parts from other plants, including barrels from Plant No.232 (now Obukhov State Plant), which were in turn made from technical drawings by Plant No.8, GSP-152 traverse mechanisms from TsNII-173 (headed by Monastyrsky). Plant No.710 (now the defunct Podolsk Electro-Mechanical Plant). Shells were developed in NII-24, built by Plant No.73 with casings developed by NII-147. Firing mechanisms were developed from that of the SM-27 gun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012571-0004-0000", "contents": "152 mm air defense gun KM-52\nPlant No.221 (now Titan-Barrikady) also prepared two barrels and sent them to Plant No.172 in 1955. The KM-52 underwent factory testing in December 1955, and was delivered on December 28. The KM-52's gun carriage did not differ greatly from that of the KS-30. It achieved a rate of fire of 16-17 rounds per minute and 16 units were accepted into service in 1957.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012571-0005-0000", "contents": "152 mm air defense gun KM-52\nControlled experiments with the gun in 1957 produced some results, but a Resolution adopted by the Council of Ministers in June 1958 halted development of rocket assisted projectiles for the KM-52 alongside all work on the gun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012572-0000-0000", "contents": "152 mm gun M1910/30\n152-mm gun model 1910/30 was a Soviet gun, a modernization of World War I era 152-mm siege gun M1910. The gun was briefly used by RKKA in the German-Soviet War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012572-0001-0000", "contents": "152 mm gun M1910/30, Description\nM1910/30 was powerful long range gun with big (40\u00b0) maximum elevation. It was equipped with interrupted screw breechblock and recoil system consisting of hydraulic buffer and hydro-pneumatic recuperator. The carriage was of single trail type and had metal wheels with solid tires. The crew was protected by 7\u00a0mm shield.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 32], "content_span": [33, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012572-0002-0000", "contents": "152 mm gun M1910/30, Description\nIn transportation, the barrel was removed and transported separately. It took some 10\u201315 minutes to set the gun up for combat and up to 23 minutes to make it ready for transportation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 32], "content_span": [33, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012572-0003-0000", "contents": "152 mm gun M1910/30, Development and production history\nThe gun resulted from a modernization of the 152-mm siege gun M1910, initially developed by Schneider. The upgrading project was prepared by the design bureau of the Main Artillery Directorate, its main purpose was to increase range. The changes included:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 55], "content_span": [56, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012572-0004-0000", "contents": "152 mm gun M1910/30, Development and production history\nIn 1930 the modernized gun was adopted as 152-mm gun model 1910/30 (Russian: 152-\u043c\u043c \u043f\u0443\u0448\u043a\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0446\u0430 1910/30 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 55], "content_span": [56, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012572-0005-0000", "contents": "152 mm gun M1910/30, Development and production history\nThe production began in 1930 at Krasniy Putilovets plant. Later Barrikady and Bolshevik plants joined the production effort. In addition to newly built pieces, all existing M1910 guns were converted to the new standard; the conversion was finished by 1 November 1936.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 55], "content_span": [56, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012572-0006-0000", "contents": "152 mm gun M1910/30, Development and production history\nSince the upgrade of 1930 didn't address a problem of limited mobility, in 1934 additional modernization was performed, resulting in 152-mm gun M1910/34. In 1935 the production of M1910/30 was stopped.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 55], "content_span": [56, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012572-0007-0000", "contents": "152 mm gun M1910/30, Organization and service\nAccording to RKKA organization, 152-mm guns were employed by corps artillery and by the Reserve of the Main Command, typically instead of 152-mm gun-howitzer M1937 (ML-20). Heavy gun regiments of Reserve of the Main Command had 24 pieces each.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012572-0008-0000", "contents": "152 mm gun M1910/30, Organization and service\nBy the outbreak of the German-Soviet War RKKA possessed some 120-150 M1910/30s. They undoubtfully saw combat in the war, though due to their limited number the details of their service are unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012572-0009-0000", "contents": "152 mm gun M1910/30, Organization and service\nOne piece was captured by the Finnish Army. That gun is currently on display in H\u00e4meenlinna The Artillery Museum of Finland. The Germans assigned the M1910/30 the designation 15.2cm K 438(r).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012572-0010-0000", "contents": "152 mm gun M1910/30, Summary\nThe M1910/30 was a result of limited modernization of World War I era weapon, which didn't address its insufficient mobility (due to lack of suspension and separate transportation of barrel) and limited traverse.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012572-0011-0000", "contents": "152 mm gun M1910/30, Summary\nOn the other hand, RKKA liked the ballistic characteristics of the gun. Subsequent modernizations, which concentrated mostly on the gun carriage, resulted in improved M1910/34 and eventually in the famous ML-20.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012573-0000-0000", "contents": "152 mm gun M1910/34\n152-mm gun model 1910/34 (Russian: 152-\u043c\u043c \u043f\u0443\u0448\u043a\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0446\u0430 1910/34 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432) was a Soviet 152.4\u00a0mm (6\u00a0inch) heavy gun, a modernization of the 152-mm gun M1910/30, which in turn was based on 152-mm siege gun M1910.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012573-0001-0000", "contents": "152 mm gun M1910/34, Description\nM1910/34 combined a barrel of the M1910/30 with a carriage of the 122-mm gun M1931. The barrel was of built-up construction; it was equipped with interrupted screw breechblock and recoil system consisting of hydraulic buffer and hydro-pneumatic recuperator. The split-trail carriage had leaf spring suspension and wheels with solid rubber tires.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 32], "content_span": [33, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012573-0002-0000", "contents": "152 mm gun M1910/34, Development and production history\nThe first upgrade of the 152-mm siege gun M1910 resulted in a weapon with improved characteristics, but didn't address some significant shortcomings, namely insufficient mobility (due to unsprung carriage and separate transportation of barrel) and limited traverse. The new modernization was an attempt to solve these problems by using a modern split trail carriage of the 122-mm gun M1931. A prototype went through ground trials starting 16 May 1934. The trials lasted until 16 January 1935, then the gun was given to the army for testing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 55], "content_span": [56, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012573-0002-0001", "contents": "152 mm gun M1910/34, Development and production history\nThe responses were mostly positive and the gun was officially adopted as 152-mm gun model 1910/34. Because of its maximum elevation angle of 45\u00b0, it was sometimes referred to as howitzer. In fact, even the developers initially called the piece 152-mm howitzer model 1932 and later 152-mm howitzer model 1934. The latter name can also be seen in some official documentation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 55], "content_span": [56, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012573-0003-0000", "contents": "152 mm gun M1910/34, Development and production history\nProduction at the Perm plant started in 1934 and continued until 1937, with a total of 275 pieces built.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 55], "content_span": [56, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012573-0004-0000", "contents": "152 mm gun M1910/34, Organization and employment\nAccording to RKKA organization, 152-mm guns were employed by corps artillery and by the Reserve of the Main Command, typically instead of 152-mm gun-howitzer M1937 (ML-20). Heavy gun regiments of Reserve of the Main Command had 24 pieces each.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 48], "content_span": [49, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012573-0005-0000", "contents": "152 mm gun M1910/34, Organization and employment\nAccording to different sources, at the outbreak of Great Patriotic War the Red Army possessed either 146 M1910/34s or all 275 pieces. These undoubtfully saw combat in the war, though due to their limited number the details of their service are unknown. A few pieces were captured by Germans which adopted them as 15,2\u00a0cm K.433/2(r).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 48], "content_span": [49, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012573-0006-0000", "contents": "152 mm gun M1910/34, Summary\nThe second modernization of the M1910 significantly improved mobility and traverse of the gun. The barrel was not transported separately anymore, which meant much faster set up time. Improved elevation led to slightly longer range. However, there were still some problems. The elevation mechanism was combined with equilibrator in a single device - a construction which resulted in slow elevation. The maximum elevation angle of 45\u00b0 was considered insufficient. Some elements of the gun, mostly of the upper carriage, were hard to produce. As a result, more attempts to improve the design followed, eventually resulting in the 152-mm gun-howitzer M1937 (ML-20).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 690]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012574-0000-0000", "contents": "152 mm gun M1935 (Br-2)\n152\u00a0mm gun M1935 (Br-2) (Russian: 152-\u043c\u043c \u043f\u0443\u0448\u043a\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0440. 1935 \u0433. (\u0411\u0440-2)) was a Soviet 152.4\u00a0mm heavy gun, produced in limited numbers by the Barrikady Plant in Stalingrad in the late 1930s. The most unusual feature of the gun was its tracked carriage, shared by a number of Soviet heavy artillery systems of the interwar period. Despite a number of drawbacks, most notably limited mobility and short service life of the barrel, the weapon was employed throughout the German-Soviet War; an upgraded variant with wheeled carriage, Br-2M, remained in service at least until the 1970s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012574-0001-0000", "contents": "152 mm gun M1935 (Br-2), Development and production, B-10\nWork on a long range 152\u00a0mm gun for Reserve of the Main Command units started in 1929, when the Bolshevik Plant in Saint Petersburg received from the Artillery Directorate requirements specifications for such a piece. The project received a factory index B-10. First barrel was manufactured in April 1932; it was sent for trials even before the carriage, which had an unusual tracked construction, was ready. Development and testing of the B-10 continued until 1935; a number of problems were revealed, including slow elevation, low rate of fire and short service life.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 57], "content_span": [58, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012574-0001-0001", "contents": "152 mm gun M1935 (Br-2), Development and production, B-10\nAs a result, the gun was not adopted. The two produced barrels were experimentally modified for firing pre-rifled projectiles and polygonal projectiles respectively. The experiments didn't produce practical results. An attempt to improve elevation speed by use of an electric motor failed to provide smooth elevation. The Soviet Navy briefly considered adopting a derived weapon as a coastal gun, in towed or self-propelled variant, the latter based on T-28 medium tank chassis. Only the towed variant, B-25, reached factory trials; eventually it was canceled because of shortcomings of the design and decision of the Army not to adopt the B-10.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 57], "content_span": [58, 703]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012574-0002-0000", "contents": "152 mm gun M1935 (Br-2), Development and production, B-30 and Br-2\nIn the early 1930s the Artillery Directorate ordered a development of a \"heavy artillery triplex\", consisting of a 152\u00a0mm gun, a 203\u00a0mm howitzer and a 280\u00a0mm mortar utilizing the same carriage. The Bolshevik Plant and the Barrikady Plant in Stalingrad were entrusted with the development. The 152\u00a0mm gun projects were called B-30 (sometimes referred to as B-10-2-30) and Br-2 respectively. Both mated a barrel ballistically identical to that of the B-10, to a tracked carriage of the 203 mm howitzer M1931 (B-4).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 66], "content_span": [67, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012574-0003-0000", "contents": "152 mm gun M1935 (Br-2), Development and production, B-30 and Br-2\nLate in 1936, the Bolshevik Plant delivered an experimental series of six pieces. A number of longer (55 calibres) barrels and a number of barrels with deeper rifling were manufactured. The B-30 barrels were also used for ultimately unsuccessful experiments with pre-rifled shells and with \"Ansaldo system\" variable depth rifling.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 66], "content_span": [67, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012574-0004-0000", "contents": "152 mm gun M1935 (Br-2), Development and production, B-30 and Br-2\nWhile generally similar to the competing design, the Br-2 had different barrel construction (built-up vs loose liner), slightly different breechblock and featured an equilibrating mechanism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 66], "content_span": [67, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012574-0005-0000", "contents": "152 mm gun M1935 (Br-2), Development and production, B-30 and Br-2\nDespite results of trials, which favored the B-30, the Artillery Directorate decided to adopt the Br-2. The reasons for the decision are not clear. However, it was decided to switch to free tube barrel construction in production pieces, making the gun somewhat more similar to the B-30.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 66], "content_span": [67, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012574-0006-0000", "contents": "152 mm gun M1935 (Br-2), Development and production, Improved variants\nAlthough the Br-2 was adopted, it was evident that the gun had significant drawbacks. One of the problems was very short life of the barrel: it took about 100 shots for the muzzle velocity to drop 4%. In an attempt to tackle the problem, an experimental piece with longer (55 calibers) barrel was produced; another experimental barrel had smaller chamber and deeper rifling. The latter solution was eventually preferred and from 1938 a variant with deep rifling replaced the original barrel in production. It was claimed that the new variant had five times longer service life. However, service life of the new barrel was measured using different criterion (10% drop in muzzle velocity), so actual improvement was probably much smaller.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 70], "content_span": [71, 807]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012574-0007-0000", "contents": "152 mm gun M1935 (Br-2), Development and production, Improved variants\nAnother drawback of the gun was its low mobility, aggravated by separate transportation of the barrel. Attempts to improve the tracked carriage (such as the experimental T-117, which was tried out in 1939) were ultimately unsuccessful. In 1938 the Artillery Directorate issued specifications for a wheeled carriage for the Br-2 and the 203 mm howitzer M1931 (B-4). The project was handled by the design bureau of Plant no. 172 (located in Perm), headed by F. F. Petrov.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 70], "content_span": [71, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012574-0007-0001", "contents": "152 mm gun M1935 (Br-2), Development and production, Improved variants\nBecause the design bureau was busy with other tasks, the development of the new carriage - factory index M-50 - advanced slowly; it never advanced past the design phase and was canceled after the outbreak of the German-Soviet War. An improved wheeled cart Br-15 for barrel transportation was considered in 1940 but was never adopted, because it couldn't improve the mobility of the carriage. It took until 1955 to develop a variant of the Br-2 - designated Br-2M - which had wheeled carriage and didn't require separate transportation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 70], "content_span": [71, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012574-0008-0000", "contents": "152 mm gun M1935 (Br-2), Development and production, Improved variants\nThe Br-2 was also used in a number of unsuccessful experiments with discarding sabot shells, intended to increase range. These included experiments carried out in 1940, with 162\u00a0mm barrel firing 162/100\u00a0mm shells. The barrel was damaged during the experiments; additionally, the gun was found to have unsatisfactory ballistics and problems with loading. Firing 152/107\u00a0mm shells failed to produce significant improvement in  range.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 70], "content_span": [71, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012574-0009-0000", "contents": "152 mm gun M1935 (Br-2), Development and production, Br-19\nThe Br-19 was an experimental piece which combined elements of late production Br-2 (breechblock, barrel with deep rifling) with elements of B-30. The gun was tried out in 1939; it found superior to the Br-2 and was recommended for production, which, however, never started.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 58], "content_span": [59, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012574-0010-0000", "contents": "152 mm gun M1935 (Br-2), Development and production, Br-21\nThe Br-21 was an experimental 180\u00a0mm gun developed privately at the Barrikady Plant by mating Br-2 barrel bored out to the 180\u00a0mm caliber to carriage of B-4. The gun reached trials on 20 December 1939. The gun turned out to be more powerful and accurate than the Br-2, but was never adopted, because of the need to produce a new ammunition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 58], "content_span": [59, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012574-0011-0000", "contents": "152 mm gun M1935 (Br-2), Development and production, Production\nThe Br-2 was in production from 1936 or 1937 to 1940. At least 37 pieces were manufactured. Early pieces had barrels with the original \"shallow\" rifling (at least seven, built in 1936-37), while late production pieces had barrels with the newer \"deep\" rifling (27 in 1939-40).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 63], "content_span": [64, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012574-0012-0000", "contents": "152 mm gun M1935 (Br-2), Description\nThe Br-2 had a long - 47.2 calibers - barrel of free-tube construction, with interrupted screw breech. The recoil system with variable recoil length consisted of hydraulic recoil buffer and hydro-pneumatic recuperator. The gun utilized bag loading ammunition. For assistance in loading, a special hoisting crane was used.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 36], "content_span": [37, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012574-0013-0000", "contents": "152 mm gun M1935 (Br-2), Description\nThe single trail tracked carriage was essentially the same as used for the 203 mm howitzer M1931 (B-4) and the 280 mm mortar M1939 (Br-5). It included an equilibrating mechanism of pushing type. The carriage allowed transportation of the weapon to short distances with the speed of 5\u20138\u00a0km/h. For longer distances, the barrel was removed from the carriage and transported separately on a special cart. In this case, it took from 45 minutes to two hours to prepare the weapon for combat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 36], "content_span": [37, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012574-0014-0000", "contents": "152 mm gun M1935 (Br-2), Description\nSeveral types of carts were used for barrel transportation. Guns produced in 1937 received the Br-6 cart. Other types used were the wheeled Br-10 (11.1 tons with the barrel) and the tracked Br-29 (13.42 tons with the barrel). In the trials report of 7 August 1938 both were referred to as unsatisfactory; the former because of bad passability and the latter because of excessive weight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 36], "content_span": [37, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012574-0015-0000", "contents": "152 mm gun M1935 (Br-2), Description\nFor transportation of carriages, Voroshilovets tracked gun tractors were used. Less powerful Komintern tracked gun tractors were employed to pull gun carts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 36], "content_span": [37, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012574-0016-0000", "contents": "152 mm gun M1935 (Br-2), Organization and service\nAs of June 1941, the Br-2 guns were issued to the heavy gun regiment of the Reserve of the Main Command. The regiment consisted of four battalions, each with three two-gun batteries, totaling 24 pieces. Two independent two-gun batteries also existed. After the outbreak of the German-Soviet War, the gun was employed by independent six-gun battalions. Later the organization was changed once again, to super heavy gun regiments of four two-gun batteries, totaling six Br-2 and two 210 mm gun M1939 (Br-17). By May 1945, the Red Army had four such regiments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 49], "content_span": [50, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012574-0017-0000", "contents": "152 mm gun M1935 (Br-2), Organization and service\nThe Br-2 (or possibly B-30) saw combat in the Winter War against Finland, one piece was lost. As of June 1941, the RKKA possessed 37 or 38 pieces, of them 24 in the aforementioned heavy artillery regiment and further four in two independent batteries. These batteries were given to the Arkhangelsk military district for use as coastal artillery. The rest of the guns, mainly early production guns with shallow rifling and experimental pieces, remained in storage depots and proving grounds. There is only a fragmentary information of the actual combat use of the Br-2. Some sources mention the guns being used in the Battle of Kursk; the 8th Guards Army employed them in the Battle of the Seelow Heights. By the end of the war, Reserve of the Main Command still had 28 pieces, so apparently none were lost.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 49], "content_span": [50, 856]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012574-0018-0000", "contents": "152 mm gun M1935 (Br-2), Organization and service\nThe modernized Br-2M remained in service at least until the 1970s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 49], "content_span": [50, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012574-0019-0000", "contents": "152 mm gun M1935 (Br-2), Organization and service\nSurviving pieces can be seen in the Central Armed Forces Museum (Moscow), in the Artillery Museum (Saint Petersburg) and on the Sapun Mountain (Sevastopol).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 49], "content_span": [50, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012574-0020-0000", "contents": "152 mm gun M1935 (Br-2), Self-propelled mounts\nThe only self-propelled mount of the Br-2 was a variant of the experimental SU-14, based on the chassis of the T-35 heavy tank with elements of T-28 medium tank, and intended to carry either 203\u00a0mm howitzer or 152\u00a0mm gun. The prototype armed with Br-2 is referred to as SU-14Br-2. In Autumn 1941 the experimental piece shelled German forces from Kubinka proving ground. The vehicle is still on display in the Kubinka Tank Museum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 46], "content_span": [47, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012574-0021-0000", "contents": "152 mm gun M1935 (Br-2), Ammunition\nThe Br-2 fired specially developed ammunition. The shallow rifling pieces and the deep rifling ones also used different projectiles. High explosive / fragmentation and anti-concrete projectiles were produced; there is some indication that chemical and \"special\" (i.e. nuclear) projectiles also existed, though it is not completely clear. The bagged charge allowed three charges - full, no. 1 and no. 2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012575-0000-0000", "contents": "152 mm howitzer 2A65 Msta-B\nThe 2A65 \"Msta-B\" is a Soviet towed 152.4\u00a0mm howitzer. The \"B\" in the designation is an abbreviation for Buksiruyemaya, which means towed. This weapon has been fielded in Soviet and Russian forces since at least 1987 and is currently in service with Russian front and army level artillery units. The 2A65 howitzer, like many pieces of Soviet artillery, is capable of firing nuclear artillery shells.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012575-0001-0000", "contents": "152 mm howitzer 2A65 Msta-B, Development\nIn addition to the towed 152\u00a0mm 2A36 gun covered in detail in a separate entry, Russia also deployed a new 152\u00a0mm towed howitzer, designated the 2A65, which was allocated the NATO designation of the M1987. This was the year that the weapon was first identified by Western intelligence. According to United Nations sources there were no exports of this weapon between 1992 and 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 40], "content_span": [41, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012575-0001-0001", "contents": "152 mm howitzer 2A65 Msta-B, Development\nThe 152\u00a0mm 2A65 is also referred to as the MSTA-B and the weapon forms the main armament of the 152\u00a0mm self-propelled artillery system, the 2S19, which is also referred to as the MSTA-S. Full details of the latter are given in a separate entry. In the designation MSTA-B the latter stands for Buksiruemyi, or towed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 40], "content_span": [41, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012575-0002-0000", "contents": "152 mm howitzer 2A65 Msta-B, Description\nThe 152\u00a0mm howitzer 2A65 (M1987) is mounted on a conventional split trail carriage and, when deployed in the firing position, rests on three points, the hydraulic circular firing jack under the forward part of the carriage and the two spades at the rear. Each of the box section trails has a caster wheel to assist the gun crew in bringing the weapon into action. When deployed in the firing position, these swing upwards through 180\u00b0 and rest on top of each trail.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 40], "content_span": [41, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012575-0002-0001", "contents": "152 mm howitzer 2A65 Msta-B, Description\nThe 152\u00a0mm ordnance is fitted with a muzzle brake and a semi-automatic breech mechanism, spring-operated ramming system, hydraulic counter-recoil device and a liquid-cooled recoil brake. Elevation and traverse is manual, two-speed, with the direct and indirect sighting devices being located on the left side of the weapon. Pneumatic brakes are fitted as standard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 40], "content_span": [41, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012575-0003-0000", "contents": "152 mm howitzer 2A65 Msta-B, Description\nThe gun fires the same 152\u00a0mm ammunition types as the 152\u00a0mm 2S19 self-propelled artillery system and, more recently, a new family of separate loading (for example projectile and charge) 152\u00a0mm has been introduced. The standard OF45 high-explosive projectile weighs 43.56 kilograms, has a maximum muzzle velocity of 823 meters per second and a maximum range of 24.7\u00a0km. The charges include OF72 (long range), OF58 (full charge) and OF73 (reduced charge).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 40], "content_span": [41, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012575-0003-0001", "contents": "152 mm howitzer 2A65 Msta-B, Description\nThe OF45 projectile can be fitted with different rear ends, for example various types of screw-on boat tails, or the OF61 base bleed projectile which weighs 42.86 kilograms, has a maximum muzzle velocity of 828\u00a0m/s and a maximum range of 29\u00a0km. The OF23 cargo projectile weighs 42.8\u00a0kg, has a maximum range of 26 kilometers and contains 42 High-Explosive Anti-Tank (HEAT) bomblets, each of which can penetrate 100 millimeters of conventional steel armour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 40], "content_span": [41, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012575-0003-0002", "contents": "152 mm howitzer 2A65 Msta-B, Description\nOther types of projectile include the HS30 jamming round and the Russian 152\u00a0mm Krasnopol laser-guided projectile, which is covered in the entry for the 2S19 self-propelled artillery system. A 155\u00a0mm version of this system has been developed but as far as it is known this has not been exported. China has developed a new 155\u00a0mm/52 calibre SP artillery system called the PLZ52. This has a turret very similar to the 2S19. In addition to these new 152\u00a0mm projectiles the 2A65 can fire all standard types of 152\u00a0mm ammunition fired by the older Russian D-20 towed gun-howitzer and the 2S3 self-propelled gun-howitzer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 40], "content_span": [41, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012575-0004-0000", "contents": "152 mm howitzer 2A65 Msta-B, Description\nThe howitzer is towed by either the KrAZ-260 6x6 truck or the Ural 4320 6x6 truck. The gun consists of a distinctive four-wheeled carriage, and has an armored shield that slopes to the rear and extends over the wheels. It has been fielded since 1987 and was first deployed by Soviet forces in Eastern Europe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 40], "content_span": [41, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012575-0005-0000", "contents": "152 mm howitzer 2A65 Msta-B, Description\nIn Russian Army service, the 2A65 is deployed with the 9th Artillery Brigade in Luga, the 288th Artillery Brigade in Inzhenernyy, and the 291st Artillery Brigade in Maykop, as well as being stored in Perm and near Novgorod. It is also in service with other units in other Russian military districts, including the 381st Guards \"Warsaw\" Artillery Regiment of the 150th Motor Rifle Division. The total number of active 2A65 howitzers in Russian service is estimated at 370.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 40], "content_span": [41, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012575-0006-0000", "contents": "152 mm howitzer 2A65 Msta-B, Description\nThe 2A65 is also in service with the Ukrainian Ground Forces, in the 11th Artillery Brigade, Ternopil and the 55th Artillery Brigade, Zaporizhia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 40], "content_span": [41, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012575-0007-0000", "contents": "152 mm howitzer 2A65 Msta-B, Description\nIn Defense Forces of Georgia, 2A65 is in service within 5th Artillery brigade of Eastern Army Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 40], "content_span": [41, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012576-0000-0000", "contents": "152 mm howitzer M1909\nThe 152\u00a0mm howitzer M1909 (Russian: 152-\u043c\u043c \u0433\u0430\u0443\u0431\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0440. 1909 \u0433.) was a Russian Empire 152.4\u00a0mm (6 inch) howitzer. Developed by the French arms manufacturer Schneider et Cie it saw service throughout World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012576-0001-0000", "contents": "152 mm howitzer M1909\nInitially it was classified as fortress howitzer (Russian: kryepostnaya gaubitsa), compared to the lighter Schneider design, 152 mm howitzer M1910, which was adopted as a field howitzer. However, during World War I it started to be used as a field howitzer as well. It was later developed by the Soviet Union into the 152 mm howitzer M1909/30 which saw service throughout the Great Patriotic War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012577-0000-0000", "contents": "152 mm howitzer M1909/30\n152\u00a0mm howitzer M1909/30 (Russian: 152-\u043c\u043c \u0433\u0430\u0443\u0431\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0440. 1909/30 \u0433\u0433.) was a Soviet 152.4\u00a0mm (6 inch) howitzer, a modernization of the 152 mm howitzer M1909, initially designed by Schneider. It was the most numerous 152\u00a0mm howitzer employed by Red Army in World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012577-0001-0000", "contents": "152 mm howitzer M1909/30, Development and production history\nFrom the late 1920s the RKKA sought to upgrade its World War I-era artillery pieces. One of the modernized weapons was the 152 mm howitzer M1909, initially designed by the French arms manufacturer Schneider. After a number of experiments it was determined that the muzzle velocity of the piece could be increased to about 395\u00a0m/s (further increase could result in a damage to the carriage). In 1930 at the Bolshevik Plant, the gun was experimentally fitted with a muzzle brake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 60], "content_span": [61, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012577-0002-0000", "contents": "152 mm howitzer M1909/30, Development and production history\nIn 1930-1931, the Perm plant developed a modernization project. Initially, the only element of the project was lengthening the chamber to 340\u00a0mm (upgraded barrels received a mark \"lengthened chamber\"). In late production pieces minor changes in breechblock, cradle and elevation mechanism were introduced. Some pieces also had their wooden wheels replaced by steel ones with rubber tires. The modernized weapon was officially adopted as 152-mm howitzer model 1909/30.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 60], "content_span": [61, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012577-0003-0000", "contents": "152 mm howitzer M1909/30, Development and production history\nThe M1909/30 was a typical short-barrel howitzer, intended mostly for shooting with elevations from +20\u00b0 to +41\u00b0, using separately loaded ammunition. The gun had interrupted screw breechblock; hydraulic recoil buffer and hydro-pneumatic recuperator were both mounted under the barrel. The carriage was of single trail type with limited traverse and, typically, unsprung wooden wheels (some pieces produced from 1937 had metal wheels with solid rubber tires). With the gun was issued limber, which had either wooden or metal wheels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 60], "content_span": [61, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012577-0004-0000", "contents": "152 mm howitzer M1909/30, Development and production history\nFrom 1931 to 1941 the Perm plant delivered 2,188 pieces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 60], "content_span": [61, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012577-0005-0000", "contents": "152 mm howitzer M1909/30, Organization and employment\nUnder the organization of 1939, each rifle division had a howitzer regiment with a 152-mm howitzers battalion (12 pieces). In July 1941 these regiment were cancelled. Same fate befell 152-mm howitzers battalions of motorized and armored divisions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 53], "content_span": [54, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012577-0006-0000", "contents": "152 mm howitzer M1909/30, Organization and employment\nCorps artillery units didn't employ 152-mm howitzers early in the war (they did use howitzer-guns ML-20); but from late 1943 the recreated corps artillery included a regiment consisted of five batteries (totaling 20 pieces), equipped, along with other types, with 152-mm howitzers. By 1 June 1944, there were 192 such pieces in corps artillery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 53], "content_span": [54, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012577-0007-0000", "contents": "152 mm howitzer M1909/30, Organization and employment\nReserve of the Main Command included howitzer regiments (48 pieces) and heavy howitzer brigades (32 pieces), sometimes organized into artillery divisions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 53], "content_span": [54, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012577-0008-0000", "contents": "152 mm howitzer M1909/30, Organization and employment\nThe howitzer was used by the RKKA in the Battle of Khalkhin Gol and in the Winter War. At the outbreak of the German-Soviet War the M1909/30 was still the most numerous 152-mm howitzer in Soviet service. On 1 June 1941, the RKKA possessed about 2,500 pieces, about twice as much as the newer M-10s, which were soon removed from production. Although from 1943 the M1909/30 was again being gradually replaced, this time by D-1, it was still in service by the end of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 53], "content_span": [54, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012577-0009-0000", "contents": "152 mm howitzer M1909/30, Organization and employment\nA number of guns of this type fell into the hands of Wehrmacht in 1941-42; these were adopted as 15,2\u00a0cm sFH 445(r). Germans also produced ammunition for these guns. Most of the pieces were assigned to coastal artillery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 53], "content_span": [54, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012577-0010-0000", "contents": "152 mm howitzer M1909/30, Organization and employment\nFinnish Army captured 14 pieces during the Winter War, and 85 more early in the Continuation War. The guns were actively used in combat. As a training weapon, the M1909/30 remained in Finnish service until the 1980s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 53], "content_span": [54, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012577-0011-0000", "contents": "152 mm howitzer M1909/30, Summary\nThe M1909/30 was a relatively minor upgrade of a World War I-era howitzer, which did not address the main flaws of the latter, namely:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012577-0012-0000", "contents": "152 mm howitzer M1909/30, Summary\nA short barrel meant short range, less than that of its main adversaries, such as the German 15 cm sFH 18 (8.8\u00a0km vs 13.3\u00a0km). Low muzzle velocity and small traverse also made the gun helpless against enemy armor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012577-0013-0000", "contents": "152 mm howitzer M1909/30, Summary\nOn the other side, the M1909/30 was rugged and reliable. It was also relatively light and could be set up for combat in 30\u201340 seconds. Thanks to it, the howitzer was well liked in the RKKA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012577-0014-0000", "contents": "152 mm howitzer M1909/30, Summary\nIn 1930 the Soviet Union still was not ready for development and mass production of modern artillery, so the upgrade of old guns was a reasonable decision.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012577-0015-0000", "contents": "152 mm howitzer M1909/30, Ammunition\nWhen set to fragmentation action, the OF-530 produced fragments which covered an area 70 m wide and 30 m deep. When set to HE action, the exploding shell produced a crater about 3.5 m in diameter and about 1.2 m deep.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012578-0000-0000", "contents": "152 mm howitzer M1910\nThe 152\u00a0mm howitzer Model 1910 Schneider or, more properly, 6 dm polevaja gaubitsa sistemy Schneidera as it was designated in Tsarist times, was a French howitzer designed by Schneider et Cie. It was used by the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union during World War I, the Russo-Polish War and the Russian Civil War. Finland captured nine during the Finnish Civil War, but did not use them during that conflict. They did see combat during the Winter War and the Continuation War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012578-0001-0000", "contents": "152 mm howitzer M1910, Description\nThe 152 mm howitzer Model 1910 Schneider was a conventional design for its time. It used a box carriage with wooden wheels, a Gun shield to protect the crew and a hydro-pneumatic recoil system mounted under the barrel. It used an interrupted-screw breech with separate-loading ammunition; the shell being loaded first followed by the proper amount of propellant in a brass cartridge case.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 34], "content_span": [35, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012578-0002-0000", "contents": "152 mm howitzer M1910, History and use\nSchneider designed the howitzer to meet an Imperial Russian specification and it was accepted as the Model 1910 Schneider to distinguish it from the Krupp design also bought that same year. It was manufactured by the Putilov Factory and the Perm Artillery Factory. It was used on the Eastern Front during World War I and fought in the Russo-Polish War and the Russian Civil War. Surviving examples were upgraded in the Thirties with a new carriage with pneumatic tires as the 152 mm gaubitsa obr. 1910/30.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 38], "content_span": [39, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012578-0003-0000", "contents": "152 mm howitzer M1910, History and use\nFinnish weapons were used for training before the Winter War began, but were issued to Heavy Artillery Battalion 4 during the war. During the Continuation War they served with Heavy Artillery Battalion 30 although they were withdrawn relatively quickly because they were worn out and stored until 1966 against future need.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 38], "content_span": [39, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012578-0004-0000", "contents": "152 mm howitzer M1910, History and use\nWhen World War I broke out this was the most modern howitzer design that France had available so it was re-barreled in 155\u00a0mm (6.1\u00a0in), the standard French caliber. Schneider later used the M1910 carriage for their Canon de 105 mod\u00e8le 1913, Canon de 155 L mod\u00e8le 1877/14, Canon de 155 C mod\u00e8le 1915, Canon de 155 L mod\u00e8le 1917 and Canon de 155 L mod\u00e8le 1918 guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 38], "content_span": [39, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012579-0000-0000", "contents": "152 mm howitzer M1910/37\n152\u00a0mm howitzer M1910/37 (Russian: 152-\u043c\u043c \u0433\u0430\u0443\u0431\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0440. 1910/37 \u0433\u0433.) was a limited production Soviet 152.4\u00a0mm (6 inch) howitzer, a modernization of the 152 mm howitzer M1910, initially designed by Schneider. The gun was employed by Red Army in World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012579-0001-0000", "contents": "152 mm howitzer M1910/37, Development and production history\nThe gun resulted from a modernization of the 152 mm howitzer M1910. The M1910 was initially designed by Schneider. Putilov Plant and Perm Plant delivered 348 pieces in 1911-27. By 1936, the RKKA possessed 101 M1910s, including 5 practice pieces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 60], "content_span": [61, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012579-0002-0000", "contents": "152 mm howitzer M1910/37, Development and production history\nWork on modernizing the gun started in 1936. Because of small number of M1910s in service, extensive upgrade was not considered worthwhile. The gun was rechambered for larger cartridge, same as used by the 152 mm howitzer M1909/30; upgraded barrels received a mark \"lengthened chamber\". Some pieces also had their wooden wheels replaced by steel ones with rubber tires, resulting in much higher transportation speed of 18\u00a0km/h. The modernized weapon was officially adopted as 152\u00a0mm howitzer model 1910/37.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 60], "content_span": [61, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012579-0003-0000", "contents": "152 mm howitzer M1910/37, Development and production history\nBy 1941, all M1910 howitzers were upgraded. There was no production of new pieces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 60], "content_span": [61, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012579-0004-0000", "contents": "152 mm howitzer M1910/37, Development and production history\nThe design of M1910/37 was typical for World War I era howitzer. The gun had short (12 calibers) barrel with eccentric interrupted screw breechblock; hydraulic recoil buffer and pneumatic recuperator were both mounted under the barrel. The carriage was of single trail type with limited traverse and, typically, unsprung wooden wheels (some pieces received metal wheels with solid rubber tires). The gun was typically towed by a horse team (eight horses) by means of a limber. For each gun three horse-drawn ammunition boxes were issued; each box held 22 projectiles and 24 propellant charges.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 60], "content_span": [61, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012579-0005-0000", "contents": "152 mm howitzer M1910/37, Organization and employment\nUnder the organization of 1939, each rifle division had a howitzer regiment with a 152\u00a0mm howitzers battalion (12 pieces). In July 1941 these regiment were cancelled. Same fate befell 152\u00a0mm howitzers battalions of motorized and armored divisions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 53], "content_span": [54, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012579-0006-0000", "contents": "152 mm howitzer M1910/37, Organization and employment\nCorps artillery units didn't employ 152\u00a0mm howitzers early in the war (they did use howitzer-guns ML-20); but from late 1943 the recreated corps artillery included a regiment consisted of five batteries (totaling 20 pieces), equipped, along with other types, with 152\u00a0mm howitzers. By 1 June 1944, there were 192 such pieces in corps artillery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 53], "content_span": [54, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012579-0007-0000", "contents": "152 mm howitzer M1910/37, Organization and employment\nReserve of the Main Command included howitzer regiments (48 pieces) and heavy howitzer brigades (32 pieces), sometimes organized into artillery divisions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 53], "content_span": [54, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012579-0008-0000", "contents": "152 mm howitzer M1910/37, Organization and employment\nBy the outbreak of German-Soviet War older 152\u00a0mm howitzers were being replaced by the newer M-10. However the M-10 production rate was slow, so by June 1941 the M1910/37 was still in service and was employed by the RKKA in the German-Soviet War. However, no details of its service are available.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 53], "content_span": [54, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012579-0009-0000", "contents": "152 mm howitzer M1910/37, Summary\nThe M1910/37 was a relatively minor upgrade of a World War I-era howitzer, which did not address the main flaws of the latter, namely:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012579-0010-0000", "contents": "152 mm howitzer M1910/37, Summary\nA short barrel meant short range, less than that of its main adversaries, such as the German 15 cm sFH 18 (8.8\u00a0km vs 13.3\u00a0km). Low muzzle velocity and small traverse also made the gun helpless against enemy armor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012579-0011-0000", "contents": "152 mm howitzer M1910/37, Summary\nOn the other side, the M1910/37 was rugged, reliable and relatively light.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012579-0012-0000", "contents": "152 mm howitzer M1910/37, Ammunition\nWhen set to fragmentation action, the OF-530 produced fragments which covered an area 70 m wide and 30 m deep. When set to HE action, the exploding shell produced a crater about 3.5 m in diameter and about 1.2 m deep.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012580-0000-0000", "contents": "152 mm howitzer M1938 (M-10)\n152-mm howitzer M1938 (M-10) (Russian: 152-\u043c\u043c \u0433\u0430\u0443\u0431\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0440. 1938 \u0433. (\u041c-10)) was a Soviet 152.4\u00a0mm (6 inch) howitzer of World War II era. It was developed in 1937\u20131938 at the Motovilikha Mechanical Plant by a team headed by F. F. Petrov. Although production of the gun was stopped in 1941, it saw combat with the Red Army until the end of World War II and remained in service until the 1950s. Captured pieces were used by Wehrmacht and the Finnish Army. The latter kept the M-10 in service until 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012580-0001-0000", "contents": "152 mm howitzer M1938 (M-10)\nIn a tank-mounted variant, M-10T, the gun was mounted on the KV-2 heavy tank.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012580-0002-0000", "contents": "152 mm howitzer M1938 (M-10), Development history\nBy the early 1930s the Red Army (RKKA) started to look for a replacement for the 152-mm howitzer M1909 and the 152-mm howitzer M1910. Those pieces, developed before World War I, had unsprung fixed trail carriages and short barrels, which meant poor mobility, insufficient elevation and traverse angles and short range. Although both pieces were eventually modernized, resulting in the 152-mm howitzer M1909/30 and the 152-mm howitzer M1910/37 respectively, these were relatively minor upgrades which brought only limited improvement in some areas and didn't address others. It was clear that a completely new design was needed. However, at that time, the Soviets had little experience in developing modern artillery pieces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 49], "content_span": [50, 773]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012580-0003-0000", "contents": "152 mm howitzer M1938 (M-10), Development history\nAn initial attempt was made to overcome that issue through a collaboration with Germany. Constrained by the limitations of the Treaty of Versailles, Germany was looking for ways to proceed with weapons development and joint projects gave them such an opportunity. Among other weapons supplied by Germans was a heavy howitzer, designated 152-mm howitzer M1931 (NG) in the USSR. Soon the Motovilikha Mechanical Plant (MMZ) was tasked with the production of this gun. However, only eight pieces were completed in 1932\u20131934 until production was stopped. The design proved to be too complicated for the Soviet industry of the early 1930s, similar to other designs like 122-mm howitzer M1934 or 20-mm and 37-mm autocannons. Also it was considered somewhat heavy at 5,445\u00a0kg in travelling configuration. But these early failures gave Soviet developers some valuable experience.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 49], "content_span": [50, 920]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012580-0004-0000", "contents": "152 mm howitzer M1938 (M-10), Development history\nIn 1937, F. F. Petrov and his design team at the Motovilikha Ordnance Plant started work on a new design, the M-10. Technical papers were submitted to the Artillery Directorate on 1 August 1937 and on 2 November the first prototype was completed. Ground trials (19\u201325 October 1938) featured two pieces: No. 302 (L/25 barrel with constant rifling) and No. 303 (L/20 barrel with progressive rifling). The No. 303 was found to be superior. The trials also revealed numerous defects in the gun construction: the howitzer suffered from insufficient upper carriage strength, leaks in the recoil buffer, unreliable suspension etc.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 49], "content_span": [50, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012580-0004-0001", "contents": "152 mm howitzer M1938 (M-10), Development history\nFor army tests early in 1939, an improved design with a longer barrel was presented. Another series of army tests followed from 22 December 1939 to 10 January 1940, but even before it started\u2014on 29 September 1939\u2014the gun was adopted as 152\u00a0mm divisional howitzer model 1938. Later, the word divisional was removed from the designation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 49], "content_span": [50, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012580-0005-0000", "contents": "152 mm howitzer M1938 (M-10), Production history\nThe M-10 entered production at the Plant No. 172 in 1939. Until the end of the year, four pieces were manufactured, 685 more in 1940 and 833 in 1941. About 340 barrels for KV-2 heavy tanks were also built (for 334 serial production tanks and a few prototypes and experimental vehicles).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012580-0006-0000", "contents": "152 mm howitzer M1938 (M-10), Production history\nSoon after the outbreak of the war, mass production of the gun was halted. The following reasons are typically cited:.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012580-0007-0000", "contents": "152 mm howitzer M1938 (M-10), Production history\nSome found these arguments questionable. Later in the war, corps artillery employed the 152-mm howitzer M1943 (D-1) with the same ballistics. Production rates were growing. Even early in the war, the Red Army wasn't passive, but tried to attack at every opportunity; moreover, howitzers are certainly useful in defensive combat too, e.g. for suppressing enemy howitzers. A historian M. Svirin offered the next explanation instead:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012580-0008-0000", "contents": "152 mm howitzer M1938 (M-10), Description\nThe M-10 was much more advanced design compared to older Soviet 152\u00a0mm howitzers. It had a modern split trail carriage which allowed for a much larger traverse. The trails were of riveted construction. The carriage was equipped with suspension and wheels from the ZiS-5 (truck), increasing towing speed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 41], "content_span": [42, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012580-0009-0000", "contents": "152 mm howitzer M1938 (M-10), Description\nThe barrel, much longer than that of older designs, was fitted with an interrupted screw breechblock with recoil devices consisting of a hydraulic recoil buffer and hydro-pneumatic recuperator. The recoil travel was variable. A gun shield provided some protection from bullets and shell fragments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 41], "content_span": [42, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012580-0010-0000", "contents": "152 mm howitzer M1938 (M-10), Description\nUnlike its eventual successor, the D-1, the M-10 was not equipped with a muzzle brake. While softening recoil and thus allowing for a lighter carriage, a muzzle brake has the disadvantage of redirecting some of the gases that escape the barrel toward the ground where they raise dust, revealing the gun position.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 41], "content_span": [42, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012580-0011-0000", "contents": "152 mm howitzer M1938 (M-10), Description\nThe gun could be towed by an artillery tractor or a team of horses. In the latter case, a 400-kg limber was used.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 41], "content_span": [42, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012580-0012-0000", "contents": "152 mm howitzer M1938 (M-10), Organization and employment\nUnder the organization of 1939, each rifle division had a howitzer regiment with a 152-mm howitzer battalion (12 pieces). In July 1941 these regiments were cancelled. The same fate befell 152-mm howitzer battalions of motorized and armored divisions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 57], "content_span": [58, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012580-0013-0000", "contents": "152 mm howitzer M1938 (M-10), Organization and employment\nIn 1944, rifle corps of the Red Army had one artillery regiment each. Those regiment consisted of five batteries (totaling 20 pieces), equipped with 152-mm howitzers, 122-mm or 107-mm guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 57], "content_span": [58, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012580-0014-0000", "contents": "152 mm howitzer M1938 (M-10), Organization and employment\nReserve of the Main Command included howitzer regiments (48 pieces) and heavy howitzer brigades (32 pieces). Those could be merged to form artillery divisions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 57], "content_span": [58, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012580-0015-0000", "contents": "152 mm howitzer M1938 (M-10), Organization and employment\nOn 1 June 1941 the RKKA possessed more than thousand M-10s. Many were lost in the early phase of the war, combined with a decision to stop the production it meant only limited quantity remained in service; these remaining guns in dwindling numbers were used for the remainder of World War II. The M-10 was used against personnel, fortifications and key objects in the rear.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 57], "content_span": [58, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012580-0016-0000", "contents": "152 mm howitzer M1938 (M-10), Organization and employment\nMany guns were captured by the Wehrmacht early in the war, and adopted as 15,2\u00a0cm sFH 443(r). The Finnish Army captured 45 pieces and further 57 were purchased from Germany in 1944. In Finland the howitzer, designated 152 H 38, was issued to five heavy artillery battalions and actively used in battle. Finns rather liked the gun, but considered it somewhat heavy. After the end of the hostilities, the M-10 remained in the Finnish service; in the 1980s there were some considerations of modernizing it, but the idea was dropped; the guns were stored in the army depots until 2000 and then they were finally retired and scrapped.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 57], "content_span": [58, 687]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012580-0017-0000", "contents": "152 mm howitzer M1938 (M-10), Organization and employment\nThe surviving M-10 howitzers can be seen in various military museums and war memorials, for example in the:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 57], "content_span": [58, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012580-0018-0000", "contents": "152 mm howitzer M1938 (M-10), Variants\nIn addition to the towed howitzer, a vehicle-mounted variant was developed for use in KV-2 heavy tanks. This variant\u2014152\u00a0mm tank howitzer M1938 (M-10T)\u2014had a shorter barrel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 38], "content_span": [39, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012580-0019-0000", "contents": "152 mm howitzer M1938 (M-10), Variants\nA single prototype with powder bag loading was built in 1939.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 38], "content_span": [39, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012580-0020-0000", "contents": "152 mm howitzer M1938 (M-10), Summary\nThe M-10 project provided the RKKA corps artillery with a modern 152-mm howitzer, which combined good  firepower with good mobility (although, as the example of the D-1 shows, the latter characteristic could be improved without compromising the former). When compared to a typical contemporary howitzer of similar calibre, the M-10 had shorter range, but was lighter. E.g. the German 15 cm sFH 18 had a range of 13,325 m\u2014about one kilometer longer than that of the M-10\u2014but also weighed much more (5,510\u00a0kg in traveling position).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012580-0020-0001", "contents": "152 mm howitzer M1938 (M-10), Summary\nThe same can be said about the US 155-mm howitzer M1 (14,600 m, 5,800\u00a0kg) or 149-mm howitzer manufactured by the Italian Ansaldo (14,250 m, 5,500\u00a0kg). A German howitzer with characteristics similar to those of the Soviet one\u2014the 15 cm sFH 36\u2014didn't reach mass production. Compared to older pieces such as the French Schneider model 1917 (11,200 m, 4,300\u00a0kg), the M-10 had advantage in range and comparable weight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012580-0021-0000", "contents": "152 mm howitzer M1938 (M-10), Ammunition\nThe M-10 used separate-loading ammunition, with eight different charges. The charges ranges from the \"full charge\" Zh-536 and smaller charges ranging from the \"first\" to \"sixth\", which was the smallest. A \"special charge\" was used with the BP-540 HEAT projectile. Propellant charges were produced in \"full\" and \"third\" variants in munitions factories. All other charges were derived from removing small gunpowder bags from the charge cartridge. For flash suppression there was a special chemical mixture which was inserted into cartridges before night firing. 152\u00a0mm projectiles for the M-10 weighed about 40\u00a0kg, making a difficult job for loaders, who had to carry the projectiles alone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 729]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012580-0022-0000", "contents": "152 mm howitzer M1938 (M-10), Ammunition\nWhen set to fragmentation mode, the OF-530 projectile produced fragments which covered an area 70 meters wide and 30 meters deep. When set to high-explosive (HE) action, the exploding shell produced a crater about 3.5 meters in diameter and about 1.2 meters deep. The OF-530 is still fired from modern 152\u00a0mm ordnance pieces of the Russian Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012580-0023-0000", "contents": "152 mm howitzer M1938 (M-10), Ammunition\nThe G-530 HEAC anti-concrete shell had a muzzle velocity of 457\u00a0m/s when fired with the \"first\" charge. At a range of one kilometer it had 358\u00a0m/s terminal velocity and was able to punch through up to 80 centimeters of reinforced concrete before detonating a TNT charge which increased the total penetration to 114 centimeters. The G-530 could not be fired with a \"full\" charge without putting the crew at risk of having the shell explode in the barrel. A special version of the shell, the G-530Sh, was developed to allow use with the full charge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012580-0024-0000", "contents": "152 mm howitzer M1938 (M-10), Ammunition\nThe BP-540 HEAT projectile was not used during World War II. It had an armour penetration of 250 millimeters at an incident angle of 90\u00b0, 220 millimeters at 60\u00b0, 120 millimeters at 30\u00b0.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012581-0000-0000", "contents": "152 mm howitzer M1943 (D-1)\nThe  D-1 howitzer M1943 (Russian: 152-mm gaubitsa obr. 1943 g. (D-1)) is a Soviet World War II-era 152.4\u00a0mm howitzer. The gun was developed by the design bureau headed by F. F. Petrov in 1942 and 1943, based on the carriage of the 122 mm howitzer M1938 (M-30) and using the barrel of the 152 mm howitzer M1938 (M-10). The powerful and mobile D-1, with its wide range of ammunition, significantly increased the firepower and breakthrough abilities of Red Army tank and motor rifle formations. Several hundred D-1s were manufactured before the end of World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012581-0001-0000", "contents": "152 mm howitzer M1943 (D-1)\nPost World War II, the D-1 saw combat in numerous conflicts during the mid- to late 20th century. The long operational history of D-1 howitzers in national armies of numerous countries is a testimony to its qualities; the gun still remains in service in a number of post-Soviet states and some other countries. The D-1 is widely considered a valuable element of Soviet artillery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012581-0002-0000", "contents": "152 mm howitzer M1943 (D-1), Development and production, Background\nIn 1941 the Soviet Union decided to cease production of the 152 mm howitzer M1938 (M-10). One of the reasons was the disbanding of the Rifle Corps between August and September 1941 and the consequent removal of the corps artillery. Moreover, all 152\u00a0mm howitzers were excluded from divisional artillery. As a result, there was no series production of 152\u00a0mm howitzers during 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 67], "content_span": [68, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012581-0003-0000", "contents": "152 mm howitzer M1943 (D-1), Development and production, Background\nHowever, the rifle corps were re-established in late 1942 and the previous organization of artillery at the corps level was reintroduced. As a result of the halting of 152\u00a0mm howitzer production, the Red Army corps artillery lacked a weapon more mobile than the heavy 152 mm howitzer-gun M1937 (ML-20) (typically employed by army-level and Reserve of the Main Command artillery units), but more powerful than the 122 mm howitzer M1938 (M-30).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 67], "content_span": [68, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012581-0004-0000", "contents": "152 mm howitzer M1943 (D-1), Development and production, Response to the challenge\nIn 1942, trying to solve the problem of lack of a suitable mobile 152\u00a0mm howitzer, the design bureau headed by F. F. Petrov started to work privately on a new howitzer, based on the carriage of the M-30 and the barrel of the M-10 (which was fitted with a muzzle brake in order to reduce the recoil and thus prevent damage to the lighter carriage). The approach allowed production to begin on the new howitzer almost immediately from the stockpile of parts for both earlier guns. Given the war situation and shortages of artillery, this solution was both elegant and expedient.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 82], "content_span": [83, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012581-0005-0000", "contents": "152 mm howitzer M1943 (D-1), Development and production, Response to the challenge\nEarly in 1943 Petrov notified the People's Commissar of Armaments Dmitriy Ustinov about the new project. On 13 April Ustinov informed Petrov that the State Committee of Defence had requested for five of the new guns to be sent to the testing grounds on 1 May. On 5 May, two pieces were received for trials; two days later, on 7 May the gun was recommended for adoption, and on 8 August 1943 it was officially adopted as the 152\u00a0mm howitzer M1943. One and a half months later, the first series production D-1 howitzers were delivered to the Red Army representatives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 82], "content_span": [83, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012581-0006-0000", "contents": "152 mm howitzer M1943 (D-1), Development and production, Production\nThe D-1 was manufactured solely at No. 9 Plant (UZTM) in Sverdlovsk from late 1943 to 1949. During World War II, the howitzer was only produced in small numbers because Plant No. 9 was also responsible for the mass production of the 122\u00a0mm howitzer M-30. This resulted in critical shortages of the 152\u00a0mm howitzers in the Red Army corps artillery until the end of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 67], "content_span": [68, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012581-0007-0000", "contents": "152 mm howitzer M1943 (D-1), Description\nThe D-1 howitzer was essentially a combination of the barrel of the 152-mm howitzer model 1938 (M-10) on the carriage of the 122-mm howitzer M1938 (M-30). Since the new carriage was lighter than that of the M-10, the barrel was fitted with a massive double-baffle muzzle brake DT-3 to soften the shock of recoil. The breech block was of interrupted screw type, the recoil system consisted of a hydraulic buffer and a hydro-pneumatic recuperator. The separately loaded ammunition included a variety of shells and eight different propellant charges in cartridges.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 40], "content_span": [41, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012581-0008-0000", "contents": "152 mm howitzer M1943 (D-1), Description\nThe carriage was nearly identical to the carriage of the M-30. It had suspension and steel wheels with pneumatic rubber tires. The trails were initially of riveted construction, but were eventually replaced in production by welded ones. Late production pieces were equipped with caster wheels to ease manhandling. Time to set up for combat was about two minutes. In an emergency it was possible to fire without splitting trails; however this was at the price of a drastically reduced traverse (1\u00b030'). Since the gun was not equipped with a limber, it could be towed only by vehicle. The maximum towing speed was 40\u00a0km/h on paved roads, 30\u00a0km/h on cobbled roads and 10\u00a0km/h off-road. To give the crew some protection from bullets and shell fragments, the gun was fitted with a shield.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 40], "content_span": [41, 824]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012581-0009-0000", "contents": "152 mm howitzer M1943 (D-1), Description, Comparison with contemporary howitzers\nFrom a technical and tactical point of view, the D-1 project provided the Red Army (RKKA) corps artillery with a modern 152\u00a0mm howitzer, which combined both good mobility and firepower. When compared with a typical contemporary howitzer of similar caliber, the D-1 had shorter range, but was much lighter. For example, the German 15 cm sFH 18 had a range of 13,325 meters \u2013 about one kilometer longer than that of the D-1 \u2013 but also weighed almost two tons more (5,510 kilograms in traveling position).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 80], "content_span": [81, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012581-0009-0001", "contents": "152 mm howitzer M1943 (D-1), Description, Comparison with contemporary howitzers\nThe same can be said of the US 155-mm howitzer M1 (14,600 meters, 5,800 kilograms) or the 149\u00a0mm howitzer manufactured by the Italian Ansaldo (14,250 meters, 5,500 kilograms). A German howitzer with characteristics similar to those of the D-1 \u2013 the 15 cm sFH 36 \u2013 did not reach mass production. Compared with older pieces such as the French Schneider model 1917 (11,200 meters, 4,300\u00a0kg), the D-1 had the advantage in both weight and range.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 80], "content_span": [81, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012581-0010-0000", "contents": "152 mm howitzer M1943 (D-1), Organization and employment\nThe D-1 was employed by corps artillery and the reserve of the main command units. In 1944, the rifle corps of the Red Army had one artillery regiment each. Those regiments consisted of five batteries (totaling 20 guns), equipped with the D-1 along with various other 152\u00a0mm howitzers, 122 mm gun M1931/37 (A-19), 152 mm howitzer-gun M1937 (ML-20)  or 107 mm gun M1910/30. Reserve of the Main Command included howitzer regiments (48 pieces) and heavy howitzer brigades (32 pieces). Those could be merged to form artillery divisions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 56], "content_span": [57, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012581-0011-0000", "contents": "152 mm howitzer M1943 (D-1), Organization and employment\nThe Red Army employed D-1 howitzers from 1944 onwards, during the final stages of World War II. The D-1 was used primarily used against personnel, fortifications and key structures in the enemy rear. The anti-concrete G-530 shell was also sometimes used against armored vehicles with good results. During its service the gun earned a reputation for being reliable and accurate. The D-1 was finally withdrawn from service in the mid-seventies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 56], "content_span": [57, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012581-0012-0000", "contents": "152 mm howitzer M1943 (D-1), Organization and employment\nAfter the war the gun was supplied to many countries around the globe, including former Warsaw Pact allies, such as Poland. As of the early 2000s it remains in service in Afghanistan, Albania, China, Cuba, Hungary, Iraq, Mozambique, Syria, Vietnam and other countries. The gun was employed in the Arab-Israeli Conflict and also in some conflicts in former republics of Soviet Union. The long operational history of D-1 howitzers in the national armies of numerous countries is an additional testimony to its qualities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 56], "content_span": [57, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012581-0013-0000", "contents": "152 mm howitzer M1943 (D-1), Organization and employment\nThe D-1 was seen in use during the April 2016 battles between the Nagorno-Karabakh Defense Army and the Azerbaijani Forces. It was used by the NKR Defense Forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 56], "content_span": [57, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012581-0014-0000", "contents": "152 mm howitzer M1943 (D-1), Organization and employment\nSurviving D-1 howitzers can be seen in various military museums and war memorials, e. g. in the Museum of Artillery and Engineering Forces, Saint Petersburg, Russia; in the Museum of Heroic Defense and Liberation of Sevastopol on Sapun Mountain, Sevastopol; in the Museum of the Great Patriotic War, Kiev, Ukraine; in Pozna\u0144 Citadel, Poland and in Polatsk, Belarus, as a memorial piece.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 56], "content_span": [57, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012581-0015-0000", "contents": "152 mm howitzer M1943 (D-1), Variants\nIn addition to the towed howitzer, Petrov's team developed a vehicle-mounted variant of the D-1. Red Army offensive operations in the summer and fall of 1943 reawakened interest in the idea of a heavy \"artillery\" tank similar to the KV-2, that could provide close fire support to rifle and tank units and would be capable of demolishing heavy fortifications. Probable causes for the development of such a vehicle were the cessation of mass production of the SU-122 medium assault gun and diversion of SU-152 heavy assault guns for anti-tank actions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012581-0015-0001", "contents": "152 mm howitzer M1943 (D-1), Variants\nThe tank variant of the D-1 was originally intended for mounting in a variant of the KV-1s heavy tank. It utilized the mount of the 85\u00a0mm D-5, leading to the unofficial name D-1-5 and eventually to the official designation of D-15. Only one example was built. There is no information about the gun being mounted in the KV tank. By October 1943 Soviet authorities were anticipating the start of mass production of the powerful IS-2 heavy tank; as a result the idea of a specialized artillery tank based on the obsolete KV chassis was dropped.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012581-0016-0000", "contents": "152 mm howitzer M1943 (D-1), Variants\nAnother project combining the T-34 tank chassis with the D-15 gun was also considered. Designated SU-D15, the medium assault gun was intended as a replacement for the SU-122. Although the project received a lot of support from the authorities it never entered production, both because of its shortcomings (the heavy gun put too much strain on the suspension and ammunition stowage was too limited) and because it was made redundant by the ISU-152. However lessons learned mounting a powerful gun in the T-34 allowed for rapid development of the SU-100 tank destroyer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012581-0017-0000", "contents": "152 mm howitzer M1943 (D-1), Ammunition\nThe D-1 had a large variety of ammunition, including high-explosive, armor-piercing, HEAT, shrapnel, illumination, and chemical.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012581-0018-0000", "contents": "152 mm howitzer M1943 (D-1), Ammunition\nThe D-1 used separate loading ammunition, with eight different charges. The charges included the \"full charge\" Zh-536 and smaller charges ranging from the \"first\" to \"sixth\", which was the smallest. A \"special charge\" was used with the BP-540 HEAT projectile. Propellant charges were produced in \"full\" and \"third\" variants in munitions factories. All other charges were derived from them by removing small gunpowder bags from the charge cartridge. For flash suppression there was a special chemical mixture which was to be inserted into a cartridge before night firing. 152\u00a0mm projectiles for the D-1 weighed about 40\u00a0kg; a difficult job for the loaders, who had to carry the projectiles alone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 735]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012581-0019-0000", "contents": "152 mm howitzer M1943 (D-1), Ammunition\nWhen set to fragmentation mode, the OF-530 projectile produced fragments which covered an area 70 meters wide and 30 meters deep. When set to high-explosive (HE) action, the exploding shell produced a crater about 3.5 meters in diameter and about 1.2 meters deep. Despite the D-1's withdrawal from service in the mid- 1970s, the OF-530 is still fired from modern 152\u00a0mm ordnance pieces of the Russian Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012581-0020-0000", "contents": "152 mm howitzer M1943 (D-1), Ammunition\nThe G-530 HEAC anti-concrete shell had a muzzle velocity of 457\u00a0m/s when fired with the \"first\" charge. At a range of one kilometer it had a 358\u00a0m/s terminal velocity and was able to punch through up to 80 centimeters of reinforced concrete before detonating a TNT charge which increased the total penetration to 114 centimeters. The G-530 could not be fired with a \"full\" charge without putting the crew at risk of having the shell explode in the barrel. A special version of the shell, the G-530Sh, was developed to allow use with the full charge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012581-0021-0000", "contents": "152 mm howitzer M1943 (D-1), Ammunition\nThe BP-540 HEAT projectile was not used during World War II. It had an armour penetration of 250 millimeters at an incident angle of 90\u00b0, 220 millimeters at 60\u00b0, 120 millimeters at 30\u00b0.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012581-0022-0000", "contents": "152 mm howitzer M1943 (D-1), Ammunition\nIn the late 1950s old ammunition stocks for the D-1 were removed from the Soviet inventory. The only shells retained were the OF-530, O-530, G-530/G-530Sh, and possibly chemical shells. The Soviet Army also possessed a 152\u00a0mm nuclear shell, but it is not clear whether that shell could be used with the D-1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012582-0000-0000", "contents": "152 mm howitzer-gun M1937 (ML-20)\nThe 152\u00a0mm howitzer-gun M1937 (ML-20) (Russian: 152-\u043c\u043c \u0433\u0430\u0443\u0431\u0438\u0446\u0430-\u043f\u0443\u0448\u043a\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0440. 1937 \u0433. (\u041c\u041b-20)), is a Soviet heavy gun-howitzer. The gun was developed by the design bureau of the plant no 172, headed by F. F. Petrov, as a deep upgrade of the 152-mm gun M1910/34, in turn based on the 152-mm siege gun M1910, a pre-World War I design by Schneider. It was in production from 1937 to 1946. The ML-20 saw action in World War II, mainly as a corps / army level artillery piece of the Soviet Army. Captured guns were employed by Wehrmacht and the Finnish Army. Post World War II, the ML-20 saw combat in numerous conflicts during the mid to late twentieth century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 687]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012582-0001-0000", "contents": "152 mm howitzer-gun M1937 (ML-20), Description\nThe ML-20 was officially classified as howitzer-gun, i.e. an artillery system which combines characteristics of a howitzer and (to lesser extent) of a gun and therefore can be used in both roles. This universality was achieved by wide range of elevation angles and by using separate loading with 13 different propellant loads. The gun was fitted with both telescopic sight for direct fire and panoramic sight for an indirect one. For ballistic calculations and meteorological corrections a special mechanical device was developed. The device, called meteoballistic summator, consisted of a specialized slide rule and a pre-calculated table. After World War II similar devices were introduced for other types of guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 46], "content_span": [47, 763]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012582-0002-0000", "contents": "152 mm howitzer-gun M1937 (ML-20), Description\nThe barrel was either monobloc or built-up. Some sources indicate that a third type\u2014with loose liner\u2014also existed. To soften recoil, a large slotted muzzle brake was fitted. The breechblock was of interrupted screw type, with forced extraction of cartridge during opening. A safety lock prevented opening of the breechblock before the shot; if there was a need to remove a shell, the lock had to be disabled. To assist loading when the barrel was set to high elevation angle, the breech was equipped with cartridge holding mechanism. The gun was fired by pulling a trigger-cord.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 46], "content_span": [47, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012582-0003-0000", "contents": "152 mm howitzer-gun M1937 (ML-20), Description\nThe recoil system consisted of a hydraulic buffer and hydro-pneumatic recuperator. Each held 22 litres of liquid. Pressure in the recuperator reached 45 Bar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 46], "content_span": [47, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012582-0004-0000", "contents": "152 mm howitzer-gun M1937 (ML-20), Description\nThe carriage was of split trail type, with shield and balancing mechanism, leaf spring suspension and steel wheels with rubber tires (some early production pieces received spoked wheels with solid tires from M1910/34). During transportation the barrel was usually retracted. The gun could also be towed with the barrel in its normal position, but in this case the transportation speed was limited, about 4\u20135\u00a0km/h (compared to 20\u00a0km/h with barrel pulled back). The gun could be set up for combat in 8\u201310 minutes. The carriage, designated 52-L-504A, was also used in the 122-mm gun model 1931/37 (A-19).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 46], "content_span": [47, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012582-0005-0000", "contents": "152 mm howitzer-gun M1937 (ML-20), Description\nThis gun was also mounted in two Soviet assault guns/tank destroyers employed during WWII. These are the SU-152 and ISU-152.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 46], "content_span": [47, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012582-0006-0000", "contents": "152 mm howitzer-gun M1937 (ML-20), Development history\nAmong other artillery pieces the Red Army (RKKA) inherited from the Imperial Russian Army a 152-mm siege gun M1910, developed by Schneider. The gun was modernized twice in 1930s, resulting in the 152-mm gun M1910/30 and the 152-mm gun M1910/34. However, its mobility, maximum elevation and speed of traverse still needed improvement. In 1935-36 the No. 172 Plant in Motovilikha tried to continue the modernization works, but the Main Artillery Directorate (GAU) insisted on more significant upgrade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 54], "content_span": [55, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012582-0007-0000", "contents": "152 mm howitzer-gun M1937 (ML-20), Development history\nConsequently, the design bureau of the plant developed two guns ML-15 and ML-20. While the former project was initiated by GAU, the latter started as private development; the team working on it was led by F. F. Petrov. Both guns used barrel and recoil system of the M1910/34. The ML-20 also inherited the wheels, suspension and trails from the older gun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 54], "content_span": [55, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012582-0008-0000", "contents": "152 mm howitzer-gun M1937 (ML-20), Development history\nThe ML-15 reached ground tests in April 1936, was returned for revision and was tested again in March 1937, this time successfully. The ML-20 went through ground tests in December 1936 and through army tests next year. After some defects (mostly in carriage) were eliminated, the ML-20 was recommended for production and on 22 September 1937 it was adopted as 152-mm howitzer-gun model 1937 (Russian: 152-\u043c\u043c \u0433\u0430\u0443\u0431\u0438\u0446\u0430-\u043f\u0443\u0448\u043a\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0446\u0430 1937 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 (\u041c\u041b-20)).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 54], "content_span": [55, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012582-0009-0000", "contents": "152 mm howitzer-gun M1937 (ML-20), Development history\nIt is not clear why the ML-20 was preferred. The ML-15 was lighter (about 500\u00a0kg less in combat position, 600\u00a0kg in traveling position) and more mobile (maximum transportation speed 45\u00a0km/h). On the negative side, the ML-15 had a more complicated carriage (however, the final version of the ML-20 carriage incorporated some features of the ML-15). Some sources claim that the choice was made because of the economic factor\u2014the ML-20 was more similar to the M1910/34, thus requiring fewer adjustments for production.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 54], "content_span": [55, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012582-0010-0000", "contents": "152 mm howitzer-gun M1937 (ML-20), Production history\nThe gun was in production from 1937\u20131946. 6,884 guns were manufactured and about 4,000 ML-20S barrels were used in the SU-152 and ISU-152 self-propelled guns. The ML-20 was eventually replaced by the D-20 152 mm gun with identical ballistics, which entered production in 1956.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 53], "content_span": [54, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012582-0011-0000", "contents": "152 mm howitzer-gun M1937 (ML-20), Production history\nSmaller production rates toward the end of the war were caused by two reasons. First, most of the barrels produced in these years were ML-20S. Second, after the Soviets started to field heavy tanks such as the JS series that used the A-19 122mm gun, the plant was ordered to increase the production of the A-19 instead of the ML-20.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 53], "content_span": [54, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012582-0012-0000", "contents": "152 mm howitzer-gun M1937 (ML-20), Organization and employment, Red Army\nThe ML-20 was originally intended for corps artillery. Together with the 122-mm gun A-19 it formed a so-called \"corps duplex\". In 1940-41 there were three types of corps artillery regiments:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 72], "content_span": [73, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012582-0013-0000", "contents": "152 mm howitzer-gun M1937 (ML-20), Organization and employment, Red Army\nSoon after the outbreak of Operation Barbarossa, the corps artillery was eliminated (as rifle corps themselves were eliminated). It was restored later in the war. The new corps artillery regiments were supposed to be armed with 122-mm guns or 152-mm howitzers, but some memoirs mention that the ML-20 was also used.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 72], "content_span": [73, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012582-0014-0000", "contents": "152 mm howitzer-gun M1937 (ML-20), Organization and employment, Red Army\nFrom 1943 the gun was employed by artillery regiments of armies. Such regiments had 18 ML-20s. Guard armies from early 1945 had artillery brigades with 36 ML-20s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 72], "content_span": [73, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012582-0015-0000", "contents": "152 mm howitzer-gun M1937 (ML-20), Organization and employment, Red Army\nThe ML-20 also used by artillery regiments (24 pieces) and brigades (36 pieces) of the Reserve of the Main Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 72], "content_span": [73, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012582-0016-0000", "contents": "152 mm howitzer-gun M1937 (ML-20), Organization and employment, Red Army\nIt was primarily used for indirect fire against enemy personnel, fortifications and key objects in the near rear. Heavy fragments of the OF-540 HE-Fragmentation shell were capable of piercing armour up to 20\u201330\u00a0mm thick, making a barrage dangerous to thinly armored vehicles and to some extent to heavier armoured ones as the fragments could damage chassis, sights or other elements; sometimes a close explosion caused damage inside a vehicle even though the armour remained intact. Direct hit of a shell often resulted in tearing away a turret of a medium tank or jamming it in case of a heavy tank.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 72], "content_span": [73, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012582-0017-0000", "contents": "152 mm howitzer-gun M1937 (ML-20), Organization and employment, Red Army\nThe first combat use of the ML-20 was in the Battle of Khalkhin Gol, in limited numbers. It also saw combat in the Winter War against the Mannerheim Line fortifications. The gun continued to be used throughout the World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 72], "content_span": [73, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012582-0018-0000", "contents": "152 mm howitzer-gun M1937 (ML-20), Organization and employment, Red Army\nExcellent characteristics of the gun, including reliability and ease of maintenance, allowed it to remain in service with the Soviet Army for a long time after the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 72], "content_span": [73, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012582-0019-0000", "contents": "152 mm howitzer-gun M1937 (ML-20), Organization and employment, Other operators\nIn the early stage of the German invasion of the Soviet Union hundreds of ML-20 were captured by the Wehrmacht. The gun was adopted by Germans as 15.2\u00a0cm KH.433/1(r). From February 1943 Germans manufactured ammunition for the gun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 79], "content_span": [80, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012582-0020-0000", "contents": "152 mm howitzer-gun M1937 (ML-20), Organization and employment, Other operators\nThe Finnish Army captured 37 guns of the type in 1941\u201344 and received additional 27 from Germany. These guns were adopted as 152 H 37. A number of barrels were mated with carriages of A-19 to create 152 H 37-31. While the gun was generally liked, the Finnish Army didn't possess enough prime movers suitable for towing such a massive piece. As a result, some of the guns were assigned to coastal artillery. Two pieces were captured back by the Red Army. A number of these guns were modernized in 1988 and as of 2004 still remain in reserve as 152 H 88-37. (all of the 152 H 88 series are being withdrawn as of 2007).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 79], "content_span": [80, 696]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012582-0021-0000", "contents": "152 mm howitzer-gun M1937 (ML-20), Organization and employment, Other operators\nAfter the war the ML-20 was widely exported to Warsaw Pact allies and to many states in Asia and Africa (in some of those states the gun still remains in service). It was adopted by Egypt and Syria and saw action in Arab\u2013Israeli conflict. In 2002 a TV documentary featured ML-20 employed by the Afghan Northern Alliance forces against the Taliban fighters; it seems likely that the guns were initially supplied to the Najibullah's regime.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 79], "content_span": [80, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012582-0022-0000", "contents": "152 mm howitzer-gun M1937 (ML-20), Variants\nThe barrel was manufactured in two variants \u2212 monobloc or built-up. Some sources indicate that a third type - with loose liner - also existed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 43], "content_span": [44, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012582-0023-0000", "contents": "152 mm howitzer-gun M1937 (ML-20), Variants\nExcept the basic variant, the only variant to reach mass production was the ML-20S, developed for use in self-propelled guns, with differently placed controls for easier operation in small enclosed compartments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 43], "content_span": [44, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012582-0024-0000", "contents": "152 mm howitzer-gun M1937 (ML-20), Summary\nThe ML-20 was one of the most successful Soviet artillery pieces of World War II. Its characteristics positioned it between classical short-range howitzers and special long-range guns. Compared to the former, the ML-20 has better range (e.g. the German 15 cm sFH 18 had range of 13.3\u00a0km), which often allowed it to shell positions of enemy artillery while remaining immune to enemy fire. Its advantage over the latter was in weight and cost, and therefore in mobility and production rate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012582-0024-0001", "contents": "152 mm howitzer-gun M1937 (ML-20), Summary\nFor example, the German 15 cm K 39 with range of 24.7\u00a0km weighed 12.2 tons and only 61 pieces were built; of the excellent 17 cm K 18 (23.4 t, 29.6\u00a0km) 338 pieces were manufactured; lighter 10.5 cm sK 18 (5.6 t, 19.1\u00a0km) was more common (2,135 pieces) but its 15\u00a0kg shell was much less powerful than a 44\u00a0kg shell of ML-20. German attempts to produce an analogue to the ML-20 were unsuccessful. The 15\u00a0cm sFH 40 was never produced due to construction defects; the 15\u00a0cm sFH 42 had insufficient range and only 46 pieces were built. In 1943 and 1944 Wehrmacht announced requirements for a 15\u00a0cm howitzer with a range of 18\u00a0km, but none reached production.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 696]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012582-0025-0000", "contents": "152 mm howitzer-gun M1937 (ML-20), Summary\nOf other guns with more or less similar characteristics, there were French 155 mm guns model 1917 and 1918 with longer range, but some 3.5 tons heavier (as was the US 155 mm Long Tom). The Czechoslovakian howitzer K4 (used by Germans as 15\u00a0cm sFH 37(t)) was about 2 tons lighter, but with range more than 2\u00a0km shorter and only 178 pieces were built. The Italian Cannone da 149/40 modello 35 had a range of 23.7 km but had a weight of 11 tons and less than 100 pieces were built. The British BL 5.5 inch (140 mm) Medium Gun probably had the closest characteristics; weight slightly over six tons and range of 18,100\u00a0yd (16,600\u00a0m) with an 82\u00a0lb (37\u00a0kg) shell.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 700]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012582-0026-0000", "contents": "152 mm howitzer-gun M1937 (ML-20), Summary\nThe main shortcomings of the ML-20 were its weight and limited mobility. As the experience of the ML-15 project suggests, the gun could be made somewhat lighter and more suitable for high-speed transportation. The use of a muzzle brake can be seen as a minor flaw: while softening the recoil and thus allowing the use of a lighter carriage, a muzzle brake has the disadvantage of redirecting some of the gases that escape the barrel toward the ground, where they can raise dust, potentially revealing the gun position. But when the ML-20 was developed, muzzle brakes were already a common design element in artillery pieces of that class.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 681]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012582-0027-0000", "contents": "152 mm howitzer-gun M1937 (ML-20), Surviving pieces\nML-20s are on display in a number of military museums. Among other places, the gun can be seen:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 51], "content_span": [52, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012583-0000-0000", "contents": "152 mm mortar M1931 (NM)\n152\u00a0mm mortar M1931 (NM) (Russian: 152-\u043c\u043c \u043c\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0446\u0430 1931 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 (\u041d\u041c)) was a 152.4\u00a0mm (6\u00a0inch) artillery piece originally developed by the German arms manufacturer Rheinmetall. The gun was produced in limited numbers in the Soviet Union and saw action with the Soviet Army in World War II. A modified version of the design was also adopted in Germany, as 15 cm sIG 33.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012583-0001-0000", "contents": "152 mm mortar M1931 (NM), Description\nThe gun had monobloc barrel fitted with horizontal sliding-block. The recoil system consisted of hydraulic compressor and hydro-pneumatic recuperator, both mounted in the gun cradle. The recoil length was fixed. The carriage was of box trail type, with equilibrator, suspension and a folding recoil spade. Metal wheels had removable rubber tires. The gun was equipped with a gun shield.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 37], "content_span": [38, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012583-0002-0000", "contents": "152 mm mortar M1931 (NM), Development and production\nThe first 152\u00a0mm divisional mortar for the RKKA was developed in by Kirov Plant in 1930. The gun weighed about 1,500\u00a0kg. It utilized a breechblock and other elements of the 152 mm fortress howitzer M1909. It is not clear whether the piece was ever completed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 52], "content_span": [53, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012583-0003-0000", "contents": "152 mm mortar M1931 (NM), Development and production\nFrom late 1920s, USSR looked for foreign assistance in modernizing its artillery. Germany could and was willing to offer such assistance. The cooperation with USSR allowed Germany, constrained by the Treaty of Versailles, an opportunity to proceed with arms development. In 1929, German arms manufacturer Rheinmetall created a dummy company Butast for contacts with USSR. In accordance with the Sovnarkom decision from 8 August 1930, on 28 August in Berlin a secret agreement was signed. Germans undertook to help USSR with production of six artillery systems:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 52], "content_span": [53, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012583-0004-0000", "contents": "152 mm mortar M1931 (NM), Development and production\nFor $1,125 mil. Rheinmetall supplied pre-production samples, documentation and parts from which in USSR a few pieces of each type could be assembled.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 52], "content_span": [53, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012583-0005-0000", "contents": "152 mm mortar M1931 (NM), Development and production\nAmong other pieces, Rheinmetall brought to USSR eight 152\u00a0mm mortars. The guns went through ground trials in June 1931 and were tested by the army in August 1932. The weapon was adopted as 152\u00a0mm mortar M1931. In the contemporary documents it is often referred to as N or NM.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 52], "content_span": [53, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012583-0006-0000", "contents": "152 mm mortar M1931 (NM), Development and production\nThe gun was in production from 1932 to 1935 at Plant no. 172 (MZM - Motovilikha Machinery Plant; Russian: \u041c\u0417\u041c - \u041c\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0445\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0434 \u043c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f). The production continuously lagged behind the schedule. In 1932, 5 mortars were manufactured; in 1933 - 50, in 1934 \u2013 59, and in 1935 \u2013 15 pieces. During the production period the gun was repeatedly modified; for example, the barrel of was lengthened by 65\u00a0mm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 52], "content_span": [53, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012583-0007-0000", "contents": "152 mm mortar M1931 (NM), Development and production\nIn 1937 a modernized variant was developed. This variant, designated ML-21, reached factory trials on 27 March 1937 and ground and army trials in 1938. The trials revealed some minor defects. The ML-21 was never adopted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 52], "content_span": [53, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012583-0008-0000", "contents": "152 mm mortar M1931 (NM), Development and production\nMeanwhile, in Germany a modified variant of the original Rheinmetall design was adopted as 15 cm sIG 33.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 52], "content_span": [53, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012583-0009-0000", "contents": "152 mm mortar M1931 (NM), Self-propelled mounts\nThe NM was experimentally mounted on T-26 tank chassis. The resulting self-propelled gun, designated SU-5-3, successfully underwent factory trials in 1934 and even took part in a parade at the Red Square. However, in 1935 the project was cancelled, because the T-26 chassis was considered too weak for a 152\u00a0mm piece. The fate of the prototype vehicle is unknown. There is an unconfirmed information that it was rebuilt as SU-5-2, armed with 122 mm howitzer M1910/30.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012583-0010-0000", "contents": "152 mm mortar M1931 (NM), Employment\nThe NM was employed in divisional artillery, which from 1935 to June 1941 included a battalion of 152\u00a0mm howitzers. On 1 November 1936 RKKA possessed 104 pieces (including three practical and one non-operational). By June 1941 only 51 of them remained and, according to the historian M. Svirin, all these were in mobilization reserve. Some pieces saw combat early in the German-Soviet War. In 1942, new ballistic tables for the mortar were released.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012583-0011-0000", "contents": "152 mm mortar M1931 (NM), Summary\nDespite some advantages of the NM, notably its versatility and very light weight for a 152-mm piece, the production was cancelled after a limited number of guns were built. According to M. Svirin, complexity of the design was the main reason. For example, Soviet ordnance plants experienced major problems with production of sliding breechblocks. Also, the NM poorly fitted the Soviet artillery doctrine, mainly because of its range - too short for a divisional gun. The related German design - the 15\u00a0cm sIG 33 - was employed as a regimental weapon; it was somewhat heavy for a regimental piece.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012583-0011-0001", "contents": "152 mm mortar M1931 (NM), Summary\nIn the RKKA, the niche of heavy regimental weapon was filled by a 120 mm infantry mortar, a cheaper, lighter weapon with slightly longer range, but on the other hand less powerful, less accurate and less versatile. Eventually, a need for a divisional weapon more powerful than a 122\u00a0mm howitzer became apparent; in 1943 the RKKA adopted another infantry mortar, the 160 mm divisional mortar MT-13, which was similar to the NM in terms of weight, range and shell weight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012583-0012-0000", "contents": "152 mm mortar M1931 (NM), Ammunition\nThe mortar used separate loading ammunition. The cartridge case could contain five different propellant charges. In addition to an old HE shell, two new HE-Frag shells were developed. The \"draft 4139\" shell was produced in limited numbers and was no longer used by 1934.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012584-0000-0000", "contents": "152 mm siege gun M1910\nThe 152\u00a0mm siege gun model 1910 (Russian: 152-\u043c\u043c \u043e\u0441\u0430\u0434\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0443\u0448\u043a\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0446\u0430 1910 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430) was a heavy gun used by the Russian Army in World War I. The gun was designed by the French arms manufacturer Schneider and the first prototype was evaluated in Russia in 1909-10. A total of 73 guns were ordered from the Putilov Plant in 1912. However, only 51 guns were delivered by the end of the Civil War. A further 49 guns were ordered by the Red Army Artillery Administration in 1926 and 1928. All usable guns were upgraded to 152 mm gun M1910/30 in the early 1930s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012584-0001-0000", "contents": "152 mm siege gun M1910, Selection\nIn 1906 the Russian War Department held a competition among Russian and foreign gun makers to find a 152mm siege gun to replace the obsolete 19th century designs in service. Only two manufacturers' designs were chosen to progress to field trials - those of Schneider and Krupp. The Schneider design was chosen after trials in 1909-10. The trials were a sham since the Schneider gun was preferred even before the trials were conducted. A licence agreement had been signed in 1907 between Schneider and Putilov for the production of a number of Schneider designs including the 152mm gun in anticipation of the final decision. The gun was adopted as the \"152 mm Siege Gun Model 1910\" (Russian: 152-\u043c\u043c \u043e\u0441\u0430\u0434\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0443\u0448\u043a\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0446\u0430 1910 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 765]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012584-0002-0000", "contents": "152 mm siege gun M1910, Production\nIn June 1912 the War Department ordered 56 guns from Putilov. A further 17 guns were ordered by the Marine Office in 1914, but these would have required extensive modifications since they were intended as coastal defence/railway guns. Putilov decided to complete the order for the Russian Army first then build the extra 17 guns. It was intended that production would be completed by July 1918. The Marine Office order was never completed since the revolution intervened in April 1917. Production proceeded fairly slowly. By 1 Jan 1917 36 guns had been completed, by 1 Dec 1917 43 guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012584-0002-0001", "contents": "152 mm siege gun M1910, Production\nDuring the revolution and Civil War production was very slow, only 3 guns were completed in 1919, for a total production of 51 guns. In 1926 the Red Army Artillery Administration ordered 26 152mm guns from \"Red Putilovets\" the former Putilov factory. In 1928 a further 23 guns were ordered bringing the Red Army inventory of 152\u00a0mm guns to 67 in 1930.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012584-0003-0000", "contents": "152 mm siege gun M1910, Description\nIn common with the Schneider designs the Putilov guns had hydraulic recoil absorption and pneumatic recuperation. The gun had variable recoil, at less than 12\u00b0 elevation the recoil length was 1800 1,800 millimetres (71\u00a0in), at greater than 16\u00b0 elevation the recoil length was reduced to 1,000 millimetres (39\u00a0in). The 152mm guns barrels were designed to be detached from the carriage for transport and guide plates were added to muzzle to help with removal/installation of the barrel. The barrel transport cart and the gun carriage required teams of 10 horses to move them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 35], "content_span": [36, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012584-0003-0001", "contents": "152 mm siege gun M1910, Description\nLater in the war the Russian army started using tractors, often imported American Allis-Chamers types, to move these guns as a train. It took a trained crew 20 \u2013 30 minutes to ready the gun for firing from the transport configuration. The gun's wheels could be fitted with hinged flat plates, similar to the French \"ceinture de roues\", to permit towing on soft ground. The Russian projectiles were a little lighter than the French equivalent weighing 38.6\u00a0kg for the shrapnel projectile and 41\u00a0kg for the high explosive projectile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 35], "content_span": [36, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012584-0004-0000", "contents": "152 mm siege gun M1910, Service\nThe 152\u00a0mm M10 gun was employed as a heavy field gun by the Russian Army rather than its intended use as a component of a slow-moving heavy artillery siege train. The use of heavy field guns for counter-battery fire and interdiction of enemy supplies in World War 1, rather than the reduction of static fortifications, required a more flexible command structure than that offered by classical siege artillery. The first 8 guns were sent to the front in the spring of 1915 and were returned to the Putilov factory in October for repairs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012584-0004-0001", "contents": "152 mm siege gun M1910, Service\nThe first guns from Putilov had weak carriages which deformed and cracked around the barrel support areas. In part, this may have been due to poor quality Russian steel since the equivalent Schneider guns did not suffer from this problem. The carriages had to beredesigned and the early production guns remade to remedy this problem. It was also found that the barrels would wear very rapidly when fired continuously at high charges.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012584-0004-0002", "contents": "152 mm siege gun M1910, Service\nAn operational solution to this problem was to fire one in three projectiles with reduced charge to limit the muzzle velocity to 349 metres per second (1,150\u00a0ft/s)-469 metres per second (1,540\u00a0ft/s) with corresponding maximum range reduced to 7,680 metres (8,400\u00a0yd)-9,850 metres (10,770\u00a0yd) compared to the 14,870 metres (16,260\u00a0yd) at 650 metres per second (2,100\u00a0ft/s) at full charge. The 152mm M10 suffered high attrition rates during World War 1 and the Russian Civil War with only 26 152mm guns remaining at the end of Civil War, 17 with army units and 9 damaged guns in storage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012584-0005-0000", "contents": "152 mm siege gun M1910, Conversion\nThe remaining usable 152\u00a0mm M10 guns were converted to the modernised 152 mm gun M1910/30 gun in the early 1930s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012585-0000-0000", "contents": "152 mm towed gun-howitzer M1955 (D-20)\nThe 152\u00a0mm gun-howitzer M1955, also known as the D-20, (Russian: 152-\u043c\u043c \u043f\u0443\u0448\u043a\u0430-\u0433\u0430\u0443\u0431\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u0414-20 \u043e\u0431\u0440. 1955 \u0433.) is a manually loaded, towed 152\u00a0mm artillery piece, manufactured in the Soviet Union during the 1950s. It was first observed by the west in 1955, at which time it was designated the M1955. Its GRAU index is 52-P-546.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012585-0001-0000", "contents": "152 mm towed gun-howitzer M1955 (D-20), History\n152\u00a0mm has been a Russian calibre since World War I, when Britain supplied 6\u00a0inch Howitzers and Russia purchased 152\u00a0mm guns from Schneider (probably derived from the 155\u00a0 mm Gun Mle 1877/16) for the Imperial Army. The new gun-howitzer, was a replacement of the pre-war ML-20 gun-howitzer (the 152\u00a0mm howitzer M1937) and various World War II era 152\u00a0mm field howitzers, Model 09/30, Model 1910/30, Model 1938 M10 and Model 1943 D-1. By Soviet definition, a 152\u00a0mm howitzer is 'medium'-calibre artillery. It was designated a 'gun-howitzer' because its muzzle velocity exceeded 600\u00a0m/s, and its barrel length exceeded 30 calibres. It equipped battalions in the motor rifle division artillery regiment and army level artillery brigades.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 781]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012585-0002-0000", "contents": "152 mm towed gun-howitzer M1955 (D-20), History\nThe design, which was probably initiated in the late 1940s, was first seen in public in 1955. It was designed by the well established design bureau at Artillery Plant No 9 in Sverdlovsk (now Motovilikha Plants in Yekaterinburg) led by the eminent artillery designer F\u00ebdor F\u00ebdorovich Petrov (1902\u20131978), who was responsible for several World War II pieces. The gun's factory designation was \"D-20\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012585-0003-0000", "contents": "152 mm towed gun-howitzer M1955 (D-20), History\nThe carriage is the same one used for the D-74 122 mm Field Gun. The barrel assembly was the basis for the D-22 (GRAU index: 2A33), which was used for the self-propelled 2S3 Akatsiya (\"Acacia\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012585-0004-0000", "contents": "152 mm towed gun-howitzer M1955 (D-20), Description\nThe D-20 has a 34 calibre (5.195 m) barrel, with a double baffle muzzle brake and a semi-automatic vertical sliding-block breech, with a tied jaw and the block moving down to open. The barrel is mounted in a long ring cradle with the trunnions just forward of the breech. The recoil system (buffer and recuperator) is mounted on the cradle above the barrel. Compression balancing gear is attached behind the saddle support, passing through the complex shaped saddle to connect to the cradle just forward of the trunnions. This can be manually re-pressured by a pump below the breech. The breech has a projectile retaining catch to prevent the shell sliding out at higher elevations before it is rammed with a manual rammer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 51], "content_span": [52, 775]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012585-0005-0000", "contents": "152 mm towed gun-howitzer M1955 (D-20), Description\nTop traverse totals 58\u00b0 and the vertical elevation range is \u22125\u00b0 to 45\u00b0.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 51], "content_span": [52, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012585-0006-0000", "contents": "152 mm towed gun-howitzer M1955 (D-20), Description\nBox girder section split trail legs are hinged to the cradle support, with bolts to lock them into either the open or closed position. The cradle support also has a bolt for locking the barrel in the centre for traverse before towing the gun. Large spades are permanently fixed close to the end of each trail; these are hinged and it appears that the gun can be fired with them up or down depending on the terrain, but they are always up when the gun is towed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 51], "content_span": [52, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012585-0007-0000", "contents": "152 mm towed gun-howitzer M1955 (D-20), Description\nTo assist with all-round carriage traverse, there is a pivot jack mounted at the front of the cradle support. The pivot jack is not a sole plate and the gun fires with its foam filled rubber tyred wheels supporting the gun on the ground. When the gun is brought into action, the pivot jack is folded down and adjusted to be on the ground.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 51], "content_span": [52, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012585-0007-0001", "contents": "152 mm towed gun-howitzer M1955 (D-20), Description\nIf a large traverse is required, small jacks on each trail leg are rotated downwards, and the trails jacked up until the main wheels are lifted clear of the ground and the bogey wheels mounted on each trail leg swung downwards and the trail jacks raised, the carriage is then traversed, and the trail jacks re-used to lift the bogey wheels and then place the piece back on its main wheels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 51], "content_span": [52, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012585-0008-0000", "contents": "152 mm towed gun-howitzer M1955 (D-20), Description\nThe pivot jack is also used to secure the barrel against vertical movement when the gun is being towed. The barrel is locked in the centre for traverse with a bolt on the cradle support. The jack is folded upwards, lugs on the ring cradle engage the jack base and two tensioners fixed to the saddle support are hooked to the cradle, these are tightened to lock the cradle onto the jack base.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 51], "content_span": [52, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012585-0009-0000", "contents": "152 mm towed gun-howitzer M1955 (D-20), Description\nAs was normal for the period, the gun has a shield, including a folding piece below the cradle support. The centre section of the upper shield slides both up and down and folds to accommodate the barrel at higher elevation angles of fire. The shield may offer some protection against muzzle blast to the sights and layer, although it is usually shown being fired with a long lanyard, but is probably mostly for defence against machine gun fire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 51], "content_span": [52, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012585-0010-0000", "contents": "152 mm towed gun-howitzer M1955 (D-20), Description\nThe non-reciprocating sights are standard Soviet pattern, designed for one-man laying. Included are a direct fire anti-tank telescope (OP4M), a panoramic periscopic indirect-fire sight, a dial sight, (PG1M) in a mounting, an angle of sight scale, and a range drum for each charge engraved with the range (distance) scale, coupled to an elevation leveling bubble mounted on dial sight mount. The range drum enables the standard Soviet technique of semi-direct fire when the piece is laid visually on the target and the range set on the range drum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 51], "content_span": [52, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012585-0011-0000", "contents": "152 mm towed gun-howitzer M1955 (D-20), Description\nLike most Soviet artillery, the gun fires separate ammunition using metal cartridge cases that also provide obturation. The ammunition is interchangeable with that used with other 152\u00a0mm guns, although the more modern ones also have a third, much larger cartridge. The D-20 uses two types of cartridge; one has a base charge and up to five increments, the other is a single 'super' charge cartridge. The standard shell weight is 44\u00a0kg with a muzzle velocity of 655\u00a0m/s, but some projectiles are more or less than this.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 51], "content_span": [52, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012585-0011-0001", "contents": "152 mm towed gun-howitzer M1955 (D-20), Description\nThe basic shell is HE-Fragmentation, other projectiles include smoke, illuminating, chemical and probably incendiary. Later projectiles include bomblet, anti-personnel mine, flechette, Krasnopol precision munition, communications jammer, and extended range HE using rocket assistance (RAP). The normally maximum range is 17.4\u00a0km, RAP being greater. Two direct-fire anti-tank projectiles have been used, HEAT and APHE, the latter being 5.2\u00a0kg heavier and with a lower muzzle velocity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 51], "content_span": [52, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012585-0012-0000", "contents": "152 mm towed gun-howitzer M1955 (D-20), Description\nThe maximum rate of fire is usually stated as five rounds/minute, and 65 rounds/hour sustained. In Soviet service, the unit of fire was 60 rounds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 51], "content_span": [52, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012585-0013-0000", "contents": "152 mm towed gun-howitzer M1955 (D-20), Description\nThe detachment was either 8 or 10 men, probably differing between armies and the time period. In Soviet service, the 5,700\u00a0kg gun was usually towed by a URAL-375 6\u00d76 truck or, in some regions, an AT-S or AT-L medium tractor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 51], "content_span": [52, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012585-0014-0000", "contents": "152 mm towed gun-howitzer M1955 (D-20), Variants, Democratic People\u2019s Republic of Korea\nThe US Defense Intelligence Agency has reported the existence of a number of self-propelled artillery systems, mating existing cannon systems with a locally designed chassis. The SPH 152mm M1974 appears to be the D-20 or Type 66 mounted on a tracked chassis \u201cTokchon\u201d.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 87], "content_span": [88, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012585-0015-0000", "contents": "152 mm towed gun-howitzer M1955 (D-20), Gallery\nSerbian Army M-84 Nora-A 152 mm howitzer at military parade in Ni\u0161.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012586-0000-0000", "contents": "152 mm/53 Italian naval gun Models 1926 and 1929\nThe 152\u00a0mm /53 Model 1926\u20131929 were built for the Italian Navy in the years before World War II. These guns were used on all Condottieri-class light cruisers except the Duca degli Abruzzi-class.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012586-0001-0000", "contents": "152 mm/53 Italian naval gun Models 1926 and 1929, Construction\nThe Model 1926 was designed and manufactured by Ansaldo, while the Model 1929 was manufactured by OTO Melara. Although both models of gun were similar in construction, components from each manufacturer were not fully interchangeable.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 62], "content_span": [63, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012586-0002-0000", "contents": "152 mm/53 Italian naval gun Models 1926 and 1929, Construction\nThe gun mounts had electrically powered training, elevation, hoists, rammers and the guns shared a common cradle. Improvements in ammunition handling meant that the rate of fire for the Model 1929 was nearly twice as fast as the Model 1926. Loading was at +20\u00b0 for the Model 1926, while the model 1929 could be loaded at any angle up to 45\u00b0. These guns suffered from dispersion problems so the original muzzle velocity of 1,000 metres per second (3,300\u00a0ft/s) was reduced to 850 metres per second (2,800\u00a0ft/s) with AP shells.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 62], "content_span": [63, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012586-0002-0001", "contents": "152 mm/53 Italian naval gun Models 1926 and 1929, Construction\nShell weight was also reduced from 50 kilograms (110\u00a0lb) to 47.5 kilograms (105\u00a0lb) in an attempt to resolve these problems, but were only partially successful. The main reason for the dispersion problem was because the guns were mounted too close together on a common cradle, which also complicated loading of the guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 62], "content_span": [63, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012586-0003-0000", "contents": "152 mm/53 Italian naval gun Models 1926 and 1929, Naval Service\nThe majority of the Condottieri-classes had two superfiring twin-mount turrets forward and aft, except for the Duca degli Abruzzi-class which had different model guns and had two twin-turrets replaced with two triple-turrets. The Giussano-class carried Model 1926 guns, while the Cadorna-class, Montecuccoli-class and Duca d'Aosta-class carried Model 1929 guns. The mountings for the Giussano-class and Cadorna-class were found to be too lightly built for the recoil forces created by these guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 63], "content_span": [64, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012586-0004-0000", "contents": "152 mm/53 Italian naval gun Models 1926 and 1929, Ammunition\nAmmunition was of quick fire separate loading type. The AP projectile was 63 centimetres (2.07\u00a0ft) long with a cartridge case and a bagged charge which weighed 21.43 kilograms (47.2\u00a0lb).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 60], "content_span": [61, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012586-0005-0000", "contents": "152 mm/53 Italian naval gun Models 1926 and 1929, Photo gallery\nSurviving examples of Model 1929 guns salvaged from the Cruiser Raimondo Montecuccoli are located at the Citt\u00e0 della Domenica theme and amusement park near Perugia, in Italy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 63], "content_span": [64, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012587-0000-0000", "contents": "152 mm/55 Italian naval gun Models 1934 and 1936\nThe 152\u00a0mm /55 Model 1934\u20131936 were built for the Italian Navy in the years before World War II. These guns were used on the Duca degli Abruzzi-class Light cruisers, which were the final series of the Condottieri-class cruisers as their primary armament and as secondary armament on the Littorio-class battleships.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012587-0001-0000", "contents": "152 mm/55 Italian naval gun Models 1934 and 1936, Construction\nThe Model 1934 was designed and manufactured by Ansaldo, while the Model 1936 was manufactured by OTO Melara. The Model 1934's made by Ansaldo were of monobloc construction with a horizontal sliding breech block, while the Model 1936's made by OTO Melara were constructed of two tubes, a loose liner and a horizontal sliding breech block. Both models fired the same quick firing separate loading ammunition. The gun mounts had electrically powered training, elevation and hoists. There were telescopic pneumatic rammers and each gun had a separate cradle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 62], "content_span": [63, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012587-0001-0001", "contents": "152 mm/55 Italian naval gun Models 1934 and 1936, Construction\nLoading was at any angle up to +20\u00b0 for both the twin and triple mounts. These guns were considered a significant improvement over the earlier 152\u00a0mm /53 Models 1926 and 1929 guns in that they had a lower muzzle velocity, were more widely spaced in the turrets and had separate gun cradles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 62], "content_span": [63, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012587-0001-0002", "contents": "152 mm/55 Italian naval gun Models 1934 and 1936, Construction\nThis gun proved to be much more accurate than its predecessors, with tight dispersion patterns at distance using APC shells; substantially larger patterns when using HE shells were not attributed to the gun but to the shell shape, and work was underway in 1941 on a new design to correct this issue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 62], "content_span": [63, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012587-0002-0000", "contents": "152 mm/55 Italian naval gun Models 1934 and 1936, Naval Service\nAnsaldo Model 1934 guns were mounted triple wing turrets on the Littorio, and in triple and twin superfiring turrets forward and aft on the Duca degli Abruzzi-class. OTO Melara Model 1936 guns were mounted in triple wing turrets in the Vittorio Veneto and Roma.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 63], "content_span": [64, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012587-0003-0000", "contents": "152 mm/55 Italian naval gun Models 1934 and 1936, Ammunition\nAmmunition was of quick fire separate loading type. The AP projectile was 63 centimetres (2.07\u00a0ft) long with a cartridge case and a bagged charge which weighed 16.35 kilograms (36.0\u00a0lb).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 60], "content_span": [61, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012588-0000-0000", "contents": "1520\nYear 1520 (MDXX) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012589-0000-0000", "contents": "1520 AM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1520\u00a0kHz: 1520 AM is a United States clear-channel frequency. WWKB in Buffalo, New York, and KOKC in Oklahoma City share Class A status on 1520 AM.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012590-0000-0000", "contents": "1520 Imatra\n1520 Imatra, provisional designation 1938 UY, is a carbonaceous Ursula asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 54 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 22 October 1938, by Finnish astronomer Yrj\u00f6 V\u00e4is\u00e4l\u00e4 at Turku Observatory in Southwest Finland, who named after the Finnish town of Imatra.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012590-0001-0000", "contents": "1520 Imatra, Orbit\nImatra is a member of the Ursula family (631), a large family of C- and X-type asteroids, named after its parent body, 375\u00a0Ursula. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.8\u20133.4\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 6 months (2,005 days; semi-major axis of 3.11\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.10 and an inclination of 15\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. No precoveries and no prior identifications were made. Imatra's observation arc begins at Turku, 3 weeks after its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 18], "content_span": [19, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012590-0002-0000", "contents": "1520 Imatra, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn July 2008, American astronomer Brian Warner obtained a rotational lightcurve of Imatra at his Palmer Divide Observatory in Colorado. It gave a rotation period of 18.635 hours with a brightness variation of 0.28 magnitude (U=3-), superseding a period of 5.23 hours from observations at Italian and French observatories in the 1990s (U=2). In September 2014, photometric observations by French amateur astronomers Laurent Bernasconi, Romain Montaigut and Arnaud Leroy gave a period of 18.609 hours with an amplitude of 0.27 magnitude (U=2+).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 54], "content_span": [55, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012590-0003-0000", "contents": "1520 Imatra, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Imatra measures between 53.42 and 58.63 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.039 and 0.062. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0428 and a diameter of 53.41 kilometers using an absolute magnitude of 10.4.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012590-0004-0000", "contents": "1520 Imatra, Naming\nThis minor planet is named for the south-eastern Finnish town Imatra, located in South Karelia near the Russian border, about half way in between St Petersburg and Finland's capital Helsinki. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 February 1976 (M.P.C. 3929).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012591-0000-0000", "contents": "1520 New Hampshire Avenue\n1520 New Hampshire Avenue, NW is located in the Dupont Circle neighbourhood of Washington, D.C.. It has had a number of notable owners, and is currently home to the Embassy of Jamaica to the United States of America.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012591-0001-0000", "contents": "1520 New Hampshire Avenue, Architecture\nThe building, an example of Beaux-Arts architecture, is a contributing property to the Dupont Circle Historic District and valued at $4,422,000. Beaux-Arts is a neoclassical architectural style that was taught at the \u00c9cole des Beaux-Arts in Paris.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 39], "content_span": [40, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012591-0002-0000", "contents": "1520 New Hampshire Avenue, Ownership\nNotable owners of the property have included Beekman Winthrop, George P. McLean, author Thomas Bell Sweeney, the Institute for Policy Studies, and the Children's Defense Fund.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 36], "content_span": [37, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012592-0000-0000", "contents": "1520 Sedgwick Avenue\n1520 Sedgwick Avenue is a 102-unit apartment building in the Morris Heights neighborhood in the Bronx, New York City. Recognized as a long-time \"haven for working class families,\" it has been historically accepted as the birthplace of hip hop.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012592-0001-0000", "contents": "1520 Sedgwick Avenue\nThe first mortgages for units at 1520 Sedgwick were made in 1967. After a long period of neglect and shady dealings in the 1990s and 2000s the building has been \"highlighted by elected officials and tenant advocates as an emblem of New York\u2019s affordable housing crisis.\" Senator Chuck Schumer called the building \"the birthplace of predatory equity\", and Representative Jos\u00e9 E. Serrano, called it \"such a visible building.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012592-0002-0000", "contents": "1520 Sedgwick Avenue, History\nThe creation of the Cross Bronx Expressway uprooted thousands in the Bronx during the early 1970s, displacing communities, and fostering white flight. 1520 Sedgwick Avenue, which received its first mortgage in 1967, is located on the Expressway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012592-0003-0000", "contents": "1520 Sedgwick Avenue, History, Hip hop birthplace\n1520 Sedgwick Avenue has been called \"the birthplace of Hip Hop.\" As Hip Hop grew throughout the Bronx, 1520 was a starting point where Clive Campbell, later known as DJ Kool Herc, presided over parties in the community room at a pivotal point in the genre's history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 49], "content_span": [50, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012592-0004-0000", "contents": "1520 Sedgwick Avenue, History, Hip hop birthplace\nDJ Kool Herc is credited with helping to start Hip Hop and rap music at a house concert at 1520 Sedgwick Avenue on August 11, 1973. At the concert he was a DJ and MC in the recreation room of 1520 Sedgwick Avenue. Sources have noted that while 1520 Sedgwick Avenue was not the actual birthplace of Hip Hop \u2013 the genre developed slowly in several places in the 1970s \u2013 it was verified to be the place where one of the pivotal and formative events occurred that spurred Hip Hop culture forward. During a rally to save the building, DJ Kool Herc said, \"1520 Sedgwick is the Bethlehem of Hip-Hop culture.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 49], "content_span": [50, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012592-0005-0000", "contents": "1520 Sedgwick Avenue, History, Hip hop birthplace\nOn August 11, 1973, Clive Campbell aka DJ Kool Herc spun the turntables at a back-to-school birthday party for his sister Cindy Campbell held in the recreation center at 1520 Sedgwick. He was assisted by Theodore Puccio who has been credited as the first MC but many insiders attribute that honor to Coke La Rock. After spending months perfecting a new technique involving \"playing the frantic grooves at the beginning or in the middle of the song\" with two turntables, a mixer, and two copies of the same record, Campbell unveiled the technique at his sister's party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 49], "content_span": [50, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012592-0005-0001", "contents": "1520 Sedgwick Avenue, History, Hip hop birthplace\nAfter renting the recreation room for 25 dollars, Cindy charged 25 cents for females and 50 cents for males to attend. \"I wrote out the invites on index cards, so all Herc had to do was show up. With the party set from 9 p.m. to 4 a.m., our mom served snacks and dad picked up the sodas and beer from a local beverage warehouse.\" With the exhibition of his new style, Campbell's friend Coke La Rock demonstrated another innovation called rapping. Attendees, or people who later falsely claimed to be there, include Grandmaster Caz, leader of The Cold Crush Brothers, Grandmaster Flash, Busy Bee, Afrika Bambaataa, Sheri Sher, Mean Gene, Kool DJ Red Alert, and KRS-One.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 49], "content_span": [50, 718]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012592-0006-0000", "contents": "1520 Sedgwick Avenue, History, Ownership and maintenance\nStarting in the early 2000s, building owners threatened to turn 1520 into high rent units. Senator Schumer led a rally in 2007 focused on maintaining the affordable costs of the housing in order to maintain its working-class roots. The New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation recognized the building as the \"birthplace of hip hop\" on July 5, 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 56], "content_span": [57, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012592-0007-0000", "contents": "1520 Sedgwick Avenue, History, Ownership and maintenance\nStarting in 2007 the building's owners sought to repeal the status afforded to the building by the Mitchell-Lama Housing Program, which allowed it to maintain rent control for low-income and working class residents. Despite work by groups such as the Urban Homesteading Assistance Board and the Tenants and Neighbors Association to preserve the building's Mitchell-Lama status, the courts allowed the building's status to be repealed. In 2008 the building was sold to a real estate group that included Mark Karasick, a prominent real estate investor, which intended to turn the building into market-rate housing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 56], "content_span": [57, 669]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012592-0007-0001", "contents": "1520 Sedgwick Avenue, History, Ownership and maintenance\nHowever, after the United States housing bubble burst,  a period of neglect and threats of forced evictions daunted residents, and despite promises to the opposite, the building fell into decline. In 2010 the city's Housing Development Corporation provided a $5.6 million loan to allow Winn Development and a new group called Workforce Housing Advisors to buy the building's mortgage from Sovereign Bank for $6.2 million. Rafael E. Cestero, the commissioner of the New York City Department of Housing Preservation and Development, said they supported the sale in order to help provide sustainable housing for working-class families.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 56], "content_span": [57, 689]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012592-0008-0000", "contents": "1520 Sedgwick Avenue, History, Ownership and maintenance\nOn November 7, 2011, following a foreclosure auction with no active bidders, Workforce Housing Advisors were able to take title of 1520 Sedgwick Avenue. Several residents, who were present at the auction along with tenant advocacy group Urban Homesteading Assistance Board, wept with joy when the auctioneer announced no bids had been registered. John Crotty of Workforce Housing Advisors told the New York Times that his group intends to renovate the distressed building and work with tenants to recognize its importance. The group's investors are more interested in steady, secure returns than in making money quickly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 56], "content_span": [57, 677]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012592-0008-0001", "contents": "1520 Sedgwick Avenue, History, Ownership and maintenance\nSome money for renovations will be provided by New York City's department of Housing Preservation and Development, and the Housing Development Corporation. The new owner intends to pursue a listing for on the National Register of Historic Places, for which the building was deemed eligible in 2007 but Karasick declined to accept.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 56], "content_span": [57, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012592-0009-0000", "contents": "1520 Sedgwick Avenue, History, Ownership and maintenance\nThe new ownership of 1520 Sedgwick is seen by public officials and housing advocates as a huge victory in the struggle to preserve affordable housing in New York City. It is a big step forward in the fight to rescue low income housing from the disastrous impact overleveraging has had on this vulnerable resource. The rescue of 1520 Sedgwick was largely made possible through a sustained organizing campaign within the tenant body. Residents of this iconic building fought for over 5 years to maintain the affordability of their home and rescue it from speculative landlords.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 56], "content_span": [57, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012597-0000-0000", "contents": "1520 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1520.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012598-0000-0000", "contents": "1520 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012598-0001-0000", "contents": "1520 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012598-0002-0000", "contents": "1520 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012599-0000-0000", "contents": "1520 in science\nThe year 1520 in science and technology included many events, some of which are listed here.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012600-0000-0000", "contents": "1520s\nThe 1520s decade ran from January 1, 1520, to December 31, 1529.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012600-0001-0000", "contents": "1520s, Deaths\nHans Maler zu Schwaz, Portrait of a beardless man with the inscription:\u201eALS MAN. 1521. ZALT. WAS. ICH. 33. IAR ALT\u201c(mutatis mutandis to English: \u201eas we had in 1521, I was 33 years old)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 13], "content_span": [14, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012601-0000-0000", "contents": "1520s BC\nThe 1520s BC was a decade lasting from January 1, 1529 BC to December 31, 1520 BC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 91]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012601-0001-0000", "contents": "1520s BC, Significant people\nThis BC year article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 28], "content_span": [29, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012604-0000-0000", "contents": "1520s in music\nThe decade of the 1520s in music (years 1520\u20131529) involved some significant events, compositions, publications, births, and deaths.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012605-0000-0000", "contents": "1521\n1521 (MDXXI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar, the 1521st year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 521st year of the 2nd millennium, the 21st year of the 16th century, and the 2nd year of the 1520s decade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012605-0001-0000", "contents": "1521, Deaths\nHans Maler zu Schwaz, Portrait of a beardless man with the inscription:\u201eALS MAN. 1521. ZALT. WAS. ICH. 33. IAR ALT\u201c(mutatis mutandis to English: \u201eas we had in 1521, I was 33 years old)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 12], "content_span": [13, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012606-0000-0000", "contents": "1521 Santo Domingo Slave Revolt\nThe 1521 Santo Domingo Slave Revolt in the Spanish colony of Santo Domingo on the island of Hispaniola took place around the time of christmas festivities of 1521. It is the earliest recorded slave rebellion in the Americas. Just days after the rebellion, the colonial authorites introduced a set of laws to prevent another uprising, these are thought to be the earliest surviving laws created to control enslaved Africans in the New World.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012606-0001-0000", "contents": "1521 Santo Domingo Slave Revolt\nThere is some disagreement by historians on the precise date of the rebellion. Some historical sources state the rebellion took place on the first or second day of Christmas. Contemporary historians generally mark the anniversary of the rebellion as December 25th or 26th, other sources mistakenly call it the \"1522 slave rebellion\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012606-0002-0000", "contents": "1521 Santo Domingo Slave Revolt\nThe rebellion started on the Nueva Isabela sugar plantation (located today in the northwestern outskirts of Santo Domingo city) owned by the colony's governor Diego Col\u00f3n, a descendant of Chistopher Columbus. The text of 1522 slave laws describe that a \u201ccertain number\u201d of slaves \u201cagreed to rebel and rebelled with intention and purpose to kill all the Christians they could and to free themselves and take over the land.\u201d\u00a0 The historical documents present the uprising as well-planned and coordinated action. Local oral tradition says that the rebellion was led by Maria Olofa (Wolofa) and Gonzalo Mandinga, a romantic couple, both Muslims from the Wolof nation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 695]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012606-0003-0000", "contents": "1521 Santo Domingo Slave Revolt\nOn January 6 of 1522 (Day of the Three Kings also known as Ephiphany), just days after the uprising, the governor of Santo Domingo, introduced strict laws designed to prevent the \"Black and slaves\" from uprising again. These are thought to be some of the earliest laws created to control enslaved Africans in the New World. The 1522 laws restricted the physical movements of the enslaved, prohibited the enslaved from bearing arms and accessing weapons, required enslavers to keep strict slave registers, and introduced harsh punishment in the form of physical torture and execution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012607-0000-0000", "contents": "1521 Sein\u00e4joki\n1521 Sein\u00e4joki, provisional designation 1938 UB1, is a Brasilia asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 14 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 22 October 1938, by Finnish astronomer Yrj\u00f6 V\u00e4is\u00e4l\u00e4 at the southwestern Turku Observatory, Finland. The asteroid was later named after the Finnish city of Sein\u00e4joki.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012607-0001-0000", "contents": "1521 Sein\u00e4joki, Orbit and classification\nSein\u00e4joki is a member of the Brasilia family, a smaller asteroid family of X-type asteroids in the outer main-belt. Since the family's namesake, 293\u00a0Brasilia, is a suspected interloper in its own family, it has also been named Sein\u00e4joki family after Sein\u00e4joki.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012607-0002-0000", "contents": "1521 Sein\u00e4joki, Orbit and classification\nIt orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.5\u20133.2\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 10 months (1,760 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.14 and an inclination of 15\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. In 1933, Sein\u00e4joki was first identified as 1933 UR1 at Simeiz Observatory. The body's observation arc, however, begins with its official discovery observation at Turku.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012607-0003-0000", "contents": "1521 Sein\u00e4joki, Physical characteristics, Rotation and pole\nIn October 2010, a rotational lightcurve of Sein\u00e4joki was obtained by Russell Durkee at the U.S. Shed of Science Observatory (H39) in Minneapolis. It gave it a well-defined rotation period of 4.32 hours with a brightness variation of 0.15 magnitude (U=3). A modeled lightcurve form Lowell photometric database gave a concurring period of 4.328 hours and a spin axis of (-18.0\u00b0, 230.0\u00b0) in ecliptic coordinates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 59], "content_span": [60, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012607-0004-0000", "contents": "1521 Sein\u00e4joki, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Sein\u00e4joki measures between 13.66 and 14.81 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.205 and 0.22 (more recent results only).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 61], "content_span": [62, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012607-0005-0000", "contents": "1521 Sein\u00e4joki, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for carbonaceous C-type asteroids of 0.057 and calculates a much larger diameter of 24.30 kilometers as a body's and diameter and reflectivity (albeo) correlate indirectly. However, based on the much higher albedo given by WISE/NEOWISE, the body is rather of a stony composition, which is untypical for asteroids in the outer main-belt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 61], "content_span": [62, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012607-0006-0000", "contents": "1521 Sein\u00e4joki, Naming\nThis minor planet was named for the city of Sein\u00e4joki, located in Southern Ostrobothnia, western Finland. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 February 1976 (M.P.C. 3929).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012613-0000-0000", "contents": "1521 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1521.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012614-0000-0000", "contents": "1521 in poetry\n-- Lines 12-21, \"The Tunnyng of Elynour Rummyng\" by John Skelton. The poem is thought to have been first published this year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012614-0001-0000", "contents": "1521 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012614-0002-0000", "contents": "1521 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012614-0003-0000", "contents": "1521 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012615-0000-0000", "contents": "1521 in science\nThe year 1521 in science and technology included many events, some of which are listed here.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012616-0000-0000", "contents": "1521 in the Philippines\n1521 in the Philippines details events of note that happened in the Philippines in the year 1521.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012617-0000-0000", "contents": "152188 Morricone\n152188 Morricone, provisional designation 2005 QP51, is a background asteroid from the central region of the asteroid belt, approximately 3 kilometers (2 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 27 August 2005, by astronomers Franco Mallia and Alain Maury at the Campo Catino Austral Observatory (CAO), San Pedro de Atacama, Chile, a robotic station of the Italian Campo Catino Astronomical Observatory. The asteroid was named for Italian composer Ennio Morricone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012617-0001-0000", "contents": "152188 Morricone, Orbit and classification\nWhen applying the hierarchical clustering method to the asteroid's proper orbital elements, Morricone is both a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population (according to Nesvorn\u00fd), and a distant member of the Eunomia family (according to Milani and Kne\u017eevi\u0107). It orbits the Sun in the central asteroid belt at a distance of 2.1\u20133.0\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 1 month (1,494 days; semi-major axis of 2.56\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.18 and an inclination of 15\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012617-0002-0000", "contents": "152188 Morricone, Orbit and classification\nThe body's observation arc begins with its observation by AMOS at Haleakala Observatory in August 2001, or four years prior to its official discovery observation by CAO at San Pedro de Atacama in Chile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012617-0003-0000", "contents": "152188 Morricone, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nMorricone has not been observed by any of the space-based surveys such as the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite or the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer. Based on a generic magnitude-to-diameter conversion, the asteroid measures 2.3 and 4.2 kilometers in diameter based on an absolute magnitude of 15.6 and a geometric albedo of 0.06 and 0.20, which roughly correspond to a body of carbonaceous and stony composition, respectively (both types are common in the central asteroid belt).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 63], "content_span": [64, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012617-0004-0000", "contents": "152188 Morricone, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nAs of 2018, no rotational lightcurve of Morricone has been obtained from photometric observations. The body's rotation period, shape and poles remain unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 59], "content_span": [60, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012617-0005-0000", "contents": "152188 Morricone, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Italian composer Ennio Morricone (1928\u20132020), who wrote over 500 scores for cinema and television, including several famous Spaghetti Westerns. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 June 2007 (M.P.C. 59925).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 24], "content_span": [25, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012618-0000-0000", "contents": "1521\u20131522 papal conclave\nThe 1521\u20131522 papal conclave elected Pope Adrian VI to succeed Pope Leo X. The conclave was marked by the early candidacies of cardinal-nephew Giulio de'Medici (future Pope Clement VII) and Alessandro Farnese (future Pope Paul III), although the Colonna and other cardinals blocked their election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012618-0001-0000", "contents": "1521\u20131522 papal conclave\nAdrian, the viceroy to Spain and a clear pro-Imperial candidate, was elected as a compromise candidate despite his absence from the conclave. The number of cardinal-electors (thirty-nine) and the length of the sede vacante increased the cost of the conclave even in excess of the funds distributed by Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, Francis I of France, and Henry VIII of England to promote their candidates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012618-0002-0000", "contents": "1521\u20131522 papal conclave, Cardinal electors\nThere were thirty-nine cardinal electors, only three of whom were non-Italians (two Spaniards and one Swiss). Nine non-Italians did not attend (compared to only one Italian), despite the lengthy delay. The lengthy delay was due to the capture of one cardinal on his way to Rome, who was held for ransom. In the meantime, the agents of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, Francis I of France, and Henry VIII of England began to distribute the large sums that the monarchs had sent to Rome for bribes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 43], "content_span": [44, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012618-0003-0000", "contents": "1521\u20131522 papal conclave, Cardinal electors\nThe preferred choice of Henry VIII was Thomas Wolsey (for whom he was prepared to spend 100,000 ducats), although Giulio de'Medici (future Pope Clement VII) was also acceptable to him. Henry VIII asked Charles V (with whom he was allied) to support Wolsey and send his army to Rome. Even the large bribes of these monarchs were less than the cost of the conclave, and even the papal tiara was mortgaged to continue to fund it, and only a very few of the Italian cardinals would even consider a non-Italian.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 43], "content_span": [44, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012618-0004-0000", "contents": "1521\u20131522 papal conclave, Cardinal electors\nCharles V eventually threw his support behind Medici rather than Wolsey, although he was opposed by many because he was the cousin of Leo X and the College feared a hereditary papacy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 43], "content_span": [44, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012618-0005-0000", "contents": "1521\u20131522 papal conclave, Cardinal electors\nFrancis I supported the election of a French pope, backed by one million gold ecus, although whether he actually sent the funds to Rome is unclear; in fact, Francis I's agents focused their attention on the pro-French Italian candidates, mainly the three Venetians. Francis I claimed to control the votes of twelve cardinals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 43], "content_span": [44, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012618-0006-0000", "contents": "1521\u20131522 papal conclave, Cardinal electors\nMedici for his part entered the conclave with fifteen or sixteen supporters, but very little chance of securing additional votes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 43], "content_span": [44, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012618-0007-0000", "contents": "1521\u20131522 papal conclave, Cardinal electors, The papabile\nThe bookmakers of Rome offered bets on the papabile, an early example of gambling on papal elections; Medici had the best odds at 25 to 100; Farnese's odds were 20 to 100.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 57], "content_span": [58, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012618-0008-0000", "contents": "1521\u20131522 papal conclave, Proceedings\nThe conclave began on December 28, twenty-seven days after the death of Leo X. The cardinals agreed to a conclave capitulation, but Baumgartner calls it \"an exercise in futility as always\". The balloting began on December 30.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 37], "content_span": [38, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012618-0009-0000", "contents": "1521\u20131522 papal conclave, Proceedings\nFarnese, supported by Medici and his supporters, received twelve initial votes, all from creations of Leo X. If Farnese could have secured the votes of Leo X's other cardinals (twenty-eight of the thirty-nine electors), he could easily have been elected. The Roman mob looted him home (as was customary for newly elected popes) and his odds increased to 40 to 100, although his votes dropped to four on the second day. After the second ballot, one cardinal pleading ill health was released from the conclave by a two-thirds vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 37], "content_span": [38, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012618-0010-0000", "contents": "1521\u20131522 papal conclave, Proceedings\nThe conclave dragged well into 1522, taking only one vote per day; various Italian ambassadors remained well-informed of the progress throughout. Farnese remained the favorite into the eight scrutiny, with Medici asking for an accessus after Farnese received twelve votes. Farnese received eight or nine additional votes by accessus, and one cardinal even shouted out \"Papam Habemus!\". However, two of Farnese's strongest opponents demanded a formal counting of the votes, and it was revealed that Farnese was just short of the required supermajority, after which Farnese was discredited and lost support.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 37], "content_span": [38, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012618-0011-0000", "contents": "1521\u20131522 papal conclave, Proceedings\nMedici attempted to promote the candidacy of others in his party, but none could gain wide support. Wolsey received eight votes, but his young age deterred other cardinals from supporting him (the English ambassador tried to convince the College he was over fifty). Medici addressed the conclave on January 9 and suggested they turn their attention to candidates not present in the conclave, expressing his willingness to elect Adrian of Utrecht. In the following scrutiny Adrian received fifteen votes, including all those controlled by Medici. Colonna, the main opponent of Medici and those in his party then declared his support for Adrian, netting him thirteen more votes by accessus, exactly two-thirds. As Adrian was not present, his candidacy did not require two-thirds plus one.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 37], "content_span": [38, 824]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012618-0012-0000", "contents": "1521\u20131522 papal conclave, Proceedings\nThe crowd did not understand which cardinal had been elected immediately upon announcement, as Adrian was relatively obscure and currently in Spain as viceroy to Charles V. Three cardinals were dispatched to inform him of his election, with a private letter reaching him on January 24 (the cardinals would not arrive until March). In the meantime, rumors of Adrian VI's death spread in Rome and Francis I began to prepare for a new conclave.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 37], "content_span": [38, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012618-0012-0001", "contents": "1521\u20131522 papal conclave, Proceedings\nThe cardinals did not bring a fisherman's ring with them to Spain, to ensure that Adrian VI would be forced to travel to Rome, where he arrived on August 28. Adrian VI said mass every day for the year he was pope, in contrast to his two predecessors who may have never celebrated mass at all.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 37], "content_span": [38, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012619-0000-0000", "contents": "1522\nYear 1522 (MDXXII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar, the 1522nd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 522nd year of the 2nd millennium, the 22nd year of the 16th century, and the 3rd year of the 1520s decade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012620-0000-0000", "contents": "1522 Almer\u00eda earthquake\nThe 1522 Almer\u00eda earthquake (Spanish: Terremoto de Almer\u00eda de 1522) was a major 6.8 to 7.0 Mw earthquake that occurred on September 22 in the capital of Almeria and the Andarax Valley, near Alhama de Almer\u00eda. It had a maximum felt intensity of X\u2013XI (extreme), and killed about 2,500 people making it the most destructive earthquake in Spanish history. The city of Almer\u00eda was totally destroyed, and there was serious destruction in 80 other towns, in Granada large cracks was observed in various walls and towers. Some damage also occurred at the Alhambra, more than 100 kilometers away from the epicenter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012621-0000-0000", "contents": "1522 Kokkola\n1522 Kokkola, provisional designation 1938 WO, is a stony Vestian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 9.5 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 18 November 1938, by pioneering Finnish astronomer Liisi Oterma at Turku Observatory in Southwest Finland. It was later was named for the town of Kokkola.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012621-0001-0000", "contents": "1522 Kokkola, Classification and orbit\nThe S-type asteroid and member of the Vesta family is also classified as LS-type, an intermediate to the L-types. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.2\u20132.5\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 8 months (1,331 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.07 and an inclination of 5\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. Due to a precovery taken at Turku, Kokkola's observation arc was extended by 3 weeks prior to its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012621-0002-0000", "contents": "1522 Kokkola, Physical characteristics\nIn May 1984, American astronomer Richard Binzel obtained a rotational lightcurve of Kokkola from photometric observations. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 5.83 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.29 magnitude (U=3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012621-0003-0000", "contents": "1522 Kokkola, Physical characteristics\nAccording to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Kokkola measures 9.42 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.206 (revised albedo fits from 2014). The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.20 and derives a diameter of 9.57 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 12.46.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012621-0004-0000", "contents": "1522 Kokkola, Naming\nThis minor planet was named for Kokkola, a Finnish town and port on the Gulf of Bothnia. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 February 1976 (M.P.C. 3929).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012622-0000-0000", "contents": "1522 Vila Franca earthquake\nThe 1522 Vila Franca earthquake, also known as the 1522 Vila Franca landslide (Portuguese: Subvers\u00e3o de Vila Franca or Terramoto de Vila Franca) refers to the earthquake and landslides that occurred on October 21\u201322, 1522, in the municipality of Vila Franca do Campo. Vila Franco do Campo was then the provincial capital and is located on S\u00e3o Miguel Island in the Portuguese archipelago of the Azores.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012622-0001-0000", "contents": "1522 Vila Franca earthquake\nThe epicenter of the earthquake was situated several kilometres north-northwest of Vila Franca. The shaking had a maximum intensity of X (i.e., \"Very destructive\") on the European macroseismic scale, triggering landslides and lahars that moved 6,750,000 cubic metres (238,000,000 cu ft) of material down the surrounding slopes, destroying buildings. The movement of debris into the settlement caused the deaths of 3,000 to 5,000 people. In addition to the destruction of Vila Franca, the earthquake affected the neighboring settlements of Ponta Gar\u00e7a, Maia and Porto Formoso where thousands died as well. A tsunami formed by the lahar destroyed several boats that were located near the islet of Vila Franca and the deaths of almost a hundred people. Gaspar Frutuoso, writing 70 years following the destruction, provided a complete record of these events, called \"Romance de Vila Franca.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 915]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012622-0002-0000", "contents": "1522 Vila Franca earthquake, History\nBetween the end of the 15th and beginning of the 16th century, the settlement of Vila Franca do Campo was the provincial capital of the island of S\u00e3o Miguel. The town was granted the status of a municipality in 1472. The principal civil and religious institutions and the residence were located there, as well as the residence of the Donatary-Captain, whose family (the Gon\u00e7alves da C\u00e2mara clan) were the most powerful on the island. They would later receive the title of Counts of Vila Franca. The presence of the main customshouse and relative shelter of the villages' islet made Vila Franca the primary port of entry to the island.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 671]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012622-0003-0000", "contents": "1522 Vila Franca earthquake, History\nVila Franca do Campo had never suffered an attack or natural disaster. By 1522, it was a prosperous and developing center with over 5,000 inhabitants, making up approximately 25 percent of the island's population. Most of the population settled along the coast where the mouths of the ravines of Ribeira da M\u00e3e de \u00c1gua and Ribeira Seca provided drinkable water. The interior, which extended into the \u00c1gua de Pau Massif), was less populated, especially near the Raba\u00e7al and Louri\u00e7al hilltops that were separated by the Ribeira da M\u00e3e de \u00c1gua valley. About 600 metres (2,000\u00a0ft) from the village was the islet of Vila Franca, which was a navigating landmark and provided some shelter from southern squalls.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 741]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012622-0004-0000", "contents": "1522 Vila Franca earthquake, History\nDue to the lack of contemporary building materials, most of the buildings in the village were constructed from loose masonry stone and filled with gravel or stone. Only the homes of the landed gentry and the principal facades of the better properties were plastered with clay. The low quality of the clay on the island meant that these too were weak and easily crumpled. The difficulty of producing tile locally meant the richer nobles and religious buildings were covered in tile, while poorer homes were framed in culm and covered with hay or straw. The elevated hardness of the basalt stone made working the material difficult, creating rounded surfaces that were fragile to masonry. These factors, combined with the elevated weight of the walls, resulted in constructions that were vulnerable to seismic activity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 854]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012622-0005-0000", "contents": "1522 Vila Franca earthquake, History\nAccording to the Romance de Vila Franca, on the night of 21 October 1522:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012622-0006-0000", "contents": "1522 Vila Franca earthquake, History\nThe calm did not last; around two in the morning, local time, as related in the Saudades da Terra (authored by Gaspar Frutuoso):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012622-0007-0000", "contents": "1522 Vila Franca earthquake, History\nThe epicenter of the earthquake is estimated to have been some kilometers north-northwest of the town, in the area of Monte Escuro. It culminated in a scale X event. Landslides followed throughout the island. It is likely that they were affected by the saturation of the sub-soil from by torrential rainfall several days earlier. The island's volcanic terrain, consisting of low-density pyroclastic materials (such as the pumice stones that comprised the flanks of the \u00c1gua do Pau Massif), was susceptible to landslides, and eventually resulted in the creation of lahars. Similar conditions on the northeast coast of Faialense Caldera occurred during the July 1998 earthquake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 713]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012622-0008-0000", "contents": "1522 Vila Franca earthquake, History\nGaspar Frutuoso continued, noting how the great landslides were terrifying:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012622-0009-0000", "contents": "1522 Vila Franca earthquake, History\nMultiple landslides all over the island followed, especially in Maia, where a gigantic avalanche of mud descended along the flanks of Monte Raba\u00e7al, followed the course of the Ribeira da M\u00e3e de \u00c1gua and later spread over the whole town. As Gaspar Frutuoso noted:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012622-0010-0000", "contents": "1522 Vila Franca earthquake, History\nThe mud arrived at the port and fell to the sea. Some people were swept along with it. It also caused a tsunami that destroyed ships that were anchored in the bay. As Gaspar Frutuoso indicated:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012622-0011-0000", "contents": "1522 Vila Franca earthquake, History\nA study of the resulting deposits from the 1522 landslides permitted an analysis of the material that spread across Vila Franca from the headlands of the Ribeira da M\u00e3e d\u2019\u00c1gua in the northwest and south of the Pico da Cruz, from Monte Raba\u00e7al. Breaking from an area along the south-southeast flank, up to 6,750,000 cubic metres (238,000,000\u00a0cu\u00a0ft) of debris ran down the ravine, at a speed that was estimated at between 1\u20133 metres per second (3.3\u20139.8\u00a0ft/s), reaching the centre of the village in a few minutes and covering it completely. The dense current of material razed the remaining buildings and carried many of the Vilafranquenses to the sea. Another torrent of less magnitude, generated in the headlands of the Ribeira Seca, followed the ravine and spread across the eastern coast, in the area of the parish of Ribeira Seca.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 869]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012622-0012-0000", "contents": "1522 Vila Franca earthquake, Aftermath\nThe consequences were tragic: between 3000 and 5000 people were killed in the village, many due to the landslides and lahars that followed the watercourses. Much of the central part of the town was covered in mud and landslide material, with the port disappearing under a layer of pumice. As Gaspar Frutuoso concluded:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 38], "content_span": [39, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012622-0013-0000", "contents": "1522 Vila Franca earthquake, Aftermath\nThe catastrophe became known as the subversion of Vila Franca or burial of Vila Franca, and marked a profound change in the development of the island of S\u00e3o Miguel. It resulted in the economic, social and political migration of settlers from the municipality of Vila Franca and the growth of the city of Ponta Delgada, then an economic rival in the region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 38], "content_span": [39, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012627-0000-0000", "contents": "1522 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1522.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012628-0000-0000", "contents": "1522 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012628-0001-0000", "contents": "1522 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012628-0002-0000", "contents": "1522 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012629-0000-0000", "contents": "1522 in science\nThe year 1522 in science and technology included a number of events, some of which are listed here.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012630-0000-0000", "contents": "15224 Penttil\u00e4\n15224 Penttil\u00e4, provisional designation 1985 JG, is a dark background asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 8 kilometers (5 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 15 May 1985, by American astronomer Edward Bowell at Lowell's Anderson Mesa Station in Arizona, United States. The likely elongated asteroid has a rotation period of 4.4 hours. It was named after planetary scientist Antti Penttil\u00e4 at the University of Helsinki.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012630-0001-0000", "contents": "15224 Penttil\u00e4, Orbit and classification\nPenttil\u00e4 is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the inner asteroid belt at a distance of 1.8\u20133.0\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 9 months (1,372 days; semi-major axis of 2.42\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.24 and an inclination of 12\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012630-0002-0000", "contents": "15224 Penttil\u00e4, Orbit and classification\nThe body's observation arc begins with its first observation, a precovery taken at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory in April 1970, or 15 years prior to its official discovery observation at Anderson Mesa Station.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012630-0003-0000", "contents": "15224 Penttil\u00e4, Naming\nThis minor planet was named for Finnish postdoctoral researcher Antti Penttil\u00e4 (born 1977) at the University of Helsinki, an expert on light reflection and absorption on the surface of small Solar System bodies such as asteroids and cometary nuclei, as well as of the cosmic dust released by cometary comae. The official naming citation was published on 12 July 2014 (M.P.C. 89081).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012630-0004-0000", "contents": "15224 Penttil\u00e4, Physical characteristics\nThe asteroid's spectral type has not been determined. Due to its low geometric albedo, it likely a carbonaceous C-type asteroid (see below).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012630-0005-0000", "contents": "15224 Penttil\u00e4, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn June 2015, a rotational lightcurve was obtained for this asteroid from photometric observations by astronomer Daniel Klinglesmith at Etscorn Campus Observatory (719), New Mexico. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 4.377\u00b10.001 hours with a brightness variation of 0.55 in magnitude (U=3-), indicative of a non-spherical, elongated shape. Previously, in August 2012, a concurring period of 4.3771\u00b10.0064 hours with an amplitude of 0.46 was determined from observations in the R-band by astronomers at the Palomar Transient Factory, California (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 57], "content_span": [58, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012630-0006-0000", "contents": "15224 Penttil\u00e4, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Penttil\u00e4 measures between 7.9 and 9.6 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.04 and 0.085. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20, and hence calculates a smaller diameter of 4.9 kilometers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 61], "content_span": [62, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012631-0000-0000", "contents": "1523\nYear 1523 (MDXXIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012632-0000-0000", "contents": "1523 Pieks\u00e4m\u00e4ki\n1523 Pieks\u00e4m\u00e4ki, provisional designation 1939 BC, is a stony Florian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 9 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 18 January 1939, by Finnish astronomer Yrj\u00f6 V\u00e4is\u00e4l\u00e4 at the Turku Observatory in Southwest Finland, and named for the town of Pieks\u00e4m\u00e4ki.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012632-0001-0000", "contents": "1523 Pieks\u00e4m\u00e4ki, Orbit and classification\nThis S-type asteroid is a member of the Flora family, one of the largest groups of stony asteroids in the main-belt. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.0\u20132.5\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 4 months (1,226 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.09 and an inclination of 5\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. In 1936, it was first identified as 1936 FO1 at Nice Observatory, extending Pieks\u00e4m\u00e4ki's observation arc by 3 years prior to its official discovery observation at Turku.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012632-0002-0000", "contents": "1523 Pieks\u00e4m\u00e4ki, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves\nIn December 2005, American amateur astronomer Donald P. Pray obtained a rotational lightcurve at Carbuncle Hill Observatory in collaboration with other astronomers. Light-curve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 5.3202 hours with a brightness variation of 0.47 magnitude (U=3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 54], "content_span": [55, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012632-0003-0000", "contents": "1523 Pieks\u00e4m\u00e4ki, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves\nPrevious photometric observations were made by Kryszczy\u0144ska et al. in July 2004, that gave an identical period with an amplitude of 0.40 magnitude (U=2+), and by Claes-Ingvar Lagerkvist, who derived a period of 5.33 hours (\u03940.5 mag) already in the 1970s (U=2). In March 2013, another well-defined period of 5.3210 hours (\u03940.42 mag) was obtained by French amateur astronomer Ren\u00e9 Roy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 54], "content_span": [55, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012632-0004-0000", "contents": "1523 Pieks\u00e4m\u00e4ki, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Pieks\u00e4m\u00e4ki measures 9.111 and 10.008 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.213 and 0.505. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.24 \u2013 derived from 8\u00a0Flora, the family's principal body and namesake \u2013 and calculates a diameter of 8.98 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.4.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 62], "content_span": [63, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012632-0005-0000", "contents": "1523 Pieks\u00e4m\u00e4ki, Naming\nThis minor planet was named for Pieks\u00e4m\u00e4ki, an eastern Finnish town in Southern Savonia. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 February 1976 (M.P.C. 3929).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012635-0000-0000", "contents": "1523 in Norway\nThis is a list of events that occurred in the year 1523 in Norway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 81]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012638-0000-0000", "contents": "1523 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1523.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012639-0000-0000", "contents": "1523 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012639-0001-0000", "contents": "1523 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012639-0002-0000", "contents": "1523 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012640-0000-0000", "contents": "1523 in science\nThe year 1523 in science and technology included many events, some of which are listed here.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012641-0000-0000", "contents": "1523 papal conclave\nThe 1523 papal conclave elected Giulio de' Medici as Pope Clement VII to succeed Pope Adrian VI. According to conclave historian Baumgartner, the conclave was the \"last conclave of the Renaissance\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012641-0001-0000", "contents": "1523 papal conclave, Background\nAdrian VI experienced ill health during the final months of his life, inspiring the cardinals to begin politicking. Francis I of France had just dispatched a large army into northern Italy in 1522, and expecting to leverage this force to effect the election of French cardinal Jean de Lorraine, or more likely a pro-French Italian cardinal such as Niccol\u00f2 Fieschi. However, his army experienced a major defeat at the Battle of Bicocca prior to the conclave. In any case, the three French cardinals were ordered by Francis I to rush to Rome.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012641-0002-0000", "contents": "1523 papal conclave, Background\nCharles V, Holy Roman Emperor, strengthened by the Battle of Bicocca, supported Giulio de' Medici, an advocate for imperial policy within the College. Henry VIII of England would have preferred the election of Thomas Wolsey, but was in no position to effect it; Henry VIII sent two letters\u2014one supporting Medici, the other supporting Wolsey\u2014which were to be distributed to the College in that order. The odds against the election finishing before October were given at 60 to 100. The odds were given as 80 to 100 against the conclave finishing in November, and those who took them lost heavily.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012641-0003-0000", "contents": "1523 papal conclave, Background, The papabile\nGambling on papal elections occurred, and the bookmakers favored Farnese, followed by Medici. Conclave secrecy was non-existent due to the ambassadors who \"reported daily\" on the balloting and living conditions. Similarly, the law of the conclave requiring the reduction of rations was not followed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012641-0004-0000", "contents": "1523 papal conclave, Proceedings\nThe conclave opened on October 1, with thirty-two cardinals in attendance. Nine cardinals were absent. Baumgartner apparently believes that the only cardinal created by Adrian VI (a fellow Dutchman)  was absent, but all the conclave attendance lists show him as participating. Cardinal Giulio de' Medici had sixteen or seventeen supporters; Cardinal Pompeo Colonna had the second most. The \"anti-Imperial/anti-Medici\" cardinals successfully demanded that the first scrutiny be delayed until the French Cardinals, who were known to be on the way, arrived. On October 6, they appeared, raising the number of electors to thirty-five.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 32], "content_span": [33, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012641-0004-0001", "contents": "1523 papal conclave, Proceedings\nMedici drew the lot to have his cell under Christ Giving the Keys to St. Peter, a portrait seen as an omen of election as Julius II had been housed underneath it as well. The remark demonstrates incidentally that the voting was taking place in the Chapel of S. Nicolas and the sleeping quarters were in the Sistine Chapel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 32], "content_span": [33, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012641-0005-0000", "contents": "1523 papal conclave, Proceedings\nFieschi was the candidate of the French and received eleven votes; Carvajal (the stalking horse of the Imperial party) received twelve. Both parties switched their support in the next scrutiny with Gianmaria del Monte coming within one vote of election following an accessus. Medici had previously agreed to support del Monte as the final vote, but broke his word and did not come forward.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 32], "content_span": [33, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012641-0006-0000", "contents": "1523 papal conclave, Proceedings\nAfter the conclave reached its tenth day, Cardinal Thomas Wolsey allegedly received twenty-two votes, although he never received more \u2014conclave mythology of the most unlikely sort. By October 13, the Imperial party started voting for Medici, with the French supporting Farnese. Medici's supporters remained disciplined into November, while the French faction began to crack. Colonna (who despised Medici despite his close ties to Charles V) held a block of four votes against Medici. However, on October 18, when the French faction proposed the candidacy of Orsini (the Colonna family and Orsini family being rivals), Colonna was impelled to throw his support to Medici, giving him twenty votes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 32], "content_span": [33, 728]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012641-0007-0000", "contents": "1523 papal conclave, Proceedings\nOn November 10, Cardinal Ivrea (Ferrero) finally entered the Conclave, having been released from captivity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 32], "content_span": [33, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012641-0008-0000", "contents": "1523 papal conclave, Proceedings\nCardinal Giulio de' Medici easily reached the requisite twenty-seven by accessus and took the name Clement VII.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 32], "content_span": [33, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012642-0000-0000", "contents": "1524\nYear 1524 (MDXXIV) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012643-0000-0000", "contents": "1524 Joensuu\n1524 Joensuu, provisional designation 1939 SB, is a carbonaceous asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 42 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 18 September 1939, by Finnish astronomer Yrj\u00f6 V\u00e4is\u00e4l\u00e4 at Turku Observatory in Southwest Finland, and named for the town of Joensuu.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012643-0001-0000", "contents": "1524 Joensuu, Classification and orbit\nJoensuu is a dark C-type asteroid, that orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.7\u20133.5\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 6 months (2,002 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.12 and an inclination of 13\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. In 1931, Joensuu was first identified as 1931 EL at Heidelberg Observatory, extending the body's observation arc by 8 years prior to its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012643-0002-0000", "contents": "1524 Joensuu, Physical characteristics\nIn October 2005, a rotational lightcurve of Joensuu was obtained from photometric observations by French amateur astronomer Laurent Bernasconi. It gave a well-defined rotation period of 9.276 hours with a change in brightness of 0.33 magnitude (U=3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012643-0003-0000", "contents": "1524 Joensuu, Physical characteristics\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Joensuu measures between 39.37 and 49.39 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.034 and 0.07. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0505 and a diameter of 42.83 kilometers using an absolute magnitude of 10.7.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012643-0004-0000", "contents": "1524 Joensuu, Naming\nThis minor planet was named for the Finnish town Joensuu, where the discoverer received his early schooling. It is located in North Karelia, near the Russian border. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 February 1976 (M.P.C. 3929).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012649-0000-0000", "contents": "1524 in literature\nThis article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1524.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012650-0000-0000", "contents": "1524 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012650-0001-0000", "contents": "1524 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012650-0002-0000", "contents": "1524 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012651-0000-0000", "contents": "1524 in science\nThe year 1524 in science and technology included a number of events, some of which are listed here.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012652-0000-0000", "contents": "1525\nYear 1525 (MDXXV) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012653-0000-0000", "contents": "1525 Savonlinna\n1525 Savonlinna, provisional designation 1939 SC, is an asteroid from the central region of the asteroid belt, approximately 12 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 18 September 1939, by Finnish astronomer Yrj\u00f6 V\u00e4is\u00e4l\u00e4 at the Turku Observatory in southwestern Finland. It was later named after the eastern Finnish town Savonlinna.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012653-0001-0000", "contents": "1525 Savonlinna, Orbit and classification\nSavonlinna orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.0\u20133.4\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 5 months (1,620 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.26 and an inclination of 6\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. It was first identified as 1930 SE at Simeiz Observatory, extending the body's arc length by 9 years prior to its official discovery observation at Turku.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012653-0002-0000", "contents": "1525 Savonlinna, Physical characteristics, Rotational period\nIn October and December 2010, two rotational lightcurves of Savonlinna were obtained by Gordon Gartrelle at UND and the Palomar Transient Factory in California. Lightcurve analysis gave a divergent rotation period of 14.634 and 22.8406 hours with a brightness variation of 0.52 and 0.50 magnitude, respectively (U=2/2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 60], "content_span": [61, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012653-0003-0000", "contents": "1525 Savonlinna, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Savonlinna measures between 11.73 and 12.23 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.045 and 0.130. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.084 and a diameter of 12.06 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.9. It also classifies the body as a S-type asteroid, despite its derived albedo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 62], "content_span": [63, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012653-0004-0000", "contents": "1525 Savonlinna, Naming\nThis minor planet was named for the eastern Finnish town Savonlinna, located in the heart of the Saimaa lake region. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 February 1976 (M.P.C. 3929).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012658-0000-0000", "contents": "1525 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1525.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012659-0000-0000", "contents": "1525 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012659-0001-0000", "contents": "1525 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012659-0002-0000", "contents": "1525 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012660-0000-0000", "contents": "1525 in science\nThe year 1525 in science and technology included many events, some of which are listed here.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012661-0000-0000", "contents": "15258 Alfilipenko\n15258 Alfilipenko, provisional designation 1990 RN17, is a carbonaceous background asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 12 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 15 September 1990, by Russian\u2013Ukraininan astronomer Lyudmila Zhuravleva at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory, Nauchnyj, on the Crimean peninsula. The asteroid was named after Russian civil engineer Aleksandr Filipenko.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012661-0001-0000", "contents": "15258 Alfilipenko, Orbit and classification\nAlfilipenko orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.7\u20133.8\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 10 months (2,132 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.17 and an inclination of 7\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. No precoveries were taken. The asteroid's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012661-0002-0000", "contents": "15258 Alfilipenko, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves\nA rotational lightcurve of Alfilipenko was obtained from photometric observations made at the U.S. Palomar Transient Factory in October 2013. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 4.3655 hours with a brightness variation of 0.11 magnitude (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 56], "content_span": [57, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012661-0003-0000", "contents": "15258 Alfilipenko, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's space-based Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Alfilipenko measures 12.1 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.084, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for carbonaceous asteroids of 0.057 and calculates a diameter of 11.3 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 13.46.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 64], "content_span": [65, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012661-0004-0000", "contents": "15258 Alfilipenko, Naming\nThis minor planet was named in honour of Russian civil engineer Aleksandr Vasil'evich Filipenko (born 1950) from Khanty-Mansiysk, Siberia. He is the chairman of a charitable foundation for the memory of Alexander Danilovich Menshikov (1673\u20131729), after whom the minor planet 3889\u00a0Menshikov is named. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 13 July 2004 (M.P.C. 52323).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 25], "content_span": [26, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012662-0000-0000", "contents": "1526\nYear 1526 (MDXXVI) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012667-0000-0000", "contents": "1526 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1526.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012668-0000-0000", "contents": "1526 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012668-0001-0000", "contents": "1526 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012668-0002-0000", "contents": "1526 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012669-0000-0000", "contents": "1526 in science\nThe year 1526 in science and technology included many events, some of which are listed here.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012670-0000-0000", "contents": "15262 Abderhalden\n15262 Abderhalden, provisional designation 1990 TG4, is a carbonaceous Themistian asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 12 kilometers in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012670-0001-0000", "contents": "15262 Abderhalden\nIt was discovered by German astronomers Freimut B\u00f6rngen and Lutz Schmadel at the Karl Schwarzschild Observatory in Tautenburg, eastern Germany, on 12 October 1990. The asteroid was named after Swiss physiologist and biochemist Emil Abderhalden.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012670-0002-0000", "contents": "15262 Abderhalden, Orbit and classification\nAbderhalden is a member of the Themis family, a dynamical family of outer-belt asteroids with nearly coplanar ecliptical orbits. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.8\u20133.7\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 9 months (2,102 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.14 and an inclination of 1\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The first precovery was obtained at Crimea\u2013Nauchnij in 1978, extending the asteroid's observation arc by 12 years prior to its discovery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012670-0003-0000", "contents": "15262 Abderhalden, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn October 2013, a rotational lightcurve of Abderhalden was obtained from photometric observation taken by astronomers at the Palomar Transient Factory in California. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 3.5327 hours with a brightness variation of 0.21 magnitude (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 60], "content_span": [61, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012670-0004-0000", "contents": "15262 Abderhalden, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.08, a standard albedo for carbonaceous asteroids of the Themis family, and calculates a diameter of 8.4 kilometers, while the NEOWISE mission of NASA's space-based Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer finds an albedo of 0.062 with a corresponding diameter of 12.2 kilometers and an absolute magnitude of 13.2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 64], "content_span": [65, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012670-0005-0000", "contents": "15262 Abderhalden, Naming\nThis minor planet was named in memory of Swiss biochemist and physiologist Emil Abderhalden (1877\u20131950). He was a researcher in the field of physiological chemistry, founder of modern dietetics, and promoter of public welfare. Abderhalden taught physiology at the Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg from 1911 until the end of World War II. The approved naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 13 October 2000 (M.P.C. 41387).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 25], "content_span": [26, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012671-0000-0000", "contents": "15268 Wendelinefroger\n15268 Wendelinefroger, provisional designation 1990 WF3, is a stony, spheroidal, and binary Nysian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 3.4 kilometers in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012671-0001-0000", "contents": "15268 Wendelinefroger\nIt was discovered on 18 November 1990, by Belgian astronomer Eric Elst at ESO's La Silla Observatory in northern Chile, and named after Belgian singer Wendeline Froger.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012671-0002-0000", "contents": "15268 Wendelinefroger, Orbit\nThe S-type asteroid orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.8\u20132.9\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 8 months (1,329 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.23 and an inclination of 3\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. It was first identified as 1979 WA7 at Crimea\u2013Nauchnij in 1979, extending the asteroid's observation arc by 11 years prior to its discovery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 28], "content_span": [29, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012671-0003-0000", "contents": "15268 Wendelinefroger, Physical characteristics, Primary\nIn October 2008, a rotational lightcurve was obtained from photometric observations at the Leura Observatory (E17), Australia. It gave a rotation period of 2.422 hours with a low brightness variation of 0.07 magnitude, which indicates that the asteroid is of nearly spheroidal shape (U=3). The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link (CALL) assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 3.4 kilometer with an absolute magnitude of 14.7.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 56], "content_span": [57, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012671-0004-0000", "contents": "15268 Wendelinefroger, Physical characteristics, Secondary\nDuring the photometric observations in 2008, a minor-planet moon was also discovered, orbiting Wendelinefroger every 25.07\u00b10.02 hours at a distance of 8.7 kilometers. Based on mutual occultations of Wendelinefroger and its moon, the diameter ratio for the two bodies is at least 0.24 (i.e. secondary-to-primary mean-diameter ratio), which translates into an estimated diameter of 0.8 kilometer or more for the asteroid's moon, using CALL's calculated diameter for the primary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 58], "content_span": [59, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012671-0005-0000", "contents": "15268 Wendelinefroger, Naming\nThis minor planet is named in honour of Belgian female singer Wendeline Froger (b. 1948), who has a soprano voice and performs at church celebrations, weddings and for selected audiences at her residence. She has a preference to sing Lieder by Robert Schumann, after whom the minor planet 4003 Schumann is named. The approved naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 12 December 2008 (M.P.C. 64563).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 29], "content_span": [30, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012672-0000-0000", "contents": "1527\nYear 1527 (MDXXVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012673-0000-0000", "contents": "1527 Malmquista\n1527 Malmquista, provisional designation 1939 UG, is a stony Florian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 10 kilometers in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012673-0001-0000", "contents": "1527 Malmquista\nIt was discovered on 18 October 1939, by Finnish astronomer Yrj\u00f6 V\u00e4is\u00e4l\u00e4 at Turku Observatory in Southwest Finland. It was named for the Swedish astronomer Gunnar Malmquist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012673-0002-0000", "contents": "1527 Malmquista, Orbit and classification\nMalmquista is a member of the Flora family, one of the largest families of stony asteroids in the main belt. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.8\u20132.7\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 4 months (1,214 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.20 and an inclination of 5\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. In 1909, it was first observed at Heidelberg Observatory as A909 TC. The body's observation arc begins at Lowell Observatory in 1929, when it was identified as 1929 TG, 10 years prior to its official discovery observation at Turku.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012673-0003-0000", "contents": "1527 Malmquista, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn September 2002, a first rotational lightcurve of Malmquista was obtained from photometric observations by Stephen Brincat at Flarestar Observatory on the island of Malta. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 14.077 hours with a brightness variation of 0.60 magnitude (U=3). In September 2012, observations at the Palomar Transient Factory, California, gave a period of 14.044 hours and an amplitude of 0.42 magnitude (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 58], "content_span": [59, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012673-0004-0000", "contents": "1527 Malmquista, Physical characteristics, Spin axis\nIn 2013, an international study modeled a lightcurve with a period of 14.0591 hours and found a spin axis of (5.0\u00b0, 80.0\u00b0) in ecliptic coordinates (\u03bb,\u2009\u03b2) (U=n.a. ).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 52], "content_span": [53, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012673-0005-0000", "contents": "1527 Malmquista, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Malmquista measures between 9.55 and 10.338 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.220 and 0.307. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.24 \u2013 derived from 8\u00a0Flora, a S-type asteroid and the family's largest member and namesake \u2013 and calculates a diameter of 10.80 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 12.0.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 62], "content_span": [63, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012673-0006-0000", "contents": "1527 Malmquista, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Swedish astronomer Gunnar Malmquist (1893\u20131982), director of the Uppsala Astronomical Observatory in Sweden. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center in January 1956 (M.P.C. 1350).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012674-0000-0000", "contents": "1527 election in Cetin\nThe 1527 election in Cetin (Croatian: Cetinski / Cetingradski sabor, meaning Parliament on Cetin(grad) or Parliament of Cetin(grad), or Cetinski / Cetingradski izbor) was an assembly of the Croatian Parliament in the Cetin Castle in 1527. It followed a succession crisis in the Kingdom of Hungary caused by the death of Louis II, and which resulted in the Kingdom of Croatia joining the Habsburg Monarchy. The charter electing the Habsburg Archduke of Austria Ferdinand I as King of Croatia was confirmed with the seals of six Croatian nobles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012674-0001-0000", "contents": "1527 election in Cetin, Battle of Moh\u00e1cs and the succession crisis\nFaced with the overwhelming force of the Ottoman Empire, the nobility of the Kingdom of Croatia was alarmed as the Siege of Belgrade of 1521 caused the Kingdom of Hungary to lose its last fortress on the Danube to Suleiman the Magnificent. King Louis II showed no interest in defense, and was in a dire financial situation at the time. The Croatians appealed to the Pope, Venice, Emperor Charles V and Archduke Ferdinand for help, but had little success.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 66], "content_span": [67, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012674-0002-0000", "contents": "1527 election in Cetin, Battle of Moh\u00e1cs and the succession crisis\nThe majority of Croatian magnates and members of lower nobility were keen to elect a new king. The gathering (sabor) was caused by a monarchical crisis after the death of king Louis II and a major defeat of the Kingdom of Hungary at the Battle of Moh\u00e1cs on 29 August 1526. The young king Louis II was \"King of Croatia and Dalmatia\" among his other titles, but left no legitimate heir.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 66], "content_span": [67, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012674-0003-0000", "contents": "1527 election in Cetin, Battle of Moh\u00e1cs and the succession crisis\nAt the session of Hungarian parliament in Sz\u00e9kesfeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r on 10 November 1526, the majority of the Hungarian untitled lesser nobility (the gentry) chose John Z\u00e1polya to be the king of Hungary, and he was duly crowned the next day under the name King John I of Hungary. However, Ferdinand of Habsburg was also elected King of Hungary by the Hungarian higher aristocracy (the magnates or barons) and the Hungarian Catholic clergy in a rump Diet in Pozsony on 17 December 1526. Accordingly, Ferdinand also was crowned as King of Hungary in the Sz\u00e9kesfeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r Basilica on 3 November, 1527.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 66], "content_span": [67, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012674-0004-0000", "contents": "1527 election in Cetin, Cetin\nThe Croatian nobles met at Cetin on December 31, 1526, to discuss their strategy and choose a new leader. The Austrian Archduke Ferdinand also sent his envoys to be present at the time of the Parliament session. The assembly occurred in the Franciscan monastery of St. Mary below the Cetin Castle in the settlement of Cetingrad. At that time, the owner of the castle and the surrounding estate, where the assembly was held, was the Croatian noble Juraj III Frankopan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 29], "content_span": [30, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012674-0005-0000", "contents": "1527 election in Cetin, Cetin\nAdvocates of both options, after a long debate, finally agreed on Ferdinand on January 1, 1527. The election of Ferdinand was a natural one because he was not only the powerful Archduke of Austria, he also ruled the lands of Croatia's Slavic neighbours, the Slovenes, as both Duke of Carinthia and Carniola. Ferdinand I was elected the new king of Croatia, and the assembly \"confirmed the succession to him and his heirs\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 29], "content_span": [30, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012674-0006-0000", "contents": "1527 election in Cetin, Cetin\nIn return for the throne Ferdinand promised to respect the historic rights, freedoms, laws, and customs the Croats had when united with the Hungarian kingdom, and to defend Croatia from Ottoman invasion and subjugation in all time with 1000 horsemens, 200 soldiers, and finance another 800 horsemens. He also had an obligation to inspect and supply the fortified cities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 29], "content_span": [30, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012674-0007-0000", "contents": "1527 election in Cetin, Cetin, Charter\nThe charter signed by the Croatian nobles, which bears a fine example of the chequered seal of Croatia, is claimed as \"among the most important documents of Croatian statehood\", showing a special political status of Croatia at that time coming out of it. The charter confirmed at the same time the ancient rights of Croatian nobility to self-regulate the major issues - among which was the election of a king \u2013 freely and independently, regardless of opinion or decision of Hungarian Diet, since the two countries were in the personal union from 1102.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 38], "content_span": [39, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012674-0008-0000", "contents": "1527 election in Cetin, Cetin, Charter\nThe text of the Charter contains first the listing of names of the present Croatian high nobility members, church dignitaries and low nobility members, as well as names and titles of Ferdinand's plenipotentiaries, then the quotation of arguments for the legally valid election of a Habsburger to be the hereditary ruler of Croatia, further the declaratory statement of recognition and announcement of the Austrian archduke as king and his wife Anna (sister of Louis II) as queen, and finally \"the swearing-in of loyalty, obedience and allegiance\". Place and date of issue are specified at the end of the text as well.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 38], "content_span": [39, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012674-0009-0000", "contents": "1527 election in Cetin, Cetin, Charter\nThe mentioned Croatian nobles are Andrija the Bishop of Knin and Abbot of Topusko, Ivan Karlovi\u0107 of Krbava, Nikola III Zrinski, brothers Krsto II and Vuk I Frankopan of Tr\u017eac, Juraj III Frankopan of Slunj, Stjepan Blagajski, Krsto Peranski, Bernard Tumpi\u0107 Ze\u010devski (of Ze\u010devo), Ivan Kobasi\u0107 Brikovi\u010dki (of Brekovica), Pavao Jankovi\u0107, Ga\u0161par Kri\u017eani\u0107, Toma \u010cip\u010di\u0107, Mihajlo Skobli\u0107, Nikola Babono\u017ei\u0107, Grgur Otmi\u0107, noble judge of the Zagreb County, Antun Otmi\u0107, Ivan Novakovi\u0107, Pavao Iza\u010di\u0107, Ga\u0161par Gusi\u0107, and Stjepan Zimi\u0107, while the Austrian plenipotentiaries present were Paul von Oberstein (Provost of Vienna and Ferdinand's Geheimrat), Nikola Juri\u0161i\u0107 and Ivan Katzianer (Ferdinand's chief military commanders), and Johann P\u00fcchler (Prefect of the town of Mehov).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 38], "content_span": [39, 802]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012674-0010-0000", "contents": "1527 election in Cetin, Cetin, Seals\nBeneath the text there are six seals of most notable Croatian magnates and dignitaries to verify the Charter, as well in the middle a seal of the Kingdom of Croatia, in the following sequence:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012674-0011-0000", "contents": "1527 election in Cetin, Aftermath\nFerdinand's plenipotentiaries took over the Charter from the Croats and took it with them on their way back to Vienna. In return, earlier that day, in a document called Coronation Oath, they confirmed the promises and assurances of Ferdinand (given before upon the previous demands of the Croats), and accepted all the related obligations and responsibilities of the new-elected king.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012674-0012-0000", "contents": "1527 election in Cetin, Aftermath\nBefore their return to Vienna, the plenipotentiaries wrote a letter to their principal on 3 January 1527 in which they informed him about the sequence of events during the Parliament session and explained their delay and longer stay in Croatia than expected before (among other things, some of Croatian magnates did not have their seals with them, but needed to go home and to verify the Charter afterwards).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012674-0013-0000", "contents": "1527 election in Cetin, Aftermath\nOn January 6, 1527, the Slavonian nobility distanced themselves from this election and nominated John Z\u00e1polya the rival claimant to the Hungarian throne instead. A civil war erupted, with Ferenc Batthy\u00e1ny leading the pro-Habsburg faction and Christoph Frankopan leading the pro-Z\u00e1polya faction. The Austrian option ultimately prevailed after Z\u00e1polya's death in 1540.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012674-0014-0000", "contents": "1527 election in Cetin, Legacy\nThe charter is preserved at the National Archives of Austria in Vienna.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012674-0015-0000", "contents": "1527 election in Cetin, Legacy\nThe Constitution of Croatia describes these events as one of the historical foundations of Croatian sovereignty, as an \"independent and sovereign decision of the Croatian Parliament\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012680-0000-0000", "contents": "1527 in literature\nThis article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1527.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012681-0000-0000", "contents": "1527 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012681-0001-0000", "contents": "1527 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012681-0002-0000", "contents": "1527 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012682-0000-0000", "contents": "1527 in science\nThe year 1527 in science and technology included a number of events, some of which are listed here.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012683-0000-0000", "contents": "1528\nYear 1528 (MDXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012684-0000-0000", "contents": "1528 census of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania\nThe census of 1528 was the first census carried out in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. It was not a true census since it had limited scope: it only sought to count peasant households (Lithuanian: d\u016bmas) for military purposes. The Grand Duchy used a conscript army where Lithuanian nobles were required to provide one soldier per each 16 or 20 households owned. Therefore, the state needed to count such households to know whether a noble fulfilled his military duty. The next census was conducted in 1565.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012684-0001-0000", "contents": "1528 census of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Background and results\nThe Muscovite\u2013Lithuanian Wars brought first substantial territorial losses and caused a fundamental shift in the military. Instead of being a privilege that brought profit from war loot and career opportunities in newly acquired territories, military service became an expensive duty in defense of the motherland. Each soldier had to provide his own weapons, armor, horse, and food. The nobles made their living off agriculture and looked for ways to shirk their army responsibilities. The state needed ways to enforce the conscription and started keeping detailed lists and inventories of who reported for duty and who did not. These inventories were made at the time and location of army gathering. In 1528, scribes visited nobles and their properties to count and verify the number of peasant households. The First Statute of Lithuania codified the procedures of reporting for military duty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 67], "content_span": [68, 962]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012684-0002-0000", "contents": "1528 census of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Background and results\nThe census determined the maximum size of the army. Nobles could provide about 20,000 cavalrymen, magnates and city dwellers could provide additional 10,000. Because the census counted only households, it is difficult to extrapolate the number of residents. German Werner Conze estimated 1.3 million residents. Henryk \u0141owmia\u0144ski and Jerzy Ochma\u0144ski pointed out that Conze did not account for Grand Duke's and church lands that were not counted in the census and increased the estimate to more than 2 million residents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 67], "content_span": [68, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012689-0000-0000", "contents": "1528 in art, Events\nPlague ravishes Venice, Bergamo and other Italian cities. Several eminent artists die in the outbreak.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012690-0000-0000", "contents": "1528 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1528.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012691-0000-0000", "contents": "1528 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012691-0001-0000", "contents": "1528 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012691-0002-0000", "contents": "1528 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012692-0000-0000", "contents": "1528 in science\nThe year 1528 in science and technology included a number of events, some of which are listed here.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012693-0000-0000", "contents": "1529\nYear 1529 (MDXXIX) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012694-0000-0000", "contents": "1529 Oterma\n1529 Oterma, provisional designation 1938 BC, is a reddish, rare-type Hildian asteroid from the outermost region of the asteroid belt, approximately 56 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 26 January 1938, by Finnish astronomer Yrj\u00f6 V\u00e4is\u00e4l\u00e4 at Turku Observatory in Southwest Finland. It is named for Liisi Oterma.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012694-0001-0000", "contents": "1529 Oterma, Orbit and classification\nOterma is a member of the Hilda family, a large group of asteroids that orbit in resonance with the gas giant Jupiter. Hildian asteroids are thought to have originated from the Kuiper belt in the outer Solar System.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012694-0002-0000", "contents": "1529 Oterma, Orbit and classification\nIt orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 3.2\u20134.8\u00a0AU once every 7 years and 12 months (2,914 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.20 and an inclination of 9\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012694-0003-0000", "contents": "1529 Oterma, Orbit and classification\nIt was first identified as A912 VO at Winchester Observatory in 1912 (799). The body's observation arc begins at Turku a few weeks after its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012694-0004-0000", "contents": "1529 Oterma, Physical characteristics\nOterma belongs to an exclusive group of 33 known asteroids with a spectral P-type in the Tholen classification scheme.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012694-0005-0000", "contents": "1529 Oterma, Physical characteristics, Photometry\nDuring a study of 47 Hilda asteroids in the 1990s, a rotational lightcurve of Oterma was obtained from photometric observations at the Swedish Uppsala Astronomical Observatory and other places. It gave a rotation period of 15.75 hours with a change in brightness of 0.18 magnitude (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 49], "content_span": [50, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012694-0006-0000", "contents": "1529 Oterma, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the space-based surveys carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission and by the Japanese Akari satellite, Oterma measures 56.33 and 60.1 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.054 and 0.047, respectively. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for carbonaceous asteroids of 0.057 and calculates a diameter of 54.40 kilometers, with an absolute magnitude of 10.05.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012694-0007-0000", "contents": "1529 Oterma, Naming\nOterma was named for Liisi Oterma (1915\u20132001), first Finnish female astronomer with a PhD and a discoverer of minor planets and comets at the Turku observatory between 1939 and 1953. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 February 1976 (M.P.C. 3929).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012699-0000-0000", "contents": "1529 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1529.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012700-0000-0000", "contents": "1529 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012700-0001-0000", "contents": "1529 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012700-0002-0000", "contents": "1529 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012701-0000-0000", "contents": "1529 in science\nThe year 1529 in science and technology included a number of events, some of which are listed here.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012702-0000-0000", "contents": "152P/Helin\u2013Lawrence\nThe comet came to perihelion on 9 July 2012, and reached about apparent magnitude 17.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012703-0000-0000", "contents": "152d Air Operations Group\nThe 152d Air Operations Group (152 AOG) is a unit of the New York Air National Guard, stationed at Hancock Field Air National Guard Base, Syracuse, New York. If called into active federal service, the group is gained by United States Air Forces Europe (USAFE).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012703-0001-0000", "contents": "152d Air Operations Group, Mission\nThe 152d Air Operations Group's primary day-to-day mission is to augment and support the 603d Air Operations Center, located at Ramstein Air Base, Germany, a part of United States Air Forces Europe (USAFE). The 603d AOC and 152d AOG work together to set up and run an  AN/USQ-163 \"Falconer\" weapons system, for the European and African theater of operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012703-0002-0000", "contents": "152d Air Operations Group, Components\nThe Air Operations Center (AOC) is the senior element of the Theater Air Control System. In the event of hostilities, the Joint Force Commander assigns a Joint Forces Air Component Commander (JFACC) to lead the AOC weapon system. Quite often the Commander, Air Force Forces (COMAFFOR) is assigned the JFACC position for planning and executing theater-wide air and space forces. When there is more than one service working in the AOC it is called the Joint Air and Space Operations Center. In cases of Allied or Coalition (multinational) operations, the AOC is called a Combined Air and Space Operations Center.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012703-0003-0000", "contents": "152d Air Operations Group, Components\nThere are usually five divisions in the AOC. These separate, but distinct, organizations fuse information that eventually becomes the Air Tasking Order. The divisions are the Strategy Division, the Combat Plans Division, the Combat Operations Division, the Intelligence, Surveillance, Reconnaissance Division and the Air Mobility Division. The Air Communications Squadron supports all aspects of the mission systems and ensures they have the tools needed to generate the Air Tasking Order and execute Air power.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012703-0004-0000", "contents": "152d Air Operations Group, Components\nThe AN/USQ-163 Falconer is the weapons systems used by the JFACC and within Air Operations Centers by the United States Air Force combat forces to plan and execute military missions utilizing airborne resources. It is used to generate the Air Tasking Order and execute Air power.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012703-0005-0000", "contents": "152d Air Operations Group, History\nThe 152d Air Operations Group was initially established at Fort Clayton in the Signal Corps during 1939 as the Signal Aircraft Warning Company, Panama. In 1942 the company expanded to battalion size. It provided air defense of the Panama Canal Zone until December 1942, when it was inactivated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012703-0006-0000", "contents": "152d Air Operations Group, History\nThe battalion, now the 558th Signal Aircraft Warning Battalion was activated again in the China Burma India Theater in 1944. The 558th served in combat until the surrender of Japan and remained in theater until January 1946, when it returned to the United States and was inactivated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012703-0007-0000", "contents": "152d Air Operations Group, History\nIn March 1946, the battalion was transferred to the Air Corps, redesignated the 152d Aircraft Warning and Control Group and allotted to the National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012703-0008-0000", "contents": "152d Air Operations Group, History\nIn March 1948, the group was activated and federally recognized in the New York Air National Guard at Westchester County Airport as the air control element of the 52d Fighter Wing. It was assigned three aircraft warning and control squadrons in New York and New Jersey, and an aircraft control squadron stationed with the group headquarters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012703-0009-0000", "contents": "152d Air Operations Group, History\nIn August 1951 the group and its squadrons were called to active duty in the expansion of the United States Air Force during the Korean War and moved to Grenier Air Force Base, New Hampshire as part of Air Defense Command (ADC). The unit did not deploy to Korea, instead it moved to Canada where it operated new radar sites being constructed for Northeast Air Command. In December the group was inactivated and returned to state control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012703-0010-0000", "contents": "152d Air Operations Group, History\nThe unit was moved to the White Plains Armory and eventually to Roslyn Air National Guard Station on Long Island. The mobilization command for the group changed from ADC to Tactical Air Command (TAC). In 1954, the unit was redesignated the 152d Tactical Control Group and changed its mission from air defense to control of tactical aircraft in both offensive and defensive combat. The group was called to active duty during the Berlin Crisis of 1961 and deployed to Germany, where it operated a network of radar sites until being once again returned to state control in 1962.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012703-0011-0000", "contents": "152d Air Operations Group, History\nIn 1984 the 152d moved to Hancock Field Air National Guard Base, near Syracuse. It became the 152d Air Control Group in 1992 as the Air Force dropped the terms \"Tactical\" and \"Strategic\" from its units names with the inactivation of TAC and Strategic Air Command. Air Combat Command became the new mobilization command for the 152d.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012703-0012-0000", "contents": "152d Air Operations Group, History\nIn 2000, the unit's federal mission was changed to augment the Air Operations Center at Ramstein Air Force Base, Germany, for the United States Air Forces Europe (USAFE). The Air Operations Center provides planning, direction, and control of assigned Air Forces. They also direct activities of forces and monitor actions of both enemy and friendly forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012704-0000-0000", "contents": "152d Depot Brigade (United States)\nThe 152d Depot Brigade was a training and receiving formation of the United States Army during World War I, and was successively commanded by Brigadier Generals George W. Read, John E. Woodward, George H. Estes, George D. Moore, Edward Sigerfoos, and William Jones Nicholson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012704-0001-0000", "contents": "152d Depot Brigade (United States), History\nSecretary of War Newton Baker authorized Major General Franklin Bell to organize the 152d Depot Brigade, an element of the 77th Division (National Army). The brigade was later detached and placed directly under Camp Upton, New York, as an independent unit. The depot brigade filled two purposes: one was to train replacements for the American Expeditionary Forces (AEF); the other was to act as a receiving unit for men sent to camps by local draft boards. Irving Berlin wrote the musical revue \"Yip Yip Yaphank\", including the song \"Oh! How I Hate to Get Up in the Morning\" while assigned to a unit of the 152d Depot Brigade at Camp Upton in 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 692]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012704-0002-0000", "contents": "152d Depot Brigade (United States), Purpose\nThe role of depot brigades was to receive and organize recruits, provide them with uniforms, equipment and initial military training, and then send them to France to fight on the front lines. The depot brigades also received soldiers returning home at the end of the war and completed their out processing and discharges. Depot brigades were often organized, reorganized, and inactivated as requirements to receive and train troops rose and fell, and later ebbed and flowed during post-war demobilization.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012704-0003-0000", "contents": "152d Depot Brigade (United States), Purpose\nDepot brigades were organized into numbered battalions (1st Battalion, 2d Battalion, etc. ), which in turn were organized into numbered companies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012704-0004-0000", "contents": "152d Depot Brigade (United States), Purpose\nThe major U.S. depot brigades organized for World War I, which remained active until after post-war demobilization included: 151st (Camp Devens); 152d (Camp Upton); 153d (Camp Dix); 154th (Camp Meade); 155th (Camp Lee); 156th (Camp Jackson); 157th (Camp Gordon); 158th (Camp Sherman); 159th (Camp Taylor); 160th (Camp Custer); 161st (Camp Grant); 162d (Camp Pike); 163d (Camp Dodge); 164th (Camp Funston); 165th (Camp Travis); 166th (Camp Lewis); and 167th (Camp McClellan).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012705-0000-0000", "contents": "152mm SpGH DANA\nThe DANA (the name being derived from \"d\u011blo automobiln\u00ed nab\u00edjen\u00e9 automaticky\" (gun on truck loaded automatically)) is a wheeled self-propelled artillery piece. It is also known as the Samohybn\u00e1 Kan\u00f3nov\u00e1 H\u00fafnica vzor 77 (ShKH vz. 77) (self-propelled gun howitzer model 77); and was designed by Kon\u0161trukta Tren\u010d\u00edn and built by ZTS Dubnica nad V\u00e1hom in the former Czechoslovakia (now Slovakia). Introduced in the 1970s it was the first wheeled 152\u00a0mm self-propelled artillery gun to enter service. It is based on a modified 8x8 Tatra 815 chassis with excellent cross-country mobility. Currently it is in service with the Czech Republic, Libya, Poland, Georgia, Azerbaijan, and Slovakia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 699]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012705-0001-0000", "contents": "152mm SpGH DANA\nCompared to tracked vehicles wheeled vehicles have the advantage of being cheaper to build and easier to maintain with greater mobility. Tire pressure can be regulated to allow good mobility off-road and there is power-assisted steering on the front four wheels. It lowers 3 hydraulic stabilizers into the ground prior to firing, and has a roof mounted crane to assist with ammunition loading.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012705-0002-0000", "contents": "152mm SpGH DANA\nThe crew of the DANA consists of the driver (operates the hydraulic stabilizers) and commander sitting in the front cabin, the gunner (aims the gun and opens fire) and loader operator (selects the appropriate amount of powder charges) are on the left side of the turret, the ammo handler (sets the shells' primers) is on the right side turret.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012705-0003-0000", "contents": "152mm SpGH DANA, Development\nThe DANA was designed in the late 1970s by Kon\u0161trukta Tren\u010d\u00edn to provide the Czechoslovak People's Army with an indigenous self-propelled indirect fire support weapon without having to resort to purchasing the Soviet 2S3 Akatsiya SPG. Design work was completed in 1976 and the DANA project was handed off to production at ZTS Dubnica nad V\u00e1hom. It was accepted into service in 1981, and by 1994 over 750 units had been built. The DANA was also exported to Poland and Libya.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 28], "content_span": [29, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012705-0004-0000", "contents": "152mm SpGH DANA, Design\nThe DANA was a significant departure from contemporary self-propelled guns as it used a wheeled chassis and featured an innovative automated loading system which was the first of its kind at the time of its introduction to service. The vehicle has a driving cabin at the front, an open-topped fighting compartment at mid-length and the engine compartment in the rear. The front crew cabin seats both the driver/mechanic and vehicle commander.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012705-0004-0001", "contents": "152mm SpGH DANA, Design\nThe armoured turret is installed on a traversable mount adapted to the Tatra 815 wheeled chassis (8x8) and is divided into two halves, divided by the howitzer's recoil mechanism and a pathway for the reciprocating action during firing. The left half of the turret is occupied by the gunner and first loader and houses the various fire control optics, electro-mechanical gun laying controls, the automatic propellant charge feeding device as well as an auxiliary ammunition magazine. The right side of the turret contains a mechanized projectile delivery system which is operated by a second loader at this position.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012705-0005-0000", "contents": "152mm SpGH DANA, Design\nThe DANA's primary weapon is a 152\u00a0mm howitzer with a monolithic barrel (with a fixed rifling pitch) equipped with a single expansion chamber. The howitzer has a semi-automatic, vertically-sliding-wedge-type breech which opens to the left side. The recoil assembly consists of a hydraulic buffer, two pneumatic return cylinders and a controlling plunger which governs the displacement of the buffering system. The gun laying is carried out by an electro-hydraulic drive system or an emergency manual control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012705-0006-0000", "contents": "152mm SpGH DANA, Design\nDANA's unique feature is that its autoloader is able to load a shell and a cartridge in any elevation of the barrel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012705-0007-0000", "contents": "152mm SpGH DANA, Design\nAs there is no gyroscopic or similar system for independent, automated and autonomous gun laying in the DANA, the gunner of howitzer uses a ZZ-73 panoramic telescope with a PG1-M-D collimator for indirect gun laying. This sight has a horizontal scale used to set the appropriate horizontal laying via aiming at reference points. This means that the DANA is not an autonomous system there needs to be an additional device to assist in gun laying (in fact, the firing positions of such artillery systems are usually prepared before the guns are positioned there). For direct fire engagements, the gunner uses an OP5-38-D telescopic sight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012705-0008-0000", "contents": "152mm SpGH DANA, Ammunition\nAs of 2014, there are three main shell types used by Czech Army:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 27], "content_span": [28, 92]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012705-0009-0000", "contents": "152mm SpGH DANA, Variants, 152 mm ShKH Ondava\nThe ShKH Ondava is a development step started during the late 1980s with a longer 152\u00a0mm barrel (47 calibers), new muzzle brake (2 chamber), new loading mechanism etc. Max range is 30\u00a0km. The Ondava project ended with the velvet revolution and dissolution of the Czechoslovak state. Technical experience was carried over to the Zuzana project.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 45], "content_span": [46, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012705-0010-0000", "contents": "152mm SpGH DANA, Variants, 152 mm ShKH MODAN vz.77/99\nThe ShKH MODAN is a Slovak upgrade of DANA with longer range, higher accuracy and rate of fire. The upgrade consists of a new on-board control system that enables higher combat efficiency and reduction of crew from 5 to 4 members.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 53], "content_span": [54, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012705-0011-0000", "contents": "152mm SpGH DANA, Variants, 152 mm ShKH DANA-M1 CZ\nThe DANA-M1 CZ is a Czech upgrade of the DANA, developed by Excalibur Army from Prague. The upgrade package consists of a new fire control system, new navigation aids and a modified chassis with T3-930 engine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 49], "content_span": [50, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012705-0012-0000", "contents": "152mm SpGH DANA, Variants, 152 mm ShKH DANA M2\nFurther modernization by Excalibur Army which features a new more resistant cabin and the NBC filtration system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 46], "content_span": [47, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012705-0013-0000", "contents": "152mm SpGH DANA, Variants, 155 mm ShKH M2000 Zuzana\nThe Slovak ShKH Zuzana has been modified with a 155\u00a0mm gun (45 calibers) to conform to NATO standards. First adopted by the Slovak Army in 1998, the Slovak Army currently possesses 16 such units with plans to adopt more. The M2000G is a version for the Cypriot National Guard with different signals equipment, 76mm smoke grenade launchers and an MG3 7.62mm machine gun instead of the NSVT of 12.7mm. It entered service in 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 51], "content_span": [52, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012705-0014-0000", "contents": "152mm SpGH DANA, Variants, 155 mm ShKH A40 Himalaya\nThe ShKH Himalaya is an adaptation of the system to a tracked chassis required by export customers. It is essentially a tracked variant of ShKH Zuzana with the same 155\u00a0mm turret mounted on a T-72 chassis with S1000 engine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 51], "content_span": [52, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012705-0015-0000", "contents": "152mm SpGH DANA, Variants, 155 mm ShKH Zuzana 2\nInitially known as Zuzana A1 and then Zuzana XA-1, this is the latest development of the Zuzana. It was unveiled for the first time in 2004. This model is fitted with a 155/52 ordnance and has other improvements such as a reworked turret and a different engine: the Tatra T3B-928.70 of 330\u00a0kW.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 47], "content_span": [48, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012705-0016-0000", "contents": "152mm SpGH DANA, Combat history\nTwo DANAs were destroyed and two captured in the 2008 Russo-Georgian War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 31], "content_span": [32, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012705-0017-0000", "contents": "152mm SpGH DANA, Combat history\nFive Polish guns had been used in Afghanistan in Ghazni Province since 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 31], "content_span": [32, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012706-0000-0000", "contents": "152nd (Weyburn-Estevan) Battalion, CEF\nThe 152nd Battalion, CEF, was a unit of the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the Great War. It was authorized on 22 December 1915, recruiting in Weyburn and Estevan, Saskatchewan, and embarked for Great Britain on 3 October 1916, where its personnel were absorbed by the 32nd Reserve Battalion, CEF, on 21 October 1916 to provide reinforcements for the Canadian Corps in the field. The battalion was disbanded on 21 May 1917.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012706-0001-0000", "contents": "152nd (Weyburn-Estevan) Battalion, CEF\nThe 152nd Battalion is perpetuated by The South Saskatchewan Regiment. Its king's and regimental colours are laid up at the Estevan branch of the Royal Canadian Legion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012707-0000-0000", "contents": "152nd Airlift Wing\nThe 152nd Airlift Wing (152 AW) is a unit of the Nevada Air National Guard, stationed at Reno Air National Guard Base, Nevada. If activated to federal service with the United States Air Force, the Wing is operationally gained by the 18th Air Force of the Air Mobility Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012707-0001-0000", "contents": "152nd Airlift Wing, Overview\nThe Nevada Air National Guard's 152nd Airlift Wing has a primary wartime mission of providing rapid airlift and airdrop of cargo and troops. They can also fly specialized reconnaissance missions in support of military command and control operations, counter drug operations, disaster relief and photo mapping for federal and state agencies. The unit is tasked to deploy anywhere on the globe within an assigned response time to perform both day and night missions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 28], "content_span": [29, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012707-0002-0000", "contents": "152nd Airlift Wing, Overview\nIn addition to the wartime mission, the 152nd Airlift Wing also has a peacetime mission to train combat ready aircrew and assigned personnel. The unit has a State mission and has been called on numerous occasions to support local state emergencies such as fires, floods, riots and search and rescue operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 28], "content_span": [29, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012707-0003-0000", "contents": "152nd Airlift Wing, Overview\nThe mission is accomplished with eight assigned C-130H \"Hercules\" transport aircraft. Force structure developments in the Air National Guard during Fiscal Year 2000 focused on equipment upgrades providing enhanced capability for Air National Guard units, which previously led to the 152nd Airlift Wing converting from the C-130E to the C-130H. This conversion also included a modification which provided an additional Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (ISR) asset package to the Air National Guard called Scathe View for carriage by C-130 aircraft. It features forward-looking infrared radar (FLIR), daylight TV, spotter scope, and laser range- finder.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 28], "content_span": [29, 694]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012707-0004-0000", "contents": "152nd Airlift Wing, History\nOn 19 April 1958, the Nevada Air National Guard 192d Fighter-Interceptor Squadron was authorized to expand to a group level, and the 152nd Fighter-Interceptor Group was established by the National Guard Bureau. The 192nd FIS becoming the group's flying squadron. Other squadrons assigned into the group were the 192nd Headquarters, 192nd Material Squadron (Maintenance), 192nd Combat Support Squadron, and the 192nd USAF Dispensary. The 152nd FIS was assigned to Air Defense Command. Also in 1958, the 192nd's day-only F-86A Sabres were sent to other units and the 192nd received the day/night/all-weather F-86L Sabre Interceptor aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 667]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012707-0005-0000", "contents": "152nd Airlift Wing, History, Tactical Reconnaissance\nIn 1961 Air Defense Command was reorganizing and the 192nd was transferred to Tactical Air Command. TAC re-designated the 152nd as a Tactical Reconnaissance Group, and equipped the 192d TRS with RB-57B Canberra reconnaissance aircraft. Tactical Reconnaissance would be the mission of the unit for the next 30 years. The RB-57s were the reconnaissance version of the B-57 Canberra light bomber, which has replaced the World War II B-25 Mitchell during the Korean War. The RB-57s were used by the active-duty Air Force beginning in the mid-1950s and it began to be sent to Air National Guard units in the late 1950s when the McDonnell RF-101A Voodoo entered service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 52], "content_span": [53, 717]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012707-0006-0000", "contents": "152nd Airlift Wing, History, Tactical Reconnaissance\nThe 192nd used the RB-57s primarily to carry out photographic surveys of areas hit by natural disasters such as hurricanes or tornadoes. It was placed on alert during the 1961 Berlin Crisis and 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis, however it was not activated or deployed overseas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 52], "content_span": [53, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012707-0007-0000", "contents": "152nd Airlift Wing, History, Tactical Reconnaissance\nIn 1965 the RF-4C Phantom II began to enter active USAF service, and the 192nd received supersonic McDonnell RF-101H Voodoos to replace the subsonic RB-57s. The unit served during the 1968 Pueblo Crisis. On 26 January 1968 the Nevada Air National Guard was called to active duty as part of a national effort to meet the threat posed by North Korean seizure of the U.S. Navy ship the \"USS Pueblo.\" During the next 16 months, Nevada Air Guardsmen served in Korea, Japan, Vietnam, Thailand, the Philippines, North Africa and some 18 bases within the United States. During this tour, the 192nd Reconnaissance Squadron was awarded the 5th Air Force Outstanding Unit Award, only the second unit selected for this honor. All Nevada Air National Guard units were released from active duty on 9 June 1969.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 52], "content_span": [53, 849]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012707-0008-0000", "contents": "152nd Airlift Wing, History, Tactical Reconnaissance\nIn 1971, the RF-101Hs were replaced by RF-101B Voodoos that were re-manufactured after serving in the Canadian Air Force. However, unlike the F-101Hs, the \"B\" model was extremely expensive to operate in the field, requiring several costly and time-consuming fixes in order to maintain an acceptable operating standard. The career of the RF-101B with the Nevada ANG was relatively brief, giving way to the RF-4C Phantom II in 1975.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 52], "content_span": [53, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012707-0009-0000", "contents": "152nd Airlift Wing, History, Tactical Reconnaissance\nThe 192nd Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron operated the RF-4C Phantom for nearly 20 years. The RF-4C was still in service at the time of the 1990 Gulf Crisis and in response to the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait, the 106th TRS of the 117th TRW of the Alabama ANG was deployed to Sheik Isa Air Base in Bahrain. This unit was redeployed in December 1990 and the 152nd TRG was deployed. Falling in on the Portable Photography and Interpretation Facility (PPIF) the High Rollers dug in and operated from Sheik Isa through Desert Shield and Desert Storm. With combat operations beginning in January as part of Operation Desert Storm, the 192nd flew combat missions in the RF-4C.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 52], "content_span": [53, 720]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012707-0010-0000", "contents": "152nd Airlift Wing, History, Tactical Reconnaissance\nWhen the first strikes against Iraq started on 17 January 1991, the RF-4Cs were in action from the start. At first, they were limited to daylight operations, flying over Kuwait almost every day in search of Republican Guard units. They flew over Baghdad looking for such targets as rocket fuel plants, chemical weapons plants, and command and communications centers. Later, the RF-4Cs were regularly diverted from other photographic missions to go and look for Scud launchers hiding in western Iraq. No RF-4Cs were lost in action and eventually flew over 1,000 combat hours and 350 combat flying missions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 52], "content_span": [53, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012707-0010-0001", "contents": "152nd Airlift Wing, History, Tactical Reconnaissance\nThe unarmed Nevada aircraft took over 19,000 photographic prints using 300,000 feet of film without a single target lost from processing. Legend has it, the Commander, Colonel \"Woody\"  Clark was credited with the only known Combat kill of an enemy fighter by a reconnaissance aircraft. During one mission Col Clark and his wing-man were approached by Iraqi air force jets. Unarmed and unafraid, they prepared for rapid departure by dropping their fuel cells to bug out. Woody's fuel cell is said to have struck one of the approaching Iraqi Fighters. The High Rollers have been the stuff of legend for many years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 52], "content_span": [53, 665]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012707-0011-0000", "contents": "152nd Airlift Wing, History, Tactical Reconnaissance\nFollowing the end of Desert Storm, Reno and the State of Nevada gave the High Rollers a parade. Most members understood this was the Country's way of making up for past failure by recognizing them and all Veterans. With a 1992 reorganization of the Air Force, the group's gaining command shifted from the disestablishing Tactical Air Command to the newly established Air Combat Command. The group and flying squadron also dropped the word \"tactical\" from their titles and became simply the 152nd Reconnaissance Group and 192nd Reconnaissance Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 52], "content_span": [53, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012707-0012-0000", "contents": "152nd Airlift Wing, History, Tactical Reconnaissance\nThe RF-4Cs began their retirement from USAF and Air National Guard service in the early 1990s. The 192nd RS finally turned in its last four RF-4Cs on 27 September 1995, their planes being flown to Davis-Monthan AFB for storage. These aircraft were the last RF-4Cs in operational service, and with their retirement the era of RF-4C service with the U.S. Air Force came to an end.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 52], "content_span": [53, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012707-0013-0000", "contents": "152nd Airlift Wing, History, Current operations\nThe Nevada Air National Guard began the conversion to a new aircraft and mission in October 1995, with training and construction to support the Airlift mission and the Pacer Coin Reconnaissance mission. The unit received its first C-130E Hercules aircraft on 9 April 1996, and became an operational Airlift Wing in April 1997.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 47], "content_span": [48, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012707-0014-0000", "contents": "152nd Airlift Wing, History, Current operations\nPacer Coin was a day/night, all-weather reconnaissance and surveillance system which provided imagery intelligence support to theater and other commanders in support of drug interdiction operations for U.S. Southern Command. The unit assumed this mission when it converted to the C-130E Hercules in October 1995. The Nevada Air Guard had the only Pacer Coin aircraft in the inventory. The special sensors and optics on-board provided photo reconnaissance capability.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 47], "content_span": [48, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012707-0015-0000", "contents": "152nd Airlift Wing, History, Current operations\nThe 152nd AW also took part in \"Operation Joint Guard\" (August 1997 \u2013 December 1997) in support of peacekeeping operations in Bosnia. The unit deployed one aircraft and 130 personnel to provide reconnaissance support to the region with its Pacer Coin capability. Operating from Aviano Air Base, Italy, the unit was scheduled to remain in-theater for approximately 60 days, but was not returned home until after 104 days. Their deployments complete, the Pacer Coin aircraft was retired on 15 May 1998.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 47], "content_span": [48, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012707-0016-0000", "contents": "152nd Airlift Wing, History, Current operations\nIn May 1998, the United States military group (USMILGP) Commander Ecuador, requested the Nevada Air National Guard to send experienced individuals that could interface with the Ecuadorian Air Force, Army, and civilian mapping agency personnel. The purpose was to train them in the planning and execution of photo reconnaissance to assist them in their efforts to overcome the drug trafficking problems in their country.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 47], "content_span": [48, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012707-0016-0001", "contents": "152nd Airlift Wing, History, Current operations\nA week prior to the actual exercise to test the new methods and information, personnel from the 152nd AW deployed to Mariscal Sucre International Airport, Quito to conduct training and classes aimed at improving the skills of Aircrew and Photo Interpreters. Classes were conducted for a week with classroom training as well as practical exercises.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 47], "content_span": [48, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012707-0017-0000", "contents": "152nd Airlift Wing, History, Current operations\nThe 152nd Airlift Wing began conversion from the C-130E to the C-130H in 1998. This conversion also included a modification, which provided additional Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (ISR) asset to the Air National Guard called Scathe View. Scathe View is composed of a high-endurance, adverse weather-operable, specially modified C-130H aircraft; a roll-on/roll-off sensor control and communications pallet operated by 2 on-board airborne imagery analysts; and the Wescam (subsequently L-3) MX-15 \"pentasensor\", a day or night capable imagery sensor with a laser range finder and a laser illuminator. The Scathe View system disseminates intelligence data and information directly to ground forces in real time via on-board voice and data communications suites.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 47], "content_span": [48, 824]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012707-0018-0000", "contents": "152nd Airlift Wing, History, Current operations\nScathe View had been an essential component of search and rescue, aerial mapping and Humanitarian Relief Operations (HUMRO) during post-Hurricane Katrina operations in 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 47], "content_span": [48, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012707-0019-0000", "contents": "152nd Airlift Wing, History, Current operations\nIn September 2007, the Nevada Air National Guard utilized the Scathe View system in the search for millionaire adventurer and pilot Steve Fossett. The 152nd Intelligence Squadron, part of the Nevada Air National Guard's 152nd Airlift Wing, was the only unit at that time equipped with the Scathe View system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 47], "content_span": [48, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012707-0020-0000", "contents": "152nd Airlift Wing, History, Current operations\nAs of 2007, the 152nd Intelligence Squadron had 8 C-130H aircraft fitted with the system. At that time it was also planned to upgrade the MX-15 sensor and to provide a Beyond Line of Sight capability, allowing passing of data to intermediate higher headquarters and worldwide users.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 47], "content_span": [48, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012708-0000-0000", "contents": "152nd Cavalry Brigade (United States)\nThe 152nd Cavalry Brigade was a cavalry unit of the United States Army Organized Reserve during the interwar period. Organized in 1922, the brigade spent its entire career with the 61st Cavalry Division and was disbanded after the United States entered World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012708-0001-0000", "contents": "152nd Cavalry Brigade (United States), History\nThe brigade was constituted in the Organized Reserve on 15 October 1921, part of the 61st Cavalry Division in the Second Corps Area. It included the 303rd and 304th Cavalry Regiments and the 152nd Machine Gun Squadron at New York City. In February 1922, the brigade headquarters was initiated (organized) in Manhattan. Between 17 March of that year and 27 November 1931, the 152nd was commanded by Lincoln C. Andrews, who became Assistant Secretary of the Treasury.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012708-0001-0001", "contents": "152nd Cavalry Brigade (United States), History\nOn 20 December 1928, the 152nd Machine Gun Squadron was relieved from its assignment to the 61st and withdrawn from the Organized Reserves, with its personnel transferred to one of the brigade's regiments. From 15 April 1937 to June 1939, the brigade was led by Brice Disque, the head of the Spruce Production Division during World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012708-0002-0000", "contents": "152nd Cavalry Brigade (United States), History\nThe brigade held its inactive training period meetings on the  first and third Mondays of each month at the Army-Navy Club in Manhattan. Between 1923 and 1940, the 152nd usually conducted summer training at Fort Ethan Allen with the 1st Squadron, 3rd Cavalry Regiment, but held summer training with the 3rd Cavalry Regiment at Fort Belvoir in 1937 and 1939. Its subordinate regiments provided basic military instruction to civilians under the Citizens' Military Training Camp program at Fort Ethan Allen with the assistance of the 1st Squadron, 3rd Cavalry as an alternate form of training. After the United States entered World War II, the brigade was disbanded on 30 January 1942 along with the division, after most of its officers were called up for active duty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 812]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012708-0003-0000", "contents": "152nd Cavalry Brigade (United States), Commanders\nThe brigade is known to have been commanded by the following officers:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 49], "content_span": [50, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012709-0000-0000", "contents": "152nd Division (Imperial Japanese Army)\nThe 152nd Division (\u7b2c152\u5e2b\u56e3, Dai-hyakugoj\u016bni Shidan) was an infantry division of the Imperial Japanese Army. Its call sign was the Kanazawa Protection Division (\u8b77\u6ca2\u5175\u56e3, Gozawa Heidan). It was formed 28 February 1945 in Kanazawa as a square division. It was a part of the 16 simultaneously created divisions batch numbering from 140th to 160th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012709-0001-0000", "contents": "152nd Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nThe 152nd division was initially assigned to 11th area army. In April 1945 it was reassigned to 52nd army and sent from Kanazawa to Ch\u014dshi in Kant\u014d region, where it performed a coastal defense duties until surrender of Japan 15 August 1945 without seeing an actual combat. The 437th infantry regiment was garrisoning Ch\u014dshi, the 440th - west Ch\u014dshi, 438th - Asahi, Chiba (building defenses on south-western bank of Tone River), and 439th infantry regiment - Omigawa, Chiba.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012710-0000-0000", "contents": "152nd Division (People's Republic of China)\nThe 152nd Division(Chinese: \u7b2c152\u5e08) was created on November 1948  under the Regulation of the Redesignations of All Organizations and Units of the Army, issued by Central Military Commission on November 1, 1948, basing on the 7th Independent Division of the Northeastern Field Army, formed in January 1948.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012710-0001-0000", "contents": "152nd Division (People's Republic of China)\nThe division was a part of PLA 39th Corps, under which command it took part in the Chinese civil war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012710-0002-0000", "contents": "152nd Division (People's Republic of China)\nIn August 1952 the division was re-organized as 1st Forestry Engineering Division((Chinese: \u6797\u4e1a\u5de5\u7a0b\u7b2c1\u5e08), moving to Hainan for rubber plantation. In October the division was demobilized and became Hainan States Farms, now one of the biggest rubber production enterprise in the world.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012711-0000-0000", "contents": "152nd Fighter Squadron\nThe 152nd Fighter Squadron (152 FS) is a unit of the Arizona Air National Guard 162nd Fighter Wing located at Tucson Air National Guard Base, Arizona, United States. The 152nd is equipped with the F-16 Fighting Falcon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012711-0001-0000", "contents": "152nd Fighter Squadron, History, Origins\nIn 1956, the United States Air Force, in an effort to upgrade to an all jet fighter force, required Air National Guard Aerospace Defense Command units to upgrade to jet-powered aircraft. The Rhode Island Air National Guard, 152nd Fighter-Interceptor Squadron, stationed at T.F. Green Municipal Airport in Warwick, was scheduled to replace its aging F-51D Mustang interceptors to F-84 Thunderjets. However, National Guard authorities found themselves in a conflict over the use of T.F. Green Municipal Airport in Warwick with its controlling Airport Commission with regards to using the airport for tactical jet operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 40], "content_span": [41, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012711-0002-0000", "contents": "152nd Fighter Squadron, History, Origins\nUnable to resolve these differences and no suitable location in the state to move the squadron, the Air Force removed the jets from the state and the National Guard Bureau transferred the 152nd Fighter Interceptor Squadron to the Arizona Air National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 40], "content_span": [41, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012711-0003-0000", "contents": "152nd Fighter Squadron, History, Origins\nHowever, the National Guard Bureau's desire to have an Air National Guard flying unit located in every state brought a new mission and the numeric designation to the Rhode Island Air National Guard, the 143d Air Resupply Squadron using propeller-driven aircraft. The \"new\" 152nd FIS was activated as a new Arizona Air National Guard organization with no prior history or lineage; the 143d Air Resupply Squadron was bestowed the lineage and history of the inactivated Rhode Island ANG 152nd Fighter Interceptor Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 40], "content_span": [41, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012711-0004-0000", "contents": "152nd Fighter Squadron, History, Arizona Air National Guard, Air Defense\nUpon the unit's activation in Tucson, the 152nd was equipped with F-86A Sabre day fighters to use as interceptors. Its mission was the air defense of Southern Arizona. At that time of its arrival, its facilities at Tucson Municipal Airport consisted of an old adobe farmhouse and a dirt-floor hangar with enough space for three aircraft. In 1958, the F-100A Super Sabre arrived to supplement the F-86s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 72], "content_span": [73, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012711-0005-0000", "contents": "152nd Fighter Squadron, History, Arizona Air National Guard, Air Defense\nDespite the facility limitations, the Air Defense Command's Headquarters 4th Air Force judged the 152nd FIS outstanding in accomplishing its air defense mission. It declared the unit \"Best in the West\" in the 1950s and the early 1960s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 72], "content_span": [73, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012711-0006-0000", "contents": "152nd Fighter Squadron, History, Arizona Air National Guard, Air Defense\nLate in 1968 the unit received its first of five Air Force Outstanding Unit Citations for converting from the F-100-day-fighter to the all-weather F-102 \"Delta Dagger\" interceptor aircraft in just 10 months. The unit did it faster and better than any other Air National Guard unit converting to the F-102.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 72], "content_span": [73, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012711-0007-0000", "contents": "152nd Fighter Squadron, History, Arizona Air National Guard, Fighter Training\nOn 1 July 1969, the Arizona Air National Guard 152nd Fighter Interceptor Squadron was authorized to expand to a group level, and the 162nd Tactical Fighter Training Group was established by the National Guard Bureau. With the change of status, the new 162nd TFTG was assigned to Tactical Air Command. The re-designated 152nd Tactical Fighter Training Squadron became the group's flying squadron. Other squadrons assigned into the group were the 162nd Headquarters, 162nd Material Squadron (Maintenance), 162nd Combat Support Squadron, and the 162nd USAF Dispensary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 77], "content_span": [78, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012711-0008-0000", "contents": "152nd Fighter Squadron, History, Arizona Air National Guard, Fighter Training\nWith the United States withdrawal from the Vietnam War commencing in 1970, the North American F-100 Super Sabre was being retired from its active-duty mission, being replaced by either the F-4 Phantom II tactical fighter and A-7D Corsair II close air support aircraft. The F-100s were being transferred to the Air National Guard, which was upgrading from Republic F-84 Thunderjets and North American F-86 Sabres. The 162nd Tactical Fighter Training Group was designated as the Air National Guard training unit with the mission of the unit to train combat-ready pilots for the Air National Guard (Replacement Training Unit or RTU).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 77], "content_span": [78, 708]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012711-0008-0001", "contents": "152nd Fighter Squadron, History, Arizona Air National Guard, Fighter Training\nThe 152nd TFTS was equipped with the F-100C Super Sabre aircraft with a few dual-control twin-seat F-100F trainers. The unit graduated their first students in 1970. In 1972 the F-100C was replaced by the more advanced F-100D. Shortly afterward, the unit formed the Air National Guard F-100 Fighter Weapons School in Tucson. This school taught Air Guard and Reserve fighter pilots from throughout the country to effectively use advanced tactics and weapons technology.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 77], "content_span": [78, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012711-0009-0000", "contents": "152nd Fighter Squadron, History, Arizona Air National Guard, Fighter Training\nIn 1977, with the transfer of the A-7D Corsair IIs to the Air National Guard beginning in large numbers, 152nd TFTS, along with its F-100s, began to receive twelve aircraft, primarily from the active-duty 354th Tactical Fighter Wing which was the first TAC wing to transition to the A-10 Thunderbolt II. The F-100 flight would continue to train F-100 students while the A-7 flight began to develop training syllabus for Corsair II students. In 1978 the F-100s were retired and the squadron became the A-7D training school for the ANG. For this transition, the unit received its second Air Force Outstanding Unit Award for successfully continuing to train F-100 students while completing the most challenging conversion in the unit's history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 77], "content_span": [78, 819]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012711-0010-0000", "contents": "152nd Fighter Squadron, History, Arizona Air National Guard, Fighter Training\nDuring the transition from F-100 to A-7D training in 1978, the squadron became a checkout and modification organization for new A-7D aircraft being produced by LTV. These new aircraft were produced due to a Congressional mandate to maintain the A-7D production line in Dallas, and the new aircraft were flown to Tucson for acceptance inspection. Upon receipt of the aircraft, the aircraft would be fully inspected and all discrepancies noted and repaired, being brought up to ANG standards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 77], "content_span": [78, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012711-0010-0001", "contents": "152nd Fighter Squadron, History, Arizona Air National Guard, Fighter Training\nIt would actually take about five or six months for the squadron to fly a series of check flights and work all the kinks out of the aircraft. Once completed, the squadron would transfer the aircraft to its assigned ANG squadron around the United States. Between 1978 and 1980 a total of 24 new A-7D aircraft were received, of which the squadron increased in size from 12 to a total of 24 aircraft. Because the unit was a training school, its aircraft were flown much heavily than other ANG squadrons which were also more demanding and stressful on the airframes. In order to keep the maximum number of aircraft fully operational, many aircraft were transferred to Tucson from other squadrons and the training aircraft in Tucson were sent to other units to insure all aircraft did not have excessive hours or stress on them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 77], "content_span": [78, 901]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012711-0011-0000", "contents": "152nd Fighter Squadron, History, Arizona Air National Guard, Fighter Training\nIn 1981, the squadron began receiving new A-7K a twin-seat dual-control trainer for the A-7D from LTV  The A-7K was a fully combat-capable aircraft and the squadron continued its acceptance inspection mission as well as its training mission. Eventually 20 A-7K aircraft were added to the squadron, along with its A-7Ds. The last of the A-7Ks were received in 1983, and with the shutdown of the assembly line in Dallas, the inspection and acceptance mission came to a close.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 77], "content_span": [78, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012711-0011-0001", "contents": "152nd Fighter Squadron, History, Arizona Air National Guard, Fighter Training\nThe unit received its third Air Force Outstanding Unit Award for this and began another dimension in training in 1983 when the unit added the A-7 Fighter Weapons School, which replaced the F-100 FWS that was closed in 1978. In 1984, the 195th Tactical Fighter Training Squadron was activated as a 2nd RTU.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 77], "content_span": [78, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012711-0012-0000", "contents": "152nd Fighter Squadron, History, Arizona Air National Guard, Fighter Training\nIn addition to the normal stream of Air National Guard pilots, during the early 1980s, the 152nd became a covert training unit for active-duty F-117A Nighthawk pilots. The A-7's cockpit layout and avionics were considered similar to those in the F-117. Pilots assigned to the F-117 program required a minimum of 1,000 fighter hours, and nearly all of the initial cadre for the F-117 were A-7D pilots due to the similar flight characteristics of the A-7D and F-117.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 77], "content_span": [78, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012711-0012-0001", "contents": "152nd Fighter Squadron, History, Arizona Air National Guard, Fighter Training\nInitially pilots in the program were sent to Tucson for a quick refresher course in A-7Ds that included academics, simulator time and six or seven flights to re-qualify them in the Corsair. When other fighter pilots began to be assigned, they were assigned to either a three or six-month course. depending on their experience in fighters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 77], "content_span": [78, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012711-0013-0000", "contents": "152nd Fighter Squadron, History, Arizona Air National Guard, Fighter Training\nIn 1988, the unit began converting to the Block 10 F-16A Fighting Falcon, which active-duty units were transferring to the ANG with the delivery of the more advanced F-16C. This transition took several years, with the last Corsairs being transferred out in 1990. The training mission remained after the conversion, but the older F-16A Block 10 airframes were not quite suited to fulfill this mission. Therefore, a number of more modern F-16A Block 15 airframes were introduced in the squadron after 1989 to be able to maintain a more modern training syllabus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 77], "content_span": [78, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012711-0014-0000", "contents": "152nd Fighter Squadron, History, Arizona Air National Guard, Fighter Training\nIn 1992 the ANG Staff decided to modernize the training that the squadron was providing to ANG crews as well as regular USAF units or NATO F-16 pilots. Therefore, more modern F-16C Block 42 airframes were delivered to the squadron. This opened a lot of opportunities. This block is specifically designed for attack operations during day and nighttime. It uses the advanced LANTIRN pod and the squadron has been training other crews in the usage of these systems.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 77], "content_span": [78, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012711-0014-0001", "contents": "152nd Fighter Squadron, History, Arizona Air National Guard, Fighter Training\nIn recent years these airframes have been further upgraded with the CCIP program to make it possible for them to reach 8,000 flying hours easily. A number of additions (like a new MMC, an advanced AIFF system, etc.) were added to these airframes to further modernize their operations and make it possible to adjust the training sequence to include these advanced electronics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 77], "content_span": [78, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012711-0015-0000", "contents": "152nd Fighter Squadron, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 48], "content_span": [49, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012712-0000-0000", "contents": "152nd Georgia General Assembly\nThe 152nd General Assembly of the U.S. state of Georgia convened its first session on January 14, 2013, at the Georgia State Capitol in Atlanta. The 152nd Georgia General Assembly succeeded the 151st and preceded the 153rd.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012712-0001-0000", "contents": "152nd Georgia General Assembly, Members of the State Senate, Changes in Membership During Current Term\nBarry Loudermilk resigned from the Georgia Senate, representing the 14th district, in August 2013, to focus on his campaign for a seat in the United States House of Representatives. Bruce Thompson won a special election to fill the remainder of his term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 102], "content_span": [103, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012713-0000-0000", "contents": "152nd Illinois Infantry Regiment\nThe 152nd Regiment Illinois Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012713-0001-0000", "contents": "152nd Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 152nd Illinois Infantry was organized at Camp Butler, Illinois, and mustered into Federal service on February 28, 1865, for a one-year enlistment. The 152nd garrisoned the line of the Nashville and Chattanooga Railroad and later Memphis, Tennessee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012713-0002-0000", "contents": "152nd Illinois Infantry Regiment, Total strength and casualties\nThe regiment suffered 76 enlisted men who died of disease for a total of 76 fatalities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 63], "content_span": [64, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012714-0000-0000", "contents": "152nd Independent Air Assault Battalion\nThe 152nd Independent Air Assault Battalion, known simply as the Airborne Forces of Turkmenistan (Turkmen: T\u00fcrkmenistany\u0148 Howa Desant Go\u015funlary) is the official paratrooper unit of the Armed Forces of Turkmenistan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012714-0001-0000", "contents": "152nd Independent Air Assault Battalion, History\nThe unit descends from the 56th Guards Air Assault Brigade of the Soviet Airborne. The brigade itself descends from the 105th Guards Vienna Airborne Division. After returning from service in Afghanistan during Operation Magistral, the brigade crossed the border in June 1988 into the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic, during the Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan, being based out of \u00ddol\u00f6ten. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, the brigade was withdrawn to the Russian Federation. Despite this, its 4th battalion remained in \u00ddol\u00f6ten. This battalion was included in the structure of the formed Turkmen Ground Forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 681]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012714-0001-0001", "contents": "152nd Independent Air Assault Battalion, History\nOn 15 December 1994, the 4th Battalion, 5th DSB was dissolved and renamed given its current name. The 152nd Independent Air Assault Battalion was stationed in the city of \u00ddol\u00f6ten until the spring of 2003 when it was redeployed. The battalion is currently (as of 2005) based at the 99th Mary-2 Air Base. In April 2010, personnel from the battalion took part in the Galkan-2010 exercises. In 2016, Senior Lieutenant Jahan Yazmuhammedova became the first female paratrooper in the Armed Forces when she joined the unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012715-0000-0000", "contents": "152nd Indiana Infantry Regiment\nThe 152nd Indiana Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment from Indiana that served in the Union Army between March 16 and August 30, 1865, during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012715-0001-0000", "contents": "152nd Indiana Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was recruited from the 9th, 10th, and 11th districts and organized at Indianapolis, Indiana, with a strength of 988 men. It was mustered in on March 16, 1865, and left Indiana for Harper's Ferry, West Virginia on March 18. At Harper's Ferry, it was assigned to duty with one of the provisional divisions of the Army of Shenandoah. The regiment saw duty at Charleston, Stevenson's Station, Summit Point and Clarksburg, West Virginia, until late August, 1865. The regiment was mustered out on August 30, 1865. During its service the regiment incurred forty-eight fatalities, and another twenty-two men deserted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012716-0000-0000", "contents": "152nd Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)\nThe 152nd Infantry Brigade (part of the 51st (Highland) Infantry Division) was an infantry brigade of the British Army that fought during both the First and the Second World Wars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012716-0001-0000", "contents": "152nd Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Formation\nThe brigade was raised in 1908, as the Seaforth and Cameron Highlanders Brigade, upon the creation of the Territorial Force (TF), the British Army's part-time reserve force, and was assigned to the Highland Division. The brigade was composed of the 4th, 5th and 6th Battalions of the Seaforth Highlanders and the 4th Battalion, Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders. It was formed as a result of the Territorial and Reserve Forces Act 1907.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 50], "content_span": [51, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012716-0002-0000", "contents": "152nd Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), First World War\nThe division was mobilised for service in early August 1914 and most of the men volunteered for overseas service. In mid-May 1915 the brigade was numbered as the 152nd (1st Highland) Brigade and the division became the 51st (Highland) Division and the infantry battalions received the '1/' prefix, 1/5th Seaforths for example, to distinguish them from their 2nd Line duplicates training as 191st (2/1st Seaforth and Cameron Highlanders), of 64th (2nd Highland) Division. In early May 1915 the division was sent to the Western Front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 56], "content_span": [57, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012716-0003-0000", "contents": "152nd Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War\nThe original 152nd Brigade, formed along with the division in 1908, was effectively destroyed when the 51st (Highland) Division surrendered during the Battle of France at St Valery-en-Caux on 12 June 1940. It was reformed in August 1940 from the 26th Infantry Brigade of the 9th (Highland) Infantry Division, formed as the 2nd Line duplicate of the 51st, which was renumbered as the 51st Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 57], "content_span": [58, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012717-0000-0000", "contents": "152nd Infantry Division \"Piceno\"\nThe 152nd Infantry Division \"Piceno\" (Italian: 152\u00aa Divisione fanteria \"Piceno\") was an infantry division of the Royal Italian Army during World War II. The Piceno was a garrison division, formed in on 20 February 1942 and named for the ancient region of Picenum. As it was stationed in Southern Italy and used for coastal defence. After the Italian surrender in September 1943 the division was reformed by the Italian Co-belligerent Army as Combat Group \"Piceno\" and trained to fight on the allied side during the Italian Campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012718-0000-0000", "contents": "152nd Infantry Division (France)\nThe 152nd Infantry Division was a formation of the French Army. It saw service in the First World War, Second World War, and during the Cold War, when it guarded the intercontinental ballistic missile bases on the Plateau d'Albion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012718-0001-0000", "contents": "152nd Infantry Division (France)\nBefore its disestablishment during the 1990s, it included the 152\u00e8me R.C.S., the 19\u00e8me R\u00e9giment de Chasseurs (Draguignan), the 86\u00e8me R.I. (Issoire), the 4\u00e8me R.I.Ma (Fr\u00e9jus), the 24\u00e8me R.I.Ma (Perpignan), and the 19\u00e8me R.A. (Draguignan).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012719-0000-0000", "contents": "152nd Infantry Regiment \"Sassari\"\nThe 152nd Infantry Regiment \"Sassari\" (Italian: 152\u00b0 Reggimento Fanteria \"Sassari\") is an active unit of the Italian Army based in Sassari in Sardinia. The regiment is part of the Italian army's infantry corps and operationally assigned to the Mechanized Brigade \"Sassari\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012719-0001-0000", "contents": "152nd Infantry Regiment \"Sassari\", Current structure\nAs of 2019 the 152nd Infantry Regiment \"Sassari\" consists of:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 52], "content_span": [53, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012719-0002-0000", "contents": "152nd Infantry Regiment \"Sassari\", Current structure\nThe Command and Logistic Support Company fields the following platoons: C3 Platoon, Transport and Materiel Platoon, Medical Platoon, and Commissariat Platoon. The regiment is equipped with VTLM Lince vehicles. The Maneuver Support Company is equipped with 120mm mortars and Spike MR anti-tank guided missiles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 52], "content_span": [53, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012720-0000-0000", "contents": "152nd Infantry Regiment (United States)\nThe 152nd Infantry Regiment is an infantry regiment in the Indiana Army National Guard, part of the 76th Infantry Brigade Combat Team (United States).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012720-0001-0000", "contents": "152nd Infantry Regiment (United States), History, American Civil War\nIn 1864, eleven infantry regiments were ordered to muster for one year of service in the American Civil War. Under that call, the 152nd Infantry Regiment mustered in Indianapolis, Indiana under the command of Colonel Whedon W. Griswold. The 152nd recruited in the 9th, 10th and 11th Congressional districts and raised 988 soldiers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 68], "content_span": [69, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012720-0002-0000", "contents": "152nd Infantry Regiment (United States), History, American Civil War\nThe regiment left Indiana on March 18 for Harper's Ferry, West Virginia where it was assigned to the Army of the Shenandoah. The regiment was stationed in Charles Town, Stephenson's Station and Summit Point, later moving to Clarksburg, West Virginia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 68], "content_span": [69, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012720-0003-0000", "contents": "152nd Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War One\nThe 2nd Infantry, Indiana National Guard, was called into federal service 25 March 1917; and mustered into federal service 20 April 1917 at Jeffersonville. Drafted into federal service 5 August 1917.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 63], "content_span": [64, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012720-0004-0000", "contents": "152nd Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War One\nReorganized and redesignated 1 October 1917 as the 152d Infantry and assigned to the 38th Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 63], "content_span": [64, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012720-0005-0000", "contents": "152nd Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War One\nConsolidated in 1921 with the 137th Field Artillery (organized in 1846); consolidated unit reorganize in the Indiana National Guard as the 152d Infantry and assigned in the 38th Division; Headquarters federally recognized 15 November 1921 at Indianapolis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 63], "content_span": [64, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012720-0006-0000", "contents": "152nd Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War Two, Formation\nInducted into federal service 17 January 1941 as an element of the 38th Infantry Division, the 152nd Infantry Regiment conducted basic training at Camp Shelby, Mississippi with additional training at Camp Carrabelle, Florida, Camp Livingston, Louisiana and Hawaii.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 74], "content_span": [75, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012720-0007-0000", "contents": "152nd Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War Two, Battle of Baatan (1945)\nIn January 1942, the Imperial Japanese Army and Navy invaded Luzon, the largest island in the Philippines. Shortly after the invasion, General Douglas MacArthur consolidated all his Luzon-based units on to the Bataan peninsula in an effort to make a last stand and delay the Japanese invasion of the rest Asia Pacific. After nearly three months of fighting, more than 10,000 American and Filipino forces were killed and 76,000 were imprisoned. The captured prisoners were then forcibly marched more than 60 miles through the jungle to various POW camps in an event known as the Bataan Death March. Deaths from the march range from 5,650 and 18,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 88], "content_span": [89, 737]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012720-0008-0000", "contents": "152nd Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War Two, Battle of Baatan (1945)\nIn January 1945, the 38th and 24th Infantry Divisions were ordered to clear Japanese forces from the Bataan peninsula.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 88], "content_span": [89, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012720-0009-0000", "contents": "152nd Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War Two, Battle of Baatan (1945)\nThe 34th Infantry Regiment reinforced the front lines held by Filipino guerrilla fighters at the northern base of the Bataan peninsula, allowing the 149th, 151st and 152nd Infantry Regiments to move south and east into the peninsula.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 88], "content_span": [89, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012720-0010-0000", "contents": "152nd Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War Two, Battle of Baatan (1945)\nOn February 1, the 152nd Infantry Regiment approached Japanese strong-points at \"Horseshoe Bend.\" After two days of heavy fighting, resulting in high casualties for the regiment, all eastward progress had stopped.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 88], "content_span": [89, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012720-0011-0000", "contents": "152nd Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War Two, Battle of Baatan (1945)\nThe 34th Infantry then reinforced the 152nd Infantry and after more than two weeks of hard fighting the 149th, 152nd Infantry Regiments finally linked up clearing the peninsula of Japanese forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 88], "content_span": [89, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012720-0012-0000", "contents": "152nd Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War Two, Battle of Baatan (1945)\nThe recapture of the Bataan peninsula enabled American forces full use of Manila Bay and its world-class deep water port. This development subsequently allowed the easy resupply of American forces retaking Manila. The operation was so significant that General Douglas MacArthur personally dubbed the soldiers of the 38th Infantry Division as the \u201cAvengers of Bataan.\u201d", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 88], "content_span": [89, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012720-0013-0000", "contents": "152nd Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Post-World War Two\nReorganized (less 3d Battalion) and federally recognized 23 May 1947 with headquarters at Evansville 3rd Battalion [former 137th Field Artillery] reorganized and federally recognized 30 December 1947 as the 293d Infantry hereafter separate lineage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 68], "content_span": [69, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012720-0014-0000", "contents": "152nd Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Post-World War Two\nReorganized 1 February 1959 as a parent regiment under the Combat Arms Regimental System consist of the 1st and 2d Battle Groups, elements of the 38th Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 68], "content_span": [69, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012720-0015-0000", "contents": "152nd Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Post-World War Two\nReorganized 1 November 1965 as 2nd Battalion (Mechanized), 152nd Infantry Regiment to consist of HHC (-) (Shelbyville), HHC (Greensburg), Co A (-) (Seymour), Co A (Connersville), Co B (-) (Martinsville), Co B (Columbus), Co C (-) (Salem), Co C (Scottsburg).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 68], "content_span": [69, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012720-0016-0000", "contents": "152nd Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Post-World War Two\nReorganized 1 December 1967 to consist of HHC (Shelbyville), Co A (-) (Richmond), Co A (Connersville), Co B (Martinsville), Co C (New Castle).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 68], "content_span": [69, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012720-0017-0000", "contents": "152nd Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Post-World War Two\nReorganized and redesignated 1 February 1972 with Co A (-) (Richmond) and Co A as Spt Co (Connersville).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 68], "content_span": [69, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012720-0018-0000", "contents": "152nd Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Post-World War Two\n(Location of Headquarters (2d Battalion) (Mechanized) changed 1 March 1977 to Camp Atterbury; on 1 November 1979 to Columbus)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 68], "content_span": [69, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012720-0019-0000", "contents": "152nd Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Post-World War Two\nReorganized and redesignated 1 September 1987 with Spt as Co E (AA) (Connersville) and organized Co D (Connersville)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 68], "content_span": [69, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012720-0020-0000", "contents": "152nd Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Post-World War Two\nReorganized and redesignated 1 April 1995 with the location of headquarters changed to Marion Indiana, HHC (Marion), Co A (Warsaw), Co B (Winchester), Co C (New Castle), Co D (Muncie), Co E (Connersville).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 68], "content_span": [69, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012720-0021-0000", "contents": "152nd Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Iraq War\nFrom October 2006 to September 2007, Headquarters and Headquarters Company \"Team Gator\", 2nd Battalion, 152nd Infantry Regiment was operationally assigned as an expeditionary force attached to 1st Brigade Combat Team, 1st Armored Division, with one platoon assigned under the tactical control of United States Marine Corps Regimental Combat Teams.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 58], "content_span": [59, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012720-0022-0000", "contents": "152nd Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Iraq War\nTeam Gator conducted extensive joint combat patrols and enemy clearing operations in both the Ramadi and Fallujah during the some of the most intense fighting of the Iraq campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 58], "content_span": [59, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012720-0023-0000", "contents": "152nd Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Iraq War\nWhen 1st Brigade Combat Team, 1st Armored Division departed Ramadi, Team Gator would be assigned to 1st Brigade Combat Team, 3rd Infantry Division (United States) and would participate in major clearing operations during the Iraq War troop surge of 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 58], "content_span": [59, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012720-0024-0000", "contents": "152nd Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Iraq War\nTeam Gator opened 8 new police stations in Al Anbar Province, including Ramadi and Fallujah; participated in 8 battalion-sized enemy clearing operations; conducted hundreds of joint patrols with Iraqi Security Forces, and killed or captured more than enemy 100 insurgents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 58], "content_span": [59, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012720-0025-0000", "contents": "152nd Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Iraq War\nSoldiers in Team Gator received 34 Purple Hearts, 27 Bronze Star Medals (two valor device). The company received the Naval Unit Commendation and the Meritorious Unit Commendation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 58], "content_span": [59, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012720-0026-0000", "contents": "152nd Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Iraq War\nTeam Gator suffered one K.I.A., SSG Bradley D. King, killed on 2 April 2007, by an improvised explosive device during a raid on a known bomb maker's house in the village of Fuhaylat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 58], "content_span": [59, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012721-0000-0000", "contents": "152nd New York Infantry Regiment\nThe 152nd New York Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012721-0001-0000", "contents": "152nd New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 152nd New York Infantry was organized at Mohawk, New York, and mustered in for three years service on October 14, 1862, under the command of Colonel Leonard Boyer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012721-0002-0000", "contents": "152nd New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to Provisional Brigade, Abercrombie's Division, Defenses of Washington, to February 1863. District of Washington, XXII Corps, to April 1863. 1st Brigade, 1st Division, VII Corps, Department of Virginia, to July 1863. Department of the East to October 1863. 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, II Corps, Army of the Potomac, to March 1864. 2nd Brigade, 2nd Division, II Corps, to June 1864. 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, II Corps, to June 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012721-0003-0000", "contents": "152nd New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 152nd New York Infantry mustered out of service at Washington, D.C. on June 13, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012721-0004-0000", "contents": "152nd New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nLeft New York for Washington, D.C., October 25, 1862. Duty in the defenses of Washington, D.C., until April 1863. Ordered to Suffolk, Va., April 18. Siege of Suffolk April 20-May 4. Dix's Peninsula Campaign June 24-July 7. Expedition from White House to Bottom's Bridge July 1\u20137. Ordered to New York July 12. Duty at New York City July 16 to October 18. Rejoined Army of the Potomac in the field October 24. Advance to line of the Rappahannock November 7\u20138. Mine Run Campaign November 26-December 2. Demonstration on the Rapidan February 6\u20137, 1864. Morton's Ford February 6\u20137.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012721-0004-0001", "contents": "152nd New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nAt and near Stevensburg until May. Campaign from the Rapidan to the James May 3-June 15. Battles of the Wilderness May 5\u20137; Laurel Hill May 8; Spotsylvania May 8\u201312; Po River May 10; Spotsylvania Court House May 12\u201321. Assault on the Salient, \"Bloody Angle,\" May 12. North Anna River May 23\u201326. On line of the Pamunkey May 26\u201328. Totopotomoy May 28\u201331. Cold Harbor June 1\u201312. Before Petersburg June 16\u201318. Siege of Petersburg June 16, 1864, to April 2, 1865. Jerusalem Plank Road, Weldon Railroad, June 22\u201323, 1864. Demonstration north of the James July 27\u201329. Deep Bottom July 27\u201328.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012721-0004-0002", "contents": "152nd New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nDemonstration north of the James August 13\u201320. Strawberry Plains, Deep Bottom, August 14\u201318. Ream's Station August 25. Boydton Plank Road, Hatcher's Run, October 27\u201328. Dabney's Mills, Hatcher's Run, February 5\u20137, 1865. Watkins' House March 25. Appomattox Campaign March 28-April 9. Boydton Road and White Oak Ridge March 29\u201331. Crow's House March 31. Fall of Petersburg April 2. Pursuit of Lee April 3\u20139. Sailor's Creek April 6. High Bridge, Farmville, April 7. Appomattox Court House April 9. Surrender of Lee and his army. At Burkesville until May 2. March to Washington, D.C., May 2\u201312. Grand Review of the Armies May 23.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 676]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012721-0005-0000", "contents": "152nd New York Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 161 men during service. 3 officers and 66 enlisted men were killed or mortally wounded, and 1 officer and 91 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012722-0000-0000", "contents": "152nd New York State Legislature\nThe 152nd New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 2 to March 28, 1929, during the first year of Franklin D. Roosevelt's governorship, in Albany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012722-0001-0000", "contents": "152nd New York State Legislature, Background\nUnder the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1894, re-apportioned in 1917, 51 Senators and 150 assemblymen were elected in single-seat districts; senators for a two-year term, assemblymen for a one-year term. The senatorial districts consisted either of one or more entire counties; or a contiguous area within a single county. The counties which were divided into more than one senatorial district were New York (nine districts), Kings (eight), Bronx (three), Erie (three), Monroe (two), Queens (two) and Westchester (two). The Assembly districts were made up of contiguous area, all within the same county.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012722-0002-0000", "contents": "152nd New York State Legislature, Background\nAt this time there were two major political parties: the Republican Party and the Democratic Party. The Socialist Party, the Workers Party and the Socialist Labor Party also nominated tickets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012722-0003-0000", "contents": "152nd New York State Legislature, Elections\nThe 1928 New York state election was held on November 6. Franklin D. Roosevelt and Herbert H. Lehman, both Democrats, were elected Governor and Lieutenant Governor. Of the other four statewide elective offices, two were carried by Democrats and two by Republicans. The approximate party strength at this election, as expressed by the vote for Governor, was: Democrats 2,130,000; Republicans 2,104,000; Socialists 102,000; Workers 11,000; and Socialist Labor 4,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012722-0004-0000", "contents": "152nd New York State Legislature, Elections\nAssemblywoman Rhoda Fox Graves (Rep.), of Gouverneur, a former school teacher who after her marriage became active in women's organisations and politics, was re-elected, and remained the only woman legislator.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012722-0005-0000", "contents": "152nd New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for the regular session at the State Capitol in Albany on January 2, 1929; and adjourned on March 28.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012722-0006-0000", "contents": "152nd New York State Legislature, Sessions\nJohn Knight (Rep.) was re-elected Temporary President of the State Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012722-0007-0000", "contents": "152nd New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature. Samuel H. Hofstadter, Cosmo A. Cilano, Fred J. Slater changed from the Assembly to the Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012722-0008-0000", "contents": "152nd New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members\nNote: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words \"...the Committee on (the)...\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012722-0009-0000", "contents": "152nd New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Assemblymen\nNote: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words \"...the Committee on (the)...\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 61], "content_span": [62, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012723-0000-0000", "contents": "152nd Ohio Infantry Regiment\nThe 152nd Ohio Infantry Regiment, sometimes 152nd Ohio Volunteer Infantry (or 152nd OVI) was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012723-0001-0000", "contents": "152nd Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 152nd Ohio Infantry was organized at Camp Dennison near Cincinnati, Ohio, and mustered in May 11, 1864, for 100 days service under the command of Colonel David Putnam.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012723-0002-0000", "contents": "152nd Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment left Ohio for New Creek, West Virginia, May 15; then moved to Martinsburg, West Virginia, and served duty there until June. Marched with a supply train of 199 wagons from Martinsburg to Beverly (430 miles) June 4\u201327. Action at Greenbrier Gap June 22. Sweet White Sulphur June 23. Moved to Cumberland, Maryland, June 29. Duty along Baltimore & Ohio Railroad and at Cumberland until August 25. Attached to Reserve Division, Department of West Virginia. Ordered to Camp Dennison, Ohio, August 25.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012723-0003-0000", "contents": "152nd Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 152nd Ohio Infantry mustered out of service September 2, 1864, at Camp Dennison.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012723-0004-0000", "contents": "152nd Ohio Infantry Regiment, Ohio National Guard\nOver 35,000 Ohio National Guardsmen were federalized and organized into regiments for 100 days service in May 1864. Shipped to the Eastern Theater, they were designed to be placed in \"safe\" rear areas to protect railroads and supply points, thereby freeing regular troops for Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant\u2019s push on the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia. As events transpired, many units found themselves in combat, stationed in the path of Confederate Gen. Jubal Early\u2019s veteran Army of the Valley during its famed Valley Campaigns of 1864. Ohio Guard units met the battle-tested foe head on and helped blunt the Confederate offensive thereby saving Washington, D.C. from capture. Ohio National Guard units participated in the battles of Monacacy, Fort Stevens, Harpers Ferry, and in the siege of Petersburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 49], "content_span": [50, 863]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012723-0005-0000", "contents": "152nd Ohio Infantry Regiment, Ohio National Guard\nThe 152nd OVI was formed from the 28th regiment of the Ohio National Guard along with two companies from the 35th regiment of the Ohio National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 49], "content_span": [50, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012723-0006-0000", "contents": "152nd Ohio Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost 21 enlisted men during service; 1 man killed and 20 men due to disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012724-0000-0000", "contents": "152nd Punjabis\nThe 152nd Punjabis was an infantry regiment of the British Indian Army. It was formed in Mesopotamia and Palestine in May 1918, saw service in the Sinai and Palestine Campaign in the First World War, and was disbanded in September 1921.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012724-0001-0000", "contents": "152nd Punjabis, History, Background\nHeavy losses suffered by the British Expeditionary Force on the Western Front following the German spring offensive in March 1918 resulted in a major reorganization of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 35], "content_span": [36, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012724-0002-0000", "contents": "152nd Punjabis, History, Background\nIn fact, the 75th Division already had four Indian battalions assigned, so of the 36 battalions needed to reform the divisions, 22 were improvised by taking whole companies from existing units already on active service in Mesopotamia and Palestine to form the 150th Infantry (3 battalions), 151st Sikh Infantry (3), 152nd Punjabis (3), 153rd Punjabis (3), 154th Infantry (3), 155th Pioneers (2), 156th Infantry (1) and the 11th Gurkha Rifles (4). The donor units were then brought back up to strength by drafts. In the event, just 13 of the battalions were assigned to the divisions and the remaining nine were transferred from Mesopotamia to India in June 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 35], "content_span": [36, 698]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012724-0003-0000", "contents": "152nd Punjabis, History, Formation\nThe 152nd Punjabis was formed of three battalions in May 1918. The first two were formed in Mesopotamia with companies posted from battalions serving in the 14th, 15th, 17th, and 18th Indian Divisions. They were transferred to Egypt in June 1918. In contrast, the 3rd Battalion was formed in Palestine with companies posted from battalions already serving in the theatre. All three battalions were assigned to British divisions and took part in the final Allied offensive of the Sinai and Palestine Campaign (the Battles of Megiddo).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 34], "content_span": [35, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012724-0004-0000", "contents": "152nd Punjabis, Battalions, 1st Battalion\nThe 1st Battalion was formed at Amara on 24 May 1918 by the transfer of complete companies from:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 41], "content_span": [42, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012724-0005-0000", "contents": "152nd Punjabis, Battalions, 1st Battalion\nIt moved to Basra on 29 May where it embarked on 22 June for Egypt. It arrived at Suez on 11 July and moved to Qantara. It entrained on 17 July and arrived at Lydda the next day. It joined the 234th Brigade, 75th Division at Rantis on 26 July. It remained with the division for the rest of the Sinai and Palestine Campaign, taking part in the Battle of Sharon (19 September 1918). The division was then withdrawn into XXI Corps Reserve near Et Tire where it was employed on salvage work and road making. On 22 October it moved to Haifa where it was when the Armistice of Mudros came into effect and the war ended.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 41], "content_span": [42, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012724-0006-0000", "contents": "152nd Punjabis, Battalions, 1st Battalion\nOn 13 November, the 75th Division concentrated at Lydda and by 10 December had moved back to Qantara. On 18 January 1919, instructions were received that the Indian battalions would be returned to India as transport became available. The battalion was disbanded in 1920.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 41], "content_span": [42, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012724-0007-0000", "contents": "152nd Punjabis, Battalions, 2nd Battalion\nThe 2nd Battalion was formed at Hinaidi near Baghdad between 16 and 19 May 1918 by the transfer of complete companies from:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 41], "content_span": [42, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012724-0008-0000", "contents": "152nd Punjabis, Battalions, 2nd Battalion\nIt moved to Nahr Umar (near Basra) on 19 May where it embarked on 2 June for Egypt, disembarking at Suez on 23 June. It joined the 181st Brigade, 60th (2/2nd London) Division beyond Beit Nuba on 30 June. It remained with the division for the rest of the Sinai and Palestine Campaign, taking part in the Battle of Sharon (19\u201321 September 1918).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 41], "content_span": [42, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012724-0009-0000", "contents": "152nd Punjabis, Battalions, 2nd Battalion\nAfter the Armistice of Mudros, the 60th Division was withdrawn to Alexandria by 26 November 1918 where demobilization gradually took place. Three Indian battalions returned to India in February 1919 and the last had departed by 31 May 1919. The battalion was disbanded on 4 September 1921.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 41], "content_span": [42, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012724-0010-0000", "contents": "152nd Punjabis, Battalions, 3rd Battalion\nThe 3rd Battalion was formed at Sarafand (now Tzrifin) on 24 May 1918 by the transfer of complete companies from:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 41], "content_span": [42, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012724-0011-0000", "contents": "152nd Punjabis, Battalions, 3rd Battalion\nThe battalion joined the 159th Brigade, 53rd (Welsh) Division on 4 June 1918 near Ram Allah. It remained with the division for the rest of the Sinai and Palestine Campaign, taking part in the Battle of Nablus (18\u201321 September 1918). At the end of the battle, the division was employed on salvage work and working on the Nablus road.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 41], "content_span": [42, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012724-0012-0000", "contents": "152nd Punjabis, Battalions, 3rd Battalion\nOn 27 October, the division started moving to Alexandria even before the Armistice of Mudros came into effect on 31 October, thereby ending the war against the Ottoman Empire. It completed its concentration at Alexandria on 15 November. The division received demobilization instructions on 20 December 1918. The Indian infantry battalions returned to India as transports became available and 159th Brigade was reduced to cadre by 7 March 1919. The battalion was disbanded on 30 April 1921.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 41], "content_span": [42, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012725-0000-0000", "contents": "152nd Regiment (XPCC)\nThe 152nd Regiment of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps (\u65b0\u7586\u751f\u4ea7\u5efa\u8bbe\u5175\u56e2\u7b2c152\u56e2), also known as the 152nd Regiment of the XPCC (\u5175\u56e2152\u56e2), is an economic and paramilitary formed unit, that is part of the 8th Division (\u5175\u56e2\u7b2c\u516b\u5e08). It was formerly known as the Independent Regiment of the XPCC (\u5175\u56e2\u72ec\u7acb\u56e2) formed in 1965. The regiment is headquartered in the south of Shihezi City, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China. It is composed of 7 agricultural construction companies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012725-0001-0000", "contents": "152nd Regiment (XPCC)\nAs of the 2010 census, its population was 3,205. The 152nd Regiment is stationed at No. 294, 1st North Road, 26th Block, Shihezi City. The geographical coordinates of its reclamation area are 44\u00b019\u203210\u2032\u2032- 44\u00b010\u203259\u2032\u2032 north latitude, 85\u00b055\u203245\u2032\u2032- 86\u00b007\u203235\u2032\u2032 east longitude, 15.6\u00a0 km wide from east to west, 15.1\u00a0 km long from north to south, with a total area of 39.32 square kilometers, of which 2,446 hectares of arable land.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012725-0002-0000", "contents": "152nd Regiment (XPCC)\nThe elevation in the reclamation area is low in North and high in South, low in West and high in the East. It is Inclined from the southeast to the northwest, the maximum elevation is 640 meters above sea level, and the lowest elevation is 430 meters. The whole regiment is separated by the Shihezi urban area and Shihezi Township into eight unevenly connected blocks with the G312 National Highway, Wukui Expressway (Urumuqi - Kuytun Expressway) and Northern Xinjiang railway crossing its territory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012725-0002-0001", "contents": "152nd Regiment (XPCC)\nThe climate is cold in winter and hot in summer, with large temperature differences, dry, windy and rainless, low humidity, large evaporation, abundant light and abundant heat. It is a typical continental climate suitable for crop growth. The average annual sunshine hours are 2797.1 hours, and the annual average temperature is 6.5\u00a0\u00b0C. The average annual frost-free period is 171 days and average annual snow-free days are 99 days. The average annual precipitation is 199.1\u00a0 mm and annual precipitation days are 65\u2013 80 days. The average annual evaporation is 1535.1\u00a0 mm and an average annual wind speed of 1.7\u00a0m/s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012725-0003-0000", "contents": "152nd Regiment (XPCC), History\nOn February 27, 1965, the Direct-subordinate Artillery Regiment of Xinjiang Military Region Production and Construction Corps (\u65b0\u7586\u519b\u533a\u751f\u4ea7\u5efa\u8bbe\u5175\u56e2\u76f4\u5c5e\u70ae\u5175\u56e2) was incorporated by the veterans from Shenyang Military Region, Beijing Military Region, Nanjing Military Region and the surviving family members of the veterans, and two production teams from the former Direct-managed Farm of the XPPC Agency (\u5175\u56e2\u53f8\u653f\u673a\u5173\u519c\u573a), Hongshan Branch of Bayi Livestock Farm of Shihezi Business Management (\u77f3\u6cb3\u5b50\u7ecf\u8425\u7ba1\u7406\u5904\u516b\u4e00\u755c\u7267\u573a\u7ea2\u5c71\u5206\u573a), Construction Brigade of Shihezi Management Service (\u77f3\u6cb3\u5b50\u7ba1\u7406\u5904\u5de5\u7a0b\u5927\u961f), the Sideline Team of Bingtuan Agricultural College (\u5175\u56e2\u519c\u5b66\u9662\u526f\u4e1a\u961f). On May 22 of the same year, it was renamed the Independent Regiment of Xinjiang Military Region Production and Construction Corps (\u65b0\u7586\u519b\u533a\u751f\u4ea7\u5efa\u8bbe\u5175\u56e2\u72ec\u7acb\u56e2) and was directly under the leadership of the Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 846]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012725-0004-0000", "contents": "152nd Regiment (XPCC), History\nIn January 1969, the Shihezi Command of the Corps (\u5175\u56e2\u9a7b\u77f3\u6cb3\u5b50\u6307\u6325\u90e8) was established, and the Independent Regiment was under its control. In August of that year, the Manas River Basin Management Office of the Corps (\u5175\u56e2\u739b\u7eb3\u65af\u6cb3\u6d41\u57df\u7ba1\u7406\u5904) was incorporated into Water Conservancy Project Battalion (\u6c34\u5229\u5de5\u7a0b\u8425) and later upgraded to Water Conservancy Project Regiment (\u6c34\u5229\u5de5\u7a0b\u56e2) in April 1971, under the command of Shihezi Command of the Corps. In September 1970, the 165th Regiment (\u4e00\u516d\u4e94\u56e2) was relocated to Emin County, the Hongshan portion of the Independent Regiment as its 3rd Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012725-0005-0000", "contents": "152nd Regiment (XPCC), History\nWith the abolishment of Xinjiang Military Region Production and Construction Corps in March 1975, the Independent Regiment of the Corps was transferred to Shihezi Prefecture (\u77f3\u6cb3\u5b50\u5730\u533a), and renamed as the Independent Regiment of Shihezi City. In December 1978, after the dissolution of Wuqi Farm (\u4e94\u4e03\u519c\u573a), its 5th and 7th companies were handed over to the Independent Regiment. In August 1978, Shihezi Prefecture was abolished, the Shihezi Agriculture, Industry and Commerce Joint Enterprise Group Corporation (\u77f3\u6cb3\u5b50\u519c\u5de5\u5546\u8054\u5408\u4f01\u4e1a) was established, with a Shihezi City co-office.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012725-0005-0001", "contents": "152nd Regiment (XPCC), History\nIn December 1981, the XPCC's structure was restored and, in May 1982, the 8th Agricultural Construction Division was restored in Shihezi City. The Independent Regiment was under the 8th Agricultural Construction Division. On February 6, 1984, the Independent Regiment changed its name to the present 152nd Regiment. In August 2003, the 152nd Regiment established Xinjiang Baiyang Industrial (Group) Co., Ltd. (\u65b0\u7586\u767d\u6768\u5b9e\u4e1a\uff08\u96c6\u56e2\uff09\u6709\u9650\u8d23\u4efb\u516c\u53f8), with the administrative leadership of the 152 regiments as the same leadership team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012726-0000-0000", "contents": "152nd meridian east\nThe meridian 152\u00b0 east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, Australasia, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012726-0001-0000", "contents": "152nd meridian east\nThe 152nd meridian east forms a great circle with the 28th meridian west.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012726-0002-0000", "contents": "152nd meridian east, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 152nd meridian east passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012727-0000-0000", "contents": "152nd meridian west\nThe meridian 152\u00b0 west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012727-0001-0000", "contents": "152nd meridian west\nThe 152nd meridian west forms a great circle with the 28th meridian east.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012727-0002-0000", "contents": "152nd meridian west, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 152nd meridian west passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012728-0000-0000", "contents": "153\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by Graham87 (talk | contribs) at 11:21, 10 January 2021 (1 revision imported: import old edit from the Nostalgia Wikipedia). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012728-0001-0000", "contents": "153\nYear 153 (CLIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Rusticus and Rufinus (or, less frequently, year 906 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 153 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012729-0000-0000", "contents": "153 (Highland) Transport Regiment\n153rd (Highland) Transport Regiment, Royal Corps of Transport, was a regiment of the Territorial Army in the United Kingdom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012729-0001-0000", "contents": "153 (Highland) Transport Regiment, History\nThe regiment was formed from 433 (Forth) Regiment, Royal Corps of Transport in 1967. It consisted of three transport squadrons. A third transport squadron, 239 Squadron, was formed in 1969 taking many of the soldiers who had served in The Fife and Forfar Yeomanry/Scottish Horse when it was converted into a cadre in that year. Princess Alice visited the regiment in 1982. In 1992, 239 Squadron converted to re-form the Forfar Yeomanry/Scottish Horse Squadron of The Scottish Yeomanry. The regiment was amalgamated with 154 (Lowland) Transport Regiment in 1993 to form The Scottish Transport Regiment of the Royal Logistic Corps in 1993.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012730-0000-0000", "contents": "153 (number)\n153 (one hundred [and] fifty-three) is the natural number following 152 and preceding 154.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012730-0001-0000", "contents": "153 (number), Mathematical properties\nThe number 153 is associated with the geometric shape known as the Vesica Piscis or Mandorla. Archimedes, in his Measurement of a Circle, referred to this ratio (153/265), as constituting the \"measure of the fish\", this ratio being an imperfect representation of 1/\u221a3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 37], "content_span": [38, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012730-0002-0000", "contents": "153 (number), Mathematical properties\nAs a triangular number, 153 is the sum of the first 17 integers, and is also the sum of the first five positive factorials:1! +2 ! +3 ! +4 ! +5 ! {\\displaystyle 1!+2!+3!+4!+5!} .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 37], "content_span": [38, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012730-0003-0000", "contents": "153 (number), Mathematical properties\nThe number 153 is also a hexagonal number, and a truncated triangle number, meaning that 1, 15, and 153 are all triangle numbers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 37], "content_span": [38, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012730-0004-0000", "contents": "153 (number), Mathematical properties\nThe distinct prime factors of 153 add up to 20, and so do the ones of 154, hence the two form a Ruth-Aaron pair.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 37], "content_span": [38, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012730-0005-0000", "contents": "153 (number), Mathematical properties\nSince 153=13+53+33{\\displaystyle 153=1^{3}+5^{3}+3^{3}}, it is a 3-narcissistic number, and it is also the smallest three-digit number which can be expressed as the sum of cubes of its digits. Only five other numbers can be expressed as the sum of the cubes of their digits: 0, 1, 370, 371 and 407. It is also a Friedman number, since 153 = 3 \u00d7 51, and a Harshad number in base 10, being divisible by the sum of its own digits.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 37], "content_span": [38, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012730-0006-0000", "contents": "153 (number), Mathematical properties\nThe Biggs\u2013Smith graph is a symmetric graph with 153 edges, all equivalent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 37], "content_span": [38, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012730-0007-0000", "contents": "153 (number), Mathematical properties\nAnother feature of the number 153 is that it is the limit of the following algorithm:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 37], "content_span": [38, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012730-0008-0000", "contents": "153 (number), In the Bible\nThe Gospel of John (chapter 21:1\u201314) includes the narrative of the miraculous catch of 153 fish as the third appearance of Jesus after his resurrection.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 26], "content_span": [27, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012730-0009-0000", "contents": "153 (number), In the Bible\nThe precision of the number of fish in this narrative has long been considered peculiar, and many scholars, throughout history, have argued that 153 has some deeper significance. Jerome, for example, wrote that Oppian's Halieutica listed 153 species of fish, although this could not have been the intended meaning of the Gospel writer because Oppian composed Halieutica after the Gospel text was written, and at any rate never gave a list of fish species that clearly adds up to 153.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 26], "content_span": [27, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012730-0010-0000", "contents": "153 (number), In the Bible\nCornelius \u00e0 Lapide writes that the \"multitude of fishes mystically represents the multitude of the faithful which Peter and the Apostles afterwards caught by the net of evangelical preaching, and converted to Christ\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 26], "content_span": [27, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012730-0011-0000", "contents": "153 (number), In the Bible\nAugustine of Hippo argued that the significance lay in the fact that 153 is the sum of the first 17 integers (i.e. 153 is the 17th triangular number), with 17 representing the combination of divine grace (the seven gifts of the Holy Spirit) and law (the Ten Commandments). Theologian D. A. Carson discusses this and other interpretations and concludes that \"if the Evangelist has some symbolism in mind connected with the number 153, he has hidden it well\", while other scholars note that \"no symbolic significance for the number of 153 fish in John 21:11 has received widespread support.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 26], "content_span": [27, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012730-0012-0000", "contents": "153 (number), In the Bible\nWriters claiming a major role for Mary Magdalene have noted that in Greek isopsephy her epithet \"\u03b7 \u039c\u03b1\u03b3\u03b4\u03b1\u03bb\u03b7\u03bd\u03ae\" bears the number 8\u00a0+\u00a040\u00a0+\u00a01\u00a0+\u00a03\u00a0+\u00a04\u00a0+\u00a01\u00a0+\u00a030\u00a0+\u00a08\u00a0+\u00a050\u00a0+\u00a08\u00a0=\u00a0153, thus, it is suggested, revealing her importance. Similarly, the phrase \"\u03c4\u1f78 \u03b4\u03af\u03ba\u03c4\u03c5\u03bf\u03bd\" (the net) used in the passage bears the number 1224\u00a0=\u00a08\u00a0\u00d7\u00a0153, as do some other phrases. The significance of this is unclear, given that Koine Greek provides a choice of several noun endings with different isopsephy values. The number 153 has also been related to the vesica piscis, with the claim that Archimedes used 153 as a \"shorthand or abbreviation\" for the square root of 3 in his On the Measurement of the Circle. However, examination of that work  shows this to be only partly correct.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 26], "content_span": [27, 780]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012730-0013-0000", "contents": "153 (number), In the Bible\nEvagrius Ponticus referred to the catch of 153 fish, as well as to the mathematical properties of the number (153 = 100 + 28 + 25, with 100 a square number, 28 a triangular number and 25 a circular number) when describing his 153-chapter work on prayer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 26], "content_span": [27, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012730-0013-0001", "contents": "153 (number), In the Bible\nLouis de Montfort, in his fifth method of saying the Rosary, connects the catch of 153 fish with the number of Hail Marys said (3 plus 15 sets of 10), while St Paul's School in London was founded in 1512 by John Colet to teach 153 poor men's children, also in reference to the catch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 26], "content_span": [27, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012731-0000-0000", "contents": "153 AM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 153\u00a0kHz:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012732-0000-0000", "contents": "153 BC\nYear 153 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Nobilior and Luscus (or, less frequently, year 601 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 153 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012733-0000-0000", "contents": "153 Hilda\nHilda (minor planet designation: 153 Hilda) is a large asteroid in the outer main belt, with a diameter of 170\u00a0km. Because it is composed of primitive carbonaceous materials, it has a very dark surface. It was discovered by Johann Palisa on 2 November 1875, from the Austrian Naval Observatory at Pula, now Croatia. The name was chosen by the astronomer Theodor von Oppolzer, who named it after one of his daughters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012733-0001-0000", "contents": "153 Hilda, Orbit and family\nHilda gives its name to an asteroid group called the Hilda group (or Hildas for short). It is not a true asteroid family, since the members are not physically related, but rather share similar orbital elements. The Hildas are locked in a 2:3 orbital resonance with Jupiter; since Jupiter takes 11.9 years to orbit the Sun while Hilda takes 7.9 years, Jupiter orbits the Sun twice for every 3 orbits that Hilda completes. There are over 1,100 other objects known to be in a 2:3 resonance with Jupiter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 27], "content_span": [28, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012734-0000-0000", "contents": "153 SP Air Defence Regiment\nThe 153 Light Air Defence (Self Propelled) Regiment, commonly referred to as the 153 SP Air Defence Regiment, is an Air Defence Regiment of the Pakistan Army. It was raised on 9th May 1993 from an Independent Air Defence Battery. As an Air Defence Battery, it was deployed in Tabuk, Saudi Arabia from 1990 to 1993 as part of Operation Desert Storm. During Desert Storm, the regiment remained actively employed on the defence of Islam's two holiest sites and gained much-needed operational experience. It was conferred with the title 'Fakhr-e-Tabuk' as a result of its gallantry performance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012734-0001-0000", "contents": "153 SP Air Defence Regiment\nThe Regiment was also deployed in the Kargil War in 1999 where it downed an Indian Mikoyan MiG-27 fighter aircraft using ANZA Mark 1 Pakistani made Surface to Air Missile System. Pilot Kambampati Nachiketa from the downed Mig was captured by the unit, subsequently released on humanitarian grounds, and later rose to the rank of Group Captain in Indian Airforce. The regiment has also served on Infantry role on the Western Borders of Pakistan in anti-terrorist Operations and has effectively taken part in several operations besides guarding Pak Afghan border as an Infantry Battalion. The Regiment remains on the orbit of Armored and Mechanized Formations as a Self Propelled Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 715]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012735-0000-0000", "contents": "153 series\nThe 153 series (153\u7cfb, 153-kei) was an electric multiple unit (EMU) train type operated by Japanese National Railways (JNR) from 1958 until 1983.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012735-0001-0000", "contents": "153 series, History\nThe first trains, initially classified 91 series (91\u7cfb, 91-kei), entered revenue service on 1 November 1958 on Hiei semi express services operating on the Tokaido Main Line between Tokyo and Nagoya. They were renumbered into the JNR three-digit classification system from 1 June 1959.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012735-0002-0000", "contents": "153 series, History\nFrom 1972, 153 series sets were introduced on Special Rapid services in the Kyoto-Osaka-Kobe area to compete against private railway operators. These were replaced by 117 series EMUs by the end of 1980.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012735-0003-0000", "contents": "153 series, History\nA 153 series set on a Special Rapid service in 1978", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 71]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012735-0004-0000", "contents": "153 series, History\nThe last sets remained in service on Tokaido Main Line Hiei and Tokai services until March 1983.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012736-0000-0000", "contents": "1530\nYear 1530 (MDXXX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar, the 1530th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 530th year of the 2nd millennium, the 30th year of the 16th century, and the 1st year of the 1530s decade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012737-0000-0000", "contents": "1530 AM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1530\u00a0kHz: 1530 AM is a United States clear-channel frequency. KFBK Sacramento and WCKY Cincinnati share Class A status on 1530 AM.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012738-0000-0000", "contents": "1530 Rantasepp\u00e4\n1530 Rantasepp\u00e4, provisional designation 1938 SG, is a stony Florian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 5 kilometers in diameter. Discovered by Yrj\u00f6 V\u00e4is\u00e4l\u00e4 at Turku Observatory in 1938, it was later named after Finnish astronomer Hilkka Rantasepp\u00e4-Helenius.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012738-0001-0000", "contents": "1530 Rantasepp\u00e4, Discovery\nRantasepp\u00e4 was discovered on 16 September 1938, by Finnish astronomer Yrj\u00f6 V\u00e4is\u00e4l\u00e4 at Turku Observatory in Southwest Finland. Two night later, the body was independently discovered by Belgian astronomer Eug\u00e8ne Delporte at Uccle Observatory. The body's observation arc begins at Uccle, one day after its official discovery observation at Turku.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 26], "content_span": [27, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012738-0002-0000", "contents": "1530 Rantasepp\u00e4, Classification and orbit\nRantasepp\u00e4 is a member of the Flora family of stony asteroids, one of the largest families of the main belt. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.8\u20132.7\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 4 months (1,231 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.20 and an inclination of 4\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012738-0003-0000", "contents": "1530 Rantasepp\u00e4, Physical characteristics, Lightcurve\nIn December 2016, a rotational lightcurve of Rantasepp\u00e4 was obtained from photometric observations by Czech astronomer Petr Pravec at the Ond\u0159ejov Observatory and its photometric program of near-Earth objects. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 3.5258 hours with a relatively high brightness variation of 0.41 magnitude, which is indicative of a non-spheroidal shape (U=3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 53], "content_span": [54, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012738-0004-0000", "contents": "1530 Rantasepp\u00e4, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Rantasepp\u00e4 measures 5.044 and 5.195 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.3791 and 0.400, respectively. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo for a stony S-type asteroid of 0.24 \u2013 derived from 8 Flora, the family's largest member and namesake \u2013 and calculates a diameter of 5.93 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 13.3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 62], "content_span": [63, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012738-0005-0000", "contents": "1530 Rantasepp\u00e4, Naming\nThis minor planet was named in memory of Finnish astronomer Hilkka Rantasepp\u00e4-Helenius (1925\u20131975), an observer of comets and asteroids at the Turku Astronomical-Optical Institute of the University of Turku. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 February 1976 (M.P.C. 3929).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012743-0000-0000", "contents": "1530 in art, Deaths\nThis art history-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 91]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012744-0000-0000", "contents": "1530 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1515.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012745-0000-0000", "contents": "1530 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012745-0001-0000", "contents": "1530 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012745-0002-0000", "contents": "1530 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012746-0000-0000", "contents": "1530 in science\nThe year 1530 in science and technology included many events, some of which are listed here.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012747-0000-0000", "contents": "1530s\nThe 1530s decade ran from January 1, 1530, to December 31, 1539.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012747-0001-0000", "contents": "1530s\nYear 1530 (MDXXX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012748-0000-0000", "contents": "1530s BC\nThe 1530s BC was a decade lasting from January 1, 1539 BC to December 31, 1530 BC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 91]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012751-0000-0000", "contents": "1530s in music\nThe decade of the 1530s in music (years 1530\u20131539) involved some significant events, publications, compositions, births, and deaths.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012752-0000-0000", "contents": "1531\nYear 1531 (MDXXXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012753-0000-0000", "contents": "1531 Imperial election\nThe imperial election of 1531 was an imperial election held to select the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. It took place in Cologne on January 5.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012753-0001-0000", "contents": "1531 Imperial election, Background\nThis was the second imperial election to take place during the Reformation. On October 31, 1517, Martin Luther, a professor of moral theology at the University of Wittenberg, now part of the Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, had delivered the Ninety-five Theses to Albert of Brandenburg, the elector of Mainz. This list of propositions criticized the practice of selling indulgences, remissions of the punishment meted out for sin in Purgatory. Luther's criticism snowballed into a massive schism in the church. In 1527, John, Elector of Saxony, the elector of Saxony, established a Lutheran state church in Saxony with the elector as chief bishop.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 695]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012753-0002-0000", "contents": "1531 Imperial election, Background\nThe Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor called for the election of his successor. The prince-electors called to Cologne for this occasion were:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012753-0003-0000", "contents": "1531 Imperial election, Background\nJohn remained the only Protestant. Hermann, though a bishop, showed reforming tendencies, and would eventually be deposed from his episcopate in 1546. The remaining electors were strongly pro-Catholic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012753-0004-0000", "contents": "1531 Imperial election, Background\nCharles had called the election by the terms of the Habsburg compact of 1521-1522 signed with his younger brother Ferdinand, according to which he was expected to call for an Imperial election after he was crowned by the Pope. The coronation took place in 1530, and Charles convoked the seven princes to elect Ferdinand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012753-0005-0000", "contents": "1531 Imperial election, Election and aftermath\nFerdinand was elected King of the Romans in the city of Cologne. Charles continued to be Holy Roman Emperor for over 25 years. In 1550, he regretted the election as he realized that it would have led to the division of the House of Austria between his son Philip II of Spain and Ferdinand. He therefore contracted with his family in 1551 that Philip was the successor of Ferdinand. Charles also tried to arrange political marriages to maintain the unity of the Habsburgs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 46], "content_span": [47, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012753-0006-0000", "contents": "1531 Imperial election, Election and aftermath\nHowever, Charles V abdicated on August 27, 1556. The Imperial Diet accepted his abdication on May 3, 1558. Ferdinand was crowned at Frankfurt. Philip did not succeed Ferdinand. His successor, Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor and son of Ferdinand, was chosen during his reign in the imperial election of 1562. The electors, fearing the instability that would have resulted in having an absentee Spanish-speaking emperor born in Valladolid, had lobbied instead for Maximilian.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 46], "content_span": [47, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012754-0000-0000", "contents": "1531 Lisbon earthquake\nThe 1531 Lisbon earthquake occurred in the Kingdom of Portugal on the morning of 26 January 1531, between 4 and 5 o'clock. The earthquake and subsequent tsunami resulted in approximately 30,000 deaths. Despite its severity, the disaster had been mostly forgotten until the rediscovery of contemporary records in the early 20th-century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012754-0001-0000", "contents": "1531 Lisbon earthquake, Event\nThe earthquake is believed to have been caused by the Lower Tagus Fault Zone, and was preceded by a pair of foreshocks on 2 January and 7 January. Damage to the city, especially the downtown area, was severe: approximately one-third of structures in the city were destroyed and 1000 lives were lost in the initial shock.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 29], "content_span": [30, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012754-0002-0000", "contents": "1531 Lisbon earthquake, Event\nContemporary reports tell of flooding near the Tagus River, ships being thrown onto rocks, and others grounded on the river's floor as the water retreated. Miranda et al. conclude that \"these observations are coherent with the existence of a large change in the estuary seafloor, either tectonic displacement or a landslide.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 29], "content_span": [30, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012754-0003-0000", "contents": "1531 Lisbon earthquake, Aftermath\nThe earthquake was followed by several strong aftershocks, and fear of another earthquake was intense. Mass hysteria accompanied by all-manner of religious demonstrations (donations, pilgrimages, sermons, etc.) were felt through the Kingdom. The events that followed are closely compared to those following the 1755 earthquake, from the King taking refuge in tents, in Palmela, to the religious and civil repercussions and the response of the State.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012754-0004-0000", "contents": "1531 Lisbon earthquake, Aftermath\nQuickly after the tremor rumors spread, apparently encouraged by the friars of Santar\u00e9m, that the disaster was divine punishment (Latin: \"Ira Dei\"- Wrath of God) and that the Jewish community was to blame. Poet and playwright Gil Vicente, who was present in that city during the quake, reportedly personally defused the situation while scolding the friars for their fear-mongering in a powerfully written letter to King John III, and possibly averting a massacre of Jews and recent converts to Christianity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012754-0005-0000", "contents": "1531 Lisbon earthquake, Rediscovery\nThe 1531 earthquake, alongside the 1321 earthquake, had been largely forgotten until the early 20th century. In 1909, a Portuguese newspaper reported the discovery of an unsigned manuscript of eyewitness accounts of the disaster. In 1919, a four-page letter addressed to the Marquis of Tarifa was found in a Lisbon bookshop, which appeared to describe the earthquake. Sousa's 1919 investigation of the 1755 Lisbon earthquake provided more evidence for the 1531 event, particularly his compilation of answers to the Marquis of Pombal's survey in the wake of the 1755 disaster, which included a question about previous earthquakes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 35], "content_span": [36, 665]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012755-0000-0000", "contents": "1531 in Belgium\nEvents of 1531 in the Habsburg Netherlands and Prince-bishopric of Li\u00e8ge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012755-0001-0000", "contents": "1531 in Belgium, Incumbents, Habsburg Netherlands\nMonarch - Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, King of Spain, Duke of Brabant, of Luxembourg, etc.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 49], "content_span": [50, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012761-0000-0000", "contents": "1531 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1531.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012762-0000-0000", "contents": "1531 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012762-0001-0000", "contents": "1531 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012762-0002-0000", "contents": "1531 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012763-0000-0000", "contents": "1531 in science\nThe year 1531 in science and technology included many events, some of which are listed here.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012764-0000-0000", "contents": "1532\nYear 1532 (MDXXXII) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012765-0000-0000", "contents": "1532 Inari\n1532 Inari, provisional designation 1938 SM, is a stony Eoan asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 28 kilometers in diameter. Discovered by Yrj\u00f6 V\u00e4is\u00e4l\u00e4 at Turku Observatory in 1938, it was later named for Lake Inari in northern Finland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012765-0001-0000", "contents": "1532 Inari, Discovery\nInari was discovered on 16 September 1938, by Finnish astronomer Yrj\u00f6 V\u00e4is\u00e4l\u00e4 at the Iso-Heikkil\u00e4 Observatory near Turku, Finland. The asteroid was first identified as 1933 SZ at Simeiz Observatory in September 1933, and its observation arc begins at Nice Observatory in April 1936, more than two years prior to its official discovery observation at Turku.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 21], "content_span": [22, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012765-0002-0000", "contents": "1532 Inari, Orbit and classification\nInari is a member the Eos family (606), one of the asteroid belt's largest families with nearly 10,000 known asteroids. It orbits the Sun in the outer main belt at a distance of 2.8\u20133.2\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 3 months (1,903 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.05 and an inclination of 9\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012765-0003-0000", "contents": "1532 Inari, Physical characteristics\nIn the Tholen classification, Saimaa is a featureless stony S-type asteroid. The overall spectral type for members of the Eos family is that of a K-type.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012765-0004-0000", "contents": "1532 Inari, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn January 2008, a fragmentary rotational lightcurve of Inari was obtained from photometric observations by French amateur astronomer Ren\u00e9 Roy. Lightcurve analysis gave a longer-than-average rotation period of 25 hours with a low brightness amplitude of 0.09 magnitude (U=1+). As of 2017, no secure period has been obtained.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 53], "content_span": [54, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012765-0005-0000", "contents": "1532 Inari, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Inari measures between 24.439 and 30.39 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.060 and 0.087. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.1049 and a diameter of 28.38 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.8.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 57], "content_span": [58, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012765-0006-0000", "contents": "1532 Inari, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Lake Inari (Inarij\u00e4rvi), located north of the Arctic Circle in Lapland, Finland. Lake Inari is the country's third-largest lake and one of the largest lakes in Europe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012765-0007-0000", "contents": "1532 Inari, Naming\nThe official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 February 1976 (M.P.C. 3929).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012771-0000-0000", "contents": "1532 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1532.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012772-0000-0000", "contents": "1532 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012772-0001-0000", "contents": "1532 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012772-0002-0000", "contents": "1532 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012773-0000-0000", "contents": "1532 in science\nThe year 1532 in science and technology included a number of events, some of which are listed here.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012774-0000-0000", "contents": "1533\nYear 1533 (MDXXXIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012775-0000-0000", "contents": "1533 Saimaa\n1533 Saimaa, provisional designation 1939 BD, is a stony Eos asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 26 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 19 January 1939, by astronomer Yrj\u00f6 V\u00e4is\u00e4l\u00e4 at the Iso-Heikkil\u00e4 Observatory near Turku, Finland. The asteroid was named after lake Saimaa in Finland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012775-0001-0000", "contents": "1533 Saimaa, Orbit and classification\nSaimaa is a member the Eos family (606), the largest asteroid family of the outer main belt consisting of nearly 10,000 asteroids. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.9\u20133.1\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 3 months (1,908 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.04 and an inclination of 11\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroid was first identified as 1934 FA at Uccle Observatory in March 1934. The body's observation arc begins with its identification as 1936 QC at Heidelberg Observatory in August 1936, more than 2 years prior to its official discovery observation at Turku.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012775-0002-0000", "contents": "1533 Saimaa, Physical characteristics\nIn the Tholen classification, Saimaa is a common stony S-type asteroid. The overall spectral type for members of the Eos family is that of a K-type.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012775-0003-0000", "contents": "1533 Saimaa, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn September 1983, a first rotational lightcurve of Saimaa was obtained from photometric observations by American astronomer Richard Binzel at CTIO and McDonald Observatory. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 7.08 hours with a brightness variation of 0.18 magnitude (U=3). In February 2007, another lightcurve obtained by French amateur astronomer Ren\u00e9 Roy gave a concurring period of 7.1181 hours and an amplitude of 0.26 magnitude (U=3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 54], "content_span": [55, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012775-0004-0000", "contents": "1533 Saimaa, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Saimaa measures between 22.40 and 27.88 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.107 and 0.165.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012775-0005-0000", "contents": "1533 Saimaa, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.1270 and a diameter of 26.16 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.77.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012775-0006-0000", "contents": "1533 Saimaa, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after lake Saimaa in southeastern Finland. With an overall area of 4,400 square kilometres (1,700\u00a0sq\u00a0mi), it is the country's largest lake and one of the largest lakes in Europe. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 February 1976 (M.P.C. 3929).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012778-0000-0000", "contents": "1533 in Ireland, Births\nGerald FitzGerald, 15th Earl of Desmond, Irish aristocrat and leader of the Desmond Rebellions of 1579 (d. 1583)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012781-0000-0000", "contents": "1533 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1533.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012782-0000-0000", "contents": "1533 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012782-0001-0000", "contents": "1533 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012782-0002-0000", "contents": "1533 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012783-0000-0000", "contents": "1533 in science\nThe year 1533 in science and technology included a number of events, some of which are listed here.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012784-0000-0000", "contents": "1534\nYear 1534 (MDXXXIV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012785-0000-0000", "contents": "1534 N\u00e4si\n1534 N\u00e4si, provisional designation 1939 BK, is a carbonaceous asteroid from the middle region of the asteroid belt, approximately 20 kilometers in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012785-0001-0000", "contents": "1534 N\u00e4si\nIt was discovered on 20 January 1939, by Finnish astronomer Yrj\u00f6 V\u00e4is\u00e4l\u00e4 at Turku Observatory in Southwest Finland, and later named for the Finnish lake N\u00e4sij\u00e4rvi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012785-0002-0000", "contents": "1534 N\u00e4si, Orbit and classification\nN\u00e4si orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.0\u20133.4\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 6 months (1,646 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.25 and an inclination of 10\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. It was first identified as A915 VB at Simeiz Observatory in 1915. The body's observation arc begins 15 years prior to its official discovery with its identification as 1924 YE at Heidelberg Observatory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 35], "content_span": [36, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012785-0003-0000", "contents": "1534 N\u00e4si, Physical characteristics, Lightcurve observations\nIn April 2007, the so-far best rated rotational lightcurve of N\u00e4si was obtained by Jason Sauppe at Oakley Observatory in the United States. The lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 7.94 hours with a brightness variation of 0.35 magnitude (U=3-).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 60], "content_span": [61, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012785-0004-0000", "contents": "1534 N\u00e4si, Physical characteristics, Lightcurve observations\nPeriods from other photometric observations were obtained by astronomers Ren\u00e9 Roy in May 2016 (5.98 hours, \u03940.47 mag, U=2+), Giovanni de Sanctis in the 1990s (9.75 hours, \u03940.22 mag, U=2), Adri\u00e1n Gal\u00e1d in October 2005 (7.9338 hours, \u03940.51 mag, U=2-), and a period of 7.93161 hours modeled from various data sources and published in 2016 (U=n.a. ).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 60], "content_span": [61, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012785-0005-0000", "contents": "1534 N\u00e4si, Physical characteristics, Spectral type, diameter and albedo\nIn the SMASS taxonomy, the carbonaceous C-type asteroid is also classified as a Cgh-subtype. According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, N\u00e4si measures between 18.32 and 27.52 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.035 and 0.100. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0721 and a diameter of 22.11 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.75.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 71], "content_span": [72, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012785-0006-0000", "contents": "1534 N\u00e4si, Naming\nThis minor planet is named for the large Finnish lake N\u00e4sij\u00e4rvi, sometimes called \"N\u00e4si\". It measures 256 square kilometers (99 sq mi) in size and is located only 95 metres above sea level. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 February 1976 (M.P.C. 3929).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 17], "content_span": [18, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012790-0000-0000", "contents": "1534 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1534.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012791-0000-0000", "contents": "1534 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012791-0001-0000", "contents": "1534 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012791-0002-0000", "contents": "1534 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012792-0000-0000", "contents": "1534 in science\nThe year 1534 in science and technology included a number of events, some of which are listed here.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012793-0000-0000", "contents": "1534 papal conclave\nThe 1534 papal conclave (October 11 \u2013 October 13) was convened after the death of Pope Clement VII, and elected as his successor cardinal Alessandro Farnese, who became Pope Paul III.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012793-0001-0000", "contents": "1534 papal conclave, Candidates to the papacy\nAlthough several Cardinals were considered papabili, it was generally thought that Cardinal Alessandro Farnese, dean of the Sacred College, has the best prospects for the election. He had already official support of the king Francis I of France and of Cardinal Medici, leader of Italian party, who realized this way the will of his uncle Clement VII, but, as neutral, he was also acceptable for the Imperial faction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012793-0001-0001", "contents": "1534 papal conclave, Candidates to the papacy\nEmperor Charles V declared this time a total disinterest in the result of the papal election, because the last two Popes, Clement VII and Adrian VI, whom he had helped to obtain the tiara, failed his hopes. The great advantage of Cardinal Dean was his relatively advanced age (66) and poor health. It indicated that his pontificate would be very short, so even those cardinals, who themselves had papal ambitions (f.e. Trivulzio), inclined to vote for him, hoping for the next conclave in the near future.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012793-0002-0000", "contents": "1534 papal conclave, The election of Pope Paul III\nConclave began on October 11, but the first electoral assembly took place on the next day. Cardinal de Lorraine in the name of king of France officially proposed the candidature of Farnese, and this initiative immediately obtained the support of Trivulzio, leader of pro-French Italians, and of Medici, leader of the Italian party. The consent of Imperialists was also quickly achieved, and in the evening it was clear that Alessandro Farnese would be elected unanimously. On October 13 in the morning a formal scrutiny took place, but it was a mere formality: Farnese received all votes except of his own. He accepted his election and took the name of Paul III. On November 3 he was solemnly crowned by Protodeacon Innocenzo Cibo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 50], "content_span": [51, 782]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012793-0003-0000", "contents": "1534 papal conclave, List of participants\nPope Clement VII died on September 25, 1534. At the time of his death, there were forty six Cardinals, but only thirty five of them participated in the election of his successor:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 41], "content_span": [42, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012793-0004-0000", "contents": "1534 papal conclave, List of participants\nTwenty electors were created by Clement VII and thirteen of Leo X. Cardinal Dean Farnese was created by Alexander VI, while Cardinal Lang von Wellenberg by Julius II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 41], "content_span": [42, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012793-0005-0000", "contents": "1534 papal conclave, Absentees\nSeven absentees were creatures of Clement VII, three of Leo X and one of Julius II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012794-0000-0000", "contents": "1535\nYear 1535 (MDXXXV) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012795-0000-0000", "contents": "1535 P\u00e4ij\u00e4nne\n1535 P\u00e4ij\u00e4nne (p\u00e6i(j)\u00e6n\u02d0e), provisional designation 1939 RC, is an asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 25 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 9 September 1939, by Finnish astronomer Yrj\u00f6 V\u00e4is\u00e4l\u00e4 at the Turku Observatory in Southwest Finland. It was later named for Lake P\u00e4ij\u00e4nne.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012795-0001-0000", "contents": "1535 P\u00e4ij\u00e4nne, Orbit\nP\u00e4ij\u00e4nne orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.6\u20133.8\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 8 months (2,057 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.19 and an inclination of 6\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. It was first identified as A916 OB at Simeiz Observatory in 1916. The body's observation arc begins 6 years prior to its official discovery with its identification as 1933 QE1 at Heidelberg Observatory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 20], "content_span": [21, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012795-0002-0000", "contents": "1535 P\u00e4ij\u00e4nne, Physical characteristics\nP\u00e4ij\u00e4nne is classified as both S-type and transitional CX-type asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012795-0003-0000", "contents": "1535 P\u00e4ij\u00e4nne, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves\nIn September 2006, a rotational lightcurve of P\u00e4ij\u00e4nne was obtained from photometric observations taken by French amateur astronomer Laurent Bernasconi. The lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 8.8448 hours with a change in brightness of 0.50 magnitude (U=3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 52], "content_span": [53, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012795-0004-0000", "contents": "1535 P\u00e4ij\u00e4nne, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, P\u00e4ij\u00e4nne measures between 23.836 and 26.72 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.1299 and 0.164. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0638 and a diameter of 26.36 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 11.5.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012795-0005-0000", "contents": "1535 P\u00e4ij\u00e4nne, Naming\nThis minor planet was named for Finland's second largest lake, P\u00e4ij\u00e4nne, located in south-central Finland, and more than a thousand square kilometers in size. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 February 1976 (M.P.C. 3929).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012797-0000-0000", "contents": "1535 in India\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by BHGbot (talk | contribs) at 11:54, 18 June 2020 (WP:BHGbot 6 (List 5): fixed sort key; WP:GENFIXES). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012802-0000-0000", "contents": "1535 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1535.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012803-0000-0000", "contents": "1535 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012803-0001-0000", "contents": "1535 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012803-0002-0000", "contents": "1535 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012804-0000-0000", "contents": "1535 in science\nThe year 1535 in science and technology included a number of events, some of which are listed here.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012805-0000-0000", "contents": "15350 Naganuma\n15350 Naganuma, provisional designation 1994 VB2, is a stony background asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 4.3 kilometers (2.7 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 3 November 1994, by Japanese astronomers Yoshio Kushida and Osamu Muramatsu at the Yatsugatake South Base Observatory. The likely S-type asteroid has a rotation period of 2.5 hours. It was named for the town of Naganuma in northern Japan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012805-0001-0000", "contents": "15350 Naganuma, Orbit and classification\nNaganuma is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the inner asteroid belt at a distance of 1.7\u20133.0\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 8 months (1,343 days; semi-major axis of 2.38\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.27 and an inclination of 5\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at the Yatsugatake South Base Observatory in November 1994.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012805-0002-0000", "contents": "15350 Naganuma, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the town of Naganuma, located on the island of Hokkaido in northern Japan, where the \"Artists Atelier Village\" was promoted for many years with more than 20 workshops. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 13 October 2000 (M.P.C. 41387).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012805-0003-0000", "contents": "15350 Naganuma, Physical characteristics\nNaganuma is an assumed S-type asteroid, which agrees with its determined geometric albedo (see below).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012805-0004-0000", "contents": "15350 Naganuma, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn November 2005, a rotational lightcurve of Naganuma was obtained from photometric observations by Donald Pray at the Carbuncle Hill Observatory (912) on Rhode Island, United States. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 2.5835\u00b10.0001 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.20 magnitude (U=3). Concurring periods of 2.58348, 2.5835 and 2.587 hours were also determined by Vladimir Benishek at Sopot Astronomical Observatory (K90) and Petr Pravec at Ond\u0159ejov Observatory (U=2/2+/2+).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 57], "content_span": [58, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012805-0005-0000", "contents": "15350 Naganuma, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE), Naganuma measures 4.36 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo if 0.256. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts Petr Pravec's revised WISE-albedo of 0.20 and calculates diameter of 4.34 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 14.16.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 61], "content_span": [62, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012806-0000-0000", "contents": "1536\nYear 1536 (MDXXXVI) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012807-0000-0000", "contents": "1536 Pielinen\n1536 Pielinen, provisional designation 1939 SE, is a stony Florian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 7.8 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 18 September 1939, by Finnish astronomer Yrj\u00f6 V\u00e4is\u00e4l\u00e4 at Turku Observatory, Southwest Finland. It was later named for Finnish lake Pielinen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012807-0001-0000", "contents": "1536 Pielinen, Classification and orbit\nPielinen is a member of the Flora family, a large group of stony S-type asteroids. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.8\u20132.6\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 3 months (1,195 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.20 and an inclination of 2\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. Pielinen was first identified as A903 SF at Heidelberg in 1903, extending the body's observation arc by 36 years prior to its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012807-0002-0000", "contents": "1536 Pielinen, Lightcurves\nFrom September to November 2011, four rotational lightcurves of Pielinen were obtained from photometric observations. One lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 66.2 hours, which is significantly longer than for most minor planets, that spin every 2 to 20 hours around their axis. However, slow rotators have periods typically above 100 hours. Photometric observations were taken by Petr Pravec (66.22 hours, \u03940.85 mag, U=3), Robert D. Stephens (66.34 hours, \u03940.80 mag, U=3-), Giovanni Casalnuovo (66.1 hours, \u03940.75 mag, U=2+), and Silvano Casulli (67.43 hours, \u03940.81 mag, U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 26], "content_span": [27, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012807-0003-0000", "contents": "1536 Pielinen, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the space-based survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Pielinen measures between 7.38 and 7.975 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.253 and 0.30. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.24 \u2013 derived from 8\u00a0Flora, the largest member and namesake of this family \u2013 and calculates a diameter of 7.82 kilometers, with an absolute magnitude of 12.7.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 34], "content_span": [35, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012807-0004-0000", "contents": "1536 Pielinen, Naming\nThis minor planet is named after Pielinen, Finland's fourth largest lake in Finnish Karelia. The Koli National Park is located on its western shores. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 February 1976 (M.P.C. 3930).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012814-0000-0000", "contents": "1536 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1536.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012815-0000-0000", "contents": "1536 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012815-0001-0000", "contents": "1536 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012815-0002-0000", "contents": "1536 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012816-0000-0000", "contents": "1536 in science\nThe year 1536 in science and technology included a number of events, some of which are listed here.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012817-0000-0000", "contents": "1537\nYear 1537 (MDXXXVII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012818-0000-0000", "contents": "1537 Transylvania\n1537 Transylvania, provisional designation 1940 QA, is a carbonaceous asteroid and long-lost minor planet from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 17 kilometers in diameter. Discovered by Gyula Strommer in 1940, it was later named after region of Transylvania, where the discoverer was born.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012818-0001-0000", "contents": "1537 Transylvania, Discovery and rediscovery\nTransylvania was discovered on 27 August 1940, by Hungarian astronomer Gyula Strommer at the Konkoly Observatory near Budapest, Hungary. Observations of the asteroid continued at Konkoly until February 1942. It became a lost minor planet until Spring 1981, when astronomer Leif Kahl Kristensen at the University of Aarhus rediscovered it based on contemporary observations at Palomar Observatory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 44], "content_span": [45, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012818-0002-0000", "contents": "1537 Transylvania, Discovery and rediscovery\nKristensen was able to show that Transylvania was first observed as A903 VB at Heidelberg Observatory in October 1903, and, after its observations at Konkoly in the early 1940s, it was again observed at Goethe Link Observatory in December 1962, and at Palomar in February 1981.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 44], "content_span": [45, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012818-0003-0000", "contents": "1537 Transylvania, Discovery and rediscovery, Remaining lost minor planets\nAt the same time, Kristensen also rediscovered 452 Hamiltonia. With these two rediscoveries in 1981, only nine numbered minor planets remained unobserved since their discoveries: 330\u00a0Adalberta, 473\u00a0Nolli, 719\u00a0Albert, 724\u00a0Hapag, 843\u00a0Nicolaia, 878\u00a0Mildred, 1009\u00a0Sirene, 1026\u00a0Ingrid, and 1179\u00a0Mally.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 74], "content_span": [75, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012818-0004-0000", "contents": "1537 Transylvania, Orbit and classification\nTransylvania is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.1\u20134.0\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 4 months (1,947 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.30 and an inclination of 4\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012818-0005-0000", "contents": "1537 Transylvania, Physical characteristics\nTransylvania has been characterized as a carbonaceous C-type asteroid by PanSTARRS photometric survey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012818-0006-0000", "contents": "1537 Transylvania, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn September 2004, a rotational lightcurve of Transylvania was obtained from photometric observations by French amateur astronomer Laurent Bernasconi. Analysis of the fragmentary lightcurve gave a rotation period of 12 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.15 magnitude (U=1). As of 2017, no other lightcurve has been obtained, and Transylvania's period is still uncertain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 60], "content_span": [61, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012818-0007-0000", "contents": "1537 Transylvania, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Transylvania measures between 13.77 and 21.49 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.05 and 0.1619.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 64], "content_span": [65, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012818-0008-0000", "contents": "1537 Transylvania, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.1047 and a diameter of 13.60 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.4.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 64], "content_span": [65, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012818-0009-0000", "contents": "1537 Transylvania, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the historical region of Transylvania, located in what is now Romania. Formerly, it was part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Transylvania is also the birthplace of the discoverer Gyula Strommer (1920\u20131995). Transylvania was his only minor-planet discovery. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 February 1980 (M.P.C. 5182).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 25], "content_span": [26, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012820-0000-0000", "contents": "1537 in Norway, Overview\n1537 is the year when Norway became a puppet state under the Danish Crown. Christian III did a coup d'\u00e9tat in Norway and made it a hereditary kingdom in a real union with Denmark that would last until 1814 when Frederick VI ceded the Kingdom of Norway to Charles XIII of Sweden. King Christian III also made by force Lutheranism state religion in Norway, and it was the state religion until 2012. 1537 is known as one of the darkest years in Norwegian history. Its also the start year for the early modern period in Norway (1537-1814), and the period known as The Puppet State era (lydriketiden) (1537-1660).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 24], "content_span": [25, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012823-0000-0000", "contents": "1537 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1537.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012824-0000-0000", "contents": "1537 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012824-0001-0000", "contents": "1537 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012824-0002-0000", "contents": "1537 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012825-0000-0000", "contents": "1537 in science\nThe year 1537 in science and technology included many events, some of which are listed here.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012826-0000-0000", "contents": "15374 Teta\n15374 Teta, provisional designation 1997 BG, is bright, stony Hungaria asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, about 3.3 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered by Czech astronomers Milo\u0161 Tich\u00fd and Zden\u011bk Moravec at Kle\u0165 Observatory in South Bohemia on 16 January 1997. It is named after Teta from Czech mythology.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012826-0001-0000", "contents": "15374 Teta, Orbit and classification\nTeta is a bright E-type asteroid and member of the Hungaria family, which form the innermost dense concentration of asteroids in the Solar System. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.7\u20132.3\u00a0AU once every 2 years and 10 months (1,028 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.16 and an inclination of 32\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. A first precovery was obtained during Digitized Sky Survey at Palomar Observatory in 1950, extending the body's observation arc by 47 years prior to its discovery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012826-0002-0000", "contents": "15374 Teta, Physical characteristics\nIn 2014, an improved rotational lightcurve of Teta was obtained by American astronomer Brian Warner at his Palmer Divide Observatory in Colorado. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 2.820\u00b10.005 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.30 magnitude (U=3-).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012826-0003-0000", "contents": "15374 Teta, Physical characteristics\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.30 \u2013 a compromise value between 0.4 and 0.2, corresponding to the Hungaria asteroids both as family and orbital group \u2013 and calculates a diameter of 3.35 kilometers using an absolute magnitude of 14.4.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012826-0004-0000", "contents": "15374 Teta, Naming\nThis minor planet was named from Czech mythology after \"Teta\", the fortune-teller, heathen priestess, and member of the P\u0159emyslid dynasty. She is the second daughter of Duke Krok and sister of Libu\u0161e, who, according to legend, founded the city of Prague (also see 2367\u00a0Praha) in the 8th century, and after whom the minor planets 264\u00a0Libussa and 3102\u00a0Krok were named, respectively. The approved naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 11 November 2000 (M.P.C. 41573).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012827-0000-0000", "contents": "1538\nYear 1538 (MDXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012830-0000-0000", "contents": "1538 in Ireland\nThis is a list of events from the year 1538 in Ireland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 71]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012835-0000-0000", "contents": "1538 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1538.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012836-0000-0000", "contents": "1538 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012836-0001-0000", "contents": "1538 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012836-0002-0000", "contents": "1538 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012837-0000-0000", "contents": "1538 in science\nThe year 1538 in science and technology included a number of events, some of which are listed here.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012838-0000-0000", "contents": "1539\nYear 1539 (MDXXXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012844-0000-0000", "contents": "1539 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1539.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012845-0000-0000", "contents": "1539 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012845-0001-0000", "contents": "1539 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012845-0002-0000", "contents": "1539 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012846-0000-0000", "contents": "1539 in science\nThe year 1539 in science and technology included many events, some of which are listed here.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012847-0000-0000", "contents": "153P/Ikeya\u2013Zhang\nComet Ikeya\u2013Zhang (Japanese, Chinese: \u6c60\u8c37-\u5f35\u5f57\u661f, officially designated 153P/Ikeya\u2013Zhang) is a comet discovered independently by two astronomers from Japan and China in 2002. It has by far the longest orbital period of the numbered periodic comets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012847-0001-0000", "contents": "153P/Ikeya\u2013Zhang\nOn February 1, 2002, Chinese astronomer Zhang Daqing from Kaifeng discovered a new comet in the constellation Cetus, and reported it to the IAU. He found that Japanese astronomer Kaoru Ikeya had discovered it earlier than he had, as the time of sunset is earlier than China. According to tradition, since they discovered the new comet independently, the comet was named after both of them. The comet was initially designated as C/2002 C1 (Ikeya-Zhang).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012847-0002-0000", "contents": "153P/Ikeya\u2013Zhang\nThe comet was observed in 1661, 341 years earlier, by Polish astronomer Johannes Hevelius. A bright comet had also been recorded by Chinese astronomers in 1661.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012847-0003-0000", "contents": "153P/Ikeya\u2013Zhang\nThe permanent designation \"153P\" was given to the comet. It has the longest known orbital period of any periodic comet (366.51 years). Its orbital speed around the Sun varies from 59 km/s at perihelion to 0.29 km/s at aphelion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012847-0004-0000", "contents": "153P/Ikeya\u2013Zhang\nThe comet passed perihelion on March 18, 2002, and with apparent magnitude 3.5, it became the brightest comet since 1997. With a multi-hundred year orbit involving asymmetric outgassing the next perihelion passage is expected between 2362\u20132363.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012848-0000-0000", "contents": "153d Air Refueling Squadron\nThe 153d Air Refueling Squadron is a unit of the Mississippi Air National Guard 186th Air Refueling Wing located at Key Field Air National Guard Base, Mississippi. The 153d is equipped with the KC-135 Stratotanker aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012848-0001-0000", "contents": "153d Air Refueling Squadron\nThe squadron is a descendant organization of the 153d Observation Squadron, one of the 29 original National Guard Observation Squadrons of the United States Army National Guard formed before World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012848-0002-0000", "contents": "153d Air Refueling Squadron, Overview\nThe squadrons aircraft are eight KC-135R Stratotankers. The mission of the squadron is to provide air refueling support to major commands of the United States Air Force, as well as other U.S. military forces and the military forces of allied nations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012848-0003-0000", "contents": "153d Air Refueling Squadron, History, World War II\nActivated as part of the Mississippi National Guard in 1939 by the National Guard Bureau. Equipped with Douglas O-38 observation aircraft. Ordered to active service on 15 October 1940 as part of the buildup of the Army Air Corps prior to the United States entry into World War II. After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, was attached to Army Air Forces Antisubmarine Command, performed anti-submarine patrols over the Gulf of Mexico until August 1943 when the mission was turned over to the United States Navy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 50], "content_span": [51, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012848-0004-0000", "contents": "153d Air Refueling Squadron, History, World War II\nTransferred to the European Theater of Operations (ETO), August 1943. Assigned to Ninth Air Force as a photographic reconnaissance unit. After the Normandy Invasion in June 1944, because a liaison and courier unit flying light aircraft until the end of the war in Europe. Inactivated during December 1945 in Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 50], "content_span": [51, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012848-0005-0000", "contents": "153d Air Refueling Squadron, History, Mississippi Air National Guard\nThe squadron was re-designated as the 153d Fighter Squadron and allotted to the Mississippi Air National Guard, on 24 May 1946. It was organized at Key Field, Meridian, Mississippi and was extended federal recognition on 12 September. The squadron was equipped with F-47D Thunderbolts and was allocated to the Fourteenth Air Force, Continental Air Command by the National Guard Bureau.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 68], "content_span": [69, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012848-0006-0000", "contents": "153d Air Refueling Squadron, History, Mississippi Air National Guard\nThe unit was called to active federal service on 1 March 1951. This activation temporarily resulted in the dissolution of the Mississippi Air National Guard, as members were sent to various places, including for many, duty in the Korean War. The squadron was sent to Turner AFB, Georgia where it was assigned to the federalized 108th Fighter-Bomber Group with a mission to provide fighter escorts to Strategic Air Command B-50 Superfortress bombers on training missions. In December 1951 it was moved to Godman AFB, Kentucky where it replaced a unit deployed to England. It was released from active duty and returned to Mississippi state control on 10 November 1952.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 68], "content_span": [69, 735]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012848-0007-0000", "contents": "153d Air Refueling Squadron, History, Mississippi Air National Guard\nReformed in December 1952, being equipped with RF-51D Mustang reconnaissance aircraft. Performed tactical reconnaissance for Tactical Air Command, retiring the Mustangs in 1955 and flying RF-80C Shooting Star aircraft until 1956. Re -equipped with RF-84F Thunderflash reconnaissance aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 68], "content_span": [69, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012848-0008-0000", "contents": "153d Air Refueling Squadron, History, Mississippi Air National Guard\nAt the height of the Cold War in 1961, the squadron was federalized as a result of tensions concerning the Berlin Wall. Part of the squadron remained at Key Field in an active-duty status for about a year before being released.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 68], "content_span": [69, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012848-0009-0000", "contents": "153d Air Refueling Squadron, History, Mississippi Air National Guard\nOn 15 October 1962, the 153d was authorized to expand to a group level, and the 186th Tactical Reconnaissance Group was established by the National Guard Bureau. The 153d TRS becoming the group's flying squadron. Other squadrons assigned into the group were the 186th Headquarters, 186th Material Squadron (Maintenance), 186th Combat Support Squadron, and the 186th USAF Dispensary. In 1970 Tactical Air Command retired the RF-84s and they were replaced by the RF-101C Voodoo. In 1979 the Voodoos were again replaced by RF-4C Phantom IIs. RF-101C 56-0166, on display at the National Museum of the United States Air Force, served with the 186th TRG. The aircraft was flown directly from Key Field to the Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio on its final flight 27 October 1978.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 68], "content_span": [69, 846]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012848-0010-0000", "contents": "153d Air Refueling Squadron, History, Mississippi Air National Guard\nIn 1990 during the Gulf Crisis, several aircraft and support personnel were activated and deployed to Doha International Airport, Qatar, being part of the 35th Tactical Fighter Wing (Provisional) during Operation Desert Shield, Operation Desert Storm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 68], "content_span": [69, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012848-0011-0000", "contents": "153d Air Refueling Squadron, History, Mississippi Air National Guard\nIn 1992 the squadron's 186th Tactical Reconnaissance Group was realigned to an air refueling unit as the RF-4Cs were retired. The squadron was equipped with KC-135 Stratotankers and placed initially under Air Combat Command, later under Air Mobility Command. The 153d Air Refueling Squadron has seen worldwide duty with the KC-135s, supporting Operation Display Determination, Operation Provide Relief, Operation Restore Hope, Operation Support Justice, Operation Deny Flight, Operation Northern Watch, Operation Noble Eagle, Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 68], "content_span": [69, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012848-0012-0000", "contents": "153d Air Refueling Squadron, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 53], "content_span": [54, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012849-0000-0000", "contents": "153d Airlift Wing\nThe 153d Airlift Wing (153d AW) is a unit of the Wyoming Air National Guard, stationed at Cheyenne Air National Guard Base, Wyoming. If activated to federal service, the Wing is gained by the United States Air Force Air Mobility Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012849-0001-0000", "contents": "153d Airlift Wing, Overview\nThe 153rd Airlift Wing's C-130 Hercules mission is to perform the tactical portion of the airlift mission. The aircraft is capable of operating from rough, dirt strips and is the prime transport for air dropping troops and equipment into hostile areas. The C-130 performs a diverse number of roles, including airlift support, Antarctic ice resupply, aeromedical missions, weather reconnaissance, aerial spray missions, firefighting duties for the U.S. Forest Service and natural disaster relief missions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 27], "content_span": [28, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012849-0002-0000", "contents": "153d Airlift Wing, History\nOn 1 July 1957, the Wyoming Air National Guard 187th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron was authorized to expand to a group level, and the 153d Fighter Group (Air Defense) was established by the National Guard Bureau. The 187th FIS becoming the group's flying squadron. Other squadrons assigned into the group were the 153d Headquarters, 153d Material Squadron (Maintenance), 153d Combat Support Squadron, and the 153d USAF Dispensary. The 153d FIG being assigned to the 34th Air Division, Air Defense Command and upgraded to F-86L Sabre Interceptors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012849-0003-0000", "contents": "153d Airlift Wing, History, Airlift mission\nThe most dramatic change came for the Wyoming unit in 1961 when it changed from an Air Defense Command Fighter-Interceptor unit to flying C-119 Flying Boxcars and airlifting medical patients, with the newly designated 187th Aeromedical Transport Squadron becoming part of Military Air Transport Service (MATS).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012849-0004-0000", "contents": "153d Airlift Wing, History, Airlift mission\nOn 21 June 1963 the 187th received C-121 Super Constellation aircraft and expanded its military airlift role to worldwide mission capabilities. Entering the realm of Southeast Asia and the Vietnam War, the Wyoming Air Guard flew its first mission into the Southeast Asia theater combat zone in late 1964, and continued to do so throughout the Vietnam War years. In January 1966, the unit became the 153d Military Airlift Group [153d MAG], under the Military Airlift Command [MAC].", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012849-0005-0000", "contents": "153d Airlift Wing, History, Airlift mission\nIn 1972, the 187th received its first turboprop C-130B Hercules aircraft, and became a Tactical Airlift Squadron. The C-130 has proven to be one of the toughest and most versatile aircraft ever built, and which the unit continues to fly over 40 years later. In 1975, the Wyoming Air Guard was selected for the unique role of aerial fire fighting. Two Wyoming C-130s were equipped with Modular Airborne FireFighting System (MAFFS) and began water/fire retardant bombing of fires throughout the United States. Those fire fighting mission still continue through the present.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012849-0006-0000", "contents": "153d Airlift Wing, History, Airlift mission\nIn the meantime, the 153d Tactical Airlift Group expanded to regularly flying missions with the US Southern Command out of Howard AFB, Panama, as part of Operation Phoenix Oak. From supplying embassies in Central and South America, to searching for sinking ships in the middle of tropical storms, the Wyoming C-130s and aircrews have carried out military and humanitarian missions, right up to the present day. Those missions continued through Operation Just Cause in 1989-90 when Panama was designated a combat zone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012849-0007-0000", "contents": "153d Airlift Wing, History, Airlift mission\nBeginning 5 August 1990, the first day of Operation Desert Shield, and into Operation Desert Storm the Wyoming Air Guard flew continental U.S. and Central and South America missions. During that time, the Wyoming 187th Aeromedical Evacuation Flight and the 153d Clinic were both activated by order of the President of the United States, with a large number of those medical personnel being sent to Saudi Arabia. After the hostilities, Wyoming Guard members continued with Operation Provide Comfort, which supplied humanitarian aid to Kurdish people displaced by the Iraqi military.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012849-0008-0000", "contents": "153d Airlift Wing, History, Airlift mission\nIn April 1997 the Wyoming 153d Airlift Wing was reassigned to the Air Mobility Command [AMC], and continued its federal and state airlift, fire fighting, and humanitarian missions. From 10 November \u2013 5 December 1997, the Wyoming Air National Guard flew 250 airborne fire-fighting missions in the jungles of Indonesia as Operation Thrust Rapid, No. 1. This was the first time U.S. airborne fire fighting had ever been done outside of the continental U.S.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012849-0009-0000", "contents": "153d Airlift Wing, History, Global War on Terrorism\nAs with the rest of the U.S. military, the wing's focus changed abruptly on 11 September 2001. Responding immediately, the 153 AW became the first unit to resume flying, by answering the call to ferry blood donations around the western United States. By the end of September virtually all of the 153rd Security Forces Squadron had been called to active duty and assigned to active Air Force bases. As a result, numerous individuals volunteered to be activated as security forces augmentees, an assignment that lasted half a year for many. Three others volunteered for temporary civilian airport security duties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 51], "content_span": [52, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012849-0010-0000", "contents": "153d Airlift Wing, History, Global War on Terrorism\nAs the Global War on Terrorism expanded to include operations in Iraq and continued operations in Afghanistan, the 153rd Airlift Wing repeatedly answered the nations call. In addition to its ongoing commitment to MAFFS, Operation Joint Forge in Europe, and Coronet Oak in Latin America, the 153 AW maintained a two-year-long, two-aircraft commitment to Operation Iraqi Freedom during 2004\u20132005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 51], "content_span": [52, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012849-0011-0000", "contents": "153d Airlift Wing, History, Global War on Terrorism\nIn 2006 and 2007 the unit returned to Afghanistan for two and three aircraft Aerospace Expeditionary Force rotations. On the home front, the end of 2007 found four aircraft responding to the great 2007 California wildfires.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 51], "content_span": [52, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012849-0012-0000", "contents": "153d Airlift Wing, History, Global War on Terrorism\nIn Cheyenne the period 2004-2007 witnessed the 153 AW receiving a remodeled dining facility, a new Petroleum Oils and Lubricants [POL] facility, a new air operations building for Air Traffic Control and Aerial Port, and approval of a new squadrons operations building. Numerous temporary modular buildings also supported the unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 51], "content_span": [52, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012849-0013-0000", "contents": "153d Airlift Wing, History, Global War on Terrorism\nThe time period 2006-2007 also witnessed a unique combination of active duty and National Guard forces in Cheyenne. In July 2006 the 30th Airlift Squadron, an active duty unit, stood up in Cheyenne, under the operational direction of the 153 AW. Known as an active associate unit, the addition of the 30 AS resulted in the 153 AW receiving an additional four C-130 aircraft during 2007, and increased the wing's aircraft strength from eight to twelve aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 51], "content_span": [52, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012850-0000-0000", "contents": "153d Command and Control Squadron\nThe United States Air Force's 153d Command and Control Squadron (153 CACS) is a command and control unit located at F. E. Warren AFB, Wyoming.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012850-0001-0000", "contents": "153d Command and Control Squadron, Mission\nThe 153d Command and Control Squadron (153 CACS) mobilizes communications, automated data processing, and combat logistics for United States Northern Command (USNORTHCOM) commanders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012850-0002-0000", "contents": "153d Command and Control Squadron, History, 4th Command and Control Squadron\nAir Force Space Command transferred the 4th Command and Control Squadron (4 CACS) to the Wyoming Air National Guard on 2 July 2002, with the activation of the 153 CACS and the inactivation of 4 CACS.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 76], "content_span": [77, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012850-0003-0000", "contents": "153d Command and Control Squadron, History, 721st Mobile Command and Control Squadron\nThe  721st Mobile Command and Control Squadron (721 MCCS) was reassigned from the 721st Support Group (Cheyenne Mountain Air Force Station), to the 90th Operations Group, 90th Space Wing (FE Warren AFB) on 1 July 1999. The 153 CACS inherited equipment and mission from the 721 MCCS when the latter unit was inactivated in 1998.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 85], "content_span": [86, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012850-0004-0000", "contents": "153d Command and Control Squadron, History, Logo Significance\nThe armored warhorse in the upper left quadrant of the shield is the symbol of that elite mobile warrior, the knight. The trumpet, or horn, in the lower right quadrant of the shield represents the instrument of command and control used by ancient armies. Kings and great nobles used the trumpet to call their martial forces to war as well as to control their movements on the battlefield. Thus, the symbols of the mobile warrior and the military horn are significant for the 721st Mobile Command and Control Squadron. Further, the color white on the unit shield traditionally denotes honor while the color red implies valor and even the blood of life or spirit of self-sacrifice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 61], "content_span": [62, 741]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012850-0005-0000", "contents": "153d Command and Control Squadron, History, Logo Significance\nBoth the color red and the horn tie the 721 MCCS to an early medieval legend, that of \"Roland and the Horn\" at the Battle of Roncevalles in 778. Charlemagne, king of the Franks, began to return home to France across the Pyrenees Mountains while Sir Roland guarded the rear of his army some distance behind. If ambushed by the enemy, Roland had been instructed to blow the trumpet and Charlemagne would charge to his assistance. Roland was indeed attacked, and in overwhelming numbers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 61], "content_span": [62, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012850-0005-0001", "contents": "153d Command and Control Squadron, History, Logo Significance\nRoland faced a terrible decision: if he called in Charlemagne's forces, all of the army faced destruction, or if he did not sound the trumpet Charlemagne and the main army would continue to safety while he and his tiny command would surely die. Gallantly, Roland and his men put the war horn away and prepared to make their last stand. The next day Charlemagne learned of the valiant deed and named Sir Roland the greatest of his knights.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 61], "content_span": [62, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012851-0000-0000", "contents": "153rd (Wellington) Battalion, CEF\nThe 153rd (Wellington) Battalion, CEF was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War. Based in Guelph, Ontario, the unit began recruiting in late 1915 in Wellington County. After sailing to England in April 1917, the battalion was absorbed into the 4th and 25th Reserve Battalions on May 7, 1917. The 153rd  (Wellington) Battalion, CEF had one Officer Commanding: Lieut-Col. R. T. Pritchard. He died near his hometown of Fergus in 1955 and is interred at Belsyde Cemetery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012852-0000-0000", "contents": "153rd Cavalry Brigade (United States)\nThe 153rd Cavalry Brigade was a cavalry unit of the United States Army Organized Reserve during the interwar period. Organized in 1922, the brigade spent its entire career with the 62nd Cavalry Division and was disbanded after the United States entered World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012852-0001-0000", "contents": "153rd Cavalry Brigade (United States), History\nThe brigade was constituted in the Organized Reserve on 15 October 1921, part of the 62nd Cavalry Division in the Third Corps Area. It included the 305th and 306th Cavalry Regiments and the 153rd Machine Gun Squadron at Baltimore. In September 1922, the brigade headquarters was initiated (organized) at Baltimore. On 20 December 1928, the 153rd Machine Gun Squadron was relieved from its assignment to the 62nd and withdrawn from the Organized Reserves, with its personnel transferred to the 306th's new 3rd Squadron and Machine Gun Troop.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012852-0002-0000", "contents": "153rd Cavalry Brigade (United States), History\nThe brigade held its inactive training period meetings at the Post Office Building in Baltimore. Between 1923 and 1940, the 153rd usually conducted summer training at Fort Meade in Maryland, occasionally holding summer training with the 3rd Cavalry Regiment at Fort Myer or Fort Belvoir. Its subordinate regiments provided basic military instruction to civilians under the Citizens' Military Training Camp program at Fort Myer and Fort Belvoir with the assistance of the 3rd Cavalry as an alternate form of training. After the United States entered World War II, the brigade was disbanded on 30 January 1942 along with the division, after most of its officers were called up for active duty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 738]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012852-0003-0000", "contents": "153rd Cavalry Brigade (United States), Commanders\nThe brigade is known to have been commanded by the following officers:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 49], "content_span": [50, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012853-0000-0000", "contents": "153rd Cavalry Regiment\nFirst Squadron, 153rd Cavalry Regiment \"Darkhorse\" is an element of the Florida Army National Guard, headquartered in Panama City, Florida with units throughout the Panhandle. It was formerly 3rd Battalion, 124th Infantry and officially converted to cavalry on 1 September 2007 when the 53rd Infantry Brigade converted from a \"separate brigade\" to the brigade combat team structure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012853-0001-0000", "contents": "153rd Cavalry Regiment, History, First Squadron, 153rd Cavalry Regiment\nThough the squadron's lineage traces back to the formation of the parent units of the 124th Infantry Regiment (formed between 1884 and 1892), the current structure and stationing of the squadron begins with the reorganization of the Florida National Guard in January 1968. It was then that existing engineer and cavalry units in the Florida Panhandle were converted and redesignated as the reconstituted 3rd Infantry Battalion, 124th Infantry Regiment with headquarters at Panama City. Third Battalion was a light infantry unit belonging to the 53rd Infantry Brigade. They specialized in jungle fighting and made many rotations to Fort Sherman, Panama to conduct annual training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 71], "content_span": [72, 751]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012853-0002-0000", "contents": "153rd Cavalry Regiment, History, First Squadron, 153rd Cavalry Regiment\nThird Battalion, 124th Infantry Regiment (except for Company D which was broken up and its members dispersed throughout the battalion) was mobilized just after Christmas 2002 and on 5 January 2003, drove up to Fort Stewart, Georgia for training in preparation for a deployment. Third Battalion deployed to Kuwait in February and was part of the initial invasion of Iraq during Operation Iraqi Freedom. The battalion was attached to the 108th Air Defense Artillery Brigade, 3rd Infantry Division, and 1st Marine Division at various times during the invasion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 71], "content_span": [72, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012853-0002-0001", "contents": "153rd Cavalry Regiment, History, First Squadron, 153rd Cavalry Regiment\nIn 2004 when 3rd Infantry Division left Iraq to return home, 3rd Battalion, 124 Infantry Regiment was attached to 1st Armored Division, with elements also supporting Operational Detachment Alphas (ODAs) from 5th Special Forces Group and 19th Special Forces Group. The battalion was assigned to downtown Baghdad, based at Forward Operating Base Warrior in the Aadhamiya neighborhood. They redeployed home in February 2004.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 71], "content_span": [72, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012853-0003-0000", "contents": "153rd Cavalry Regiment, History, First Squadron, 153rd Cavalry Regiment\nOn 1 September 2007, 3rd Battalion, 124th Infantry was converted and redesignated as the 153rd Cavalry Regiment. Three years after the cavalry transformation, the squadron was mobilized and deployed with the 53rd Infantry Brigade Combat Team in support of Operations Iraqi Freedom and New Dawn. In preparation for their 2010 deployment, the squadron underwent intense pre-mobilization training at Camp Blanding, Florida for the entire month of October 2009. They mobilized under Title 10 orders on 2 January 2010 and flew to Fort Hood, Texas for two months of mobilization training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 71], "content_span": [72, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012853-0003-0001", "contents": "153rd Cavalry Regiment, History, First Squadron, 153rd Cavalry Regiment\nIn the first week of March the squadron arrived at Camp Buehring, Kuwait. Troop B deployed to Qatar for a security force mission. HHT, A, and C Troops were stationed at Camp Buehring, Kuwait. Troop A controlled Khabari Crossing at the border of Iraq. C Troop was responsible for quick reaction force (QRF) missions around Camps Buehring and Virginia and an area reaction force mission (ARF) for northern Kuwait. The squadron redeployed and demobilized at Fort Stewart, Georgia in December 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 71], "content_span": [72, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012853-0004-0000", "contents": "153rd Cavalry Regiment, History, Headquarters Troop, 1st Squadron, 153rd Cavalry Regiment\nThe Panama City-based National Guard company, now designated as Headquarters and Headquarters Troop, was first organized on 20 January 1914 as Company M, 1st Florida Infantry Regiment in Panama City under command of Capt. Emmett Cooper. The company was disbanded in November 1916 when the 2nd Florida Infantry Regiment deployed to serve on the Texas-Mexico border and a separate battalion was formed from the remnants of the 1st Florida Infantry Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 89], "content_span": [90, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012853-0004-0001", "contents": "153rd Cavalry Regiment, History, Headquarters Troop, 1st Squadron, 153rd Cavalry Regiment\nCompany M, 1st Florida Infantry Regiment was reorganized in Millville, a small town across the bayou east of Panama City, in April 1917 under command of Capt. F. M. Turner. They received federal recognition on 4 July 1917. The company of 114 men was drafted into Federal service on 5 August 1917 at Millville and stationed at Camp Wheeler, where they, along with the entire 1st Florida, was broken up to create the 106th Engineers, 116th Field Artillery, 118th Machine Gun Battalion, and 106th Signal Battalion, as well as fill the 124th Infantry. The majority of the Bay County men served in the 106th Engineers, which arrived in Brest, France just before the end of the war. They were demobilized by 31 October 1918 at Camp Gordon, Georgia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 89], "content_span": [90, 832]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012853-0005-0000", "contents": "153rd Cavalry Regiment, History, Headquarters Troop, 1st Squadron, 153rd Cavalry Regiment\nThe company was reorganized on 5 December 1922 as a combat engineer unit designated as Company D, 2nd Battalion, 114th Engineer Regiment (39th Division) in Panama City. Seven months later, Florida units were realigned to the 31st Division and the Panama City unit was redesignated on 1 July 1923 as Company D, 2nd Battalion, 106th Engineers. Company D, under command of Capt. Hiram W. Sperry, was inducted into Federal service on 25 November 1940 at Panama City.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 89], "content_span": [90, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012853-0005-0001", "contents": "153rd Cavalry Regiment, History, Headquarters Troop, 1st Squadron, 153rd Cavalry Regiment\nThey spent one year at Camp Blanding before they reorganized and redesignated on 10 February 1942 as Company A, 175th Engineers (General Service), then quickly redesignated on 15 May 1942 as Company A, 177th Engineers (General Service). They shipped to Anchorage, Alaska, where they constructed facilities at Fort Richardson and elsewhere in Alaska for the duration of the war. They were inactivated on 15 November 1944 at Anchorage, Alaska.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 89], "content_span": [90, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012853-0006-0000", "contents": "153rd Cavalry Regiment, History, Headquarters Troop, 1st Squadron, 153rd Cavalry Regiment\nThe Panama City unit was reorganized and federally recognized on 3 March 1947 as Company C, 124th Infantry. Then reorganized on 1 November 1955 as an armored infantry unit designated as Company C, 124th Armored Infantry Battalion. They were redesignated on 15 April 1959 as Company C, 1st Armored Rifle Battalion, 124th Infantry. The infantry company was reorganized and redesignated on 15 February 1963 as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 261st Engineer Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 89], "content_span": [90, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012853-0006-0001", "contents": "153rd Cavalry Regiment, History, Headquarters Troop, 1st Squadron, 153rd Cavalry Regiment\nThe unit consolidated on 20 January 1968 with an engineer platoon from Company A, 261st Engineer Battalion (organized 1 March 1963), and the consolidated unit was designated as Headquarters and Headquarters Company C, 3d Battalion, 124th Infantry. Headquarters and Headquarters Company mobilized in December 2002 and deployed to Kuwait and Iraq along with 3rd Battalion, 124th Infantry. The unit converted, reorganized, and redesignated on 1 September 2007 as Headquarters & Headquarters Troop, 1st Squadron, 153rd Cavalry. Headquarters Troop, under command of Capt. Michael \"Shep\" Allen, deployed to Camp Buehring, Kuwait, where the Headquarters Troop served as the camp's mayor cell.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 89], "content_span": [90, 775]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012853-0007-0000", "contents": "153rd Cavalry Regiment, History, Troop A, 1st Squadron, 153rd Cavalry Regiment\nTroop A, 1st Squadron, 153rd Cavalry Regiment is a motorized reconnaissance troop stationed in Bonifay, Florida. The company was first organized in Bonifay on 20 December 1949 as the 144th Transportation Truck Company under command of Capt. Randal M. Stott. The 144th, under command of Capt. Stott, was activated for federal service during the Korean War on 11 September 1950 and stationed at Camp Rucker, Alabama until their release from federal service on 1 April 1952.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 78], "content_span": [79, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012853-0007-0001", "contents": "153rd Cavalry Regiment, History, Troop A, 1st Squadron, 153rd Cavalry Regiment\nThe company reorganized and redesignated on 2 May 1960 as 314th Ordnance Company (Gas), then reorganized on 1 March 1964 as an armored combat engineer unit designated Company C, 261st Engineer Battalion. The unit converted, reorganized, and redesignated on 20 January 1968 as Det. 1 (Recon, Mortar, and Maintenance Platoons), Headquarters & Headquarters Company, 3rd Battalion, 124th Infantry. The detachment returned to a company-sized element on 3 January 1972 when it was reorganized as Support Company, 2nd Battalion, 124th Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 78], "content_span": [79, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012853-0007-0002", "contents": "153rd Cavalry Regiment, History, Troop A, 1st Squadron, 153rd Cavalry Regiment\nThe unit was again reorganized on 2 September 1989 as an infantry heavy weapons company designated as Company D, 3rd Battalion, 124th Infantry. When 3rd Battalion was alerted in December 2002 for the pending invasion of Iraq, the heavy weapons company was not among the alerted companies. The majority of Company D's soldiers were reassigned across the battalion for the 2003 to 2004 deployment. Company D was converted and redesignated as Troop A in 2007 along with the 3rd Battalion's conversion to the squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 78], "content_span": [79, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012853-0007-0003", "contents": "153rd Cavalry Regiment, History, Troop A, 1st Squadron, 153rd Cavalry Regiment\nTroop A, under command of Capt. John \"Sam\" Sargeant, deployed to Kuwait in 2010 where they guarded and operated the Khabari Crossing checkpoint into Iraq. Troop A deployed independently from 1st Squadron, 153rd Cavalry in the spring of 2016, under command of Capt. Justin Howland. They mobilized in April and trained at Fort Bliss and Camp McGregor before deploying to Djibouti, where they were attached to 1st Battalion, 124th Infantry Regiment and secured Chabelly Airfield. Troop A returned home in early 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 78], "content_span": [79, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012853-0008-0000", "contents": "153rd Cavalry Regiment, History, Troop B, 1st Squadron, 153rd Cavalry Regiment\nTroop B, 1st Squadron, 153rd Cavalry Regiment is a motorized reconnaissance troop stationed in Pensacola, Florida. The company was first organized in DeFuniak Springs, Florida under command of Capt. J. R. Cawthorn on 6 December 1947, during the post-WW II reorganization of the Florida National Guard. In February 1963, Company D, 1st Armored Rifle Battalion, 124th Infantry reorganized as the 267th Engineer Company. In March 1964, the engineer company was redesignated the 153d Engineer Company, minus two engineer platoons stationed in Quincy, Florida. In January 1968, the unit was reorganized into Company B, 3d Battalion, 124th Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 78], "content_span": [79, 722]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012853-0008-0001", "contents": "153rd Cavalry Regiment, History, Troop B, 1st Squadron, 153rd Cavalry Regiment\nThe company had a mess team at their home station and a detachment of two rifle platoons in Quincy. On 1 March 1998, Company B was restationed one hour away in Pensacola. Company B deployed to Iraq with the battalion from 2003 to 2004, under command of Capt. Gil Petruska. Company B was converted and redesignated as Troop B in 2007 along with the 3rd Battalion's conversion to the squadron. Troop B, under command of Capt. DeWitt Revels, deployed to As Sayliyah Army Base in Qatar in 2010, while the rest of the squadron was deployed to Kuwait.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 78], "content_span": [79, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012853-0008-0002", "contents": "153rd Cavalry Regiment, History, Troop B, 1st Squadron, 153rd Cavalry Regiment\nTroop B deployed separately from 1st Squadron, 153rd Cavalry in the summer of 2015, under command of Capt. Jason Robinson. They mobilized in July and trained at Fort Bliss and Camp McGregor before deploying to Djibouti, where they were attached to 2nd Battalion, 124th Infantry Regiment and secured the remote Chabelly Airfield. Troop B returned home in the summer of 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 78], "content_span": [79, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012853-0009-0000", "contents": "153rd Cavalry Regiment, History, Troop C, 1st Squadron, 153rd Cavalry Regiment\nTroop C, 1st Squadron, 153rd Cavalry Regiment is a dismounted reconnaissance troop stationed in Tallahassee, Florida. Troop C has one of the oldest lineages in the Florida National Guard, perpetuating the lineages of the Franklin Guards established in 1836 in Apalachicola and the Governor's Guards established in 1857 in Tallahassee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 78], "content_span": [79, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012853-0010-0000", "contents": "153rd Cavalry Regiment, History, Troop E, 153rd Cavalry Regiment\nTroop E, 153rd Cavalry was first organized in Tallahassee in 1964 as the mounted reconnaissance element of the 53rd Armored Brigade. The troop had tanks and armored personnel carriers (APCs). In 1968, a 3rd Infantry battalion was constituted when the 53rd Armored Brigade was re-flagged as the 53rd Infantry Brigade and the Tallahassee unit became Company A, 3rd Battalion, 124th Infantry. Troop E was reactivated in Ocala, Florida and deployed to Afghanistan in 2005. The Ocala-based Troop E was consolidated and reorganized as Company C, 2nd Battalion, 124th Infantry during the Brigade Combat Team reformation in 2007. Though Troop E and 1st Squadron share the same coat of arms, 1st Squadron, 153rd Cavalry Regiment was constituted almost entirely from the infantrymen of 3rd Battalion, 124th Infantry and so continue the 3rd Battalion's lineage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 64], "content_span": [65, 915]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012853-0011-0000", "contents": "153rd Cavalry Regiment, Commanders\nLTC Jay Hall, 124th Armored Rifle Battalion, circa 1950s-January 1959", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012853-0012-0000", "contents": "153rd Cavalry Regiment, Commanders\nLTC Ralph C. Davis, 124th Armored Rifle Battalion, circa January 1959 \u2013 1960", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012853-0013-0000", "contents": "153rd Cavalry Regiment, Commanders\nLTC Frederic J. Raymond,3-124 Infantry, October 1989 \u2013 August 1991", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012853-0014-0000", "contents": "153rd Cavalry Regiment, Commanders\nLTC Michael Atwell, 3-124 Infantry thru transition to 1-153 Cavalry, 2005\u20132007", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012854-0000-0000", "contents": "153rd Division (Imperial Japanese Army)\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by Rich Farmbrough (talk | contribs) at 18:00, 19 November 2019 (Date formats). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012854-0001-0000", "contents": "153rd Division (Imperial Japanese Army)\nThe 153rd Division (\u7b2c153\u5e2b\u56e3, Dai-hyakugoj\u016bsan Shidan) was an infantry division of the Imperial Japanese Army. Its call sign was the Kyoto Protection Division (\u8b77\u4eac\u5175\u56e3, Gokyo Heidan). It was formed 28 February 1945 in Kyoto as a square division. It was a part of the 16 simultaneously created divisions batch numbering from 140th to 160th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012854-0002-0000", "contents": "153rd Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nThe 153rd division was assigned to the 13th area army. The division spent time from 5 May 1945 until the surrender of Japan 15 August 1945 building coastal defenses without engaging in actual combat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012854-0003-0000", "contents": "153rd Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nThe 441st infantry regiment was located at the Atsumi Peninsula, the 442nd and 443rd at Ise-Shima, and the 444th infantry regiment at Ise.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012855-0000-0000", "contents": "153rd Georgia General Assembly\nThe 153rd General Assembly of the U.S. state of Georgia convened its first session on January 12, 2015, at the Georgia State Capitol in Atlanta. Its second session was January 11 through March 24, 2016. The 153rd Georgia General Assembly succeeded the 152nd of 2013 and 2014, and preceded the 154th in 2017 and 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012855-0001-0000", "contents": "153rd Georgia General Assembly, Party composition\nOf the 180 Georgia State House seats and 56 Georgia State Senate seats, zero changed hands with respect to political party following the 2014 elections.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 49], "content_span": [50, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012856-0000-0000", "contents": "153rd Illinois Infantry Regiment\nThe 153rd Regiment Illinois Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012856-0001-0000", "contents": "153rd Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 153rd Illinois Infantry was organized at Chicago, Illinois,  and mustered into Federal service on February 27, 1865, for a one-year enlistment. The 153rd served in garrisoned the line of the Nashville and Chattanooga Railroad and later Memphis, Tennessee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012856-0002-0000", "contents": "153rd Illinois Infantry Regiment, Total strength and casualties\nThe regiment suffered 37 enlisted men who died of disease for a total of 37 fatalities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 63], "content_span": [64, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012857-0000-0000", "contents": "153rd Indiana Infantry Regiment\nThe 153rd Indiana Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment from Indiana that served in the Union Army between March 1 and September 4, 1865, during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012857-0001-0000", "contents": "153rd Indiana Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was organized at Indianapolis, with a strength of 1,033 men and mustered in on March 1, 1865. It left Indiana for Nashville, Tennessee on March 5. While en route the regiment was stopped at Louisville, Kentucky, and ordered to proceed to Russellville, Kentucky, while a detachment went to Lyon County on April 29. Companies \"D\", \"G\", and \"H\", were involved in numerous operations against guerrilla fighters in the vicinity of Russellville until June. The regiment returned to Louisville, Ky., on June 16, where it saw duty at Taylor Barracks until early September. The regiment was mustered out on September 4, 1865. During its service the regiment suffered forty-seven fatalities, another seventy-nine men deserted and unaccounted for, two men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 799]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012858-0000-0000", "contents": "153rd Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)\nThe 153rd Infantry Brigade, part of the 51st (Highland) Infantry Division, was an infantry brigade of the British Army that fought during both the First and Second world wars. It was raised in 1908, as the 2nd Highland Brigade, upon the creation of the Territorial Force and was later redesignated the 153rd (2nd Highland) Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012858-0001-0000", "contents": "153rd Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)\nAlong with its sister brigade, the 152nd Brigade, the 153rd was effectively destroyed when it surrendered at St Valery-en-Caux on 12 June 1940. It was reconstituted from the 27th Infantry Brigade of the 9th (Highland) Infantry Division, which was reorganised in August 1940 as the new 51st Division. It went on to serve in almost all of the major battles in North Africa, Sicily and North-west Europe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012858-0002-0000", "contents": "153rd Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Order of battle, Reconstituted 153rd Infantry Brigade (1940-1945)\nThis article about a specific British military unit is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 106], "content_span": [107, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012859-0000-0000", "contents": "153rd Infantry Division \"Macerata\"\nThe 153rd Infantry Division \"Macerata\" (Italian: 153\u00aa Divisione fanteria \"Macerata\") was an infantry division of the Royal Italian Army during World War II. The Macerata was formed on 25 November 1941 as a garrison division and named for the city of Macerata. In June 1942, it was transferred to Slovenia and later moved to Croatia in May 1943, where it conducted anti partisan operations. It was located around Delnice in Croatia when it was captured by the German forces following the Italian surrender to the Allies on 12 September 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012860-0000-0000", "contents": "153rd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)\nThe 153rd Grenadier Division (German: 153. Grenadier-Division), sometimes referred to as 153rd Infantry Division (153. Infanterie-Division) in Wehrmacht documents, was an infantry division of the German Heer during World War II. It was founded under the name Division No. 153 (Division Nr. 153), and also carried the names Commander of Reserve Troops III (Kommandeur der Ersatztruppen III), 153rd Reserve Division (153. Reserve-Division), and 153rd Field Training Division (153. Feldausbildungs-Division). It was first deployed in August 1939, received its first redesignation in December 1939, was renamed twice more in 1942, was destroyed by forces of the Soviet Union twice and then redeployed, and was redesignated a final time in 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 776]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012860-0001-0000", "contents": "153rd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), Operational history\nFormed on 26 August 1939 during German mobilization and shortly before the Invasion of Poland, the unit that would become the 153rd division was initially designated Commander of Reserve Troops III and served as the training division and administrative body for recruits from Wehrkreis III (Berlin). This unit was dubbed Division No. 153 on 12 December 1939. Division No. 153 continued the previous function of Commander of Reserve Troops III. The reserve regiments that were part of the division included, but were not limited to, Infantry Reserve Regiment 23 'Potsdam', Infantry Reserve Regiment 76 'Brandenburg', Infantry Reserve Regiment 218 'Berlin-Spandau', Motorized Infantry Reserve Regiment 83 'Eberswalde', and others.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 56], "content_span": [57, 785]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012860-0002-0000", "contents": "153rd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), Operational history\nThe division was redesignated 153rd Reserve Division (153. Reserve-Division) on 11 September 1942. Until this point, the division had remained in Wehrkreis III, but was now prepared to be sent to the front. The remaining replacements were moved for additional training to 463rd Division and the fighting units of the 153rd then transferred to Ukraine. This division was then soon renamed again as part of an order given on 10 December 1942. Parts of the division that were stationed in Crimea were transferred to the 258th Infantry Division, the remainders were merged to become 153rd Field Training Division (153. Feldausbildungs-Division). This division was first ready for operations, specifically the training of recruits for other divisions on the Eastern Front, on 15 January 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 56], "content_span": [57, 844]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012860-0003-0000", "contents": "153rd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), Operational history\nThe 153rd Field Training Division, which had been assigned to XXXXIX Mountain Corps under 17th Army in October 1943, was destroyed by Red Army forces in March 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 56], "content_span": [57, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012860-0004-0000", "contents": "153rd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), Operational history\nThe 153rd Field Training Division was redeployed for a second iteration using its surviving staff officers in April under command of XXIX Army Corps (6th Army) and then, starting in May, LXXII Army Corps (Third Romanian Army), before being destroyed once more in August 1944 in Romania after having briefly served under XXIX Army Corps again. The inadequately equipped 153rd had been forced into action and called up from the army group's reserves by the commanding general of XXX Army Corps, Georg-Wilhelm Postel, when Postel found himself unable to close the gaps left by retreating Romanian units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 56], "content_span": [57, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012860-0004-0001", "contents": "153rd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), Operational history\nThe 153rd division was unable to stop the Soviet onslaught, and was quickly defeated as the Soviets continued their advance on XXX Army Corps' right flank as well as their frontal assault against Postel's units. On 20 August, the XXIX Army Corps was ordered to form a new front west of the Seret river. It was given 153rd Field Training Division for this task, along with 13th Panzer (which at this point had no tanks left) and 10th Panzergrenadier Divisions and Panzerverband Braun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 56], "content_span": [57, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012860-0004-0002", "contents": "153rd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), Operational history\nAt this point, the 153rd Division was so depleted that it could not even muster a regiment-sized force. On 24 August, the Soviet 2nd and 3rd Ukrainian Fronts captured Hu\u0219i, crossed the Prut river, and subsequently trapped the German 6th Army, along with great amounts of German divisions, between Prut and Dniester.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 56], "content_span": [57, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012860-0005-0000", "contents": "153rd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), Operational history\nSome parts of the division's second iteration fled to Bulgaria, but were then delivered into Soviet captivity by the Bulgarian leadership. The division's commanding general, Friedrich Bayer, was among those delivered to the Red Army, on 11 September 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 56], "content_span": [57, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012860-0006-0000", "contents": "153rd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), Operational history\nThe 153rd Field Training Division was deployed for a third iteration in October 1944 in the German rear area. On 14 December 1944, orders were given to refit the third iteration of the 153rd Field Training Division for frontline combat. The division was fighting in Hungary at the time. There, it got trapped alongside the 1st and 23rd Panzer Divisions between the Danube and Lake Balaton. The 153rd Field Training Division was eventually overrun at Sz\u00e9kesfeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r and only parts of the division escaped.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 56], "content_span": [57, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012860-0007-0000", "contents": "153rd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), Operational history\nThese remnants renamed 153. Grenadier-Division in February 1945. This division remained in combat in the Deutsch-Brod pocket until the end of the war. It was assigned to XXIX Army Corps in April and then ended the war under command of XXXXIX Army Corps, both then part of 1st Panzer Army under Army Group Vistula. On 8 May, the day of German surrender, the 153rd Grenadier Division was captured by Soviet forces at Deutsch-Brod.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 56], "content_span": [57, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012861-0000-0000", "contents": "153rd Infantry Regiment (United States)\nThe 153d Infantry Regiment (First Arkansas) is a United States infantry regiment, currently represented in the Arkansas Army National Guard by the 1st Battalion, 153rd Infantry, headquartered at Malvern, Arkansas, and 2nd Battalion, 153rd Infantry, headquartered at Searcy, Arkansas, elements of the 39th Brigade Combat Team. The regiment was also represented by the 3rd Battalion, 153rd Infantry Regiment headquartered at Warren, Arkansas until that unit was deactivated on 5 September 2005. The regiment was activated as the 1st Arkansas Volunteer Infantry for the Spanish\u2013American War, but did not deploy overseas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012861-0000-0001", "contents": "153rd Infantry Regiment (United States)\nThe regiment was activated for World War I, redesignated as the 153rd Infantry and shipped to France as a part of the 39th Division, but became a replacement division and personnel were reassigned to other AEF units. The regiment was activated for World War II and deployed to the Aleutian Islands, participating in the Aleutian Islands Campaign. Recently, elements of the regiment have participated in two deployments in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom, in 2004 and again in 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012861-0001-0000", "contents": "153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), Formation of the 1st Arkansas, State Troops\nTwo units claimed the name '1st Arkansas' during the American Civil War, one Confederate and one on the Union side, but neither have a direct connection to the 153d Infantry. These units were each recruited in the state by national governments for service in their respective army. Neither of them had any connection to the militia units of the State of Arkansas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 84], "content_span": [85, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012861-0002-0000", "contents": "153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), Formation of the 1st Arkansas, State Troops\nThe 1st Arkansas (State Troops) was organized from Volunteer Companies organized in the Arkansas State Militia. Several of these Volunteer Companies had participated in the seizure of the Federal Arsenal at Little Rock in January 1861. These units were enrolled in state service on 14 May 1861 at Mound City, six miles upstream of Memphis on the Mississippi River. Captain Patrick R. Cleburne, of the Yell Rifles, was appointed colonel of the regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 84], "content_span": [85, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012861-0002-0001", "contents": "153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), Formation of the 1st Arkansas, State Troops\nThis unit was placed under the command of Col. Patrick Cleburne, and was enrolled in Confederate service on 23 July 1861, at Pitman's Ferry, AR and was initially designated as the '1st Arkansas Infantry'. However, the Confederate War Department discovered that there was already a 1st Arkansas Infantry, under Colonel James Fleming Fagan. The 1st Regiment, Arkansasa State Troops, was thus redesignated as the 15th Arkansas Infantry Regiment, on 31 December 1861. Due to battle losses, the 13th and 15th Arkansas Regiments were consolidated on 20 December 1862, just before the Battle of Murfreesboro.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 84], "content_span": [85, 686]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012861-0002-0002", "contents": "153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), Formation of the 1st Arkansas, State Troops\nToward the end of the civil war, ten depleted Arkansas regiments, including the 15th Arkansas, were merged to form the 1st Arkansas Consolidated Infantry, 9 April 1865. This regiment surrendered with the Army of Tennessee at Greensboro, North Carolina, 26 April 1865. The 15th Arkansas was composed of Militia units from the following counties:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 84], "content_span": [85, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012861-0003-0000", "contents": "153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), Formation of the 1st Arkansas, State Troops\nNo connection between the 15th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (1st Arkansas State Troops) and the 1st Infantry, Arkansas State Guard, from which the 153rd Infantry Regiment was created, is formally recognized by the United States Army Center of Military History. Arkansas militia units were very active during the Reconstruction era, but interest in the militia waned in the years after Reconstruction ended and very little activity occurred above the local level for many years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 84], "content_span": [85, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012861-0004-0000", "contents": "153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), Post Civil War\nWhile the State Militia was heavily engaged in numerous civil disturbances following the Civil War, most notably the Brooks Baxter War, very little is known about the regimental organization of the units involved in these Reconstruction era conflicts. The Arkansas State Guard did not begin to take its modern form until the late 1890s. It was organized between 1890 and 1894 in the Arkansas State Guard as the 1st Regiment of Infantry, with its headquarters in Little Rock.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 55], "content_span": [56, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012861-0005-0000", "contents": "153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), Post Civil War, Post Reconstruction\nOfficially, the state militia of the 1880s and early 1890s consisted of the 1st and 2nd Infantry regiments, one battery of artillery, one troop cavalry, and one signal unit. In reality, interest in the state militia had waned following Reconstruction, and the state legislature failed to appropriate any funds to support the militia. The legislature had even abolished the office of adjutant general, so the only effective organization during this period was at the company level.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 76], "content_span": [77, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012861-0005-0001", "contents": "153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), Post Civil War, Post Reconstruction\nLocal militia units that existed were supported with private funds: local militia companies, such as the McCarthy Light Guards in Little Rock, participated in drill and ceremony competition; all their funding for travel, uniforms and equipment came from private sources. The McCarthy Light Guards organized in Little Rock in 1887 was named for John H. McCarthy, the local businessman who provided their uniforms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 76], "content_span": [77, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012861-0005-0002", "contents": "153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), Post Civil War, Post Reconstruction\nThe unit competed in several drill competitions, including the Interstate Competitive Drill at Galveston, Texas, where the unit placed third, at Atlanta in 1889 where they placed second, in Omaha in 1891 where they took second, and at Nashville Tennessee where they took first place. The unit was invited to attend the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago in 1893. The unit took fourth prize at the Interstate Competitive Drill conducted in its home town of Little Rock in 1894.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 76], "content_span": [77, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012861-0006-0000", "contents": "153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), Post Civil War, Reorganization of 1891\nIn 1891, Captain E. D. Thomas, a captain of the 5th Cavalry was ordered to make an inspection of Arkansas State Guard on behalf of the Inspector General of the Army. Upon reaching Little Rock, Captain Thomas found that the only military organizations in existence at that time in the state were at the local level. Captain Thomas indicated that regimental and brigade level organizations had not been maintained for several years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 79], "content_span": [80, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012861-0006-0001", "contents": "153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), Post Civil War, Reorganization of 1891\nThomas indicated that the existing local companies were supported through benevolence and that the state had not even applied to utilize funds for the support of the militia which had recently been approved of by Congress. Captain Thomas' visit apparently spurred the state into action because he indicated that the following order had been issued prior to his departure from Little Rock:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 79], "content_span": [80, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012861-0007-0000", "contents": "153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), Post Civil War, Reorganization of 1891\nThe First Regiment Arkansas State guard is hereby authorized, constituted, and organized, and will be composed of the following companies of the State guard troops, and will hereafter be known and designated as such in official reports and orders from these headquarters. Returns and reports from the different companies composing the same as the First Regiment Arkansas State guard, viz:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 79], "content_span": [80, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012861-0008-0000", "contents": "153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), Post Civil War, Reorganization of 1891\nThe companies will be permitted to retain, when operating independently, their local designation or name. The captains of the companies will report by letter to the colonel commanding the regiment of the exact condition of arms, amount of instruction, uniforms, and number of men available for active service and the average attendance at all the drills.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 79], "content_span": [80, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012861-0009-0000", "contents": "153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), Post Civil War, Reorganization of 1891\nThe following regimental officers were appointed by Adjutant General Files:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 79], "content_span": [80, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012861-0010-0000", "contents": "153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), Post Civil War, Reorganization of 1891\nCol. Waldron was ordered to take necessary steps to completely organize, and equip his regiment, making all necessary appointments of non-commissioned officers. He was authorized to make such visits and inspections as he deemed proper in the performance of his duty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 79], "content_span": [80, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012861-0011-0000", "contents": "153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), Post Civil War, Reorganization of 1897\nIn January 1897 Governor Daniel W. Jones took office and although the position of adjutant general had still not been re-authorized by the state legislature at this time, Jones appointed Brigadier General Arthur Neill as his private secretary and acting adjutant general. The new governor and adjutant general began a massive reorganization of the Arkansas State Guard; two additional regiments of infantry, another troop of cavalry, and another battery of artillery were added. The state was divided by the Arkansas River into two military districts. The 1st Regiment, Arkansas State Guards was assigned to the Southern District.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 79], "content_span": [80, 710]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012861-0012-0000", "contents": "153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), Spanish\u2013American War\nOn 25 April 1898, President William McKinley called upon the State to supply two infantry regiments for the Spanish\u2013American War. As none of the regiments were in acceptable condition to deploy \u2013 only two companies were determined fit to be mustered into service intact \u2013 the decision was made to create two new infantry regiments from the available manpower. The 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th Regiments of Infantry, Arkansas State Guard, were reorganized, redesignated and mustered into federal service between 14\u201325 May 1898 at Little Rock as the 1st and 2nd Arkansas Volunteer Infantry. Governor Jones intended that all sections of the State be represented as far as possible, so the two new Regiments were created from selected State Guard companies and from different sections of the state. Pursuant to the Governor's direction the 1st Arkansas Volunteer Infantry was organized as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 949]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012861-0013-0000", "contents": "153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), Spanish\u2013American War\nThe newly formed 1st Arkansas Volunteer Infantry did not see combat during the Spanish\u2013American War. The regiment, commanded by Colonel Elias Chandler, along with the 2nd Arkansas Volunteer Infantry was sent to Camp George H. Thomas at Chickamauga Park, Georgia in May 1898. The 1st Arkansas Volunteer Infantry was still there participating in basic training when the war effectively ended with the fall of Cuba and the signing of an armistice in early August. The 1st Arkansas Volunteer Infantry mustered out of Federal Service on 25 October 1899 at Little Rock, Arkansas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012861-0014-0000", "contents": "153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), The State Guard becomes the National Guard\nThe Militia Act of 1903 (32 Stat. 775), also known as the Dick Act, organized the various state militias into the present National Guard system. The act was passed in response to the demonstrated weaknesses in the militia, and in the entire U.S. military in the Spanish\u2013American War of 1898.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 83], "content_span": [84, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012861-0015-0000", "contents": "153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), The State Guard becomes the National Guard\nU.S. Senator Charles W. F. Dick, a Major General in the Ohio National Guard who chaired the Committee on the Militia, sponsored the 1903 Act towards the end of the 57th United States Congress. This legislation, passed 21 January 1903, gave federal status to the state militia, and required them to conform to Regular Army organization within five years. The act also required National Guard units to attend 24 drills and five days' annual training a year, and provided for pay for annual training for the first time. In return for the increased Federal funding which the act made available, militia units had to meet certain standards, and were subject to inspection by Regular Army officers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 83], "content_span": [84, 776]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012861-0016-0000", "contents": "153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), The State Guard becomes the National Guard\nIn Arkansas, re-organization of the Arkansas State Guard actually began in 1901 under Governor Jeff Davis. Major General W.M. Maynes, in a biennial report dated 31 December 1906 provided an overview of the status of the Arkansas Militia. The Militia was subdivided by statute into the State Guard, or active organize militia, and the Reserve Militia. The State Guard, or regularly enlisted, organized and uniformed militia, was at a total strength of 1,274 personnel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 83], "content_span": [84, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012861-0016-0001", "contents": "153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), The State Guard becomes the National Guard\nThe Federal Government appropriated $35,956.86 for the support of the Arkansas State Guard in that year and the Adjutant General applied to the General Assembly for appropriation of one half the Federal appropriation. Beginning with the passage of the \"Dick\" Act, the Arkansas State Guard was henceforth called the 'Arkansas National Guard'. The units retained their designations as the 1st Arkansas Infantry, 2nd Arkansas Infantry, etc., until the beginning of World War I, when all National Guard units were redesignated with federal numbers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 83], "content_span": [84, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012861-0017-0000", "contents": "153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), The State Guard becomes the National Guard, Geographic reorganization\nFor several years, the state had been organized with the 1st Infantry being stationed north of the Arkansas River and the 2nd Infantry stationed south of the river. But in 1909, the Adjutant General, General Green, determined that the disposition of new railroads and highways had made the existing stationing plan inefficient. He issued General Order No 35 which reorganized the regiments and battalions and changed the letter designations of some of the companies. The regiments were re-stationed so that the 1st Infantry was situated in the eastern part of the state, with its principle \"concentration point\" being Little Rock, and the 2nd Infantry was stationed in the western part of the state, concentrated around Fort Smith.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 110], "content_span": [111, 842]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012861-0018-0000", "contents": "153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), The State Guard becomes the National Guard, Increased training with new funding\nWith the new Federal funding in place State National Guard units were encouraged to participate in biennial encampments with the regular army. In 1906 Arkansas sent one provisional regiment to Fort Riley, Kansas for training. In 1908 a provisional regiment trained at Leon Springs, Texas. In 1910 Arkansas Troops were invited back to Leon Springs, Texas for a 12-day encampment and the federal government provided $25,000 to defray the costs of the encampment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 120], "content_span": [121, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012861-0019-0000", "contents": "153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), The State Guard becomes the National Guard, Increased training with new funding\nCompanies A-D-F-H-I and M of the 1st Infantry participated in an encampment at Dardanelle, Arkansas from 9\u201318 August 1909. The units were trained by members of the 1st Battalion, 16th Infantry, U.S. Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 120], "content_span": [121, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012861-0020-0000", "contents": "153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), Mexican Border Campaign\nIn July 1916, the entire Arkansas National Guard was mobilized for federal service on the Mexican border. The 1st and 2nd Infantry Regiments were stationed near Deming, New Mexico, as part of support troops for the 'Pancho Villa Expedition', led by General John J. Pershing. The 1st Arkansas did not engage in Mexico and returned to Little Rock in February, mustering out of service 19\u201324 February at Fort Logan H. Roots.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 64], "content_span": [65, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012861-0020-0001", "contents": "153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), Mexican Border Campaign\nThis mobilization of the National Guard along the Mexican border was the training ground for many future leaders of the Arkansas National Guard \u2013 many of the officers who led Arkansas National Guard units in the early years of World War I and World War II began their service on the Mexican border.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 64], "content_span": [65, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012861-0021-0000", "contents": "153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), World War I, Status on eve of war\nWhen the United States declared war on Germany 6 April 1917, less than two months had passed since the 1st Arkansas had completed mustering out from duty on the Mexican border. In March, 1917, the Arkansas National Guard had been in danger of having its federal recognition withdrawn due to poor enlistment levels. Company \"E\", 1st Arkansas Infantry, Little Rock Company, had only twenty men and were thirty-two men short \u2013 the businessmen of Little Rock were unenthusiastic, and employers would not let men off for training and would discourage their employees from joining.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 74], "content_span": [75, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012861-0022-0000", "contents": "153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), World War I, Mobilization\nWhile Congress was debating the declaration of war the 1st Regiment was mobilized 31 March 1917, and began reporting to Fort Roots in North Little Rock. With the increased speculation of the entry of the United States in the war in Europe, plans for mobilization were published. The War Department initially called the 1st Regiment of the Arkansas National Guard into federal service for the purpose of police protection. Meanwhile, Governor Charles H. Brough was planning to withhold $25,000 of the State's appropriation to the Arkansas National Guard, hoping that the federal government would bear the financial burden of the Arkansas National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 719]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012861-0023-0000", "contents": "153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), World War I, Mobilization\nThe units of the 1st Arkansas were to proceed to Ft. Roots outside of Little Rock for mobilization when the companies had reached the minimum company strength of sixty-five men. The minimum strength was difficult to achieve because of new orders from the War Department mustering out guardsmen with families and those with previous orders. This released all men employed in government work. To counteract the men mustered out, companies were held at their home stations as long as possible to stimulate recruiting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012861-0023-0001", "contents": "153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), World War I, Mobilization\nNational Guard officers understood that when a company left its home station the boys of the community lost interest in joining the Guard for fear that they would not be assigned to their local company. Recruiting for the Guard was greatly aided when Armour, one of the largest companies in Little Rock, gave the difference between salaries to its regular employees who had enlisted in the Arkansas National Guard before 31 March 1917, and were called into active service. Individuals also were exemplifying patriotism; one man upon learning the need of men for the National Guard, left his work in the fields and walked thirty miles to enlist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 711]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012861-0024-0000", "contents": "153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), World War I, Mobilization\nBy 4 April 1917, the 1st Arkansas Regiment was ready to move to Little Rock, and company commanders were ordered to report by wire the hour and date they expected to leave their home stations. New companies at Forrest City, Dewitt, Rison, and Fordyce were being organized with the idea of \"beating Uncle Sam\" and not being drafted. The 2nd Arkansas Regiment was on forty-eight-hour standby and had not received mobilization orders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012861-0025-0000", "contents": "153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), World War I, Mobilization\nTo equip the companies of the 1st Arkansas, U.S. Arsenals sent to Ft. Roots 2,000 rifles, 1,500 uniforms, 2,000 blankets, 1,000 cots, 2,000 pairs of shoes, and 100 pyramidal tents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012861-0026-0000", "contents": "153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), World War I, Mobilization\nPolicies were established to cope with men unable to pass physical examinations. It was determined that these men were to be mustered into Federal service, their status remaining the same as those men passing the physical examination. After being mustered into Federal service, the men who did not pass the physical examination were discharged and given free passage home. The 1st Arkansas Infantry had a discharge rate because of physical defects of only 12 per cent; when the 1st Arkansas Infantry was mobilized for duty on the Mexican border the discharge rate was 50 per cent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012861-0027-0000", "contents": "153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), World War I, Mobilization\nThe first military assignment of the Arkansas National Guard was to \"find and destroy\" a \"spy\" wireless station located somewhere in the Blue Mountains. This they found on the highest peak in the state, Mt. Magazine \u2013 a disused and forgotten radio station that had been used by the Government Geodetic Survey Corps. The second military campaign, concerning the right of the governor to order a detail of Arkansas National Guards to Bauzite, was fought on paper between Colonel James, Commanding Officer of the Arkansas National Guard, and Governor Brough. The need for troops at Bauxite was due to a German flag being flown by a grape grower. Colonel James refused to send troops on the grounds that he took his orders from General Pershing. The matter was settled when the flag disappeared.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 858]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012861-0028-0000", "contents": "153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), World War I, Mobilization\nThe 1st Arkansas was assigned the duty of guarding the State Capital, which contained the arsenal of the Arkansas National Guard. Troops were placed in and around the building, and only persons authorized by the Secretary of State, T. J. Terral, could be admitted to the grounds. Company \"B\" (from Beebe) of the 1st Arkansas Regiment, the first company assigned guard duty, camped on the west side of the Capital. Four nights later the men from Company \"B\" could claim another first for their company when two guardsmen fired eight shots and frightened off an intruder.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012861-0029-0000", "contents": "153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), World War I, Mobilization\nRumors that the 1st Arkansas would be assigned to levee and bridge guard duties throughout the state proved to be false when the men were put to work clearing land for a new campsite for the 1st Arkansas. When 7,000 Reserve Officer candidates were sent to Ft. Roots, the 1st Arkansas gave up their barracks for tents. The 1st Arkansas soldiers were given vaccinations against smallpox and typhoid fever, and then ordered to clear out brush and trees, work on post roads, and guard the camp.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012861-0030-0000", "contents": "153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), World War I, Mobilization\nOn 18 May 1917, the Arkansas National Guard was notified that the Guard as a whole would be called into federal service on 5 August 1917. This announcement caused the 1st Arkansas to start military training. One-third of the men resumed drilling and training while the other men completed the construction on Ft. Root.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012861-0031-0000", "contents": "153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), World War I, Mobilization\nOutside of work at Ft. Root, however, the Arkansas soldiers were treated to dances and banquets by the citizens of Little Rock. The men of Company \"B\" of the 1st Arkansas solicited funds at the Capital and used the money to buy baseball suits and baseball materials. The men also enjoyed a \"breezy\" newspaper devoted to the interest of the Arkansas National Guard, named the Volunteer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012861-0032-0000", "contents": "153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), World War I, Mobilization\nThe Arkansas National Guard was initially informed that its units would be assigned to the Eighteenth Division, along with the states of Mississippi and Louisiana. The state was directed to raise one regiment of infantry, one regiment of field artillery, and one outpost of company signal corps. After hearing the news, the men of the Arkansas National Guard stepped up their training with intensified cross county hiking, drilling, and maneuvering.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012861-0033-0000", "contents": "153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), World War I, Mobilization\nBy 16 July 1917, the 1st Arkansas included the following units:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012861-0034-0000", "contents": "153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), World War I, Mobilization\nOn 18 July 1917, the 1st Arkansas was assigned to Camp Beauregard (Alexandria, Louisiana), for training as the Eighteenth Division. By 24 July 1917, Company \"B\" from Beebe was the only unit of the 1st Arkansas National Guard having a full war quota of men after physical examination for Federal service. On 26 July 1917, the first guardsman was killed when James Voinche, Company I, 1st Arkansas Infantry, was killed by a streetcar in Little Rock.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012861-0035-0000", "contents": "153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), World War I, Mobilization\nBy August, 1917, the 1st Arkansas had become proficient in firing rifles and had practiced bayoneting dummies; the machine gun company had their target practice at Pinnacle Mountain. The chaplain of the 1st Arkansas kept the regiment's history. Because Ft. Roots was designated a base hospital, the men of the 1st Arkansas were transferred from Ft. Roots to the adjacent Camp Pike, and were permitted to sleep in the barracks. The tents were packed by the men with hopes that they would not be unpacked until arrival in France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012861-0036-0000", "contents": "153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), World War I, Mobilization\nThe 1st Arkansas Regiment Band appeared in a War Department film in 1917. Little Rock also hosted the largest Southwest parade in over thirty years \u2013 the Eighty-seventh Division, Arkansas National Guard, National Army, and the Iowa Field Artillery participated. This was the last parade in the state of Arkansas for many members of the Arkansas National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012861-0037-0000", "contents": "153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), World War I, Movement to Camp Beauregard\nIn late September, 1917, the Arkansas National Guard moved by train to Camp Beauregard in Alexandria, Louisiana. The trip took about fourteen hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 81], "content_span": [82, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012861-0038-0000", "contents": "153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), World War I, Re-numbering and loss of state designations\nUpon reaching Camp Beauregard, all National Guard units were stripped of their state designations and re-numbered under a new federal system: The 18th Division was redesignated as the 39th Division. The 1st Arkansas Infantry Regiment became the 153rd Infantry Regiment,", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 97], "content_span": [98, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012861-0039-0000", "contents": "153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), World War I, Re-numbering and loss of state designations\nAn outbreak of measles in the later part of October 1917 kept the men from drilling. Regardless, in January, 1918, the National Guard Reserve was transferred to the active list. However, in the same month, Alexandria, Louisiana, was made off limits, and visits by other regiments were banned due to an outbreak of meningitis. During this time, the soldiers were instructed in the use of deadly gases and then exposed to tear gas. The curfew concerning Alexandria lasted until 6 March 1918. The soldiers complained about the bugs and were anxious to go to France. By March 1918, the soldiers had received new Enfield rifles. In early October, 1918, after the departure of most Arkansas soldiers, Camp Beauregard was struck by Spanish influenza which led into lobar pneumonia; all available facilities were used and hospitals became overcrowded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 97], "content_span": [98, 941]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012861-0040-0000", "contents": "153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), World War I, Re-numbering and loss of state designations\nThe 1st Arkansas passed in review for the first time in February for Arkansas Adjutant-General England, and the entire 39th Division passed in review in April for the Governors of Mississippi and Louisiana.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 97], "content_span": [98, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012861-0041-0000", "contents": "153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), World War I, Deployment to France\nDue to a lack of replacements for units already in combat in Europe, enlisted soldiers of the 39th Division were offered the opportunity to volunteer to deploy early ahead of the reset of the division. This chance to volunteer for immediate combat was offered to approximately five thousand troops. In June, 1918, these volunteer enlisted personnel from the 153rd (old 1st Arkansas) and 154th (composed of part of the old 2nd and 3rd Arkansas) Infantry, began arriving in France. The movement consisted of only twenty per cent of each organization, and the officers did not accompany their troops but remained at Camp Beauregard with the other eighty per cent still in training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 74], "content_span": [75, 753]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012861-0042-0000", "contents": "153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), World War I, Deployment to France\nThe 39th Division, less its artillery units, left Camp Beauregard 1 August 1918 and sailed for overseas service 6 August 1918. The units of the 39th Division arrived in France between 12 August and 12 September 1918. They were then sent to the St. Florent area, southwest of Bourges, where it was designated as a replacement division. In November, 1918, it moved to St. Aignan. There, several of the units were transferred to combat divisions. The Division was never a front line division; therefore, it never advanced any miles, captured any prisoners nor received any replacements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 74], "content_span": [75, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012861-0042-0001", "contents": "153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), World War I, Deployment to France\nThe Division was designated as the Fifth Depot Division on 14 August 1918, and moved to Charost and Mehun-sur-Yeure Area southwest of Bourges. The units of the Division for the most part were training cadres whose duties were to receive, train, equip, and forward replacements of both officers and men for the infantry units, machine gun units, and for ammunition and supply trains. On 29 October 1918, orders directed that the Division be attached to the 1st Depot Division at St-Aignan-Noyers and Loir-et-Cher.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 74], "content_span": [75, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012861-0043-0000", "contents": "153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), World War I, Deployment to France\nWhile the 153rd Infantry did not see combat as a regiment due to its use as replacements, several of its soldiers did participate in combat. In a letter home in August 1918, a guardsman from the old Company \"I\" of the 1st Arkansas National Guard, described the fighting and sent a coat lapel which he stated belonged to the \"best soldier for the Crown Prince\", a German soldier whom the Arkansan had apparently killed in combat. The Arkansas Guardsmen also stated that the German soldiers were best at running. About the same time letters were being received in Arkansas from soldiers of the old 1st and 3rd Arkansas National Guard Regiments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 74], "content_span": [75, 717]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012861-0044-0000", "contents": "153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), World War I, Demobilization\nMost former Arkansas guardsmen began returning to the United States during January and February 1919. The Division returned to the United States for demobilization during the period between 30 November 1918, and 1 May 1919. The Division demobilized the following month at Camp Beauregard, Louisiana. With the war ended, the 153rd Infantry landed in Hoboken, New Jersey, 27 February 1919, making the crossing aboard the USS President Grant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 68], "content_span": [69, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012861-0045-0000", "contents": "153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), Between the World Wars, The 5th Arkansas\nAs it became clear that the Arkansas National Guard units mobilized for World War I would not simply revert to state control but were, in fact, being disbanded upon demobilization, the state petitioned the War Department to be allowed to establish several new units: Arkansas was initially authorized to form the Fifth Regiment, Arkansas Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 81], "content_span": [82, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012861-0046-0000", "contents": "153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), Between the World Wars, The 5th Arkansas\nA proclamation was issued by the Governor on 7 November 1919, calling upon every county and city to co-operation in the organizing of at least one National Guard Company in each county. A campaign was launched in January 1920 by bringing the Regimental Commander, Colonel Ebenezer L. Compere, and a group of officers and enlisted soldiers who toured through sixty four of the state's largest cities to raise awareness and support of the National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 81], "content_span": [82, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012861-0047-0000", "contents": "153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), Between the World Wars, The 5th Arkansas\nAs a result of this campaign, the following units were authorized to expand the new 5th Arkansas Infantry:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 81], "content_span": [82, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012861-0048-0000", "contents": "153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), Between the World Wars, Re-Constitution of 153rd Infantry Regiment\nBy 1921 the state had been authorized to reconstitute its war time units. The 5th Arkansas Infantry was reorganized as the 153rd Infantry and the 141st Machine Gun battalion. The 153rd Infantry was stationed as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 107], "content_span": [108, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012861-0049-0000", "contents": "153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), Between the World Wars, Organization in 1926\nThe follow unit locations were reported in the Arkansas Adjutant General's Report for 1926.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 85], "content_span": [86, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012861-0050-0000", "contents": "153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II\nThe 153rd Infantry Regiment was ordered to active duty 23 December 1940, as a part of a one-year mobilization of the National Guard in preparation for World War II and spent the next 10 days at what is now the University of Central Arkansas. The 153rd then moved to Camp Robinson and completed basic training. Moving to Camp Forrest, Tenn., the regiment spent six-week in maneuvers and returned to Camp Robinson for a few days of leave before shipping out to Camp Murray, Wash., on 20 August 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 53], "content_span": [54, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012861-0051-0000", "contents": "153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II\nThe 153rd, along with the 206th Coast Artillery Regiment arrived in Alaska in August 1941. The 1st and 3rd Battalions were posted to Annette Island and Seward, Nome and Yakutat, Alaska. The 2nd Battalion was stationed on Umnak Island, west of Dutch Harbor and took part in the occupation of Adak Island and the assault on Kiska. 15 August 1943, part of the Aleutian Islands Campaign. The Japanese had secretly abandoned Kiska only days before the invasion by U.S. forces. The recapture of Kiska brought the Aleutian Islands campaign to a close.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 53], "content_span": [54, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012861-0052-0000", "contents": "153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II\nThe 153rd returned to Camp Shelby, Miss., on 21 March 1944 and was deactivated on 30 June 1944; its soldiers assigned to other units as replacements. Many returned to Camp Robinson as cadre.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 53], "content_span": [54, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012861-0053-0000", "contents": "153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), The Cold War\nThe 153rd Infantry was reconstituted on 30 September 1946 as an element of the 39th Infantry Division. It was composed of units from Arkansas and Louisiana, with its headquarters stationed at New Orleans, Louisiana and the Arkansas portion headquartered in Little Rock Arkansas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 53], "content_span": [54, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012861-0054-0000", "contents": "153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), The Cold War, Task Force 153rd and Little Rock Central High School integration\nThe United States Supreme Court ruled 17 May 1954 that racial segregation in a public school is unconstitutional. That ruling would place the Arkansas National Guard in a unique position that offered a chance to demonstrate the professionalism of citizen-soldiers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 119], "content_span": [120, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012861-0055-0000", "contents": "153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), The Cold War, Task Force 153rd and Little Rock Central High School integration\nAfter a series of legal proceedings the Federal District Court ordered the Little Rock School District to proceed with its integration plans when school opened 3 September 1957. Governor Orval Faubus ordered the Arkansas National Guard to Little Rock Central High School 2 September 1957 because he had evidence \"that there is imminent danger of tumult, riot and breach of peace and the doing of violence to persons and property.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 119], "content_span": [120, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012861-0055-0001", "contents": "153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), The Cold War, Task Force 153rd and Little Rock Central High School integration\nThe Governor initially ordered to state duty the State Headquarters Detachment, the Base Detachment at Adams Field and any other units the Adjutant General felt necessary to \"accomplish the mission of maintaining or restoring law and order and to preserve the peace, health, safety and security of the citizens of Pulaski County, Arkansas.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 119], "content_span": [120, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012861-0056-0000", "contents": "153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), The Cold War, Task Force 153rd and Little Rock Central High School integration\nMajor General Sherman T. Clinger, the Adjutant General of Arkansas, assembled a force of 289 soldiers under command of LTC Marion Johnson. On 4 September 1957 LTC Johnson told nine black students who were attempting to enter Central High School to return home. The National Guard presence gradually decreased to a 15-man day and night shift. The National Guard was replaced by the Little Rock City Police Friday, 20 September 1957.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 119], "content_span": [120, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012861-0057-0000", "contents": "153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), The Cold War, Task Force 153rd and Little Rock Central High School integration\nOn Monday, 23 September 1957 eight black students entered Central High. When word spread that the students were inside a crowd of approximately 1,000 gathered outside the school. There was a concern that the police would not be able to handle the crowd, but tensions eased when the black students were removed from Central. A force of 150 Guardsmen had been assembled and placed on five-minute notice to assist the police at Central, but they were not called on.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 119], "content_span": [120, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012861-0058-0000", "contents": "153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), The Cold War, Task Force 153rd and Little Rock Central High School integration\nPresident Dwight D. Eisenhower federalized the entire Arkansas National Guard on 24 September, and unit members began assembling at home stations throughout the night. On the 24th elements of the 101st Airborne Division began arriving at Little Rock and took up positions around Central High. That same day the Adjutant General met with the commander of the Arkansas Military District and was ordered to assemble a force at Camp Robinson for duty at Central High. Those units were:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 119], "content_span": [120, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012861-0059-0000", "contents": "153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), The Cold War, Task Force 153rd and Little Rock Central High School integration\nThis force, consisting of 107 officers, 15 warrant officers and 1184 enlisted men, closed on Camp Robinson just after noon on the 25th. The National Guard soldiers were told, \"Our mission is to enforce the orders of the Federal Courts with respect to the attendance at the public schools of Little Rock of all those who are properly enrolled, and to maintain law and order while doing so... Our individual feelings towards those court orders should have no influence on our execution of the mission.\" Said one Arkansas Guard major, \"We have been ordered to maintain the peace and that is what we intend to do.\" The remainder of Arkansas National Guard units remained at home station and conducted training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 119], "content_span": [120, 826]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012861-0060-0000", "contents": "153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), The Cold War, Task Force 153rd and Little Rock Central High School integration\nBeginning with night patrols on the 25th the Arkansas units worked with the 101st, gradually taking over more of the responsibility. By the 30th the Arkansas National Guard had full responsibility for escorting the black students to and from Central High and for providing them protection while inside the school. The majority of the Arkansas National Guard was released from active duty 1 October 1957. The initial force of 1200 assembled at Camp Robinson for duty at Central High School was gradually reduced to 435 officers and men. 1st Battalion, 153rd Infantry Regiment (referred to as Task Force 153rd Infantry in the situational reports to President Eisenhower) performed this duty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 119], "content_span": [120, 809]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012861-0061-0000", "contents": "153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), The Cold War, Task Force 153rd and Little Rock Central High School integration\nFrom December 1957 through May 1958, Task Force 153rd Infantry maintained one Platoon at Central High School, one Platoon on thirty-minute recall at Camp Robinson, one Company on one hour recall, and the remainder of the battalion remained on duty at Camp Robinson. Members of the unit were involved in breaking up assaults on members of the Little Rock Nine by white students and responding to bomb threats against the school as late as February 1958. On 8 May 1958, the last three Arkansas National Guard soldiers withdrew from Central High School.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 119], "content_span": [120, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012861-0062-0000", "contents": "153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), The Cold War, Task Force 153rd and Little Rock Central High School integration\nThe 153rd Infantry's actions in the face of intense national scrutiny were applauded by people on both sides of the Central High School Integration Crisis. Harry Ashmore, editor of the Arkansas Gazette newspaper, who won the Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Writing, \"For the forcefulness, dispassionate analysis and clarity of his editorials on the school integration conflict in Little Rock,\" said that no one, whatever his beliefs on school integration, could feel anything but admiration for the way the Arkansas Guardsmen went calmly about their duties, steering clear of partisan pressure. Little Rock School Superintendent Virgil Blossom said, \"I have nothing but praise for the Guardsmen and the manner in which they performed a trying job under difficult circumstances.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 119], "content_span": [120, 895]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012861-0063-0000", "contents": "153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), The Cold War, Reorganization of 1959, the Pentomic Division\nIn 1959, the 39th Division was reorganized, along with all other National Guard divisions, in accordance with the new Pentomic Division Concept. This concept attempted to provide a new divisional structure to fight on the atomic battlefield.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 100], "content_span": [101, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012861-0064-0000", "contents": "153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), The Cold War, Reorganization of 1959, the Pentomic Division, Regiments no longer tactical units\nThe reorganization resulted in the end of the regiment as a tactical unit in the United States Army. Traditionally, regiments were the basic branch element, especially for the infantry, and their long histories had produced deep traditions considered essential to unit esprit de corps. The new divisional structure, replacing infantry regiments with anonymous battle groups, threatened to destroy all of these traditions. Secretary of the Army Wilber M. Brucker settled the question on 24 January 1957 when he approved the Combat Arms Regimental System.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 136], "content_span": [137, 690]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012861-0064-0001", "contents": "153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), The Cold War, Reorganization of 1959, the Pentomic Division, Regiments no longer tactical units\nAlthough regiments (armored cavalry notwithstanding) would no longer exist as tactical units, certain distinguished regiments were to become \"parent\" organizations for the combat arms. Under the new concept, the Department of the Army assumed control of regimental headquarters\u00a0\u2013 the repository for a unit's lineage, honors, and traditions\u00a0\u2013 and used elements of the regiments to organize battle groups, battalions, squadrons, companies, batteries, and troops, which shared in the history and honors of their parent units. In place of the regiment or brigade, the new Pentomic Infantry Division fielded five \"Battle Groups\", each containing 1,356 soldiers. The 153rd Infantry was reorganized 1 June 1959 as a parent regiment under the Combat Arms Regimental System, to consist of the 1st, and 2nd, Battle Groups, elements of the 39th Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 136], "content_span": [137, 989]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012861-0065-0000", "contents": "153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), The Cold War, Reorganization of 1963\nBy 1963 the Army again changed the basic design for an Infantry Division. The Battle Groups of the Pentomic Division had proved to be unwieldy, and it was felt that their span of control was not sufficient to handle all of the various units and troops assigned to their command. The army reverted to the infantry battalion as the basic building block and provided for additional command and control by providing a brigade headquarters. The 1st and 2nd Brigades, 39th Division were allocated to the Louisiana National Guard, while the 3rd Brigade was allocated to the Arkansas National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 77], "content_span": [78, 669]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012861-0065-0001", "contents": "153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), The Cold War, Reorganization of 1963\nThe 153rd Infantry was reorganized to consist of the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Battalions. For information on the 153rd Infantry Regiment after 1963, please see 39th Infantry Brigade Combat Team (United States) or the individual battalion histories. 1st Battalion, 153rd Infantry Regiment; 2nd Battalion, 153rd Infantry Regiment; and 3rd Battalion, 153rd Infantry Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 77], "content_span": [78, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012861-0066-0000", "contents": "153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), The Cold War, 39th Division reorganized as 39th Infantry Brigade (Separate)\nOn 1 December 1967, the 39th Division was reorganized and redesignated as the 39th Infantry Brigade. The 153rd Infantry Regiment was represented in the new 39th Infantry Brigade (Separate) by the 1st, 2nd and 3rd Battalions, 153rd Infantry. The 3rd Battalion, 153rd Infantry was inactivated in 2005. The current active units of the 153rd Infantry Regiment are the 1st and 2nd Battalions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 116], "content_span": [117, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012861-0067-0000", "contents": "153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), Past commanders\nCOL Ebenezer L. Compere, 1920\u20131921, commanded the 5th Arkansas following WWI", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 56], "content_span": [57, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012861-0068-0000", "contents": "153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), Heraldry\nBackground: The distinctive unit insignia and coat of arms were originally approved for the 153rd Regiment Infantry on 6 January 1930. The Great Bear's Face was added on 4 June 1951 to represent the unit's service in Alaska during World War II. The DUI had also been amended on 30 June 1930.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 49], "content_span": [50, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012861-0069-0000", "contents": "153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), Heraldry, Distinctive unit insignia\nA silver-color metal and enamel device 1 \u215b\u00a0inches (2.86\u00a0cm) in height overall consisting of a shield blazoned: Azure, a bend wavy between a fleur-de-lis and a giant cactus Argent; on a chief of the last a Great Bear's face of the like fimbriated of the first, lips and tongue Gules. Attached below the shield is a blue motto scroll inscribed \"LET'S GO\" in silver letters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 76], "content_span": [77, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012861-0070-0000", "contents": "153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), Heraldry, Distinctive unit insignia\nSymbolism: The shield is blue for Infantry. The wavy bend, representing the Arkansas River, refers to the geographic location of the regiment. The cactus symbolizes service on the Mexican border and the fleur-de-lis service in France during World War I. The Great Bear's face from the shoulder sleeve insignia of the Alaskan Department symbolizes service in that area in World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 76], "content_span": [77, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012861-0071-0000", "contents": "153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), Heraldry, Coat of arms\nBlazon:Shield: Azure, a bend wavy between a fleur-de-lis and a giant cactus Argent; on a chief of the last a Great Bear's face of the like fimbriated of the first, lips and tongue Gules.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 63], "content_span": [64, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012861-0072-0000", "contents": "153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), Heraldry, Coat of arms\nCrest: That for the regiments of the Arkansas National Guard: On a wreath of the colors (Argent and Azure) above two sprays of apple blossoms Proper a diamond Argent charged with four mullets Azure, one in upper point and three in lower, within a bordure of the last bearing twenty-five mullets of the second.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 63], "content_span": [64, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012861-0073-0000", "contents": "153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), Heraldry, Coat of arms\nSymbolism: The shield is blue for Infantry. The wavy bend, representing the Arkansas River, refers to the geographic location of the regiment. The cactus symbolizes service on the Mexican border and the fleur-de-lis service in France during World War I. The Great Bear's face from the shoulder sleeve insignia of the Alaskan Department symbolizes service in that area in World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 63], "content_span": [64, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012862-0000-0000", "contents": "153rd Military Police Company (United States)\nThe 153rd Military Police Company (Combat Support) is a unit in the Delaware Army National Guard. The 153rd MP Company, founded in 1996, is home stationed at Fort DuPont in Delaware City, Delaware. Since 1996 the 153rd has conducted missions in Panama, Saudi Arabia, Italy, Germany, Iraq, Kuwait, Afghanistan, and other locations across the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012862-0001-0000", "contents": "153rd Military Police Company (United States), History\nSince 1996 the 153rd Military Police Company has conducted operations in support of Operation Roving Sands, Operation Blue Crab, Operation Enduring Freedom, Hurricane Katrina Relief, Operation Jump Start, Operation Iraqi Freedom, and the 2009 Presidential Inauguration.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012862-0002-0000", "contents": "153rd Military Police Company (United States), Saudi Arabia\nIn September 2002 the 153rd Military Police Company was deployed to Eskan Village, Saudi Arabia, conducting force protection operations. The Delaware military police unit was augmented with one platoon from the 28th Military Police Company from the Pennsylvania National Guard's 28th Infantry Division. The two MP units were under the command and control of the Third United States Army during the nine-month deployment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 59], "content_span": [60, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012862-0003-0000", "contents": "153rd Military Police Company (United States), Hurricane Katrina Relief\nOn 31 August 2005 \"Task Force Delaware\" composed of 153rd MPs and the Delaware Air National Guard's 166th Security Forces deployed to Gulfport, Mississippi in response to Hurricane Katrina. The joint task force operated 24-hour traffic control points, roving patrols, presence patrols, as well as conducting humanitarian operations in the Gulfport, Long Beach, Biloxi, and Pass Christian areas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 71], "content_span": [72, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012862-0004-0000", "contents": "153rd Military Police Company (United States), Operation Iraqi Freedom\nFrom 6 June 2007\u2013 28 May 2008, the 153rd MP Company was deployed to Iraq. During the deployment the 153rd was attached to the HHC of the 18th Military Police Brigade, as well as administratively attached to the 720th Military Police Battalion. The company's main body was based out of Camp Liberty, and its 3rd Platoon element based out of FOB Kalsu, south of Baghdad. 3rd Platoon \"Punishers\" were under the tactical control of the 2nd Brigade, 3rd Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 70], "content_span": [71, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012862-0005-0000", "contents": "153rd Military Police Company (United States), Operation Iraqi Freedom\nThe 1st Platoon \"Smokin' Aces\" provided police training and health and welfare inspections at the Criminal Investigative Division Academy, and training the Protective Services Detail (PSD) of the CID Iraqi Commanding General. They conducted training classes on weapons safety, combat life saving techniques, vehicle searches, handcuffing, armed/unarmed self-defense, as well as personal search techniques. First Platoon also conducted the national level PTT mission at the CID Headquarters, and conducted combat patrols and PSD for the 89th and 18th Military Police Brigades. Second Platoon \"War Pigs\" conducted force protection at the Iraqi Police academies at Fiji and Furat, and conducted one of the largest daylight logistics mission delivering donated Japanese motorcycles to the Iraqi Traffic Police. Second Platoon elements also conducted several humanitarian operations to local schools and medical centers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 70], "content_span": [71, 986]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012862-0006-0000", "contents": "153rd Military Police Company (United States), Operation Iraqi Freedom\nThe Operations Platoon \"Blacksheep\" operated a 24-hour tactical operations center (TOC), conducted combat patrols, and PTT missions to the prison at CID Headquarters. Operations Platoon elements were also detached to provide protective services for General Raymond T. Odierno, Commanding General, III Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 70], "content_span": [71, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012862-0007-0000", "contents": "153rd Military Police Company (United States), Operation Iraqi Freedom\nThe 3rd Platoon element was fundamental in opening an IP station in Arab Jabour area, south of Baghdad. Third Platoon also conducted Sons of Iraq (SOI) training, recruitment, and provided medical assistance to local civilians.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 70], "content_span": [71, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012862-0008-0000", "contents": "153rd Military Police Company (United States), Afghanistan\nIn February 2013, the 153rd Military Police company deployed in support of Operation Enduring Freedom Afghanistan as a part of Combined Task Force Chesapeake headed by the 115th Military Police Battalion. The combined task force operated in Afghanistan's Kandahar Province. The unit headquartered at a small post called BP3, with a squad element as a protective security detail (PSD) at Camp Nathan Smith. Due to downgrade of Camp Nathan Smith the PSD element relocated to Forward Operating Base (FOB) Walton. The unit returned to the United States on Sept. 18, 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 58], "content_span": [59, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012863-0000-0000", "contents": "153rd Mixed Brigade\nThe 153rd Mixed Brigade was a unit of the Spanish Civil War that took part in the Spanish Civil War. Formed around the old Land and Freedom Column, the unit took part in the battles of Belchite, Aragon and Segre.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012863-0001-0000", "contents": "153rd Mixed Brigade, History\nThe unit was created in June 1937, in the Aragon front, from the militarization of the Land and Freedom Column. It was also joined by elements of various origins, such as the \"Battalion of Death\" or former POUMists of the 29th Division. Antonio Seba Amor\u00f3s was appointed to the head of the unit, while the anarchist Francisco Sener Mart\u00edn was appointed political commissioner. During the first months it went through a training period. Later, the 153rd Mixed Brigade was integrated into the 24th Division of the 12th Army Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012863-0002-0000", "contents": "153rd Mixed Brigade, History\nThe unit took part in the Battle of Belchite. Stationed in the rear, in Caspe, the 153rd MB was called to intervene in the new Zaragoza Offensive. After having some difficulties, on 28 August it managed to penetrate Belchite by the Mediana road. As of 5 September, the unit, together with the 32nd Mixed Brigade, was in charge of the siege of Belchite. The last resistance photos continued until the next day, when they gave up. For the next several months it remained inactive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012863-0003-0000", "contents": "153rd Mixed Brigade, History\nAt the beginning of March 1938, the unit was deployed in the sector of Fuendetodos-Azuara-Herrera, with a force of 2,970 people. The 153rd Mixed Brigade was located in the axis of the enemy attack, having to resist the bulk of the enemy offensive. As a result, the brigade was destroyed and had to withdraw; the command of the unit, Seba, was filed and dismissed. The remains of the brigade were totally dispersed to the North of the Ebro, being briefly integrated into the Autonomous Group of the Ebro. On 19 April, the 153rd MB was deployed in Valdom\u00e1, becoming part of the 30th Division of the 11th Army Corps. Command of the unit passed to Antonio N\u00fa\u00f1ez Balsera, with Emilio Callizo Val as Chief of Staff.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 738]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012863-0004-0000", "contents": "153rd Mixed Brigade, History\nOn 13 August, it participated in the offensive on the Vilanova de la Barca bridgehead, relieving the 3rd Mixed Brigade; four days later the 153rd MB crossed the Segre River, after suffering heavy losses. One of the battalions of the unit took part in the Battle of the Ebro.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012863-0005-0000", "contents": "153rd Mixed Brigade, History\nDuring the Catalonia Offensive, the unit intervened in some actions, although it played a minor role.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012864-0000-0000", "contents": "153rd New York Infantry Regiment\nThe 153rd New York Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012864-0001-0000", "contents": "153rd New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 153rd New York Infantry was organized at Fonda, New York beginning August 23, 1862 and mustered in for three-years service on October 17, 1862, under the command of Colonel Duncan McMartin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012864-0002-0000", "contents": "153rd New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to Provisional Brigade, Abercrombie's Division, Defenses of Washington, to October 1862. District of Alexandria, Defenses of Washington and XXII Corps, Department of Washington, to August 1863. Martindale's Command, Garrison of Washington, D.C., XXII Corps, to February 1864. 1st Brigade, 1st Division, XIX Corps, Department of the Gulf, to July 1864, and Army of the Shenandoah, Middle Military Division, to February 1865. 2nd Brigade, 1st Provisional Division, Army of the Shenandoah, to April 1865. 2nd Brigade, Dwight's Division, Department of Washington, to July 1865. Department of Georgia to October 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012864-0003-0000", "contents": "153rd New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 153rd New York Infantry mustered out of service October 2, 1865 in Savannah, Georgia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012864-0004-0000", "contents": "153rd New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nLeft New York for Washington, D.C., October 18, 1862. Guard and police duty at Alexandria, Va., and at Washington, D.C., until February 1864. Ordered to the Department of the Gulf February 1864. Red River Campaign March 10-May 22. Advance from Franklin to Alexandria March 14\u201326. Battle of Sabine Cross Roads April 8. Pleasant Hill April 9. Monett's Ferry, Cane River Crossing, April 23. At Alexandria April 26-May 13. Retreat to Morganza May 13\u201320. Mansura May 16. Avoyelle's Prairie May 16. Duty at Morganza until July 1. Moved to Fort Monroe, Va., then to Washington, D.C., July 1\u201312.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012864-0004-0001", "contents": "153rd New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nRepulse of Early's attack on Washington July 12\u201313. Snicker's Gap Expedition July 14\u201323. Sheridan's Shenandoah Valley Campaign August 7-November 28. Battle of Winchester September 19. Fisher's Hill September 22. Battle of Cedar Creek October 19. Duty at Middletown, Newtown, and Stephenson's Depot until April 5, 1865. Moved to Washington, D.C., April 5, and duty there until July. Grand Review of the Armies May 23\u201324. Ordered to Savannah, Ga., July, and duty in the Department of Georgia until October.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012864-0005-0000", "contents": "153rd New York Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 200 men during service; 1 officer and 38 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 1 officer and 160 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012865-0000-0000", "contents": "153rd New York State Legislature\nThe 153rd New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 1 to April 12, 1930, during the second year of Franklin D. Roosevelt's governorship, in Albany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012865-0001-0000", "contents": "153rd New York State Legislature, Background\nUnder the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1894, re-apportioned in 1917, 51 Senators and 150 assemblymen were elected in single-seat districts; senators for a two-year term, assemblymen for a one-year term. The senatorial districts consisted either of one or more entire counties; or a contiguous area within a single county. The counties which were divided into more than one senatorial district were New York (nine districts), Kings (eight), Bronx (three), Erie (three), Monroe (two), Queens (two) and Westchester (two). The Assembly districts were made up of contiguous area, all within the same county.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012865-0002-0000", "contents": "153rd New York State Legislature, Background\nAt this time there were two major political parties: the Republican Party and the Democratic Party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012865-0003-0000", "contents": "153rd New York State Legislature, Elections\nThe New York state election, 1929, was held on November 5. No statewide elective offices were up for election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012865-0004-0000", "contents": "153rd New York State Legislature, Elections\nAssemblywoman Rhoda Fox Graves (Rep.), of Gouverneur, a former school teacher who after her marriage became active in women's organisations and politics, was re-elected, and remained the only woman legislator.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012865-0005-0000", "contents": "153rd New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for the regular session at the State Capitol in Albany on January 1, 1930; and adjourned at 1 a.m. on April 12.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012865-0006-0000", "contents": "153rd New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature. Bert Lord and Nelson W. Cheney changed from the Assembly to the Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012865-0007-0000", "contents": "153rd New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members\nNote: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words \"...the Committee on (the)...\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012865-0008-0000", "contents": "153rd New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Assemblymen\nNote: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words \"...the Committee on (the)...\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 61], "content_span": [62, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012866-0000-0000", "contents": "153rd Ohio Infantry Regiment\nThe 153rd Ohio Infantry Regiment, sometimes 153rd Ohio Volunteer Infantry (or 153rd OVI) was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012866-0001-0000", "contents": "153rd Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 153rd Ohio Infantry was organized at Camp Dennison near Cincinnati, Ohio, and mustered in May 10, 1864, for 100 days service under the command of Colonel Israel Stough.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012866-0002-0000", "contents": "153rd Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment left Ohio for Harpers Ferry, West Virginia, May 10 and was attached to Railroad Guard, Reserve Division, Department of West Virginia. Served guard duty at Harpers Ferry and along the line of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad until June 29. Action at Hammack's Mills, Oldtown, July 3. North Mountain July 3. South Branch Bridge and Patterson's Creek Bridge July 4. Sir John's Run July 6. Green Springs Run August 2. Moved to Camp Chase, Columbus, Ohio, August 30.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012866-0003-0000", "contents": "153rd Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 153rd Ohio Infantry mustered out of service September 9, 1864, at Camp Chase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012866-0004-0000", "contents": "153rd Ohio Infantry Regiment, Ohio National Guard\nOver 35,000 Ohio National Guardsmen were federalized and organized into regiments for 100 days service in May 1864. Shipped to the Eastern Theater, they were designed to be placed in \"safe\" rear areas to protect railroads and supply points, thereby freeing regular troops for Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant\u2019s push on the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia. As events transpired, many units found themselves in combat, stationed in the path of Confederate Gen. Jubal Early\u2019s veteran Army of the Valley during its famed Valley Campaigns of 1864. Ohio Guard units met the battle-tested foe head on and helped blunt the Confederate offensive thereby saving Washington, D.C. from capture. Ohio National Guard units participated in the battles of Monacacy, Fort Stevens, Harpers Ferry, and in the siege of Petersburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 49], "content_span": [50, 863]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012866-0005-0000", "contents": "153rd Ohio Infantry Regiment, Ohio National Guard\nThe 153rd OVI was formed from the 41st regiment of the Ohio National Guard along with two companies from the 35th regiment of the Ohio National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 49], "content_span": [50, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012866-0006-0000", "contents": "153rd Ohio Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost 29 men during service; 1 officer and 2 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 26 enlisted men died due to disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012867-0000-0000", "contents": "153rd Punjabis\nThe 153rd Punjabis\u00a0\u2013 also designated 153rd Rifles, see nomenclature (below)\u00a0\u2013 was an infantry regiment of the British Indian Army. It was formed in Mesopotamia and Palestine in May 1918, saw service in the Sinai and Palestine Campaign in the First World War, and was disbanded in June 1922.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012867-0001-0000", "contents": "153rd Punjabis, Background\nHeavy losses suffered by the British Expeditionary Force on the Western Front following the German spring offensive in March 1918 resulted in a major reorganization of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 26], "content_span": [27, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012867-0002-0000", "contents": "153rd Punjabis, Background\nIn fact, the 75th Division already had four Indian battalions assigned, so of the 36 battalions needed to reform the divisions, 22 were improvised by taking whole companies from existing units already on active service in Mesopotamia and Palestine to form the 150th Infantry (3 battalions), 151st Sikh Infantry (3), 152nd Punjabis (3), 153rd Punjabis (3), 154th Infantry (3), 155th Pioneers (2), 156th Infantry (1) and the 11th Gurkha Rifles (4). The donor units were then brought back up to strength by drafts. In the event, just 13 of the battalions were assigned to the divisions and the remaining nine were transferred from Mesopotamia to India in June 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 26], "content_span": [27, 689]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012867-0003-0000", "contents": "153rd Punjabis, History\nThe 153rd Punjabis was formed of three battalions in May 1918. The 1st Battalion was formed in Mesopotamia with companies posted from battalions serving in the 14th, 15th, and 18th Indian Divisions. It was transferred to Egypt during June and July 1918. In contrast, the 2nd and 3rd Battalions were formed in Palestine with companies posted from battalions already serving in the theatre, particularly from the 3rd (Lahore) and 7th (Meerut) Divisions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012867-0004-0000", "contents": "153rd Punjabis, History\nAll three battalions were assigned to the 53rd (Welsh) Division in June and August and remained with the division for the rest of the Sinai and Palestine Campaign, taking part in the Battle of Nablus (18\u201321 September 1918). At the end of the battle, the division was employed on salvage work and working on the Nablus road.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012867-0005-0000", "contents": "153rd Punjabis, History\nOn 27 October, the division started moving to Alexandria even before the Armistice of Mudros came into effect on 31 October, thereby ending the war against the Ottoman Empire. It completed its concentration at Alexandria on 15 November. The division received demobilization instructions on 20 December 1918. The Indian infantry battalions returned to India as transports became available and 159th Brigade was reduced to cadre by 7 March 1919. The battalions were disbanded in India in 1921 and 1922.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012867-0006-0000", "contents": "153rd Punjabis, History, Nomenclature\nOddly, the designation of the regiment varied between the battalions. The 1st and 2nd Battalions were 153rd Punjabis whereas the 3rd Battalion was 153rd Rifles, hence 1st Battalion, 153rd Punjabis, 2nd Battalion, 153rd Punjabis and 3rd Battalion, 153rd Rifles. Other sources designate all three battalions as 153rd Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 37], "content_span": [38, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012867-0007-0000", "contents": "153rd Punjabis, History, 1st Battalion\nThe 1st Battalion was formed at Diyala on 18 May 1918 by the transfer of complete companies from:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 38], "content_span": [39, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012867-0008-0000", "contents": "153rd Punjabis, History, 1st Battalion\nThe battalion moved to Amara on 23 May and left for Egypt on 20 June. It disembarked at Suez on 5 July and reached Lydda on 17 July. The battalion joined the 159th Brigade, 53rd (Welsh) Division on 2 August 1918 near Jerusalem. 1st Battalion, 153rd Punjabis was disbanded on 15 June 1921.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 38], "content_span": [39, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012867-0009-0000", "contents": "153rd Punjabis, History, 2nd Battalion\nThe 2nd Battalion was formed at Sarafand (now Tzrifin) on 27 May 1918 by the transfer of complete companies from:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 38], "content_span": [39, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012867-0010-0000", "contents": "153rd Punjabis, History, 2nd Battalion\nThe battalion joined the 159th Brigade, 53rd (Welsh) Division on 5 June 1918 near Ram Allah. 2nd Battalion, 153rd Punjabis was disbanded on 15 June 1921.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 38], "content_span": [39, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012867-0011-0000", "contents": "153rd Punjabis, History, 3rd Battalion\nThe 3rd Battalion was also formed at Sarafand on 24 May 1918 by the transfer of complete companies from:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 38], "content_span": [39, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012867-0012-0000", "contents": "153rd Punjabis, History, 3rd Battalion\nThe battalion joined the 158th Brigade, 53rd (Welsh) Division on 10 June 1918 at Et Taiyibe. 3rd Battalion, 153rd Rifles was disbanded on 24 June 1922.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 38], "content_span": [39, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012868-0000-0000", "contents": "153rd Regiment Royal Armoured Corps\nThe 153rd Regiment Royal Armoured Corps (153 RAC, sometimes known as 153 (Essex) Regt RAC) was an armoured regiment of the Royal Armoured Corps, part of the British Army, and was raised during the Second World War. The regiment saw brief but intense action in the invasion of Normandy before being broken up to provide replacements to other units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012868-0001-0000", "contents": "153rd Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, Origin\n153rd RAC was formed by conversion to the armoured role of the 8th Battalion, Essex Regiment, a hostilities-only infantry battalion that had been raised during 1940. The battalion had been serving in 226th Independent Infantry Brigade (Home), a Home Defence formation, when the whole brigade was converted into 34th Army Tank Brigade on 1 December 1941. The regiment served in the brigade alongside the North Irish Horse and 147 RAC and later 151 RAC (later redesignated 107 RAC) when the North Irish Horse was transferred elsewhere. In common with other infantry battalions transferred to the Royal Armoured Corps, the personnel of 153 RAC would have continued to wear their Essex Regiment cap badge on the black beret of the Royal Armoured Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 43], "content_span": [44, 792]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012868-0002-0000", "contents": "153rd Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, Origin\nDuring the conversion, surplus personnel were formed into 'R' Company, Essex Regiment, which soon afterwards was designated V Corps HQ Defence Company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 43], "content_span": [44, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012868-0003-0000", "contents": "153rd Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, Training\n153 RAC began to receive its first Churchill tanks in March 1942; it had its full scale of equipment by the end of August. Having been billeted in Swindon, Wiltshire, the regiment moved with 34th Tank Brigade to Eastern England and then the South Coast for training. At the end of 1942 it moved to Broome Park, Kent, which remained the regiment's base for the next year, utilising firing ranges across Southern England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 45], "content_span": [46, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012868-0004-0000", "contents": "153rd Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, Training\nIn early 1944, as training intensified for the coming Normandy invasion, 153 RAC moved to Folkestone in Kent, and then Headley, Surrey, before finally moving to its Marshalling Area near Portsmouth at the end of June.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 45], "content_span": [46, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012868-0005-0000", "contents": "153rd Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, Service\n153 RAC was transported to Normandy from 2\u20134 July. As an independent brigade under 21st Army Group, 34th Tank Brigade could be assigned to support any infantry division that required the assistance of tanks, its regiments usually split up to form brigade groups with the infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012868-0006-0000", "contents": "153rd Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, Service\nOn 9 July, 153 RAC was ordered to move to I Corps' front to prepare for an attack on Caen, but the fall of the city (Operation Charnwood) led to the cancellation of the move. 153 RAC finally went into action on 16 July, when 34 Tank Brigade supported 227th Brigade of 15th (Scottish) Infantry Division in an attack in the Esquay\u2013\u00c9vrecy area west of Caen. The object of the operation was to 'hold the attention of the enemy to that front while preparations for a breakthrough were being made east of Caen'  (referring to the forthcoming Operation Goodwood).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012868-0007-0000", "contents": "153rd Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, Service\nThe last phase of 227 Brigade and 34 Tank Brigade's joint operation was an attack on the wooded area of Gavrus and Bougy by 8th Battalion, Royal Scots and 153 RAC. Some Churchill Crocodile flamethrowing tanks and Churchill AVREs were assigned to support the operation but were not used. The attack began at 05.30 on 16 July, and the final objective was reached by 10.25, but there were still enemy troops in the woods to be mopped up. An early casualty was the regimental commanding officer, hit in the back while climbing into his tank.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012868-0007-0001", "contents": "153rd Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, Service\nAt 14.50 the Germans counter-attacked with a mixed force, and the British claimed to have destroyed a Tiger tank. In a second counter-attack later in the afternoon the Germans lost another Tiger and three Panther tanks. The regimental war diary refers to 'a slogging match' throughout the rest of the day. Casualties included the commander of 'A' Squadron and four of his crews who crossed a ridge to deal with machine-guns on the flank. Their burnt-out tanks were discovered weeks later near \u00c9vrecy. The counter-attacks dwindled after 18.00, and 153 withdrew into its forward rally position. It was in this posn. [ sic] that the majority of the casualties occurred. A considerable number of tks were damaged and crews injured through intense mortar fire'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 801]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012868-0008-0000", "contents": "153rd Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, Service\nThe following day, 153 RAC formed two composite squadrons, absorbing the remnants of 'A' Squadron. 'C' Squadron spent 17 July north of Bougy as an immediate counter-attack force, and was heavily mortared. 'B' Sqn supported an attack by 147 RAC and 53rd (Welsh) Infantry Division. 'B' Squadron was soon engaged by enemy armour and the battle continued until nightfall, with casualties including the squadron commander. 153 RAC's total casualties for this two-day operation comprised 10 tanks knocked out or destroyed, 16 officers and 70 other ranks killed, wounded, or missing. The crews had been in their tanks for 30 hours without relief, either in action or instant readiness.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 723]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012868-0009-0000", "contents": "153rd Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, Service\nOver succeeding days, the regiment was rested and reorganised. From 23 July, it returned to supporting other formations in a defensive role around Bougy and Maltot. In early August, its tanks fired in support of raids by 158th Brigade of 53rd (Welsh) Division trying to establish whether 10th SS Panzer Division was still in front. It transpired that the Germans were withdrawing. On 5 August, 153 RAC made a rapid cross-country move to Mondrainville to support 177th Brigade of 59th (Staffordshire) Infantry Division, which was attacking towards Mont Pincon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012868-0009-0001", "contents": "153rd Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, Service\nThe operation was mounted so hurriedly that there was no time to organise a proper tie-up between tanks and infantry. Next, 153 RAC was transferred to support 197th Brigade of the 59th (Staffordshire) Division, which crossed the River Orne on 9 August. The following day, it followed the retreating enemy, carrying infantry aboard its tanks. The regiment continued in the line until 15 August, supporting infantry and helping to clear up pockets of resistance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012868-0010-0000", "contents": "153rd Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, Disbandment\nOn 17 August, 153 RAC learned that it was to be disbanded, due to a severe manpower shortage, to provide replacements for other regiments. 'C' Squadron was transferred complete to 107 RAC; the rest of the personnel went to the other regiments of 34th Tank Brigade or to holding units. The regiment ceased to exist on 28 August 1944. 153 RAC was replaced in 34 Tank Brigade by 9th Royal Tank Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 48], "content_span": [49, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012869-0000-0000", "contents": "153rd Rifle Division (Soviet Union)\nThe 153rd Rifle Division was a Soviet infantry division of the Red Army during World War II. It was formed in the Ural Military District. On 22 June 1941 when the German Operation Barbarossa began, it was serving under command of Nikolai Gagen with the 51st Rifle Corps of the 22nd Army. By 29 June 1941, after the effective destruction of the 37th Rifle Division, a composite regiment (20th Rifle Regiment) formed mostly from 37th Rifle Division rear units (Tyl) was attached to the division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012869-0001-0000", "contents": "153rd Rifle Division (Soviet Union)\nThe 153rd Rifle Division was one of the first divisions to be designated a Guards formation, becoming 3rd Guards Rifle Division on September 18, 1941, due to 'its combat record in Belarus and Smolensk'. It was reformed for the second time in February 1942, and later became the 57th Guards Rifle Division in December 1942, after fighting with the 63rd Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012869-0002-0000", "contents": "153rd Rifle Division (Soviet Union)\nReformed for the third time, during the East Prussian Offensive, on 6 April 1945 the Division, which was with the 69th Rifle Corps, 50th Army, was one of the divisions in the encirclement around K\u00f6nigsberg, located at the northwest sector. The division to the right was the 216th Rifle Division, and to the left was the 110th Rifle Division. They attacked German positions and broke through the second defense line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012870-0000-0000", "contents": "153rd meridian east\nThe meridian 153\u00b0 east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, Australasia, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012870-0001-0000", "contents": "153rd meridian east\nThe 153rd meridian east forms a great circle with the 27th meridian west.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012870-0002-0000", "contents": "153rd meridian east, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 153rd meridian east passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012871-0000-0000", "contents": "153rd meridian west\nThe meridian 153\u00b0 west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012871-0001-0000", "contents": "153rd meridian west\nThe 153rd meridian west forms a great circle with the 27th meridian east.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012871-0002-0000", "contents": "153rd meridian west, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 153rd meridian west passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012872-0000-0000", "contents": "153\u2013159 Fairview Road\n153\u2013159 Fairview Road is a terrace of four houses in Cheltenham, Gloucestershire, on the south side of Fairview Road beside the roundabout at its junction with Hewlett Road. The terrace became a Grade II listed building in 1972. The street artist Banksy produced an artwork, Spy Booth, on either side of a public telephone booth adjacent to the gable end of number 159 in April 2014. The work was destroyed in August 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012872-0001-0000", "contents": "153\u2013159 Fairview Road, Buildings\nThe terrace comprises four houses (odd numbers, from right to left: 153, 155, 157 and 159), constructed between c.\u20091806 and 1835, with later 19th- and 20th-century additions and rear extensions. Fairview Road was developed from 1806, when the field in which the road was built was inclosed by an Act of Parliament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012872-0002-0000", "contents": "153\u2013159 Fairview Road, Buildings\nThe two-storey houses were built from ashlar blocks, and are now covered in stucco, with pilasters between the houses and at each end of the row, and string course between the floors. A parapet with frieze atop the fa\u00e7ade conceals the pitched roof. No. 153 also has an architrave and cornice. Nos. 153 and 155 have three bays each, originally with 2-over-2 sash windows, and nos. 157 and 159 have two bays each, originally with 1-over-1 sash windows. All have their entrance door in the right bay, recessed in nos. 153 and 155, and all have glazed overlights above panelled doors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012872-0003-0000", "contents": "153\u2013159 Fairview Road, Buildings\nA house adjacent to 159 Fairview Road, at 64 Hewlett Road, was acquired by Gloucestershire County Council in around 1962 and demolished to allow for road improvement works.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012872-0004-0000", "contents": "153\u2013159 Fairview Road, Artwork\nThe street artist Banksy created an artwork, Spy Booth, on either side of a public telephone adjacent to the gable end of no. 159 in April 2014, showing three stereotypical secret agents wearing dark sunglasses and brown raincoats, holding microphones to eavesdrop. The building is approximately 3 miles (4.8\u00a0km) from The Doughnut, the headquarters of the Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012872-0005-0000", "contents": "153\u2013159 Fairview Road, Artwork\nThe artwork drew hundreds of visitors and suffered from several acts of vandalism before it was boarded up to protect it. Some reports indicate that it was sold to Sky Grimes, and was damaged in an attempt to remove the plaster on which it was created. Gloucestershire County Council delivered a \"stop notice\" requiring works to remove the plaster to cease, and then granted retrospective listed buildings consent for the artwork in February 2015, giving it protection under the building's listing. However, the artwork was destroyed in August 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012873-0000-0000", "contents": "154\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by Graham87 (talk | contribs) at 11:21, 10 January 2021 (1 revision imported: import old edit from the Nostalgia Wikipedia). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012873-0001-0000", "contents": "154\nYear 154 (CLIV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Aurelius and Lateranus (or, less frequently, year 907 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 154 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012874-0000-0000", "contents": "154 (Scottish) Regiment RLC\n154 (Scottish) Regiment is a regiment of the British Army's Royal Logistic Corps. It forms part of the Army Reserve. Its role is to provide general transport support at 'third line' for the British Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012874-0001-0000", "contents": "154 (Scottish) Regiment RLC, History\nThe regiment was formed as the 154th (Lowland) Regiment, RCT (Volunteers) in Glasgow in 1967. The initially comprised just 221 Squadron and 222 Squadron. 225 Squadron was formed in 1969, 251 Squadron in 1971 and 225 Squadron in 1992. 527 Squadron, 230 Squadron and 231 Squadron and 251 Squadron were added on amalgamation with 153 (Highland) Transport Regiment to form the Scottish Transport Regiment in 1993. 231 Squadron was subsequently disbanded. It became 154 (Scottish) Regiment RLC under the Army 2020 reforms and an extra squadron, 239 Squadron, was formed in 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012874-0002-0000", "contents": "154 (Scottish) Regiment RLC, Structure\nThe regiment, which is under Operational Command of 101 Logistic Brigade within the Army's Support Command, comprises the following units:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 38], "content_span": [39, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012874-0003-0000", "contents": "154 (Scottish) Regiment RLC, Structure\nEach of the task squadrons is equipped with the Leyland-DAF Demountable Rack Off Load and Pick up System (DROPS), which is a Medium Mobility Load Carrier (MMLC) capable of carrying 15 tonnes of stocks or equipment cross country.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 38], "content_span": [39, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012874-0004-0000", "contents": "154 (Scottish) Regiment RLC, Uniform\nThe regiment wears the Tactical Recognition Flash of the Royal Logistic Corps. The tartan of the regiment is the MacDuff.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012875-0000-0000", "contents": "154 (album)\n154 is the third album by the English post-punk band Wire, released in 1979 on EMI imprint Harvest Records in the UK and Europe and Warner Bros. Records in America.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012875-0001-0000", "contents": "154 (album), Music\nBranching out even further from the minimalist punk rock style of their earlier work, 154 is considered a progression of the sounds displayed on Wire's previous album Chairs Missing, with the group experimenting with slower tempos, fuller song structures and a more prominent use of guitar effects, synthesizers and electronics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 18], "content_span": [19, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012875-0002-0000", "contents": "154 (album), Music\nThe unusual title of the track \"Map Ref 41\u00b0N 93\u00b0W\" was based on a guess of the centre of the American Midwest by bassist and singer Graham Lewis; the location of these coordinates is coincidentally close to Centerville, Iowa. One of My Bloody Valentine's last releases prior to reconvening in 2007 was a cover of this track for a Wire tribute entitled Whore. The song was selected as a favourite cover of the 1990s by Flak Magazine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 18], "content_span": [19, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012875-0003-0000", "contents": "154 (album), Release\n154 peaked at number 39 in the UK Albums Chart, the highest position the band has achieved. It was first issued on CD in 1987 by EMI Japan and later reissued by Restless Records in 1989. First editions of the vinyl album were accompanied by an EP, the tracks from which are included on the Harvest CD, issued in 1994, along with an additional bonus track. The new remastered release, released by Pinkflag as digipacks in 2006, does not contain any extra tracks, because, according to the band, such additions dishonour the \"conceptual clarity of the original statements.\" The album is so named because the band had played 154 gigs in their career at the time of the album's release. In 2004, Pitchfork listed 154 as 85th best album of the 1970s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 766]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012875-0004-0000", "contents": "154 (album), Track listing\nTracks 19\u201324 are demo versions that have also appeared on compilations such as Behind the Curtain and After Midnight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 26], "content_span": [27, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012875-0005-0000", "contents": "154 (album), Personnel\nCredits adapted from the liner notes of the 2018 Special Edition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012876-0000-0000", "contents": "154 (number)\n154 (one hundred [and] fifty-four) is the natural number following 153 and preceding 155.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012876-0001-0000", "contents": "154 (number), In mathematics\n154 is a nonagonal number. Its factorization makes 154 a sphenic number", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012876-0002-0000", "contents": "154 (number), In mathematics\nThere is no integer with exactly 154 coprimes below it, making 154 a noncototient, nor is there, in base 10, any integer that added up to its own digits yields 154, making 154 a self number", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012876-0003-0000", "contents": "154 (number), In mathematics\n154 is the sum of the first six factorials, if one starts with 0! {\\displaystyle 0!} and assumes that 0! = 1{\\displaystyle 0!=1}.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012876-0004-0000", "contents": "154 (number), In mathematics\nWith just 17 cuts, a pancake can be cut up into 154 pieces (Lazy caterer's sequence).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012876-0005-0000", "contents": "154 (number), In mathematics\nThe distinct prime factors of 154 add up to 20, and so do the ones of 153, hence the two form a Ruth-Aaron pair. 154! + 1 is a factorial prime.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012877-0000-0000", "contents": "154 BC\nYear 154 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Opimius and Albinus/Glabrio (or, less frequently, year 600 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 154 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012878-0000-0000", "contents": "154 Bertha\nBertha (minor planet designation: 154 Bertha) is a main-belt asteroid. It was discovered by the French brothers Paul Henry and Prosper Henry on 4 November 1875, but the credit for the discovery was given to Prosper. It is probably named after Berthe Martin-Flammarion, sister of the astronomer Camille Flammarion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012878-0001-0000", "contents": "154 Bertha\nObservations performed at the Palmer Divide Observatory in Colorado Springs, Colorado in during 2007 produced a light curve with a period of 22.30 \u00b1 0.03 hours and a brightness range of 0.10 \u00b1 0.02 in magnitude. A 1998 measurement gave a value of 27.6 hours, which doesn't fit the PDO data. In 2011, observations from the Organ Mesa Observatory in Las Cruces, New Mexico were used to determine a rotation period of 25.224 \u00b1 0.002 hours with a brightness variability of 0.10 \u00b1 0.01 magnitude, ruling out previous studies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012878-0002-0000", "contents": "154 Bertha\nThis is classified as a C-type asteroid and it has an estimated diameter of about 187\u00a0km.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012879-0000-0000", "contents": "1540\nYear 1540 (MDXL) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012880-0000-0000", "contents": "1540 AM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1540\u00a0kHz: 1540 AM is a United States clear-channel frequency. KXEL Waterloo, Iowa, and ZNS-1 Nassau, Bahamas, share Class A status on 1540 AM.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012881-0000-0000", "contents": "1540 Broadway\n1540 Broadway (known as the Bertelsmann Building until late 2013) is a 44-story, 733 foot (223 m) office tower at West 45th Street in Times Square in Manhattan, New York City. Started in 1989 and finished in 1990, the tower is one of the few in Times Square to contain class A office space.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012881-0001-0000", "contents": "1540 Broadway, Tenants\nThe building was the North American headquarters of media conglomerate Bertelsmann from 1992 until the company vacated and sold the property, of which they occupied all office-use floors, in 2004. The building housed US satellites of central functions such as Corporate Development, Corporate Communications and the Office of the Chairman and CEO, as well as serving as worldwide headquarters for the Bertelsmann Music Group and Bertelsmann Book Group (what has later taken on the umbrella brand name Random House). Current office tenants include ViacomCBS, China Central Television, KEMP Technologies, Adobe and Pillsbury Winthrop Shaw Pittman. Retail tenants are Planet Hollywood, MAC Cosmetics, Disney Store, and Forever 21.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 750]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012881-0002-0000", "contents": "1540 Broadway, Tenants\nIn the 1990s, Random House looked to build a skyscraper across 45th Street from its parent and be connected to it via a neon-lighted bridge across 45th Street. When the deal fell through, it built the Random House Tower 10 blocks uptown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012881-0003-0000", "contents": "1540 Broadway, Tenants\nThe building's location was formerly the site of Loew's State Theatre (1921) and Bartholdi Inn (1899), then New York's best-known theatrical boarding house.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012882-0000-0000", "contents": "1540 European drought\nThe 1540 drought in Europe was a climatic event in Europe. In various palaeoclimatic analyses the temperature and precipitation regimes were reconstructed and compared to present-day conditions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012882-0001-0000", "contents": "1540 European drought\nOn the basis of historical records Wetter et al. (2014) derived that during an eleven-month period there was little rain in Europe, possibly qualifying as a megadrought. These conclusions however were questioned by B\u00fcntgen et al. (2015) on the basis of additional data (tree rings).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012882-0002-0000", "contents": "1540 European drought\nOrth et al. (2016) concluded that in summer 1540 the mean temperature was above the 1966-2015 mean and with a probability of 20% exceeded that of the 2003 summer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012882-0003-0000", "contents": "1540 European drought, Description\nThe Swiss historian Christian Pfister described the events of 1540 in a newspaper interview:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 34], "content_span": [35, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012882-0004-0000", "contents": "1540 European drought, Description\nFrom the city M\u00fcnden there is a description of how year 1540 of the ducal wine vineyard at Questenberg was \u201cso excellent\u201c that it was preferred to foreign wine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 34], "content_span": [35, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012882-0005-0000", "contents": "1540 European drought, Description\nIn the Swiss village \u201eGoldiwil desperate people went over 500 m up and down in elevation every day, only to fill a few barrels of water in Lake Thun.\u201c", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 34], "content_span": [35, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012883-0000-0000", "contents": "1540 Kevola\n1540 Kevola, provisional designation 1938 WK, is a dark background asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 42 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 16 November 1938, by astronomer Liisi Oterma at the Iso-Heikkil\u00e4 Observatory in Turku, Finland. The asteroid was named after the Finnish Kevola Observatory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012883-0001-0000", "contents": "1540 Kevola, Orbit and classification\nKevola is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the outer asteroid belt at a distance of 2.6\u20133.1\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 10 months (1,758 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.09 and an inclination of 12\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012883-0002-0000", "contents": "1540 Kevola, Orbit and classification\nThe body's observation arc begins with its first identification as 1926 GT at Heidelberg Observatory in April 1926, more than 12 years prior to its official discovery observation at Turku.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012883-0003-0000", "contents": "1540 Kevola, Naming\nThis minor planet was named for the Finnish Kevola Observatory (064). The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 February 1976 (M.P.C. 3930).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012883-0004-0000", "contents": "1540 Kevola, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn February 2007, a rotational lightcurve of Kevola was obtained from photometric observations by French amateur astronomer Pierre Antonini. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 20.082 hours with a brightness variation of 0.23 magnitude (U=3-). Another lightcurve obtained by astronomers at the Palomar Transient Factory in October 2010, gave a concurring period of 20.071 hours with an amplitude of 0.33 magnitude (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 54], "content_span": [55, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012883-0005-0000", "contents": "1540 Kevola, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Kevola measures between 37.12 and 44.18 kilometers in diameter  and its surface has an albedo between 0.0433 and 0.06.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012883-0006-0000", "contents": "1540 Kevola, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0474 and a diameter of 44.22 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.7.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012888-0000-0000", "contents": "1540 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1540.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012889-0000-0000", "contents": "1540 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012889-0001-0000", "contents": "1540 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012889-0002-0000", "contents": "1540 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012890-0000-0000", "contents": "1540 in science\nThe year 1540 in science and technology included a number of events, some of which are listed here.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012891-0000-0000", "contents": "1540s\nThe 1540s decade ran from 1 January 1540, to 31 December 1549.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 68]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012892-0000-0000", "contents": "1540s BC\nThe 1540s BC was a decade lasting from January 1, 1549 BC to December 31, 1540 BC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 91]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012895-0000-0000", "contents": "1540s in music\nThe decade of the 1540s in music (years 1540\u20131549) involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012896-0000-0000", "contents": "1541\nYear 1541 (MDXLI) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012897-0000-0000", "contents": "1541 Estonia\n1541 Estonia, provisional designation 1939 CK, is an asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 21 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 12 February 1939, by astronomer Yrj\u00f6 V\u00e4is\u00e4l\u00e4 at the Iso-Heikkil\u00e4 Observatory near Turku, Finland. The asteroid was named after the Baltic country of Estonia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012897-0001-0000", "contents": "1541 Estonia, Orbit and classification\nEstonia is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the central main belt at a distance of 2.6\u20133.0\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 7 months (1,683 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.07 and an inclination of 5\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012897-0002-0000", "contents": "1541 Estonia, Orbit and classification\nThe asteroid was first identified as A916 GE at the Simeiz Observatory in April 1916. The body's observation arc begins with its identification as A923 VE at Yerkes Observatory in November 1923, more than 15 years prior to its official discovery observation at Turku.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012897-0003-0000", "contents": "1541 Estonia, Physical characteristics\nIn the SMASS classification, Estonia is a Xc-subtype that transitions from the X-type to the carbonaceous C-type asteroids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012897-0004-0000", "contents": "1541 Estonia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn November 2015, a rotational lightcurve of Estonia was obtained from photometric observations by French amateur astronomer Ren\u00e9 Roy. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 10.1 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.13 magnitude (U=2-).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 55], "content_span": [56, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012897-0005-0000", "contents": "1541 Estonia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Estonia measures between 19.53 and 24.542 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.0976 and 0.140.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012897-0006-0000", "contents": "1541 Estonia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.1314 and a diameter of 20.15 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012897-0007-0000", "contents": "1541 Estonia, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the Baltic country of Estonia, just south of the Gulf of Finland and Finland itself. The two countries are inhabited by related Balto-Finnic peoples. Estonia gained independence from Soviet rule in 1991. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center in January 1956 (M.P.C. 1350).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012898-0000-0000", "contents": "1541 Ultimate\n1541 Ultimate (often abbreviated 1541U) is a peripheral, primarily an emulated floppy disk and cartridge emulator based on the FPGA Xilinx XC3S250E, for the Commodore 64 home computer. It became available in 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012898-0001-0000", "contents": "1541 Ultimate\nThe unit is developed by Gideon Zweijtzer and is a cartridge that can emulate other cartridges such as the Commodore REU, Action Replay, The Final Cartridge III, Super Snapshot V5, Retro Replay or TurboAss with Codenet-support, and an almost fully compatible (including JiffyDOS support FPGA-cloned Commodore 1541 (including 1541, 1541C, and 1541 II models) floppy disk unit that can use Commodore 64-compatible files like .D64/.G64 disc images or .PRG files via a SD card reader. Additionally, the 1541 Ultimate is suitable for making archives of floppy disks. All units after the initial production have 32 megabytes of RAM, while the original production run only had 16 megabytes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 697]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012898-0002-0000", "contents": "1541 Ultimate\nThe 1541 Ultimate is capable of running both CP/M and GEOS.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 73]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012898-0003-0000", "contents": "1541 Ultimate\nIn 2010, the 1541 Ultimate II was developed. The Ultimate II is about 30% smaller than the 1541 Ultimate, comes in a plastic case, and adds support for dual SIDs (plus a SID/MOD player), a USB host controller, tape emulation via a tape adapter (though use with a Commodore 128D requires modification), a real-time clock (for accurate file date and time), and the SD card slot is replaced by a microSD card slot. In addition, all firmware and VHDL code for the Ultimate II is available under an open source GPLv3 license, allowing hobbyists and others to freely modify all aspects of its functionality, including the FPGA-emulated hardware.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012898-0004-0000", "contents": "1541 Ultimate\nThe 1541 Ultimate has an option for on-board Ethernet, while the 1541 Ultimate II supports Ethernet via a compatible USB to Ethernet adapter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012898-0005-0000", "contents": "1541 Ultimate\nBesides being useful to retrocomputing hobbyists, it has also found use in educational laboratory settings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012904-0000-0000", "contents": "1541 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1541.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012905-0000-0000", "contents": "1541 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012905-0001-0000", "contents": "1541 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012905-0002-0000", "contents": "1541 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012906-0000-0000", "contents": "1541 in science\nThe year 1541 in science and technology included a number of events, some of which are listed here.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012907-0000-0000", "contents": "15415 Rika\n15415 Rika, provisional designation 1998 CA1, is a bright background asteroid from the Florian region of the inner asteroid belt, approximately 3 kilometers (2 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 4 February 1998, by Japanese astronomer Akimasa Nakamura at the Kuma Kogen Astronomical Observatory in southern Japan. The presumed S-type asteroid has a rotation period of 6.36 hours and possibly an elongated shape. It was named after Rika Akana, a character in the Japanese film and later television adapted drama Tokyo Love Story.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012907-0001-0000", "contents": "15415 Rika, Orbit and classification\nRika is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population when applying the hierarchical clustering method to its proper orbital elements. Based on osculating Keplerian orbital elements, the asteroid has also been classified as a member of the Flora family (402), a giant asteroid family and the largest family of stony asteroids in the main-belt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012907-0002-0000", "contents": "15415 Rika, Orbit and classification\nIt orbits the Sun in the inner asteroid belt at a distance of 1.7\u20132.7\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 3 months (1,193 days; semi-major axis of 2.2\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.23 and an inclination of 7\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012907-0003-0000", "contents": "15415 Rika, Orbit and classification\nThe body's observation arc begins with a precovery published by the Digitized Sky Survey and taken at the Palomar Observatory in November 1954, more than 43 years prior to its official discovery observation at Kuma Kogen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012907-0004-0000", "contents": "15415 Rika, Physical characteristics\nRika is an assumed, common S-type asteroid, despite the exceptionally high albedo (see below) measured by the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012907-0005-0000", "contents": "15415 Rika, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn October 2006, a rotational lightcurve of Rika was obtained from photometric observations by astronomers at the Skalnat\u00e9 pleso Observatory in Slovakia. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 6.3636 hours with a high brightness amplitude of 1.06 magnitude, indicating that the body has an elongated shape (U=3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 53], "content_span": [54, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012907-0006-0000", "contents": "15415 Rika, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's WISE telescope, Rika measures 2.830 kilometers in diameter and its surface has a high albedo of 0.6053. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.24 \u2013 derived from 8\u00a0Flora, the parent body of the Flora family \u2013 and calculates a diameter of 3.74 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 14.3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 57], "content_span": [58, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012907-0007-0000", "contents": "15415 Rika, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Rika Akana, the heroine played by Honami Suzuki in the manga-based Japanese television drama Tokyo Love Story. Some episodes of the dorama were filmed on locations near the town of Kumak\u014dgen, where the discovering observatory of this asteroid is located.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012907-0008-0000", "contents": "15415 Rika, Naming\nThe official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 13 October 2000 (M.P.C. 41388).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012908-0000-0000", "contents": "1542\nYear 1542 (MDXLII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012909-0000-0000", "contents": "1542 Schal\u00e9n\n1542 Schal\u00e9n, provisional designation 1941 QE, is a background asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 45 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 26 August 1941, by Finnish astronomer Yrj\u00f6 V\u00e4is\u00e4l\u00e4 at Turku Observatory in Southwest Finland. The dark D-type asteroid was later named after Swedish astronomer Karl Schal\u00e9n.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012909-0001-0000", "contents": "1542 Schal\u00e9n, Orbit and classification\nSchal\u00e9n is a background asteroid, located near the region of the Themis family, a dynamical family of outer-belt asteroids with nearly coplanar ecliptical orbits. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.7\u20133.5\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 5 months (1,987 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.12 and an inclination of 3\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. It was first identified as A898 VD at Heidelberg Observatory in 1898, extending the body's observation arc by 43 years prior to its official discovery observation at Turku.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012909-0002-0000", "contents": "1542 Schal\u00e9n, Physical characteristics\nSchal\u00e9n has a dark D-type spectrum, mostly found among Hildian asteroids and Jupiter trojans. Bodies with a D-type spectra are thought to have originated in the Kuiper belt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012909-0003-0000", "contents": "1542 Schal\u00e9n, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the 2014-result of the survey carried by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Schal\u00e9n measures 42.374 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.068, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0509 and a diameter of 45.05 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 10.6.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012909-0004-0000", "contents": "1542 Schal\u00e9n, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn November 2012, a rotational lightcurve of Schal\u00e9n was obtained from photometric observations by astronomers at the Purple Mountain Observatory in collaboration with observatories in the United States. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 7.516 hours with a brightness variation of 0.49 magnitude (U=3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 55], "content_span": [56, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012909-0005-0000", "contents": "1542 Schal\u00e9n, Naming\nThis minor planet was named in honour of Swedish astronomer Karl Adam Wilhelm Schal\u00e9n (1902\u20131993), who was a director of the Swedish Lund Observatory. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 February 1976 (M.P.C. 3930).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012915-0000-0000", "contents": "1542 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1542.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012916-0000-0000", "contents": "1542 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012916-0001-0000", "contents": "1542 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012916-0002-0000", "contents": "1542 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012917-0000-0000", "contents": "1542 in science\nThe year 1542 in science and technology included a number of events, some of which are listed here.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012918-0000-0000", "contents": "1543\nYear 1543 (MDXLIII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. It is one of the years sometimes referred to as an \"Annus mirabilis\" because of its significant publications in science, considered the start of the scientific revolution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012919-0000-0000", "contents": "1543 Bourgeois\n1543 Bourgeois, provisional designation 1941 SJ, is a stony asteroid from the central asteroid belt's background population, approximately 12 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 21 September 1941, by astronomer Eug\u00e8ne Delporte at the Royal Observatory of Belgium in Uccle. The asteroid was named after Belgian astronomer Paul Bourgeois.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012919-0001-0000", "contents": "1543 Bourgeois, Orbit and classification\nBourgeois is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the central asteroid belt at a distance of 1.8\u20133.5\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 3 months (1,561 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.32 and an inclination of 11\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012919-0002-0000", "contents": "1543 Bourgeois, Orbit and classification\nThe asteroid was first identified as A911 MF at Johannesburg Observatory in June 1911. The body's observation arc begins at Istanbul Observatory (080), eight days prior to its official discovery observation at Uccle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012919-0003-0000", "contents": "1543 Bourgeois, Physical characteristics\nNo spectral type has been determined. The Lightcurve Data Base considers Bourgeois equally likely to be of a stony or carbonaceous, while albedo measurements by Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer suggest that it is a stony S-type asteroid (see below).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012919-0004-0000", "contents": "1543 Bourgeois, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn August 2005, a rotational lightcurve of Bourgeois was obtained from photometric observations by French amateur astronomer Laurent Bernasconi. Analysis of the fragmentary lightcurve gave a rotation period of 2.48 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.03 magnitude (U=1). As of 2017, no secure period has been obtained.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 57], "content_span": [58, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012919-0005-0000", "contents": "1543 Bourgeois, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's WISE telescope, Bourgeois measures 11.985 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.214. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.1 \u2013 a compromise albedo between the stony (0.20) and carbonaceous (0.057) types, used as a default for asteroids with a semi-major axis between 2.6 and 2.7\u00a0AU \u2013 and calculates a diameter of 16.73 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.0.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 61], "content_span": [62, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012919-0006-0000", "contents": "1543 Bourgeois, Naming\nThis minor planet was named in memory of Paul Bourgeois (1898\u20131974), director of the discovering observatory at Uccle, professor at the Free University of Brussels, credited discoverer of asteroid 1547\u00a0Nele, author of various publications in astrometry, astrophysics, meridian astronomy and stellar statistics. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 February 1976 (M.P.C. 3930).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012920-0000-0000", "contents": "1543 in Denmark\nThe following lists events that happened during 1543 in Denmark.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 80]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012925-0000-0000", "contents": "1543 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1543.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012926-0000-0000", "contents": "1543 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012926-0001-0000", "contents": "1543 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012926-0002-0000", "contents": "1543 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012927-0000-0000", "contents": "1543 in science\nThe year 1543 in science and technology marks the beginning of the European Scientific revolution and included many events, some of which are listed here.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012928-0000-0000", "contents": "15436 Dexius\n15436 Dexius, provisional designation: 1998 VU30, is a large Jupiter trojan from the Greek camp, approximately 86 kilometers (53 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 10 November 1998, by astronomers of the Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research at the Lincoln Laboratory's Experimental Test Site near Socorro, New Mexico. The presumed C-type asteroid has a rotation period of 8.97 hours. It is one of the 50 largest Jupiter trojans and was named after Dexius, father of Iphinous from Greek mythology.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012928-0001-0000", "contents": "15436 Dexius, Orbit and classification\nDexius is a dark Jovian asteroid orbiting in the leading Greek camp at Jupiter's L4 Lagrangian point, 60\u00b0 ahead of its orbit in a 1:1 resonance (see Trojans in astronomy). It is a non-family asteroid in the Jovian background population. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 5.0\u20135.4\u00a0AU once every 11 years and 11 months (4,344 days; semi-major axis of 5.21\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.04 and an inclination of 16\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012928-0002-0000", "contents": "15436 Dexius, Orbit and classification\nThe body's observation arc begins with its first observation as 1962 WO at the Goethe Link Observatory in November 1962, or 36 years prior to its official discovery observation at Socorro.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012928-0003-0000", "contents": "15436 Dexius, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was numbered on 21 June 2000 (M.P.C. 40826). On 14 May 2021, the object was named by the Working Group Small Body Nomenclature (WGSBN), after Dexius, father of Iphinous from Greek mythology.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 34], "content_span": [35, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012928-0004-0000", "contents": "15436 Dexius, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn 2013 and 2014, two rotational lightcurves of Dexius were obtained from photometric observations by Robert Stephens at the Trojan Station of Center for Solar System Studies (U81) in Landers, California. Lightcurve analysis gave an identical rotation period of 8.97 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.15 and 0.29 magnitude, respectively (U=3/3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 55], "content_span": [56, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012928-0005-0000", "contents": "15436 Dexius, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite, the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE), this Jovian trojan measures between 78.63 and 87.65 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.038 and 0.053. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0547 and a diameter of 86.00 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 9.1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012928-0006-0000", "contents": "15436 Dexius, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nIt belongs to the 50 largest Jupiter trojan and is currently the largest such body without a name, slightly larger than (4489) 1988 AK based on WISE-data.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012928-0007-0000", "contents": "15436 Dexius, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nNote: missing data was completed with figures from the JPL SBDB () and from the LCDB () for the WISE/NEOWISE and SIMPS catalogs, respectively. These figures are given in italics. Also, listing is incomplete above #100.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012929-0000-0000", "contents": "1544\n1544 (MDXLIV) was a leap year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar, the 1544th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 544th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 44th  year of the 16th\u00a0century, and the  5th   year of the 1540s decade. As of the start of 1544, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which was the dominant calendar of the time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012930-0000-0000", "contents": "1544 Vinterhansenia\n1544 Vinterhansenia, provisional designation 1941 UK, is a dark asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 22 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 15 October 1941, by Finnish astronomer Liisi Oterma at Turku Observatory in Southwest Finland, and named for Danish astronomer Julie Vinter Hansen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012930-0001-0000", "contents": "1544 Vinterhansenia, Orbit and classification\nVinterhansenia is classified as both C-type and X-type asteroid. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 2.1\u20132.6\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 8 months (1,335 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.11 and an inclination of 3\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. Vinterhansenia was first identified as A906 DB at Heidelberg Observatory in 1906. Its first used observation, 1928 DO, was also taken at Heidelberg in 1928, and extends the body's observation arc by 13 years prior to its official discovery observation at Turku in 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012930-0002-0000", "contents": "1544 Vinterhansenia, Lightcurves\nTwo rotational lightcurves of Vinterhansenia were obtained from photometric observations taken by Kevin Ivarsen in October 2003, and Laurent Bernasconi in March 2005. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 13.7 and 13.77 hours with a brightness variation of 0.15 and 0.18 magnitude, respectively (U=2/2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 32], "content_span": [33, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012930-0003-0000", "contents": "1544 Vinterhansenia, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the space-based surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Vinterhansenia measures between 20.76 and 26.23 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.040 and 0.078. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.0599 and a diameter of 21.63 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 12.0.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 40], "content_span": [41, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012930-0004-0000", "contents": "1544 Vinterhansenia, Naming\nThis minor planet was named for Danish astronomer Julie Vinter Hansen (1890\u20131960), who worked at the Copenhagen Observatory and was director of the International Astronomical Union's telegram bureau and Editor of its Circulars (also see Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams) The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center in January 1956 (M.P.C. 1350).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 27], "content_span": [28, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012936-0000-0000", "contents": "1544 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1544.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012937-0000-0000", "contents": "1544 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012937-0001-0000", "contents": "1544 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012937-0002-0000", "contents": "1544 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012938-0000-0000", "contents": "1544 in science\nThe year 1544 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012939-0000-0000", "contents": "15440 Eioneus\n15440 Eioneus, provisional designation: 1998 WX4, is a dark Jupiter trojan from the Greek camp, approximately 66 kilometers (41 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 19 November 1998, by astronomers with the Catalina Sky Survey at the Catalina Station near Tucson, Arizona, in the United States. The assumed C-type asteroid belongs to the 60 largest Jupiter trojans. It has a rotation period of 21.43 hours and possibly a spherical shape. It was named from Greek mythology after Eioneus who was killed by Hector.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012939-0001-0000", "contents": "15440 Eioneus, Orbit and classification\nEioneus  is a dark Jovian asteroid orbiting in the leading Greek camp at Jupiter's L4 Lagrangian point, 60\u00b0 ahead of the Gas Giant's orbit in a 1:1 resonance (see Trojans in astronomy). It is also a non-family asteroid in the Jovian background population.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012939-0002-0000", "contents": "15440 Eioneus, Orbit and classification\nIt orbits the Sun at a distance of 5.2\u20135.4\u00a0AU once every 12 years and 2 months (4,455 days; semi-major axis of 5.3\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.02 and an inclination of 29\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with a precovery published by the Digitized Sky Survey and taken at the Palomar Observatory in November 1951, or 47 years prior to its official discovery observation at Catalina.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012939-0003-0000", "contents": "15440 Eioneus, Naming\nThis minor planet was numbered on 21 June 2000 (M.P.C. 40826). On 14 May 2021, the object was named from Greek mythology by the Working Group Small Body Nomenclature (WGSBN), after the Greek warrior Eioneus who was killed by a spear from Hector during the Trojan War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012939-0004-0000", "contents": "15440 Eioneus, Physical characteristics\nEioneus is an assumed C-type asteroid, while the majority of large Jupiter trojans are D-types. It has a typical V\u2013I color index of 0.97.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012939-0005-0000", "contents": "15440 Eioneus, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nSince January 2013, a large number of a rotational lightcurve of Eioneus have been obtained from photometric observations by Robert Stephens at the Center for Solar System Studies in California. Analysis of the best-rated lightcurve from June 2017 gave a longer-than-average rotation period of 21.43\u00b10.02\u00a0h hours with a low brightness amplitude of 0.09\u00b10.02 magnitude (U=2+), indicative of a rather spherical shape.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 56], "content_span": [57, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012939-0006-0000", "contents": "15440 Eioneus, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite, the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Eioneus measures between 62.52 and 71.88 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.072 and 0.092. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0585 and a diameter of 66.04 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 9.6.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012939-0007-0000", "contents": "15440 Eioneus, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nNote: missing data was completed with figures from the JPL SBDB () and from the LCDB () for the WISE/NEOWISE and SIMPS catalogs, respectively. These figures are given in italics. Also, listing is incomplete above #100.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012940-0000-0000", "contents": "1545\nYear 1545 (MDXLV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012941-0000-0000", "contents": "1545 Thern\u00f6e\n1545 Thern\u00f6e (prov. designation: 1941 UW) is an elongated background asteroid from the central region of the asteroid belt. It was discovered on 15 October 1941, by Finnish astronomer Liisi Oterma at Turku Observatory in Southwest Finland. The uncommon K-type asteroid has a rotation period of 16.1 hours and measures approximately 18 kilometers (11 miles) in diameter. It was later named after Danish astronomer Karl August Thern\u00f6e.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012941-0001-0000", "contents": "1545 Thern\u00f6e, Orbit\nThern\u00f6e orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.1\u20133.4\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 7 months (1,684 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.24 and an inclination of 3\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. It was first identified as A906 FE at Heidelberg Observatory in 1906, extending the body's observation arc by 35 years prior to its official discovery observation at Turku.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 19], "content_span": [20, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012941-0002-0000", "contents": "1545 Thern\u00f6e, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Karl August Thern\u00f6e (1911\u20131987), Danish astronomer and celestial mechanic at \u00d8stervold Observatory in Copenhagen. He was also a popularizer of astronomy and director of IAU's Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams during 1950\u20131964. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 February 1976 (M.P.C. 3930).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012941-0003-0000", "contents": "1545 Thern\u00f6e, Physical characteristics, Spectral type\nIn the SMASS taxonomy, Thern\u00f6e is classified as a rare K-type asteroid, a newly introduced subtype that belongs to the broader S-complex of stony bodies. Conversely, CALL groups Thern\u00f6e into the carbonaceous C-complex.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 53], "content_span": [54, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012941-0004-0000", "contents": "1545 Thern\u00f6e, Physical characteristics, Rotation period and pole\nIn December 2006, a rotational lightcurve of Thern\u00f6e was obtained from photometric observations by French amateur astronomer Ren\u00e9 Roy. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 17.20 hours with a brightness variation of 0.76 magnitude (U=3). The high lightcurve-amplitude of 0.76 indicates that the body has a non-spheroidal shape.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 64], "content_span": [65, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012941-0005-0000", "contents": "1545 Thern\u00f6e, Physical characteristics, Rotation period and pole\nA 2016-published lightcurve, using modeled photometric data from the Lowell Photometric Database, gave a concurring period of 17.20321 hours, as well as a spin axis of (164.0\u00b0, \u22125.0\u00b0) in ecliptic coordinates (\u03bb,\u2009\u03b2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 64], "content_span": [65, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012941-0006-0000", "contents": "1545 Thern\u00f6e, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Thern\u00f6e measures between 16.12 and 19.37 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.092 and 0.13. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link (CALL) adopts the results obtained by IRAS, that is, an albedo of 0.0962 and diameter of 18.71 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 11.8.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012948-0000-0000", "contents": "1545 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1545.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012949-0000-0000", "contents": "1545 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012949-0001-0000", "contents": "1545 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012949-0002-0000", "contents": "1545 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012950-0000-0000", "contents": "1545 in science\nThe year 1545 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012951-0000-0000", "contents": "1546\nYear 1546 (MDXLVI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012952-0000-0000", "contents": "1546 Izs\u00e1k\n1546 Izs\u00e1k, provisional designation 1941 SG1, is a background asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 27 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 28 September 1941, by Hungarian astronomer Gy\u00f6rgy Kulin at the Konkoly Observatory near Budapest, Hungary. The asteroid was named after Hungarian astronomer Imre Izs\u00e1k.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012952-0001-0000", "contents": "1546 Izs\u00e1k, Orbit and classification\nIzs\u00e1k is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the outer asteroid belt at a distance of 2.8\u20133.6\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 8 months (2,070 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.12 and an inclination of 16\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012952-0002-0000", "contents": "1546 Izs\u00e1k, Orbit and classification\nThe body's observation arc begins with its identification as 1935 QC at Simeiz Observatory in August 1935, more than 6 years prior to its official discovery observation at Konkoly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012952-0003-0000", "contents": "1546 Izs\u00e1k, Naming\nThis minor planet was named in memory of Imre Izs\u00e1k (1929\u20131965), a Hungarian-born astronomer and celestial mechanician, who studied the motion of artificial satellites. He also worked at the Cincinnati Observatory and the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory in the United States. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 February 1980 (M.P.C. 5182). He is also honored by a lunar crater Izsak.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012952-0004-0000", "contents": "1546 Izs\u00e1k, Physical characteristics\nIzs\u00e1k has been characterized as a generic X-, a metallic M- and a carbonaceous C-type asteroid, by PanSTARRS photometric survey, by the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) and by the Lightcurve Data Base, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012952-0005-0000", "contents": "1546 Izs\u00e1k, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn April 2006, a rotational lightcurve of Izs\u00e1k was obtained from photometric observations by American astronomer Brian Warner at his Palmer Divide Observatory in Colorado (716). Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 7.350 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.31 magnitude (U=3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 53], "content_span": [54, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012952-0006-0000", "contents": "1546 Izs\u00e1k, Physical characteristics, Poles\nIn 2016, a modeled lightcurve gave a concurring period of 7.33200 hours and determined two spin axis of (124.0\u00b0, 32.0\u00b0) and (322.0\u00b0, 60.0\u00b0) in ecliptic coordinates (\u03bb,\u2009\u03b2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 43], "content_span": [44, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012952-0007-0000", "contents": "1546 Izs\u00e1k, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's WISE telescope, Izs\u00e1k measures between 19.31 and 28.487 kilometers in diameter  and its surface has an albedo between 0.1153 and 0.249.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 57], "content_span": [58, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012952-0008-0000", "contents": "1546 Izs\u00e1k, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for carbonaceous asteroids of 0.057 and calculates a diameter of 42.23 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.6.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 57], "content_span": [58, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012959-0000-0000", "contents": "1546 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1546.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012960-0000-0000", "contents": "1546 in music, Births\ndate unknown - Joachim a Burck, German hymn writer, composer, organist and Kantor (died 1610)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012961-0000-0000", "contents": "1546 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012961-0001-0000", "contents": "1546 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012961-0002-0000", "contents": "1546 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012962-0000-0000", "contents": "1546 in science\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by BHGbot (talk | contribs) at 12:05, 18 June 2020 (WP:BHGbot 6 (List 5): fixed sort key; WP:GENFIXES). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012962-0001-0000", "contents": "1546 in science\nThe year 1546 in science and technology included a number of events, some of which are listed here.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012963-0000-0000", "contents": "15460 Manca\n15460 Manca, provisional designation 1998 YD10, is a Koronian asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 5 kilometers in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012963-0001-0000", "contents": "15460 Manca\nThe asteroid was discovered on 25 December 1998, by Italian astronomers Andrea Boattini and Luciano Tesi at Pistoia Mountains Astronomical Observatory in San Marcello Pistoiese, central Italy. It was named for Italian amateur astronomer Francesco Manca.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012963-0002-0000", "contents": "15460 Manca, Orbit and classification\nManca belongs to the Koronis family, a family of stony asteroids in the outer main-belt with nearly ecliptical orbits. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.6\u20133.2\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 12 months (1,810 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.09 and an inclination of 3\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012963-0003-0000", "contents": "15460 Manca, Orbit and classification\nThe asteroid's observation arc begins 48 years prior to its official discovery observation, with a precovery taken at the Palomar Observatory in March 1950.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012963-0004-0000", "contents": "15460 Manca, Physical characteristics\nManca has also been characterized as an X-type asteroid by Pan-STARRS' photometric survey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012963-0005-0000", "contents": "15460 Manca, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn August 2012, a rotational lightcurve was obtained for Manca from photometric observations made at the Palomar Transient Factory, California. It gave it a rotation period of 7.2723 hours with a brightness variation of 0.22 magnitude (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 54], "content_span": [55, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012963-0006-0000", "contents": "15460 Manca, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Manca measures 5.35 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.295. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a stony standard albedo for members of the Koronis family of 0.24, and calculates a diameter of 5.17 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 13.6.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012963-0007-0000", "contents": "15460 Manca, Naming\nThis minor planet was named for Italian amateur astronomer Francesco Manca (born 1966), member of the \"Gruppo Astrofili Brianza\" and an active observer of near-Earth objects, and potentially hazardous asteroids in particular, at Sormano Astronomical Observatory in northern Italy. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 13 October 2000 (M.P.C. 41388).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012964-0000-0000", "contents": "1547\nYear 1547 (MDXLVII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012970-0000-0000", "contents": "1547 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1547.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012971-0000-0000", "contents": "1547 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012971-0001-0000", "contents": "1547 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012971-0002-0000", "contents": "1547 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012972-0000-0000", "contents": "1547 in science\nThe year 1547 in science and technology included a number of events, some of which are listed here.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012973-0000-0000", "contents": "1548\nYear 1548 (MDXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012978-0000-0000", "contents": "1548 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1548.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012979-0000-0000", "contents": "1548 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012979-0001-0000", "contents": "1548 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012979-0002-0000", "contents": "1548 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012980-0000-0000", "contents": "1548 in science\nThe year 1548 in science and technology included a number of events, some of which are listed here.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012981-0000-0000", "contents": "1549\nYear 1549 (MDXLIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. In the Kingdom of England, it was known as \"The Year of the Many-Headed Monster\", because of the unusually high number of rebellions which occurred in the country.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012987-0000-0000", "contents": "1549 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1549.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012988-0000-0000", "contents": "1549 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012988-0001-0000", "contents": "1549 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012988-0002-0000", "contents": "1549 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012989-0000-0000", "contents": "1549 in science\nThe year 1549 in science and technology included some events, a few of which are listed here.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012990-0000-0000", "contents": "1549\u20131550 papal conclave\nThe 1549\u20131550 papal conclave (November 29 \u2013 February 7), convened after the death of Pope Paul III and eventually elected Giovanni Del Monte to the papacy as Pope Julius III. It was the second-longest papal conclave of the 16th century, and (at the time) the largest papal conclave in history in terms of the number of cardinal electors. The cardinal electors (who at one point totalled fifty-one) were roughly divided between the factions of Henry II of France, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, and Alessandro Farnese, the cardinal-nephew of Paul III.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012990-0001-0000", "contents": "1549\u20131550 papal conclave\nNoted for the extensive interference of European powers, the conclave was to determine whether and on what terms the Council of Trent would reconvene (supported by Charles V and opposed by Henry II) and the fate of the Duchies of Parma and Piacenza (claimed by both Charles V and the House of Farnese). Although the conclave nearly elected Reginald Pole, the late arrival of additional French cardinals pushed the conclave back into deadlock, and eventually Giovanni del Monte was elected Pope Julius III as a compromise candidate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012990-0002-0000", "contents": "1549\u20131550 papal conclave\nThe French hoped that Julius III would be hostile to the interests of the Holy Roman Empire. Nevertheless, tensions between him and the French boiled over when he reconvened the Council of Trent in November 1550, culminating in the threat of schism in August 1551 and the brief War of Parma fought between French troops allied with Ottavio Farnese and a papal-imperial army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012990-0002-0001", "contents": "1549\u20131550 papal conclave\nFrench prelates did not attend the 1551\u20131552 sessions of the Council of Trent and were slow to accept its reforms; because Henry II would not allow any French cardinals to reside in Rome, many missed the election of Pope Marcellus II, arriving in Rome just in time to elect Marcellus II's successor Pope Paul IV after Marcellus II's brief reign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012990-0003-0000", "contents": "1549\u20131550 papal conclave, Cardinal-electors\nPope Paul III had enlarged the College of Cardinals to an unprecedented fifty-four, and the length of the conclave allowed many of the foreign cardinals to arrive, bringing the number of cardinal electors at one point to fifty-one, although two died and several fell ill during the conclave, reducing their number to forty-four by the final scrutiny (ballot).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 43], "content_span": [44, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012990-0004-0000", "contents": "1549\u20131550 papal conclave, Cardinal-electors\nAccording to the tally of Cardinal Charles de Lorraine-Guise in his letter to Henry II, once the twelve participating French cardinals reached Rome, twenty-three cardinals were aligned in the French faction, twenty-two in the Imperial faction, and four neutral; thus Guise judged it impossible for either faction to garner the necessary two-thirds simply by persuading neutral cardinals. In addition, eleven Italian cardinals whom Guise counted among the French faction were only likely to vote for a fellow Italian, making the three favorites of Henry II\u2014Louis de Bourbon de Vend\u00f4me, Jean de Lorraine, and Georges d'Amboise\u2014unfeasible. The non-French cardinal protector of France, Ippolito II d'Este, would then have been the choice of Henry II; Catherine de' Medici preferred her cousin Giovanni Salviati, who was extremely unacceptable to the Imperial faction and the Farnese.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 43], "content_span": [44, 923]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012990-0005-0000", "contents": "1549\u20131550 papal conclave, Cardinal-electors\nIn contrast, Charles V favored Juan \u00c1lvarez de Toledo followed by Reginald Pole, and found unacceptable all of the French cardinals as well as Salviati, Nicol\u00f2 Ridolfi, and the two prelates responsible for the transfer of the Council of Trent to Bologna (Giovanni Maria Ciocchi del Monte and Marcello Cervini degli Spannochi).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 43], "content_span": [44, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012990-0006-0000", "contents": "1549\u20131550 papal conclave, Cardinal-electors\nAbsent were three cardinals, the Frenchmen Claude de Longwy de Givry, Bishop of Poitiers, and Jacques d'Annebaut, Bishop of Lisieux, and Henrique de Portugal, Archbishop of Evora.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 43], "content_span": [44, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012990-0007-0000", "contents": "1549\u20131550 papal conclave, Procedure\nThe rules of the conclave, as laid out in Ubi periculum and codified into canon law were nominally observed, but also blatantly disregarded, especially with respect to the rules prohibiting communication with the outside world. Some unauthorized persons are known to have been present in the conclave, leaving through the small door left open (per portulam ostio conclavis relictam). Portuguese Cardinal Miguel de Silva, irked by the presence of ambassadors from both Charles V and Henry II, complained to Dean de Cupis that the conclave was \"more open than closed\" (non conclusum sed patens conclave). By January 14, with the arrival of Louis de Bourbon, there were approximately 400 people in the conclave, only 48 of whom were cardinals\u2014including the brothers of some cardinals, the representatives of secular rulers, and those whose only purpose was to inform the outside world on the proceedings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 35], "content_span": [36, 937]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012990-0008-0000", "contents": "1549\u20131550 papal conclave, Procedure\nOn November 27, the twelve cardinals who had arrived in Rome by then, joined the twenty-nine who had been in Rome at the death of Paul III in drawing lots of the assignment of cells during the conclave; however, those who were already ill were given preferential cell placement without having to draw lots. The conclavists decided to proceed with \"closed\" ballots (ut vota secreto darentur) on December 3, having read and sworn to adhere to the bull of Pope Julius II against simonical election, Contra simoniacos, and Pope Gregory X's bull establishing the conclave, Ubi periculum on December 1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 35], "content_span": [36, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012990-0008-0001", "contents": "1549\u20131550 papal conclave, Procedure\nOn January 31, a reform committee\u2014composed of Carafa, Bourbon, Pacheco, Waldburg, de Silva, and Pole\u2014decided on thirteen new rules: limiting each cardinal to three conclavists, preventing cardinals from enlarging or switching assigned cells, prohibiting private meetings of more than three cardinals, banning eating together or sharing food, and confining the cardinals to their cells between 10:30\u00a0p.m. and dawn; physicians and barbers were each limited to three Italians, and one each of France, Germany, and Spain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 35], "content_span": [36, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012990-0009-0000", "contents": "1549\u20131550 papal conclave, Balloting\nThe first scrutiny was held on December 3, the fifth day of the conclave, in the Cappella Paolina (not the Sistine Chapel, which had been divided into nineteen cells for infirm cardinals).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 35], "content_span": [36, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012990-0009-0001", "contents": "1549\u20131550 papal conclave, Balloting\nBecause it took ten days for the news of Pope Paul III's death to reach the French court, at the start of the conclave almost all the cardinals aligned with the Holy Roman Empire were in Rome, while only two of the fourteen French cardinals were in Italy (one was Antoine du Meudon, who had been vacationing in Farnese territory); because one clause of the Concordat of Bologna allowed the pope to fill French benefices if the French prelate died in Rome, Henry II exhorted his cardinals to remain in France, and relied on his non-French allies (in particular, Ippolito II d'Este) to act as his go-between with the Roman Curia. d'Este had done his best to delay the start of the conclave to allow the French cardinals to arrive, using his influence to schedule the papal funerary rite (which was, by law, nine days long) to begin an unusual nine days after Paul III's death.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 35], "content_span": [36, 910]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012990-0010-0000", "contents": "1549\u20131550 papal conclave, Balloting\nAt the start of the conclave, Alessandro Farnese, the cardinal-nephew of Paul III, and his faction of four or five cardinals (including Ranuccio Farnese and Guido Ascanio Sforza), whom Guise had counted among the French faction, began supporting the second choice of the Holy Roman Emperor, Reginald Pole, apparently having received assurances that Ottavio Farnese's claim to the Duchy of Parma would be supported by Charles V. On December 5, Pole received twenty-six votes, only two short of the requisite two-thirds majority, prompting French ambassador Claude d'Urf\u00e9 to rush to the door of the conclave, demanding that the conclave wait for the French cardinals, whom he claimed were in Corsica, and threatening that the election of a pope in their absence would be likely to cause a schism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 35], "content_span": [36, 830]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012990-0011-0000", "contents": "1549\u20131550 papal conclave, Balloting\nWhether or not Urf\u00e9's warning had any effect on the conclavists, from December 7, when the French cardinals landed south of Genoa, to the end of the conclave, Pole polled no more twenty-four or twenty-three votes. On December 11, four French cardinals\u2014Guise, Charles de Bourbon, Odet de Coligny de Ch\u00e2tillon, and Jean du Bellay\u2014arrived, bringing the requisite supermajority to thirty-one. Henry II bankrolled Guise with a sum of 150,000 \u00e9cus, likely for bribes, and additional French cardinals began to trickle into the conclave: Georges d'Amboise and Philippe de la Chambre on December 28; Jean de Lorraine on December 31; and (the extremely elderly) Louis de Bourbon on January 14.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 35], "content_span": [36, 719]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012990-0012-0000", "contents": "1549\u20131550 papal conclave, Balloting\nBy the end of January, Pole had dropped to twenty-one votes, but the French faction remained split between Carafa, de Bourbon, Lorraine, and Salviati; Este's candidacy, though desired by many in the French College, had not yet been put forward, perhaps having been held back in hopes that he would be more acceptable as the conclave dragged on. Toward the end of January, in accordance with traditional efforts to counter dilatory cardinals, the amenities and rations of the conclave were decreased and the upper story windows were closed to reduce the natural lighting and fresh air. Soon afterwards, Ridolfi\u2014the French candidate most acceptable to Farnese\u2014died amid accusations of poisoning on January 31.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 35], "content_span": [36, 743]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012990-0013-0000", "contents": "1549\u20131550 papal conclave, Balloting\nA letter dated February 6 from Henry II, advising Guise to support a neutral candidate, never reached the conclave before its conclusion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 35], "content_span": [36, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012990-0013-0001", "contents": "1549\u20131550 papal conclave, Balloting\nAlthough Del Monte had originally been opposed by both the Imperial faction (for his role in moving the Council of Trent) and the French faction (for his plebeian genealogy and alleged personal indiscretions), he obtained the support of the French for his perceived past hostility to the Empire, the support of Farnese for his pledge to support the claim of Ottavio Farnese in Parma, and the support of a few Imperialists, having not been specifically excluded in Charles V's last letter. On February 7, on the sixty-first scrutiny of the conclave, Del Monte was \"unanimously\" elected and took the name Pope Julius III (forty-one cardinals had previously acquiesced to his candidacy, although the more fervent of the Imperialists had not until it was already inevitable).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 35], "content_span": [36, 807]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012990-0014-0000", "contents": "1549\u20131550 papal conclave, Primary sources\nThe main sources for the proceedings and vote-counts of the conclave come from the accounts Enrico Dandolo of Venice, Simon Renard (the Imperial ambassador to France), and Diego de Mendoza (ambassador to Charles V), the correspondences between Henry II and Guise and d'Este, and the diaries of the various conclavists. In particular, Angelo Massarelli, the secretary of Marcello Cervini, devotes his entire fifth diary to the conclave.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 41], "content_span": [42, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012990-0015-0000", "contents": "1549\u20131550 papal conclave, Primary sources, The papabili\nBefore and during the conclave, many Roman bankers offered betting spreads on the papabili (cardinals likely to be elected). According to Dandolo, \"it is more than clear that the merchants are very well informed about the state of the poll, and that the cardinals' attendants in Conclave go partners with them in wagers, which thus causes many tens of thousands of crowns to change hands\" (an early example of insider trading).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 55], "content_span": [56, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012990-0016-0000", "contents": "1549\u20131550 papal conclave, Primary sources, The papabili\nCardinal del Monte (who was eventually elected Julius III) had started out as the favorite at 1 to 5, trailed by Salviati, Ridolfi, and Pole, but Pole was the favorite three days later at 1 to 4. By December 5, Pole's odds had risen to 95 to 100. With the arrival of four additional French cardinals on December 11, Pole's odds fell to 2 to 5. On January 22, the odds quoted against the conclave finishing during January were 9 to 10, against February: 1 to 2, against March: 1 to 5, and never: 1 to 10.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 55], "content_span": [56, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012991-0000-0000", "contents": "154CM\n154CM is a type of stainless steel developed and manufactured in the United States by Crucible Materials Corporation (now - Crucible Industries). Crucible 154CM is a modification of martensitic stainless steel type 440C to which molybdenum has been added. It was originally developed for tough industrial applications and combines three principal elements: carbon, chromium, and molybdenum. Hitachi Corporation of Japan copied the properties of this steel for their own brand known as ATS-34.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012992-0000-0000", "contents": "154th (Stormont-Dundas-Glengarry) Battalion, CEF\nThe 154th Battalion, CEF was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War. Based in Cornwall, Ontario, the unit began recruiting in late 1915 in Stormont, Dundas, and Glengarry Counties. After sailing to England in October 1916, the battalion was absorbed into the 6th Reserve Battalion on January 31, 1917. The 154th Battalion, CEF had one Officer Commanding: Lieutenant-Colonel A. G. F. MacDonald. The Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry Highlanders perpetuate the 154th Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012993-0000-0000", "contents": "154th Brigade (Croatia)\nThe 154th Brigade (Croatian: 154. brigada) - named \"The Bo\u0161karins of Pazin\" (Croatian: Pazinski bo\u0161karini) - was a Croatian Army guards brigade composed of conscripts from Pazin, Labin, Pore\u010d, Umag, Buje and Buzet. Together with the 1st Home Guard Battalion Pula and the HV 119th Brigade it is one of the military units from Istria employed in the Croatian War of Independence. The unit was active in Oto\u010dac, where it was employed in the defense of the city, and participated in the Operation Oluja. The brigade was active from 1991 to 2004.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012993-0001-0000", "contents": "154th Brigade (Croatia), History\nIn December 1991 began with the accelerated organization and training of this unit, at first headquartered in Pazin's home of veterans (now the building of the County Services and the Commercial Court).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012993-0002-0000", "contents": "154th Brigade (Croatia), History\nThe day of establishment of the company is 1 December 1991. The brigade was formed in Pazin. It was composed of conscripts from Pazin, Labin, Pore\u010d, Umag, Buje and Buzet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012993-0003-0000", "contents": "154th Brigade (Croatia), History\nIn mid-December, the entire war command of the brigade and some units were mobilized, especially the sabotage, anti-sabotage and air defense platoons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012993-0004-0000", "contents": "154th Brigade (Croatia), History\nAlready at that time, the sabotage and anti-sabotage platoon and the air defense platoons in Pazin and Pore\u010d were given clear tasks, and on 26 December 1991 these units were either engaged in combat or ready for action. At the same time, the logistics company was fixing up the Veli Jo\u017ee barracks for the reception of the main combat forces, the organization thereof, and the accelerated training and preparation for taking over tasks on the Lika frontier. The brigade organized into three combat battalions, combat support units, contingent units and logistics units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012993-0005-0000", "contents": "154th Brigade (Croatia), History\nFollowing orders from the OZ Rijeka, in early April 1992 the brigade took over combat missions on the Lika battlefield, first as an operational reserve of the commander of OG Lika, and in May of the same year as a defensive force on the front line in Iv\u010devi\u0107 kosa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012993-0006-0000", "contents": "154th Brigade (Croatia), History\nIn 1993, the brigade organized part of its forces in the area of Li\u010dki Osik, Mu\u0161aluk and Buda\u010dki most.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012993-0007-0000", "contents": "154th Brigade (Croatia), History\nThe year 1994 was for the brigade perhaps the most intense from the aspect of staying on the battlefield. That year, in the period from January to May, the brigade defended the town of Oto\u010dac in a very demanding defensive task. After the reorganization of 154th no. HV into 154th dp HV (by reorganizing, the brigade was additionally strengthened with a larger number of men and combat equipment), the brigade moved to the area of Peru\u0161i\u0107ka kosa in mid-September. Here, in a geographically, climatically and tactically very demanding area, it organized a defense on the line that stretches from Sinac through Ramljan, Pocrni\u0107 to Alivojvodi\u0107, and on to Kosinj and Klanac.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 702]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012993-0008-0000", "contents": "154th Brigade (Croatia), History\nIn 1995, the 154th Home Guard Regiment continuously held the area of responsibility assigned to it, until the beginning of May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012993-0009-0000", "contents": "154th Brigade (Croatia), History\nDuring the Operation Storm, the regiment attacked the main forces in the direction of Ljubovo - Buni\u0107, cooperating with the 9th Guards Brigade. In the auxiliary direction, it attacked with the left wing of Krbavsko polje. It then took part in the capture of Debeli brdo, the liberation of ZL Udbina, Podudbina and the town of Udbina. While doing so, it reorganized and prepared for further action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012993-0010-0000", "contents": "154th Brigade (Croatia), History\nIn the next stage of hostilities, the regiment broke out on the state border on the river Una in the area of Nebljus. In its zone of responsibility, it quickly occupied the line of defense in the valley of the river Una: \u0160trba\u010dki Buk - Kestenovac - Poljica - Demirovi\u0107 Brdo; organized and conducted reconnaissance and created the conditions for possible offensive actions. A member of the Pore\u010d battalion, Stipan Lijovi\u0107, was killed in a clash with the JNA soldiers from Prekoun, while others were wounded in the same clash.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012993-0011-0000", "contents": "154th Brigade (Croatia), History\nFollowing the Operation Storm, the regiment, although demobilized, continued its tasks of further developing, equipping and training. Intensive tasks were carried out to improve life and work in ZM Pazin. The unit created the so-called tank road (Pazin - Lindar), arranged and renewed the Veli Jo\u017ee barracks, built the camp Lindar, distributed the water supply network in the village of Berto\u0161i and a number of other activities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012993-0012-0000", "contents": "154th Brigade (Croatia), History\nThroughout the Croatian War of Independence, this unit was characterized by a high degree of responsibility and quick response to mobilization by all members of the brigade, and a high level of combat readiness of forces, (no going to the battlefield without prior reconnaissance, intensive training, action planning, logistical support, etc. ); there was no occurrence of arbitrary leaving the unit or arbitrary and unplanned actions. Humanity and care for the comrade, but also the opponent, was another feature for which this unit is noted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012994-0000-0000", "contents": "154th Cavalry Brigade (United States)\nThe 154th Cavalry Brigade was a cavalry unit of the United States Army Organized Reserve during the interwar period. Organized in 1922, the brigade spent its entire career with the 62nd Cavalry Division and was disbanded after the United States entered World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012994-0001-0000", "contents": "154th Cavalry Brigade (United States), History\nThe brigade was constituted in the Organized Reserve on 15 October 1921, part of the 62nd Cavalry Division in the Third Corps Area. It included the 307th and 308th Cavalry Regiments and the 154th Machine Gun Squadron at Norfolk. In 1922, the brigade headquarters was initiated (organized) at Richmond, Virginia. On 20 December 1928, the 154th Machine Gun Squadron was relieved from its assignment to the 62nd and withdrawn from the Organized Reserves, with its personnel transferred to the 307th's new 3rd Squadron and Machine Gun Troop.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012994-0002-0000", "contents": "154th Cavalry Brigade (United States), History\nThe brigade held its inactive training period meetings at the Parcel Post Building in Richmond. Between 1923 and 1940, the 154th usually conducted summer training at Fort Meade in Maryland, occasionally holding summer training with the 3rd Cavalry Regiment at Fort Myer or Fort Belvoir. Its subordinate regiments provided basic military instruction to civilians under the Citizens' Military Training Camp program at Fort Myer and Fort Belvoir with the assistance of the 3rd Cavalry as an alternate form of training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012994-0002-0001", "contents": "154th Cavalry Brigade (United States), History\nDuring its participation in the July 1930 Third Corps Area command post exercise, the brigade was temporarily commanded by 306th Cavalry commander, politician, and lawyer John Philip Hill. After the United States entered World War II, the brigade was disbanded on 30 January 1942 along with the division, after most of its officers were called up for active duty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012994-0003-0000", "contents": "154th Cavalry Brigade (United States), Commanders\nThe brigade is known to have been commanded by the following officers:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 49], "content_span": [50, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012995-0000-0000", "contents": "154th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)\nThe 154th Division (\u7b2c154\u5e2b\u56e3, Dai-hyakugoj\u016byon Shidan) was an infantry division of the Imperial Japanese Army. Its call sign was the Himeji Protection Division (\u8b77\u8def\u5175\u56e3, Goji Heidan). It was formed 28 February 1945 in Hiroshima as a square division. It was a part of the 16 simultaneously created divisions batch numbering from 140th to 160th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012995-0001-0000", "contents": "154th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nThe 154th division was assigned to 57th army. The division spent time from 5 May 1945 until surrender of Japan 15 August 1945 building a coastal defenses in Saito, Miyazaki without engaging in actual combat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012995-0002-0000", "contents": "154th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Notes and references\nThis article about the military history of Japan is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012995-0003-0000", "contents": "154th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Notes and references\nThis World War II article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012995-0004-0000", "contents": "154th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Notes and references\nThis article about a specific military unit is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012996-0000-0000", "contents": "154th Division (People's Republic of China)\nThe 154th Division(Chinese: \u7b2c154\u5e08) was created in November 1948 under the Regulation of the Redesignations of All Organizations and Units of the Army, issued by Central Military Commission on November 1, 1948, basing on the 2nd Independent Division of Northeastern People's Liberation Army,  formed in September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012996-0001-0000", "contents": "154th Division (People's Republic of China)\nThe division was a part of 41st Corps. Under the flag of 154th division it took part in the Chinese civil war. In June 1951 the division was disbanded. Its divisional HQ became HQ of 49th Corps, then 3rd Air Force Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012997-0000-0000", "contents": "154th Georgia General Assembly\nThe 154th Georgia General Assembly convened its first session on January 9, 2017, at the Georgia State Capitol in Atlanta. Its second session was January 8 through March 29, 2018. The 154th Georgia General Assembly preceded the 153rd of 2015 and 2016, and succeeded by the 155th in 2019 and 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012997-0001-0000", "contents": "154th Georgia General Assembly, Members of the State Senate\nThe following is a list of members of the Georgia State Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 59], "content_span": [60, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012998-0000-0000", "contents": "154th Illinois Infantry Regiment\nThe 154th Regiment Illinois Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012998-0001-0000", "contents": "154th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 154th Illinois Infantry was organized at Camp Butler, Illinois,    and mustered into Federal service on February 21, 1865, for a one-year enlistment. The 154th served in garrisons in Tennessee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012998-0002-0000", "contents": "154th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Total strength and casualties\nThe regiment suffered 76 enlisted men who died of disease for a total of 76 fatalities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 63], "content_span": [64, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012999-0000-0000", "contents": "154th Indiana Infantry Regiment\nThe 154th Indiana Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment from Indiana that served in the Union Army between April 20 and August 4, 1865, during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00012999-0001-0000", "contents": "154th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was organized at infantry regiment, with a strength of 982 men and mustered in on April 20, 1865. It left Indiana for Parkersburg, West Virginia on April 28. Between May 2 and 4, the regiment moved to Stevenson's Station, Shenandoah Valley, Virginia. They performed duty at Stevenson's Station until June 27, and then at Opequan Creek. On August 4, 1865, the regiment was mustered out. During its service the regiment incurred forty fatalities, another eighty-four men deserted and unaccounted for, one man.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013000-0000-0000", "contents": "154th Infantry\nThe 154th Infantry was an infantry regiment of the British Indian Army. It was formed in Mesopotamia in May 1918, saw service in the First World War and the Third Anglo-Afghan War, and was disbanded in May 1921.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013000-0001-0000", "contents": "154th Infantry, History, Background\nHeavy losses suffered by the British Expeditionary Force on the Western Front following the German spring offensive in March 1918 resulted in a major reorganization of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 35], "content_span": [36, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013000-0002-0000", "contents": "154th Infantry, History, Background\nIn fact, the 75th Division already had four Indian battalions assigned, so of the 36 battalions needed to reform the divisions, 22 were improvised by taking whole companies from existing units already on active service in Mesopotamia and Palestine to form the 150th Infantry (3 battalions), 151st Sikh Infantry (3), 152nd Punjabis (3), 153rd Punjabis (3), 154th Infantry (3), 155th Pioneers (2), 156th Infantry (1) and the 11th Gurkha Rifles (4). The donor units were then brought back up to strength by drafts. In the event, just 13 of the battalions were assigned to the divisions and the remaining nine were transferred from Mesopotamia to India in June 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 35], "content_span": [36, 698]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013000-0003-0000", "contents": "154th Infantry, History, Formation\nThe regiment was formed with three battalions in Mesopotamia in May 1918 by the transfer of complete companies posted from regiments serving in the 14th, 15th, 17th, and 18th Indian Divisions. The 1st Battalion was transferred to India in June 1918 and later took part in the Third Anglo-Afghan War in 1919 as part of the Derajat Brigade. The other two battalions were transferred to Egypt in July 1918, were assigned to British divisions and took part in the final Allied offensive of the Sinai and Palestine Campaign (the Battles of Megiddo).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 34], "content_span": [35, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013000-0004-0000", "contents": "154th Infantry, Battalions, 1st Battalion\nThe 1st Battalion was formed in Mesopotamia in May 1918 by the transfer of complete companies from:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 41], "content_span": [42, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013000-0005-0000", "contents": "154th Infantry, Battalions, 1st Battalion\nThe battalion was transferred from Mesopotamia to India in June 1918 and joined the Derajat Brigade on the North-West Frontier where it remained in until the end of the First World War. In May 1919, part of the battalion mobilized with the Derajat Brigade and took part in the Third Anglo-Afghan War. The battalion was disbanded in 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 41], "content_span": [42, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013000-0006-0000", "contents": "154th Infantry, Battalions, 2nd Battalion\nThe 2nd Battalion was formed at Basra on 24 May 1918 by the transfer of complete companies from:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 41], "content_span": [42, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013000-0007-0000", "contents": "154th Infantry, Battalions, 2nd Battalion\nIt embarked on 19 June for Egypt, arriving at Suez on 5 July and moved to Qantara. On 16 July, it entrained and arrived at Lydda the next day. The battalion joined the 233rd Brigade, 75th Division at Rantis on 25 July. It remained with the division for the rest of the Sinai and Palestine Campaign, taking part in the Battle of Sharon (19 September 1918). The division was then withdrawn into XXI Corps Reserve near et Tire where it was employed on salvage work and road making. On 22 October it moved to Haifa where it was when the Armistice of Mudros came into effect and the war ended.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 41], "content_span": [42, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013000-0008-0000", "contents": "154th Infantry, Battalions, 2nd Battalion\nOn 13 November, the 75th Division concentrated at Lydda and by 10 December had moved back to Qantara. On 18 January 1919, instructions were received that the Indian battalions would be returned to India as transport became available. The battalion was disbanded on 15 May 1921.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 41], "content_span": [42, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013000-0009-0000", "contents": "154th Infantry, Battalions, 3rd Battalion\nThe 3rd Battalion was formed in Mesopotamia in May 1918 by the transfer of complete companies from:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 41], "content_span": [42, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013000-0010-0000", "contents": "154th Infantry, Battalions, 3rd Battalion\nThe battalion disembarked at Suez on 5 July and reached Lydda on 17 July. It joined the 158th Brigade, 53rd (Welsh) Division on 3 August near Jerusalem. It remained with the division for the rest of the Sinai and Palestine Campaign, taking part in the Battle of Nablus (18\u201321 September 1918). At the end of the battle, the division was employed on salvage work and working on the Nablus road.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 41], "content_span": [42, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013000-0011-0000", "contents": "154th Infantry, Battalions, 3rd Battalion\nOn 27 October, the division started moving to Alexandria even before the Armistice of Mudros came into effect on 31 October, thereby ending the war against the Ottoman Empire. It completed its concentration at Alexandria on 15 November. The division received demobilization instructions on 20 December 1918. The Indian infantry battalions returned to India as transports became available and the division was reduced to cadre by 7 June 1919. The battalion was disbanded in 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 41], "content_span": [42, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013001-0000-0000", "contents": "154th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)\nThe 154th Infantry Brigade (part of the 51st (Highland) Infantry Division) was an infantry brigade of the British Army division that fought during both the First and Second world wars. The brigade was raised in 1908, upon the creation of the Territorial Force, as the Argyll and Sutherland Brigade and was later redesignated as the 154th (3rd Highland) Brigade. The division was referred to as the \"Highway Decorators\" by other divisions who became used to discovering the 'HD' insignia painted wherever the Highlanders had passed through.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013001-0001-0000", "contents": "154th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)\n154th Brigade was luckier than its sister brigades of the 51st Division (152nd and 153rd). It was detached in June 1940 to form the mobile battlegroup \"Arkforce\" and was able to escape from Northern France while the rest of the division was forced to surrender at St Valery-en-Caux. However, the brigade was severely understrength by the time it returned to Britain, and in August 1940 it was reorganised and merged with the 28th Infantry Brigade of 9th (Highland) Infantry Division to form part of the new 51st Division. In this capacity it went on to serve in North Africa, Sicily and North-West Europe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013002-0000-0000", "contents": "154th Infantry Division \"Murge\"\nThe 154th Infantry Division \"Murge\" (Italian: 154\u00aa Divisione fanteria \"Murge\") was an infantry division of the Royal Italian Army during World War II. The Murge was formed as a garrison division on 1 December 1942 and named for the Murge region. The division was sent to Dalmatia as an occupation force, where it took part in anti-Partisan operations. It took part in the Battle of the Sutjeska and then had to be withdrawn after suffering heavy losses. It was disbanded in September 1943, following the Italian surrender to the Allies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013002-0001-0000", "contents": "154th Infantry Division \"Murge\", C.R.O.W.C.A.S.S.\nThe names of twelve men attached to the Murge Division can be found in the CROWCASS List established by the Anglo-American Allies of the individuals wanted by Yugoslavia for war crimes:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013002-0002-0000", "contents": "154th Infantry Division \"Murge\", Popular culture\nAlistair MacLean's novel Partisans, set in the Balkan Theater of World War II, mentions the Murge Division as being a major force in the Axis offensives against the Yugoslav Partisans. The book begins at the buildup to Fall Weiss and ends with the protagonists having accomplished a significant espionage mission that would ensure the mauling of the Murge at the hands of the Yugoslav Resistance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 48], "content_span": [49, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013003-0000-0000", "contents": "154th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)\nThe 154th Infantry Division (German: 154. Infanterie-Division), also known as Commander of the Replacement Troops IV (German: Kommandeur der Ersatztruppen IV), Division No. 154 (German: Division Nr. 154), 154th Reserve Division (German: 154. Reserve-Division), 154th Division (German: 154. Division) and 154th Field Training Division (German: 154. Feldausbildungs-Division) was an infantry division of the German Heer during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013003-0001-0000", "contents": "154th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), Operational history\nDuring German mobilization on 26 August 1939, each Wehrkreis (military district) was assigned a division to organize the reserves and training of recruits. The Wehrkreis IV (Saxony) was assigned the Kommandeur der Ersatztruppen IV. The division was redesignated 154. Division on 10 November 1939 and Division Nr. 154 on 27 December 1939. The commander, starting on 27 September 1939, was Arthur Boltze. The division served as the administrative body and the training divisions for all recruits of Wehrkreis IV. As a result, its main trainees were Saxons and Sudeten Germans. The formation of 174th Division on 10 June 1940 only left the division with Infantry Reserve Regiment 4 Dresden, Infantry Reserve Regiment 223 Bautzen, Infantry Reserve Regiment 255 L\u00f6bau, Infantry Reserve Regiment 256 Teplitz and Artillery Reserve Regiment 4 Dresden, in addition to several small reserve detachments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 56], "content_span": [57, 950]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013003-0002-0000", "contents": "154th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), Operational history\nThe division was commanded by Franz Landgraf starting on 1 May 1942 and by Friedrich Altrichter starting in June. It was reequipped on 15 June 1942 and redesignated 154. Reserve-Division. It was redeployed to Landshut in the General Government in occupied Poland. At this point, it consisted of Infantry Reserve Grenadier Regiments 56 Jaroslau, 223 Krakau, and 255 Lemberg, as well Reserve Artillery Detachmanet 24 Reichshof.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 56], "content_span": [57, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013003-0003-0000", "contents": "154th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), Operational history\nThe division was reorganized on 5 March 1944 after the dissolution of the staffs used for Infantry Division Generalgouvernment. It was now commanded by Alfried Thielmann. The Intervention Group Zimmer (German: Eingreifgruppe Zimmer) was formed from elements of the 154th Division, deployed to the Namslau area and integrated into the 68th Infantry Division. The 154th Reserve Division served under 17th Army from August 1944, and then under 1st Panzer Army starting in September 1944. Parts of the division saw combat as early as March 1944, and the entire division was called into combat after the collapse of Army Group Centre that started in July as a result of the Red Army's Operation Bagration.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 56], "content_span": [57, 757]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013003-0004-0000", "contents": "154th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), Operational history\nThe remainders of the 154th were then merged with parts of the 174th Division to form a new iteration of the 154th on 1 October 1944, dubbed the 154. Feldausbildungs-Division, or just 154. Division. This division consisted of the Field Training Grenadier Regiments 562 through 564 as well as Artillery Field Training Detachment 1054, along with Heavy Battalion 1054 and Engineer Field Training Battalion 1054. The 154th Field Training Division remained in service under the 1st Panzer Army for its entire lifespawn. The division was again commanded by Friedrich Altrichter starting 19 December 1944. Altrichter would remain in command until the end of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 56], "content_span": [57, 717]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013003-0005-0000", "contents": "154th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), Operational history\nIn March 1945, following an order on 11 February, the division was redesignated a final time and became 154. Infanterie-Division. which consisted of all segments of the previous 154th Field Training Division as well as the Panzerj\u00e4ger Detachment 1054. The division continued to serve under 1st Panzer Army. It was overrun by Soviet forces at Oderberg on 17 April 1945 and destroyed. Its commander, Friedrich Altrichter, was captured along with most of his surviving subordinates and died in a Soviet prison in 1949.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 56], "content_span": [57, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013004-0000-0000", "contents": "154th New York Infantry Regiment\nThe 154th New York Infantry Regiment (aka, \"The Hardtack Regiment\") was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013004-0001-0000", "contents": "154th New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 154th New York Infantry was organized at Jamestown, New York beginning August 19, 1862 and mustered in for three years service on September 24, 1862 under the command of Colonel Addison G. Rice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013004-0002-0000", "contents": "154th New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, XI Corps, Army of the Potomac, to October 1863, and Army of the Cumberland to April 1864. 2nd Brigade, 2nd Division, XX Corps, Army of the Cumberland and Army of Georgia, to June 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013004-0003-0000", "contents": "154th New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 154th New York Infantry mustered out of service June 11, 1865. Recruits and veterans were transferred to the 102nd New York Volunteer Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013004-0004-0000", "contents": "154th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nLeft New York for Washington, D.C., September 30, 1862. Joined XI Corps at Fairfax, Va., October 2, 1862, and duty there until November 1. Movement to Warrenton, then to Germantown November 1\u201320. March to Fredericksburg, Va., December 10\u201315. At Falmouth, Va., until April 27, 1863. \"Mud March\" January 20\u201324. Chancellorsville Campaign April 27-May 6. Battle of Chancellorsville May 1\u20135. Gettysburg Campaign June 11-July 24. Battle of Gettysburg July 1\u20133. Pursuit of Lee July 5\u201324. At Bristoe Station until September 24.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013004-0004-0001", "contents": "154th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nMovement to Bridgeport, Ala., September 24-October 3. March along line of Nashville & Chattanooga Railroad to Lookout Valley, Tenn., October 25\u201328. Reopening Tennessee River October 26\u201329. Battle of Wauhatchie, Tenn., October 28\u201329. Chattanooga-Ringgold Campaign November 23\u201327. Orchard Knob November 23. Tunnel Hill November 24\u201325. Missionary Ridge November 25. March to relief of Knoxville November 28-December 17. Duty in Lookout Valley until May 1864. Atlanta Campaign May 1-September 8. Demonstration on Rocky Faced Ridge May 8\u201311. Dug Gap or Mill Creek May 8. Battle of Resaca May 14\u201315. Near Cassville May 19. Advance on Dallas May 22\u201325.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 696]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013004-0004-0002", "contents": "154th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nNew Hope Church May 25. Battles about Dallas, New Hope Church, and Allatoona Hills May 26-June 5. Operations about Marietta and against Kennesaw Mountain June 10-July 2. Pine Hill June 11\u201314. Lost Mountain June 15\u201317. Gilgal or Golgotha Church June 15. Muddy Creek June 17. Noyes Creek June 19. Kolb's Farm June 22. Assault on Kennesaw June 27. Ruff's Station, Smyrna Camp Ground, July 4. Chattahoochie River July 5\u201317. Peachtree Creek July 19\u201320. Siege of Atlanta July 22-August 25. Operations at Chattahoochie River Bridge August 26-September 2. Occupation of Atlanta September 2-November 15.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013004-0004-0003", "contents": "154th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nExpedition from Atlanta to Tuckum's Cross Roads October 26\u201329. Near Atlanta November 9. March to the sea November 15-December 10. Siege of Savannah December 10\u201321. Carolinas Campaign January to April 1865. Averysboro, N.C., March 16. Battle of Bentonville March 19\u201321. Occupation of Goldsboro March 24. Advance on Raleigh April 9\u201313. Occupation of Raleigh April 14. Bennett's House April 26. Surrender of Johnston and his army. March to Washington, D.C., via Richmond, Va., April 29-May 19. Grand Review of the Armies May 24.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013004-0005-0000", "contents": "154th New York Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 278 men during service; 2 officers and 81 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 2 officers and 193 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013005-0000-0000", "contents": "154th New York State Legislature\nThe 154th New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 7 to September 19, 1931, during the third year of Franklin D. Roosevelt's governorship, in Albany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013005-0001-0000", "contents": "154th New York State Legislature, Background\nUnder the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1894, re-apportioned in 1917, 51 Senators and 150 assemblymen were elected in single-seat districts; senators for a two-year term, assemblymen for a one-year term. The senatorial districts consisted either of one or more entire counties; or a contiguous area within a single county. The counties which were divided into more than one senatorial district were New York (nine districts), Kings (eight), Bronx (three), Erie (three), Monroe (two), Queens (two), and Westchester (two). The Assembly districts were made up of contiguous area, all within the same county.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013005-0002-0000", "contents": "154th New York State Legislature, Background\nAt this time there were two major political parties: the Democratic Party and the Republican Party. The Law Preservation Party, the Socialist Party, the Communist Party, and the Socialist Labor Party also nominated tickets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013005-0003-0000", "contents": "154th New York State Legislature, Elections\nThe New York state election, 1930, was held on November 4. Governor Franklin D. Roosevelt and Lieutenant Governor Herbert H. Lehman, both Democrats, were re-elected. Of the other three statewide elective offices, two were carried by Democrats and one by a Republican judge with Democratic endorsement. The approximate party strength at this election, as expressed by the vote for Governor, was: Democrats 1,770,000; Republicans 1,045,000; Law Preservation 191,000; Socialists 100,000; Communists 18,000; and Socialist Labor 9,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013005-0004-0000", "contents": "154th New York State Legislature, Elections\nAssemblywoman Rhoda Fox Graves (Rep.), of Gouverneur, a former school teacher who after her marriage became active in women's organisations and politics, was re-elected, and remained the only woman legislator.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013005-0005-0000", "contents": "154th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for the regular session at the State Capitol in Albany on January 7, 1931; and adjourned on April 10.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013005-0006-0000", "contents": "154th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nJohn Knight was re-elected Temporary President of the State Senate. He was appointed to the United States District Court for the Western District of New York, and resigned as Temporary President. On April 9, George R. Fearon was elected to succeed. Knight vacated his seat on May 1 when he took office as federal judge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013005-0006-0001", "contents": "154th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nAfter the ouster of Democrat Samuel H. Miller, the election of Republican Charles B. Horton, and the death of the Democratic minority leader Bernard Downing, the Republicans continued to hold a majority of 26 to 23 in the Senate during the special session, 26 being the minimum number of votes to pass a law.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013005-0007-0000", "contents": "154th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for a special session at the State Capitol in Albany on August 25, 1931; and adjourned on September 19. This session was called to enact legislation to provide for emergency unemployment relief.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013005-0008-0000", "contents": "154th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature. Joseph D. Nunan Jr, Frank B. Hendel, John J. Howard and Julius S. Berg changed from the Assembly to the Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013005-0009-0000", "contents": "154th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members\nNote: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words \"...the Committee on (the)...\"; Chairmanships as appointed at the beginning of the session", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013005-0010-0000", "contents": "154th New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Assemblymen\nNote: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words \"...the Committee on (the)...\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 61], "content_span": [62, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013006-0000-0000", "contents": "154th Ohio Infantry Regiment\nThe 154th Ohio Infantry Regiment, sometimes 154th Ohio Volunteer Infantry (or 154th OVI) was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013006-0001-0000", "contents": "154th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 154th Ohio Infantry was organized at Camp Dennison near Cincinnati, Ohio, and mustered in May 8, 1864, for 100 days service under the command of Colonel Robert Stevenson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013006-0002-0000", "contents": "154th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment left Ohio for New Creek, West Virginia, May 12. It served guard and picket duty at New Creek until May 29. (Company F detached at Piedmont May 22 to August 22.) It moved to Greenland Gap May 29 and was involved in a skirmish near Moorefield June 4. (One company detached at Youghiogheny Bridge until July 25.) The regiment engaged in numerous scouting expeditions until July 25 when it moved to New Creek. After action at New Creek August 4, it moved to Camp Chase, Columbus, Ohio, August 10 to guard prisoners. It then moved to Camp Dennison August 22.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013006-0003-0000", "contents": "154th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 154th Ohio Infantry mustered out of service September 1, 1864, at Camp Dennison.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013006-0004-0000", "contents": "154th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Ohio National Guard\nOver 35,000 Ohio National Guardsmen were federalized and organized into regiments for 100 days service in May 1864. Shipped to the Eastern Theater, they were designed to be placed in \"safe\" rear areas to protect railroads and supply points, thereby freeing regular troops for Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant\u2019s push on the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia. As events transpired, many units found themselves in combat, stationed in the path of Confederate Gen. Jubal Early\u2019s veteran Army of the Valley during its famed Valley Campaigns of 1864. Ohio Guard units met the battle-tested foe head on and helped blunt the Confederate offensive thereby saving Washington, D.C. from capture. Ohio National Guard units participated in the battles of Monacacy, Fort Stevens, Harpers Ferry, and in the siege of Petersburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 49], "content_span": [50, 863]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013006-0005-0000", "contents": "154th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost 4 enlisted men during service; 1 man killed, 3 men died due to disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013007-0000-0000", "contents": "154th Preobrazhensky Independent Commandant's Regiment\n154th Preobrazhensky Independent Commandant's Regiment serves as the official honor guard regiment of the Russian Armed Forces and serves as the main honor guard unit of the armed forces, stationed in Moscow. Aside from being the honor guard unit, it is also charged with duties assisting the Commander, Moscow Garrison, and to serve garrison and protection duties in the protection of the capital city and its military infrastructure. Its barracks is at Lefortovo District, Moscow, part of the South-Eastern Administrative Okrug.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [54, 54], "content_span": [55, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013007-0001-0000", "contents": "154th Preobrazhensky Independent Commandant's Regiment, History\nAs the Second World War was beginning to end in Europe in 1944 the Soviet NKVD in Moscow was charged with raising a full-time honor guard company as part of the 1st Regiment, OMSDON (then the NKVD 1st Special Duties Division), in the style and manner of the British Household Division's Foot Guards, the 3rd US Infantry Regiment (The Old Guard) and the French Republican Guard's First Infantry Regiment. Its first duties included the state visit of British Prime Minister Winston Churchill that year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 63], "content_span": [64, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013007-0001-0001", "contents": "154th Preobrazhensky Independent Commandant's Regiment, History\nIt later joined the 73rd Special Duties Battalion (later the 465th Special Duties Company, later itself renamed the 465th Special Commandant's Company) in 1948, now part of the regular armed forces. This was the precursor of the Honor Guard Company that would later form the 154th ICR of today, the very company in which the Victory Banner was welcomed with full honors in June 1945 into Moscow.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 63], "content_span": [64, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013007-0002-0000", "contents": "154th Preobrazhensky Independent Commandant's Regiment, History\nOn 10 April 1949, the 465th SCC, by order of the Soviet Armed Forces General Staff, became the 99th Independent Commandant's Battalion. On 29 November 1956, by order of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union, the 1st Independent Honor Guard Company and the Military Band of the Honor Guard were raised, both under the supervision of the Office of the Moscow Military Garrison Commandant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 63], "content_span": [64, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013007-0002-0001", "contents": "154th Preobrazhensky Independent Commandant's Regiment, History\nThe company adopted full parade dress in 1960 in the uniforms of the 3 service arms of the Soviet Armed Forces: the Soviet Army, Soviet Air Forces and the Soviet Navy in its three platoons. The regulations for such use were amended via a 1971 General Orders of the Ministry of Defense of the Soviet Union, to be used only in state occasions, ceremonies and national holidays when permitted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 63], "content_span": [64, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013007-0003-0000", "contents": "154th Preobrazhensky Independent Commandant's Regiment, History\nIn December 1979, on the recommendation of the Soviet Army General Staff the 99th ICB became the 154th Independent Commandant's Regiment, therefore merging the 99th ICB and the 1st IHGC and raising new component units. Its duty was for the protection of the Moscow Garrison Commandant's headquarters and providing ceremonial guards in state events. In 1980 several servicemen from the regiment took part in the 1980 Olympic opening ceremony wearing civilian formal dress escorting the Olympic Flag.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 63], "content_span": [64, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013007-0003-0001", "contents": "154th Preobrazhensky Independent Commandant's Regiment, History\nThe regiment's Special Duties Company took part in Exercise Zapad-81 the following year as part of the Soviet Armed Forces contingent, and received the Medal \"For Courage in a Fire\" for its fire fighting efforts that year when a fire broke out in the Moscow Oblast. The regiment took part in the 1985 World Festival of Youth and Students and in the 1987 commemorations of the 175th anniversary of the Battle of Borodino. In May 1991, the 1st Independent Honor Guard Company became the Honor Guard Battalion of the 154th ICR as another honor guard company was raised.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 63], "content_span": [64, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013007-0004-0000", "contents": "154th Preobrazhensky Independent Commandant's Regiment, History\nIn 2006, an amateur theater was created within the regiment. The 154th Independent Commandant's Regiment formally became the 154th 'Preobrazhensky' Independent Commandant's Regiment (the \"Preobrazhensky\" honorific title was in tribute to the Preobrazhensky Regiment) on 9 April 2013 by presidential decree no. 326 signed by Russian president Vladimir Putin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 63], "content_span": [64, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013007-0004-0001", "contents": "154th Preobrazhensky Independent Commandant's Regiment, History\nPutin had previously outlined a plan to reinstate the regiment's honorific title in an address to the Russian Federal Assembly in 2012, with the stated aim being to \"strengthen the historical continuity\" of the Russian Armed Forces by resurrecting the names of \"famous, legendary units and formations of the Russian and Soviet armies\". On 10 September 2018, the Moscow House of the Young Army Cadets National Movement was inaugurated on part of the regimental barracks and depot complex.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 63], "content_span": [64, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013007-0005-0000", "contents": "154th Preobrazhensky Independent Commandant's Regiment, The 154th ICR today\nThe regiment today is made of more than a thousand servicemen from all units of the Russian Armed Forces, composed of 3 battalions (the Honor Guard Battalion. and the 1st and 2nd Commandant's Battalions) and other independent units comprising it, including its Special Duties Company. The 154th Independent Commandant's Regiment, and its predecessors, have been involved in various state and international events through the years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 75], "content_span": [76, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013007-0005-0001", "contents": "154th Preobrazhensky Independent Commandant's Regiment, The 154th ICR today\nAside from its duties at sporting events, other activities where they were involved include their attendance in various Soviet state funerals (including the Death and state funeral of Leonid Brezhnev) and in the Victory Day celebrations in Moscow from 1965 onward, where they always provide the honor guard unit and troop the Victory Banner on Red Square for the annual parade among other commemorative activities. Recent regimental enlistment and passing-out parades have been held on the historic Poklonnaya Hill - at the Museum of the Great Patriotic War, Moscow.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 75], "content_span": [76, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013007-0006-0000", "contents": "154th Preobrazhensky Independent Commandant's Regiment, The 154th ICR today, Foreign appearances\nBeing a representative part of the Russian military, it is often asked to represent the nation at foreign military parades and ceremonies. One of its biggest foreign appearances was at the 2015 China Victory Day Parade, which celebrated the 70th anniversary of Victory over Japan Day of World War II. Within the Commonwealth of Independent States, it has represented the nation at small scale events, usually during presentations of war flags or the Victory Banner to these countries. Outside of the CIS sphere however, the regiment has been seen representing the nation on the national days of multiple countries, including Italy, France, Mexico, Libya and Venezuela.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 96], "content_span": [97, 765]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013007-0007-0000", "contents": "154th Preobrazhensky Independent Commandant's Regiment, Gallery\nThe formation of the regiment in the form of the number of the military unit", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 63], "content_span": [64, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013007-0008-0000", "contents": "154th Preobrazhensky Independent Commandant's Regiment, Gallery\nThe Russian military honor guard from the 154th Commandant's Regiment welcomes U.S. Navy Adm. Mike Mullen at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier (Moscow).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 63], "content_span": [64, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013007-0009-0000", "contents": "154th Preobrazhensky Independent Commandant's Regiment, Gallery\nDifferent service and dress uniforms used by the 154th ICR's personnel", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 63], "content_span": [64, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013007-0010-0000", "contents": "154th Preobrazhensky Independent Commandant's Regiment, Gallery\nSoldiers of the 154th ICR on the Champs-\u00c9lys\u00e9es following ceremonies celebrating the 60th anniversary of the Victory against Nazism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 63], "content_span": [64, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013007-0011-0000", "contents": "154th Preobrazhensky Independent Commandant's Regiment, Gallery\nVladimir Govorov presenting the banner of the regiment to the commander of 154th ICR on 29 June 1980.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 63], "content_span": [64, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013007-0012-0000", "contents": "154th Preobrazhensky Independent Commandant's Regiment, Gallery\nAn honor guard from the 154th ICR during the Caracas Independence Day parade in 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 63], "content_span": [64, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013007-0013-0000", "contents": "154th Preobrazhensky Independent Commandant's Regiment, Gallery\nMembers of the 154th ICR during the repatriation of Oleg Peshkov's body at Chkalovsky Airport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 63], "content_span": [64, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013008-0000-0000", "contents": "154th Regiment (United States)\nThe 154th Regiment (Regional Training Institute) (\"Third Arkansas\") is a training regiment/institute of the Army National Guard. Most of its history before the 1990s can be traced to the 154th Infantry Regiment which was created from the 1st and 2nd Battalions of the 3rd Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Arkansas National Guard, in 1917. The Regiment was activated as for World War I, re-designated as the 154th Infantry and shipped to France as a part of the 39th Infantry Division, but became a replacement regiment and its personnel were reassigned to other American Expeditionary Force (AEF) units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013008-0001-0000", "contents": "154th Regiment (United States)\nThe 154th Infantry Regiment was never reactivated in the Arkansas National Guard following World War I. However, by 1999, it had been reformed as a Regiment (Regional Training Institute) of the Mississippi Army National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013008-0002-0000", "contents": "154th Regiment (United States), History, Activation of the 3rd Arkansas Infantry Regiment\nThe United States declared war on Germany 6 April 1917 less than two months after the last Arkansas National Guard units completed mustering out from duty on the Mexican border. At this time the Arkansas Guard consisted of two infantry regiments, the 1st and 2nd Arkansas, which had each been mobilized for service on the Mexican border. The National Defense Act of 1916 had provided for a massive expansion of the National Guard, from a force of just over 100,000 to over 400,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 89], "content_span": [90, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013008-0003-0000", "contents": "154th Regiment (United States), History, Activation of the 3rd Arkansas Infantry Regiment\nWhile a 3rd Arkansas Infantry had existed in the Arkansas State Guard prior to the Spanish\u2013American War, the unit had been deactivated and never reorganized following the war with Spain. On 17 April 1917, plans for the 3rd Arkansas Regiment were formulated: new units were to be raised in sixteen cities to support the new Regiment. On 16 May 1917, it was announced that Little Rock was one of the cities to be allowed a new infantry company which would be part of the 3rd Arkansas Regiment. Enlistments were to be for the duration of the war. The pay per month for the enlisted men was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 89], "content_span": [90, 688]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013008-0004-0000", "contents": "154th Regiment (United States), History, Activation of the 3rd Arkansas Infantry Regiment\nTo qualify for a commission in the guard, an individual had to be a former officer or private of the guard, officer on reserve or unassigned list, active or retired officer of the regular army, navy or marine corps; graduate of the United States military or naval academy's or graduate of a school, college or university where military science under a regular army officer was taught.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 89], "content_span": [90, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013008-0005-0000", "contents": "154th Regiment (United States), History, Activation of the 3rd Arkansas Infantry Regiment\nThe age limits that were established for officers of the new units were these:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 89], "content_span": [90, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013008-0006-0000", "contents": "154th Regiment (United States), History, Activation of the 3rd Arkansas Infantry Regiment\nRecruitment for men in Little Rock was carried out by seventeen girls wearing badges bearing the words, \"If You Are A Real Man Enlist.\" The girls distributed buttonhole tags with, \"Are You A Slacker?\" The other side of the tag read, \"Are You A Man?\" The girls worked until 5 June 1917, when the draft law became effective.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 89], "content_span": [90, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013008-0007-0000", "contents": "154th Regiment (United States), History, Mobilization\nOn 18 May 1917, the Arkansas National Guard was notified that on 5 August 1917, the guard as a whole would be called into Federal service. On 16 July 1917, the 3rd Arkansas included the following units:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 53], "content_span": [54, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013008-0008-0000", "contents": "154th Regiment (United States), History, Mobilization\nOn 18 July 1917, it was announced that Arkansas National Guard would move to Alexandria, Louisiana, for training as part of the Eighteenth Division. Alexandria, Louisiana, was the location of Camp Beauregard which was named after General P. G. T. Beauregard, C.S.A.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 53], "content_span": [54, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013008-0009-0000", "contents": "154th Regiment (United States), History, Mobilization\nThe 3rd Arkansas Infantry Regiment mobilized 5 August and was encamped around the new state capitol by 8 August. The 2nd and 3rd Infantry Regiments were examined for Federal service on 6 August 1917, at Ft. Brough (located on the Capital grounds). The regiments, under the control of General Wood, were sent to Ft. Roots and moved to Camp Pike by 24 August 1917. The Commander of the supply company of the 3rd Arkansas received instructions from the Augusta Arsenal to go into the open market and buy mess kits to complete the equipment needed for the new regiments. In mid-September the Arkansas units were notified that they were to be part of a newly created division, initially called the 18th but later re-designated as the 39th Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 53], "content_span": [54, 797]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013008-0010-0000", "contents": "154th Regiment (United States), History, Mobilization\nThe 3rd Arkansas Regiment used sixty coaches, three standard pullmans, six baggage cars, twelve boxcars, and one stock car, and set off on a train journey to Camp Beauregard, Louisiana, lasting about fourteen hours; they mustered into Federal service 27 September \u2013 18 October 1917.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 53], "content_span": [54, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013008-0011-0000", "contents": "154th Regiment (United States), History, Creation of the 154th Infantry Regiment\nOnce the Arkansas regiments arrived at Camp Beauregard, they were re-organized under a new national system for numbering army regiments. The 1st Arkansas Infantry became the 153rd Infantry Regiment, the 2nd Regiment (minus its Machine Gun Company) became the 142nd Field Artillery Regiment. The 3rd Arkansas Infantry, which had reported to Camp Beauregard with over 1800 Soldiers, was divided into two new units. The 1st and 2nd Battalions of the 3rd Arkansas Infantry Regiment were re-designated as the 154th Infantry. The former 3rd Battalion, 3rd Arkansas Infantry Regiment and the Machine Gun Company from the 2nd Arkansas Infantry were re-designated as the 141st Machine Gun Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 80], "content_span": [81, 771]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013008-0012-0000", "contents": "154th Regiment (United States), History, Creation of the 154th Infantry Regiment\nThe 18th Infantry Division was re-designated as the 39th \"Delta\" Division, U.S.N.G., and the Arkansas units were assigned to the 77th Infantry Brigade (153rd Infantry, 154th Infantry, and the 141st Machine Gun Battalion).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 80], "content_span": [81, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013008-0013-0000", "contents": "154th Regiment (United States), History, Deployed to France\nIn May 1918, privates were given the opportunity to volunteer for duty overseas. In the rush to help end the war officers resigned their commissions so they would be qualified for duty overseas before the war was over. As a result, the first Arkansas National Guard Soldier to die in combat during World War I was Private Robert Springer of Company C 313th Labor Battalion on 19 May 1918, a former member of the 3rd Arkansas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 59], "content_span": [60, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013008-0014-0000", "contents": "154th Regiment (United States), History, Deployed to France\nJune 1918, marked the arrival in France of 20 per cent of the enlisted personnel of the 154th Infantry, and the 141st Machine Gun Battalion, U.S.N.G. The movement consisted of only 20 per cent of each organization, and the officers did not accompany their troops but remained at Camp Beauregard with the other 80 per cent still in training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 59], "content_span": [60, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013008-0015-0000", "contents": "154th Regiment (United States), History, Deployed to France\nThe first unit of the 39th Division arrived in France on 12 August 1918, and the last unit arrived on 12 September 1918. The Division was then sent to the St. Florent area, southwest of Bourges, where it was designated as a replacement division. In November 1918, it moved to St. Aignan. There several of the units were transferred to combat divisions. The 141st Machine Gun Battalion was deployed to near Chaumont, Department of Haute-Marne, France. Soon after reaching its billets an order was received from G. H. Q. designating this unit as the 141st Anti -aircraft Machine Gun Battalion and ordering it to proceed to Langres, France for training. The organization finished the war at Noigent waiting for transportation. Letters from a soldier of the 3rd Arkansas were received in Arkansas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 59], "content_span": [60, 853]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013008-0016-0000", "contents": "154th Regiment (United States), History, Deployed to France\nThe unit returned to the United States and was discharged in 1919. It was demobilized 13 January 1919 at Camp Beauregard, Louisiana.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 59], "content_span": [60, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013008-0017-0000", "contents": "154th Regiment (United States), Since 1919\nIn the post-World War I reorganization of the National Guard, the 154th Infantry Regiment was constituted in the National Guard in 1921, assigned to the 39th Division, and allotted to the state of Florida. The regiment was organized on 19 December 1921 by the redesignation of the 1st Infantry Regiment, Florida National Guard (organized 4 June 1921). The 1st and 2nd Battalions were called up to conduct riot control during a railroad workers' strike from 7-16 August 1922. On 1 July 1923, the 39th Division was redesignated the 31st Division, and the 154th Infantry was concurrently relieved from assignment to the 39th Division and assigned to the 31st Division. On 28 May 1924, the 154th Infantry Regiment was redesignated the 124th Infantry Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 798]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013008-0018-0000", "contents": "154th Regiment (United States), Since 1919\nBy 1999, its lineage had been taken up in the neighbouring Mississippi Army National Guard as the state's Regional Training Institute, and it remains active in that form.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013009-0000-0000", "contents": "154th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps\nThe 154th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps (154 RAC) was a short-lived armoured regiment of the British Army raised by the Royal Armoured Corps during World War II. The regiment was formed in 1942 by the conversion of the 9th Battalion, North Staffordshire Regiment into an armoured role. However, it was disbanded before it saw active service abroad.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013009-0001-0000", "contents": "154th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, Origin\nThe regiment was formed in late 1941 by the conversion to the armoured role of the 9th Battalion, North Staffordshire Regiment. The 9th North Staffords was a hostilities-only infantry battalion raised in 1940 that had been serving with the 224th Independent Infantry Brigade (Home). In common with all other infantry battalions that were transferred to the Royal Armoured Corps, personnel of 154th RAC would still have continued to wear their North Staffords cap badge on the black beret of the Royal Armoured Corps. Personnel unsuited to fighting in tanks were weeded out by psychiatrists and sent to other units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 43], "content_span": [44, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013009-0002-0000", "contents": "154th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, Service\nOn 1 January 1942, 154th RAC was assigned to the 36th Army Tank Brigade (previously the 205th Independent Infantry Brigade (Home)) alongside the 156 RAC and 157 RAC, which had both also been converted from infantry battalions. On 8 December 1942, the brigade was redesignated 36th Tank Brigade. However, the regiment was disbanded on 3 July 1943, without it ever having seen active service and the brigade itself was disbanded later in the month. The personnel of the regiment were sent to other Royal Armoured Corps units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013010-0000-0000", "contents": "154th Tennessee Infantry Regiment\nThe 154th Regiment, Tennessee Infantry was an infantry regiment from Tennessee that served with the Confederate States Army in the American Civil War. Raised originally in 1842 as the 154th Tennessee Militia it sought to retain its number and was as such also known as 154th (Senior) Tennessee Infantry (1st Tennessee Volunteers). Consolidating with the 13th Tennessee Infantry Regiment in March 1863 it was known as 13th-154th Tennessee Infantry Regiment; and had a number of temporary field consolidations until it was finally merged into the 2nd Consolidated Tennessee Infantry on April 9, 1865. The regiment surrendered with the remnants of the Army of Tennessee at Bennett Place on April 26, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 736]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013010-0001-0000", "contents": "154th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Organization & Service\nThe 154th Tennessee Regiment was a pre-war organization. Originally raised in Memphis, Tennessee in 1842, its companies were grouped into a battalion and assigned the Tennessee number 154. It retained the numerical designation when the old militia system was abandoned by Tennessee in 1859. The regiment became a social organization by taking out a charter of incorporation on March 22, 1860; under command of Col. William H. Carroll. Based at Memphis, Tennessee its members were largely from Shelby County.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 57], "content_span": [58, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013010-0002-0000", "contents": "154th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Organization & Service, 1861\nWhen war broke out a year later, the 154th was organized in Randolph, Shelby County on May 14, 1861. It sought to retain its old number 154 as it was known as the \"Oldest of the Old\". Of notion is a great portion of immigrant volunteers from Ireland and the German states. It received permission to add the appellation \"Senior\" to its regimental number to indicate it predated regiments with lower numbers; and was also named \"1st Tennessee Volunteers\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 63], "content_span": [64, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013010-0003-0000", "contents": "154th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Organization & Service, 1861\nThe elected original field officers were Colonel Preston Smith, Lieutenant Colonel Marcus J. Wright and Major Jones Genette.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 63], "content_span": [64, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013010-0004-0000", "contents": "154th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Organization & Service, 1861\nCompany A (Light Guards) - Capt. James Genette - Shelby County (Major Genette was replaced by Capt. C. L. Powers)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 63], "content_span": [64, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013010-0005-0000", "contents": "154th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Organization & Service, 1861\nCompany B (Bluff City Grays) - Capt. James H. Edmondson - Shelby County (became an independent sharpshooter company in 1862)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 63], "content_span": [64, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013010-0006-0000", "contents": "154th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Organization & Service, 1861\nCompany B - Capt. H. E. DeGraffenried - Fayette County (organized on May 16, 1862)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 63], "content_span": [64, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013010-0007-0000", "contents": "154th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Organization & Service, 1861\nCompany C (Jackson Guards) - Capt. Michael Magevney Jr. - Shelby County", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 63], "content_span": [64, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013010-0008-0000", "contents": "154th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Organization & Service, 1861\nCompany D (Memphis Zouaves / Harris Zouave Cadets) - Capt. Sterling Fowlkes - Shelby County", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 63], "content_span": [64, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013010-0009-0000", "contents": "154th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Organization & Service, 1861\nCompany E (Hickory Rifles) - Capt. John D. Martin - Shelby County", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 63], "content_span": [64, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013010-0010-0000", "contents": "154th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Organization & Service, 1861\nCompany F (Henry Guards) - Capt. Edward Fitzgerald - Henry County", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 63], "content_span": [64, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013010-0011-0000", "contents": "154th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Organization & Service, 1861\nCompany G (Southern Guards) - Capt. James Hamilton - Shelby County (withdrew from regimental mustering and became \"Company L, 1st Tennessee Heavy Artillery\")", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 63], "content_span": [64, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013010-0012-0000", "contents": "154th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Organization & Service, 1861\nCompany G (The Beauregards) - Capt. James S. Moreland - Shelby County", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 63], "content_span": [64, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013010-0013-0000", "contents": "154th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Organization & Service, 1861\nCompany H (Crockett Rangers) - Capt. Marsh M. Patrick - Shelby County", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 63], "content_span": [64, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013010-0014-0000", "contents": "154th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Organization & Service, 1861\nCompany I (McNairy Guards) - Capt. Alphonso Cross - McNairy County", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 63], "content_span": [64, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013010-0015-0000", "contents": "154th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Organization & Service, 1861\nCompany K (Sons of Liberty) - Capt. Thomas H. Hancock - Hardeman County", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 63], "content_span": [64, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013010-0016-0000", "contents": "154th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Organization & Service, 1861\nCompany L (Maynard Rifles) - Capt. E. A. Cole - Shelby County (organized on March 8, 1862)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 63], "content_span": [64, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013010-0017-0000", "contents": "154th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Organization & Service, 1861\nThe Steuben Artillery was attached to the regiment during its state service, but disbanded in August 1861.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 63], "content_span": [64, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013010-0018-0000", "contents": "154th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Organization & Service, 1861\nOn August 13, 1861, at New Madrid, Missouri, the regiment was mustered into Confederate service with 802 men under arms. On September 7 it was brigaded under command of Col. Benjamin F. Cheatham. When Cheatham advanced to division command Preston Smith was given command of a small brigade including his own 154th as well as Blythe's Mississippi Regiment and Hudson's Battery. Participating in the Battle of Belmont on November 7 the regiment was under command of Lt. Col. Wright.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 63], "content_span": [64, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013010-0018-0001", "contents": "154th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Organization & Service, 1861\nThe regiment was one of the few that crossed the Mississippi River (in the steamer Kentucky) in the attempt to cut the Union's line of retreat. The command was not able to inhibit the retreat; though i.a. the regiment captured some military equipment and a dozen prisoners. Wright reports the regiment's losses as one man killed and 12 wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 63], "content_span": [64, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013010-0019-0000", "contents": "154th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Organization & Service, 1862\nIn March 1862 the regiment received its new flag when Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard attempt to standardize the battle flags of the Army of Tennessee. It was made by sail maker Henry Cassidy in New Orleans and made of light weight cotton fabric with 12 6-pointed silk stars. At Shiloh in April 1862 the brigade was under command of Brig. Gen. Bushrod R. Johnson and Smith commanded the regiment again. In the advance on April 6 the 154th was on the right of the brigade, the brigade and division being close to the center of the Confederate line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 63], "content_span": [64, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013010-0019-0001", "contents": "154th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Organization & Service, 1862\nThe division advanced against the Illinois division of Gen. McClernand. While the attack dislocated the enemy and led to the capture of numerous guns, the 154th alone taking four of the six guns of Dresser's Illinois battery, it didn't come without cost. Generals Cheatham and Johnson were both wounded, i.a. reinstating Preston Smith as brigade commander and Wright to command the regiment. Afterwards the brigade was ordered to advance to the right against elements of W.H.L. Wallace's division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 63], "content_span": [64, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013010-0019-0002", "contents": "154th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Organization & Service, 1862\nDuring this time companies B and G were separated from the regiment, and were not able to join their unit until the day's fighting ended; instead gathering and escorting prisoners of the previous clash. While the regiment moved in close support of the advancing artillery the new Company L, armed with Maynard rifles, was detached to skirmish on the brigade's right, and stayed detached till the nightly hours of early April 7.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 63], "content_span": [64, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013010-0019-0003", "contents": "154th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Organization & Service, 1862\nWhen the rejoined regiment was ordered with the brigade to the Confederate line it was put under heavy fire from Gen. William \"Bull\" Nelson's newly arrived division; and together with a portion of another regiment (Blythe's) lost contact to the brigade. The regimental battle flag was lost 20 paces from the Union lines, several color bearers being shot on both days, but it was recaptured by Capt. George Mellersh. Now in the general move to the rear it fell in with Jones M. Withers's division and retreated in good order. Starting the battle with about 650 men present it lost 23 killed, 163 wounded and 11 missing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 63], "content_span": [64, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013010-0020-0000", "contents": "154th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Organization & Service, 1862\nAfterwards the 154th had a rapid succession of brigade assignments. In May it was reported in Donelson's brigade, in June in Fulton's and Russell's brigades; but finally, at Tupelo on July 8, it was given their final brigade assignment throughout the war - again in the brigade of Col. Preston Smith which was completed by the 12th, 13th and 47th Tennessee Infantry Regiments as well as Bankhead's Battery. Also part of Smith's brigade was Edmondson's Sharpshooter Company, which has been Company B of the 154th till now. Lt", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 63], "content_span": [64, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013010-0020-0001", "contents": "154th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Organization & Service, 1862\n. Col. Wright, himself being wounded at Shiloh on April 6 and appointed military governor of Columbus, Kentucky, transferred from the regiment and served as Adjutant General to Gen. Cheatham. As the last Major, John D. Martin, raised and commanded the 25th Mississippi Infantry; the regiment was commanded by Major Edward Fitzgerald. Fitzgerald was made Colonel; but was killed on August 30 in the Battle of Richmond. His successor as regimental commander was Lt. Col., Irishman Michael Magevney. In December 1862 only 245 men were present for the Battle of Stones River, in which 41% were lost (14 killed, 84 wounded and 4 missing).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 63], "content_span": [64, 697]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013010-0021-0000", "contents": "154th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Organization & Service, 1863\nThe small regiment went into winter quarters at Shelbyville, Tennessee. Here it was consolidated with the equally-depleted 13th Tennessee Infantry Regiment and constituted the 13th-154th Tennessee Infantry Regiment with Col. Alfred J. Vaughan of the 13th in overall command; though the muster rolls were kept separated for the duration of the war. After the Tullahoma Campaign in mid 1863 Smith's brigade (still in Cheatham's Division of Polk's Corps) consisted of the 11th, 12th-47th, 13th-154th and 29th Tennessee regiments as well as a detachment of sharpshooters known as Dawson's Sharpshooter Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 63], "content_span": [64, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013010-0022-0000", "contents": "154th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Organization & Service, Later war\nThe 154th Tennessee Infantry surrendered with Gen. Joseph E. Johnston at Greensboro, North Carolina on May 2, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 68], "content_span": [69, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013010-0023-0000", "contents": "154th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Organization & Service, Later war\nThe 154th Tennessee Infantry was located in \"the angle\" at the battle of Kennesaw Mountain Georgia in June 1864. The angle turned out to be the main point of attack by Union General Sherman. The Union attack was repulsed while suffering a great number of casualties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 68], "content_span": [69, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013010-0024-0000", "contents": "154th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Organization & Service, Later war\nThe 154th participated in the battle of Peachtree Creek ordered by the newly appointed commander of The Army of Tennessee General John Bell Hood on July 20, 1864. This battle was fought just outside of the city of Atlanta with the battlefield now well within the modern day city of Atlanta. The confederate attack had initial success taking ground and cannon from the Union forces there. The attack was not supported, however, and Union reinforcements eventually regained the lost ground.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 68], "content_span": [69, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013010-0025-0000", "contents": "154th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Modern-day reenactment units\nThe Bluff City Grays - Co. B, 154th Sr. Regiment, 1st Tennessee Infantry is a Memphis-based Confederate living history association with reenactors from western Tennessee, northern Mississippi, eastern Arkansas and southern Missouri. The company's purpose is to create an authentic impression of the common Confederate foot soldier; in the garb, with the gear and persona of the troops of Co. B, 154th Senior Regiment, 1st Tennessee, CSA, circa 1861.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 63], "content_span": [64, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013010-0026-0000", "contents": "154th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Modern-day reenactment units\nThe 154th Senior Tennessee Infantry Company K inc was organized in the late 1970s in Northwest Indiana and Northern Illinois. Many of the 1970s original members are still participating with the 154th. The company has both Confederate and Union impression and several civilians and auxiliaries. It also has a \"Soldier in the Classroom\" program.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 63], "content_span": [64, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013011-0000-0000", "contents": "154th Training Squadron\nThe 154th Training Squadron (154th TRS) is a unit of the Arkansas Air National Guard 189th Airlift Wing. It is assigned to Little Rock Air Force Base, Arkansas and is equipped with the C-130H Hercules aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013011-0001-0000", "contents": "154th Training Squadron\nThe squadron is a descendant organization of the World War I 154th Aero Squadron, established on 8 December 1917. It was reformed on 24 October 1925, as the 154th Observation Squadron, and is one of the 29 original National Guard Observation Squadrons of the United States Army National Guard formed before World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013011-0002-0000", "contents": "154th Training Squadron, Mission\nThe mission of the 154th Training Squadron is to train C-130 aircrew instructor candidates to become instructors in their respective crew positions, so that they may return to their units and help keep their unit members combat ready.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013011-0003-0000", "contents": "154th Training Squadron, Mission\nThe 154th Training Squadron is one of the most highly decorated Air National Guard units in the US. The unit is currently converting to C-130H aircraft modified under the C-130 Avionics Modernization Program (AMP). In addition, the wing operates the Air National Guard Enlisted Aircrew Academic School, which trains all the Air Force's C-130 entry-level loadmasters before they are sent across base to the 314th Airlift Wing for initial and mission qualification training. Additionally, the academic school is one of two flight engineer schools to provide entry-level flight engineer training for Air Force flight engineers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013011-0004-0000", "contents": "154th Training Squadron, History, World War I\nThe 154th Training Squadron traces its origins to the 154th Aero Squadron, organized at Kelly Field, Texas, on 8 December 1917. The squadron was formed with 150 men collected from thirty-two states in every region of the nation. After a week at Kelly Field, the men were moved to Scott Field, Illinois, on 16 December for basic indoctrination training. At Scott, the men were instructed in drill and guard duty. Many personnel transfers happened at Scott with about 76 men transferred to other squadrons, and about 78 transferred into the 154th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 45], "content_span": [46, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013011-0004-0001", "contents": "154th Training Squadron, History, World War I\nOn 26 January, the squadron was ordered for overseas duty, and was moved to the Aviation Concentration Center, Garden City, Long Island. It arrived on 29 January 1918 at Mineola Field, where it was prepared and equipped for overseas duty. The squadron was quarantined for several weeks at Mineola due to a rash of measles. However, on 16 February, the squadron was ordered to report to the New York Port of Embarkation at Hoboken, New Jersey, to board the former Cunard Liner RMS Carmania and sailed immediately. The voyage across the Atlantic was uneventful and it arrived at Liverpool, England, on 4 March. In England, the squadron moved to the American Rest Camp at Romsey, near Winchester, arriving there the same date.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 45], "content_span": [46, 769]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013011-0005-0000", "contents": "154th Training Squadron, History, World War I\nAt Winchester, the 154th was ordered detached to the Royal Flying Corps for technical training, and departed for the No. 3 Training Depot Station (TDS), RFC Lopcome Center, Nether Wallop, England on 17 March. The squadron was the first American unit assigned to this part of England, and the English had very little knowledge about the traits or character or to what the squadron's status was at the station. It was assigned to the RFC-34 Wing, and the men were assigned to duty and training in the hangars and various schools of instruction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 45], "content_span": [46, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013011-0005-0001", "contents": "154th Training Squadron, History, World War I\nInitially there was a tendency to minimize the mechanical knowledge of the men of the squadron, however their anxiety to learn was displayed in almost every department and within several weeks, the elementary training was ended and the squadron was entrusted with work of the most important nature. At the end of two months' training, the 154th was in complete control of two full Flights, consisting of about 24 airplanes, Sopwith Camels, Pups and Avroes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 45], "content_span": [46, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013011-0005-0002", "contents": "154th Training Squadron, History, World War I\nIn addition, squadron mechanics in the workshops, the airplane repair shops, the armorers in the gunnery school and the drivers in the Transport Flight had relieved a large proportion of the British personnel for service at the front lines in France. On 16 August, the squadron was split up into several Flights for final training at advanced bases in England, before being re-assembled at Winchester on the 30th. There, orders were received for transfer to France. On 12 September the squadron proceeded to Le Havre, France, and moved to British Rest Camp No.2 there waiting further orders. It then moved to the Replacement Concentration Center, AEF, St. Maixent Replacement Barracks, France, arriving on 17 September 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 45], "content_span": [46, 770]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013011-0006-0000", "contents": "154th Training Squadron, History, World War I\nOn 25 September the 154th was ordered to report to the Commander, Air Service Acceptance Park No. 1 at Orly Aerodrome, France for temporary duty and to await orders for the Front. However, due to the sudden and unforeseen developments in the war situation, the squadron never received the transfer orders and was at Orly at the time of the Armistice with Germany on 11 November. While at Orly, the men were assigned to several departments, owing to their trades learned while on duty in England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 45], "content_span": [46, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013011-0006-0001", "contents": "154th Training Squadron, History, World War I\nOn 24 December, the 154th was ordered to demobilize and moved to the Base Port at St. Nazarine for immediate transport back to the United States. The 154th returned to the United States in late January 1919 and arrived at Mitchel Field, New York, where the squadron members were demobilized and returned to civilian life.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 45], "content_span": [46, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013011-0007-0000", "contents": "154th Training Squadron, History, Inter-War years\nThe great Mississippi River flood of 1927 was one of the worst natural disasters in American history. It inundated 27,000 square miles, an area about the size of New England, killing as many as 1,000 people and displacing 700,000 more. At a time when the entire budget of the federal government was barely $3 billion, the flood caused an estimated $1 billion in damage. Although National Guard aviation units had been regularly called upon to assist civil authorities since early in that decade, the 1927 flood marked the first time that an entire Guard flying unit and its government-issued aircraft had been mobilized to help deal with a major natural disaster.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 49], "content_span": [50, 713]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013011-0008-0000", "contents": "154th Training Squadron, History, Inter-War years\nGovernor John E. Martineau called up the 10 officers and 50 enlisted members of the 154th Observation Squadron, Arkansas National Guard, to help locate stranded flood victims as well as to deliver food, medicines and supplies to them and relief workers. The unit also conducted aerial patrols along the Mississippi River scouting for weakened or broken levees. Its JN-4 Jenny aircraft flew some 20,000 miles during the mobilization which lasted from 18 April through 3 May 1927. Members of the unit also worked to strengthen and repair river levees.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 49], "content_span": [50, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013011-0009-0000", "contents": "154th Training Squadron, History, Inter-War years\nFlood relief operations took a toll on the 154th. Two aircraft crashed and at least three aviators were injured. The unit's remaining aircraft were grounded for maintenance and repairs at one point. Because of the heavy burden of flight operations, five of the unit's aging JN-4s had to be replaced by PT-1 trainer aircraft in mid-May 1927. The flood relief work of the 154th underscores the long-standing but little understood history of Air National Guard units and their pre-World War II antecedents in supporting civil authorities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 49], "content_span": [50, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013011-0010-0000", "contents": "154th Training Squadron, History, World War II\nThe 154th Observation Squadron was activated for one year of training on 16 September 1940. The unit completed its one-year training and returned to state control, but was recalled to active duty on 7 December 1941. The unit received extensive stateside training before deploying to North Africa. Most of the squadron sailed from the United States in September 1942 on the Queen Mary, with its first overseas station in Wattisham, England, 4\u201321 October 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 46], "content_span": [47, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013011-0010-0001", "contents": "154th Training Squadron, History, World War II\nFrom there it boarded ship and sailed to be part of Operation Torch, the invasion of North Africa, going ashore on the second day (9 November 1942) of the invasion in Oran, Algeria. Over the next 2 \u00bd years the squadron would be stationed in St Leu, Tafaraoui, and Blida, Algeria; Oujda, French Morocco; Youks-les-Bains, Algeria; Thelepte, Sbeitla, Le Sers, and Korba, Tunisia; Nouvion and Oran, Algeria; with final station in Bari, Italy (3 February 1944 \u2013 1 July 1945).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 46], "content_span": [47, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013011-0011-0000", "contents": "154th Training Squadron, History, World War II\nDuring the period of overseas deployment the 154th operated A-20 Havocs, P-39 Airacobras, P-38/F-4 Lightnings, and was the first unit to operate P-51 Mustangs in the Mediterranean Theatre. A total of 1495 missions and 2522 sorties were flown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 46], "content_span": [47, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013011-0012-0000", "contents": "154th Training Squadron, History, World War II\nThe 154th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron, 68th Tactical Reconnaissance Group, was attached to the Fifteenth Air Force for the purpose of flying weather reconnaissance, a duty which had been handled by a P-38 unit called the Fifteenth Air Force Weather Reconnaissance Detachment. Personnel and equipment of the 154th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron and the Weather Reconnaissance Detachment were subsequently integrated, and the unit was re-designated the 154th Weather Reconnaissance Squadron (Medium) on 12 May 44. Operations were limited to weather reconnaissance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 46], "content_span": [47, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013011-0013-0000", "contents": "154th Training Squadron, History, World War II\nThe Squadron was awarded a (Presidential) Distinguished Unit Citation: Rumania, 17, 18, 19 August 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 46], "content_span": [47, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013011-0014-0000", "contents": "154th Training Squadron, History, Arkansas Air National Guard\n2 October 1950, the 154th Fighter Squadron, along with detachment B, 237th Air Services Group and the 154th Utility Flight reported to active duty for service in Korea. The unit went to Langley Air Force Base, VA where it was re-equipped with the F-84E fighter and completed transition training. The 154th flew its first combat sortie 2 May 1951. Initially operating out of Itaeke, Japan the unit later moved to Taegu, Korea. The 154th returned to Arkansas and was relieved from active duty 1 July 1952. While in Korea the 154th flew 3,790 combat sorties and was awarded the Presidential Korean Citation for its service", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 61], "content_span": [62, 681]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013011-0015-0000", "contents": "154th Training Squadron, History, Arkansas Air National Guard\nThe squadron was inactivated in 1952 and redesignated the 154th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron. The squadron was then relocated to Little Rock Air Force Base, Arkansas, and reorganized as the 189th Tactical Reconnaissance Group, absorbing elements of the 123rd Air Base Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 61], "content_span": [62, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013011-0016-0000", "contents": "154th Training Squadron, History, Arkansas Air National Guard\nThe squadron moved from Adams Field to Little Rock Air Force Base, Jacksonville, AR, in September 1962 The 154th was the first Air National Guard unit to be equipped with the RF-101 Voodoo in 1965. Soon after, the squadron was again activated to respond to the Pueblo Crisis in January 1968. In July, the 154th deployed to Itazuke, Japan, but was inactivated that December.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 61], "content_span": [62, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013011-0017-0000", "contents": "154th Training Squadron, History, Arkansas Air National Guard\nOn 1 January 1976, the unit converted to KC-135 and was redesignated the 154th Air Refueling Squadron. It was then assigned to the Strategic Air Command, one of the first Air National Guard units to be assigned as such. The unit maintained a 24-hour alert and supported worldwide tanker task forces by performing in-flight refueling of all types of aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 61], "content_span": [62, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013011-0018-0000", "contents": "154th Training Squadron, History, Arkansas Air National Guard\nThe unit received its first C-130 on 1 July 1986 and began training C-130 aircrews. By 1 October, the unit had fully converted to the C-130. Student training began on 25 September. The unit was redesignated the 154th Airlift Squadron on 16 April 1992.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 61], "content_span": [62, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013011-0019-0000", "contents": "154th Training Squadron, History, Arkansas Air National Guard\nSince 1998, the squadron has been the exclusive provider for instructor training. The school instructs courses for all crew positions on board the C-130, and has taught students from all branches of the military.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 61], "content_span": [62, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013011-0020-0000", "contents": "154th Training Squadron, History, Arkansas Air National Guard\nMembers of the 154th flew in Operations Desert Shield, Desert Storm, Enduring Freedom, Iraqi Freedom, and Noble Eagle. These operations did not affect the wing's training mission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 61], "content_span": [62, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013012-0000-0000", "contents": "154th Wing\nThe 154th Wing (154 WG) is a unit of the Hawaii Air National Guard, stationed at Hickam Air Force Base, Joint Base Pearl Harbor-Hickam, Honolulu, Hawaii. If activated to federal service, the Wing is placed under the command of the Pacific Air Forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013012-0001-0000", "contents": "154th Wing, Overview\nThe 154th Wing is the major operational component of the Hawaii Air National Guard. The 154th is both a composite wing, consisting of Air Supremacy, Airlift, Radar, and Air Refueling squadrons, and in certain instances an associate unit with the USAF Pacific Air Forces' 15th Wing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 20], "content_span": [21, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013012-0002-0000", "contents": "154th Wing, Overview\nIn performing its state mission, the Hawaii ANG provides organized, trained units to protect Hawaii's citizens and property, preserve peace, and ensure public safety in response to natural or human-caused disasters. The federal mission of the Hawaii ANG is to provide operationally ready combat units, combat support units, and qualified personnel for active duty in the U.S. Air Force in time of war, national emergency, or operational contingency.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 20], "content_span": [21, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013012-0003-0000", "contents": "154th Wing, History\nOn 1 December 1960, the Hawaii Air National Guard 199th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron was authorized to expand to a group level, and the 157th Fighter-Interceptor Group was established by the National Guard Bureau. The 199th FIS becoming the group's flying squadron. Other squadrons assigned into the group were the 157th Headquarters, 157th Material Squadron (Maintenance), 157th Combat Support Squadron, and the 157th USAF Dispensary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013012-0004-0000", "contents": "154th Wing, History\nThe 199th FIG F-86L Sabre Interceptors were upgraded to F-102A Delta Dagger interceptors,  the mission of the 154th FIW is the air defense of Hawaii. Eventually 29 F-102s were received. This was in line with the policy of equipping ANG units with one generation of aircraft behind the active-duty Air Defense Command forces. For the next sixteen years, the 157th FIG operated the Delta Daggers  establishing an excellent safety record. In December 1961, The new Hawaii Air National Guard (HANG) complex was completed and consisted of 60 acres. The land was originally part of Fort Kamehameha and had been acquired in 1960 by permit from the U.S. Army to the Hawaii ANG.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 689]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013012-0005-0000", "contents": "154th Wing, History\nThe 157th flew the Delta Dagger throughout the 1960s, and although the Hawaii ANG was not activated during the Vietnam War, several of its pilots volunteered for combat duty in Southeast Asia. The group was the longest user of the interceptor, being equipped with the F-102 long after most of its Air National Guard counterparts were upgraded to the F-106.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013012-0006-0000", "contents": "154th Wing, History, Tactical fighters\nThe last F-102A finally left ANG service in October 1976, when the 199th FIS of the Hawaii ANG traded in their Delta Daggers for F-4C Phantom II and the 157th became a Tactical Fighter Group. The F-4C was a workhorse tactical fighter-bomber during the Vietnam War, and could also be used as an effective interceptor. The Hawaii ANG used the Phantom in both roles, employing it during training exercises with Army and Marine units in ground exercises, as well as retaining the standing air defense alert at Hickam. On 3 November 1978, the 154th became a Composite Group with the addition of a C-130A Hercules and a C-7A Caribou flight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 38], "content_span": [39, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013012-0007-0000", "contents": "154th Wing, History, Tactical fighters\nAfter a decade flying the F-4C, the 157th received F-15A Eagles in 1987 along with a twin-seat F-15B trainer as part of the retirement of the F-4 from the Air Force inventory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 38], "content_span": [39, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013012-0008-0000", "contents": "154th Wing, History, Tactical fighters\nThe F-15As were received from the 21st Tactical Fighter Wing, Elmendorf AFB, Alaska, which was upgrading to the F-15C model. The Eagles received from Alaska had been upgraded through the F-15 Multi-Stage Improvement Program (MSIP) and were used in an air defense mission, which the Hawaii ANG had taken over. In mid-1991, early F-15C versions were received, and the Hawaii ANG operated both the A and C models of the Eagle for the next two decades.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 38], "content_span": [39, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013012-0009-0000", "contents": "154th Wing, History, Tactical fighters\nIn 1989 with inactivation of the PACAF 326th Air Division, the 154th Composite Group took over the air defense Radar mission in Hawaii. The 169th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron began operating a JSS radar site at Mount Kaala, Oahu along with the FAA, and the 150th Aircraft Control and Warning Flight operates a joint-use JSS radar site at Kokee Air Force Station, Kauai. These radar sites are linked to the NORAD Hawaii Region Air Operations Center (HIRAOC) at Wheeler Army Airfield, Oahu, . With these two sites, 24/7 air surveillance of the Hawaiian island chain is provided. The 154th Aircraft Control Squadron on Kauai also provides a mobile, self-sustainable, combat ready, forward extension and control element equipped to meet the Air Force's ground theater air control systems.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 38], "content_span": [39, 832]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013012-0010-0000", "contents": "154th Wing, History, Post Cold War\nIn March 1992, with the end of the Cold War, the 154th adopted the Air Force Objective Organization plan, and the unit was re-designated as the 154th Group. In January 1993, the 203d Air Refueling Squadron was recognized and activated by the National Guard Bureau. The 203d assumed the rotating deployments of KC-135s to Hickam which started in the 1970s by SAC-gained stateside Air National Guard squadrons. On 1 August 1994 the C-130 flight was expanded and the 204th Airlift Squadron was recognized and activated by the National Guard Bureau, eventually transitioning from the C-130A to the C-130H2..", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 34], "content_span": [35, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013012-0011-0000", "contents": "154th Wing, History, Post Cold War\nIn 1995, in accordance with the Air Force \"One Base-One Wing\" directive, the 154th was changed in status to a Wing, and the 199th Fighter Squadron was assigned to the new 154th Operations Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 34], "content_span": [35, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013012-0012-0000", "contents": "154th Wing, History, Post Cold War\nIn 2006, the 204th Airlift Squadron began transitioning from the C-130 to the C-17 Globemaster III.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 34], "content_span": [35, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013012-0013-0000", "contents": "154th Wing, History, Post Cold War\nIn July 2010, the Hawaii Air National Guard welcomed the first of its new inventory of F-22A Raptors. The 154th Wing was the second ANG unit to be equipped with the F-22. The 199th is planned to have 20 aircraft, the initial aircraft being transferred from the 325th Fighter Wing, Tyndall Air Force Base, Florida; the remaining 18 aircraft will come from the 1st Fighter Wing, Langley Air Force Base, Virginia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 34], "content_span": [35, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013012-0014-0000", "contents": "154th Wing, History, Post Cold War\nThe F-22 is designed to counter advanced surface-to-air missile systems and next-generation fighters equipped with launch-and-leave missile capability. The F-15s were sent to the CONUS, the last Eagle leaving in 2011. The 199th operates active-duty 19th Fighter Squadron as an associate unit, although the Hawaii ANG is responsible for seventy-five percent of the mission configuration. This is the first time an Air National Guard unit, the 199th Fighter Squadron, has taken the position of lead squadron in an associate flying unit arrangement with the active duty Air Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 34], "content_span": [35, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013013-0000-0000", "contents": "154th meridian east\nThe meridian 154\u00b0 east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, Australasia, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013013-0001-0000", "contents": "154th meridian east\nThe 154th meridian east forms a great circle with the 26th meridian west.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013013-0002-0000", "contents": "154th meridian east, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 154th meridian east passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013014-0000-0000", "contents": "154th meridian west\nThe meridian 154\u00b0 west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013014-0001-0000", "contents": "154th meridian west\nThe 154th meridian west forms a great circle with the 26th meridian east.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013014-0002-0000", "contents": "154th meridian west, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 154th meridian west passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013015-0000-0000", "contents": "155\nYear 155 (CLV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Severus and Rufinus (or, less frequently, year 908 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 155 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013016-0000-0000", "contents": "155 (Wessex) Transport Regiment (Volunteers)\n155 (Wessex) Transport Regiment, Royal Logistic Corps, was a regiment in the United Kingdom's Territorial Army that was initially formed in 1967 and disbanded in 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013016-0001-0000", "contents": "155 (Wessex) Transport Regiment (Volunteers), History\nThe regiment was first formed in the Royal Corps of Transport as 155th (Wessex) Regiment, RCT (Volunteers) in 1967. It was disbanded in 1993 but re-formed in the Royal Logistic Corps as 155th (Wessex) Transport Regiment, RLC (Volunteers) in 2006. It disbanded under Army 2020, with 232 Transport Squadron re-roling to a Port Squadron and then moving to 165 Port and Maritime Regiment RLC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 53], "content_span": [54, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013017-0000-0000", "contents": "155 (number)\n155 (one hundred [and] fifty-five) is the natural number following 154 and preceding 156.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013017-0001-0000", "contents": "155 (number), In mathematics\nIf one adds up all the primes from the least through the greatest prime factors of 155, that is, 5 and 31, the result is 155. (sequence  in the OEIS)   Only three other \"small\" semiprimes (10, 39, and 371) share this attribute.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013018-0000-0000", "contents": "155 BC\nYear 155 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Corculum and Marcellus (or, less frequently, year 599 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 155 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013019-0000-0000", "contents": "155 GH 52 APU\nThe 155 GH 52 APU (which stands for 155 mm gun-howitzer, 52 calibers, auxiliary power unit), Finnish designation 155 K 98 (155 mm kentt\u00e4kanuuna 1998 or \"155 mm field gun 1998\"; FDF terminology doesn't recognise gun-howitzers), is a Finnish towed artillery piece developed in 1998. It is largely based on the 155 K 83 with some major enhancements. It can be moved on the field short distances with its own auxiliary diesel engine, which is used in all 56 units used by the Finnish defence forces, is a 78-kilowatt Deutz diesel engine. The Egyptian units are not equipped with the APU.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013019-0001-0000", "contents": "155 GH 52 APU\nThe 155 GH 52 is considered to be one of the most modern field artillery cannons to date and was originally manufactured by Oy Tampella AB industries (today a part of Patria, Patria Vammas Systems Oy). It has a high rate of fire (6 rounds per minute) and can fire all types of 155\u00a0mm ammunition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013019-0002-0000", "contents": "155 GH 52 APU, Domestic operators\nThe Kainuu Artillery Regiment of Kainuu Brigade in Vuosanka shooting range and the Artillery Brigade in Niinisalo in Pohjankangas shooting range operate the guns in Finland. The artillery units train also at Rovaj\u00e4rvi shooting range in Rovaniemi, Lapland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 33], "content_span": [34, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013019-0003-0000", "contents": "155 GH 52 APU, Domestic operators\nIn Finnish practice one infantry readiness brigade has one organic artillery regiment consisting of two artillery fire battalions. Both of the artillery fire battalions have 18 cannons divided in three six cannon batteries, which means that an artillery regiment, which is an organic unit for a readiness brigade, should have 36 cannons in its two artillery battalions. Finland has three readiness brigades.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 33], "content_span": [34, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013019-0004-0000", "contents": "155 GH 52 APU, Export\nIn 2003 a gun was mounted on a Soviet T-55 chassis for use as a self-propelled gun prototype. This vehicle was designed primarily as a design study for the Egyptian Army. It was later sold to Egypt, but no deal of more units were made.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013019-0005-0000", "contents": "155 GH 52 APU, Export\nOn 21 May 2007, the Finnish Yleisradio revealed some problems with the 155 GH 52 APU, dealing with reliability issues of the towing system and barrel behavior when firing long-distance rounds. These facts had been withheld from the Egyptians at the time of the deal. The major challenges have been the accuracy of fire in the longest distances and barrel wear with same distances.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013019-0006-0000", "contents": "155 GH 52 APU, Export\nThe arms deal lead into a juridical process formally presented as an allegation of corruption. Inspector Janne J\u00e4rvinen and state prosecutor Ari-Pekka Koivisto investigated if the 10% trade commission had been partly allocated to the directors of the buying organisation using the commercial agent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013019-0007-0000", "contents": "155 GH 52 APU, Characteristics\nThe gun's deployment power is 78\u00a0kW and its driven speed (in terrain, to location) is 7.5\u00a0km/h or 15\u00a0km/h when pulled by a heavy truck. The cost of one system is 500,000 euros.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 30], "content_span": [31, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013019-0008-0000", "contents": "155 GH 52 APU, Characteristics\nAfter having encountered problems with firing at 35\u00a0km - 40\u00a0km, the Finnish Army concentrated its artillery gun development on the M270 Multiple Launch Rocket System (in Finnish arsenal 298 RsRakH 06, later 298 RSRAKH 06) bought as Dutch surplus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 30], "content_span": [31, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013020-0000-0000", "contents": "155 K 83\nThe Tampella 155 K 83 is a Finnish towed 155\u00a0mm field gun (Finnish designation; technically it is a gun-howitzer), manufactured in the 1980s by Tampella.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013020-0001-0000", "contents": "155 K 83, History\nThe development process for the 155 K 83 began in 1960 when Tampella presented their concept of a new 122\u00a0mm gun for the Finnish Army. It was a sound concept, but quite a heavy gun. It was only ordered in small numbers. In order to take advantage of the design, a decision was made to further develop this into a 155\u00a0mm gun. Through a number of development stages the 155 K 83 was born.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013020-0002-0000", "contents": "155 K 83, History\nThe drawings were also used to develop the Israeli Soltam M-68, which, after improvements, became the Soltam M-71 (designated the G4 in South Africa). Some guns have been modernized to 155 K 83-97 standard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013020-0003-0000", "contents": "155 K 83, History\nThe gun design was further modified in the late 1990s. The gun, called 155 GH 52 APU (or 155 K 98 in Finnish Army service), was given a longer, 52 calibre barrel and an auxiliary power unit, enabling it to move by its own power. The chamber was also changed to support modern NATO-standard charge bags.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013021-0000-0000", "contents": "155 North Wacker\n155 North Wacker is a 48-story skyscraper located in Chicago, Illinois designed by Goettsch Partners and was developed by the John Buck Company. It stands 638 feet (195 m). It has received LEED silver pre-certification. The construction started in 2007 and was completed in 2009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013022-0000-0000", "contents": "155 Scylla\nScylla (minor planet designation: 155 Scylla) is a main belt asteroid. It was discovered by Austrian astronomer Johann Palisa at the Austrian Naval Observatory on 8 November 1875, and named after the monster Scylla in Greek mythology. Two weeks after its discovery this asteroid became lost and was not recovered for 95 years. It was finally found by Paul Wild of Berne, Switzerland with the aid of an ephemeris created in 1970 by Conrad M. Bardwell at Cincinnati Observatory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013022-0001-0000", "contents": "155 Scylla\nPhotometric observations of this asteroid during 2008 at the Organ Mesa Observatory in Las Cruces, New Mexico, gave an asymmetrical, bimodal light curve with a period of 7.9597 \u00b1 0.0001 hours and a brightness variation of 0.46 \u00b1 0.03 in magnitude.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013023-0000-0000", "contents": "155 West Washington Boulevard\n155 West Washington Boulevard is a Romanesque Revival high-rise building built in 1927. It is located in Historic South Central Los Angeles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013024-0000-0000", "contents": "155 mm\n155\u00a0mm (6.1\u2033) is a common, NATO-standard, artillery calibre. It is defined in AOP-29 part 1 with reference to STANAG 4425. It is commonly used in field guns, howitzers, and gun-howitzers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013024-0001-0000", "contents": "155 mm, Land warfare\nSince the late 20th century, most NATO armies have adopted 155\u00a0mm weapons as an all-purpose standard. They are seen as striking a good compromise between range and destructive power, while using only a single calibre simplifies logistics. This has led to the obsolescence of larger calibre weapons such as the 175 mm (6.9\") and 203 mm (8\"), although some militaries retain 105\u00a0mm weapons for their light weight and portability. Russian guns and those of former Soviet bloc countries tend to use 152mm (5.9\") weapons in similar roles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 20], "content_span": [21, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013024-0002-0000", "contents": "155 mm, Naval warfare\nSince the end of WWII, 155 mm has not found any use among naval forces despite its ubiquity on land, with most NATO and aligned navies using 76mm (3\"), 100mm (3.9\"), 114mm (4.5\"), or 127mm (5\") guns on modern warships. At one point the British Ministry of Defence studied \"up-gunning\" the Royal Navy's 4.5 inch Mark 8 naval guns to give increased firepower and a common calibre between the Royal Navy and the British Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 21], "content_span": [22, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013024-0002-0001", "contents": "155 mm, Naval warfare\nHowever, despite superficially appearing to be superior due to a comparison of round diameters, when firing conventional ammunition the smaller, 4.5\" naval gun is comparable to the standard 155mm gun-howitzer of the British Army. The standard shell from a 4.5\" naval gun has the same, if not better, range and carries twice the HE payload of a standard 155mm round. Only by using rocket-assisted projectiles (RAP) can most 155mm guns have comparable range to the 4.5\" naval gun and by doing so there is a reduction in the payload.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 21], "content_span": [22, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013024-0002-0002", "contents": "155 mm, Naval warfare\nThis is because naval guns can be built much more strongly than land-based self-propelled gun-howitzers, and have much longer barrels in relation to calibre (for example the Mark 8 has a barrel length of 55 calibres, while the standard AS-90 self-propelled gun has a barrel length of 39 calibres). This allows naval guns to fire heavier shells in comparison to shell diameter and to use larger propellant charges in relation to shell weight leading to greater projectile velocities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 21], "content_span": [22, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013024-0002-0003", "contents": "155 mm, Naval warfare\nIn addition, even without active cooling, the heavier naval gun barrels allow for a superior sustained rate of fire compared to field guns, and this is exploited with an autoloading system with a capacity of several hundred rounds. The 155mm is superior to the 4.5\" naval gun in relation to cannon-launched guided projectiles (CLGP); because the 155mm round is fired at a lower velocity it is much easier for their internal electronic guidance systems to survive being fired.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 21], "content_span": [22, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013024-0003-0000", "contents": "155 mm, Naval warfare\nThe US Navy's Advanced Gun System also uses a 155mm calibre, although it is not compatible with NATO-standard 155mm ammunition. However, since 2016 no ammunition has been developed and therefore the Advanced Gun System is completely unusable.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 21], "content_span": [22, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013025-0000-0000", "contents": "155 mm Creusot Long Tom\nThe 155\u00a0mm Creusot Long Tom was a French siege gun (artillery piece) manufactured by Schneider et Cie in Le Creusot, France and used by the Boers in the Second Boer War as field guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013025-0001-0000", "contents": "155 mm Creusot Long Tom\nFour guns, along with 4,000 common shells, 4,000 shrapnel shells and 800 case shot were purchased by the South African Republic (informally known as the Transvaal) in 1897. The guns were emplaced in four forts around the country's capital, Pretoria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013025-0002-0000", "contents": "155 mm Creusot Long Tom, Description, The gun\nThe Long Tom gun consisted of a barrel and a separate carriage. The barrel was 4,2 metres long and weighed 2,500\u00a0kg (49 cwt). The carriage weighed 3,000\u00a0kg (59 cwt).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 45], "content_span": [46, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013025-0003-0000", "contents": "155 mm Creusot Long Tom, Description, The gun\nThe gun was placed on a wooden platform, consisting of three layers of beams (deals) each measuring 7,5\u00a0cm by 7,5\u00a0cm by 4,5 m. The size of the platform was 4,5 m by 4,5 m by 22,5\u00a0cm. The layers were placed at right angles to one another. The platform weighed 5,200\u00a0kg. The platform had to be placed level in all directions to ensure that the range did not change when the gun pointed in a different direction. Near the \"front\" of the platform a pivot plate was securely attached to the platform. Recoil was controlled by a hydraulic cylinder which connected the trail to the pivot plate. Chocks were also placed behind the wheels to limit recoil.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 45], "content_span": [46, 692]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013025-0004-0000", "contents": "155 mm Creusot Long Tom, Description, The gun\nTo prepare the gun for transport a large tripod was placed over it and, using a block and tackle, the barrel lifted off the front trunnion cups and moved to the back trunnion cups. The trail was then placed on a limber. 16 to 20 oxen were required to pull the gun over hard soil. Two wagons were required to transport the platform and the ammunition was transported on another two wagons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 45], "content_span": [46, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013025-0005-0000", "contents": "155 mm Creusot Long Tom, Description, The ammunition, Cartridge\nThe propellant charge for the Long Tom was carried in a canvas bag which was about 56\u00a0cm long. Black powder was used and this caused a large cloud of white smoke when the gun was fired. The enemy immediately knew where the gun was.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 63], "content_span": [64, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013025-0006-0000", "contents": "155 mm Creusot Long Tom, Description, The ammunition, Common shell\nThe common shell was 42\u00a0cm long and weighed 43\u00a0kg (94\u00a0lb.) It was filled with an explosive called MC 30. The range was 9,880 m.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 66], "content_span": [67, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013025-0007-0000", "contents": "155 mm Creusot Long Tom, Description, The ammunition, Fragmentation shell\nThis shell weighed 41\u00a0kg and had a range of 6,800 m. It had a combination percussion cap and time fuse. During the first part of the war the time fuses did not work properly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 73], "content_span": [74, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013025-0008-0000", "contents": "155 mm Creusot Long Tom, Description, The ammunition, Case shot\nCase shot was used as a last resort when the enemy's foot soldiers were close to the gun. Case shot was effective up to 400 metres.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 63], "content_span": [64, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013025-0009-0000", "contents": "155 mm Creusot Long Tom, Second Boer War\nDuring the Second Boer War the guns were deployed as field guns and siege guns at Vaal Krantz, Ladysmith, Mafeking, Kimberley and Bergendal. During the early stages of the war these guns gave the Boers an advantage as they had longer range than any British guns that were deployed in South Africa at the time. After all their ammunition had been expended, the guns were destroyed one by one, to prevent them from falling into British hands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 40], "content_span": [41, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013025-0010-0000", "contents": "155 mm Creusot Long Tom, Second Boer War\nLong Tom shells are incorporated in the Honoured Dead Memorial in Kimberley, commemorating those who fell in the town's defence, where they surround the gun called Long Cecil (built in Kimberley during the siege by George Labram, and a catalyst in the Boers bringing Long Tom to the siege).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 40], "content_span": [41, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013025-0011-0000", "contents": "155 mm Creusot Long Tom, Second Boer War\nReplicas of the original cannons can be seen at various places in South Africa, including Fort Klapperkop near Pretoria, in the Long Tom Pass in Mpumalanga, The Anglo-Boer War Museum in Bloemfontein (formerly the War Museum of the Boer Republics) and next to the town hall in Ladysmith.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 40], "content_span": [41, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013025-0012-0000", "contents": "155 mm Creusot Long Tom, Location of Long Tom emplacements, Pretoria Forts\nAfter the abortive Jameson Raid the government decided to build four forts around the capital, Pretoria. These were called Fort Schanskop, Fort Klapperkop, Fort Daspoortrand and Fort Wonderboompoort. A Long Tom was placed in each fort.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 74], "content_span": [75, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013025-0013-0000", "contents": "155 mm Creusot Long Tom, Location of Long Tom emplacements, Pretoria Forts\nAfter war broke out, three Long Toms were sent to the Natal front and the remaining one sent to Mafeking.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 74], "content_span": [75, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013025-0014-0000", "contents": "155 mm Creusot Long Tom, Location of Long Tom emplacements, Mafeking\nThe Long Tom arrived at Mafeking on 23 October 1899. It was hurriedly emplaced on a height called Jackal Tree, about 3,500 yards (3,200\u00a0m) south of Mafeking on the Geysdorp road. The next day it hurled its first shell into town. On 6 November the Long Tom was moved to a new position, about 3,000 yards (2,700\u00a0m) east of Cannon Kopje. On 14 February 1900 the Long Tom was moved to the western side of town, but did not remain there for long. On 11 April the Long Tom was sent back to Pretoria, having thrown nearly 1,500 shells into Mafeking, which however killed fewer than 20 people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 68], "content_span": [69, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013025-0015-0000", "contents": "155 mm Creusot Long Tom, Location of Long Tom emplacements, Ladysmith\nInitially the Boers had two Long Toms. The bombardment commenced on 2 November 1899, with one of the Long Toms firing from Pepworthy Hill. The second Long Tom was emplaced on Bulwana Hill and started firing on 8 November.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 69], "content_span": [70, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013025-0016-0000", "contents": "155 mm Creusot Long Tom, Location of Long Tom emplacements, Ladysmith\nOn 27 November the Boers brought a third Long Tom and emplaced it on Middle Hill. Two old howitzers were brought up and one had a lucky shot, killing or injuring nine Boer gunners and damaging the Long Tom itself. The Boers moved the Long Tom on Pepworth Hill to Gun Hill (Lombardskop) on or about 7 December. A couple of nights later the British supported by a detachment of the Natal Police launched a commando attack again this gun, damaged its muzzle with a charge of gun cotton and removed its breech block.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 69], "content_span": [70, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013025-0017-0000", "contents": "155 mm Creusot Long Tom, Location of Long Tom emplacements, Vaalkrans\nOne of the Long Toms at Ladysmith was taken forward for use during the Battle of Vaal Krantz. Prior to 5 February 1900 an emplacement had been prepared for it on a hill called \"Doringkop\" (Thorn Hill). The gun arrived at Vaal Krantz on 5 February, but could not be placed on the hill because one of its wheels had broken and the hill was too steep anyway. The Boers managed to get it to the top that night. It started firing at 05:15 the next morning. British return fire only managed to destroy one of its ammunition wagons, but the setback was temporary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 69], "content_span": [70, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013025-0018-0000", "contents": "155 mm Creusot Long Tom, Location of Long Tom emplacements, Kimberley\nThe Long Tom damaged by British forces on 7 December 1899 was taken back to Pretoria for repairs. There the front end of the muzzle was cut off, and henceforth the gun was known as \"the Jew\". The breechblock was replaced and it was ready for action. It was then sent to Kimberley, where it was emplaced on a mine dump next to the Kamfers Dam on 6 February 1900.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 69], "content_span": [70, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013025-0019-0000", "contents": "155 mm Creusot Long Tom, Location of Long Tom emplacements, Diamond Hill\nThe battle of Diamond Hill took place east of Pretoria in June 1900. There was one Long Tom mounted on a railway truck parked at the Vandermerwe Station  It is not known whether it fired a shot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 72], "content_span": [73, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013025-0020-0000", "contents": "155 mm Creusot Long Tom, Location of Long Tom emplacements, Bergendal\nThe Battle of Bergendal was the last set piece battle of the war and took place near Belfast, Mpumalanga, in August 1900. It was the only occasion on which all four Long Toms were used in the same battle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 69], "content_span": [70, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013025-0021-0000", "contents": "155 mm Creusot Long Tom, Location of Long Tom emplacements, Bergendal\nGun A. Before the battle started this gun was at Dullstroom. It was then moved to a hill south of the farm De Zuikerboschkop,north-west of Belfast. The emplacement has not been found, but should be in the vicinity of 25\u00b037'15\"S, 29\u00b056'52\"E(WGS84). The cavalry drove it away on 26 August. After the battle it probably escaped to Lydenburg and then into the nearby bushveld.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 69], "content_span": [70, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013025-0022-0000", "contents": "155 mm Creusot Long Tom, Location of Long Tom emplacements, Bergendal\nGun B. This gun was placed on the farm Waterval on a ridge called Witrant. The location of the emplacement is 25\u00b037' 55\"S, 30\u00b009'02\"[WGS84]. On 27 August it was moved forward. After the battle it escaped past Helvetia to Lydenburg and from there over the pass to Spitskop, Ohrigstad and eventually to Haenertsburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 69], "content_span": [70, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013025-0023-0000", "contents": "155 mm Creusot Long Tom, Location of Long Tom emplacements, Bergendal\nGun C. Initially this gun was mounted on a railway truck. Around 7 August it was moved to the Elandskop vicinity. This emplacement, marked \"C1\", is situated at 25\u00b046'13\"S, 30\u00b012'50\"E (WGS84). Before 23 August the gun was moved to a place south-west of Dalmanutha station (\"C2\")situated at 25\u00b046'14\"S, 30\u00b0 09'05\"E [ WGS84]. Thereafter it was moved to hill 1881 behind the ZARPs (C3) at 25\u00b044'10\"S, 30\u00b007'00\"E (WGS84) . After the battle it fled past Helvetia to Lydenburg and from there over the pass to Spitskop, Ohrigstad and eventually to Haenertsburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 69], "content_span": [70, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013025-0024-0000", "contents": "155 mm Creusot Long Tom, Location of Long Tom emplacements, Bergendal\nGun D. This gun remained on the farm Driekop throughout the battle. The emplacement was found at 25\u00b048'11\"S, 30\u00b0 10'22\"E [ WGS84]. After the battle it was taken to Komatipoort via Barberton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 69], "content_span": [70, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013025-0025-0000", "contents": "155 mm Creusot Long Tom, Location of Long Tom emplacements, Long Tom Pass\nGeneral Buller pursued the Boers and the two Long Toms retreating towards Lydenburg. The town was captured on 6 September 1900. No sooner had it been occupied, than the Boer  Long Toms on the mountain pass to Spitskop opened fire on the town. On 8 September Buller with 12,000 men and 48 guns started ascending the pass in pursuit of Botha and the Long Toms. By 9 September the Long Toms had crossed the crest of the mountain and stopped just beyond the part of the pass known as the Devil's Knuckles. From there they fired their parting shots at the enemy and disappeared into the mist. Today, there is a replica of the Long Tom at this spot. The pass has been named \"Long Tom Pass\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 73], "content_span": [74, 758]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013025-0026-0000", "contents": "155 mm Creusot Long Tom, Destruction of Long Toms, Komatipoort\nThe first Long Tom was destroyed on the banks of the Komati River near Komatipoort on 22 September 1900. The exact place is not known. The approximate location is 25\u00b027'09\"S,31\u00b056'57\"E(WGS84)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 62], "content_span": [63, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013025-0027-0000", "contents": "155 mm Creusot Long Tom, Destruction of Long Toms, Letaba River\nThe only contemporary written source of the place where the second Long Tom was destroyed is the diary of one of its gunners, Frederick Rothmann. He wrote that they had been camping at a village called Haenertsburg for a week, when the Long Tom was destroyed on 18 October 1900, and the remains thrown into the Letaba River. He visited the place and took one of its parts as a souvenir. A certain Grobler visited the area in 1954, and somebody who was present when the gun had been destroyed, pointed out the place where it happened. It was next to the Letaba River, about two miles east of Haenertsburg. Another person confirmed the place. Today the place is covered by the waters of the Ebenezer Dam. The approximate location is 23\u00b056'24\"S, 29\u00b057'39\"E(WGS84)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 63], "content_span": [64, 824]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013025-0028-0000", "contents": "155 mm Creusot Long Tom, Destruction of Long Toms, Rietfontein\nAfter the Battle of Bergendal, \"The Jew\" remained hidden until April 1901 during the big sweep against General Viljoen in the Eastern Transvaal. Major-general F.W. Kitchener's column left Lydenburg on 13 April 1901. The Long Tom was emplaced on a hill on the farm Rietfontein. On 16 April it fired a few shells at the advancing British column and then its crew blew the gun up. The remains of the emplacement was found at 24\u00b0 57'46\"S, 30\u00b0 13'16\"E (WGS84).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 62], "content_span": [63, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013025-0029-0000", "contents": "155 mm Creusot Long Tom, Destruction of Long Toms, Feeskoppie\nThe fourth Long Tom made its way to Pietersburg (Polokwane today) via Bothasberg, Masepsdrif, and Smitsdorp. Shortly before General Plumer occupied Pietersburg on 8 February 1901, the Long Tom was taken in the direction of Haenertsberg. There it was emplaced on a hill called Feeskoppie, some five miles north of Haenertsburg. When Colonel Grenfell approached the area, the crew of the Long Tom fired a few shells at the British and then destroyed the gun. The date was 29 April 1901. The location is 23\u00b053'12S, 29\u00b057'36\"E(WGS84), close to beacon 85.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 61], "content_span": [62, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013026-0000-0000", "contents": "155 mm gun M1\nThe 155\u00a0mm gun M1 was a 155 millimeter caliber field gun developed and used by the United States military. Nicknamed \"Long Tom\" (an appellation with a long and storied history in U.S. field and naval artillery), it was produced in M1 and M2  variants, later known as the M59. Developed to replace the Canon de 155mm GPF, the gun was deployed as a heavy field weapon during World War II and the Korean War, and also classed as secondary armament for seacoast defense. The gun could fire a 100\u00a0lb (45\u00a0kg) shell to a maximum range of 14\u00a0mi (23\u00a0km), with an estimated accuracy life of 1,500 rounds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013026-0001-0000", "contents": "155 mm gun M1\nThe Long Tom was also adopted by a number of other nations, including the United Kingdom, Austria, Israel, and the Netherlands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013026-0002-0000", "contents": "155 mm gun M1, Development\nBefore entering World War I, the United States was poorly equipped with heavy artillery. To address this problem a number of foreign heavy artillery guns were adopted, including the Canon de 155 mm GPF. After the end of the war the Westervelt Board was convened to assess the artillery experience of the combatant powers and map out future directions for the US Army artillery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 26], "content_span": [27, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013026-0002-0001", "contents": "155 mm gun M1, Development\nThe conclusion of the board vis-a-vis heavy field artillery was that the French 155mm GPF should be adopted as the standard heavy field piece but further development work should occur to achieve a heavy field gun with a max. range of 25,000 yards (23\u00a0km), a vertical arc of fire from 0\u00b0 to 65\u00b0, a projectile not exceeding 100\u00a0lb (45\u00a0kg) and the capability to be mounted on a caterpillar mount or a rubber tired towed mounting. A number of prototypes were produced in the 1920s and 1930s, but the projects were put on hold due to lack of funds. In 1938 the 155\u00a0mm gun T4 on carriage T2 was finally adopted as 155\u00a0mm gun M1 on carriage M1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 26], "content_span": [27, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013026-0003-0000", "contents": "155 mm gun M1, Development, 155\u00a0mm gun M1\nThe new gun design used a barrel similar to the earlier 155\u00a0mm GPF, but with an Asbury mechanism that incorporated a vertically-hinged breech plug support. This type of breech used an interrupted-thread breech plug with a lock that opened and closed the breech by moving a single lever. The ammunition for the 155\u00a0mm gun was \"separate-loading\", that is with the shell and the powder charge packaged, shipped and stored separately. The shell is lifted into position behind the breech and then rammed into the chamber to engage the shell's rotating band into the barrel rifling.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 41], "content_span": [42, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013026-0004-0000", "contents": "155 mm gun M1, Development, 155\u00a0mm gun M1\nRamming the shell home is followed by loading a number of powder bags, as required for the desired range. The powder charge could be loaded in up to seven charge settings. Once the powder is loaded, the breech plug is closed and locked, and a primer is placed in the breech plug's firing mechanism. After setting the elevation and azimuth, the gun is ready to fire. The firing mechanism is a device for initiating the ammunition primer. The primer then sets off the igniter which ignites the propelling charge of the ammunition. A continuous-pull lanyard first cocks the firing pin, then fires the primer when pulled.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 41], "content_span": [42, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013026-0005-0000", "contents": "155 mm gun M1, Development, 155\u00a0mm gun M1\nThe gun was developed into M1A1 and M2 variants. After World War II, the United States Army re-organized, and the gun was re-designated as the M59.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 41], "content_span": [42, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013026-0006-0000", "contents": "155 mm gun M1, Development, Carriage M1\nThe gun carriage provides a stable, yet mobile, base for the gun. The new split-trail carriage featured an eight-wheel integral two-axle bogie and a two-wheel limber that supported the trails for transport. The carriage was a two-piece design. The upper carriage included the side frames with trunnion bearings that supported the recoil mechanism that carried the gun cradle, slide and gun tube. The upper carriage also incorporated the elevating and azimuth gearing. The upper carriage pivoted in azimuth on the lower carriage. The lower carriage included the transport suspension and the split-trail that stabilized and absorbed recoil when the gun was fired.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 701]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013026-0007-0000", "contents": "155 mm gun M1, Development, Carriage M1\nAfter the gun was placed in a firing position with the gun pointing in the desired direction, the trails were lowered to the ground and the limber was removed. The carriage wheels would then be raised using built-in ratcheting screw-jacks, lowering the gun carriage to the ground. Once on the ground, the limber-end of the trail legs were separated to form a wide \"vee\" with its apex at the center of the carriage pivot point.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013026-0007-0001", "contents": "155 mm gun M1, Development, Carriage M1\nA recoil spade at the limber-end of each trail leg required a correctly positioned hole to be dug for the spade, which was attached to the trail end, to transmit the recoil from gun carriage through the trails and into the earth. This made the gun very stable and assisted its accuracy. The removable spades were transported in brackets on the trail legs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013026-0008-0000", "contents": "155 mm gun M1, Development, Carriage M1\nThe carriage M1 and M2 were shared with the 8-inch (203\u00a0mm) Howitzer M1, differing only in the gun tube, sleigh, cradle, recoil and equilibrators, weight due to the heavier barrel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013026-0009-0000", "contents": "155 mm gun M1, Service\nThe Long Tom saw combat for the first time in the North African Campaign on December 24, 1942, with \"A\" Battery of the 36th Field Artillery Regiment. Eventually it equipped 33 U.S. Army battalions in the European and Mediterranean Theaters (the 173rd, 190th, 200th, 208th, 240th, 261st, 273rd, 514th-516th, 528th, 530th, 540th, 541st, 546th-549th, 559th, 561st, 634th, 635th, 731st, 733rd, 734th, 976th-981st, 985th and 989th), and 8 in the Pacific Theater (the 168th, 223rd, 226th, 433rd, 517th, 531st, 532nd, and 983rd). The 353rd, 732nd, and 993rd Field Artillery Battalions were  segregated 155 mm gun units that never went overseas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013026-0009-0001", "contents": "155 mm gun M1, Service\nThe 353rd was converted to the 1697th Engineer Combat Battalion (Colored) on 19 March 1944 at Camp Van Dorn, Mississippi, the 732nd was converted to the 1695th Engineer Combat Battalion (Colored) on 15 March 1944 at Camp Pickett, Virginia, and the 993rd was converted to the 1696th Engineer Combat Battalion (Colored) on 19 March 1944 at Camp Swift, Texas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013026-0010-0000", "contents": "155 mm gun M1, Service\nThe 155 mm gun was also used by several Marine defense battalions, notably during Operation Cartwheel in 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013026-0011-0000", "contents": "155 mm gun M1, Service\nThe preferable prime mover was initially the Mack NO 6\u00d76 7\u00bd ton truck; from 1943 on, it was supplemented by the tracked M4 High Speed Tractor. 72 rounds of ammunition plus propelling charges could be carried in the M21 4-ton, 2-wheel ammunition trailer. The later M23 8-ton, 4-wheel ammunition trailer introduced in 1945 could carry 96 rounds of ammunition plus propelling charges.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013026-0012-0000", "contents": "155 mm gun M1, Service\nA small number of Long Tom guns were authorised for supply via Lend-Lease channels, to the United Kingdom (184) and France (25). The authorised establishment of British batteries (excluding training units), including four batteries from the Dominion of Newfoundland, totalled 88 guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013026-0013-0000", "contents": "155 mm gun M1, Variants\nThe gun was also mounted on a modified M4 medium tank chassis, in mount M13. The resulting vehicle was initially designated 155\u00a0mm Gun Motor Carriage T83 and eventually standardized as 155 mm Gun Motor Carriage M40. 155\u00a0mm Gun Motor Carriage T79, based on T23 Medium Tank chassis, never advanced past proposal stage. A portable \"Panama mount\" M1 was also provided.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 23], "content_span": [24, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013026-0014-0000", "contents": "155 mm gun M1, Ammunition\nThe gun utilized separate loading, bagged charge ammunition. The propelling charge consisted of base (9.23\u00a0kg) and increment (4.69\u00a0kg). The data in the table below is for supercharge (base and increment).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 25], "content_span": [26, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013027-0000-0000", "contents": "155 mm gun T7\nThe 155mm L/40 T7 was an American rifled tank gun developed in 1945. The T7 was to be the main armament for the T30 Heavy Tank, but only a handful were produced due to the T30 project being cancelled after trials in the late 1940s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013027-0001-0000", "contents": "155 mm gun T7\nThe T7 used two-part separated ammunition like the 105mm T5E1 gun on the T29 Heavy Tank. It had a low velocity of only 701\u00a0m/s (2,300\u00a0ft/s) compared to the 120mm T53 on the T34 Heavy Tank (945\u00a0m/s) and the 105mm T5E1 on the T29 Heavy Tank (945\u00a0m/s). However, the 43\u00a0kg (95\u00a0lbs) High-Explosive shell was demonstrated to have a powerful demolition effect. Testing concluded before completion when the T30 project was cancelled in the late 1940s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013028-0000-0000", "contents": "155 series\nThe 155 series (155\u7cfb) was an electric multiple unit (EMU) train type operated by Japanese National Railways (JNR) from 1959 until 1983. They were originally designed for and used on school excursion trains running between Tokyo and the \"Keihanshin\" Kyoto/Osaka/Kobe area via the Tokaido Main Line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013028-0001-0000", "contents": "155 series, Design\nInitially classified \"82 series\", the 155 series was broadly derived from the earlier 153 series express EMU design.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013028-0002-0000", "contents": "155 series, Design, Exterior\nThe trains were initially painted in what was to become the standard JNR excursion train livery of \"lemon yellow\" and \"light scarlet\" selected from colour schemes proposed by 313 different junior high schools in the Tokyo and Keihanshin areas. Later sets built used \"canary yellow\", a slightly different shade to the original \"lemon yellow\" colour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 28], "content_span": [29, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013028-0003-0000", "contents": "155 series, Design, Interior\nThe primary purpose of the trains was to maximize seating capacity for use on school excursions, so accommodation was arranged in fixed seating bays, with 4-seat bays on one side and 6-seat bays on the other side of the aisle, giving a seating capacity of approximately 100 per car. The trains were not air-conditioned, but featured ceiling-mounted fans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 28], "content_span": [29, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013028-0004-0000", "contents": "155 series, Design, Bogies\nThe motored cars were mounted on DT21A coil-spring bogies based on the bogies used on the 101 series commuter EMUs. The non-motored trailer cars were mounted on TR62 bogies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 26], "content_span": [27, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013028-0005-0000", "contents": "155 series, Formations\nThe fleet consisted of two 8-car and eight 4-car sets, formed as shown below, and based at Tamachi Depot in Tokyo and Miyahara Depot in Kyoto. These initially ran as 12-car formations, later lengthened to 16-car formations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013028-0006-0000", "contents": "155 series, History\nThe 155 series sets entered service from March 1959 on school excursion services running on the Tokaido Main Line. Westbound services from Tokyo (Shinagawa Station) were named Hinode (\u3072\u306e\u3067, \"Sunrise\"), and eastbound services from the Keihanshin area were named Kib\u014d (\u304d\u307c\u3046, \"Hope\"). Trains carried headboards on the front with the name of the train. A further two 4-car sets were built in 1961, and four more 4-car sets were built between 1964 and 1965, to allow 16-car formations to be used on Hinode and Kib\u014d services.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013028-0007-0000", "contents": "155 series, History\nFrom March 1971, school excursions began using Kodama services on the Tokaido Shinkansen between Tokyo and the Keihanshin area, and the Tokaido Line Hinode and Kib\u014d services were discontinued from October of the same year. The 155 series trains underwent refurbishment and repainting into the Shonan livery of orange and green from 1973, and the former Kansai area sets were transferred to Ogaki Depot in 1974 for use on \"rapid\" limited-stop services and charter train services. The Tamachi-based Tokyo area sets saw use on school excursions to Nikko, and winter season trains to ski resorts in the Joetsu region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013028-0008-0000", "contents": "155 series, History\nWithdrawals began in 1980, and the entire fleet was withdrawn from service by fiscal 1983. No 155 series vehicles have been preserved.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013029-0000-0000", "contents": "1550\nYear 1550 (MDL) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013030-0000-0000", "contents": "1550 AM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1550\u00a0kHz: 1550 AM is a clear-channel frequency reserved for Canada. Class A CBEF in Windsor, Ontario, broadcasts on 1550 kHz. Clear-channel status had also been shared with XHRUV in Jalapa, Veracruz, Mexico, but that station switched to FM only, with the AM station now silent. See also List of broadcast station classes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013031-0000-0000", "contents": "1550 Tito\n1550 Tito, provisional designation 1937 WD, is a stony asteroid from the middle region of the asteroid belt, approximately 12 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 29 November 1937, by Serbian astronomer Milorad B. Proti\u0107 at the Belgrade Astronomical Observatory in Serbia. It was named for Yugoslavian statesman Josip Broz Tito.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013031-0001-0000", "contents": "1550 Tito, Classification and orbit\nThis asteroid orbits the Sun at a distance of 1.7\u20133.3\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 1 month (1,482 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.31 and an inclination of 9\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. Tito's observation arc begins 4 years after its official discovery observation, with its first used observation taken at Belgrade in 1941. No precoveries were taken and no prior identifications were made.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 35], "content_span": [36, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013031-0002-0000", "contents": "1550 Tito, Physical characteristics\nIn the SMASS classification, Tito is characterized as a common S-type asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 35], "content_span": [36, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013031-0003-0000", "contents": "1550 Tito, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nTito has a rotation period of approximately 54 hours. While this does not make it a slow rotator, it has a significantly longer period than the vast majority of minor planets, which typically spin every 2 to 20 hours around their axis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 52], "content_span": [53, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013031-0003-0001", "contents": "1550 Tito, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nRotational lightcurves of Tito were obtained from photometric observations by Walter R. Cooney Jr. in January 2003, who derived a period of 54.2 hours (\u0394mag 0.23, U=2), by Raymond Poncy in December 2006, who obtained a shorter, provisional period of 30 hours (\u0394mag 0.16, U=2), and by David Higgins in December 2010, who derived a period of 54.53 hours (\u0394mag 0.40, U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 52], "content_span": [53, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013031-0004-0000", "contents": "1550 Tito, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Spitzer Space Telescope, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Tito measures between 9.47 and 13.652 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.181 and 0.257. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 12.39 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 11.9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 56], "content_span": [57, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013031-0005-0000", "contents": "1550 Tito, Naming\nTito was named in honour of Josip Broz Tito (1892\u20131980), leader of the Yugoslavian resistance during the World War II, early enthusiast of the United Nations, and president of former Yugoslavia. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 30 January 1964 (M.P.C. 2277).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 17], "content_span": [18, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013035-0000-0000", "contents": "1550 in Scotland\nEvents from the year 1550 in the Kingdom of Scotland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013038-0000-0000", "contents": "1550 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1550.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013040-0000-0000", "contents": "1550 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013040-0001-0000", "contents": "1550 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013040-0002-0000", "contents": "1550 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013041-0000-0000", "contents": "1550s\nThe 1550s decade ran from January 1, 1550, to December 31, 1559.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013042-0000-0000", "contents": "1550s BC\nThe 1550s BC was a decade lasting from January 1, 1559 BC to December 31, 1550 BC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 91]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013044-0000-0000", "contents": "1550s in England\nEvents from the 1550s in England. This decade marks the beginning of the Elizabethan era.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013045-0000-0000", "contents": "1550\u20131600 in Western European fashion\nFashion in the period 1550\u20131600 in Western European clothing was characterized by increased opulence. Contrasting fabrics, slashes, embroidery, applied trims, and other forms of surface ornamentation remained prominent. The wide silhouette, conical for women with breadth at the hips and broadly square for men with width at the shoulders had reached its peak in the 1530s, and by mid-century a tall, narrow line with a V-lined waist was back in fashion. Sleeves and women's skirts then began to widen again, with emphasis at the shoulder that would continue into the next century. The characteristic garment of the period was the ruff, which began as a modest ruffle attached to the neckband of a shirt or smock and grew into a separate garment of fine linen, trimmed with lace, cutwork or embroidery, and shaped into crisp, precise folds with starch and heated irons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 907]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013045-0001-0000", "contents": "1550\u20131600 in Western European fashion, General trends, Spanish style\nCharles V, king of Spain, Naples, and Sicily and Holy Roman Emperor, handed over the kingdom of Spain to his son Philip II and the Empire to his brother Ferdinand I in 1558, ending the domination of western Europe by a single court, but the Spanish taste for sombre richness of dress would dominate fashion for the remainder of the century. New alliances and trading patterns arose as the divide between Catholic and Protestant countries became more pronounced. The severe, rigid fashions of the Spanish court were dominant everywhere except France and Italy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 68], "content_span": [69, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013045-0001-0001", "contents": "1550\u20131600 in Western European fashion, General trends, Spanish style\nBlack garments were worn for the most formal occasions. Black was difficult and expensive to dye, and seen as luxurious, if in an austere way. As well as Spanish courtiers, it appealed to wealthy middle-class Protestants. Regional styles were still distinct. The clothing was very intricate, elaborate and made with heavy fabrics such as velvet and raised silk, topped off with brightly coloured jewellery such as rubies, diamonds and pearls to contrast the black backdrop of the clothing. Janet Arnold in her analysis of Queen Elizabeth's wardrobe records identifies French, Italian, Dutch, and Polish styles for bodices and sleeves, as well as Spanish.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 68], "content_span": [69, 723]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013045-0002-0000", "contents": "1550\u20131600 in Western European fashion, General trends, Spanish style\nLinen ruffs grew from a narrow frill at neck and wrists to a broad \"cartwheel\" style that required a wire support by the 1580s. Ruffs were worn throughout Europe, by men and women of all classes, and were made of rectangular lengths of linen as long as 19 yards. Later ruffs were made of delicate reticella, a cutwork lace that evolved into the needlelaces of the 17th century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 68], "content_span": [69, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013045-0003-0000", "contents": "1550\u20131600 in Western European fashion, General trends, Elizabethan Style\nSince Elizabeth I, Queen of England, was the ruler, women's fashion became one of the most important aspects of this period. As the Queen was always required to have a pure image, and although women's fashion became increasingly seductive, the idea of the perfect Elizabethan women was never forgotten.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 72], "content_span": [73, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013045-0004-0000", "contents": "1550\u20131600 in Western European fashion, General trends, Elizabethan Style\nThe Elizabethan era had its own customs and social rules that were reflected in their fashion. Style would depend usually of social status and Elizabethans were bound to obey The Elizabethan Sumptuary Laws, which oversaw the style and materials worn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 72], "content_span": [73, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013045-0005-0000", "contents": "1550\u20131600 in Western European fashion, General trends, Elizabethan Style\nElizabethan sumptuary laws were used to control behaviour and to ensure that a specific social structure was maintained. These rules were well known by all the English people and penalties for violating these sumptuary laws included harsh fines. Most of the time they ended in the loss of property, title and even life.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 72], "content_span": [73, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013045-0006-0000", "contents": "1550\u20131600 in Western European fashion, General trends, Elizabethan Style\nRegarding fabrics and materials for the clothes construction, only royalty was permitted to wear ermine. Other nobles (lesser ones) were allowed only to wear foxes and otters. Clothes worn during this era were mostly inspired by geometric shapes, probably derived from the high interest in science and mathematics from that era. \"Padding and quilting together with the use of whalebone or buckram for stiffening purposes were used to gain geometric effect with emphasis on giving the illusion of a small waist\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 72], "content_span": [73, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013045-0007-0000", "contents": "1550\u20131600 in Western European fashion, General trends, Elizabethan Style\nThe upper classes, too, were restricted. Certain materials such as cloth of gold could only be worn by the Queen, her mother, children, aunts, sisters, along with Duchesses, Marchionesses, and Countesses. Whereas, Viscountesses, or Baronesses, for instance, were not allowed to use this material.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 72], "content_span": [73, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013045-0008-0000", "contents": "1550\u20131600 in Western European fashion, General trends, Elizabethan Style\nNot only fabrics were restricted on the Elizabethan era, but also colours, depending on social status. Purple was only allowed to be worn by the queen and her direct family members. Depending on social status, the colour could be used in any clothing or would be limited to mantles, doublets, jerkins, or other specific items. Lower classes were only allowed to use brown, beige, yellow, orange, green, grey and blue in wool, linen and sheepskin, while usual fabrics for upper crusts were silk or velvet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 72], "content_span": [73, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013045-0009-0000", "contents": "1550\u20131600 in Western European fashion, General trends, Fabrics and trims\nThe general trend towards abundant surface ornamentation in the Elizabethan Era was expressed in clothing, especially amongst the aristocracy in England. Shirts and chemises were embroidered with blackwork and edged in lace. Heavy cut velvets and brocades were further ornamented with applied bobbin lace, gold and silver embroidery, and jewels. Toward the end of the period, polychrome (multicoloured) silk embroidery became highly desirable and fashionable for the public representation of aristocratic wealth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 72], "content_span": [73, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013045-0010-0000", "contents": "1550\u20131600 in Western European fashion, General trends, Fabrics and trims\nThe origins of the trend for sombre colours are elusive, but are generally attributed to the growing influence of Spain and possibly the importation of Spanish merino wools. The Low Countries, German states, Scandinavia, England, France, and Italy all absorbed the sobering and formal influence of Spanish dress after the mid-1520s. Fine textiles could be dyed \"in the grain\" (with the expensive kermes), alone or as an over-dye with woad, to produce a wide range colours from blacks and greys through browns, murreys, purples, and sanguines. Inexpensive reds, oranges and pinks were dyed with madder and blues with woad, while a variety of common plants produced yellow dyes, although most were prone to fading.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 72], "content_span": [73, 785]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013045-0011-0000", "contents": "1550\u20131600 in Western European fashion, General trends, Fabrics and trims\nBy the end of the period, there was a sharp distinction between the sober fashions favoured by Protestants in England and the Netherlands, which still showed heavy Spanish influence, and the light, revealing fashions of the French and Italian courts. This distinction would carry over well into the seventeenth century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 72], "content_span": [73, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013045-0012-0000", "contents": "1550\u20131600 in Western European fashion, Women's fashion\nWomen's outer clothing generally consisted of a loose or fitted gown worn over a kirtle or petticoat (or both). An alternative to the gown was a short jacket or a doublet cut with a high neckline. The narrow-shouldered, wide-cuffed \"trumpet\" sleeves characteristic of the 1540s and 1550s in France and England disappeared in the 1560s, in favor of French and Spanish styles with narrower sleeves. Overall, the silhouette was narrow through the 1560s and gradually widened, with emphasis as the shoulder and hip. The slashing technique, seen in Italian dress in the 1560s, evolved into single or double rows of loops at the shoulder with contrasting linings. By the 1580s these had been adapted in England as padded and jeweled shoulder rolls.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 54], "content_span": [55, 797]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013045-0013-0000", "contents": "1550\u20131600 in Western European fashion, Women's fashion, Gown, kirtle, and petticoat\nThe common upper garment was a gown, called in Spanish ropa, in French robe, and in English either gown or frock. Gowns were made in a variety of styles: Loose or fitted (called in England a French gown); with short half sleeves or long sleeves; and floor length (a round gowns) or with a trailing train (clothing).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 83], "content_span": [84, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013045-0014-0000", "contents": "1550\u20131600 in Western European fashion, Women's fashion, Gown, kirtle, and petticoat\nThe gown was worn over a kirtle or petticoat (or both, for warmth). Prior to 1545, the kirtle consisted of a fitted one-piece garment. After that date, either kirtles or petticoats might have attached bodices or bodies that fastened with lacing or hooks and eyes and most had sleeves that were pinned or laced in place. The parts of the kirtle or petticoat that showed beneath the gown were usually made of richer fabrics, especially the front panel forepart of the skirts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 83], "content_span": [84, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013045-0015-0000", "contents": "1550\u20131600 in Western European fashion, Women's fashion, Gown, kirtle, and petticoat\nThe bodices of French, Spanish, and English styles were stiffened into a cone or flattened, triangular shape ending in a V at the front of the woman's waist. Italian fashion uniquely featured a broad U-shape rather than a V. Spanish women also wore boned, heavy corsets known as \"Spanish bodies\" that compressed the torso into a smaller but equally geometric cone. Bodices could be high-necked or have a broad, low, square neckline, often with a slight arch at the front early in the period. They fastened with hooks in front or were laced at the side-back seam. High-necked bodices styled like men's doublets might fasten with hooks or buttons. Italian and German fashion retained the front-laced bodice of the previous period, with the ties laced in parallel rows.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 83], "content_span": [84, 850]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013045-0016-0000", "contents": "1550\u20131600 in Western European fashion, Women's fashion, Underwear\nDuring this period, women's underwear consisted of a washable linen chemise or smock. This was the only article of clothing that was worn by every woman, regardless of class. Wealthy women's smocks were embroidered and trimmed with narrow lace. Smocks were made of rectangular lengths of linen; in northern Europe the smock skimmed the body and was widened with triangular gores, while in Mediterranean countries smocks were cut fuller in the body and sleeves. High-necked smocks were worn under high-necked fashions, to protect the expensive outer garments from body oils and dirt. There is pictorial evidence that Venetian courtesans wore linen or silk drawers, but no evidence that drawers were worn in England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 65], "content_span": [66, 780]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013045-0017-0000", "contents": "1550\u20131600 in Western European fashion, Women's fashion, Underwear\nStockings or hose were generally made of woven wool sewn to shape and held in place with ribbon garters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 65], "content_span": [66, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013045-0018-0000", "contents": "1550\u20131600 in Western European fashion, Women's fashion, Underwear\nThe true corset, called a vasquine in Spanish, arose in the first half of the 16th century in Spain. The fashion spread from there to Italy, and then to France and (eventually) England, where it was called a pair of bodies, being made in two parts which laced back and front. The corset was restricted to aristocratic fashion, and was a fitted bodice stiffened with reeds called bents, wood, or whalebone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 65], "content_span": [66, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013045-0019-0000", "contents": "1550\u20131600 in Western European fashion, Women's fashion, Underwear\nSkirts were held in the proper shape by a farthingale or hoop skirt. In Spain, the cone-shaped Spanish farthingale remained in fashion into the early 17th century. It was only briefly fashionable in France, where a padded roll or French farthingale (called in England a bum roll) held the skirts out in a rounded shape at the waist, falling in soft folds to the floor. In England, the Spanish farthingale was worn through the 1570s, and was gradually replaced by the French farthingale. By the 1590s, skirts were pinned to wide wheel farthingales to achieve a drum shape.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 65], "content_span": [66, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013045-0020-0000", "contents": "1550\u20131600 in Western European fashion, Women's fashion, Partlet\nA low neckline might be filled with an infill (called in English a partlet). Partlets worn over the smock but under the kirtle and gown were typically made of lawn (a fine linen). Partlets were also worn over the kirtle and gown. The colours of \"over-partlets\" varied, but white and black were the most common. The partlet might be made of the same material as the kirtle and richly decorated with lace detailing to complement it. Embroidered partlet and sleeve sets were frequently given to Elizabeth as New Year's gifts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 63], "content_span": [64, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013045-0021-0000", "contents": "1550\u20131600 in Western European fashion, Women's fashion, Outerwear\nWomen wore sturdy overskirts called safeguards over their dresses for riding or travel on dirty roads. Hooded cloaks were worn overall in bad weather. One description mentions strings being attached to the stirrup or foot to hold the skirts in place when riding. Mantles were also popular and described as modern day bench warmers: a square blanket or rug that is attached to the shoulder, worn around the body, or on the knees for extra warmth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 65], "content_span": [66, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013045-0022-0000", "contents": "1550\u20131600 in Western European fashion, Women's fashion, Outerwear\nBesides keeping warm, Elizabethans cloaks were useful for any type of weather;the Cassock, commonly known as the Dutch cloak, was another kind of cloak. Its name implies some military ideals and has been used since the beginning of the 16th century and therefore has many forms. The cloak is identified by its flaring out at the shoulders and the intricacy of decoration. The cloak was worn to the ankle, waist or fork. It also had specific measurements of 3/4 cut. The longer lengths were more popular for travel and came with many variations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 65], "content_span": [66, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013045-0022-0001", "contents": "1550\u20131600 in Western European fashion, Women's fashion, Outerwear\nThese include: taller collars than normal, upturned collar or no collar at all and sleeves. The French cloak was quite the opposite of the Dutch and was worn anywhere from the knees to the ankle. It was typically worn over the left shoulder and included a cape that came to the elbow. It was a highly decorated cloak. The Spanish cloak or cape was well known to be stiff, have a very decorated hood and was worn to the hip or waist. The over-gown for women was very plain and worn loosely to the floor or ankle length. The Juppe had a relation to the safeguard and they would usually be worn together. The Juppe replaced the Dutch Cloak and was most likely a loose form of the doublet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 65], "content_span": [66, 751]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013045-0023-0000", "contents": "1550\u20131600 in Western European fashion, Women's fashion, Accessories\nThe fashion for wearing or carrying the pelt of a sable or marten spread from continental Europe into England in this period; costume historians call these accessories zibellini or \"flea furs\". The most expensive zibellini had faces and paws of goldsmith's work with jewelled eyes. Queen Elizabeth received one as a New Years gift in 1584. Gloves of perfumed leather featured embroidered cuffs. Folding fans appeared late in the period, replacing flat fans of ostrich feathers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 67], "content_span": [68, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013045-0024-0000", "contents": "1550\u20131600 in Western European fashion, Women's fashion, Accessories\nJewelry was also popular among those that could afford it. Necklaces were beaded gold or silver chains and worn in concentric circles reaching as far down as the waist. Ruffs also had a jewelry attachment such as glass beads, embroidery, gems, brooches or flowers. The jewels of Mary, Queen of Scots are well-documented. Belts were a surprising necessity: used either for fashion or more practical purposes. Lower classes wore them almost as tool belts with the upper classes using them as another place to add jewels and gems alike.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 67], "content_span": [68, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013045-0024-0001", "contents": "1550\u20131600 in Western European fashion, Women's fashion, Accessories\nScarves, although not often mentioned, had a significant impact on the Elizabethan style by being a multipurpose piece of clothing. They could be worn on the head to protect desirable pale skin from the sun, warm the neck on a colder day, and accentuate the colour scheme of a gown or whole outfit. The upper class had silken scarves of every color to brighten up an outfit with the gold thread and tassels hanging off of it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 67], "content_span": [68, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013045-0025-0000", "contents": "1550\u20131600 in Western European fashion, Women's fashion, Accessories\nWhile travelling, noblewomen would wear oval masks of black velvet called visards to protect their faces from the sun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 67], "content_span": [68, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013045-0026-0000", "contents": "1550\u20131600 in Western European fashion, Women's fashion, Hairstyles and headgear\nMarried and grown women covered their hair, as they had in previous periods. Early in the period, hair was parted in the center and fluffed over the temples. Later, front hair was curled and puffed high over the forehead. Wigs and false hairpieces were used to extend the hair. In a typical hairstyle of the period, front hair is curled and back hair is worn long, twisted and wound with ribbons and then coiled and pinned up.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 79], "content_span": [80, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013045-0026-0001", "contents": "1550\u20131600 in Western European fashion, Women's fashion, Hairstyles and headgear\nA close-fitting linen cap called a coif or biggins was worn, alone or under other hats or hoods, especially in the Netherlands and England. Many embroidered and bobbin-lace-trimmed English coifs survive from this period. The French hood was worn throughout the period in both France and England. Another fashionable headdress was a caul, or cap, of net-work lined in silk attached to a band, which covered the pinned up hair. This style of headdress had also been seen in Germany in the first half of the century. Widows in mourning wore black hoods with sheer black veils.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 79], "content_span": [80, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013045-0027-0000", "contents": "1550\u20131600 in Western European fashion, Women's fashion, Makeup\nThe ideal standard of beauty for women in the Elizabethan era was to have light or naturally red hair, a pale complexion, and red cheeks and lips, drawing on the style of Queen Elizabeth. The goal was to look very \"English,\" since the main enemy of England was Spain, and in Spain darker hair was dominant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 62], "content_span": [63, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013045-0028-0000", "contents": "1550\u20131600 in Western European fashion, Women's fashion, Makeup\nTo further lighten their complexion, women worn white make-up on their faces. This make-up, called Ceruse, was made up of white lead and vinegar. While this makeup was effective, the white lead made it poisonous. Women in this time often contracted lead poisoning, resulting in death before the age of 50. Other ingredients used as make-up were sulfur, alum, and tin ash. In addition to using make-up to achieve a pale complexion, women in this era were bled to take the color out of their faces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 62], "content_span": [63, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013045-0029-0000", "contents": "1550\u20131600 in Western European fashion, Women's fashion, Makeup\nCochineal, madder, and vermilion were used as dyes to achieve the bright red effects on the cheeks and lips. Kohl was used to darken the eyelashes and enhance the size and appearance of the eyes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 62], "content_span": [63, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013045-0030-0000", "contents": "1550\u20131600 in Western European fashion, Men's fashion, Overview\nMen's fashionable clothing consisted of a linen shirt with collar or ruff and matching wrist ruffs, which were laundered with starch to be kept stiff and bright. Over the shirt men wore a doublet with long sleeves sewn or laced in place. Doublets were stiff, heavy garments, and were often reinforced with boning. Optionally, a jerkin, usually sleeveless and often made of leather, was worn over the doublet. During this time the doublet and jerkin became increasingly more colorful and highly decorated. Waistlines dipped V-shape in front, and were padded to hold their shape. Around 1570, this padding was exaggerated into a peascod belly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 62], "content_span": [63, 704]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013045-0031-0000", "contents": "1550\u20131600 in Western European fashion, Men's fashion, Overview\nHose, in variety of styles, were worn with a codpiece early in the period. Trunk hose or round hose were short padded hose. Very short trunk hose were worn over cannions, fitted hose that ended above the knee. Trunk hose could be paned or pansied, with strips of fabric (panes) over a full inner layer or lining. Slops or galligaskins were loose hose reaching just below the knee. Slops could also be pansied.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 62], "content_span": [63, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013045-0032-0000", "contents": "1550\u20131600 in Western European fashion, Men's fashion, Overview\nPluderhosen were a Northern European form of pansied slops with a very full inner layer pulled out between the panes and hanging below the knee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 62], "content_span": [63, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013045-0033-0000", "contents": "1550\u20131600 in Western European fashion, Men's fashion, Overview\nMen wore stockings or netherstocks and flat shoes with rounded toes, with slashes early in the period and ties over the instep later. Boots were worn for riding.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 62], "content_span": [63, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013045-0034-0000", "contents": "1550\u20131600 in Western European fashion, Men's fashion, Outerwear\nShort cloaks or capes, usually hip-length, often with sleeves, or a military jacket like a mandilion, were fashionable. Long cloaks were worn in cold and wet weather. Gowns were increasingly old-fashioned, and were worn by older men for warmth indoors and out. In this period robes began their transition from general garments to traditional clothing of specific occupations, such as scholars (see Academic dress).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 63], "content_span": [64, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013045-0035-0000", "contents": "1550\u20131600 in Western European fashion, Men's fashion, Hairstyles and headgear\nHair was generally worn short, brushed back from the forehead. Longer styles were popular in the 1580s. In the 1590s, young men of fashion wore a lovelock, a long section of hair hanging over one shoulder.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 77], "content_span": [78, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013045-0036-0000", "contents": "1550\u20131600 in Western European fashion, Men's fashion, Hairstyles and headgear\nThrough the 1570s, a soft fabric hat with a gathered crown was worn. These derived from the flat hat of the previous period, and over time the hat was stiffened and the crown became taller and far from flat. Later, a conical felt hat with a rounded crown called a capotain or copotain became fashionable. These became very tall toward the end of century. Hats were decorated with a jewel or feather, and were worn indoors and out.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 77], "content_span": [78, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013045-0037-0000", "contents": "1550\u20131600 in Western European fashion, Men's fashion, Hairstyles and headgear\nClose-fitting caps covering the ears and tied under the chin called coifs continued to be worn by children and older men under their hats or alone indoors; men's coifs were usually black.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 77], "content_span": [78, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013045-0038-0000", "contents": "1550\u20131600 in Western European fashion, Men's fashion, Hairstyles and headgear\nA conical cap of linen with a turned up brim called a nightcap was worn informally indoors; these were often embroidered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 77], "content_span": [78, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013045-0039-0000", "contents": "1550\u20131600 in Western European fashion, Men's fashion, Beards\nAlthough beards were worn by many men prior to the mid-16th century, it was at this time when grooming and styling facial hair  gained social significance. These styles would change very frequently, from pointed whiskers to round trims, throughout these few decades. The easiest way men were able to maintain the style of their beards was to apply starch onto their groomed faces. The most popular styles of beards at this time include:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 60], "content_span": [61, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013045-0040-0000", "contents": "1550\u20131600 in Western European fashion, Men's fashion, Accessories\nA baldrick or \"corse\" was a belt commonly worn diagonally across the chest or around the waist for holding items such swords, daggers, bugles, and horns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 65], "content_span": [66, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013045-0041-0000", "contents": "1550\u20131600 in Western European fashion, Men's fashion, Accessories\nGloves were often used as a social mediator to recognize the wealthy. Beginning in the second half of the 16th century, many men had trimmed tips off of the fingers of gloves in order for the admirer to see the jewels that were being hidden by the glove.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 65], "content_span": [66, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013045-0042-0000", "contents": "1550\u20131600 in Western European fashion, Men's fashion, Accessories\nLate in the period, fashionable young men wore a plain gold ring, a jewelled earring, or a strand of black silk through one pierced ear.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 65], "content_span": [66, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013045-0043-0000", "contents": "1550\u20131600 in Western European fashion, Footwear\nFashionable shoes for men and women were similar, with a flat one-piece sole and rounded toes. Shoes were fastened with ribbons, laces or simply slipped on. Shoes and boots became narrower, followed the contours of the foot, and covered more of the foot, in some cases up to the ankle, than they had previously. As in the first half of the century, shoes were made from soft leather, velvet, or silk. In Spain, Italy, and Germany the slashing of shoes also persisted into the latter half of the century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 47], "content_span": [48, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013045-0043-0001", "contents": "1550\u20131600 in Western European fashion, Footwear\nIn France however, slashing slowly went out of fashion and coloring the soles of footwear red began. Aside from slashing, shoes in this period could be adorned with all sorts of cord, quilting, and frills. Thick-soled pattens were worn over delicate indoor shoes to protect them from the muck of the streets. A variant on the patten popular in Venice was the chopine \u2013 a platform-soled mule that raised the wearer sometimes as high as two feet off the ground.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 47], "content_span": [48, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013045-0044-0000", "contents": "1550\u20131600 in Western European fashion, Children's fashion\nToddler boys wore gowns or skirts and doublets until they were breeched.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 57], "content_span": [58, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013046-0000-0000", "contents": "1551\nYear 1551 (MDLI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013047-0000-0000", "contents": "1551 Argelander\n1551 Argelander, provisional designation 1938 DC1, is a background asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 10 kilometers (6.2 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 24 February 1938, by Finnish astronomer Yrj\u00f6 V\u00e4is\u00e4l\u00e4 at the Turku Observatory in southwest Finland. The likely S-type asteroid has a rotation period of 4.1 hours. It was named after German astronomer Friedrich Argelander.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013047-0001-0000", "contents": "1551 Argelander, Orbit and classification\nArgelander is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 2.2\u20132.6\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 9 months (1,353 days; semi-major axis of 2.39\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.07 and an inclination of 4\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its first observation as 1930 BL at Heidelberg Observatory in January 1930, or 8 years prior to its official discovery observation at Turku.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013047-0002-0000", "contents": "1551 Argelander, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Friedrich Wilhelm Argelander (1799\u20131875), author of the famous Bonner Durchmusterung and 19th-century head of the ancient observatory at Turku and Bonn (520). The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 30 January 1964 (M.P.C. 2278). The lunar crater Argelander is also named after him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013047-0003-0000", "contents": "1551 Argelander, Physical characteristics, Rotation period and poles\nIn August 2017, a rotational lightcurve of Argelander was obtained from photometric observations at the Chilean Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory using the SARA South Telescope. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 4.063\u00b10.006 hours and a brightness variation of 0.48 magnitude (U=2+). In January 2012, astronomers at the Palomar Transient Factory had also determined a period of 4.061\u00b10.0023 with an amplitude of 0.41 magnitude (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 68], "content_span": [69, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013047-0004-0000", "contents": "1551 Argelander, Physical characteristics, Rotation period and poles\nA modeled lightcurve using photometric data from the Lowell Photometric Database was published in 2016. It gave a concurring period of 4.058350\u00b10.000001 hours, as well as two spin axes at (3.0\u00b0, \u221281.0\u00b0) and (183.0\u00b0, \u221272.0\u00b0) in ecliptic coordinates (\u03bb,\u2009\u03b2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 68], "content_span": [69, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013047-0005-0000", "contents": "1551 Argelander, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Argelander measures between 9.2 and 11.0 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.19 and 0.30. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for a stony asteroid of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 9.60 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.45.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 62], "content_span": [63, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013053-0000-0000", "contents": "1551 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1551.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013054-0000-0000", "contents": "1551 in music\nThis is a list of notable events in music that took place in 1551.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 80]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013055-0000-0000", "contents": "1551 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013055-0001-0000", "contents": "1551 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013055-0002-0000", "contents": "1551 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013056-0000-0000", "contents": "1552\nYear 1552 (MDLII) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013057-0000-0000", "contents": "1552 Bessel\n1552 Bessel, provisional designation 1938 DE1, is a stony Eoan asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 18 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 24 February 1938, by Finnish astronomer Yrj\u00f6 V\u00e4is\u00e4l\u00e4 at Turku Observatory in Southwest Finland, and named after German astronomer Friedrich Bessel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013057-0001-0000", "contents": "1552 Bessel, Orbit and classification\nBessel is a stony asteroid and a member of the Eos family that orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.7\u20133.3\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 3 months (1,909 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.10 and an inclination of 10\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. First observed as 1933 FJ1 at Heidelberg in 1933, the body's observation arc begins at Turku, 5 days prior to its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013057-0002-0000", "contents": "1552 Bessel, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after German astronomer Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel (1789\u20131846), who measured the first stellar parallax in 1838. His measured parallax of 0.314 arcseconds for 61 Cygni gave a distance of 10.3 light-years, which is 9.6% off today's measured distance of 11.4 light-years. Bessel is also honored by the lunar crater Bessel. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 30 January 1964 (M.P.C. 2278).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013057-0003-0000", "contents": "1552 Bessel, Physical characteristics, Rotation period and pole\nIn March 2011, a rotational lightcurve of Bessel was obtained from photometric observations by Italian amateur astronomer Silvano Casulli. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 8.996 hours with a brightness variation of 0.29 magnitude (U=3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 63], "content_span": [64, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013057-0004-0000", "contents": "1552 Bessel, Physical characteristics, Rotation period and pole\nIn 2016, a modeled lightcurve using photometric data from various sources gave a concurring period of 8.96318 hours, as well as a spin axis of (61.0\u00b0, \u221250.0\u00b0) in ecliptic coordinates (\u03bb,\u2009\u03b2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 63], "content_span": [64, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013057-0005-0000", "contents": "1552 Bessel, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Bessel measures between 16.63 and 18.817 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.1514 and 0.193. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.1448 and a diameter of 18.33 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 11.4.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013063-0000-0000", "contents": "1552 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1552.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013064-0000-0000", "contents": "1552 in music\nThis is a list of notable events in music that took place in 1552.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 80]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013065-0000-0000", "contents": "1553\nYear 1553 (MDLIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013066-0000-0000", "contents": "1553 Bauersfelda\n1553 Bauersfelda, provisional designation 1940 AD, is a stony Koronian asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 13 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 13 January 1940, by astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg Observatory in southwest Germany. The asteroid was named after German engineer Walther Bauersfeld.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013066-0001-0000", "contents": "1553 Bauersfelda, Orbit and classification\nBased on its orbital parameters, Bauersfelda is a member of the Koronis family (605), a very large outer asteroid family with nearly co-planar ecliptical orbits. However, Bauersfelda turns out to be a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population when applying the hierarchical clustering method to its proper orbital elements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013066-0002-0000", "contents": "1553 Bauersfelda, Orbit and classification\nBauersfelda orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.6\u20133.2\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 11 months (1,810 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.10 and an inclination of 3\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Heidelberg in 1940.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013066-0003-0000", "contents": "1553 Bauersfelda, Physical characteristics\nIn the SMASS classification, Bauersfelda is a stony S-type asteroid. It is also characterized as a S-type by PanSTARRS photometric survey, which agrees with the Koronis family's overall spectral type.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013066-0004-0000", "contents": "1553 Bauersfelda, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nWhile not being a slow rotator, Bauersfelda's period is significantly longer than that of most minor planets. In August 2012, a rotational lightcurve of this asteroid was obtained from photometric observations in the R-band by astronomers at the Palomar Transient Factory in California. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 51.191 hours with a brightness variation of 0.26 magnitude (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 59], "content_span": [60, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013066-0005-0000", "contents": "1553 Bauersfelda, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Bauersfelda measures 13.772 and 14.346 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.2181 and 0.249, respectively. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.24 and calculates a diameter of 11.48 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.87.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 63], "content_span": [64, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013066-0006-0000", "contents": "1553 Bauersfelda, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Walther Bauersfeld (1879\u20131959), a German engineer who worked at the optical manufacturer Zeiss (also see 851\u00a0Zeissia, which was named after the company's founder). Bauersfeld is known as the designer of the Zeiss made planetaria such as the Planetarium Jena. The asteroid's name was announced in the mid-1950s on the occasion of his 75th anniversary. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center in November 1953 (M.P.C. 994).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 24], "content_span": [25, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013072-0000-0000", "contents": "1553 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1553.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013073-0000-0000", "contents": "1553 in music\nThis is a list of notable events in music that took place in 1553.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 80]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013074-0000-0000", "contents": "1553 in poetry\nFra Troys boundis first that fugitive By fait to Ytail come and cost Lavyne; Our land and sey kachit with mekil pyne, By fors of goddis abuse, from euery steid, Of cruell Juno throu ald remembrit fede. Gret pane in batail sufferit he alsso, Or he his goddis brocht in Latio, And belt the cite, fra quham, of nobill fame, The Latyne pepill takyn heth thar name, And eik the faderis, princis of Alba,", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013074-0001-0000", "contents": "1553 in poetry\n\u2014 Opening lines from Gavin Douglas' Eneados, a translation, into Middle Scots of Virgil's Aeneid", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013075-0000-0000", "contents": "1553 in science\nThe year 1553 CE in science and technology included a number of events, some of which are listed here.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013076-0000-0000", "contents": "1554\nYear 1554 (MDLIV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013077-0000-0000", "contents": "1554 Yugoslavia\n1554 Yugoslavia, provisional designation 1940 RE, is a stony Eunomian asteroid from the middle region of the asteroid belt, approximately 16 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered by Serbian astronomer Milorad Proti\u0107 at Belgrade Astronomical Observatory, Serbia, on 6 September 1940. It was named for the former country of Yugoslavia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013077-0001-0000", "contents": "1554 Yugoslavia, Orbit and classification\nThe asteroid is a member of the Eunomia family, a large group of mostly stony S-type asteroids and the most prominent family in the intermediate main-belt. It orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.1\u20133.1\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 3 months (1,548 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.20 and an inclination of 12\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. Yugoslavia was first identified as 1932 YA at Uccle Observatory in 1932. Its observation arc begins 4 year prior to its official discovery observation, with a precovery taken at Nice Observatory in 1936.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013077-0002-0000", "contents": "1554 Yugoslavia, Physical characteristics\nFrom 2007 to 2012, several photometric lightcurve observations of Yugoslavia established a well-defined rotation period of 3.89 hours with a brightness variation between 0.64 and 0.74 magnitude (U=3/3/3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013077-0003-0000", "contents": "1554 Yugoslavia, Physical characteristics\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Yugoslavia measures between 14.73 and 21.39 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.070 and 0.269. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.21 \u2013 derived from 15\u00a0Eunomia, the family's largest member and namesake \u2013 and calculates a diameter of 15.94 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 11.3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013077-0004-0000", "contents": "1554 Yugoslavia, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the former country of Yugoslavia. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 30 January 1964 (M.P.C. 2277).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013083-0000-0000", "contents": "1554 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1554.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013084-0000-0000", "contents": "1554 in music\nThis is a list of notable events in music that took place in 1554.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 80]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013085-0000-0000", "contents": "1554 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013085-0001-0000", "contents": "1554 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013085-0002-0000", "contents": "1554 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013086-0000-0000", "contents": "1554 in science\nThe year 1554 CE in science and technology included a number of events, some of which are listed here.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013087-0000-0000", "contents": "1555\nYear 1555 (MDLV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013088-0000-0000", "contents": "1555 Dejan\n1555 Dejan, provisional designation 1941 SA, is an asteroid from the background population of the central regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 22 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 15 September 1941, by Belgian astronomer Fernand Rigaux at the Royal Observatory of Belgium in Uccle. The asteroid was named after Dejan \u0110urkovi\u0107, son of Serbian astronomer Petar \u0110urkovi\u0107.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013088-0001-0000", "contents": "1555 Dejan, Orbit and classification\nDejan is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the central asteroid belt at a distance of 1.9\u20133.4\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 5 months (1,610 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.28 and an inclination of 6\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its first identification as 1932 PC at Johannesburg Observatory in August 1932, more than 9 years prior to its official discovery observation at Uccle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013088-0002-0000", "contents": "1555 Dejan, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Dejan \u0110urkovi\u0107, son of Petar \u0110urkovi\u0107 (1908\u20131981), a Serbian astronomer and discoverer of minor planets at the Belgrade Observatory. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 137).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013088-0003-0000", "contents": "1555 Dejan, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn September 2016, a rotational lightcurve of Dejan was obtained from photometric observations by the Spanish amateur astronomer group OBAS. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 16.960 hours with a brightness variation of 0.41 magnitude (U=2+).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 53], "content_span": [54, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013088-0004-0000", "contents": "1555 Dejan, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Dejan measures 21.77 and 23.199 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.053 and 0.08, respectively, while the Japanese Akari satellite found a diameter of 24.04 kilometers with an albedo of 0.068.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 57], "content_span": [58, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013088-0005-0000", "contents": "1555 Dejan, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.10 \u2013 a compromise value between the darker C-type and brighter S-type asteroids \u2013 and calculates a diameter of 19.21 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.7.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 57], "content_span": [58, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013089-0000-0000", "contents": "1555 Kashmir earthquake\nThe 1555 Kashmir earthquake occurred at around midnight in the month of Ashvin in the Hindu calendar, or September in the Gregorian calendar, although the exact day of occurrence is not known. The earthquake seriously impacted the Kashmir Valley in present-day Pakistan and northwestern India. A moment magnitude (Mw\u202f) of 7.6 to 8.0 and Modified Mercalli intensity of XII (Extreme) has been estimated for the earthquake. Thought to be one of the most destructive in the Kashmir Valley, the earthquake caused serious widespread damage and ground effects, killing an estimated 600 to 60,000 individuals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013089-0001-0000", "contents": "1555 Kashmir earthquake, Tectonic setting\nNorthern Pakistan and India is situated at the corner of an active destructive plate boundary that separates the Indian Plate from the Eurasian Plate. The boundary is defined along the Main Himalayan Thrust where the Indian Plate is colliding with the Eurasian Plate. The slightly oblique convergence occur at a rate of 17\u2009\u00b1\u20092\u00a0mm/yr along the Main Himalayan Thrust while the nearby Karakoram fault system accommodates right-lateral strike-slip movement at 5\u2009\u00b1\u20092\u00a0mm/yr.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 41], "content_span": [42, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013089-0002-0000", "contents": "1555 Kashmir earthquake, Tectonic setting\nThe high convergence rate means many of the plate boundary faults are accommodating strain while locked, frequently releasing them in moderate-sized earthquakes, and sometimes in very large events. The occurrence of large earthquakes make the Kashmir region vulnerable to deadly earthquakes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 41], "content_span": [42, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013089-0003-0000", "contents": "1555 Kashmir earthquake, Earthquake\nThe earthquake is thought to have been associated with a rupture on an active thrust fault that forms part of the plate boundary of the Kashmir Himalayas. Until recently, the source fault and possible surface ruptures of the earthquake have yet to be identified due to the lack of information of the event, in addition to the paleoseismicity of the region being poorly studied. The Main Frontal Thrust, Medlicott-Wadia (Riasi) Thrust, as well as the Kashmir Basin Fault (then the balapur Fault) have been proposed as the seismogenic structure responsible for earthquake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013089-0004-0000", "contents": "1555 Kashmir earthquake, Earthquake\nThe Medlicott-Wadia Thrust is expressed on the surface as two branching fault structures; the Scorpion and Rain faults. Paleoseismic studies have identified three large earthquakes on the Rain Fault, and two on the Scorpion Fault in the past 3,500 years. An account in Persian describing a destructive earthquake in 1250\u00a0BC corresponded to the oldest event which was dated at 1661\u00a0BC and 929\u00a0BC. The 1250\u00a0BC earthquake produced several meters of slip at the surface. Another earthquake occurred between 1118\u00a0BC and 929\u00a0BC with less than 1 meter of maximum slip.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013089-0004-0001", "contents": "1555 Kashmir earthquake, Earthquake\nThe Rain Fault may have ruptured in one or two earthquakes sometime between 1110\u00a0BC and 660\u00a0AD, and is possible that the two faults were involved in an earthquake in approximately 1000\u00a0BC. Persian and Sanskrit records also corresponded well with two earthquakes on the Rain Fault dated between 660\u00a0AD and 1470\u00a0AD.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013089-0005-0000", "contents": "1555 Kashmir earthquake, Earthquake\nThe most recent paleoearthquake rupture is dated at 1470\u00a0AD or later. Large colluvial wedges associated with the rupture suggest the event caused high intensity shaking at the surface. The date of the rupture might suggest it was associated with the 1555\u00a0AD earthquake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013089-0006-0000", "contents": "1555 Kashmir earthquake, Earthquake\nAn earlier trenching survey conducted at the Chandigarh Fault near the Main Frontal Thrust also found a surface rupture that likely formed in 1426 to 1700 AD. This surface rupture could correspond to the 1555 AD earthquake which is had an estimated rupture length of 150 km.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013089-0007-0000", "contents": "1555 Kashmir earthquake, Earthquake, Future hazard\nIn the wake of the 2005 Kashmir earthquake, much attention has been given to the Kashmir region in understanding the earthquake tectonics and assessing the seismic risk. The 1555 earthquake rupture is located roughly between that of the 2005 and 1905 Kangra earthquakes. No major seismic events have occurred since the 1555 earthquake in the 250-km-long Kashmir seismic gap on the Main Himalayan plate boundary fault. With a slip rate of 16\u00a0mm/yr, the accumulated slip since 1555 is estimated at 7.4 meters. If the 1555 earthquake released all the elastic energy accumulated since the previous earthquake, and fresh accumulation of stress began after the 1555 event, the next large earthquake could be as big as 7.8 Mw\u202f.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 50], "content_span": [51, 771]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013089-0008-0000", "contents": "1555 Kashmir earthquake, Historical description\nThe devastation of the 1555 earthquake was well documented in Persian and Sanskrit. The historical accounts described a series of earthquakes, the strongest occurring at midnight in the month Asvina of the year 30 in the Hindu calendar. It describes the Kashmir Valley rocked by strong tremors at night while many of the residents were asleep. Many dwellings collapsed onto their residents, killing them. Homes that were well-constructd with firm foundations were not spared from the destruction; collapsing as well. Large gound fissures and sinkholes appeared in the landscape, swallowing many homes. Survivors broke through their roofs to escape from their damaged homes. Some wood-constructed structures fell into the Jhelum River and floated downstream. Those who survived the collapses managed to excape from the debris.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 47], "content_span": [48, 873]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013089-0009-0000", "contents": "1555 Kashmir earthquake, Historical description\nMany towns and villages were completely destroyed in Kashmir. In the communities of Jalu and Dampur, the force of the earthquake sheared off the foundations of homes and roots of trees, and displaced them onto the opposite bank of the Jhelum River. The town of Madar, located at the base of a hill, was buried by a landslide, causing the deaths of 600 to 60,000 people. The two villages Hassanpur and Hussainpur, located on opposite side of the Veshaw River, was suddenly shifted to the other side during the earthquake. The earthquake formed large cracks in the ground, stopped water from flowing from existing natural springs, while in other locations, water erupted from the ground. Damage was reported up to 50\u00a0km southwest and 140\u00a0km southeast of Srinagar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 47], "content_span": [48, 809]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013089-0010-0000", "contents": "1555 Kashmir earthquake, Historical description\nThe Laxmi Narayana Temple in Chamba, Himachal Pradesh, India, also suffered some damage to its pillars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 47], "content_span": [48, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013089-0011-0000", "contents": "1555 Kashmir earthquake, Historical description\nMonths prior to the mainshock, there was a series of foreshocks. An aftershock sequence that lasted several days was also documented in the scripts. In some days, multiple aftershocks could be felt. This categorizie the 1555 Kashmir earthquake sequence as a classic foreshock-mainshock-aftershock earthquake sequence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 47], "content_span": [48, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013089-0012-0000", "contents": "1555 Kashmir earthquake, Historical description\nThe famous historical documentation of towns shifted across riverbanks during the 1555 event was likely a gradual process rather than sudden. Tilted tree stumps at the bank of the Jhelum River at the locations described suggest slumping due to ground failure along the riverbank.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 47], "content_span": [48, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013089-0013-0000", "contents": "1555 Kashmir earthquake, Historical description\nRestoration and repair works continued for two months after the earthquake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 47], "content_span": [48, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013090-0000-0000", "contents": "1555 Poor Act\nThe Poor Act of 1555 was a law passed in England by Queen Mary I. It is a part of the Tudor Poor Laws.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013090-0001-0000", "contents": "1555 Poor Act\nIt extended the Poor Act of 1552 and added a provision that licensed beggars must wear badges. The provision requiring badges was added to shame local community members into donating more alms to their parish for poor relief.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013091-0000-0000", "contents": "1555 Poydras\n1555 Poydras (formerly the Exxon Building), is a high-rise office building located at 1555 Poydras Street in the Central Business District of New Orleans, Louisiana. It has 22 stories, and stands at a height of 262\u00a0feet\u00a0(80\u00a0m).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013091-0001-0000", "contents": "1555 Poydras, Occupants\nThe main occupant of the property is the Tulane University School of Medicine. The school has secured the leases to several of the upper floors, and is expected to occupy the majority of these in the coming years. Following Hurricane Katrina, the school has sublet several of these floors to businesses displaced by the storm. On August 26, 2007, a sign saying \"Tulane University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine\" was installed over the front entrance way.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013091-0002-0000", "contents": "1555 Poydras, Occupants\nThe school has fully occupied the 10th and 22nd floors, which house the School's Administration and Standardized Patient facilities, respectively. In December 2008, work was completed on the ground floor auditorium. However, most lectures had shifted in 2009 to the recently donated Murphy Building nearby.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013092-0000-0000", "contents": "1555 Skopje earthquake\nThe Skopje earthquake of 1555 was the strongest between 518 and 1963 and caused devastation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013092-0001-0000", "contents": "1555 Skopje earthquake\nA significant part of Skopje was collapsed and the Old Bazaar, Skopje was severely damaged, as was the Stone Bridge (Skopje), on which four columns were either completely destroyed or seriously damaged. The earthquake also destroyed the murals in the upper parts of the Church of Saint Panteleimon, Gorno Nerezi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013092-0002-0000", "contents": "1555 Skopje earthquake, Consequences\nAs a result of the earthquake, Skopje has been almost completely renovated. Participants in its burning in 1689 described it as the most important Ottoman city in the Balkans, comparable to Prague at the time. After being burned in 1689, for security reasons, it rose up as his remake - Moscopole, which was burned in 1769 because of complicity with the instigators of the Orlov revolt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013099-0000-0000", "contents": "1555 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1555.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013100-0000-0000", "contents": "1555 in music\nThis is a list of notable events in music that took place in 1555.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 80]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013101-0000-0000", "contents": "1555 in poetry\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by GreenC bot (talk | contribs) at 19:33, 18 June 2020 (Reformat 1 archive link. Wayback Medic 2.5). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013101-0001-0000", "contents": "1555 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013101-0002-0000", "contents": "1555 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013101-0003-0000", "contents": "1555 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013102-0000-0000", "contents": "1555 in science\nThe year 1555 CE in science and technology included a number of events, some of which are listed here.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013104-0000-0000", "contents": "1556\nYear 1556 (MDLVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013105-0000-0000", "contents": "1556 Shaanxi earthquake\nThe 1556 Shaanxi earthquake, or Huaxian earthquake (simplified Chinese: \u534e\u53bf\u5927\u5730\u9707; traditional Chinese: \u83ef\u7e23\u5927\u5730\u9707; pinyin: Hu\u00e1xi\u00e0n D\u00e0d\u00eczh\u00e8n), or Jiajing earthquake (Chinese: \u5609\u9756\u5927\u5730\u9707; pinyin: Ji\u0101j\u00ecng D\u00e0d\u00eczh\u00e8n), is the deadliest earthquake in recorded history. According to imperial records, approximately 830,000 people lost their lives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013105-0001-0000", "contents": "1556 Shaanxi earthquake\nIt occurred on the morning of 23 January 1556 in Shaanxi, during the Ming dynasty. More than 97 counties in the provinces of Shaanxi, Shanxi, Henan, Gansu, Hebei, Shandong, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu and Anhui were affected. Buildings were damaged slightly in the cities of Beijing, Chengdu and Shanghai. An 840-kilometre-wide (520\u00a0mi) area was destroyed, and in some counties as much as 60% of the population was killed. Most of the population in the area at the time lived in yaodongs, artificial caves in loess cliffs; these collapsed in great numbers, causing many casualties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013105-0002-0000", "contents": "1556 Shaanxi earthquake, Geography\nThe Shaanxi earthquake's epicenter was in the Wei River Valley in Shaanxi Province, near Huaxian (now Huazhou District of Weinan), Weinan and Huayin. In Huaxian, every single building and home was demolished, killing more than half the residents of the city, with a death toll estimated in the hundreds of thousands. The situation in Weinan and Huayin was similar. In certain areas, 20-metre-deep (66\u00a0ft) crevices opened in the earth. Destruction and death were everywhere, affecting places as far as 500 kilometres (310\u00a0mi) from the epicenter. The earthquake also triggered landslides, which contributed to the massive death toll. The rupture occurred during the reign of the Jiajing Emperor of the Ming dynasty. Therefore, in the Chinese historical record, this earthquake is often referred to as the Jiajing Great earthquake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 863]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013105-0003-0000", "contents": "1556 Shaanxi earthquake, Geography\nModern estimates, based on geological data, give the earthquake a magnitude of approximately 8 Mw on the moment magnitude scale and XI (catastrophic damage) on the Mercalli scale, though more recent discoveries have shown that it was more likely 7.9 Mw. While it was the deadliest earthquake and the third-deadliest natural disaster in history, there have been earthquakes with considerably higher magnitudes. Following the earthquake, aftershocks continued several times a month for half a year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013105-0004-0000", "contents": "1556 Shaanxi earthquake, Geography\nIn the annals of China it was described in this manner:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013105-0005-0000", "contents": "1556 Shaanxi earthquake, Geography\nIn the winter of 1556, an earthquake catastrophe occurred in the Shaanxi and Shanxi Provinces. In our Hua County, various misfortunes took place. Mountains and rivers changed places and roads were destroyed. In some places, the ground suddenly rose up and formed new hills, or it sank abruptly and became new valleys. In other areas, a stream burst out in an instant, or the ground broke and new gullies appeared. Huts, official houses, temples and city walls collapsed all of a sudden.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013105-0006-0000", "contents": "1556 Shaanxi earthquake, Geography\nThe earthquake damaged many of the Forest of Stone steles badly. Of the 114 Kaicheng Stone Classics, 40 were broken in the earthquake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013105-0007-0000", "contents": "1556 Shaanxi earthquake, Geography\nThe scholar Qin Keda lived through the earthquake and recorded details. One conclusion he drew was that \"at the very beginning of an earthquake, people indoors should not go out immediately. Just crouch down and wait. Even if the nest has collapsed, some eggs may remain intact.\" The shaking reduced the height of the Small Wild Goose Pagoda in Xi'an by three levels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013105-0008-0000", "contents": "1556 Shaanxi earthquake, Loess caves\nMillions of people at the time lived in artificial loess caves on high cliffs in the area of the Loess Plateau. Loess is the silty soil that windstorms have deposited on the plateau over the ages. The soft loess clay formed over thousands of years due to wind blowing silt into the area from the Gobi Desert. Loess is a highly erosion-prone soil that is susceptible to the forces of wind and water.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 36], "content_span": [37, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013105-0009-0000", "contents": "1556 Shaanxi earthquake, Loess caves\nThe Loess Plateau and its dusty soil cover almost all of Shanxi, Shaanxi, and Gansu provinces and parts of others. Much of the population lived in dwellings called yaodongs in these cliffs. This was the major contributing factor to the very high death toll. The earthquake collapsed many caves and caused landslides, which destroyed many more.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 36], "content_span": [37, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013105-0010-0000", "contents": "1556 Shaanxi earthquake, Cost\nThe cost of damage done by the earthquake is almost impossible to measure in modern terms. The death toll, however, has been traditionally given as 820,000 to 830,000. The accompanying property damage would have been incalculable\u2014an entire region of inner China had been destroyed and an estimated 60% of the region's population died.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 29], "content_span": [30, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013105-0011-0000", "contents": "1556 Shaanxi earthquake, Foreign reaction\nThe Portuguese Dominican friar Gaspar da Cruz, who visited Guangzhou later in 1556, heard about the earthquake, and later reported about it in the last chapter of his book A Treatise of China (1569). He viewed the earthquake as a possible punishment for people's sins, and the Great Comet of 1556 as, possibly, the sign of this calamity (as well as perhaps the sign of the birth of the Antichrist).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 41], "content_span": [42, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013106-0000-0000", "contents": "1556 Wingolfia\n1556 Wingolfia, provisional designation 1942 AA, is a metallic asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 30 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg-K\u00f6nigstuhl State Observatory on 14 January 1942. The asteroid was named after Wingolf, a student fraternity in Heidelberg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013106-0001-0000", "contents": "1556 Wingolfia, Orbit and classification\nWingolfia is a non-family asteroid from the background population of the asteroids belt. It orbits the Sun in the outer main belt at a distance of 3.1\u20133.8\u00a0AU once every 6 years and 4 months (2,316 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.11 and an inclination of 16\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at Heidelberg with its official discovery observation in January 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013106-0002-0000", "contents": "1556 Wingolfia, Physical characteristics\nIn the Tholen classification, Wingolfia has an ambiguous spectral type, similar to the X-types (which includes the M-type asteroids) with some resemblance to the carbonaceous C-types. It has also been characterized as an M- and X-type, by direct photometric observations and by PanSTARRS photometric survey, respectively. The Lightcurve Data Base adopts an M-type.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013106-0003-0000", "contents": "1556 Wingolfia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn October 1990, a rotational lightcurve of Wingolfia was obtained from photometric observations by Italian astronomers at ESO's La Silla Observatory using the ESO 1-metre telescope. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 10 hours with a brightness variation of 0.15 magnitude (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 57], "content_span": [58, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013106-0004-0000", "contents": "1556 Wingolfia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS and the Japanese Akari satellite, Wingolfia measures 28.65 and 33.88 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.093 and 0.1297, respectively. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the results obtained by IRAS. All diameter measurements are based on an absolute magnitude of 10.55.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 61], "content_span": [62, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013106-0005-0000", "contents": "1556 Wingolfia, Naming\nThis minor planet was named by the discoverer after Wingolf, which is one of Germany's long-standing Christian student fraternity in Heidelberg, that was prohibited during Nazi Germany, and reinstalled after WWII. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center in May 1955 (M.P.C. 1221). The asteroid's name was announced on 17 June 1955, during the celebration of the fraternity's 104th anniversary. The discoverer's original citation reads:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013106-0006-0000", "contents": "1556 Wingolfia, Naming\nDem Kleinen Planeten (1556) 1942 AA gebe ich den Namen \"Wingolfia\" zu Ehren der alten, christlichen, in der Hitlerzeit verbotenen und nach dem 2. Weltkriege wieder erstandenen Heidelberger Studentenverbindung \"Wingolf\", aus Anlass ihres 104. Stiftungsfestes am 17. Juni 1955.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013113-0000-0000", "contents": "1556 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1556.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013114-0000-0000", "contents": "1556 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013114-0001-0000", "contents": "1556 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013114-0002-0000", "contents": "1556 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013115-0000-0000", "contents": "1556 in science\nThe year 1556 CE in science and technology included a number of events, some of which are listed here.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013116-0000-0000", "contents": "1557\nYear 1557 (MDLVII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013123-0000-0000", "contents": "1557 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1557.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013124-0000-0000", "contents": "1557 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013124-0001-0000", "contents": "1557 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013124-0002-0000", "contents": "1557 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013125-0000-0000", "contents": "1557 in science\nThe year 1557 CE in science and technology included a number of events, some of which are listed here.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013126-0000-0000", "contents": "1557 influenza pandemic\nIn 1557 a pandemic strain of influenza emerged in Asia, then spread to Africa, Europe, and eventually the Americas. This flu was highly infectious and presented with intense, occasionally lethal symptoms. Medical historians like Thomas Short, Lazare Rivi\u00e8re and Charles Creighton gathered descriptions of catarrhal fevers recognized as influenza by modern physicians attacking populations with the greatest intensity between 1557 and 1559. The 1557 flu saw governments, for possibly the first time, inviting physicians to instill bureaucratic organization into epidemic responses. It is also the first pandemic where influenza is pathologically linked to miscarriages, given its first English names, and is reliably recorded as having spread globally. Influenza caused higher burial rates, near-universal infection, and economic turmoil as it returned in repeated waves.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 894]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013126-0001-0000", "contents": "1557 influenza pandemic, Asia\nAccording to a European chronicler surnamed Fonseca who wrote Disputat. de Garotillo, the 1557 influenza pandemic first broke out in Asia. The flu spread west along established trade and pilgrimage routes before reaching the Ottoman Empire and the Middle East. An epidemic of a flu-like illness is recorded for September 1557 in Portuguese Goa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 29], "content_span": [30, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013126-0002-0000", "contents": "1557 influenza pandemic, Europe\nIn the summer of 1557 parts of Europe had just suffered outbreaks of plague, typhus, measles, and smallpox when influenza arrived from the Ottoman Empire and North Africa. The flu spread west through Europe aboard merchant ships in the Mediterranean Sea, again taking advantage of trade and pilgrimage routes. Death rates were highest in children, those with preexisting conditions, the elderly, and those who were bled. Outbreaks were particularly severe in communities suffering from food scarcity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 31], "content_span": [32, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013126-0002-0001", "contents": "1557 influenza pandemic, Europe\nThe epidemics of fevers and respiratory illness eventually became referred to as the new sickness in England, new acquaintance in Scotland, and coqueluche or simply catarrh by medical historians in the rest of Europe. Because it afflicted entire populations at once in mass outbreaks, some contemporary scholars thought the flu was caused by stars, contaminated vapors brought about by damp weather, or the dryness of the air. Ultimately the 1557 flu lasted in varying waves of intensity for around four years in epidemics that increased European death rates, disrupted the highest levels of society, and frequently spread to other continents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 31], "content_span": [32, 675]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013126-0003-0000", "contents": "1557 influenza pandemic, Europe, Ottoman Empire and East Europe\nThe flu pandemic first reached Europe in 1557 from the Ottoman Empire along trade and shipping routes connected to Constantinople, brought to Asia Minor by infected travelers from the Middle East. At the time, the Ottoman Empire's territory included most of the Balkans and Bulgaria. This gave influenza unrestricted access to Athens, Sofia, and Sarajevo as it spread throughout the empire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 63], "content_span": [64, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013126-0003-0001", "contents": "1557 influenza pandemic, Europe, Ottoman Empire and East Europe\nInfluenza set sail from the capital, Constantinople, into the recently conquered North African territories of Tripoli (1551) and the Habesh (1557), from where it likely ricocheted to Malta from North Africa via merchant ships, as during the pandemic of 1510. On land, influenza spread north from the Ottoman Empire over Wallachia to the Kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania before moving west into continental Europe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 63], "content_span": [64, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013126-0004-0000", "contents": "1557 influenza pandemic, Europe, Sicily, Italian States, and the Holy Roman Empire\nInfluenza arrived in the Kingdom of Sicily in June at Palermo, whence it spread across the island. Church services, Sicilian social life, and the economy were disrupted as the flu sickened a large portion of the population. The Sicilian Senate asked a well-known Palermitan physician named Giovanni Filippo Ingrassia to help combat the epidemic in an advisory capacity, which he accepted. Ingrassia approached epidemic responses as a collaboration between healthcare and government officials, and was the first known \"health care professional\" to propose that a system for monitoring epidemics of contagious catarrhal fevers would aid in early detection and epidemic control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 82], "content_span": [83, 758]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013126-0005-0000", "contents": "1557 influenza pandemic, Europe, Sicily, Italian States, and the Holy Roman Empire\nFlu spread quickly from Sicily into the Kingdom of Naples on the lower part of the Italian Peninsula, moving upward along the coastline. In Urbino, Venetian court poet Bernardo Tasso, his son Torquato, and the occupants of a monastery fell sick \"from hand to hand\" with influenza for four to five days. Though the epidemic left the entire city of Urbino ill, most individuals recovered without complications. By the time Bernardo had traveled to northern Italy on August 3 the disease had already spread into the rest of Europe. In Lombardy there was an outbreak of \"suffocating catarrh\" that could quickly become fatal. The symptoms were so severe that some members of the population suspected a mass poisoning had occurred.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 82], "content_span": [83, 808]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013126-0006-0000", "contents": "1557 influenza pandemic, Europe, Sicily, Italian States, and the Holy Roman Empire\nPadua, in the Holy Roman Empire, began to see cases in August, with sickness lasting into September. German medical historian Justus Hecker writes that the young population of Padua had been reeling from a dual outbreak of measles and smallpox since the spring when a new illness, featuring extreme cough and headache, began to afflict the citizens in late summer. The illness was referred to as coqueluche. Switzerland was also reached by the disease in August. \"Catarrh\" swept through the Swiss plateaus from August to September and almost disrupted the graduate studies of Swiss physician Felix Plater, who was sickened by severe fits of coughing while a candidate for his doctorate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 82], "content_span": [83, 769]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013126-0007-0000", "contents": "1557 influenza pandemic, Europe, Kingdom of France\nFrench physician and medical historian Lazare Rivi\u00e8re documented an anonymous physician's descriptions of a flu outbreak occurring in the Languedoc region of France in July 1557. The disease, often called coqueluche by the French, caused a severe outbreak in N\u00eemes that featured a fast onset of symptoms like headaches, fevers, loss of appetite, fatigue, and intense coughing. Most of those who died from the disease did so on the fourth day, but some succumbed up to 11 days after first symptoms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 50], "content_span": [51, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013126-0007-0001", "contents": "1557 influenza pandemic, Europe, Kingdom of France\nAcross Languedoc influenza had a high mortality rate, with up to 200 people per day dying in Toulouse at the height of the region's epidemic. Italian physician Francisco Vallerioli, known as Fran\u00e7ois Valleriola, was a witness to the epidemic in France and described the 1557 flu's symptoms as featuring a fever, severe headache, intense coughing, shortness of breath, chills, hoarseness, and expulsion of phlegm after 7 to 14 days. French lawyer \u00c9tienne Pasquier wrote that the disease began with a severe pain in the head and a 12- to 15-hour fever while sufferers' noses \"ran like a fountain.\" Paris saw its judiciary disrupted when the Paris Law Court suspended its meetings to slow the spread of flu. Medical historian Charles-Jacques Saillant described this influenza as especially fatal to those who were treated with bleeding and very dangerous to children.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 50], "content_span": [51, 915]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013126-0008-0000", "contents": "1557 influenza pandemic, Europe, Kingdoms of England and Scotland\nThe 1557 influenza severely impacted the British Isles. British medical historian Charles Creighton cited a contemporary writer, Wriothesley, who noted in 1557 \"this summer reigned in England divers strange and new sicknesses, taking men and women in their heads; as strange agues and fevers, whereof many died.\" 18th Century physician Thomas Short wrote that those who succumbed to the flu \"were let blood of or had unsound viscera.\" Flu blighted the army of Mary I of England by leaving her government unable to train sufficient reinforcements for the Earl of Rutland to protect Calais from an impending French assault, and by January 1558 the Duke of Guise had claimed the under-protected city in the name of France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 65], "content_span": [66, 785]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013126-0009-0000", "contents": "1557 influenza pandemic, Europe, Kingdoms of England and Scotland\nInfluenza significantly contributed to England's unusually high death rates for 1557\u201358: Data compiled on over 100 parishes in England found that the mortality rates increased by up to 60% in some areas during the flu epidemic, even though diseases like true plague were not heavily present in England at the time. Dr. Short found that the number of burials for market towns was much higher than christenings from 1557 to 1562. For example, the annual number of burials in Tonbridge increased from 33 on average in 1556 to 61 in 1557, 105 in 1558, and 94 in 1559. Before the flu epidemic, England had suffered from a poor harvest and widespread famine that medical historian Thomas Short believed made the epidemic more deadly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 65], "content_span": [66, 793]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013126-0010-0000", "contents": "1557 influenza pandemic, Europe, Kingdoms of England and Scotland\nInfluenza returned in 1558. Contemporary historian John Stow wrote that during \"winter the quarterne agues continued in like manner\" to 1557's epidemic. On 6 September 1558 the Governor of the Isle of Wight, Lord St. John, wrote in a despatch to Queen Mary about a highly-contagious illness afflicting more than half the people of Southampton, the Isle of Wight, and Portsmouth (places where Lord St. John had stationed troops).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 65], "content_span": [66, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013126-0010-0001", "contents": "1557 influenza pandemic, Europe, Kingdoms of England and Scotland\nA second despatch from 11 P.M. of 6 October indicated \"from the mayor of Dover that there is no plague there, but the people that daily die are those that come out of the ships, and such poor people as come out of Calais, of the new sickness.\" One of the commissioners for the surrender of Calais found Sir William Pickering, former knight-marshal to King Henry VIII, \"very sore of this new burning ague. He has had four sore fits, and is brought very low, and in danger of his life if they continue as they have done.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 65], "content_span": [66, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013126-0010-0002", "contents": "1557 influenza pandemic, Europe, Kingdoms of England and Scotland\nInfluenza began to move north through England, felling numerous farmers and leaving large quantities of grain unharvested before it reached London around mid-late October. Queen Mary and Archbishop of Canterbury Reginald Pole, who had both been in poor health before flu broke out in London, likely died of influenza within 12 hours of each other on 17 November 1558. Two of Mary's physicians died as well. Ultimately around 8000 other Londoners likely died of influenza during the epidemic, including many elders and parish priests.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 65], "content_span": [66, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013126-0011-0000", "contents": "1557 influenza pandemic, Europe, Kingdoms of England and Scotland\nNew waves of \"agues\" and fevers were recorded in England into 1559. These repeated outbreaks proved unusually deadly for populations already suffering from extensive rains and poor harvests. From 1557 to 1559 the nation's population contracted by 2%. The sheer numbers of people dying from epidemics and famine in England caused economic inflation to flatten out.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 65], "content_span": [66, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013126-0012-0000", "contents": "1557 influenza pandemic, Europe, Kingdoms of England and Scotland\nIn the late 1550s the English language had not yet developed a proper name for the flu, despite previous epidemics. Thus 1557's epidemic was either described as a \"plague\" (like many epidemics with notable mortality), \"ague\" (most generally) or \"new disease\" in England. \"The sweat\" was one name used to describe the usually deadly, flu-like fevers and \"agues\"  plaguing the English countryside from 1557 to 1558, despite no reliable records of sweating sickness after 1551.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 65], "content_span": [66, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013126-0012-0001", "contents": "1557 influenza pandemic, Europe, Kingdoms of England and Scotland\nDoctor John Jones, a prominent 16th Century London physician, refers in his book Dyall of Agues to a \"great sweat\" during the reign of Queen Mary I of England. After the 1557 pandemic English nicknames for the flu began to appear in letters, like \"the new disease\" in England and \"the newe acquaintance\" in Scotland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 65], "content_span": [66, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013126-0012-0002", "contents": "1557 influenza pandemic, Europe, Kingdoms of England and Scotland\nWhen the entire royal court of Mary, Queen of Scots was struck down with influenza in Edinburgh in November 1562, Lord Randolph described the outbreak as \"a new disease, that is common in this town, called here 'the newe acquaintance,' which passed also through her whole court, neigh sparing lord, lady, nor damoysell, not so much as either French or English.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 65], "content_span": [66, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013126-0012-0003", "contents": "1557 influenza pandemic, Europe, Kingdoms of England and Scotland\nIt is a pain in their heads that have it, and a soreness in their stomachs, with a great cough, that remaineth with some longer with other short time, as it findeth apt bodies for the nature of the disease... There was not an appearance of danger, nor manie that died of the disease, except some old folks.\" Mary Stuart herself spent six days sick in her bedchambers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 65], "content_span": [66, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013126-0013-0000", "contents": "1557 influenza pandemic, Europe, Habsburg Netherlands\nHabsburg Netherlands was also heavily impacted by the flu in October. Dutch historian Petrus Forestus described an outbreak in Alkmaar where 2000 fell sick with flu and 200 perished in a span of three weeks. Forestus himself became sick with the flu and related that it \"...began with a slight fever like a common catarrh, and showed its great malignancy only by degrees. Sudden fits of suffocation then came on, and the pain of the chest was so distressing that patients imagined they must die in the paroxysm. The complaint was increased still by a tight, convulsive cough.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 53], "content_span": [54, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013126-0013-0001", "contents": "1557 influenza pandemic, Europe, Habsburg Netherlands\nDeath did not take place till the 9th or 14th day.\" He further observed that the flu was very dangerous to pregnant women, killing at least eight such citizens in Alkmaar who contracted it. Influenza's symptoms came on suddenly and attacked thousands of the city's residents at the same time. Hunger likely contributed to a higher death toll, as the authorities had been struggling to provide food to the needy amid a severe bread shortage during the summer. Attempting to explain the epidemic of fevers and respiratory illness affecting the Low Countries, Flemish physician Rembert Dodoens suggested that the mass outbreaks of illness were caused by a dry, hot summer following a very cold winter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 53], "content_span": [54, 752]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013126-0014-0000", "contents": "1557 influenza pandemic, Europe, Spain and Portugal\nSpain was widely and severely impacted by influenza, which chroniclers recognized as a highly contagious catarrhal fever. Influenza likely arrived in Spain around July, with the first cases being reported near Madrid in August. British medical historian Thomas Short wrote that \"At Mantua Carpentaria, three miles outside of Madrid, the first cases were reported... There it began with a roughness of the jaws, small cough, then a strong fever with a pain in the head, back, and legs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 51], "content_span": [52, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013126-0014-0001", "contents": "1557 influenza pandemic, Europe, Spain and Portugal\nSome felt as though they were corded over the breast, with a weight at the stomach, all which continued to the third day at the furthest. Then the fever went off, with a sweat of bleeding at the nose. In some few, it turned to a pleurisy of fatal peripneumony.\" Bloodletting greatly increased the risk of mortality, and it was observed in Mantua Carpentaria that \"2000 were let blood of and all died.\" The flu then entered Spain's capital city, where it rapidly spread to all parts of the Spanish mainland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 51], "content_span": [52, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013126-0015-0000", "contents": "1557 influenza pandemic, Europe, Spain and Portugal\nCases expanded exponentially as merchants, pilgrims, and other travelers leaving Madrid transported the virus to cities and towns across the country. According to King Phillip II's doctor Luis de Mercado, \"All the population was attacked the same day, and the same time of day. It was catarrh, marked by fever of the double tertian type, with such pernicious symptoms that many died.\" The season's poor harvests and hunger in the Spanish population, as well as negligent medical care, likely contributed to the severity of the influenza pandemic in Spain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 51], "content_span": [52, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013126-0015-0001", "contents": "1557 influenza pandemic, Europe, Spain and Portugal\nFlu symptoms could be so intense that the region's physicians often distinguished it from other contagious, seasonal pneumonias that spread from East Europe. Sixteenth century Spaniards frequently referred to any mass outbreak of deadly disease generically as a pestilencia, and \"plagues\" are recognized as occurring in Valencia and Granada during the years 1557\u201359, despite pathological records of true plague (like descriptions of buboes) occurring in the area at the time being scant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 51], "content_span": [52, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013126-0016-0000", "contents": "1557 influenza pandemic, Europe, Spain and Portugal\nInfluenza hit the Kingdom of Portugal at the same time as it spread throughout Spain, with an impact that spread across the Atlantic Ocean. The kingdom had just suffered food shortages due to 1556-57's poor harvest, which would have exacerbated the effects of the flu on hungry patients. A violent storm had just hit Portugal and severely damaged the Palace of Enxobregas, and in following with attributing outbreaks of influenza to the weather Portuguese historians like Ign\u00e1cio Barbosa-Machado attributed the epidemic in the kingdom to the storm with little opposition. Barbosa-Machado referred to 1557 as the \"anno de catarro.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 51], "content_span": [52, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013126-0017-0000", "contents": "1557 influenza pandemic, The Americas\nThere are records of the New World eventually being reached by the flu in 1557, brought to the Spanish and Portuguese Empires by sailors from Europe. Influenza arrived in Central America in 1557, likely aboard Spanish ships sailing to New Spain. During that year there were epidemics of flu recorded in the south Atlantic states, Gulf area, and Southwest. The Native American Cherokee appear to have been affected during this wave, and it may have spread along newly established trade routes between Spanish colonies in the New World.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 37], "content_span": [38, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013126-0018-0000", "contents": "1557 influenza pandemic, The Americas\nThe flu also reached South America. Anthropologist Henry F. Dobyns described a 1557 epidemic of influenza in Ecuador in which European and Native populations were both left sick with severe coughing. In Colonial Brazil, Portuguese missionaries did not take breaks from religious activities when they became sick. Missionaries like the Society of Jesus in Brazil founder Manuel da N\u00f3brega continued to preach, host mass, and baptize converts in the New World even when symptomatic with contagious illnesses like influenza. As a result, flu would have quickly spread through Portuguese colonies due to mandatory church attendance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 37], "content_span": [38, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013126-0018-0001", "contents": "1557 influenza pandemic, The Americas\nIn 1559 the flu struck colonial Brazil with a wave of illness recorded along the coastal state of Bahia: That February, the region of Esp\u00edrito Santo was struck by an outbreak of lung infections, dysentery, and \"fevers that they say immediately attacked the hearts, and which quickly struck them down.\" Populations of natives attempted to flee the infection afflicting their communities, spreading influenza northward.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 37], "content_span": [38, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013126-0018-0002", "contents": "1557 influenza pandemic, The Americas\nEuropean missionaries suspected such severe epidemics among the native populations to be a form of divine punishment, and referred to the outbreaks of pleurisy and dysentery among the natives in Bahia to be \"the sword of God's wrath.\" Missionaries like Francisco Pires took some pity on the sick children of natives, whom they often regarded as innocent, and frequently baptized them during epidemics in the belief they'd \"saved\" their souls. Baptism rates in native communities were deeply connected with outbreaks of disease, and missionary policies of conducting religious activities while sick likely helped spread the flu.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 37], "content_span": [38, 665]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013126-0019-0000", "contents": "1557 influenza pandemic, Africa\nInfluenza attacked Africa through the Ottoman Empire, which by 1557 was expanding its territories in the northern and eastern parts of the continent. Egypt, which had been conquered by the Ottoman Empire around 40 years prior, became an access point for influenza to travel south through the Red Sea along shipping routes. The pandemic's most memorable effects on the Ottoman army in Africa are recorded as part of the 1559 wave.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 31], "content_span": [32, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013126-0020-0000", "contents": "1557 influenza pandemic, Africa, Abyssinian Empire and Habesh Eyalet\nThe Kingdom of Portugal had supported the Abyssinian (Ethiopian) Empire in their war against the Ottoman expansion of the Habesh Eyalet and sent aid to their emperor, including a team with Andr\u00e9s de Oviedo in 1557 who recorded the events. In 1559 the Ottoman Empire struggled with a severe wave of influenza: After the deaths of Emperor Gelawdewos and most of the Portuguese attach\u00e9 in battle, the flu killed thousands of the Ottoman army's troops occupying the port city of Massawa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 68], "content_span": [69, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013126-0020-0001", "contents": "1557 influenza pandemic, Africa, Abyssinian Empire and Habesh Eyalet\nMassawa was claimed by the Ottomans from Medri Bahri during their conquest of Habesh in 1557, but the pandemic's 1559 wave challenged their army's hold onto territory around the city after flu cut down a large number of the Ottoman forces. Because of the epidemic Ottoman soldiers were soon recalled back to the ports, even though the emperor had been slain, and shortly afterwards Gelawdewos's brother Menas ascended to the Abyssinian throne and converted from Islam to Christianity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 68], "content_span": [69, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013126-0021-0000", "contents": "1557 influenza pandemic, Medicine and treatments\nMost physicians of the time subscribed to the theory of humorism, and believed the cosmos or climate directly affected the health of entire communities. Physicians treating the flu often used treatments called coctions to remove excess humors they believed to be causing illness. Dr. Thomas Short described treatments for the 1557 influenza as having included gargling \"rose water, quinces, mulberries, and sealed earth.\" \"Gentle bleeding\" was used on the first day of the infection only, as frequently used medical techniques like bloodletting and purgation were often fatal for influenza. In Urbino, \"diet and good governance\" were recognized as common ways sufferers managed their illness.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 48], "content_span": [49, 741]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013126-0022-0000", "contents": "1557 influenza pandemic, Identification as influenza\nThe 1557 pandemic's nature as a worldwide, highly-contagious respiratory disease with fast onset of flu-like symptoms has led many physicians, from medical historians like Charles Creighton to modern epidemiologists, to consider the causative disease as influenza. \"Well documented descriptions from medical observers\" who witnessed the effects of the pandemic as it spread through populations have been reviewed by numerous medical historians in the centuries since.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 52], "content_span": [53, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013126-0022-0001", "contents": "1557 influenza pandemic, Identification as influenza\nContemporary physicians to the 1557 flu, like Ingrassia, Valleriola, Dodoens, and Mercado, described symptoms like severe coughing, fever, myalgia, and pneumonia that all occurred within a short period of time and led to death in days if a case was to be fatal. Infections became so widespread in countries that influences like the weather, stars, and mass poisoning were blamed by observers for the outbreaks, a reoccurring pattern in influenza epidemics that has contributed to the disease's name.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 52], "content_span": [53, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013126-0022-0002", "contents": "1557 influenza pandemic, Identification as influenza\nPrior to greater research being conducted into influenza in the 19th century, some medical historians considered the descriptions of epidemic \"angina\" from 1557 to be scarlet fever, whooping cough, and diphtheria. But the most striking features of scarlet fever and diphtheria, like rashes or pseudomembranes, remain unmentioned by any of the 1557 pandemic's observers and the first recognized whooping cough epidemic is a localized outbreak in Paris from 1578. These illnesses can resemble the flu in their early stages but pandemic influenza is distinguished by its fast-moving, unrestricted epidemics of severe respiratory disease affecting all ages with widespread infections and mortalities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 52], "content_span": [53, 749]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013127-0000-0000", "contents": "1558\nYear 1558 (MDLVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar, the 1558th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 558th year of the 2nd millennium, the 58th year of the 16th century, and the 9th year of the 1550s decade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013128-0000-0000", "contents": "1558 J\u00e4rnefelt\n1558 J\u00e4rnefelt, provisional designation 1942 BD, is a carbonaceous asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 65 kilometers in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013128-0001-0000", "contents": "1558 J\u00e4rnefelt\nIt was discovered on 20 January 1942, by Finnish astronomer Liisi Oterma at Turku Observatory in Southwest Finland, and later named for Finnish astronomer Gustaf J\u00e4rnefelt (1901\u20131989).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013128-0002-0000", "contents": "1558 J\u00e4rnefelt, Classification and orbit\nThe dark C-type asteroid is not a member of any known asteroid family. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 3.1\u20133.3\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 9 months (2,113 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.03 and an inclination of 10\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. J\u00e4rnefelt was first identified as A913 AA at Heidelberg in 1913. Its first used observation was made at Johannesburg Observatory in 1934, extending the body's observation arc by 8 years prior to its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013128-0003-0000", "contents": "1558 J\u00e4rnefelt, Lightcurve\nIn May 2007, a fragmentary rotational lightcurve of J\u00e4rnefelt was obtained from photometric observations at the U.S. Oakley Observatory, Indiana. It gave a rotation period of 18.22 hours with a brightness variation of 0.40 in magnitude. This was the first time the asteroid's period had been measured. However, the lightcurve is not fully covered by the 90 data points obtained, so the period may be wrong by about 30 percent (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 26], "content_span": [27, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013128-0004-0000", "contents": "1558 J\u00e4rnefelt, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the space-based surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS), the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, the asteroid has an albedo of 0.034 to 0.049, and an estimated diameter between 55.0 and 65.1 kilometers. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link agrees with the data obtained by IRAS and derives an albedo of 0.032 and a diameter of 65.1 kilometers, based on an absolute magnitude of 10.3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 35], "content_span": [36, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013128-0005-0000", "contents": "1558 J\u00e4rnefelt, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Gustaf J. J\u00e4rnefelt (1901\u20131989), a Finnish mathematician and astronomer, who was the director of the Helsinki University Observatory and professor of astronomy at the University of Helsinki from 1945 until 1969, when he was succeeded by Paul Kustaanheimo (see 1559\u00a0Kustaanheimo). His research included the theory of relativity and the publication artificial satellite observations. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 February 1976 (M.P.C. 3930).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013133-0000-0000", "contents": "1558 in Sweden\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by BHGbot (talk | contribs) at 12:16, 18 June 2020 (WP:BHGbot 6 (List 5): fixed sort key; WP:GENFIXES). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013136-0000-0000", "contents": "1558 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013136-0001-0000", "contents": "1558 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013136-0002-0000", "contents": "1558 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013137-0000-0000", "contents": "1558 in science\nThe year 1558 in science and technology included a number of events, some of which are listed here.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013138-0000-0000", "contents": "1559\nYear 1559 (MDLIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013139-0000-0000", "contents": "1559 Kustaanheimo\n1559 Kustaanheimo, provisional designation 1942 BF, is a stony asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 11 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 20 January 1942, by Finnish astronomer Liisi Oterma at the Iso-Heikkil\u00e4 Observatory near Turku in southwest Finland. The asteroid was named after Finnish astronomer Paul Kustaanheimo (1924\u20131997).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013139-0001-0000", "contents": "1559 Kustaanheimo, Orbit and classification\nKustaanheimo is an asteroid from the main belt's background population that does not belong to any known asteroid family. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 2.1\u20132.7\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 8 months (1,350 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.13 and an inclination of 3\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013139-0002-0000", "contents": "1559 Kustaanheimo, Orbit and classification\nIn March 1935, the asteroid was first identified as 1935 FP at the Union Observatory in Johannesburg. The body's observation arc begins at Johannesburg in the following month, with its identification as 1935 HB, almost 7 years prior to its official discovery observation at Turku.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013139-0003-0000", "contents": "1559 Kustaanheimo, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn February 2005, a rotational lightcurve of Kustaanheimo was obtained from photometric observations by American astronomer John Menke at his Menke Observatory in Barnesville, Maryland (no obs. code). Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 4.286 hours with a brightness variation of 0.25 magnitude (U=3). One month later, another well-defined lightcurve by French amateur astronomer Laurent Bernasconi gave a period of 4.302 hours and an amplitude of 0.23 magnitude (U=3). In April 2016, Petr Pravec obtained an intermediary period of 4.3 hours with a brightness variation of 0.29 at the Ond\u0159ejov Observatory (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 60], "content_span": [61, 683]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013139-0004-0000", "contents": "1559 Kustaanheimo, Physical characteristics, Spin axis\nIn 2013, an international study modeled a lightcurve with a similar period of 4.30435 hours and found two spin axis of (275.0\u00b0, 29.0\u00b0) and (94.0\u00b0, 33.0\u00b0) in ecliptic coordinates (\u03bb,\u2009\u03b2) .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 54], "content_span": [55, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013139-0005-0000", "contents": "1559 Kustaanheimo, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Kustaanheimo measures between 9.07 and 12.70 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.193 and 0.373.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 64], "content_span": [65, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013139-0006-0000", "contents": "1559 Kustaanheimo, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 12.39 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 64], "content_span": [65, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013139-0007-0000", "contents": "1559 Kustaanheimo, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Paul Kustaanheimo (1924\u20131997), a Finnish astronomer at the Helsinki University Observatory who made important contributions to celestial mechanics and the theory of relativity and best known for his K-S transformation. In 1969, he was appointed professor of astronomy at the University of Helsinki after the retirement of Gustaf J\u00e4rnefelt (also see 1558 J\u00e4rnefelt).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 25], "content_span": [26, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013139-0008-0000", "contents": "1559 Kustaanheimo, Naming\nThe official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 February 1976 (M.P.C. 3930).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 25], "content_span": [26, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013145-0000-0000", "contents": "1559 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1559.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013146-0000-0000", "contents": "1559 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013146-0001-0000", "contents": "1559 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013146-0002-0000", "contents": "1559 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013147-0000-0000", "contents": "1559 in science\nThe year 1559 in science and technology included a number of events, some of which are listed here.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013148-0000-0000", "contents": "1559 papal conclave\nThe 1559 papal conclave (5 September \u2013 25 December) was convened on the death of Pope Paul IV and elected Pope Pius IV as his successor. Due to interference from secular rulers and the cardinals' disregard for their supposed isolation from the outside world, it was the longest conclave of the 16th century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013148-0001-0000", "contents": "1559 papal conclave, Death and preparations\nPope Paul IV died on 18 August 1559, aged 83. His church reforms had mainly been based on repressive measures such as the Inquisition and the Index of Forbidden Books \u2013 he had no confidence in the Council of Trent, dissolving it in 1552 and not reviving it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013148-0002-0000", "contents": "1559 papal conclave, Death and preparations\nEven cardinals were accused of heresy \u2013 at the time of Paul IV's death, Cardinal Morone was a prisoner of the Inquisition in the castel Sant' Angelo. Paul IV, fearing that Morone might become his successor, issued the papal bull Cum ex officio Apostolatus, which stipulated that a heretic could not be validly elected pope \u2013 however, this was in vain since the College of Cardinals released Morone after Paul's death and allowed him to take part in the conclave. The bull also covered Cardinal d'Este, who Paul complained was trying to become pope by simony.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013148-0003-0000", "contents": "1559 papal conclave, Death and preparations\nPaul IV's reforms did not abolish nepotism, however \u2013 3 of the cardinals at the conclave were Paul's nephews, the most influential being Carlo Carafa and the other two being Diomede Carafa and Alfonso Carafa. On the model of pope Alexander VI (one of the Borgia popes, who had died on the same date as Paul 56 years earlier), Paul had tried to build up his family's power in Italy, mainly at the expense of the Colonna family, whose many lands (including the imperial Palia fiefdom) were seized and handed over to the Carafa family.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013148-0003-0001", "contents": "1559 papal conclave, Death and preparations\nPaul's nephews ruled even more brutally than he and abused their power so much that at one point Paul was forced to step in, stripping Carlo of power early in 1559. Carlo never regained his uncle's favour and after Paul's death he and Paul's other two cardinal-nephews had good reason to fear their enemies would now take revenge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013148-0004-0000", "contents": "1559 papal conclave, Death and preparations\nPaul IV was rigidly orthodox, intolerant, and authoritarian in manner. Spontaneous riots broke out in Rome after his death, with crowds toppling his statue and attacking the Inquisition's headquarters. Thus 3700 troops were brought in to keep order, including 300 cavalry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013148-0005-0000", "contents": "1559 papal conclave, Cardinals in 1559, Participants\nAt the time of the conclave there were 55 cardinals, 47 of whom participated in it. Of those 47, one died during the conclave (Capodiferro) and two had to leave early due to illness:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 52], "content_span": [53, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013148-0006-0000", "contents": "1559 papal conclave, Cardinals in 1559, Participants\nOf these 47 cardinals, 37 were Italians, 7 French, 2 Spanish and 1 German. 13 had been appointed by pope Paul IV, 11 by pope Julius III, 20 pope Paul III, 2 by pope Clement VII and 1 by pope Leo X.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 52], "content_span": [53, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013148-0007-0000", "contents": "1559 papal conclave, Cardinals in 1559, Absentees\n8 cardinals (5 French, 1 Spanish, 1 Portuguese and 1 Italian) did not come to the conclave. 2 of these 8 died during its sitting:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 49], "content_span": [50, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013148-0008-0000", "contents": "1559 papal conclave, Factions and candidates\nThe College of Cardinals was divided into three factions: a Spanish one (17 Cardinals headed by cardinals Sforza and Madruzzo), a French one (16 cardinals headed by Ippolito d'Este and de Guise) and an \"Italian\" one (14 cardinals headed by Carlo Carafa and Alessandro Farnese). A few cardinals remained neutral. The Spanish ambassador, Don Francisco de Vargas Mej\u00eda, regularly slipped into the conclave to counsel the Spanish group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 44], "content_span": [45, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013148-0009-0000", "contents": "1559 papal conclave, Factions and candidates\nThe French candidates for pope were d'Este, Gonzaga and Tournon. The King of France favoured Cardinal Carpi. Philip II of Spain preferred cardinals Carpi, Morone, Puteo, Medici and D'Oler \u2013 in short, any candidate other than d'Este or a Frenchman. Cosimo I, Duke of Florence, favored, although no relation, Cardinal Giovanni Angelo de' Medici, younger brother of Gian Giacomo Medici, an Imperial general in Germany and Siena. In total there were over 20 candidates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 44], "content_span": [45, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013148-0010-0000", "contents": "1559 papal conclave, Factions and candidates\nFor Carlo Carafa, choosing the new pope was literally a matter of life and death and so he mainly used the conclave to obtain guarantees that he and his relatives would not be punished for their abuses. He had one serious advantage \u2013 the Italian cardinals nominated by his uncle Paul remained loyal to him. He favoured Carpi and Gonzaga for pope. Although his uncle was an enemy of the Spanish, and encouraged France, Carlo decided to ally himself with the Spanish party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 44], "content_span": [45, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013148-0011-0000", "contents": "1559 papal conclave, Course\nThe papacy was under criticism for failing to address abuses, and the college of cardinals was split between moderates and conservatives, as well as along national lines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 27], "content_span": [28, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013148-0012-0000", "contents": "1559 papal conclave, Course\nThe conclave began on 5 September 1559, with 40 cardinals present. Exploiting the fact that the French cardinals had not yet arrived in Rome, the Spanish faction tried to get Carpi elected by acclamation, but this attempt failed because Sforza (one of the factions leaders) opposed Carpi's election and secretly agreed with d'Este that he should lose.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 27], "content_span": [28, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013148-0013-0000", "contents": "1559 papal conclave, Course\nIn this situation, the normal procedures were implemented. On 8 September electors signed the electoral capitulation, requiring the pope who was elected to continue reform of the church and the curia and to resume the deliberations of the council of Trent and promote peace between Christian princes. By the end of September seven more cardinals had arrived in Rome.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 27], "content_span": [28, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013148-0014-0000", "contents": "1559 papal conclave, Course\nFor a few weeks voting took place routinely, without any result. Most votes went to minor candidates. The Spanish Pacheco and Cueva were regularly given twelve to twenty votes; on 13 September the Frenchman Leonocourt received 18 votes; on 18 September the absent Cardinal Henry of Portugal was given 15 votes and 5; others voted for at this point included Rebiba, Ghisleri and Saraceni. Rannucio Farnese got 21 votes in the election on the anniversary of his grandfather's election as pope. From 9 September to 16 December 68 fruitless ballots were held.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 27], "content_span": [28, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013148-0015-0000", "contents": "1559 papal conclave, Course\nThe front-runners were still trying for office. However, on 18 September, with the support of Cardinal Farnese, cardinal Carpi put himself up as a candidate again. Over the next few rounds he received 11\u201316 votes. On 22 September the French tried to get cardinal Tournon selected, but his chances were dashed by Carafa's opposition, who supported the Spaniard Pacheco. In the voting that took place that day, Tournon received a total of 20 votes (including 5 by accession) and Pacheco 19 (including 1 by accession).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 27], "content_span": [28, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013148-0016-0000", "contents": "1559 papal conclave, Course\nA few days later, the French agreed with Sforza, leader of the Spanish faction, to support cardinal Gonzaga and push through his election by acclamation. This plan ended in a fiasco, with Gonzadze, Carafa and part of the Spanish faction objecting to it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 27], "content_span": [28, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013148-0017-0000", "contents": "1559 papal conclave, Course\nOn 25 September Philip II's ambassador Vargas arrived in Rome and under his auspices Sforza, Farnese and Carafa met on 2 October. The ambassador suggested Puteo as a candidate instead of Carpi and Pacheco. Farnese and Carafa refused, however, and the meeting was unsuccessful. Around this time Sforza began to fight on two fronts \u2013 promising the French faction to keep agitating in favour of Gonzaga and the Italian party that he would do so in favour of Pacheco and Carpi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 27], "content_span": [28, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013148-0018-0000", "contents": "1559 papal conclave, Course\nAt the end of September and start of October, there was extensive exchange of correspondence between the pro-Spanish cardinals and Philip II. Francis II of France and Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor also sent letters to cardinals recommending Gonzaga's candidacy. This breach of the canonical rule that the conclave be held in secret and without any influence from secular leaders outraged the people of Rome into protest, but du Bellay (dean of the College of Cardinals) rejected the objections.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 27], "content_span": [28, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013148-0019-0000", "contents": "1559 papal conclave, Course\nIn the second half of October Carafa broke his alliance with Sforza, as Philip II decided to return the fiefdom Palli Colonnie Marcantonio and ordered the Spanish cardinals to prevent the selection of Gonzaga at all costs. Cardinal d'Este allied himself with Carafa, hoping to win the election, but the vote on 1 December showed this was in vain, with many who had promised to vote for him not doing so. The French also \u2013 without much success \u2013 tried to get cardinals Tournon and Suau elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 27], "content_span": [28, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013148-0020-0000", "contents": "1559 papal conclave, Course\nIn the first days of December, in agreement with the French, Carafa again proposed Gonzaga, intending to gain his election by acclamation. However, in the meantime, Carafa received a letter removing the expected guarantees from Philip and he and the French returned to their alliance with the Spanish party. He then committed himself in writing to cardinal Sforza that he would not endorse any candidate opposed by Philip II. As a result, this session, which selected cardinal Gonzaga, nearly ended in cardinal Carpi being chosen by acclamation. The protracted conclave led to increasing concern on the streets of Rome, especially since the camerlengo was forced to reduce troop numbers due to financial problems.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 27], "content_span": [28, 741]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013148-0021-0000", "contents": "1559 papal conclave, Course\nAfter the overthrow of the French-backed Gonzaga, Pisani was suggested as a \"transitional pope\", but to no avail. Their party in early December waned in numbers \u2013 on 1 December cardinal Capodiferro died, while on 13 December du Bellay had to leave the conclave due to illness, handing over his duties as dean of the college to cardinal Tournon. Six days later, Saraceni also left the conclave. The French had lost the ability to block the opposing party's candidates, so the Spaniards tried to push through the election of cardinal Pacheco. In the vote on 18 December the Spanish only missed the necessary majority by three votes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 27], "content_span": [28, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013148-0022-0000", "contents": "1559 papal conclave, Course\nThe Christmas festival was imminent and this led the factions' leaders to make peace and conclude a compromise. At a meeting on 22 December leaders of all three parties met to decide upon a candidate acceptable to all sides. The French suggested cardinal Cesi, the Spaniards suggested cardinal Medici, but Carafa remained undecided. The French were eventually persuaded to back cardinal Medici, who was also strongly supported by the Duke of Florence and Vice-Chancellor Alessandro Farnese. Carafa also finally supported Medici, who promised him an amnesty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 27], "content_span": [28, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013148-0023-0000", "contents": "1559 papal conclave, Election\nOn the evening of 25 December 44 cardinals gathered in the Sistine Chapel and elected Giovanni Angelo Medici as pope by acclamation, ending the longest conclave of the 16th century. The cardinals asked Medici, however, whether he would consent to a scrutiny on the next day. He replied that he would, if they stipulated that the election by acclamation on 25 December was valid and canonical. Next morning, therefore, a Scrutiny was held and forty-four ballots were cast; two cardinals were absent, Saraceni and du Bellay. Medici received every vote except his own.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013148-0023-0001", "contents": "1559 papal conclave, Election\nHe cast his votes for:  Fran\u00e7ois de Tournon, Rodolfo Pio di Carpi, Pedro Pacheco de Villena, Ercole Gonzaga, and Ippolito d'Este. This is another clear indication that the preferential ballot was being used in scrutinies, and that an elector could and did vote for more than one person on a ballot. Giovanni de' Medici took the name Pius IV and on the feast of the Epiphany on 6 January 1560 the Cardinal protodeacon Alessandro Farnese crowned him with the papal tiara.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013148-0024-0000", "contents": "1559 papal conclave, Election\nWithin a week of his election Pius promulgated new regulations governing the secrecy of the conclave, to address some of the outside influence on the conclave.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013148-0025-0000", "contents": "1559 papal conclave, Election\nThe choice of Pius IV was a reaction to the brutal rule of Paul IV and his nephews. Pius had nothing to do with his predecessor's pride and arrogance and he resumed and completed the Council of Trent. Although he had fathered three children before his consecration as pope, he kept them in obscurity and out of church governance, unlike Pope Paul III and Pope Alexander VI. His only cardinal-nephew was Charles Borromeo, a future saint \u2013 as for Paul IV's nephews, he showed no mercy, arresting Carlo and Alfonso in 1560 (Diomede had died just after the conclave), executing Carlo in 1561 and only pardoning Alfonso after he had spent over a year in prison.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 686]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013149-0000-0000", "contents": "155mm SpGH ZUZANA\nZUZANA - 155\u00a0mm Self-propelled Gun Howitzer is a Slovak artillery system with a 45-caliber gun and automatic loader for loading of both projectile and charge. It is an evolution of the 152mm SpGH DANA self-propelled howitzer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013149-0001-0000", "contents": "155mm SpGH ZUZANA\nThe system features long range, high accuracy and rate of fire, prompt preparation for firing and high level of mobility ensured by a modified TATRA 8x8 chassis. Design of the gun enables to use any NATO standard 155mm ammunition available on the market. The Fire Control System enables for a Multiple Round Simultaneous Impact (MRSI) mode. One of the unique features of ZUZANA is that the gun is mounted externally in between two totally separated compartments of the turret. This makes the crew inherently safe from any potentially dangerous mechanics of the gun and autoloader plus the crew is protected from the gases generated during firing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013149-0002-0000", "contents": "155mm SpGH ZUZANA, Variants, 155 mm ShKH Zuzana\nThe original wheeled version adopted by the Slovak Army in 1998.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 47], "content_span": [48, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013149-0003-0000", "contents": "155mm SpGH ZUZANA, Variants, 155 mm ShKH Zuzana 2\nUpdated version with a new 52-calibre gun, full 360-degree turret traverse, a new armored cab and further reduced crew of 3 enabled by automation. It has passed Slovak Army trials in December 2009. Slovak army had ordered 25 vehicles (to be delivered in year 2021 and 2022).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 49], "content_span": [50, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013149-0004-0000", "contents": "155mm SpGH ZUZANA, Variants, 155 mm ShKH Zuzana 2\nThe new version is claimed to possess Multiple Rounds Simultaneous Impact (MRSI) capability.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 49], "content_span": [50, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013149-0005-0000", "contents": "155mm SpGH ZUZANA, Variants, 155 mm ShKH Himalaya\n1990's adaptation of the original system to a tracked chassis required by export customers. It is essentially a Zuzana turret mounted on a T-72 chassis. The tracked version so far did not achieve orders beyond initial evaluation units and further production is unlikely.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 49], "content_span": [50, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013150-0000-0000", "contents": "155th (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery\n155th (Mixed) Heavy Anti- Aircraft Regiment was an air defence unit of Britain's Royal Artillery formed during World War II. Around two-thirds of its personnel were women from the Auxiliary Territorial Service (ATS). After defending the West of Scotland and later London, the regiment was heavily engaged in Operation Diver against V-1 flying bombs, and later was deployed to Antwerp to carry out anti-Diver duties there in the closing stages of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [59, 59], "content_span": [60, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013150-0001-0000", "contents": "155th (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Organisation\nBy 1941, after two years of war Anti- Aircraft Command, tasked with defending the UK against air attack, was suffering a manpower shortage. In April its commander-in-chief, Lieutenant-General Sir Frederick 'Tim' Pile, proposed to overcome this by utilising the women of the Auxiliary Territorial Service (ATS). The ATS was by law a non-combatant service, but it was decided that Defence Regulations permitted the employment of women in anti-aircraft (AA) roles other than actually firing the guns. They worked the radar and plotting instruments, range-finders and predictors, ran command posts and communications, and carried out many other duties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 73], "content_span": [74, 722]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013150-0001-0001", "contents": "155th (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Organisation\nWith the increasing automation of heavy AA (HAA) guns, including gun-laying, fuze-setting and ammunition loading under remote control from the predictor, the question of who actually fired the gun became blurred as the war progressed. The ATS rank and file, if not always their officers, took to the new role with enthusiasm and 'Mixed' batteries and regiments with the ATS supplying two-thirds of their personnel quickly proved a success.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 73], "content_span": [74, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013150-0002-0000", "contents": "155th (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Organisation\nBy early 1942 the training regiments were turning out a regular stream of Mixed HAA batteries, which AA Command formed into regiments to take the place of the all-male units being sent to overseas theatres of war. One such new unit was 155th (Mixed) HAA Regiment. Regimental Headquarters (RHQ) was formed on 8 March 1942 at Dumbarton in Scotland, and over the next four months the following batteries were regimented with it:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 73], "content_span": [74, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013150-0003-0000", "contents": "155th (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Defending Scotland\nBy the end of May 1942 the regiment had joined 57 AA Brigade in 12th AA Division, which was responsible for the air defence of the West of Scotland. The following month 528 (M) HAA Bty was temporarily attached to the neighbouring 63 AA Bde. The regiment transferred within 12th AA Division to the command of 42 AA Bde in August, and became unbrigaded in September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 79], "content_span": [80, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013150-0004-0000", "contents": "155th (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Defending Scotland\nOn 22 August 1942, 554 (M) HAA Bty left the regiment to form the basis of a new 170th (M) HAA Rgt forming in 42 AA Bde at Johnstone, Renfrewshire, in Scotland. 528 (M) HAA Battery also left on 15 September 1942 to join this new regiment. On 26 October 579 (M) HAA Bty joined 155th HAA Rgt to bring it back to a strength of four batteries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 79], "content_span": [80, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013150-0005-0000", "contents": "155th (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Defending London\nAt the beginning of October 1942, AA Command was reorganised, the AA divisions being disbanded and replaced by larger AA Groups. By early November, 155th (M) HAA Rgt came under the command of 48 AA Bde in 1 AA Group covering the London Inner Artillery Zone (IAZ). This remained the regiment's deployment for the next two years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 77], "content_span": [78, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013150-0006-0000", "contents": "155th (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Defending London\nA few sporadic attacks were made on London during 1943, by conventional bombers at night on 17 January, 3 March and 16 April, by daylight Fighter-bombers on 12 March, and by night again on 7 and 20 October. The Luftwaffe began a new bombing campaign against London in early 1944 (the Baby Blitz), when the city was subjected to 14 raids between 21 January and 18 April. By now the night fighter defences and the London IAZ were well organised and the attackers suffered heavy losses for relatively small results.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 77], "content_span": [78, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013150-0006-0001", "contents": "155th (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Defending London\nOn 13 February, for example, only six out of 115 aircraft reached London, the rest being driven off. Five raids in the third week of February varying in strength from 100 to 140 aircraft were met by intense AA fire from the Thames Estuary in to the IAZ and fewer than half reached the city; 13 were shot down by AA Command, 15 by the Royal Air Force, and one 'kill' was shared.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 77], "content_span": [78, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013150-0007-0000", "contents": "155th (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Operation Diver\nA week after Operation Overlord began on D-Day (6 June), the Germans began launching V-1 flying bombs, codenamed 'Divers', against London. V-1s (known to Londoners as 'Doodlebugs') presented AA Command's biggest challenge since The Blitz of 1940\u201341. Defences had been planned against this new form of attack (Operation Diver), but the missiles' small size, high speed and awkward height presented a severe problem for AA guns and the initial results were disappointing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 76], "content_span": [77, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013150-0007-0001", "contents": "155th (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Operation Diver\nAfter a fortnight AA Command changed its tactics: the HAA gun belt was moved to the coast and interlaced with Light AA guns to hit the missiles out to sea, where the gun-laying radar worked best and where a 'downed' V-1 would cause no damage. This new belt was divided into six brigade sectors under 2 AA Group, 57 AA Bde taking charge of one sector, with 155th (M) HAA Rgt under command from early August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 76], "content_span": [77, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013150-0007-0002", "contents": "155th (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Operation Diver\nThe whole process involved the movement of hundreds of guns and vehicles and thousands of servicemen and women, but a new 8-gun site could be established in 48 hours. After moving the mobile 3.7-inch HAA guns to the coast, these were progressively replaced by the static Mark IIC model, which had power traverse that could more quickly track the fast-moving targets, accompanied by the most sophisticated Radar No 3 Mark V (the SCR-584 radar set) and No 10 Predictor (the all-electric Bell Labs AAA Computer). These were emplaced on temporary 'Pile platforms' named after the C-in-C of AA Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 76], "content_span": [77, 674]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013150-0007-0003", "contents": "155th (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Operation Diver\nThe introduction of VT Proximity fuzes also increased the 'kill rate'. The guns were constantly in action, but success rates against the 'Divers' steadily improved, until over 50 per cent of incoming missiles were destroyed by gunfire or fighter aircraft. This phase of Operation Diver ended in September after the V-1 launch sites in Northern France had been overrun by 21st Army Group. In early September 155th (M) HAA Rgt returned to 1 AA Group under the command of 37 AA Bde.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 76], "content_span": [77, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013150-0007-0004", "contents": "155th (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Operation Diver\n1 AA Group had to redeploy facing East to form a 'Diver Box' to intercept V-1s launched by the Luftwaffe from aircraft over the North Sea. In October 1944, 531 Bty was operating 5.25-inch guns \u2013 the heaviest guns in service with AA Command \u2013 with the higher personnel establishment that these guns required (8 officers, 186 male other ranks, 211 ATS).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 76], "content_span": [77, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013150-0008-0000", "contents": "155th (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Antwerp 'X' deployment\nOnce 21st Army Group had captured Brussels and Antwerp, these cities became targets for V-1s launched from within Germany, and anti-Diver or 'X' defences had to be established. AA Command's experience had shown that the power-operated, remotely controlled Mk IIC 3.7-inch gun, with automatic fuze-setting, SCR 584 radar and Predictor No 10 were required to deal effectively with V-1s, but 21st Army Group's mobile HAA units did not have experience with this equipment. In December the first overseas deployment of Mixed HAA units began, and 155th (M) HAA Rgt was one of those selected. The war establishment of an HAA regiment on service overseas was three batteries, so 537 (M) HAA Bty left to become independent on 16 November (it disbanded on 10 December).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 83], "content_span": [84, 843]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013150-0009-0000", "contents": "155th (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Antwerp 'X' deployment\nThe regiment arrived at Antwerp in January 1945, taking over Mk IIC 3.7-inch guns on Pile platforms in bitter weather with inadequate hutting, and were immediately in action against the onslaught of V-1s. The Antwerp 'X' defences under 80 AA Bde involved an outer line of Wireless Observer Units sited 40 miles (64\u00a0km) to 50 miles (80\u00a0km) in front of the guns to give 8 minutes' warning, then Local Warning (LW) stations positioned half way, equipped with radar to begin plotting individual missiles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 83], "content_span": [84, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013150-0009-0001", "contents": "155th (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Antwerp 'X' deployment\nFinally there was an inner belt of Observation Posts (OPs), about 20,000 yards (18,000\u00a0m) in front of the guns to give visual confirmation that the tracked target was a missile. The LW stations and OPs were operated by teams from the AA regiments. Radar-controlled searchlights were deployed to assist in identification and engagement of missiles at night. The success rate of the X defences had been low at first, but after the arrival of Mk IIC guns and experienced crews from AA Command the results improved considerably, with best results in February and March 1945. The number of missiles launched at Antwerp peaked at 623 a week in February, but dropped rapidly as 21st Army Group continued its advance, and in the last week of action the AA defences destroyed 97.5 per cent of those reaching the defence belt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 83], "content_span": [84, 900]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013150-0010-0000", "contents": "155th (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Antwerp 'X' deployment\nThe war in Europe ended on VE Day, 8 May 1945. 155th (Mixed) Heavy Anti- Aircraft Regiment, together with 525, 531 and 579 Batteries, was disbanded on 25 October 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 83], "content_span": [84, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013150-0011-0000", "contents": "155th (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Insignia\nWhile the male members of the regiment wore the Royal Artillery's 'gun' cap badge, the women wore the ATS cap badge, but in addition they wore the RA's 'grenade' collar badge as a special badge above the left breast pocket of the tunic. Both sexes wore the white RA lanyard on the right shoulder.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 69], "content_span": [70, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013151-0000-0000", "contents": "155th (Quinte) Battalion, CEF\nThe 155th (Quinte) Battalion, CEF was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War. Based in Barriefield, Ontario, the unit began recruiting in late 1915 in Hastings and Prince Edward Counties. After sailing to England in October 1916, the battalion was absorbed into the 154th Battalion, CEF and 6th Reserve Battalion on December 8, 1916. The 155th (Quinte) Battalion, CEF had one Officer Commanding: Lieut-Col. M. K. Adams.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013152-0000-0000", "contents": "155th (South Scottish) Brigade\nThe 155th (South Scottish) Brigade was an infantry brigade of the British Army that saw active service in both the First and the Second World Wars. Assigned to the 52nd (Lowland) Division, the brigade saw active service in the Middle East and on the Western Front during the First World War. During the Second World War, now the 155th Infantry Brigade, it continued to serve with the 52nd Division in Operation Dynamo, and later in North-western Europe from late 1944 until May 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013152-0001-0000", "contents": "155th (South Scottish) Brigade, Origins\nThe Scottish Border Brigade (originally the South of Scotland Brigade) was a Volunteer Infantry Brigade of the British Army formed in 1888.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013152-0002-0000", "contents": "155th (South Scottish) Brigade, Origins\nThe enthusiasm for the Volunteer movement following an invasion scare in 1859 saw the creation of many Rifle, Artillery and Engineer Volunteer units composed of part-time soldiers eager to supplement the Regular British Army in time of need. The Stanhope Memorandum of 1888 proposed a comprehensive Mobilisation Scheme for Volunteer units, which would assemble in their own brigades at key points in case of war. In peacetime, these brigades provided a structure for collective training. Under this scheme the Volunteer Battalions in the Scottish Border areas would assemble at Hawick.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013152-0003-0000", "contents": "155th (South Scottish) Brigade, Origins\nFrom 1888, the South of Scotland/Scottish Border Brigade had the following composition:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013152-0004-0000", "contents": "155th (South Scottish) Brigade, Origins\nIn the early 1890s, the two Black Watch battalions were replaced by:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013152-0005-0000", "contents": "155th (South Scottish) Brigade, Origins\nAfter a further reorganisation in 1902, the 1st and 2nd VBs of the Royal Scots Fusiliers (at Kilmarnock and Ayr respectively) replaced the two battalions of the Royal Scots.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013152-0006-0000", "contents": "155th (South Scottish) Brigade, Origins\nThe Brigade Headquarters (HQ) and place of assembly was at Hawick and Colonel Viscount Melgund (later 4th Earl of Minto) was appointed brigade commander on 11 July 1888. From 1900, the brigade commander was the Officer Commanding the 25th Regimental District (the KOSB district) at Berwick-upon-Tweed, then from 1906 it was commanded by retired Colonel P.D. Trotter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013152-0007-0000", "contents": "155th (South Scottish) Brigade, Territorial Force\nAfter the Volunteers were subsumed into the new Territorial Force (TF) under the Haldane Reforms of 1908, the South Scottish Brigade (as it was now designated) formed part of the Lowland Division of the TF with the following composition:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 49], "content_span": [50, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013152-0008-0000", "contents": "155th (South Scottish) Brigade, First World War\nOn the outbreak of the First World War in August 1914, the Lowland Division was mobilised for full-time war service. In 1915, the division was numbered as the 52nd (Lowland) Division and the brigade the 155th (1/1st South Scottish) Brigade and the battalions received the '1/' prefix (1/4th Royal Royal Scots Fusiliers) to distinguish them from their 2nd Line units being formed as the 194th (2/1st South Scottish) Brigade, part of 65th (2nd Lowland) Division. During the First World War the brigade served in the Middle Eastern theatre and later on the Western Front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 47], "content_span": [48, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013152-0009-0000", "contents": "155th (South Scottish) Brigade, Between the wars\nAfter the war, the brigade and division were both disbanded as was the Territorial Force. The Territorial Force was, however, reformed in 1920 as the Territorial Army and the 52nd Division was reconstituted as was the brigade, which was redesignated as the 155th (South Scottish) Infantry Brigade. The brigade was reformed with the same units as it had before the First World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 48], "content_span": [49, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013152-0010-0000", "contents": "155th (South Scottish) Brigade, Between the wars\nIn 1921, the 4th and 5th battalions of the Royal Scots Fusiliers were amalgamated into the 4th/5th Battalion, Royal Scots Fusiliers and it was later transferred to the 156th (Scottish Rifles) Infantry Brigade, later redesignated 156th (West Scottish) Infantry Brigade. The 155th Brigade later received the 4th/5th (Queen's Edinburgh Rifles) Battalion, Royal Scots (the amalgamated 4th and 5th battalions) and the 7th/9th (Highlanders) Battalion, Royal Scots (the amalgamated 7th and 9th) both arrived from 156th Brigade and was redesignated 155th (East Scottish) Infantry Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 48], "content_span": [49, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013152-0011-0000", "contents": "155th (South Scottish) Brigade, Between the wars\nIn the late 1930s, there was an increasing need for anti-aircraft defences throughout Britain and many infantry battalions were converted into anti-aircraft or searchlight units of the Royal Artillery or Royal Engineers. In 1938, all infantry brigades of the British Army were reduced from four to three battalions and, in the same year, the 4th/5th Battalion, Royal Scots was converted into an anti-aircraft role, becoming the 4th/5th Battalion, Royal Scots (52nd Searchlight Regiment). In 1939 the brigade was finally redesignated 155th Infantry Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 48], "content_span": [49, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013152-0012-0000", "contents": "155th (South Scottish) Brigade, Second World War\nDuring the Second World War, the 155th Infantry Brigade served with the 52nd Division during Operation Ariel in France in 1940 to cover the withdrawal of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) which was being evacuated from France. The 52nd Division was itself evacuated from France on 17 June 1940, and spent many years on anti-invasion duties, training to repel an expected German invasion of Britain. From May 1942 to June 1944, the division was trained in mountain warfare yet was never used in the role. They were then trained in airlanding operations but were, again, never utilised in the role.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 48], "content_span": [49, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013152-0012-0001", "contents": "155th (South Scottish) Brigade, Second World War\nIn October 1944, they were sent to Belgium as a standard infantry division to join the 21st Army Group and were attached to First Canadian Army and fought in the Battle of the Scheldt where the 52nd Division gained an excellent reputation. The brigade was attached to 7th Armoured Division during Operation Blackcock in 1945 and ended the war by the River Elbe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 48], "content_span": [49, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013153-0000-0000", "contents": "155th (West Yorkshire) Brigade, Royal Field Artillery\nThe 155th (West Yorkshire) Brigade, Royal Field Artillery, was a New Army ('Kitchener's Army') unit raised from Leeds in the West Riding of Yorkshire during World War I. It saw service on the Western Front, including the Battles of the Somme, Arras, Messines and Passchendaele, the German spring offensive and the final Allied Hundred Days Offensive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013153-0001-0000", "contents": "155th (West Yorkshire) Brigade, Royal Field Artillery, Background\nOn 6 August 1914, less than 48 hours after Britain's declaration of war, Parliament sanctioned an increase of 500,000 men for the Regular British Army, and the newly appointed Secretary of State for War, Earl Kitchener of Khartoum issued his famous call to arms: 'Your King and Country Need You', urging the first 100,000 volunteers to come forward. This group of six divisions with supporting arms became known as Kitchener's First New Army, or 'K1'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 65], "content_span": [66, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013153-0001-0001", "contents": "155th (West Yorkshire) Brigade, Royal Field Artillery, Background\nThe flood of volunteers overwhelmed the ability of the army to absorb and organise them, and by the time the Fifth New Army (K5) was authorised on 10 December 1914, many of the units were being organised as 'Pals battalions' under the auspices of mayors and corporations of towns up and down the country.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 65], "content_span": [66, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013153-0002-0000", "contents": "155th (West Yorkshire) Brigade, Royal Field Artillery, Recruitment\nThe CLV (West Yorkshire) Brigade (155th Bde) Royal Field Artillery (RFA) was raised by the Leeds-based West Yorkshire Coal Owners' Association. It was therefore a 'Local Unit', raised under local initiative, not by the army mechanism like the early Kitchener 'New Armies', and therefore was comparable to the 'Pals Battalions' that formed the infantry of K5. Authority was given by the War Office (WO) on 1 February 1915, and the unit was officially taken over by the military authorities on 25 July 1915", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 66], "content_span": [67, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013153-0003-0000", "contents": "155th (West Yorkshire) Brigade, Royal Field Artillery, Recruitment\nThe six K5 divisions were to be numbered 37th to 42nd, and CLV Bde was assigned to the 38th Division, composed of Pals battalions raised in the North of England, such as the Accrington Pals, the Sheffield City Battalion and a whole brigade of Hull Pals. All the division's RFA batteries and brigades were raised in Yorkshire towns. The WO then decided to convert the earlier K4 battalions into reserve units to train reinforcements for the K1\u2013K3 units, and on 27 April 1915 the K5 divisions were renumbered to take up the vacant designations of the K4 formations. The short-lived 38th Division thus became 31st Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 66], "content_span": [67, 687]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013153-0004-0000", "contents": "155th (West Yorkshire) Brigade, Royal Field Artillery, Training\nThe New Army brigades of the RFA were organised into four 4-gun batteries, designated A, B, C and D, with a Brigade Ammunition Column (BAC). To start with, the men were billeted in their own homes and training was carried out locally, hampered by an almost total lack of equipment and instructors. Towards the end of May and early June 1915 the division began to assemble at South Camp, Ripon, where more serious training could begin. CLV Brigade was officially taken over by the military authorities from the recruiting committee on 25 July 1915, the rest of the divisional artillery on 1 September. In September the artillery moved to Fovant, where battle training was carried out on Salisbury Plain. The batteries were equipped with 18-pounder guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 63], "content_span": [64, 816]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013153-0005-0000", "contents": "155th (West Yorkshire) Brigade, Royal Field Artillery, Training\nOn 29 November the division was warned that it would embark for the Western Front on 6 December. Advance parties left for the embarkation ports, but on 2 December the orders were changed: the infantry would instead sail for Egypt with 32nd Division's artillery, leaving its own artillery behind.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 63], "content_span": [64, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013153-0006-0000", "contents": "155th (West Yorkshire) Brigade, Royal Field Artillery, Western Front, Divisional Artillery\n31st Divisional Artillery continued its training at Larkhill Camp for another month, and then went to France at the beginning of January 1916 to join 32nd Division. This was another Pals formation recruited largely in Birmingham, Salford and Glasgow. It had been in France since late November 1915, temporarily supported by the Divisional Artillery of 53rd (Welsh) Division of the Territorial Force (TF). The former 31st Divisional Artillery now became 32nd Divisional Artillery (32nd DA) for the rest of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 90], "content_span": [91, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013153-0007-0000", "contents": "155th (West Yorkshire) Brigade, Royal Field Artillery, Western Front, Divisional Artillery\nOn 26 May 32nd DA was reorganised: D/CLV Battery left for CLXIV (Rotherham) Howitzer Brigade and was exchanged for A (H)/CLXIV Bty, which became D (H)/CLV. This battery was equipped with 4.5-inch howitzers. The brigade now consisted of 12 x 18-pdrs and 4 x 4.5s. At the same time the BACs were abolished and absorbed into the Divisional Ammunition Column (DAC).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 90], "content_span": [91, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013153-0008-0000", "contents": "155th (West Yorkshire) Brigade, Royal Field Artillery, Western Front, Divisional Artillery, Somme\n32nd Division was assigned to X Corps in the newly formed Fourth Army for the forthcoming 'Big Push' (the Battle of the Somme). 32nd Division was tasked with attacking out of the valley of the Ancre onto a spur of the Thiepval Plateau to capture the fortified village of Thiepval and the redoubt at the angle of the 'Leipzig Salient'. The division was then to go on to capture a series of strongpoints (including the Wundtwerke or 'Wonder Work') on the reverse slope of the spur.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 97], "content_span": [98, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013153-0009-0000", "contents": "155th (West Yorkshire) Brigade, Royal Field Artillery, Western Front, Divisional Artillery, Somme\nFourth Army planned five days (U, V, W, X and Y) of bombardment before Zero or Z Day, with the 18-pdrs assigned to cutting the barbed wire and 'searching' trenches, villages, woods and hollows, and the 4.5-inch howitzers to destroying communication trenches, machine gun positions, and assisting in bombardment of woods and villages. Both classes of gun were also to interrupt communications, particularly at night, and prevent the enemy from repairing damage to their defences. The wire-cutting began on 24 June (U Day). After three days the intensity of wire-cutting fire was increased to 4\u2013500 shell per gun per day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 97], "content_span": [98, 717]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013153-0009-0001", "contents": "155th (West Yorkshire) Brigade, Royal Field Artillery, Western Front, Divisional Artillery, Somme\nZ day was put back by two days because of bad weather, but the bombardment was weaker on the extra days (Y1 and Y2) because of ammunition shortages. Reports on the effect of the wire-cutting varied: a night patrol from 97th Bde failed to get through the wire north of the Leipzig Redoubt and were shot down.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 97], "content_span": [98, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013153-0010-0000", "contents": "155th (West Yorkshire) Brigade, Royal Field Artillery, Western Front, Divisional Artillery, Somme\nWhen the infantry went 'over the top' the field guns were to lay down a barrage in front of them. Some artillery commanders tried out a 'Creeping barrage', but in X Corps the 18-pdrs were simply ordered to 'lift' their barrage from one enemy trench to the next as the infantry advanced behind it, while the howitzers concentrated on selected strongpoints along the line of the barrage. Nevertheless, Brigadier J.B. Jardine, commanding 97th Brigade of 32nd Division, ordered his men to creep up to within 40 yards (37\u00a0m) of the barrage before attacking the German front line trenches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 97], "content_span": [98, 681]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013153-0011-0000", "contents": "155th (West Yorkshire) Brigade, Royal Field Artillery, Western Front, Divisional Artillery, Somme\nWhen the attack went in at 07.30 on 1 July (the First day on the Somme), 97th Brigade had already crept out into No man's land. It found the wire adequately cut and keeping close to the barrage was able to overrun the Leipzig Redoubt, taking its defenders prisoner. However, 96th Brigade met with disaster, being cut down in No man's land by the machine guns in Thiepval and making no progress, the support companies being halted before going over.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 97], "content_span": [98, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013153-0011-0001", "contents": "155th (West Yorkshire) Brigade, Royal Field Artillery, Western Front, Divisional Artillery, Somme\nThe first lift of the barrage was from the German front line to the reserve line (the Wonder Work etc), but the troops could not keep up and lost its benefits. The advancing 97th Brigade was shot down by machine guns in the Wonder Work and was obliged to withdraw to the Leipzig Redoubt. Strict orders for the barrage meant that it could not be brought back without higher authority, although Brigadier Jardine did take responsibility to order two batteries to come back to cover the withdrawal to the Leipzig Redoubt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 97], "content_span": [98, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013153-0011-0002", "contents": "155th (West Yorkshire) Brigade, Royal Field Artillery, Western Front, Divisional Artillery, Somme\nAfter midday individual batteries fired at targets such as machine gun posts requested by the infantry, but there were few Forward Observation Officers (FOOs) with the infantry, and shellfire cut telephone lines, so fire control was poor. A new bombardment of the Wonder Work was arranged, but it was too diffuse to be effective.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 97], "content_span": [98, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013153-0011-0003", "contents": "155th (West Yorkshire) Brigade, Royal Field Artillery, Western Front, Divisional Artillery, Somme\nErroneous reports that some of 32nd Division had got into Thiepval meant that the village was not fired on until the evening, and its defenders were able to mount counter-attacks against a break-through by the neighbouring 36th (Ulster) Division and to cause heavy casualties to the reserves coming up (49th (West Riding) Division). By the end of the day X Corps' only remaining gain was the Leipzig Redoubt. That night and for the next two days the gunners helped to evacuate the thousands of wounded infantrymen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 97], "content_span": [98, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013153-0012-0000", "contents": "155th (West Yorkshire) Brigade, Royal Field Artillery, Western Front, Divisional Artillery, Somme\n32nd Division was in action again at the Battle of Bazentin Ridge, on 14 July. This time the wire-cutting was more carefully controlled, with FOOs within 200 yards (180\u00a0m) of the German trenches to ensure accuracy. The attack went in before dawn, and the intense final bombardment of the enemy line before Zero was cut from 30 minutes to just 5 minutes to ensure surprise. The 18-pdrs and 4.5s firing the barrage used delayed-action fuses to avoid air-bursts in the trees above the troops forming up for the attack. 32nd Division made a subsidiary attack towards Ovillers. The bombardment was accurate and the infantry followed the barrage closely, so the opening of the attack was a great success, but it was not exploited. Afterwards the division was relieved and moved to the quieter Bethune area for the summer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 97], "content_span": [98, 913]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013153-0013-0000", "contents": "155th (West Yorkshire) Brigade, Royal Field Artillery, Western Front, Divisional Artillery, Somme\nIn mid-September CLV Bde was reorganised again: A Bty was split between B and C to give each six guns, and C Bty was redesignated A Bty. Then on 10 October the brigade was joined by 536 (2/1st Suffolk) Howitzer Bty, a 2nd Line TF unit equipped with four 4.5-inch howitzers that had just arrived in France and now became C (H)/CLV Bty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 97], "content_span": [98, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013153-0014-0000", "contents": "155th (West Yorkshire) Brigade, Royal Field Artillery, Western Front, Divisional Artillery, Somme\nAfter the BEF's successful advance at the Battle of Flers-Courcelette, the division was ordered back to the Somme sector, though the move did not begin until 16 October. 32nd Division was in reserve during the Battle of the Ancre Heights (23 October to 11 November). The Battle of the Ancre, delayed until 13 November by bad weather, was the final phase of the Somme Offensive. A mass of artillery was  assembled, including 32nd Division's, to support an attack by V Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 97], "content_span": [98, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013153-0014-0001", "contents": "155th (West Yorkshire) Brigade, Royal Field Artillery, Western Front, Divisional Artillery, Somme\nCLV Brigade was deployed around the position known as 'White City', where it suffered some casualties from counter-battery (CB) fire. Seven days of bombardment and wire-cutting preceded the attack. This time a full creeping barrage was employed, starting on the German front line with a quarter of the 18-pounders deliberately firing 50 yards short of the rest, into No man's land, to cover the advancing infantry. Then after six minutes the barrage began advancing at 100 yards (91\u00a0m) in 5 minutes. The barrage was to halt for an hour on the first objective, and then move on.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 97], "content_span": [98, 675]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013153-0014-0002", "contents": "155th (West Yorkshire) Brigade, Royal Field Artillery, Western Front, Divisional Artillery, Somme\nThe initial pre-dawn attack was a partial success, and attacks continued over succeeding days. 32nd Division's infantry came into the line on 17 November and attacked 'Munich Trench' the following day, though they were quickly stopped by machine gun fire. The battle ended on 18 November, with minor operations continuing through the winter. CLV Brigade was pulled out of White City to safer positions by 21 November, and the divisional artillery was relieved on 6 December. It moved to the St Ouen area, with CLV Bde billeted in nearby village of St L\u00e9ger", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 97], "content_span": [98, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013153-0015-0000", "contents": "155th (West Yorkshire) Brigade, Royal Field Artillery, Western Front, CLV Army Field Artillery Brigade\nCLV Brigade left 32nd Division with a section of the DAC as its BAC, and became an Army Field Artillery (AFA) brigade on 16 January 1917. As their title implies, AFA brigades were allocated by Army HQs to different formations as required. Before it left, the brigade underwent one more reorganisation: C (H) Bty (formerly 536 Bty) left to bring the howitzer batteries of CLXI (Yorkshire) and CLXVIII (Huddersfield) Bdes of 32nd Division up to six guns each.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 102], "content_span": [103, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013153-0015-0001", "contents": "155th (West Yorkshire) Brigade, Royal Field Artillery, Western Front, CLV Army Field Artillery Brigade\nOn 25 January, a section of 517 (H) Bty arrived from CLXIX Bde (31st Division) to make D (H)/CLV up to six howitzers. Finally, on 10 February, A/CCCVIII  (2/IV South Midland) Bty arrived from 61st (2nd South Midland) Division to become C/CLV. The final composition of the brigade was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 102], "content_span": [103, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013153-0016-0000", "contents": "155th (West Yorkshire) Brigade, Royal Field Artillery, Western Front, CLV Army Field Artillery Brigade\nCLV Bde remained with V Corps while the operations on the Ancre continued in early 1917, first with 32nd Division to 19 January, then attached to 19th (Western) Division until 7 March, and then with 7th Division until 17 March, after which it went for rest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 102], "content_span": [103, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013153-0017-0000", "contents": "155th (West Yorkshire) Brigade, Royal Field Artillery, Western Front, CLV Army Field Artillery Brigade, Arras\nOn 28 March the brigade moved north to join Third Army, being attached to 30th Division with VII Corps for the Arras Offensive. This time there was greater subtlety in the artillery plan: the 18-pdrs in the creeping barrage fired 50 per cent High Explosive (HE) shells, which provided greater protection for the advancing infantry and required less complex calculations than Shrapnel shell. A 'standing barrage' came down on the enemy trench line until the creeping barrage reached it, when the standing barrage lifted to the next trench.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 109], "content_span": [110, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013153-0017-0001", "contents": "155th (West Yorkshire) Brigade, Royal Field Artillery, Western Front, CLV Army Field Artillery Brigade, Arras\nOn 30th Division's front the barrage 'crept' at a rate of 100 yards (91\u00a0m) in three minutes, slowing to 100 yds in six minutes for the advance onto the final objective. The 4.5s were given a series of targets to engage with gas shells. Some field artillery batteries were ready to move out into No man's land to engage more distant targets as the infantry attacked. They also had to carry out additional wire-cutting before the attack, which the heavy guns had not completed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 109], "content_span": [110, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013153-0017-0002", "contents": "155th (West Yorkshire) Brigade, Royal Field Artillery, Western Front, CLV Army Field Artillery Brigade, Arras\nThe assault on 9 April (the First Battle of the Scarpe) was generally successful, but on 30th Division's front the wire was still uncut and the attack was a costly failure. The follow-up attacks on 10 April were also unsuccessful, as the guns had to struggle forward through mud and fire-plans were hurried. 30th Division's infantry faced the most difficult sector of the Hindenburg Line, and without strong artillery support could make no progress on 11 April.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 109], "content_span": [110, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013153-0018-0000", "contents": "155th (West Yorkshire) Brigade, Royal Field Artillery, Western Front, CLV Army Field Artillery Brigade, Arras\nThe Arras Offensive bogged down but fighting continued into May, with CLV Bde supporting 37th Division from 16 April, then moving to VII Corps, supporting 29th Division (19\u201326 April) for the Second Battle of the Scarpe, 3rd Division (26 April to 6 May) for the Third Battle of the Scarpe, and then 56th (1/1st London) Division from 6 May. On 11 May this division carried out a small attack on 'Tool Trench'. The previous day a practice barrage had drawn heavy retaliatory fire, so it was decided to dispense with the field artillery barrage and carry out a surprise attack instead. The weary troops were then sent for rest, CLV Bde leaving on 17 May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 109], "content_span": [110, 760]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013153-0019-0000", "contents": "155th (West Yorkshire) Brigade, Royal Field Artillery, Western Front, CLV Army Field Artillery Brigade, Messines\nCLV brigade went back into the line on 25 May with 19th (W) Division in IX Corps of Second Army for the Battle of Messines. It was part of a huge artillery reinforcement for this carefully-planned attack, the preliminary bombardment for which had already begun on 21 May. Eight days of intensive bombardment commenced on 31 May, including two practice barrages. The fortified Wytschaete village in front of IX Corps was given a special gas shell bombardment by the 4.5s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 112], "content_span": [113, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013153-0019-0001", "contents": "155th (West Yorkshire) Brigade, Royal Field Artillery, Western Front, CLV Army Field Artillery Brigade, Messines\nAt Zero (03.10) on 7 June the assault began with the explosion of 19 huge mines under the German front line. Two-thirds of the 18-pdrs fired a creeping barrage ahead of the assaulting infantry, pausing at each objective, while the rest of the 18-pdrs and the 4.5s fired a standing barrage 700 yards (640\u00a0m) further ahead. There was virtually no opposition in the devastated German front line and the infantry swept into Wytschaete with ease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 112], "content_span": [113, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013153-0019-0002", "contents": "155th (West Yorkshire) Brigade, Royal Field Artillery, Western Front, CLV Army Field Artillery Brigade, Messines\nWhile the infantry consolidated their gains, the field batteries moved forwards into No man's land to fire a new barrage which was closely followed by the supporting brigades onto the second objective. Overall the day's action was a great success, though too often the artillery opened fire on groups of returning friendly troops, mistaking them for German counter-attacks, and the 18-pdrs hastily emplaced in No Man's land often fired short into IX Corps' troops.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 112], "content_span": [113, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013153-0020-0000", "contents": "155th (West Yorkshire) Brigade, Royal Field Artillery, Western Front, CLV Army Field Artillery Brigade, Ypres\nImmediately after Messines, CLV Bde was transferred to Fifth Army, first with 30th Division in II Corps (12\u201322 June), then with 39th Division in XVIII Corps, which had arrived to prepare for the opening of the Third Ypres Offensive. The British artillery had fewer advantages here: the Ypres Salient was cramped and overlooked from Pilckem Ridge in front, and the massed batteries suffered badly from German CB fire during the 18-day preparatory bombardment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 109], "content_span": [110, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013153-0020-0001", "contents": "155th (West Yorkshire) Brigade, Royal Field Artillery, Western Front, CLV Army Field Artillery Brigade, Ypres\nWhen the infantry attacked on 31 July (the Battle of Pilckem Ridge) the field guns fired the usual creeping and standing barrages on a greater scale than ever before. On XVIII Corps' front the infantry managed to get across the ridge and down to the Steenbeke stream beyond, while the artillery broke up a serious German counter-attack in the early afternoon. Some of the field batteries moved forward to join others that had remained silent and hidden close to the start-line. But it began to rain, and soon proved almost impossible for the exhausted gunners to get their guns forward through the devastation and mud, and further progress was halted that evening.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 109], "content_span": [110, 774]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013153-0021-0000", "contents": "155th (West Yorkshire) Brigade, Royal Field Artillery, Western Front, CLV Army Field Artillery Brigade, Ypres\nOn 5 August CLV Bde was attached to the fresh 48th (South Midland) Division, which had relieved 39th Division. Resumption of the offensive had been held up by rain, but on 16 August a fresh attack was made on XVIII Corps' front as part of the Battle of Langemarck. Artillery support was good, and the corps captured some ground, though 48th (SM) Division was held up by a group of fortified farms, and the attack was disastrous in other areas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 109], "content_span": [110, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013153-0022-0000", "contents": "155th (West Yorkshire) Brigade, Royal Field Artillery, Western Front, CLV Army Field Artillery Brigade, Ypres\nOn 20 August 48th (SM) Division took advantage of a spell of dry weather to attack the troublesome strongpoints that had held them up: Hillock Farm, Maison du Hibou, Triangle Farm and the Cockcroft. Seven tanks moved up the firm St Julien\u2013Poelcapelle road covered by a smoke and shrapnel barrage, with an HE barrage ahead, and subdued the strongpoints that were then captured by infantry platoons. A repeat of this attack two days later was less successful.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 109], "content_span": [110, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013153-0023-0000", "contents": "155th (West Yorkshire) Brigade, Royal Field Artillery, Western Front, CLV Army Field Artillery Brigade, Ypres\nCLV brigade stayed in the line with XVIII Corps during the next comparative lull in the fighting, first with 23rd Division (28 August to 4 September) and then with the fresh 58th (2/1st London) Division which was brought in to relieve 48th (SM) Division before the next attack, the Battle of the Menin Road Ridge on 20 September. There were significant casualties among the massed field batteries from CB fire in the days preceding the attack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 109], "content_span": [110, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013153-0023-0001", "contents": "155th (West Yorkshire) Brigade, Royal Field Artillery, Western Front, CLV Army Field Artillery Brigade, Ypres\nPractice barrages were fired, and numerous trench raids were supported by the guns, with 58th (2/1st L) Division raiding and patrolling aggressively to locate enemy pillboxes and strongpoints and to advance by 'nibbling' away at the German defences. Field gun barrages were fired at night to isolate German gun positions to prevent them resupplying.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 109], "content_span": [110, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013153-0023-0002", "contents": "155th (West Yorkshire) Brigade, Royal Field Artillery, Western Front, CLV Army Field Artillery Brigade, Ypres\nOn the day of the attack the creeping barrage consisted of five belts of fire, the rearmost ('A', nearest the attacking infantry) being fired by half the 18-pdrs, of which one-third of the batteries were 'superimposed' so that they could be redirected to fire at targets of opportunity without leaving a gap in the barrage. The 'B' barrage line 200 yards (180\u00a0m) ahead was provided by the 4.5s and the rest of the 18-pdrs. It was impressed on the infantry that they were to follow the barrage closely, and the attack was a great success, 58th (2/1st L) Division carrying out a well-rehearsed operation to take Wurst Farm Ridge. German counter-attacks were crushed by the artillery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 109], "content_span": [110, 791]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013153-0024-0000", "contents": "155th (West Yorkshire) Brigade, Royal Field Artillery, Western Front, CLV Army Field Artillery Brigade, Ypres\n58th (2/1st L) Division was engaged on the periphery of the next major attack, the Battle of Polygon Wood on 26 September. CLV brigade was then rested from 27 September to 16 October, missing several more attacks through the autumn, before returning to XVIII Corps, first with 9th (Scottish) Division then, from 23 October, with 63rd (Royal Naval) Division for the Second Battle of Passchendaele (26 October). The infantry was held up by knee-deep mud and the troops fell behind the barrage. On XVIII Corps' front the attack was a complete failure, as was another on 30 October.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 109], "content_span": [110, 688]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013153-0025-0000", "contents": "155th (West Yorkshire) Brigade, Royal Field Artillery, Western Front, CLV Army Field Artillery Brigade, Ypres\nOn 2 November II Corps took over this section of the front, including 63rd (RN) Division and CLV Bde, as a few minor gains were made. The brigade came under the fresh 1st Division on 5 November, which provided flank cover for the final attack of the Battle of Passchendaele on 10 November.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 109], "content_span": [110, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013153-0026-0000", "contents": "155th (West Yorkshire) Brigade, Royal Field Artillery, Western Front, CLV Army Field Artillery Brigade, Ypres\nCLV brigade was sent for much-needed rest on 22 November, but on 3 December it was sent to reinforce III Corps in Third Army, which was at the end of desperate fighting against German counter-attacks at Cambrai. It was assigned to the embattled 6th Division, then after the fighting died down it transferred to 19th (W) Division on 13 December.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 109], "content_span": [110, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013153-0027-0000", "contents": "155th (West Yorkshire) Brigade, Royal Field Artillery, Western Front, CLV Army Field Artillery Brigade, Spring Offensive\nDuring the winter of 1917\u201318, V Corps took over both 19th (W) Division and CLV Bde (15 December), which then transferred to 47th (1/2nd London) Division (7 January). On 14 January CLV Bde moved north to First Army, where it was allowed to rest for a month. From 19 February to 9 March its gunners were engaged in preparing positions with 31st and 56th (1/1st L) Divisions, then it went into GHQ Reserve.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 120], "content_span": [121, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013153-0028-0000", "contents": "155th (West Yorkshire) Brigade, Royal Field Artillery, Western Front, CLV Army Field Artillery Brigade, Spring Offensive\nThe German spring offensive opened on 21 March 1918 with Operation Michael and made massive gains. That afternoon CLV Bde was sent from GHQ Reserve to reinforce Third Army. It joined Guards Division reinforcing VI Corps on 23 March. The Guards took up positions in the 'Third System' of reserve trenches near Mercatel. On 25 March there was considerable German movement in front of the Guards Division, but any attempt to advance was broken up by the British artillery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 120], "content_span": [121, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013153-0028-0001", "contents": "155th (West Yorkshire) Brigade, Royal Field Artillery, Western Front, CLV Army Field Artillery Brigade, Spring Offensive\nHowever, with its flank 'in the air' VI Corps was forced to join in the general retirement during the night, pivoting on the Guards' positions. Next day the advancing German infantry and artillery presented 'splendid targets' according to the Guards' commander, and CLV Bde was in action near Hendecourt from the morning onwards. Over the next three days repeated German attacks 'withered away' in the face of rifle and shellfire, as the Guards held the pivot point around Boisleux-au-Mont and Boisleux-Saint-Marc. On 28 March the Germans renewed their efforts against this northern hinge of the British line around Arras.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 120], "content_span": [121, 743]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013153-0028-0002", "contents": "155th (West Yorkshire) Brigade, Royal Field Artillery, Western Front, CLV Army Field Artillery Brigade, Spring Offensive\nHowever, the German CB fire was inadequate and the British guns contributed to halting the German attack. A further attempt on 30 March was met by all batteries on the Guards' front firing on the 'SOS' lines with occasional 'rakes' of enemy-occupied villages: the attackers offered 'fine targets' for the guns. At the end of the day the Guards still held their positions. With this failure the German attacks on this sector had ended by 31 March.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 120], "content_span": [121, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013153-0029-0000", "contents": "155th (West Yorkshire) Brigade, Royal Field Artillery, Western Front, CLV Army Field Artillery Brigade, Spring Offensive\nCLV Brigade remained with the Guards until the division was relieved in the line, then on 16 April it joined 40th Division. This division had been badly hit during the Spring Offensive and was out of the line in the St Omer area. CLV Brigade was in Corps Reserve from 30 April to 12 May, then returned to 40th Division, but that formation was  in the process of being broken up, only the HQs remaining to form training cadres.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 120], "content_span": [121, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013153-0030-0000", "contents": "155th (West Yorkshire) Brigade, Royal Field Artillery, Western Front, CLV Army Field Artillery Brigade, Spring Offensive\nThe brigade was now posted to its original parent formation, 32nd Division, on 18 May. The division was in the now-quiet sector south-west of Arras, but the gun lines suffered badly from gas shelling. The chaplain of 32nd DA commented that CLV's lines were 'all over the place' and difficult to find. CLV Brigade went into GHQ Reserve on 31 May but was back with 32nd DA from 18 June to 7 July, around Berles-au-Bois. The sector was quiet but there was a steady trickle of casualties from shells and bombs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 120], "content_span": [121, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013153-0031-0000", "contents": "155th (West Yorkshire) Brigade, Royal Field Artillery, Western Front, CLV Army Field Artillery Brigade, Hundred Days Offensive\nThe Guards Divisional Artillery came back into their old positions in the Boisleux sector on 7 July, where CLV Bde rejoined them. Planning for the Allied counter-offensive was now under way, and some of the batteries were moved into forward positions during August. The Hundred Days Offensive opened on 8 August with the Battle of Amiens. Third Army joined in at the Third Battle of Albert, with Guards Division attacking towards Moyenneville supported by seven RFA brigades.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 126], "content_span": [127, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013153-0031-0001", "contents": "155th (West Yorkshire) Brigade, Royal Field Artillery, Western Front, CLV Army Field Artillery Brigade, Hundred Days Offensive\nThere was no creeping barrage, but three overlapping standing barrages: the first between the start line and the first objective, the second on the first objective, and the third on a line through Courcelles-au-Bois. One 18-pdr battery in each brigade fired smoke shell, and special targets were allocated to the howitzer batteries. Zero was at 04.35 on 21 August, and the attack began in thick mist, which hindered the FOOs and observation aircraft. However, opposition was light and when the mist cleared the division took Moyenneville and moved up to the Arras\u2013Albert railway line, its third and final objective.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 126], "content_span": [127, 742]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013153-0031-0002", "contents": "155th (West Yorkshire) Brigade, Royal Field Artillery, Western Front, CLV Army Field Artillery Brigade, Hundred Days Offensive\nThat night and next day the infantry pushed forward to establish a start-line for a new attack on 23 August and the guns were brought forward while some batteries harassed the enemy and broke up counter-attacks. The attack at 04.00, preceded by a creeping barrage, was a major success, gaining the Mory switch trench by the evening. The advance was continued over the next two days, CLV Bde up in close support of the attacking brigade on 24 August while the rest of the artillery fired the barrage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 126], "content_span": [127, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013153-0031-0003", "contents": "155th (West Yorkshire) Brigade, Royal Field Artillery, Western Front, CLV Army Field Artillery Brigade, Hundred Days Offensive\nBut at Saint-L\u00e9ger resistance began to harden, with machine gun fire from an old trench ('Banks Trench') and retaliatory fire on the field batteries, which were kept busy repelling counter-attacks. The Guards paused on 26 August, then attacked again next day (the Battle of the Scarpe) behind a barrage creeping at 100 yards (91\u00a0m) in 2 minutes. Fighting was hard, and by the end of the day a portion of Banks Trench still held out in the midst of the division's final positions. At 19.00, therefore, the artillery concentrated its fire on this point for 15 minutes, after which 150 Germans surrendered. Steady progress continued on 28 August, after which the Guards were relieved by 3rd Division that night.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 126], "content_span": [127, 835]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013153-0032-0000", "contents": "155th (West Yorkshire) Brigade, Royal Field Artillery, Western Front, CLV Army Field Artillery Brigade, Hundred Days Offensive\nThere was no relief for either CLV Bde or the Guards' artillery, which continued in action under 3rd Division, with the horses suffering from shortage of water as well as shellfire. The guns covered 3rd Division's infantry as they captured \u00c9coust-Saint-Mein, Longatte and Lagnicourt-Marcel over 29\u201331 August. First and Third Armies then attacked in a set-piece action (the Battle of the Drocourt-Qu\u00e9ant Switch Line) on 2 September. 8th Brigade led 3rd Division's advance, its three battalions in line supported by the fire of no less than seven brigades of field artillery (including CLV) and two of heavies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 126], "content_span": [127, 735]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013153-0032-0001", "contents": "155th (West Yorkshire) Brigade, Royal Field Artillery, Western Front, CLV Army Field Artillery Brigade, Hundred Days Offensive\nThe barrage was excellent and at first good progress was made, but the supporting tanks got bogged down, and so did the divisional attack. However, with the 'D\u2013Q' Line broken, the Germans began a withdrawal that night to the line of the Canal du Nord. CLV Brigade reverted to the Guards Division, which passed through 3rd Division on 3 September and attacked behind a creeping barrage, but finding no enemy in front was able to make a 6 miles (9.7\u00a0km) advance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 126], "content_span": [127, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013153-0033-0000", "contents": "155th (West Yorkshire) Brigade, Royal Field Artillery, Western Front, CLV Army Field Artillery Brigade, Hundred Days Offensive\nAlthough enemy resistance stiffened in front of the Canal du Nord, Guards Division kept up the pressure with artillery support as it eliminated the covering positions and closed up to reconnoitre the canal on 4\u20135 September. During the subsequent pause CLV Bde got a short rest,  6\u20139 September, then it joined 2nd Division on 10 September for the Battle of Havrincourt. The division made a preliminary advance behind a barrage towards Havrincourt on 11 September and seized the far bank of the canal near the 'Spoil Heap' where it was dry. The rest of Third Army then followed up on 12 September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 126], "content_span": [127, 722]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013153-0034-0000", "contents": "155th (West Yorkshire) Brigade, Royal Field Artillery, Western Front, CLV Army Field Artillery Brigade, Hundred Days Offensive\nFor the Battle of \u00c9pehy on 18 September 1918 CLV Bde was switched to V Corps. Together with 17th (Northern) Divisional Artillery and a heavy brigade it supported 38th (Welsh) Division. The artillery programme included a creeping barrage by 18-pdrs, a 'searching' barrage by 18-pdrs and 4.5s, and a half-hour smoke barrage from zero hour (05.20) by 4.5s ('a sight to gladden the eye of any professional Gunner', according to the RA historian). One brigade of 38th (W) Division easily reached its second and final objective, but the other had more trouble: a renewed barrage from 14.50 to 15.20 allowed it to take its first objective by nightfall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 126], "content_span": [127, 772]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013153-0035-0000", "contents": "155th (West Yorkshire) Brigade, Royal Field Artillery, Western Front, CLV Army Field Artillery Brigade, Hundred Days Offensive\nThe brigade was next moved to the Canadian Corps in First Army on 20 September, supporting 11th (Northern) Division for the set-piece Battle of the Canal du Nord on 27 September. The Canadians had been held up on their left, but as 11th (N) Division came into the line alongside them, the whole line advanced to the high ground beyond the canal, even though they had been left behind by their barrage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 126], "content_span": [127, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013153-0035-0001", "contents": "155th (West Yorkshire) Brigade, Royal Field Artillery, Western Front, CLV Army Field Artillery Brigade, Hundred Days Offensive\nThe barrage for the second phase was delayed while 11th (N) Division mopped up some enemy machine guns, then it was launched forward again at 15.00, the AFA brigades having crossed the canal to provide this barrage. By the end of the day the division had advanced well beyond its set objectives, and next day the Germans in front of them retired behind the Sens\u00e9e Canal. As the Canadians pushed forwards, 11th (N) Division provided a flank guard. CLV Brigade was transferred to 2nd Canadian Division on 7 October for its assault crossing of the Schelde Canal at 01.30 on 9 October. This attack was supported by eight field brigades firing 'crash' and standing barrages: the enemy had already withdrawn between the Schelde and Sens\u00e9e canals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 126], "content_span": [127, 867]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013153-0036-0000", "contents": "155th (West Yorkshire) Brigade, Royal Field Artillery, Western Front, CLV Army Field Artillery Brigade, Hundred Days Offensive\nThe brigade was with 56th (1/1st L) Division from 11 October when it joined the Canadian Corps. On the night of 12/13 October, one of the division's brigades carried out a silent crossing of the Sens\u00e9e Canal at Aubigny-au-Bac. When the Germans became aware of what had happened they began counter-attacks, which were broken up by the covering artillery. But the fighting to maintain the precarious bridgehead went on for several days until 56th (1/1st L) Division handed over to 4th Canadian Division. CLV Brigade remained in the line supporting the Canadians as they crossed the canal and continued the pursuit, until 20 October, when it was rested for a week.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 126], "content_span": [127, 788]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013153-0037-0000", "contents": "155th (West Yorkshire) Brigade, Royal Field Artillery, Western Front, CLV Army Field Artillery Brigade, Hundred Days Offensive\nOn 28 October CLV Bde went back to Third Army, being attached to IV Corps, to support the right wing (37th Division) as it advanced towards the River Sambre. 5th Division passed through 37th Division to continue the advance on 3 November. The corps was supported by 12 field brigades, together with heavy artillery, but it had to struggle through the For\u00eat de Mormal where the scanty roads had been destroyed, and it proved difficult to get any of these guns up. On 9 November CLV Bde joined 42nd (East Lancashire) Division on IV Corps' left.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 126], "content_span": [127, 669]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013153-0037-0001", "contents": "155th (West Yorkshire) Brigade, Royal Field Artillery, Western Front, CLV Army Field Artillery Brigade, Hundred Days Offensive\nThis division had worked its way up to the Sambre, improvised crossings, and then closed in on the town of Hautmont and nearby Fort Hautmont. The river was bridged by the evening, allowing artillery and ammunition to follow up as 42nd (EL) Division's patrols pushed forward against weakening resistance on 10 November. Next day the Armistice with Germany came into force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 126], "content_span": [127, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013153-0038-0000", "contents": "155th (West Yorkshire) Brigade, Royal Field Artillery, Western Front, CLV Army Field Artillery Brigade, Hundred Days Offensive\nCLV (West Yorkshire) Army Field Artillery Brigade was disbanded in 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 126], "content_span": [127, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013154-0000-0000", "contents": "155th Air Refueling Wing\nThe 155th Air Refueling Wing (155 ARW) is a unit of the Nebraska Air National Guard, stationed at Lincoln Air National Guard Base, Nebraska. If activated to federal service, the Wing is gained by the United States Air Force Air Mobility Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013154-0001-0000", "contents": "155th Air Refueling Wing, Mission\nThe 155th operates the KC-135R Stratotanker, which is responsible for conducting air refueling missions around the world. The unit runs like an active duty base on a smaller scale.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013154-0002-0000", "contents": "155th Air Refueling Wing, Mission\nFull -time Air Force Security Forces personnel patrol the base and provide security for the aircraft 24 hours a day while firefighter personnel are always on station and on call. The other units on the base usually operate during the day and are also staffed by Active Guard Reserve (AGR) or civilian Technician personnel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013154-0003-0000", "contents": "155th Air Refueling Wing, History\nEstablished on 1 July 1960, by the Nebraska Air National Guard as an expansion of the 173d Fighter-Interceptor Squadron, increased staffing was authorized by the National Guard Bureau to about 900 people. the 173d FIS had won the coveted Spaatz Trophy, as the Guard's finest flying unit in 1963, following second and third-place finishes in 1961 and 1962 respectively. In 1962, 1963 and 1964 the unit won its second, third and fourth Winston P. Wilson Trophies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013154-0004-0000", "contents": "155th Air Refueling Wing, History\nIn May 1964 the mission of the Nebraska Air Guard changed from air defense to tactical reconnaissance using the RF-84 Thunderflash aircraft. The 173rd became the 173rd Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron and the 155th Fighter Group became the 155th Tactical Reconnaissance Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013154-0005-0000", "contents": "155th Air Refueling Wing, History\nThe first RF-4C Phantom II came to Lincoln in November 1971. In 1972 the unit began its conversion to the RF-4C from the RF-84F.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013154-0006-0000", "contents": "155th Air Refueling Wing, History\nIn April 1992 the unit was directed to convert to the KC-135R Stratotanker mission when the U.S. Air Force decided to begin retiring the last of the F-4 Phantom II aircraft. The conversion to the aerial refueling mission began in September 1993 with the arrival of the first KC-135R tanker. On 1 Oct. 1995, the unit was re-designated as the 155th Air Refueling Wing after achieving initial operational capability in the refueling mission three months early.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013154-0007-0000", "contents": "155th Air Refueling Wing, History\nIn April 1999, the unit flew its first combat missions. It was the first Air Guard tanker unit to be tasked with supporting Operation Allied Force, the NATO bombing campaign of Serbia and Kosovo. The unit successfully deployed two aircraft and more than 80 personnel to Germany in less than three days and soon became the lead unit for all American tanker operations from its German air base.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013154-0008-0000", "contents": "155th Air Refueling Wing, History, Assistance\nAlong with its federal mission, the Nebraska unit is tasked with supporting the state government as well. Since its organization in 1946, it has answered the governor's call on numerous occasions including Operation Snowbound in early 1949 and a special call in May 1975 when 435 Air Guard members were activated to assist in securing a tornado ravaged area in Omaha. In November 1997, Air Guard members were once again called to state active duty to assist in helping Lincoln and neighboring communities recover from an early snowstorm that cut power to nearly one million Nebraskans as a part of Operation Bush Hog.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 45], "content_span": [46, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013154-0009-0000", "contents": "155th Air Refueling Wing, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 50], "content_span": [51, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013155-0000-0000", "contents": "155th Airlift Squadron\nThe 155th Airlift Squadron (155 AS) is a unit of the Tennessee Air National Guard 164th Airlift Wing. It is assigned to Memphis Air National Guard Base, Tennessee and is equipped with the Boeing C-17 aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013155-0001-0000", "contents": "155th Airlift Squadron, History, World War II\nOrganized and trained in the Northeast United States by First Air Force. During training was part of the air defense of the northeast, being attached to the New York and Boston Fighter Wings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013155-0002-0000", "contents": "155th Airlift Squadron, History, World War II\nDeployed to England aboard the RMS Queen Elizabeth and served in combat as part of VIII Fighter Command from October 1943 to May 1945, participating in operations that prepared for the invasion of the Continent, and supporting the landings in Normandy and the subsequent Allied drive across France and Germany. The squadron flew P-47 Thunderbolts until they were replaced by P-51 Mustangs in November 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013155-0003-0000", "contents": "155th Airlift Squadron, History, World War II\nFrom October 1943 until January 1944, operated as escort for B-17 Flying Fortress/B-24 Liberator bombers that attacked such objectives as industrial areas, missile sites, airfields, and communications.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013155-0004-0000", "contents": "155th Airlift Squadron, History, World War II\nFighters from the 461st engaged primarily in bombing and strafing missions after 3 January 1944, with its targets including U-boat installations, barges, shipyards, aerodromes, hangars, marshalling yards, locomotives, trucks, oil facilities, flak towers, and radar stations. Bombed and strafed in the Arnhem, Netherlands area on 17, 18, and 23 September 1944 to neutralize enemy gun emplacements providing support to Allied ground forces during Operation Market-Garden. In early 1945, the squadron's P-51 Mustangs clashed with German Me 262 jet aircraft. The squadron flew its last combat mission, escorting B-17's dropping propaganda leaflets, on 7 May 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 705]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013155-0005-0000", "contents": "155th Airlift Squadron, History, World War II\nRemained in the United Kingdom during the balance of 1945, most personnel were demobilized and returned to the United States, with aircraft being sent to storage facilities in the UK. The squadron was administratively inactivated at Camp Kilmer New Jersey on 10 November 1945 without personnel or equipment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013155-0006-0000", "contents": "155th Airlift Squadron, History, Tennessee Air National Guard\nRe -designated: 155th Fighter Squadron, and allotted to Tennessee ANG, on 24 May 1946, extended federal recognition and activated on 3 February 1947. Assigned to the 118th Fighter Group at Berry Field, Nashville, flying the P-47 Thunderbolt aircraft. Was converted to a Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron in February 1951, being re-equipped with the RB-26 Invader.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 61], "content_span": [62, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013155-0007-0000", "contents": "155th Airlift Squadron, History, Tennessee Air National Guard\nWas Federalized and placed on active duty, 2 March 1951, remaining at Memphis Municipal Airport. Released from active duty and returned to Tennessee state control, 31 December 1952. The unit was redesignated as a jet photo reconnaissance organization on 1 April 1956 and equipped with the RF-84 Thunderflash, the jets being received directly from the factory for use in this mission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 61], "content_span": [62, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013155-0008-0000", "contents": "155th Airlift Squadron, History, Tennessee Air National Guard\nWas expanded and the organization in Memphis was upgraded to a Group level on 1 April 1961, the squadron being assigned to the new 164th Military Airlift Group. Was realigned to becoming a strategic transport unit under Military Air Transport Service, being equipped with C-97 Stratofreighters. Conversion to this aircraft brought a worldwide mission with operations to such places as Europe, Japan, South America, Australia and South Vietnam.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 61], "content_span": [62, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013155-0009-0000", "contents": "155th Airlift Squadron, History, Tennessee Air National Guard\nDuring May 1966, the unit set numerous records, to include 10 round trips to Southeast Asia and 1702 flying hours in one month, all accomplished primarily dedicated part-time personnel. May 1967 brought the introduction of the C-124 Globemaster, affectionately known as \"Old Shakey\". Along with Old Shakey, the squadron's personnel performed numerous humanitarian missions as well as routine support to Military Airlift Command (MAC).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 61], "content_span": [62, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013155-0010-0000", "contents": "155th Airlift Squadron, History, Tennessee Air National Guard\nThe C-124 was given a well-deserved rest in 1974 when she was retired from military service, reluctantly giving up her berth to the C-130 Hercules. The C-130s were transferred to other units in April 1992 when the unit received the first of eight C-141 Starlifter aircraft. In 2004, the squadron retired the C-141 and began operate the C-5A Galaxy. 18 December 2012 the 1st C-17A of 8 arrived.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 61], "content_span": [62, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013156-0000-0000", "contents": "155th Armored Brigade Combat Team\nThe 155th Armored Brigade Combat Team is a brigade combat team of the Mississippi Army National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013156-0001-0000", "contents": "155th Armored Brigade Combat Team\nThe brigade was formed in 1973 as the separate 155th Armored Brigade from the 1st Brigade, 30th Armored Division during a National Guard reorganization. It became the 155th Armored Brigade Combat Team following the 2006 United States Army reorganization into modular brigade combat teams.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013156-0002-0000", "contents": "155th Armored Brigade Combat Team, History, Origins\nWhile the units assigned to the 155th ABCT vary in seniority, the brigade itself traces its lineage to 16 March 1951 when it was constituted in the Mississippi Army National Guard as the Headquarters and Headquarters Company (HHC) of the 108th Armored Cavalry Group, before being organized and federally recognized on 12 April 1951, based at Tupelo. On 1 November 1953 the group was redesignated as the 108th Armor Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 51], "content_span": [52, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013156-0002-0001", "contents": "155th Armored Brigade Combat Team, History, Origins\nThe group was combined with the 750th Tank Battalion and newly organized units to form the 108th Armored Cavalry on 1 November 1955; the HHC of the group became the Headquarters Company of the 108th Armored Cavalry. On 1 May 1959 the company was redesignated as a troop. In order to restore order during the Ole Miss riot of 1962, the company, alongside the Mississippi National Guard, were ordered into active federal service on 30 September of that year, being released from active federal service on 23 October and reverting to state control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 51], "content_span": [52, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013156-0003-0000", "contents": "155th Armored Brigade Combat Team, History, Origins\nOn 15 February 1968, the company was reorganized and redesignated as the HHC of the 1st Brigade, 30th Armored Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 51], "content_span": [52, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013156-0004-0000", "contents": "155th Armored Brigade Combat Team, History, Formation and subsequent history\nThe brigade became the 155th Armored Brigade on 1 November 1973 when the 30th Armored was split up into separate brigades. 30th Armored assistant commander Brigadier General Guy J. Gravelee Jr. became the first 155th commander, and it took the number of the 155th Infantry Regiment, the oldest Mississippi National Guard unit, which traced its lineage back to 1798. It consisted of the 1st Battalion, 155th Infantry Regiment, the 1st and 2nd Battalions of the 198th Armor Regiment, the 2nd Battalion, 114th Field Artillery Regiment, Troop A, 98th Cavalry (the former Troop C, 1st Squadron, 230th Cavalry), and the 106th Support Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 76], "content_span": [77, 715]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013156-0005-0000", "contents": "155th Armored Brigade Combat Team, History, Formation and subsequent history\nThe 155th Armored Brigade was mobilized for the Gulf War on 7 December 1990, but remained stateside and was demobilized on 14 May 1991. The 155th Armored Brigade became an Enhanced Separate Brigade in 1993 to provide a flexible reinforcement to active Army units during wartime. The Enhanced Separate Brigades receive specialized training and higher priority than other National Guard units for personnel, equipment and other resources during peacetime.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 76], "content_span": [77, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013156-0005-0001", "contents": "155th Armored Brigade Combat Team, History, Formation and subsequent history\nOrganized as a powerful independent striking force, the brigade consisted of two armor battalions, a mechanized infantry battalion, a field artillery battalion, an engineer battalion, and a support battalion along with an armored cavalry troop, an air defense battery, and a military intelligence company. In 1998 the 155th Separate Armored Brigade became the largest and most powerful of the National Guard's Enhanced Separate Brigades with the attachment of the newly reactivated 1st Squadron, 108th Armored Cavalry Regiment to augment the brigade's three maneuver battalions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 76], "content_span": [77, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013156-0006-0000", "contents": "155th Armored Brigade Combat Team, History, Formation and subsequent history\nThe brigade deployed to Iraq in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom III from August 2004 to January 2006. During this tour of duty, the 155th HBCT suffered 15 fatalities. The brigade served under the II Marine Expeditionary Force. After its return from Iraq the brigade began its conversion into a modular heavy brigade combat team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 76], "content_span": [77, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013156-0007-0000", "contents": "155th Armored Brigade Combat Team, History, Formation and subsequent history\nIn 2009, the brigade was deployed again to Iraq in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom 9.2. In March 2018, the 155th left for a three-month training period at Fort Bliss with the 177th Armored Brigade, prior to a nine-month deployment to support Operation Spartan Shield from Camp Buehring in Kuwait. The 155th relieved the 2nd Brigade Combat Team, 1st Armored Division there on 15 July, the first National Guard armored brigade combat team to deploy for Operation Spartan Shield. While the brigade remained headquartered at Camp Buehring, elements of the brigade were deployed to Syria as part of Operation Inherent Resolve by November, according to an article in The New Yorker.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 76], "content_span": [77, 756]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013156-0008-0000", "contents": "155th Armored Brigade Combat Team, 155th ABCT organization\nHeadquarters and Headquarters Company (HHC), 106th Brigade Support Battalion (BSB), Hattiesburg, Mississippi", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 58], "content_span": [59, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013156-0009-0000", "contents": "155th Armored Brigade Combat Team, 155th ABCT organization\nHHC, 2nd Battalion (Combined Arms), 198th Armor Regiment, Senatobia, Mississippi", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 58], "content_span": [59, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013157-0000-0000", "contents": "155th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by Rich Farmbrough (talk | contribs) at 18:00, 19 November 2019 (Date formats). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013157-0001-0000", "contents": "155th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)\nThe 155th Division (\u7b2c155\u5e2b\u56e3, Dai-hyakugoj\u016bgo Shidan) was an infantry division of the Imperial Japanese Army. Its call sign was the Land Protection Division (\u8b77\u571f\u5175\u56e3, Godo Heidan). It was formed 28 February 1945 in Zents\u016bji, Kagawa as a square division. It was a part of the 16 simultaneously created divisions batch numbering from 140th to 160th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013157-0002-0000", "contents": "155th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nThe 155th division was assigned to 55th army. The division spent time from 5 May 1945 until surrender of Japan 15 August 1945 building a coastal defenses in and around Kami, K\u014dchi without engaging in actual combat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013158-0000-0000", "contents": "155th Division (People's Republic of China)\nThe 155th Division(Chinese: \u7b2c155\u5e08) was created in November 1948 under the Regulation of the Redesignations of All Organizations and Units of the Army, issued by Central Military Commission on November 1, 1948, basing on the 9th Independent Division of Northeastern People's Liberation Army,  formed in January.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013158-0001-0000", "contents": "155th Division (People's Republic of China)\nThe division was a part of 42nd Corps. Under the flag of 155th division it took part in the Chinese civil war. In April 1950 the division was disbanded, and its divisional HQ was re-organized as HQ of 8th Artillery Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013159-0000-0000", "contents": "155th Georgia General Assembly\nThe 155th Georgia General Assembly convened its first session by January 14, 2019, at the Georgia State Capitol in Atlanta. The first session lasted for 40 legislative days in early 2019, and a second session began on January 13, 2020. The 155th Georgia General Assembly succeeds the 154th of 2017 and 2018, and precedes the 156th in 2021 and 2022.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013159-0001-0000", "contents": "155th Georgia General Assembly\nThe current membership of the General Assembly was elected in the 2018 State Senate and State House elections.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013159-0002-0000", "contents": "155th Georgia General Assembly, Members of the State Senate\nThe following is a list of members of the Georgia State Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 59], "content_span": [60, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013159-0003-0000", "contents": "155th Georgia General Assembly, Members of the House of Representatives\nThe following is a list of members of the Georgia House of Representatives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 71], "content_span": [72, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013160-0000-0000", "contents": "155th Illinois Infantry Regiment\nThe 155th Regiment Illinois Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013160-0001-0000", "contents": "155th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 155th Illinois Infantry was organized at Camp Butler, Illinois,    and mustered into Federal service on February 28, 1865, for a one-year enlistment. The 155th served in garrisons along the line of the Nashville and Chattanooga Railroad", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013160-0002-0000", "contents": "155th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Total strength and casualties\nThe regiment suffered 71 enlisted men who died of disease for a total of 71 fatalities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 63], "content_span": [64, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013161-0000-0000", "contents": "155th Indian Infantry Brigade\nThe 155th Indian Infantry Brigade was an infantry brigade of the Indian Army during the Second World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013161-0001-0000", "contents": "155th Indian Infantry Brigade\nThe brigade was formed by the conversion of the Risalpur Training Brigade in March 1944, and it operated as a jungle training brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013161-0002-0000", "contents": "155th Indian Infantry Brigade, Bibliography\nThis article about a specific Indian military unit is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 43], "content_span": [44, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013161-0003-0000", "contents": "155th Indian Infantry Brigade, Bibliography\nThis World War II article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 43], "content_span": [44, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013162-0000-0000", "contents": "155th Indiana Infantry Regiment\nThe 155th Indiana Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment from Indiana that served in the Union Army between April 18 and August 4, 1865, during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013162-0001-0000", "contents": "155th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Service\nComposed of companies from the 9th, 10th and 11th districts, the regiment was organized at Indianapolis, Indiana, with a strength of 1,013 men and mustered in on April 18, 1865. It left Indiana for Washington D.C. on April 26, from where it was sent to Alexandria, Virginia and assigned to the Provisional Brigade, of the 3rd Division, 9th Army Corps. They were then moved to Dover, Delaware on May 3, where companies were detached and proceeded to Centerville and Wilmington, Delaware, and Salisbury, Maryland. The regiment was reunited at Dover and was mustered out on August 4, 1865. During its service the regiment incurred fifteen fatalities, another sixty-eight men deserted and unaccounted for, seven men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 753]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013163-0000-0000", "contents": "155th Infantry Division \"Emilia\"\nThe 155th Infantry Division \"Emilia\" (Italian: 155\u00aa Divisione fanteria \"Emilia\") was an infantry division of the Royal Italian Army during the Second World War, formed on 1 December 1941 as a garrison division and named for the historic region of Emilia. Despite being a garrison division the division was send in April 1942 to Dalmatia to combat Yugoslav Partisans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013163-0000-0001", "contents": "155th Infantry Division \"Emilia\"\nAfter the Armistice of Cassibile was announced on 8 September 1943, most of the division surrendered to the Germans, but some elements held out until October, while the 155th Artillery Regiment managed to cross the Adriatic Sea to reach Apulia in Southern Italy, where it joined forces with the Italian Co-belligerent Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013164-0000-0000", "contents": "155th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)\nThe 155th Infantry Division (German: 155. Infanteriedivision) was a German Army infantry division in World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013164-0001-0000", "contents": "155th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History\nThe 155th Infantry Division was raised some time before February 1945, when it was known to have been sent into Italy to reinforce the German and Italian armies, who were resisting the Allied advance during the Italian campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013165-0000-0000", "contents": "155th Infantry Regiment (United States)\nThe \"Mississippi Rifles\" or the 155th Infantry Regiment, is Mississippi's oldest National Guard unit. Its history predates statehood, back to June 1799, and it is the seventh oldest infantry regiment in the United States Army. They patrolled the frontiers of the Mississippi Territory, captured Aaron Burr, defended Fort Mims during the Indian Wars, and served under General Andrew Jackson in the Battle of New Orleans in the War of 1812.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013165-0001-0000", "contents": "155th Infantry Regiment (United States), History\nThe 155th Infantry is one of only twenty-four currently active Army National Guard units with campaign credits for the War of 1812, and one of only two from a state west of the Appalachians. It has credit for the Florida (1814) and New Orleans Campaigns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013165-0002-0000", "contents": "155th Infantry Regiment (United States), History\nThey were known as the \"Mississippi Rifles\" under the command of Colonel Jefferson Davis in the war with Mexico. They acquired this nickname because the regiment was the first in American history to have an official issue rifle (M1841 Mississippi rifle) instead of a smoothbore musket. It was at the Battle of Buena Vista when other American units began to be overrun by the Mexicans that Col. Davis gave the order, \"Stand fast, Mississippians!\" The regiment stood their ground and the battle was eventually won. Davis' order later became the regimental motto.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013165-0003-0000", "contents": "155th Infantry Regiment (United States), History\nInstead of the standard US Army uniform, the regiment was outfitted in red shirts, white duck trousers, and black slouch hats. The unit was instrumental in winning the Battle of Monterrey, and mustered for service in the Spanish\u2013American War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013165-0004-0000", "contents": "155th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War I and World War II\nThe Mississippi Rifles went with General Pershing's \"Punitive Expedition\" in Mexico and fought against Pancho Villa in 1916. In World War I under the Army's new federalization system, they were designated the 155th Infantry Regiment and served with the 39th Division. In World War II the regiment fought with the 31st Infantry Division in the Pacific Theater. They conducted training for Korea and many members went forward to fight. During the 1950s all but the 1st Battalion were deactivated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 78], "content_span": [79, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013165-0005-0000", "contents": "155th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Modern\nFirst Battalion (Combined Arms), 155th Infantry (Mechanized) is now a part of the 155th Heavy Brigade Combat Team (155th HBCT), Mississippi Army National Guard. The unit served in Bosnia as \"Task Force Rifles\" and in Iraq in 2005\u201306 and again in 2009\u201310. The battalion is headquartered in McComb, MS and has infantry companies in Biloxi, MS (A Company), Poplarville, MS (B Company), as well as an Tank company in Kiln, MS (C Company) and a support company (I Company) Brookhaven, MS.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 56], "content_span": [57, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013166-0000-0000", "contents": "155th New York Infantry Regiment\nThe 155th New York Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013166-0001-0000", "contents": "155th New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 155th New York Infantry was organized at New York City, New York, and mustered in for three years service on November 18, 1862, at Newport News, Virginia, under the command of Colonel William McEvily.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013166-0002-0000", "contents": "155th New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to Newport News, Virginia, Department of Virginia, to December 1862. Corcoran's Brigade, Division at Suffolk, Virginia, VII Corps, Department of Virginia, to April 1863. 3rd Brigade, 1st Division, VII Corps, to July 1863. Corcoran's Brigade, King's Division, XXII Corps, Defenses of Washington, to November 1863. 1st Brigade, Corcoran's Division, XXII Corps, to December 1863. 2nd Brigade, Tyler's Division, XXII Corps, to May 1864. 4th Brigade, 2nd Division, II Corps, Army of the Potomac, to June 1864. 2nd Brigade, 2nd Division, II Corps, to July 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013166-0003-0000", "contents": "155th New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 155th New York Infantry mustered out of service July 15, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013166-0004-0000", "contents": "155th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nLeft New York for Newport News, Va., November 10, 1862. Duty at Newport News, Va., until December 1862, and at Suffolk, Va., until June 1863. Expedition toward Blackwater January 8\u201310, 1863. Action at Deserted House January 30. Siege of Suffolk April 12-May 4. Edenton Road and Nansemond April 15. Edenton Road April 24. Providence Church Road, Nansemond River, May 3. Siege of Suffolk raised May 4. Expedition to Blackwater June 12\u201318. Carrsville June 16. Blackwater June 17.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013166-0004-0001", "contents": "155th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nDix's Peninsula Campaign June 24-July 7. Moved to Washington, D.C., July 10, and duty in the defenses of that city and guard duty on Orange & Alexandria Railroad until May 1864. Actions at Sangster's Station December 15 and 17, 1863. Ordered to join the Army of the Potomac in the field May 1864. Rapidan Campaign May 17-June 15. Spotsylvania Court House May 17\u201321. North Anna River May 23\u201326. On line of the Pamunkey May 26\u201328. Totopotomoy May 28\u201331. Cold Harbor June 1\u201312. Before Petersburg June 16\u201318. Siege of Petersburg June 16, 1864, to April 2, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013166-0004-0002", "contents": "155th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nJerusalem Plank Road, Weldon Railroad, June 22\u201323, 1864. Demonstration north of the James July 27\u201329. Deep Bottom July 27\u201328. Demonstration north of the James August 13\u201320. Strawberry Plains, Deep Bottom, August 14\u201318. Ream's Station August 25. Boydton Plank Road, Hatcher's Run, October 27\u201328. Dabney's Mills, Hatcher's Run, February 5\u20137, 1865. Watkins' House March 25. Appomattox Campaign March 28-April 9. Boydton Road and White Oak Ridge March 29\u201331. Crow's House March 31. Fall of Petersburg April 2. Pursuit of Lee April 3\u20139. Sailor's Creek April 6. High Bridge, Farmville, April 7. Appomattox Court House April 9. Surrender of Lee and his army. At Burkesville until May 2. March to Washington May 2\u201312. Grand Review of the Armies May 23. Duty at Washington until July.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 826]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013166-0005-0000", "contents": "155th New York Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 187 men during service; 9 officers and 105 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 2 officers and 71 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013167-0000-0000", "contents": "155th New York State Legislature\nThe 155th New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 6 to December 14, 1932, during the fourth year of Franklin D. Roosevelt's governorship, in Albany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013167-0001-0000", "contents": "155th New York State Legislature, Background\nUnder the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1894, re-apportioned in 1917, 51 Senators and 150 assemblymen were elected in single-seat districts; senators for a two-year term, assemblymen for a one-year term. The senatorial districts consisted either of one or more entire counties; or a contiguous area within a single county. The counties which were divided into more than one senatorial district were New York (nine districts), Kings (eight), Bronx (three), Erie (three), Monroe (two), Queens (two) and Westchester (two). The Assembly districts were made up of contiguous area, all within the same county.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013167-0002-0000", "contents": "155th New York State Legislature, Background\nAt this time there were two major political parties: the Democratic Party and the Republican Party. The Socialist Party and the Communist Party also nominated tickets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013167-0003-0000", "contents": "155th New York State Legislature, Elections\nThe New York state election, 1931, was held on November 3. No statewide elective offices were up for election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013167-0004-0000", "contents": "155th New York State Legislature, Elections\nAssemblywoman Rhoda Fox Graves (Rep.), of Gouverneur, a former school teacher who after her marriage became active in women's organisations and politics, was re-elected, and remained the only woman legislator.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013167-0005-0000", "contents": "155th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for the regular session at the State Capitol in Albany on January 6, 1932; and adjourned on March 11.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013167-0006-0000", "contents": "155th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for a special session at the State Capitol in Albany on December 9, 1932; and adjourned on December 14. This session was called to enact legislation to avoid the financial breakdown of New York City which threatened to occur on December 17.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013167-0007-0000", "contents": "155th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature. Joe R. Hanley changed from the Assembly to the Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013167-0008-0000", "contents": "155th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members\nNote: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words \"...the Committee on (the)...\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013167-0009-0000", "contents": "155th New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Assemblymen\nNote: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words \"...the Committee on (the)...\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 61], "content_span": [62, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013168-0000-0000", "contents": "155th Ohio Infantry Regiment\nThe 155th Ohio Infantry Regiment, sometimes 155th Regiment, Ohio Volunteer Infantry (OVI) was a Union Army infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War. It was among scores of regiments raised as Hundred Days Men to provide relief for veteran troops to enable a major U.S. War Department push to end the war within 100 days.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013168-0001-0000", "contents": "155th Ohio Infantry Regiment, History\nIn early May 1864, the 92nd Regiment of the Ohio National Guard and the 44th Battalion (Mahoning County) were consolidated to form the 155th Regiment, Ohio Volunteer Infantry. The new unit was organized Sunday, May 8, at Camp Dennison (Cincinnati, Ohio) with 838 men under the command of Colonel Harley H. Sage for one hundred days' service. Sage had previously served in the 13th Ohio Infantry and 43rd Ohio Infantry, and had commanded the 92nd Regiment, Ohio National Guard before taking command of the 155th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013168-0002-0000", "contents": "155th Ohio Infantry Regiment, History\nOn May 12, the 155th OVI left for New Creek, West Virginia. The regiment did garrison duty at Martinsburg until June 3, when it moved to Washington, D.C. From there, it moved into Virginia to White House, Bermuda Hundred and then City Point. On June 29, it went into an entrenched camp at Norfolk, where it remained until July 27 as a part of the Army of the James.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013168-0002-0001", "contents": "155th Ohio Infantry Regiment, History\nOn that date, a Union expeditionary force (including the 155th Ohio, 20th New York Cavalry, 1st U.S. Volunteers, and two sections of the 8th New York Independent Battery) left Norfolk for Elizabeth City, North Carolina. The troops marched the forty miles or so south to Elizabeth City to capture horses, cotton, tobacco and other contraband. On August 6, 1864, the regiment returned to Natick. Fifteen days later, its term of enlistment expiring, the 155th was ordered home. The regiment returned to Ohio and was mustered out August 27, 1864. The 155th Ohio lost during its service 20 enlisted men by disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013168-0003-0000", "contents": "155th Ohio Infantry Regiment, History, Statistics\nThe men of the 155th varied greatly in age, with 52 men aged 40 and older. The oldest recruit was 48-year-old Private McAlister of Company A, and the youngest was 13-year-old William Barker, a musician with Company B. There was also 14-year-old Private Jimmy Ross of Company K.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 49], "content_span": [50, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013168-0004-0000", "contents": "155th Ohio Infantry Regiment, History, Statistics\nFive companies of the 155th were from Pickaway County, Ohio\u2014A, C, E, H, & I. Company H showed 83 men on the official roster; however two of the men never mustered, and another was discharged the day after muster on a Surgeon's Certificate of Disability. The remaining 80 active men of Company H ranged in age from a 15-year-old boy (the musician) to a 44-year-old sergeant. The average age of the company was 27, with 31 men aged 21 or younger, and six men aged 40 or over.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 49], "content_span": [50, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013169-0000-0000", "contents": "155th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment\nThe 155th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry Regiment was a Federal infantry regiment that served in the American Civil War in the Army of the Potomac in the Eastern Theater of the conflict.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013169-0001-0000", "contents": "155th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment\nRecruits from the Pittsburgh area and Allegheny County organized at Camp Copeland from September 2\u201319, 1862 into the 155th Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry. Edward J. Allen served as the first colonel. After initial training and drilling, the regiment moved via train to Washington, D.C. where it joined the 2nd Brigade, 3rd Division of the Union Fifth Corps. From there, it went to Sharpsburg, Maryland, after the Battle of Antietam. Their first introduction to battle came on December 13, 1862, at the Battle of Fredericksburg where the color guard suffered heavy casualties in an ill-fated assault.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013169-0002-0000", "contents": "155th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment\nDuring its first years, the regiment wore the regulation uniform of the Union Army, but in February 1864 they, along with the 140th New York received a uniform inspired by the French Zouave uniform. Another regiment in the brigade, the 146th New York Volunteer Infantry, had already been issued their Zouave uniform in June 1863. The 140th New York wore a predominately dark blue Zouave uniform with red trim. The 146th New York wore a light blue uniform with red and yellow trim.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013169-0002-0001", "contents": "155th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment\nThe 155th Pennsylvania uniform was French blue (not dark blue) with yellow trim that featured very large yellow \"tombeaux\", a stylized false pocket on the front left and right breasts of the jacket. A red Zouave sash with yellow trim, a red fez with yellow trim with a dark blue tassle attached, completed the uniform. Slight variations in jacket styles can be seen in the unit's regimental history entitled \"Under the Maltese Cross\" published in 1910.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013169-0003-0000", "contents": "155th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment\nThe 155th Pennsylvania along with the 140th New York and the 146th New York became the \"Zouave Brigade\" in the Army of the Potomac's Fifth Corps. The brigade would later grow with the addition of the 5th New York Veteran Volunteer Infantry Regiment, however the 155th would be transferred to another brigade due to a disagreement between the regiment's colonel and the brigade commander.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013169-0004-0000", "contents": "155th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment\nColonel and Brevet Brigadier General Alfred L. Pearson, commander of the regiment at the Battle of Lewis's Farm on March 29, 1865, was awarded the Medal of Honor on September 17, 1897, for his actions leading a counterattack which regained lost ground and repulsed the Confederates, driving them back to their original positions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013170-0000-0000", "contents": "155th Pioneers\nThe 155th Pioneers was a pioneer regiment of the British Indian Army. It was formed in Mesopotamia and Palestine in May and June 1918, saw service in the Sinai and Palestine Campaign in the First World War, and was disbanded in 1920.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013170-0001-0000", "contents": "155th Pioneers, Background\nHeavy losses suffered by the British Expeditionary Force on the Western Front following the German spring offensive in March 1918 resulted in a major reorganization of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 26], "content_span": [27, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013170-0002-0000", "contents": "155th Pioneers, Background\nIn fact, the 75th Division already had four Indian battalions assigned, so of the 36 battalions needed to reform the divisions, 22 were improvised by taking whole companies from existing units already on active service in Mesopotamia and Palestine to form the 150th Infantry (3 battalions), 151st Sikh Infantry (3), 152nd Punjabis (3), 153rd Punjabis (3), 154th Infantry (3), 155th Pioneers (2), 156th Infantry (1) and the 11th Gurkha Rifles (4). The donor units were then brought back up to strength by drafts. In the event, just 13 of the battalions were assigned to the divisions and the remaining nine were transferred from Mesopotamia to India in June 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 26], "content_span": [27, 689]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013170-0003-0000", "contents": "155th Pioneers, History\nThe 155th Pioneers was formed of two battalions in May and June 1918. The 1st Battalion was formed in Mesopotamia in May, by posting complete companies from battalions serving in that campaign, before transferring to Egypt in July. It joined the 2nd Battalion which was formed in Palestine in June with companies posted from battalions already serving in the theatre.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013170-0004-0000", "contents": "155th Pioneers, History\nThe battalions were assigned as pioneers to the two divisions of XX Corps, 53rd (Welsh) and 10th (Irish), respectively. Both battalions were detached to Watson's Force along with the 1/1st Worcestershire Yeomanry (XX Corps Cavalry Regiment) and a detachment from XX Corps Reinforcements Camp. The force occupied 5 miles of the line in the centre of the XX Corps front during the Battle of Nablus (19\u201321 September 1918).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013170-0005-0000", "contents": "155th Pioneers, History, Nomenclature\nPerry shows each battalion with distinct designations: 1st Battalion, 155th Pioneers and 2nd Battalion, 155th Infantry despite the fact that the 2nd Battalion was formed from companies drawn from existing pioneer battalions and served successively as pioneers to the 60th (2/2nd London), 10th (Irish), and 53rd (Welsh) Divisions. Similarly, Gaylor designates the units as the 1st Battalion, 155th Indian Pioneers and 2nd Battalion, 155th Indian Infantry. It is notable that no other Indian infantry or pioneer regiment incorporated Indian in their titles at this time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 37], "content_span": [38, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013170-0006-0000", "contents": "155th Pioneers, History, Nomenclature\nBecke uses a severely abbreviated notation for unit names in his tables: 2/155 (P.) for 10th (Irish) Division and 155th (P.) for 53rd (Welsh) Division but is more explicit in his General Notes for the 60th (2/2nd London) Division where he names 2/155 Pioneers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 37], "content_span": [38, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013170-0007-0000", "contents": "155th Pioneers, History, 1st Battalion\nThe 1st Battalion was formed in Mesopotamia in May 1918 by the transfer of complete companies from:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 38], "content_span": [39, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013170-0008-0000", "contents": "155th Pioneers, History, 1st Battalion\nThe battalion was made up of two companies of Mazhabi Sikhs, one company of Jats and one company of Rajput Muslims.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 38], "content_span": [39, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013170-0009-0000", "contents": "155th Pioneers, History, 1st Battalion\nThe battalion disembarked at Suez on 11 July and moved to Qantara. It reached Lydda on 6 August and joined the 53rd (Welsh) Division on 12 August 1918 near Ram Allah. It remained with the division for the rest of the Sinai and Palestine Campaign, taking part in the Battle of Nablus (18\u201321 September 1918).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 38], "content_span": [39, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013170-0010-0000", "contents": "155th Pioneers, History, 1st Battalion\nOn 27 October, the 53rd (Welsh) Division started moving to Alexandria even before the Armistice of Mudros came into effect on 31 October, thereby ending the war against the Ottoman Empire. It completed its concentration at Alexandria on 15 November. The division received demobilization instructions on 20 December 1918. The Indian infantry battalions returned to India as transports became available and the division was reduced to cadre by 7 June 1919. The battalion was disbanded in 1920.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 38], "content_span": [39, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013170-0011-0000", "contents": "155th Pioneers, History, 2nd Battalion\nThe 2nd Battalion was formed in Palestine on 12 and 13 June 1918 by the transfer of the following complete companies:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 38], "content_span": [39, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013170-0012-0000", "contents": "155th Pioneers, History, 2nd Battalion\nThe battalion was made up of three companies of Mazhabi Sikhs and one company of Yusafzais.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 38], "content_span": [39, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013170-0013-0000", "contents": "155th Pioneers, History, 2nd Battalion\nThe battalion served as pioneers with the 60th (2/2nd London) Division from 18 June to 19 July before joining the 10th (Irish) Division as its pioneer battalion. On 31 August, it was detached to the 53rd (Welsh) Division until after the breakthrough as a result of the Battles of Megiddo (19\u201325 September). It rejoined the 10th (Irish) Division and in October was employed on the Damascus Road near Tiberias.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 38], "content_span": [39, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013170-0014-0000", "contents": "155th Pioneers, History, 2nd Battalion\nThe 10th (Irish) Division concentrated near Tul Karm in the middle of October and was there when the Armistice of Mudros came into effect. The division moved to Sarafand (now Tzrifin) by 12 November and moved back to Egypt, concentrating in Cairo by 1 December. It was there when demobilization began in January 1919. The battalion was disbanded in 1920.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 38], "content_span": [39, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013171-0000-0000", "contents": "155th Reserve Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)\nThe 155th Reserve Panzer Division (German 155. Reserve-Panzer-Division) was formed by redesignation of Panzer-Division Nr.155 in August 1943. The division was stationed in France from August 1943 to April 1944 when it was absorbed by 9th Panzer Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013172-0000-0000", "contents": "155th Rifle Division\nThe 155th Rifle Division was an infantry division of the Red Army of the Soviet Union. It was established in Opotschka in 1939. In December 1939, it fought in the Winter War and attacked the town of Lieksa. In October 1941, it was destroyed in Bryansk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013172-0001-0000", "contents": "155th Rifle Division\nOn October 28, 1941 the 1st and 2nd Moscow Worker's Brigades were in Moscow formed using Destroyer Battalions' troops, similar to the earlier People's Militia formations. On November 14, 1941, they were upgraded in status to the 4th and 5th Moscow Rifle Divisions respectively. On January 20, 1942 the 4th Moscow Rifle Division was redesignated the 155th Rifle Division (Second Formation).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013172-0002-0000", "contents": "155th Rifle Division\nDuring the rest of the Second World War, it fought in Kalinin, Kursk, the Carpathians, and Budapest. By May 1945, it served with the 27th Army of the 3rd Ukrainian Front. In the summer of 1945, the division was disbanded and the soldiers then served with the Southern Group of Forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013173-0000-0000", "contents": "155th Street (Manhattan)\n155th Street is a crosstown street separating the Harlem and Washington Heights neighborhoods, in the New York City borough of Manhattan. It is the northernmost of the 155 crosstown streets mapped out in the Commissioner's Plan of 1811 that established the numbered street grid in Manhattan. The street consists of a \"high portion\" which is a major artery through the area, as well as a lesser-used \"low portion\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013173-0001-0000", "contents": "155th Street (Manhattan)\nThe \"high\" portion of 155th Street starts on the West Side at Riverside Drive, crossing Broadway, Amsterdam Avenue, and St. Nicholas Avenue. At St. Nicholas Place, the terrain drops off steeply, forming Coogan's Bluff. 155th Street is carried on the 1,600-foot (490\u00a0m) long 155th Street Viaduct, a City Landmark constructed in 1893, that slopes down towards the Harlem River, continuing onto the Macombs Dam Bridge, crossing over (but not intersecting with) the Harlem River Drive. A separate, unconnected section of 155th Street runs under the viaduct, connecting Bradhurst Avenue and the Harlem River Drive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013173-0002-0000", "contents": "155th Street (Manhattan)\nThe New York City Subway serves the high part of 155th Street at 155th Street/St. Nicholas Avenue on the IND Eighth Avenue Line and the low portion at 155th Street/Frederick Douglass Boulevard on the IND Concourse Line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013174-0000-0000", "contents": "155th Street station (IND Concourse Line)\n155th Street (155th Street\u2013Eighth Avenue on some signage) is a local station on the IND Concourse Line of the New York City Subway. It is located at the intersection of the bi-level 155th Street's lower level and Frederick Douglass Boulevard, at the border of Harlem and the Coogan's Bluff section of Washington Heights neighborhoods of Manhattan. It is served by the D train at all times except rush hours in the peak direction and the B during rush hours only. The station opened in 1933, along with the rest of the Concourse Line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013174-0001-0000", "contents": "155th Street station (IND Concourse Line), History\nThis station was built as part of the IND Concourse Line, which was one of the original lines of the city-owned Independent Subway System (IND). The route of the Concourse Line was approved to Bedford Park Boulevard on June 12, 1925 by the New York City Board of Transportation. Construction of the line began in July 1928. The station opened on July 1, 1933, along with the rest of the Concourse subway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 50], "content_span": [51, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013174-0002-0000", "contents": "155th Street station (IND Concourse Line), Station layout\nThis underground station has two side platforms and three tracks. The center track is used by the D express train during rush hours in the peak direction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 57], "content_span": [58, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013174-0003-0000", "contents": "155th Street station (IND Concourse Line), Station layout\nBoth platforms have an orange trim line with a black border and mosaic name tablets reading \"155TH ST. \u2013 8TH AVE.\" in white sans-serif lettering on a black background with orange border. Small \"155\" and directional tile captions in white lettering on a black background run below the trim line and some of the mosaic name tablets. Orange-yellow I-beam columns run along both platforms at regular intervals, with alternating ones having the standard black name plate in white lettering.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 57], "content_span": [58, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013174-0004-0000", "contents": "155th Street station (IND Concourse Line), Station layout\nThe street staircase is wider than normal staircases, since the Polo Grounds stadium, home of the former New York Giants, was situated near the station, before the team left for San Francisco in 1958. The stadium was demolished in 1964 to make way for public housing after the New York Mets played there in 1962 and 1963. Today, Rucker Park is located at the entrance of the station.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 57], "content_span": [58, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013174-0005-0000", "contents": "155th Street station (IND Concourse Line), Station layout\nAn abandoned tower sits on the south end of the Brooklyn-bound platform. When the IRT Ninth Avenue Line and later the Polo Grounds Shuttle were in service, there was a provision for transfer tickets between the IND underground level and the IRT elevated shuttle level. A very steep walk was needed to make this transfer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 57], "content_span": [58, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013174-0006-0000", "contents": "155th Street station (IND Concourse Line), Station layout\nThis is the only station in Manhattan that is served solely by the IND Concourse Line. To the north, the line continues under the Harlem River towards 161st Street\u2013Yankee Stadium in the Bronx. To the south, the line continues under Saint Nicholas Place to a transfer station with the IND Eighth Avenue Line at 145th Street. South of 145th Street, the IND Concourse Line merges with the IND Eighth Avenue Line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 57], "content_span": [58, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013174-0007-0000", "contents": "155th Street station (IND Concourse Line), Station layout, Exit\nThis station has a full length mezzanine above the platforms. However, only the northern end is open and has six staircases to the platforms. The Brooklyn-bound platform has four closed staircases while the Bronx-bound one has five. The mezzanine has yellow I-beam columns. The fare control area at the north end has a turnstile bank, token booth, one exit-only turnstile on each side of the mezzanine, and a quadruple-wide staircase diagonal to the mezzanine that goes up to the west side of Frederick Douglass Boulevard between 155th Street and Harlem River Drive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 63], "content_span": [64, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013175-0000-0000", "contents": "155th Street station (IND Eighth Avenue Line)\n155th Street is a local station on the IND Eighth Avenue Line of the New York City Subway. Located under the intersection of 155th Street and St. Nicholas Avenue, at the border of the Harlem and Washington Heights neighborhoods of Manhattan, it is served by the C train at all times except nights, when the A train takes over service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013175-0001-0000", "contents": "155th Street station (IND Eighth Avenue Line), Station layout\nThe station opened on September 10, 1932, as part of the city-operated Independent Subway System (IND)'s initial segment, the Eighth Avenue Line between Chambers Street and 207th Street. It has two local tracks with two side platforms. Two express tracks, used by the A train during daytime hours, run below the station and are not visible from the platforms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 61], "content_span": [62, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013175-0002-0000", "contents": "155th Street station (IND Eighth Avenue Line), Station layout\nThe station once had a southern mezzanine with exits to 153rd Street, but it is now closed and used as a MTA New York City Transit facility. The north end at 155th Street has vent chambers and a high ceiling.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 61], "content_span": [62, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013175-0003-0000", "contents": "155th Street station (IND Eighth Avenue Line), Station layout\nLike several other IND Eighth Avenue Line local stations, this station does not have a trim line, but does have mosaic name plates reading \"155TH ST.\" in white sans-serif lettering on a yellow background with black border. Small tile captions reading \"155\" run along the wall at regular intervals between the name tablets, and beneath the name tablets are directional captions, all white lettering on a black background.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 61], "content_span": [62, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013176-0000-0000", "contents": "155th Street station (IRT Ninth Avenue Line)\n155th Street was an elevated railway station in Manhattan, New York City, that operated from 1870 until 1958. It served as the north terminal of the IRT Ninth Avenue Line from its opening until 1918 and then as the southern terminal of a surviving stub portion from 1940 until its closure in 1958. It had two tracks and one island platform.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013176-0001-0000", "contents": "155th Street station (IRT Ninth Avenue Line), History\nThe Ninth Avenue El originally terminated at 155th Street at its inception as a matter of geographic necessity (the hills of Washington Heights would have made an northward expansion difficult) and political boundaries (at its opening, The Bronx was part of Westchester County). Development came to the area in the New York City and Northern Railroad building its terminal at 155th Street in 1880 and relocation of the Polo Grounds to in 1889.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 53], "content_span": [54, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013176-0001-0001", "contents": "155th Street station (IRT Ninth Avenue Line), History\nThe line expanded into The Bronx on June 1, 1918, when the Putnam Bridge, which had been built in 1881 to carry the Putnam Division across the Harlem River, was leased by the IRT and connected to the 9th Avenue line, allowing it to join the IRT Jerome Avenue Line and add intermediate stops at Sedgwick Avenue and Anderson\u2013Jerome Avenues.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 53], "content_span": [54, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013176-0002-0000", "contents": "155th Street station (IRT Ninth Avenue Line), History\nWith the building of the Eighth Avenue Line and Concourse Line by the city-owned Independent Subway System in the 1930s, the Ninth Avenue El was rendered redundant. On June 12, 1940, the el was closed entirely except for the portion from this station north to provide a connection from the Jerome Avenue Line to the Polo Grounds. The retained service, known as the Polo Grounds Shuttle, ran from 155th Street to the 167th Street on the Jerome Avenue Line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 53], "content_span": [54, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013176-0003-0000", "contents": "155th Street station (IRT Ninth Avenue Line), History\nThough still moderately successful at its outset, the Polo Grounds Shuttle eventually suffered at the hands of the Concourse line and declining ridership of the New York Central's Putnam Division, the successor to New York and Northern. The need for the shuttle decreased when the Polo Grounds went vacant in 1957 after the baseball Giants moved to San Francisco and football Giants moved across the river to Yankee Stadium.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 53], "content_span": [54, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013176-0004-0000", "contents": "155th Street station (IRT Ninth Avenue Line), History\nOn May 29, 1958, the New York Central ceased operations on the Putnam Division, which rendered the shuttle unnecessary. Three months later, at 11:59\u00a0p.m. on Sunday, August 31, the shuttle was shut down and the elevated portion of the line demolished. The two underground stations were abandoned, but remain intact.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 53], "content_span": [54, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013177-0000-0000", "contents": "155th meridian east\nThe meridian 155\u00b0 east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, Australasia, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013177-0001-0000", "contents": "155th meridian east\nThe 155th meridian east forms a great circle with the 25th meridian west.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013177-0002-0000", "contents": "155th meridian east, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 155th meridian east passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013178-0000-0000", "contents": "155th meridian west\nThe meridian 155\u00b0 west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013178-0001-0000", "contents": "155th meridian west\nThe 155th meridian west forms a great circle with the 25th meridian east.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013178-0002-0000", "contents": "155th meridian west, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 155th meridian west passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013179-0000-0000", "contents": "155\u2013158 North Street, Brighton\nThe building at 155\u2013158 North Street in Brighton, part of the English coastal city of Brighton and Hove, was built between 1921 and 1923 as a branch of National Provincial Bank. The King Louis-style bank was built on the site of several shops (with offices above). The properties were acquired by the National Provincial Bank during 1916\u201320. The Brighton Gazette had occupied 155a North Street since 1910, when its long-time home at number 150 was converted into the Cinema de Luxe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013179-0000-0001", "contents": "155\u2013158 North Street, Brighton\nPublished by William James Towner, the paper\u2019s full title was the Brighton Gazette, Hove Post and Sussex Telegraph (It later became part of National Westminster Bank's network of branches after that bank acquired National Provincial). In 2011 it became J D Wetherspoon's second pub in central Brighton. One of many buildings by the prolific local architecture firm of Clayton & Black, whose work in various styles can be found across the city, it forms an important component of the range of banks, offices and commercial buildings on North Street\u2014a significant commercial thoroughfare since the 18th century. In particular, the \"good attention to detail\" shown throughout the building's Louis XIV-style fa\u00e7ade has been praised. English Heritage has listed it at Grade II for its architectural and historical importance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 851]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013179-0001-0000", "contents": "155\u2013158 North Street, Brighton, History\nBrighton (originally Brighthelmston) originated as a fishing village bounded by four streets named after the points of the compass. The land to the north, west and east was agricultural. North Street lay on the main route towards London, and it thrived as the town grew in the 18th century: by 1800 it was the centre of commerce, lined with inns, shops and offices. Many buildings on the north side were removed between 1874 and 1879 when the road was widened, and offices and banks were attracted to the area. Large early 20th-century buildings included offices for the Prudential Association and the Royal Assurance Society and a branch of Midland Bank, and the north side of the street was soon \"dominated\" by such companies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 768]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013179-0002-0000", "contents": "155\u2013158 North Street, Brighton, History\nNational Provincial Bank, a major retail bank founded in 1833, sought to open a branch in Brighton, and in 1921 they commissioned the Clayton & Black firm to work with their in-house architect F.C.R. Palmer to design a building on North Street at the corner of Bond Street. The site faced the Midland Bank branch of 1902. Clayton & Black had nearly 50 years of experience in Brighton and neighbouring Hove, designing an eclectic range of buildings to serve a variety of functions. Among other commissions, they were responsible for the Royal Assurance Society offices at 163 North Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013179-0003-0000", "contents": "155\u2013158 North Street, Brighton, History\nThe building was completed in 1923, and it was in use by National Provincial until the bank merged with the Westminster Bank in 1968 to form the National Westminster Bank. The branch was rebranded with that identity. From the 1990s, in response to changes in Government policy over alcohol licensing, many bank branches were sold for conversion into pubs and bars. There was already a National Westminster Bank branch a short distance away, at the corner of North Street and Pavilion Buildings, and 155\u2013158 North Street was turned into a bar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013179-0003-0001", "contents": "155\u2013158 North Street, Brighton, History\nBy the early 21st century it operated under the name Saqqara. A sports bar and nightclub called The Gentleman's Turf then occupied the building, and it was later acquired by the J D Wetherspoon chain, which was granted permission by the city council in July 2010 to convert it into a pub. The Post & Telegraph opened on 21 December 2010. It is a short distance from the group's Bright Helm pub, and as of 2021 is one of four Wetherspoon outlets in the city of Brighton and Hove.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013179-0004-0000", "contents": "155\u2013158 North Street, Brighton, Heritage\nUnder the name National Westminster Bank, 155\u2013158 North Street was listed at Grade II by English Heritage on 23 June 1994. This status is given to \"nationally important buildings of special interest\". As of February 2001, it was one of 1,124 Grade II-listed buildings and structures, and 1,218 listed buildings of all grades, in the city of Brighton and Hove.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 40], "content_span": [41, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013179-0005-0000", "contents": "155\u2013158 North Street, Brighton, Heritage\nThe building is within the North Laine Conservation Area, one of 34 conservation areas in the city of Brighton and Hove. This was designated by Brighton Council in 1977 and covers 41.37 acres (16.74\u00a0ha).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 40], "content_span": [41, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013179-0006-0000", "contents": "155\u2013158 North Street, Brighton, Architecture\nThe stone-built structure is in the Louis XVI style, a derivative of Neoclassical architecture. Elements of the Edwardian Baroque style, which Clayton & Black used in their 1904 commission at 163 North Street, have also been identified. The building has been said to stand \"glowering ... across the entrance to Bond Street\" at T.B. Whinney's Edwardian/Italianate Midland Bank branch of 1902. The two-storey building has six windows facing North Street, a chamfered corner entrance bay and three windows to each floor facing Bond Street. There are dormer windows set into the slate-tiled mansard roof.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 44], "content_span": [45, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013179-0006-0001", "contents": "155\u2013158 North Street, Brighton, Architecture\nThere are three entrances: two subsidiary doorways in the outermost bays, and an elaborate arrangement in the corner bay consisting of straight-headed double doors decorated with zodiac-themed reliefs, set in an architrave with a cornice supported on corbels, below which is an escutcheon with a bas-relief coat of arms. Above the cornice and its entablature is a lavishly decorated Diocletian window surrounded by carved swags with a female face forming the centrepiece on top of the keystone. The whole of the ground floor is rusticated, including the concave, heavily recessed window surrounds in which tall round-arched windows are set.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 44], "content_span": [45, 685]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013179-0006-0002", "contents": "155\u2013158 North Street, Brighton, Architecture\nThese windows have intricately carved keystones. A wide entablature forms separates the ground and first floors; above it, the windows are straight-headed and set below architraves with decorative keystones. Between each window is a slightly projecting panel. At the top of the building, a parapet runs around the whole building in front of the roof; it has balustraded sections in front of each dormer window. The dormers have distinctive architraves.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 44], "content_span": [45, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013180-0000-0000", "contents": "155\u2013171 Oakhill Road\n155\u2013171 Oakhill Road is a Grade II listed block of flats designed in an Arts and Crafts style as a row of four cottages and a laundry block at the rear in Oakhill Road, Putney, London SW15.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013180-0001-0000", "contents": "155\u2013171 Oakhill Road\nIt was built in 1906, and the architect was William Hunt, together with his son and partner Edward Hunt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013181-0000-0000", "contents": "156\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by Graham87 (talk | contribs) at 11:21, 10 January 2021 (1 revision imported: import old edit from the Nostalgia Wikipedia). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013181-0001-0000", "contents": "156\nYear 156 (CLVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Silvanus and Augurinus (or, less frequently, year 909 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 156 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013182-0000-0000", "contents": "156 (number)\n156 (one hundred [and] fifty-six) is the natural number, following 155 and preceding 157.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013182-0001-0000", "contents": "156 (number), In mathematics\n156 is an abundant number, a pronic number, a dodecagonal number, a refactorable number and a Harshad number.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013182-0002-0000", "contents": "156 (number), In mathematics\n156 is a repdigit in base 5 (1111), and also in bases 25, 38, 51, 77, and 155.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013183-0000-0000", "contents": "156 BC\nYear 156 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Lupus and Figulus (or, less frequently, year 598 Ab urbe condita) and the Eighth Year of Houyuan. The denomination 156 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013184-0000-0000", "contents": "156 Light AD Missile Regiment (Self propelled)\n156 Light Air Defence Missile Regiment (Self Propelled) is an Air Defence regiment of the Indian Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013184-0001-0000", "contents": "156 Light AD Missile Regiment (Self propelled), Formation\nThe regiment was raised at Kamptee on 01 May 1982 under the command of Lieutenant Colonel (later Brigadier) SS Gyani. At the time of its formation, the Regiment was equipped with 40 mm L/70 guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 57], "content_span": [58, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013184-0002-0000", "contents": "156 Light AD Missile Regiment (Self propelled), History\nThe regiment was initially placed under 97 (Independent) Artillery Brigade of  Southern Command. Between 1983 and 1987, the unit was part of the 611 (Independent) Air Defence Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 55], "content_span": [56, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013184-0003-0000", "contents": "156 Light AD Missile Regiment (Self propelled), History\nThe unit moved to Delhi Cantonment in 1987 and came under the 627 (Independent) Mechanised Air Defence Brigade, where it was re-organised into a Light Air Defence Missile Regiment (Self Propelled) in 1989 and equipped with the Strela-10M weapon system. The unit thus assumed the role of a frontline fighting unit, providing intimate air defence to mechanised forces. The unit became part of 16 (Independent) Armoured Brigade in 1994 and 769 (Independent) Air Defence Brigade in 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 55], "content_span": [56, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013185-0000-0000", "contents": "156 Regiment RLC\n156 Regiment RLC is an Army Reserve Regiment of the British Army's Royal Logistic Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013185-0001-0000", "contents": "156 Regiment RLC, History\nThe Regiment was first formed in the Royal Corps of Transport as 156th (Lancashire and Cheshire) Regiment, RCT (Volunteers) in 1967. 238 Squadron was formed in 1969 and the regiment was renamed as 156th (Merseyside and Greater Manchester) Transport Regiment, RCT (Volunteers) in 1980 and 156th (North West) Transport Regiment, RLC (Volunteers) in 1993.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013185-0002-0000", "contents": "156 Regiment RLC, History\n156 Transport Regiment was re-rolled in 2014 and is now a Supply Regiment within 101 Logistics Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013186-0000-0000", "contents": "156 Xanthippe\nXanthippe (minor planet designation: 156 Xanthippe) is a dark background asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 120 kilometers (75 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 22 November 1875, by Austrian astronomer Johann Palisa at the Austrian Naval Observatory, in what is now Croatia. It is named after Xanthippe, the wife of the Greek philosopher Socrates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013186-0001-0000", "contents": "156 Xanthippe, Orbit and classification\nXanthippe is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.1\u20133.3\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 6 months (1,645 days; semi-major axis of 2.73\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.23 and an inclination of 10\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013186-0002-0000", "contents": "156 Xanthippe, Physical characteristics\nPhotometric observations of this asteroid at the European Southern Observatory in La Silla, Chile during 1981 gave a light curve with a period of 22.5 hours. Based upon its spectrum this is classified as a hydrated C-type asteroid (Ch-subtype) in the SMASS classification, indicating that it likely has a carbonaceous composition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013186-0003-0000", "contents": "156 Xanthippe, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Xanthippe measures between 110.409 and 143.35 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.030 and 0.0687.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013186-0004-0000", "contents": "156 Xanthippe, Naming\nThis minor planet was named for Xanthippe, the wife of the Greek philosopher Socrates (c.\u2009470\u2013399 BC), after whom asteroid 5450 Sokrates was named. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 20).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013187-0000-0000", "contents": "1560\nYear 1560 (MDLX) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013188-0000-0000", "contents": "1560 AM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1560\u00a0kHz: 1560 AM is classified as a United States clear-channel frequency by the Federal Communications Commission. KNZR Bakersfield and WFME New York City share Class A status of 1560 kHz. (WFME is currently dark as its transmitter is relocated.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013193-0000-0000", "contents": "1560 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1560.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013194-0000-0000", "contents": "1560 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013194-0001-0000", "contents": "1560 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013194-0002-0000", "contents": "1560 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013195-0000-0000", "contents": "1560 in science\nThe year 1560 in science and technology included a number of events, some of which are listed here.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013196-0000-0000", "contents": "1560s\nThe 1560s decade ran from January 1, 1560, to December 31, 1569.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013197-0000-0000", "contents": "1560s BC\nThe 1560s BC was a decade lasting from January 1, 1569 BC to December 31, 1560 BC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 91]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013200-0000-0000", "contents": "1561\nYear 1561 (MDLXI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013201-0000-0000", "contents": "1561 celestial phenomenon over Nuremberg\nA mass sighting of celestial phenomena or unidentified flying objects (UFO) occurred in 1561 above Nuremberg (then a Free Imperial City of the Holy Roman Empire). The phenomenon has been interpreted by some (John A Keel; 'Operation Trojan Horse' p.75) modern UFO enthusiasts as an aerial battle of extraterrestrial origin. This view is mostly dismissed by skeptics, some referencing Carl Jung's mid-twentieth century writings about the subject while others find the phenomenon is likely to be a sun dog.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013201-0001-0000", "contents": "1561 celestial phenomenon over Nuremberg, History\nA broadsheet news article printed in April 1561 describes a mass sighting of celestial phenomena. The broadsheet, illustrated with a woodcut engraving and text by Hans Glaser, measures 26.2 centimetres (10.3\u00a0in) by 38.0 centimetres (15.0\u00a0in). The document is archived in the prints and drawings collection at the Zentralbibliothek Z\u00fcrich in Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013201-0002-0000", "contents": "1561 celestial phenomenon over Nuremberg, History\nAccording to the broadsheet, around dawn on 14 April 1561, \"many men and women\" of Nuremberg saw what the broadsheet describes as an aerial battle \"out of the sun\", followed by the appearance of a large black triangular object and exhausted combattant spheres falling to earth in clouds of smoke. The broadsheet claims that witnesses observed hundreds of spheres, cylinders, and other odd-shaped objects that moved erratically overhead. The woodcut illustration depicts objects of various shapes, including crosses (with or without spheres on the arms), small spheres, two large crescents, a black spear, and tubular objects from which several small spheres emerged and darted around the sky at dawn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 750]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013201-0003-0000", "contents": "1561 celestial phenomenon over Nuremberg, The Broadsheet Text\nThe text of the broadsheet has been translated by Ilse Von Jacobi as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 61], "content_span": [62, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013201-0004-0000", "contents": "1561 celestial phenomenon over Nuremberg, The Broadsheet Text\nIn the morning of April 14, 1561, at daybreak, between 4 and 5 a.m., a dreadful apparition occurred on the sun, and then this was seen in Nuremberg in the city, before the gates and in the country \u2013 by many men and women. At first there appeared in the middle of the sun two blood-red semi-circular arcs, just like the moon in its last quarter. And in the sun, above and below and on both sides, the color was blood, there stood a round ball of partly dull, partly black ferrous color.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 61], "content_span": [62, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013201-0004-0001", "contents": "1561 celestial phenomenon over Nuremberg, The Broadsheet Text\nLikewise there stood on both sides and as a torus about the sun such blood-red ones and other balls in large number, about three in a line and four in a square, also some alone. In between these globes there were visible a few blood-red crosses, between which there were blood-red strips, becoming thicker to the rear and in the front malleable like the rods of reed-grass, which were intermingled, among them two big rods, one on the right, the other to the left, and within the small and big rods there were three, also four and more globes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 61], "content_span": [62, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013201-0004-0002", "contents": "1561 celestial phenomenon over Nuremberg, The Broadsheet Text\nThese all started to fight among themselves, so that the globes, which were first in the sun, flew out to the ones standing on both sides, thereafter, the globes standing outside the sun, in the small and large rods, flew into the sun. Besides the globes flew back and forth among themselves and fought vehemently with each other for over an hour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 61], "content_span": [62, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013201-0004-0003", "contents": "1561 celestial phenomenon over Nuremberg, The Broadsheet Text\nAnd when the conflict in and again out of the sun was most intense, they became fatigued to such an extent that they all, as said above, fell from the sun down upon the earth 'as if they all burned' and they then wasted away on the earth with immense smoke. After all this there was something like a black spear, very long and thick, sighted; the shaft pointed to the east, the point pointed west. Whatever such signs mean, God alone knows.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 61], "content_span": [62, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013201-0004-0004", "contents": "1561 celestial phenomenon over Nuremberg, The Broadsheet Text\nAlthough we have seen, shortly one after another, many kinds of signs on the heaven, which are sent to us by the almighty God, to bring us to repentance, we still are, unfortunately, so ungrateful that we despise such high signs and miracles of God. Or we speak of them with ridicule and discard them to the wind, in order that God may send us a frightening punishment on account of our ungratefulness.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 61], "content_span": [62, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013201-0004-0005", "contents": "1561 celestial phenomenon over Nuremberg, The Broadsheet Text\nAfter all, the God-fearing will by no means discard these signs, but will take it to heart as a warning of their merciful Father in heaven, will mend their lives and faithfully beg God, that He may avert His wrath, including the well-deserved punishment, on us, so that we may temporarily here and perpetually there, live as his children. For it, may God grant us his help, Amen. By Hanns Glaser, letter-painter of Nurnberg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 61], "content_span": [62, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013201-0005-0000", "contents": "1561 celestial phenomenon over Nuremberg, Modern interpretations\nAccording to author Jason Colavito, the woodcut broadsheet became known in modern culture after being published in Carl Jung's 1958 book Flying Saucers: A Modern Myth of Things Seen in the Skies, a book which analyzed the archetypal meaning of UFOs. Jung expressed a view that the spectacle was most likely a natural phenomenon with religious and military interpretations overlying it. \"If the UFOs were living organisms, one would think of a swarm of insects rising with the sun, not to fight one another but to mate and celebrate the marriage flight.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 64], "content_span": [65, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013201-0006-0000", "contents": "1561 celestial phenomenon over Nuremberg, Modern interpretations\nA military interpretation would view the tubes as cannons and the spheres as cannonballs, emphasize the black spearhead at the bottom of the scene, and Glaser's own testimony that the globes fought vehemently until exhausted. A religious view would emphasize the crosses. Jung thinks the images of four globes coupled by lines suggested crossed marriage quaternities and forms the model for \"the primitive cross cousin marriage\". He also posited that it could also be an individuation symbol and that the association of sunrise suggests \"the revelation of the light\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 64], "content_span": [65, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013201-0007-0000", "contents": "1561 celestial phenomenon over Nuremberg, Modern interpretations\nOtto Billig made an effort to provide a historical context for the apparition in his comments. He notes Nuremberg was one of the most prestigious cities of the late Middle Ages, a Free Imperial City known for its wealth and nobility. It tried to maintain neutrality during the furious warring between Catholics and Protestants during the Reformation, but when one Protestant prince was rebuffed when he insisted on financial tributes to fund his battles, the city was besieged and its trade cut off. Though ultimately successful in defending itself, the rebuilding of fortifications in Nuremberg necessitated a new round of taxation and the city suffered hard times in its aftermath.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 64], "content_span": [65, 748]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013201-0008-0000", "contents": "1561 celestial phenomenon over Nuremberg, Modern interpretations\nOn Good Friday, 1554 another siege happened, and one broadsheet publisher described mock suns that prognosticated God's will wanted confession of sinful ways \u2013 i.e. the victims brought it on themselves. Another sky apparition followed in July of knights fighting each other with fiery swords, thus warning a coming Day of Judgment. Very similar apparitions of knights fighting in the skies were frequently reported during the Thirty Years' War (1618\u20131648). Many similar broadsheets of wondrous signs exist in German and Swiss archives; and Nuremberg seems the focus of a number of them, presumably because of the hardships and conflicts of the ex-prosperous. Such conditions typically accentuate apocalyptic thought.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 64], "content_span": [65, 781]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013207-0000-0000", "contents": "1561 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1561.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013208-0000-0000", "contents": "1561 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or French).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013208-0001-0000", "contents": "1561 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013208-0002-0000", "contents": "1561 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013209-0000-0000", "contents": "1561 in science\nThe year 1561 in science and technology included a number of events, some of which are listed here.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013210-0000-0000", "contents": "1562\nYear 1562 (MDLXII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013211-0000-0000", "contents": "1562 Imperial election\nThe imperial election of 1562 was an imperial election held to select the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. It took place in Regensburg on November 28.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013211-0001-0000", "contents": "1562 Imperial election, Background\nThis was the third imperial election to take place during the Reformation. On October 31, 1517, Martin Luther, a professor of moral theology at the University of Wittenberg, now part of the Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, had delivered the Ninety-five Theses to Albert of Brandenburg, the elector of Mainz. This list of propositions criticized the practice of selling indulgences, remissions of the punishment meted out for sin in Purgatory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013211-0002-0000", "contents": "1562 Imperial election, Background, Schmalkaldic War\nLuther's criticism snowballed into a massive schism in the church, and from there into a split among the states of the empire. In 1527, John, Elector of Saxony, the elector of Saxony, established a Lutheran state church in Saxony with the elector as chief bishop. On February 27, 1531, John joined Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse, the landgrave of Hesse, in establishing the Schmalkaldic League, a defensive military alliance of Lutheran principalities in which each pledged to support the other in the event of an attack by the forces of the Holy Roman Empire. In time Anhalt, W\u00fcrttemberg, Pomerania, Augsburg, Frankfurt, Kempten, Brandenburg and the Electoral Palatinate were added to the League.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 52], "content_span": [53, 748]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013211-0003-0000", "contents": "1562 Imperial election, Background, Schmalkaldic War\nIn view of the preparations of the emperor, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor to suppress them, the members of the League launched a preemptive attack on his forces at the Catholic city of F\u00fcssen on July 10, 1546. The ensuing war led to the defeat and dissolution of the Schmalkaldic League. It led also to the 1547 Capitulation of Wittenberg, according to which John Frederick I, Elector of Saxony was compelled to cede the electorate to his cousin Maurice, Elector of Saxony, the first member of the Albertine branch of the House of Wettin to hold it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 52], "content_span": [53, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013211-0004-0000", "contents": "1562 Imperial election, Background, Cuius regio, eius religio\nOn May 15, 1548, Charles issued the Augsburg Interim. Intended as a compromise between the Catholic empire and its Protestant princes and subjects, it permitted the marriage of Protestant clergy and the receipt by the laity of communion under both kinds. However, it also ordered the readoption among Protestants of Catholic practices including the seven sacraments. Domestic pressure from the Protestant subjects of the empire led to the offer of additional concessions in the Leipzig Interim in December, and finally to more violence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 61], "content_span": [62, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013211-0004-0001", "contents": "1562 Imperial election, Background, Cuius regio, eius religio\nOn January 15, 1552 a coalition of Protestant princes of the Holy Roman Empire signed the Treaty of Chambord with the French king Henry II of France, inviting him to occupy the Three Bishoprics of Metz, Verdun and Toul in exchange for military assistance against Charles. The renewed conflict was ended by the Peace of Passau of August 1552, which revoked the Augsburg Interim, and by the Peace of Augsburg of September 1555, which permitted princes of the empire to establish Lutheranism or Catholicism as their state religions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 61], "content_span": [62, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013211-0005-0000", "contents": "1562 Imperial election, Background, Election of 1562\nCharles was succeeded by his brother Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor upon his official abdication in 1558. Ferdinand called for the election of his successor. As king of Bohemia, he held one vote. The remaining electors were:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 52], "content_span": [53, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013211-0006-0000", "contents": "1562 Imperial election, Aftermath\nMaximilian acceded to the throne on his father's death  on July 25, 1564.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0000-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse\nThe 1562 Riots of Toulouse are a series of events (occurring largely in the span of a week) that pitted members of the Reformed Church of France (often called Huguenots) against members of the Roman Catholic Church in violent clashes that ended with the deaths of between 3,000 and 5,000 citizens of the French city of Toulouse. These events exhibit the tensions that would soon explode into full civil war during the French Wars of Religion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0001-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Background\nThe history and political structure of Toulouse played a significant part in the tensions that led to the riots in 1562.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0002-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Background, Medieval religious past\nThe city of Toulouse was the capital of Languedoc which had been a stronghold for Catharism throughout the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries. In an effort to stamp out what it deemed heresy, the Roman Catholic Church had called for military action against the Cathars. These campaigns are grouped under the term the Albigensian Crusade. The Catholic hierarchy also developed the Dominican Order and the Medieval Inquisition in order to expose and eliminate this belief.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 59], "content_span": [60, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0002-0001", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Background, Medieval religious past\nSome historians, such as Edgar Sanderson, believe that the inroads that the later Reformed Church of France made in the region during the 16th and 17th centuries can be traced to a general questioning of Roman Catholic authority by the people in this region, an attitude that made Catharism so difficult to exterminate. Sanderson notes \"In the contest [between Cathars and Catholics] which ensued, sometimes heretics were burnt alive, at other times Inquisitors were driven out or assassinated.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 59], "content_span": [60, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0003-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Background, Medieval religious past\nAlso, as a result of the Catholic Church's sustained focus on the area, great attention was paid to ensure that the population held views seen as acceptable to Catholic orthodoxy, and great efforts were put forward to teach that orthodoxy. These two cultural factors competing in the region (questioning authority and an intense focus on doctrine) may explain how the larger part of the population (including the Parlement) was staunchly Roman Catholic, but the Reformed Church members were able to make quick inroads there.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 59], "content_span": [60, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0004-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Background, Reformation, Rise of Protestantism\nBy 1530 some within the mendicant orders living in Toulouse and at its university became persuaded by the writings of Martin Luther. By 1532 Catholic authorities began a purge of the university, persecuting and then banishing several students and professors on charges of ascribing to Protestantism. Also in 1532 Toulouse produced one of the first French Protestant martyrs, when the lawyer Jean de Caturce was burnt on a slow fire. This was for making what was termed a \"'Lutheran' exhortation\" while merry-making on the feast of Epiphany (he recommended replacing the prayer \"May Christ reign in our hearts!\" with \"The king drinks! \").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 70], "content_span": [71, 708]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0005-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Background, Reformation, Rise of Protestantism\nIn 1536 copies of John Calvin's Institution chr\u00e9tienne were discovered in the city and the Reformed Church of France began to win converts, this despite Toulouse being the seat of Dominican Inquisition. A strange sign of the success for the Reformed Church was when on September 10, 1538, Toulouse's Catholic Inquisitor of the Faith, Louis Rochette, was strangled and burned at the stake for embracing Protestantism. By the 1540s the struggle between Catholics and Reformed Church members escalated in Toulouse.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 70], "content_span": [71, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0005-0001", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Background, Reformation, Rise of Protestantism\nThe Reformed Church members continued their activities in Toulouse for decades despite legal and popular persecution (that sometime escalated into killing). Though the Reformed Church had appeared later in Toulouse than in other provincial capitals (such as Lyon or Rouen), by 1561 they were holding their conventicles  close to the H\u00f4tel de Ville in the expensive homes of some of Toulouse's leading citizens.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 70], "content_span": [71, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0006-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Background, Reformation, Psalms in French\nIn the events leading up to the riots and during the riots themselves, there was a strong reaction by Catholics against anyone singing the Psalms in French. In the late 1530s Cl\u00e9ment Marot had translated the Psalms into French and set them to popular music. At first Marot had presented these only to the royal Court of King Francis I where they were extremely well received especially by the young Dauphin (who later became King Henry II of France). The Dauphin made his courtiers sing them with him while his musicians accompanied him on viol or lute. John Calvin caused twelve of Marot's translations to be published adding five additional Psalms translated by himself and set to music.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 65], "content_span": [66, 755]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0007-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Background, Reformation, Psalms in French\nAs the 1540s began Marot had translated around 50 Psalms and published these for the general populace, they became popular among Catholics and Protestants. In the year 1542 a rise in Catholic concerns over the spread of Protestant ideas led to several edicts against people and writings the Church deemed heretical. It was at this time the Sorbonne banned Marot's Psalms in French and issued a warrant for his arrest (which he escaped by permanently leaving the country). Theodore Beza was among those who worked translating the rest of the Psalms into French, until they were all complete.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 65], "content_span": [66, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0008-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Background, Reformation, Psalms in French\nThe popularity of the Psalms in French is seen by some historians (like Strada and Rowland Prothero) as \"among the chief causes of the Reformation in the Low Countries. So in France the metrical version of the Psalter, in the vulgar tongue, set to popular music, was one of the principal instruments in the success of the Reformed Church. The Psalms were identified with the everyday life of the Huguenots. Children were taught to learn them by heart; they were sung at every meal, 'to chant psalms' meant, in popular language to turn Protestant. The Psalms became the Huguenot Marseillaise.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 65], "content_span": [66, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0009-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Background, Reformation, Psalms in French\nIn addition to banning the singing of the Psalms in French, Catholic doctrine held that \"Alleluia\" was a sign of movement from lament to praise and banned the verbalization of any Psalm containing the word \"Alleluia\" (Alleluatic Psalms) during funeral rites and during the penitent and solemn season of Lent (which focused on the suffering of Jesus and called for prayer, penance, repentance, almsgiving, and self-denial). Protestants did not consider themselves bound by this tradition and demanded to be free to use whatever Psalms they felt appropriate. As Catholics viewed the refraining of using these Alleluatic Psalms as a sign of respect and reverence to Jesus they viewed any Protestant singing them between the Saturday before Septuagesima Sunday (the ninth Sunday before Easter) until the night of the Easter Vigil as engaging in an especially blasphemous act.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 65], "content_span": [66, 937]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0010-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Background, Reformation, Consumption of meat\nAnother easily observable practice that differentiated Protestants from Catholics during this time was the eating of meat on days prohibited by the Roman Catholic hierarchy. Catholics saw Protestants displaying, selling, purchasing, or eating meat on days prohibited by their Church as blasphemy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 68], "content_span": [69, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0011-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Background, Reformation, Consumption of meat\nDistinct from fasting (refusing all food), Catholic doctrine calls for the abstinence from \"flesh meat\" or soup made from meat during some days of the year (in some eras this was also extended to eggs, milk, butter, cheese, or condiments that included animal fat). Catholics hold that this helps to subdue the flesh, and is imitative of Paul the Apostle who according to 1 Corinthians 9:27 \"chastised his body and brought it into subjection\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 68], "content_span": [69, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0011-0001", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Background, Reformation, Consumption of meat\nCatholics also maintain that \"by abstaining from flesh, we give up what is, on the whole, the most pleasant as well as the most nourishing food, and so make satisfaction for the temporal punishment due to sin even when its guilt has been forgiven.\" Different from fasting (refusing all food), abstinence was practiced at this time on Fridays, Saturdays, and during Lent on Sundays (total fasting on Sundays was always forbidden). Abstaining from meat during Lent was also seen as symbolically significant for in this way \"no animal has to suffer death, no blood flows.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 68], "content_span": [69, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0012-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Background, Reformation, Consumption of meat\nSubstituting \"flesh meat\" with fish was de rigueur during Lent at this time, and the Catholic Church only allowed those with infirmity to eat meat. The only way healthy people could eat meat during these occasions was if they paid for a license from the clergy. Anyone who had not received permission to eat meat at this time was supposed to be subject to legal punishment from state authorities. Punishments were usually public, such as confinement to the stocks or pillory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 68], "content_span": [69, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0013-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Background, Reformation, Consumption of meat\nDenying that the Catholic Church had any other authority over them, French Protestants did not feel obligated to avoid eating meat, and where they were in control of the local government they allowed its sale during Lent. In response to this development a royal edict forbidding the sale of meat or the public serving of it was issued in 1549 (and would be issued later in 1563).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 68], "content_span": [69, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0013-0001", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Background, Reformation, Consumption of meat\nAll the rules concerning Catholic abstinence and fast days continued to be ignored by a majority of Protestants and openly defied in areas were Reformed Church members held a majority of the population and dominated the local consulat. This practice infuriated Catholics (later in 1601 officials in Saint-Maixent even had house-to-house sweeps to ensure suspected Protestants were not eating meat on prohibited days).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 68], "content_span": [69, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0014-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Background, Reformation, Consumption of meat\nThe Protestant eating of meat during the Lent that preceded the riots was a source of outrage among the Catholics that participated in the violence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 68], "content_span": [69, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0015-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Background, Municipal conflicts, Capitouls\nToulouse's political system was unique, which as historian Mark Greengrass states, resulted in \"a city where royal judges and municipal authorities had no clear sense of their mutual responsibilities ... [it had] an old and highly developed political consciousness stretching back to its charters in the thirteenth century. Amongst its privileges was a freedom from royal taxation and an exemption from royal garrison within its walls.\" Each year capitouls were elected from each of the cities eight urban districts (called capitoulats).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 66], "content_span": [67, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0015-0001", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Background, Municipal conflicts, Capitouls\nThe role of capitoul was not limited to any particular group and candidates could be seigneurs from noble bloodlines or lawyers and merchants (only officers of the Crown were ineligible). Once in office they were allowed some trappings of nobility, such as wearing a red silk gown. Any major decisions for Toulouse (such as justice, economy, and police powers) were debated and decided by a general council of the capitouls (called a consulat), and they were normally free of interference from the Crown's judges.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 66], "content_span": [67, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0016-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Background, Municipal conflicts, Parlement\nAn opposing center of authority in the city was the Parlement of Toulouse. The French Parlements had been established first in Paris (in 1307) and later in regional capitals by the French monarchy. (These French parlements acted as provincial appellate courts ruling on questions of law and should not be confused with legislative bodies that create laws called parliaments.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 66], "content_span": [67, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0017-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Background, Municipal conflicts, Parlement\nThe Parlement of Toulouse had been established by King Charles VII in 1420. Its Parlement was held in esteem second only to that of Paris.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 66], "content_span": [67, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0018-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Background, Municipal conflicts, Parlement\nThe parlement had a surprising amount of authority and independence considering the strong centralization of power under the French monarchy. It could issue regulations for the application of both royal edicts and customary practices. It could also refuse to register any law that they held was contrary to either fundamental law or local legal customs. It could even refuse to register a law if it judged the law as untimely.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 66], "content_span": [67, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0018-0001", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Background, Municipal conflicts, Parlement\nMembers of the Parlement were drawn from hereditary nobility with positions being purchased from the king with these positions being made hereditary by paying the Crown an annual tax called the paulette which would render them \"Nobles of the Robe\". With this sense of aristocracy they declared themselves exempt from gabelles and city property taxes, billeting of troops, and even tithes. They also declared that no member of Parlement could be tried by any court in the region except the Parlement itself. These privileges angered the capitouls, especially when city finances were low.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 66], "content_span": [67, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0019-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Background, Municipal conflicts, Parlement\nThroughout the conflicts between Catholics and members of the Reformed Church in Toulouse the Parlement was staunchly on the Catholic side. It had strong links with the clerical establishment within the city and the province, even making some provincial bishops honorary members. In 1548, as the Reformed Church continued to make converts, King Henry II charged the Parlement with forming a chambre ardente made of a president and twelve councillors in order to prosecute heretics. This action established the Parlement as the province's supreme defender of the faith.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 66], "content_span": [67, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0019-0001", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Background, Municipal conflicts, Parlement\nBy the end of the 1540s, the Parlement had tried two hundred people suspected of Protestantism and executed at least eighteen by burning at the stake. Despite these persecutions, two members of the Parlement itself embraced Reformed ideas in 1554. They fled into exile in Geneva and were burned in effigy in Toulouse.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 66], "content_span": [67, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0020-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Background, Municipal conflicts, General processions\nLike other French cities of this era, Toulouse authorities would on occasion call for a general procession. These were mass ceremonial displays that would parade through the town on holy days, civic occasions, and times of collective danger. Groups from every segment of society would be represented in the parades \"from the varied officialdom and ecclesiastical orders to artisan guilds and even a delegation of the poor, took to the streets in an elaborate ceremony that in Toulouse could involve the participation of more than five thousand people\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 76], "content_span": [77, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0020-0001", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Background, Municipal conflicts, General processions\nWhile the parades were meant as an expression of municipal unity, often rival corporations would be placed next to each other and engage in a shoving match over their placement in parade order. This would cause the parade to halt, while officials tried desperately to break up the factions with thousands of other parade participants stuck waiting. During the events that led up to the riots, the use of such parades by Catholic authorities put large numbers of Catholics on the streets that could quickly devolve into an angry mob if they encountered behavior they deemed Protestant heresy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 76], "content_span": [77, 668]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0021-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Background, Municipal conflicts, Rising tensions\nTensions over political prerogatives grew when the Parlement had interfered with the regular method of electing capitouls during an outbreak of plague in 1557, which caused much resentment. By 1561 nearly every aspect of how the city was run (including governance, education, and defense) became a matter of dispute between the two governing authoritative bodies. By March, reeling from war taxes and having to pay the Crown to renew its fiscal privileges, Toulouse faced massive fiscal problems. One of the capitouls advocated the sale of local Church properties to make up the deficit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 72], "content_span": [73, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0021-0001", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Background, Municipal conflicts, Rising tensions\nThis suggestion was met with dismay by the judges of Parlement and the holders of benefices residing in the city. While the capitouls discussed the idea in closed session, the judges sent two deputies to the royal court to demand that the seizure and sale of Protestant property be used instead. Some members of the Parlement along with Catholic lawyers, merchants, and \"some priests\" grouped together as a syndicat to direct the opposition to the alienation of Church property. This newly formed syndicat declared that Protestants were not only a threat to \"true religion\", but to justice and order, and to the survival of Toulouse itself.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 72], "content_span": [73, 713]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0022-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Background, Municipal conflicts, Rising tensions\nWhen the humanist Coll\u00e8ge de l'Esquille opened in 1561 with support from city funds, it immediately came under suspicion of spreading Protestantism by the Catholic clergy, members of Parlement, and by members of the pre-existing Dominican theological university (operated by the Catholic Church since 1229). Seeing preaching on Palm Sunday followed by evening prayers in its law school and then people moving about at night to have secret discussions about religion\u00a0\u2013 the outraged Catholic leadership sent some of their notables to act as advisors to the capitouls. The capitouls, annoyed by this interference with their authority, ignored them completely.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 72], "content_span": [73, 729]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0023-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Background, Municipal conflicts, Rising tensions\nDue to conflicts over political authority with Parlement, in 1562 the capitouls made all municipal jobs open to annual election rather than permanent positions. This resulted in bitter contests for the posts with a large number of these jobs going to Reformed Church members (such as clerks, some sergeants, the town crier, the treasurer, the city's syndic, and the archivist). During the riots they would play a large role in directing the Protestant cause.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 72], "content_span": [73, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0024-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Background, Edicts on religion\nWith the death of the King, and a question of who would be the Regent of the new boy King, political uncertainty rested upon France on top of the ongoing religious conflict. Attempts to address some of the religious tensions were made in a series of royal edicts that would play an important role in leading up to the riots.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 54], "content_span": [55, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0025-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Background, Edicts on religion, Regency issues\nWith the July 1559 death of King Henry II, quickly followed by the passing of the sixteen-year-old Francis II in December 1560, the ten-year-old Charles IX became king. His mother Catherine de Medici acted as regent. The right of regency had previously belonged to the King of Navarre, but had recently been renounced by Antoine of Navarre in favor of Catherine. This had been done with the condition that the royalty of Navarre be held as second only to Catherine herself.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 70], "content_span": [71, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0026-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Background, Edicts on religion, Regency issues\nWhen Catherine became regent, the Queen of Navarre was Jeanne d'Albret. Queen Jeanne had long expressed a desire for religious reform and in her lands Protestants were given full freedom and their books circulated unhindered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 70], "content_span": [71, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0027-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Background, Edicts on religion, Regency issues\nThe staunchly Catholic House of Guise which had controlled the throne when the sickly Francis II was king (side-lining Catherine), was militantly opposed by the French Reformed Church members. This opposition had even led to the Amboise conspiracy which attempted to unseat the Guise with the House of Bourbon, but was brutally put down. As Catherine succeeded in securing the regency without the Guise she sought to end religious tensions in her kingdom. (This was largely out of fear that Catholic Philip II of Spain would use the conflict as an excuse to invade and conquer.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 70], "content_span": [71, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0027-0001", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Background, Edicts on religion, Regency issues\nWith the death of Francis II, the Protestants' numbers were increasing as those that had fled to Geneva and Germany after the Amboise conspiracy came flooding back into the country. Once back in France many returned to publishing pamphlets vilifying the Papacy and the Guise family including its head\u00a0\u2013 Francis, Duke of Guise. The amount and virulence of the publications rose to the degree that the throne of King Charles IX sent an official protest to the Senate of Geneva on January 23, 1561.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 70], "content_span": [71, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0028-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Background, Edicts on religion, Regency issues\nWith deference due to Navarre, in accord with the regency arrangement, Catherine made the Constable of Navarre chief in her counsels. The vacillating position of King Antoine of Navarre between Protestant and Catholic sympathies continued to play a large role in the uncertainty surrounding France's religion in events leading up to the riots of Toulouse.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 70], "content_span": [71, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0029-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Background, Edicts on religion, Edict of Orl\u00e9ans\nCatherine De Medici called for a meeting of the Estates at Orl\u00e9ans that would address religious issues began on December 13, 1560. For her chancellor, Catherine chose Michel de l'H\u00f4pital, a former client of the Guises. The Chancellor opened proceeding with a speech decrying persecution for religious opinion, urging toleration, and the retirement of abusive nicknames like Papist and Huguenot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 72], "content_span": [73, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0030-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Background, Edicts on religion, Edict of Orl\u00e9ans\nAs the meeting of Estates continued in their deliberations, Navarre's Queen Jeanne declared Calvinism her new religion and the official religion of Navarre on Christmas Day of 1560. She commissioned the translation of the Bible into the native language of Basque and B\u00e9arnese. Jeanne would soon banish Catholic priests and nuns from Navarre, destroy Catholic churches and outlaw all Catholic rituals in her land.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 72], "content_span": [73, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0031-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Background, Edicts on religion, Edict of Orl\u00e9ans\nIn accord with the discussions at the meeting of Estates, on January 28, 1561, the royal Edict of Orl\u00e9ans was issued ordering every parlement to stop all prosecutions for religion and to release anyone held in prison on account of religious opinions. This edict has been seen as a confirmation of the Edict of Romorantin (which had been championed by Michel de l'H\u00f4pital).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 72], "content_span": [73, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0031-0001", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Background, Edicts on religion, Edict of Orl\u00e9ans\nThe new edict declared freedom of conscience, but not of open worship, to all peaceful dissidents in hope of their conversion to what it declared as the truth of Roman Catholicism along with the hope that the Catholic hierarchy would accept the reforms asked for by the Protestant Estates General of Orleans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 72], "content_span": [73, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0032-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Background, Edicts on religion, Edict of Orl\u00e9ans\nThe edict also demanded that any Protestants who had taken possession of church buildings and ecclesiastical property had to restore them immediately. It also forbade Protestants from destroying Catholic religious imagery and crucifixes, outlawed them from meeting within the walls of cities (but thereby allowed them to meet outside the walls), and made it a crime for Protestants to go armed to any meeting unless they were of the privileged classes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 72], "content_span": [73, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0033-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Background, Edicts on religion, Edict of Orl\u00e9ans\nDespite the toleration within the edict it was opposed by John Calvin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 72], "content_span": [73, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0034-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Background, Edicts on religion, Edict of Orl\u00e9ans\nIn addition to having to face the extension of toleration to Protestants by the Edict of Orl\u00e9ans, the Catholic Church's position also seemed shaken by the abolishment of the arrangement made between the papacy and the French crown, the Concordat of Bologna (though this outcome was motivated by the Third Estate's fiscal concerns). Without the Concordat's rules in effect, Bishops were to be elected by a mixture of laymen and ecclesiastics who would submit three names for the King to choose from. Another reform was the requirement that any holder of a benefice must reside there.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 72], "content_span": [73, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0035-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Background, Edicts on religion, Edict of Orl\u00e9ans\nOn January 31, after the Estates had dispersed, the council met at Fontainebleau and reviewed petitions presented by Gaspard II de Coligny, \"in which Protestants demanded temples.\" These requests were referred to a commission of the estates which had remained behind to prepare for the assembly's scheduled May 1 meeting on finance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 72], "content_span": [73, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0036-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Background, Edicts on religion, Edict of Orl\u00e9ans\nOn March 10, the second Reformed Church synod met at Poitiers and drew up a memorandum to present the estates general set to meet on May 1. They asked that a suitable royal council be composed that would enforce the Edict of Orl\u00e9ans, which many strongly Catholic regions still resisted. The also wanted a Protestant representative for each province to reside at court in order to protect the interests of the Reformed churches in their areas. These deputies would act together as a body and present a confession of faith along with a petition. They would also work closely with the seigneurs at court who were sympathetic to their cause. They would act as a knowledgeable pressure group and have the backing of an efficient provincial organization.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 72], "content_span": [73, 821]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0037-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Background, Edicts on religion, Edict of Orl\u00e9ans\nAs news of the toleration under the edict spread, Paris's Protestant population grew exponentially\u00a0\u2013 all relying on divisions in the council or the protection of sympathetic nobles to keep the edict in effect.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 72], "content_span": [73, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0038-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Background, Edicts on religion, 1561 Edict of Fontainebleau\nIn early 1561 Catherine de' Medici and the boy king stayed at the Palace of Fontainebleau and the confusion of where France was headed regarding religion continued.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 83], "content_span": [84, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0039-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Background, Edicts on religion, 1561 Edict of Fontainebleau\nOn the one hand, claiming economic concerns, the king's council (ignoring the complaints of Gaspard II de Coligny) dismissed the Scotch guard because they were almost all Protestants including Hamilton, Earl of Arran. On the other hand, Catherine's Court was so tolerant of Protestants that it was technically in violation of the law. She allowed Protestant preachers to hold prayers and preaching daily within the apartments of any prince who sided with them (even allowing large groups to attend). While some Catholic bishops, like Moulin and Marillac, ignored the situation; others Catholic prelates (such as the papal legate) complained loudly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 83], "content_span": [84, 732]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0039-0001", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Background, Edicts on religion, 1561 Edict of Fontainebleau\nA Jesuit at the Court named Maimbourg listed what he saw as abuses, \"not only did she [Catherine] allow the ministers to preach in the princes' apartments, where crowds gathered to hear them, while a poor Jacobin [French term for Dominican], who was preaching the Lent sermons in Fontainebleau, was deserted; but she even was present herself with all the Court ladies at the sermons of the Bishop of Valence, who preached openly, in one of the halls in the castle, the new heretical doctrines of Luther and Calvin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 83], "content_span": [84, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0039-0002", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Background, Edicts on religion, 1561 Edict of Fontainebleau\nSo sudden and complete was the change that had come over the scene that it seemed the whole Court had become Calvinist. Though it was Lent, meat was publicly sold and served on tables. No one spoke of going to hear mass, and the young king, who was taken to save appearances, went almost alone. The authority of the pope, the worship of saints and images, indulgences, and the ceremonies of the Church were all lightly spoken of as mere superstitions.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 83], "content_span": [84, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0040-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Background, Edicts on religion, 1561 Edict of Fontainebleau\nBoth Francis, Duke of Guise and Anne de Montmorency were worried that the Royalty were converting to Protestantism. They were also faced with demands from the provincial states of the Isle of France that lavish sums which had been given to them by Henry II (who had died in 1559) be returned to help offset national debt. Drawn together by these mutual concerns they ended their traditional bitter rivalry, and on Easter, April 6, 1561, attended Catholic Mass together. Together they formed an alliance with leading military commander Jacques Dalbon, Seigneur de Saint Andre. Protestants would later give this partnership the name Triumvirate (likening their violent actions to those of the triumvirs Mark Antony, Octavius, and Lepidus in Ancient Rome).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 83], "content_span": [84, 837]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0041-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Background, Edicts on religion, 1561 Edict of Fontainebleau\nOn April 19, advised by Michel L'Hospital, the King continued to strive for peace between the faiths by issuing the 1561 Edict of Fontainebleau (not to be confused with similarly named edicts from 1540, and 1685). This edict forbid injuring or denouncing anyone on matters of faith, of damaging or seizing property of those of a different denomination, and of any provocation of others over religion. It outlawed the use of epithets like \"Papist\" or \"Huguenot\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 83], "content_span": [84, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0042-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Background, Edicts on religion, 1561 Edict of Fontainebleau\nThe new edict forbid officers of the king from entering Protestant homes \"under pretext of former edicts forbidding illicit assemblies.\" It ordered the release of any Protestant arrested on these grounds were to go free \"provided, however, that they lived henceforth as Catholics and without creating any scandal.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 83], "content_span": [84, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0043-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Background, Edicts on religion, 1561 Edict of Fontainebleau\nThe Parlement of Paris refused to register the edict, holding that its tendency would increase the number of Protestants. This was the same reaction by many other parts of France when examined by governors and tribunes and it was widely condemned from Catholic pulpits. The idea that the Crown would command that Protestants' personal safety and that of their homes (where they practiced their rites) had to be respected was so new and in such contrast to every royal edict before it, that many rejected it outright.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 83], "content_span": [84, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0044-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Background, Edicts on religion, 1561 Edict of Fontainebleau\nMost of the Catholic clergy decried the edict, such as a priest at Provins who refused to obey the command against denouncing anyone on matters of faith, saying \"And now, gentlemen of Provins, what ought I, what ought the other preachers of France to do? Ought we to obey this edict? What will you say to us? What shall we preach? ' The Gospel,' says the Huguenot. To say that the error [of the Protestants]...is damnable heresy, is not this to preach the Gospel?", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 83], "content_span": [84, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0044-0001", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Background, Edicts on religion, 1561 Edict of Fontainebleau\nTo say that the Huguenots of France are wicked apostates, who have forsaken the true Catholic Church to follow heresy, is not this to preach the Gospel? To warn men against their doctrine, against hearing them of reading their books; to tell men that these doctrines tend and aim only to incite to sedition, robbery, and murder as they have already begun to do in the city of Paris and in numberless other places in the land, is not this to preach the Gospel? But does anyone say to me, 'Brother, what say you?", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 83], "content_span": [84, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0044-0002", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Background, Edicts on religion, 1561 Edict of Fontainebleau\nYou are not obeying the king's edict: you are speaking of Calvin and his companions, and you call them, and those who hold their opinions, heretics and Huguenots; you will be brought to trial; you will be put in prison; you will be hanged as a traitor.' I reply that it is possible it may be so, for Ahab and Jezebel put to death the prophets of God in their day, and granted liberty to the prophets of Baal. ' Now, brother, you are going too far; you will get yourself hanged.' Well, be it so; there will be one Franciscan friar hanged, and they will have to hang many more, for god by His Holy Spirit will inspire the pillars of His Church to uphold to the end the building which can never be destroyed.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 83], "content_span": [84, 790]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0045-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Background, Edicts on religion, 1561 Edict of Fontainebleau\nThe measures towards toleration emboldened the Protestants who began to actively resist all policies trying to limit their faith. There were riots at Bavais, the Cardinal of Chatillon's episcopal residence, and severe riots in Paris. In the suburb of St Germain, an assembly of worshipping Protestants was attacked by an angry Catholic mob (mostly students). Several of the attending noblemen were armed and met the attack with swords drawn, the fight ended with many of the Catholics slain. The Catholic mob dispersed but returned the next day\u00a0\u2013 only to meet the same results.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 83], "content_span": [84, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0046-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Background, Edicts on religion, 1561 Edict of Fontainebleau\nIn some places (such as Issigeac on February 24, 1561) Protestants took over Catholic churches by force and in some occasions Catholic churches were broken into and church property destroyed (actions referred to as Iconoclasm). An example of such incidents occurred on May 18, 1561, when \"marauding Protestant bands attacked and pillaged the satellite parish churches of St Pardoux, Monsaguel, Montaut, and Monmarv\u00e9s, breaking and burning altars, images and relics, books and habits.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 83], "content_span": [84, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0046-0001", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Background, Edicts on religion, 1561 Edict of Fontainebleau\nHistorian Mark Greengrass notes that this kind of activity happened in small towns around Toulouse \"where there had been innumerable incidents involving image-breaking, ridiculing priests, profaning altars and mocking at Catholic services.\" He also notes \"Some of the image-smashing in surrounding towns had been engineered by Catholics in order to create Catholic animosities.\" All these types of behavior would be repeated when the riots broke out in Toulouse.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 83], "content_span": [84, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0047-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Background, Edicts on religion, Edict of July\nThe violent unrest of Protestants demanding religious freedom and Catholics demanding the state not permit the nation to allow what they saw as a wicked corruption, created an opportunity for Charles, Cardinal of Lorraine (the brother of Francis, Duke of Guise), to come forward as the head of the Catholic Church in France. Earlier (on April 25, 1557) the Cardinal had secured a brief from Pope Paul IV appointing him and the Cardinals of Bourbon and Ch\u00e2tillon as Grand Inquisitors of France to begin an Inquisition modeled after the Spanish Inquisition to eliminate Protestantism. (This was only derailed by popular outcry from the majority of the French population.) Gaining authority in the religious chaos of 1561, the Cardinal insisted that the laws establishing Catholicism as the official religion be enforced by the secular arm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 69], "content_span": [70, 907]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0048-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Background, Edicts on religion, Edict of July\nOn 23 June 1561 to address the continuing unrest a Royal Council and the spiritual and temporal peers met the Parlement of Paris at the Palais de Justice. Hoping that an upcoming session of the Council of Trent or a proposed National Council of French Catholic bishops would resolve the issue for them, they tried to determine what should be done until then. They debated the issue for three weeks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 69], "content_span": [70, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0049-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Background, Edicts on religion, Edict of July\nOne faction demanded that all Protestants (deemed heretics) without conditions should be executed by the state. An opposing faction called for all penal proceedings to be suspended until the issue was determined by the Council of Trent. The vote to accept the policy of toleration was defeated eighty votes to seventy-two.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 69], "content_span": [70, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0049-0001", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Background, Edicts on religion, Edict of July\nIn the end, the policy that gained the most support called for a sentence of death for anyone who attended a Protestant conventicle, but that any case of simple heresy be decided only by an ecclesiastical court and those condemned should be pardoned if they agreed to live as a Catholic, and those who refused would receive no punishment greater than banishment\u00a0\u2013 the Edict of July was drawn up on July 11, 1561, following this majority opinion (though it was mitigated in some places by the chancellor).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 69], "content_span": [70, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0049-0002", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Background, Edicts on religion, Edict of July\nThe edict forbade \"under penalty of confiscation of person and goods, all conventicles and public assemblies, with or without arms, together with private assemblies in which there should be preaching or the administration of the sacraments in forms other than those received and observed by the Catholic Church.\" It prohibited \"all enrollings, signatures, or other things tending to sedition.\" Any cases mixing heresy with sedition would be tried by presidial judges instead of Catholic clergy. It reiterated all the previous injunctions against disturbing the peace, using religious based insults, slandering or making false charges, and commanded all preachers to abstain from inciting violent passions in their congregations, - declaring death by hanging for breaking any of these laws.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 69], "content_span": [70, 859]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0050-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Background, Edicts on religion, Edict of July\nIn the end neither faith was pleased by the Edict of July, Protestants held that they had been deceived, Parlement held that the mitigations of the chancellor had weakened the wording they had supported. This resulted in the edict being only provisionally registered. Because of the vigorous opposition of Protestant leaders during the crafting of the edict it largely remained a dead letter, Gaspard II de Coligny was particularly outspoken in his opposition, saying that \"to attempt thus to constrain the reformed to accept the Romans religion against their conscience was a great absurdity amounting to an impossibility.\" Despite general dislike for the edict, Catholic Duke of Guise stated his support declaring that his \"sword would never rest in its scabbard when the execution of this decision was in question.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 69], "content_span": [70, 888]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0051-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Background, Edicts on religion, Edict of July\nThough the Council edict was not viewed as a success, they did decide that there would be conference between Catholic bishops and reformed ministers (who would be granted safe conduct) to meet at Poissy. Originally scheduled for August 18 the Colloquy at Poissy would be postponed until October due to a meeting of the Estates General on the state of French finances.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 69], "content_span": [70, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0052-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Background, Edicts on religion, Edict of July\nAt the meeting of General Estates on August 26 the third estate continued to deride the cost the upkeep of the Catholic clergy was having on the merchants and bourgeoisie. Their representative Jacques de Bretagne, magistrate of Autun demanded ecclesiastical property face alienation. They held that of the 120 million livres the clergy were taking out of the economy if 48 million were set aside the clergy could live off the 4 million in interest per year that such a move would still provide, leaving 72 million for France to use to clear up its debts and stimulate the economy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 69], "content_span": [70, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0052-0001", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Background, Edicts on religion, Edict of July\nThe representative of the nobility took similar grounds and even demanded for the Protestants the right to assembly (totally dismissing the Edict of July out of hand). The Catholic clergy went absent from these debates, marking their opposition by meeting by themselves at St. Germain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 69], "content_span": [70, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0052-0002", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Background, Edicts on religion, Edict of July\nL'Hospital met them there still seeking liberty for the Protestants, telling the Catholic clergy \"As to the Protestant assemblies, they cannot be separated from their religion; for they believe that the Word of God strictly enjoins them to assemble themselves to hear the preaching of the Gospel and to partake of the sacraments, and this they hold as an article of their faith.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 69], "content_span": [70, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0053-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Background, Edicts on religion, Edict of July\nHaving set forth their grievances, the Estates deputies left, and the focus fell on the upcoming Colloquy of Poissy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 69], "content_span": [70, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0054-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Background, Edicts on religion, Effect on Toulouse\nWhen the lettres de cachet announcing the Edict of Orl\u00e9ans (with its toleration of Protestants) arrived in Toulouse, the Parlement registered it tardily and interpreted it harshly only releasing prisoners suspected of heresy if they abjured their faith first. The 1561 Edict of Foutainebleau was received by the Parlement with even greater disdain. In contrast the capitouls arrested three Catholic preachers (including a Jesuit priest and a monk) for traitorous remarks regarding Catherine de M\u00e9dicis for her feebleness towards members of the Reformed Church.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 74], "content_span": [75, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0055-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Background, Edicts on religion, Effect on Toulouse\nDuring 1561's season of Lent, university students (many of them sons of Toulouse's magistrates)  who had accepted the doctrine of the Reformed Church began to riot against Catholic authority. When met with a response many of them fled during the Easter period to nearby towns along the Garonne river to escape.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 74], "content_span": [75, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0056-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Background, Edicts on religion, Effect on Toulouse\nBy the summer of 1561 the conventicles began to meet at nighttime in the city squares. All the while, religious disturbances continued to flare up throughout the region and cartloads of people arrested on charges of heresy continued to be brought into the city.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 74], "content_span": [75, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0057-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Background, Edicts on religion, Effect on Toulouse\nWith the toleration imposed by the edicts official persecution of the Protestants ceased and their worship services were unaccosted. In early 1562 Toulouse's Reformed Church members started meeting outside the walls of the city. The number of Reformed Church members in Toulouse had grown to one-seventh of the total population which is estimated at between 35,000 and 60,000. They were  \"for the most part, burghers, merchants, professors of the university, men of letters, students, and magistrates.\" They had even elected a Protestant majority among the eight capitouls.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 74], "content_span": [75, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0058-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Background, Edicts on religion, Effect on Toulouse\nThe numbers of the Reformed Church members of Toulouse were great enough to require five pastors to serve them. Seeing the toleration edicts as a license to worship openly, the Reformed Church members built a wooden church outside the town gates with an occupancy between five and six thousand worshippers. Their first wooden \"temple\" was structured like a large elaborately fashioned covered barn or town market and was built outside the Porte Villeneuve (one of the gates in the city's defensive wall).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 74], "content_span": [75, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0059-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Background, Edicts on religion, Effect on Toulouse\nNot only men but women openly expressed their faith, a contemporary account notes \"They had laid aside their prayer-books and beads which they had worn at their girdles, their ample robes, and dissolute garments, dance, and worldly songs, as if they had been guided by the Holy Ghost\". Large numbers of students were also attracted to the Reformed Church in Toulouse including the student preacher Able Niort. Other notable Reformed preachers in Toulouse were Bignolles (ambitious but with a difficult personality) and Jean Barrelles who had been trained in Geneva, censured by the Sorbonne, and had served a prison sentence in Toulouse.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 74], "content_span": [75, 712]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0060-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Background, Edicts on religion, Effect on Toulouse\nWith continuing reports of unrest in Southern France, Catherine de M\u00e9dicis sent a governor to Toulouse to oversee the defense of the city. The Parlement registered his commission on September 24, 1561, but he was openly opposed by the capitouls who did not let him enter the city. He was only able to enter when the election of new capitouls was held.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 74], "content_span": [75, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0061-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Background, Edicts on religion, Effect on Toulouse\nThings looked hopeful for the Reformed Church throughout France with the October 1561 Colloquy of Poissy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 74], "content_span": [75, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0062-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Background, Edicts on religion, Effect on Toulouse\nIn Toulouse the newly elected capitouls faced quick criticism from the Parlement who sought to revoke their election. The town militia, which had been reviewed on Christmas Eve to quell any ideas of violence, was also criticized by Parlement, who charged it had been turned into a Protestant military force by the capitouls.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 74], "content_span": [75, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0063-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Background, Edicts on religion, Effect on Toulouse\nCatholic suspicion over Protestant loyalty to France was heightened when staunchly Catholic Blaise de Lasseran-Massenc\u00f4me, seigneur de Montluc arrived in Bordeaux in December 1561 to share the royal lieutenancy of Guyenne with Charles de Coucis, seigneur de Burie. There he discovered that the Reformed Churches in Guyenne had adapted the church structure of synods, colloquies, and consistories to build a Protestant military organization (Gueyenne had been divided into seven colloquies, where each church within it had its own military captain). Monluc was offered a bribe of 40,000 \u00e9cus to not oppose them. Two chefs-g\u00e9n\u00e9ral or \"protectors\" had been elected for each of the areas of the parlements of Bordeaux and Toulouse. There were fears that this organization was a planned attempt to turn Guyenne into a republic modeled after Geneva.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 74], "content_span": [75, 918]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0064-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Background, Edicts on religion, Effect on Toulouse\nIn January 1562, the Edict of St. Germain was issued officially recognizing the existence of French Protestants and guaranteeing freedom of conscience and private worship. It forbade Protestant worship within towns but permitted Protestant synods and consistories. The Edict of St. Germain arrived in Toulouse in February 1562 and the Parlement was displeased to see it, as like all other parlements it had been removed from enforcing the limited rights of worship given to Protestants. The capitouls in contrast, fully endorsed and enforced the edict. The Parlement only registered the edict with the provision that \"in cases of necessity or abuse, it would administer the edict itself.\" As the capitouls applied the edict, they found that the Parlement was fully prepared to obstruct them as much as possible.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 74], "content_span": [75, 886]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0065-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Background, Edicts on religion, Effect on Toulouse\nBy March 1562 notable members of Toulouse's community formed a Reformed Church Consistory (a congregation's governing body of elected officials that include the Elders and the Deacons). By this time the Reformed Church in Toulouse was already baptizing, marrying, and providing funerals for its members.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 74], "content_span": [75, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0066-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Escalations\nThe majority of the Catholic citizenry of Toulouse were unhappy about the edicts requiring toleration to Protestants and in many instances were only held to compliance with it by the police powers of the city's militia. On February 7, 1562, a militia of one hundred soldiers was called out to keep armed Catholics and armed members of the Reformed Church separated. The militia guarded an open-air service Reformed Church members held at their barn-like church building (which had been built outside the defensive walls of Toulouse in 1558).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 35], "content_span": [36, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0066-0001", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Escalations\nThis service, with Abel Niort preaching, was the first one open to any and all interested in hearing the ideas of the Reformed Church and brought out 5,000 attendees. The Catholics already upset by the news that Reformed Church members had taken possession of a number of towns very close to Toulouse set up demonstrations to counter the event. As the Reformed members sang Psalms at their service, the Catholic authorities called for public prayers, citywide fasts, and held a general procession parade (putting thousands of Catholics on the street). A Franciscan named Melchior Flavin was so strident in his tone that his effect on the Catholic faithful made the capitouls fearful of a breach in the peace.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 35], "content_span": [36, 744]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0067-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Escalations\nAs tensions mounted, a man by the Dalbade river was caught singing Psalms during the season of Lent\u00a0\u2013 he was stoned to death by a Catholic mob and then his body was dragged to the palace of Parlement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 35], "content_span": [36, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0068-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Escalations\nWhen a member of his listening audience thought a Dominican preaching at the Basilica of St. Sernin was speaking heresy, he yelled \"You lie, you sneaking monk! \", and then murdered the preacher.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 35], "content_span": [36, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0069-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Escalations\nIn another instance one of the town guard ordered to protect a Protestant congregation during its services in the faubourgs accidentally shot a Reformed Church member in the head.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 35], "content_span": [36, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0070-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Escalations, National events\nWhile emotions in Toulouse continued to escalate, events throughout France did nothing to ease these emotions but indeed inflamed them all the more.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 52], "content_span": [53, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0071-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Escalations, National events, Court manoeuvring\nUnder Spanish promises of his own independent kingdom (rather than being a vassal king), Antoine of Navarre secretly sided with the Duke of Guise and his Catholic allies (often referred to as the Triumvirate). Antoine began taking lessons on Catholicism and quarreled with his wife about his desire to take their son to Catholic Mass or to attend the Catholic baptism of the Spanish ambassador.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 71], "content_span": [72, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0072-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Escalations, National events, Court manoeuvring\nThe Spanish ambassador told Catherine de Medici in the name of his King that she must banish the Protestants Jeanne d'Albret, Coligny, and D'Andelot from the royal court, and must command Antoine's wife to raise their son within Catholicism. Catherine expelled him from France and took other action against a couple of the Triumvirate's aristocrat supporters. Her reaction angered Antoine who moved closer to the Triumvirate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 71], "content_span": [72, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0073-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Escalations, National events, Court manoeuvring\nReligious riots were breaking out accompanied by bloodshed in Sens, Abbeville, Tours, Marseilles, Toul in Lorraine, and in Cahors and Agen (where Montluc brutally suppressed them). In most cases the Protestants were on the losing end of these conflicts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 71], "content_span": [72, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0074-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Escalations, National events, Massacre of Vassy\nThough the city was about 500 miles north of Toulouse, the Massacre of Vassy that occurred on March 1, 1562, was seen as a dread event by Protestants throughout France. In Languedoc at (B\u00e9ziers, Cahors, Carcassonne, Castelnaudary and Grenade) spontaneous Protestant revolts occurred upon hearing of the massacre.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 71], "content_span": [72, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0075-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Escalations, National events, Massacre of Vassy\nThe events that led to the Massacre center on Francis, Duke of Guise. The Duke had travelled to Saverne to meet with the Lutheran Duke of W\u00fcrttemberg on February 15, 1562. There Guise worked to convince the German Lutherans that the French Reformed Church and its recognition of Calvin were working against the interests of other Protestants and was able to secure a promise of neutrality should there be armed conflict between the Catholic French and the Reformed Church of France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 71], "content_span": [72, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0075-0001", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Escalations, National events, Massacre of Vassy\nUpon returning to France, the Duke left Joinville with a contingent of his troops, having been informed of Protestant worship in the town of Vassy, and began to journey towards Paris to re-join the royal court. Adjusting his route to go through Vassy on March 1, 1562, his troops encountered a Reformed Church service in progress, having heard its bells from afar. The interchange between Guise's troops and the Reformed members resulted in the Massacre of Vassy. The results were the deaths of 63 Reformed Church members and the wounding of hundreds more, along with their church being burnt to the ground.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 71], "content_span": [72, 679]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0076-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Escalations, National events, Massacre of Vassy\nOn March 16 the Duke, along with all the notable members of his family (except the Cardinal of Lorraine and the duke of Elb\u0153uf) arrived at Paris. There he received a hero's welcome for his deeds at Vassy. In Paris he met with his supporters the constable, and the marshal St. Andr\u00e9. Counter to the Duke's hopes, the Protestant Louis, Prince of Cond\u00e9 was unmoved and did not flee Paris. In response the Duke brought in nearly ten thousand additional horsemen. This show of numbers caused Cond\u00e9 to withdraw to Meaux, where he was soon met by Coligny and D'Andelot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 71], "content_span": [72, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0077-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Escalations, National events, Massacre of Vassy\nAt this point Antoine of Navarre finally showed his intentions openly by attending Mass on Palm Sunday, March 22, 1562. This caused Catherine de Medici to fear that the Guises would seize the boy King so she made plans to move him to Blois. Antoine refused to allow this as Blois was seen as a center of Protestant activity. The Spanish ambassador also protested this and declared it as evil counsel from L'Hospital. Due to this reaction Catherine moved the King to Fontainebleau.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 71], "content_span": [72, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0077-0001", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Escalations, National events, Massacre of Vassy\nCatherine did not follow the advice of the constable (who may have become resentful of the Guise ascendency). He had called for her to announce the Crown's intention to maintain the Edict of St. Germain and condemn the massacre of Vassy. Instead worrying that a Protestant reaction would only end with end of the royal Valois dynasty she began to show favor to Spain. Due to the regional structure of the Reformed Church's synods the news of the massacre spread quickly among the Protestants across the provinces. In this manner the news reached Toulouse and Reformed Minister Barrelles informed the congregation from the pulpit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 71], "content_span": [72, 701]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0078-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Escalations, National events, Cond\u00e9's troops\nOn March 29 the Prince of Cond\u00e9 returned to Paris with Coligny and D'Andelot and three thousand horsemen. All the bridges were drawn up as if the city was under attack. Cond\u00e9 announced it was his intention to enter Paris under arms just as the Duke had done. Not allowed entrance he quartered his troops at St. Cloud and held the highroad from Paris to Orleans at Longjumeau. The purpose of Cond\u00e9's position was to cut Paris off from Fontainebleau (as Admiral Coligny had moved with forces to Montreuil).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 68], "content_span": [69, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0078-0001", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Escalations, National events, Cond\u00e9's troops\nIn this position, Cond\u00e9 hoped to force the Guises to make a settlement or failing that be able control the Loire and divide France in half (Guyenne, Poitou, and most of Languedoc at his back, where Protestants held increasing political power). Guessing Cond\u00e9's plans the Guises managed to seize the King and Catherine and move them to Melun which they controlled. In the hands of the Guise, the boy King issued a command that Cond\u00e9 lay down his arms. Cond\u00e9 ignored this order and moved to secure his troops in Orleans. The Guises attempted to prevent this but were foiled by a rapid advance by D'Andelot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 68], "content_span": [69, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0079-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Burial riot\nOn Thursday April 4, 1562, while still under the toleration established by the edicts, a group of Reformed Church members of Toulouse were accompanying a merchant who belonged to their faith through the Saint-Michel faubourg as he proceeded towards a Reformed Church cemetery to bury his wife. The dead woman's parents and her confessor insisted that she had died a Catholic and that therefore she must be buried in a Catholic cemetery, in ground they held to be holy (holding the Protestant site as \"unholy ground\"). At the same time a general procession parade of thousands of Catholics was being held for the feast day of Saint-Salvador (the Holy Savior) which was the namesake of one of Toulouse's churches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 35], "content_span": [36, 747]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0080-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Burial riot\nObserving the Protestant funeral procession as it passed closer to the seat of Parlement, a number of Catholics refused to let it proceed and then took possession of the body by force. Both sides fell into violent struggle. The tocsin alarm bell was rung out by a priest, with the majority responding being Catholics from the general procession. It was later determined that even priests had disguised themselves so that they could secretly take an active hand in the riot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 35], "content_span": [36, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0081-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Burial riot\nA contemporary Reformed Church source recalled \"Stones were thrown at the Protestants, and swords were brandished. Many were hurt and several were killed. Amongst the latter were to be found a replacement for a procurator at the Parlement named Vitalis, another called Monsieur de Bazac from Viterbe, Claude Carron, a cloth-finisher, and a student, as well as many others drowned in the sewers.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 35], "content_span": [36, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0082-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Burial riot\nA contemporary Catholic source, while accusing the Protestants of grave robbing, wrote \"the tocsin was sounded and they were greeted on their arrival [at the cemetery] by the noise and clamor of a Catholic mob, amassing from without in great number, heavily armed with whatever their fury had put in their hands: thick ends of sticks, long hatchets, cudgels, long billhooks, forks, spades, slings and stones. They set to work ransacking four heretic houses and ran amok, overturning everything so sadly and horribly, and shamefully to the town\". The bloody rioting spread from the faubourg of Saint-Michel into the cathedral quarter of Saint-Etienne and continued throughout the following day. As the riot continued homes were broken into and ransacked for pillage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 35], "content_span": [36, 801]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0083-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Burial riot\nToulouse's Reformed community sought safety by invading and taking over the town hall, the H\u00f4tel de Ville, thus creating a standoff. At first the canons of the cathedral Saint-Etienne stalled any resolution by telling the Parlement that there was nothing serious occurring, but when news of homes being ransacked reached them, a group of parlement judges and capitouls tried to appease the mob by appearing in their red robes of authority. The Catholic mob threw stones and took gun shots at the capitouls while the judges withdrew to the court precincts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 35], "content_span": [36, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0083-0001", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Burial riot\nAccording to a contemporary Catholic source, two capitouls named Ass\u00e9zat and Ganelon upon finding the H\u00f4tel de Ville turned into a Protestant fortress returned with 500 armed men. They walked \"around with these troops calling on the people at the sound of a trumpet to lay down their weapons on both sides. Returning to the law court these troops found its windows boarded up and, from there, they made a sortie outside the city walls to assail the inhabitants of the suburbs who showed that they lacked nothing in courage, even though they were no match for them in armor. The capitouls were frightened by such opposition and they let these half-crazed butchers...kill some of the more ill-advised and exposed individuals...and in the evening they made their retreat [back into the city].\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 35], "content_span": [36, 826]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0084-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Burial riot\nA meeting between eight senior judges, four capitouls, the seneschal and the town council were able to determine the terms for a truce.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 35], "content_span": [36, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0085-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Burial riot\nBy the next day, parlement president Jean de Mansencal (whose own son, studying at university, had converted to the Reformed Church) was able to present terms and secure the truce with the Reformed Church members agreeing to disarm and withdraw to the faubourgs. The truce allowed the Reformed Church members to maintain two hundred unarmed guards in line with the Edict of Saint-Germain, the Catholics were allowed a similar number to serve under four professional captains and answer to the capitouls, all other soldiers were forced to withdraw and the ringing of the tocsin upon the Reformed's withdrawal was forbidden.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 35], "content_span": [36, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0086-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Burial riot\nBy the end of the riot many people lay murdered, the majority being Reformed Church members (artisans, students, and legal clerks).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 35], "content_span": [36, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0087-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Burial riot\nUnder the terms of the truce an investigation charged 106 people with incitement, six of which were condemned to death. Ignoring the terms of the truce, the Catholic-dominated Parlement interfered, pardoning all the condemned Catholics, so the only people executed for the riot were four Reformed members hung on April 11 at the four corners of the Place Saint-Georges. The body of the woman over which the riot had begun, had been buried in a Catholic cemetery by priests who helped seize it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 35], "content_span": [36, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0088-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Burial riot\nReformed members saw this pardoning of Catholics who killed Protestants as part of a pattern in the region, a pattern which included the recent shielding of Catholics who had committed the Massacre of Cahors. A contemporary Reformed Church commentator charges conspiracy on the commissioners named Dalzon and de Lozelargie sent to investigate the violence by Parlement. He claimed that the commissioners conferred with the rioting Catholics and while returning to tell Parlement that all was calm, incited violence. He wrote \"But in reality they had told them as they left: 'Kill them all; ransack the lot of them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 35], "content_span": [36, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0088-0001", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Burial riot\nWe are your fathers; we will protect you'. This came out afterwards in documentary evidence which, however, was seized and burnt after the entire dissipation of the reformed church [in the city] by those had an interest in covering it all up, even to the extent of executing most of those who had prepared the evidence and those who had been prepared to come forward and give testimony.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 35], "content_span": [36, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0089-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Burial riot, National events\nEven as the burial riot went on in Toulouse, outside events continued to encourage hostility between Catholics and members of the Reformed Church. These events would set the stage for larger, deadlier riots in the city.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 52], "content_span": [53, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0090-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Burial riot, National events, Paris under the Triumvirate\nOn April 5 the constable of Paris had the Reformed Church building at the Port of St. Antoine torn down. Its pulpit, forms, and choir where burnt and pieces of the wreckage carried away as souvenirs by a Catholic mob. Troops were placed on the streets to arrest anyone suspected of being a Protestant and a house to house search was made looking for Protestant preachers. At this time the Guises moved the boy king from Melun to an even stronger fortification at Bois de Vincennes east of Paris.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 81], "content_span": [82, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0090-0001", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Burial riot, National events, Paris under the Triumvirate\nColigny and D'Andelot offered to meet Catherine to discuss the situation if family members of the Triumvirate went as hostages to Orleans to ensure they were not harmed. The Queen Regent was in agreement, but was overruled by the Triumvirate. At this time it was still hoped that the Council of Trent or a national Council might still bring a peaceful resolution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 81], "content_span": [82, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0091-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Burial riot, National events, Paris under the Triumvirate\nThe Duke of Guise sent out a letter to the provinces, which claimed to have been directed by the boy King. The letter instructed authorities that they were to disregard the edicts of toleration, claimed that the Protestants wanted to make Cond\u00e9 king. It said that Paris's parlement had declared itself a tutor for the boy King and taken a \"resolution to exterminate all those of the Huguenot religion as guilty of divine and human l\u00e8se majest\u00e9\". A copy of the letter reached Toulouse by way of Montpellier on April 10, 1562.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 81], "content_span": [82, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0092-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Burial riot, National events, Cond\u00e9's rebellion\nOn April 12, 1562, at Orleans, Cond\u00e9 formally took command of the Protestant soldiers, naming Admiral Coligny and D'Andelot as his lieutenants. They outlawed idolatry, blasphemy, violence, and robbery within the territories under their control. They declared their motive was solely to liberate the boy King from captivity, to punish the insolence of the disloyal and the enemies of the church. The start of the civil war had begun. The Protestants saw their actions as a righteous rebellion from the Guises whom they viewed as usurping tyrants holding the King a prisoner, the Guises saw their opponents as treasonous heretics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 71], "content_span": [72, 700]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0092-0001", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Burial riot, National events, Cond\u00e9's rebellion\nCatherine de Medici tried again to broker peace, but neither side was trusting enough to be the first to lay down their arms. By late April, the Guises supporters Montmorency and Antoine of Navarre began to waver when they learnt how much territory was under Cond\u00e9 and troops were moving to Orleans by the thousands. The Duke remained firm, in part because the question of whether the massacre of Vassy would be attributed to him (neither the Court of the Parlement of Paris nor the peers of France had absolved him from guilt).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 71], "content_span": [72, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0092-0002", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Burial riot, National events, Cond\u00e9's rebellion\nFurther worries resulted due to the Protestants position allowing them to intercept most of the attempted communications to the King of Spain. On April 24, the Guises strengthened their position in Paris when the Cardinal of Lorraine brought in another thousand horsemen. That same date a letter was sent to Toulouse authorities from Paris, claiming the Edict of Saint-Germain and its proscribed toleration could never have been valid for the Languedoc region as it was a border province.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 71], "content_span": [72, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0093-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Burial riot, National events, Appeal to Catholic nations\nCatherine de Medici continued to fear that Protestant actions would result in the end of the royal dynasty and began to ally with the Triumvirate. Montomrency proposed that she ask the papal nuncio to ask the Pope for money and troops, but Spain was seen as the major Catholic power at this time and so she bid the Triumvirate to ask King Philip II of Spain for assistance. They did so, sending the request with a letter by Antoine of Navarre professing his Catholic faith. On May 8, the boy King Charles IX formally requested military assistance from Spain, Catholic regions of Switzerland, Catholic regions of Germany, Savoy, the Pope, and Catholic princes of Italy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 80], "content_span": [81, 749]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0094-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Insurrection\nAs outside events added fuel to the flames of sectarian hatred, tensions continued to simmer in Toulouse between the Catholics and Reformed Church members. The capitouls tried to prevent violence by controlling the traffic of weapons into the city, but found it impossible. As historian Mark Greengrass writes, \"Monasteries, priests, as well as scholars in the university, maintained caches of small arms and continued to do so, despite the truce.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0094-0001", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Insurrection\nJudges kept garrisons within their private houses and some bourgeois 'monopolisseurs', such as the wealthy Pierre Delpuech, already involved in the arms trade, profited from the additional business that the alarm in the city brought them.\" In addition the Catholic captains set over the militia by the terms of the truce began to openly defy the capitouls  authority over them (as they viewed them as Protestant heretics).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0095-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Insurrection\nTheodore Beza accompanying Cond\u00e9 in Orleans sent out a letter to the Protestants across the provinces asking for money and arms for their troops. Toulouse responded to the letter by sending funds (though just as in other regions, the amount was not as much as the leadership had hoped). In addition Reformed Church members within Toulouse began to secretly house Protestant troops within their private estates as the beginning of a levy to send on to Orleans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0096-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Insurrection\nPerhaps the event that escalated tensions the most was caused by the s\u00e9n\u00e9chal and Parlement who decided that the militia must be reinforced to prevent insurrection. To achieve this they moved to convoke a ban-et-arri\u00e8re ban which would order all the nearby Catholic nobles to appear in full armor with their warriors. Both Catholic moderates and Protestants within the capitouls protested against the move. They cited the city's charter that forbid armed soldiers from assembling within Toulouse without their permission. The Parlement ignored their protests and on May 10, over two hundred Catholic princes and their retinues entered through the main gate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 694]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0097-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Insurrection\nAs tensions escalated the month-long truce could no longer hold. This resulted in far greater violence than the events of the burial riot with much of it again centering on the H\u00f4tel de Ville.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0098-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Insurrection, Cond\u00e9 plot\nCertain that neither justice for their dead nor safety for themselves would be possible under the current political situation, in April Pierre Hunault, sieur de Lanta (one of the Protestant capitouls) veered off his civic trip to Paris and went to Orl\u00e9ans to contact Louis, Prince of Cond\u00e9. Prince Cond\u00e9 (a convert to the Reformed Church of France and the brother of King Antoine of Navarre) had become the champion of resistance to the domination of the Crown by the staunchly Catholic Guise family.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 48], "content_span": [49, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0098-0001", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Insurrection, Cond\u00e9 plot\nHe was seen as a protector of Protestants and had begun to seize and garrison strategic towns along the Loire. Cond\u00e9 told the capitoul to capture Toulouse for the Protestants. The plan was to copy the keys to all the gates of the city's defensive walls and capture the city using the Protestant soldiers already being secretly housed in Toulouse along with troops levied by Lanta from his properties east of the city in Lauragais. The plan would go into effect on May 17 with one of the goals being the strategic seizure of the H\u00f4tel de Ville.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 48], "content_span": [49, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0099-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Insurrection, Cond\u00e9 plot\nWhether Lanta was ever able to coordinate with Reformed Church members within Toulouse remains unknown, but he did begin to levy troops throughout the villages around his country estate (including Blagnac, Colomiers, and Seilh). Lanata's return and his suspicious activities did not go unnoticed by agents of Blaise de Lasseran-Massenc\u00f4me, seigneur de Montluc the Catholic military lieutenant in Gascony. Montluc forwarded his suspicions to Mansencal, president of the Parlement of Toulouse, saying that he believed Lanta was set to take the city with 1,200 troops on Pentecost (April 18). The Parlement immediately met in emergency session.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 48], "content_span": [49, 690]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0099-0001", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Insurrection, Cond\u00e9 plot\nThirty-seven parlementaires signed a document charging over twenty of their colleagues with heresy. Some were viewed as unacceptably moderate (Politiques or Nicodemites), some for being humanists, others on suspicion of Protestant sympathies (not for being Protestants themselves but for allowing their wives or family members to attend Protestant services), still others were viewed as convinced Calvinists. Fully purged, the Parlement issued decrees to counter the planned insurrection by requesting additional military assistance from Anne de Joyeuse to garrison strategic locations in the city including fortifying the H\u00f4tel de Ville. They also discussed how to ban Reformed Church services within the walls of Toulouse.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 48], "content_span": [49, 773]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0100-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Insurrection, Cond\u00e9 plot\nBecoming aware of Parlement's discussions, the consistory and other notable Reformed Church members of Toulouse quickly held their own meeting. The consistory made up of city notables urged caution hoping to prevent armed strife. The captains wanted to consider practical and realistic objectives given their situation. It was the zeal of Minister Barrelles that carried the day, determining that as troops were already secretly in the city and more were waiting outside that the time to act was upon them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 48], "content_span": [49, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0100-0001", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Insurrection, Cond\u00e9 plot\nIt was judged that Parlement's actions had forced the conspirators hand and an immediate coup was attempted that night\u00a0\u2013 May 12, 1562. Led by some of their capitouls, Reformed Church members at nine p.m. let Captain Saux and some of the Protestant militia in from the suburbs outside the walls through the Porte Villeneuve gate. These troops captured the H\u00f4tel de Ville and took three capitouls prisoner. Protestant forces also captured the three universities and threw up barricades made of dirt filled barrels across the streets leading into the quartiers that they had captured. All of this took place before the dawn of May 13 with little opposition and no bloodshed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 48], "content_span": [49, 720]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0101-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Insurrection, Street fighting\nIn light of this treason, the councilors of Parlement passed a sentence of arrest on the magistrates who were taking part. They unilaterally deposed all the capitouls and ordered their property seized. This action was taken, even though only two capitouls were known Reformed members, two had no known previous association with Protestantism (though it is always possible that they converted on the job), and the others were viewed as firm Catholics (but ones who favored moderation and peace). The Parlement bypassed the normal election procedure and appointed a new slate of capitouls, all of whom were staunchly Catholic and at least two of which were members of Toulouse's Catholic syndicat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 53], "content_span": [54, 749]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0102-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Insurrection, Street fighting\nWhile the H\u00f4tel de Ville was held by Reformed Church members, the Catholic faction was led from the nearby seat of Parlement, the Palais de Justice. They turned the chancery of into an operations room, with the rest of the structure serving as a barracks for the Catholic forces. From here they sent forth military commands, such as ordering all removable shop awnings to be taken down to prevent them from being used as Protestant sniper hides. They also commanded all captains and gentlemen in the nearby areas to come and give military assistance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 53], "content_span": [54, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0103-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Insurrection, Street fighting\nWith both camps entrenched, Parlement quickly had the gunpowder stored in Bazacle Mills seized and requisitioned the King's treasury and any silver within the city. President Mansencal also established a war fund to which all the judges were required to make a contribution. Out in the streets both sides threw up more barricades which soon led to bitter fighting between denominations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 53], "content_span": [54, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0104-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Insurrection, Street fighting\nAppearing on the streets of Toulouse in their red robes the councilors of Parlement commanded the populace to take up arms against the members of the Reformed Church. Five or six of their number were dispatched to proclaim to the Catholic citizenry that they should \"Pillage, kill boldly, with the approval of the pope, of the king, and of the court.\" These also gave out \"a white cross as a mark of distinction for their persons and houses\" to those that answered their call.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 53], "content_span": [54, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0104-0001", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Insurrection, Street fighting\nThe Parlement ordered all Catholic combatants to display these crosses on themselves and their homes and decreed that all other Catholics must place a display of lighted candles in their windows. Any qualms that Catholics may have had over killing their neighbors were met with the declaration that such actions were part of a \"holy war\" and clergy loyal to the Parlement offered dispensation in advance to those who agreed to kill heretics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 53], "content_span": [54, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0105-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Insurrection, Street fighting\nBetween 3,000 and 8,000 Catholics answered the call and joined in the street fighting. These included the town guard, a supplementary militia of around 400, private troops garrisoned in wealthy homes, and the Catholic knights and their retinues that had responded to the arri\u00e8re-ban. They were met by around 2,000 Protestants which included the secret levies of militia and bands of students. The Protestants, while woefully outnumbered, were far better armed, having been successfully sneaking weapons and ammunition into the city since the burial riot. They had also confiscated the arsenal at the H\u00f4tel de Ville which included a great number of pikes, armor, arquebuses and cannon. Urban warfare gripped Toulouse and events quickly descended into chaos.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 53], "content_span": [54, 810]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0106-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Insurrection, Street fighting\nProtestants made use of buildings with overhangs as platforms for musketeers and stone-throwers, they also used their own homes to connect their forces between streets. Catholics often negated these tactical advantages by burning these homes to the ground.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 53], "content_span": [54, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0107-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Insurrection, Street fighting\nOn the 14th, Parlement ordered a purge of its militia forces. Though records do not explain why, two captains professing to be Catholic were slain and two more wounded in the courtyard outside the Palais de Justice. After this purge, their militia focused solely on apprehending people that Parlement suspected of Protestantism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 53], "content_span": [54, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0108-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Insurrection, Street fighting\nOn the Catholic side all Protestants were viewed in the same light as those holed up in the H\u00f4tel de Ville - being viewed as not only heretics but open traitors. Those not in the H\u00f4tel de Ville were seized in their homes, thrown from windows, or dragged to the Garonne River and thrown in. Even Protestants being taken to prison by town constables were massacred by mobs of angry Catholics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 53], "content_span": [54, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0108-0001", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Insurrection, Street fighting\nStill the majority of those arrested did make it to prison and the arrests of Protestants were so numerous that those in jail for merely criminal charges but who were not charged with heresy were released to make more room for captured Reformed Church members. Arriving at jail Protestants were stripped, beaten, and males had their beards torn off. When the prisons were filled to capacity, those arrested on suspicion of Protestantism were stripped naked and thrown into the river\u00a0\u2013 those attempting to swim were shot with arquebuses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 53], "content_span": [54, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0109-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Insurrection, Street fighting\nAs the great number of Reformed Church members in Toulouse were from the higher classes, the hysteria was so out of control that any well-dressed passenger was viewed as a Protestant, taken from the vehicle and slain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 53], "content_span": [54, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0110-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Insurrection, Street fighting\nThe Reformed Church members focused on Catholic churches and monasteries. In total they captured ten of these types of Catholic buildings, including large monasteries belonging to the Dominican and Franciscan Observantists orders. Monks captured in these raids were taken to the H\u00f4tel de Ville and held prisoner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 53], "content_span": [54, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0111-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Insurrection, Street fighting\nAmong the fiercest fighters were university students of either denomination. The students were well prepared for guerrilla tactics and street fighting. They were more deadly than even the nobility's armored mounted cavalry forces whose horse-mounted tactics did not transfer well to the narrow streets of Toulouse and whose armor became cumbersome. Much of the violence, especially that performed by members of the Reformed Church took on a ritualistic tone. Catholic churches were ransacked, with statues and other images destroyed. A band of drunken Protestants broke into the parish church of Saint-Georges and destroyed any Catholic statues, paintings, or other imagery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 53], "content_span": [54, 728]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0111-0001", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Insurrection, Street fighting\nOther Protestants at Saint-Orens mocking the doctrine of Transubstantiation took hold of Sacramental bread prepared for the Catholic Eucharist and defiled it. One account records a Protestant woman at the \u00c9glise du Taur church defecating on either the Catholic baptismal font, while another source speaks of a woman doing the same upon the altar to show her contempt for the Catholic's sacrifice of the Mass. Catholic items in these churches that they could not manage to destroy (such as the relics/remains of Thomas Aquinas) along with other expensive objects were taken to the H\u00f4tel de Ville.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 53], "content_span": [54, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0111-0002", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Insurrection, Street fighting\nLikewise some of the Catholic actions seem ritualistic as well, with corpses of those deemed heretics denied any sense of a holy burial by being cast in the Garrone River or \"mutilated in a systematic fashion.\" As the riots continued these ritualistic elements faded in the name of efficiency; historian Greengrass describes the scene: \"Once the violence became more organized, the ritualistic elements were submerged beneath the familiar elements of civil war...", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 53], "content_span": [54, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0111-0003", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Insurrection, Street fighting\nBodies were dumped in the river Garonne, sewers in the city were scoured out, quartiers were set alight, not as ritual cleansings and purification of the city but as a natural recourse in the strategy of urban warfare when the prisons were full and the sewers offered some refuge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 53], "content_span": [54, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0111-0004", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Insurrection, Street fighting\nThe greater violence perpetrated by the Catholics was not necessarily an expression of their outrage at the desecration of their religious symbols and their failure to find Protestant ritual objects to attack in return; it was the inevitable result of a sectarian conflict in a confined space in which Catholics outnumbered Protestants and had the assistance of professional soldiers to whom killing came easily.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 53], "content_span": [54, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0112-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Insurrection, Street fighting\nAs most of the Catholics in the mob were illiterate and viewed books as a means that spread Protestantism, they were quick to support Parlement's edict to raid booksellers' shops (regardless if they sold Protestant works or not), arrest the bookseller, and then remove all their books and set them on fire in the public gathering places.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 53], "content_span": [54, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0113-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Insurrection, Street fighting\nAs events escalated some in the mobs took advantage of the situation to settle personal scores. Both sides engaged in pillaging homes of their opponents. With even judges, court officials, medical doctors, and lawyers having their homes ransacked. While most of these homes were owned by people suspected of being in the Reformed Church, in some cases the wealthy had their property pillaged even if they were not believed to be Protestants. One such case was Jean de Bernuy who as an ethnic Jew, had come to Toulouse to escape the Spanish Inquisition and made a fortune selling Isatis tinctoria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 53], "content_span": [54, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0113-0001", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Insurrection, Street fighting\nHis elegant townhome was ransacked by a Catholic mob under the baron de Clermont and both of his daughters were raped without anyone ever charging him of Protestantism. His neighbor Mathieu Chauvet was captured and held for ransom. Foreigners and temporary residents were also robbed. Most of the damage to Toulouse was due to this ransacking pillage, with the conservative total estimate being 20,000 \u00e9cus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 53], "content_span": [54, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0114-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Insurrection, Street fighting\nThroughout May 13\u201314 areas engulfed in street fighting spread to a wider and wider area, moving from around the Place Saint-Georges, to the Place Saint-Sernin, the Porte du Baz\u00e2cle, and the streets leading to the cathedral. Greengrass postulates that this closeness to the cathedral and the attacks on the monasteries may be why \"the Catholic clergy appeared muted or paralyzed\" during these riots, unlike the previous one.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 53], "content_span": [54, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0115-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Insurrection, Street fighting\nBy May 15 the Catholics brought four thick oaken mobile defense structures onto the streets that acted as mobile shields. These structures were mounted on two wheels and were rather large for the streets. By pushing these in front of them the Catholics were able to get close to the enemy with the structure absorbing any weapon's fire. These were successful though the Protestants were able to capture one of them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 53], "content_span": [54, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0116-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Insurrection, Street fighting\nReformed Church members began to utilize the cannons they had won with their capture of the H\u00f4tel de Ville. One was dragged to the Three Pigeons inn and around barricades to halt a Catholic mobile shield, two smaller cannons were moved to the top of the tower in the Coll\u00e8ge de P\u00e9rigord in hopes that they could destroy the spire of the Saint-Sernin (a famous site of Catholic pilgrimage) and thereby control the whole quarter. A last cannon was taken to the top of the H\u00f4tel de Ville itself to shore up defenses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 53], "content_span": [54, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0117-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Insurrection, Street fighting\nAlso on May 15, Reformed Church members began using the ancient Roman sewer that ran to the Garonne river to move around or to find shelter. Catholics flushed the system with a large amount of water and capturing twenty five Protestants threw them from a bridge into the Garonne river where they drowned.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 53], "content_span": [54, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0118-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Insurrection, Street fighting\nIn the beginning of the riots the Protestants had focused on Catholic ritual objects to vent their anger upon and followed a policy of trying to avoid committing violence on their opponents. Prisoners were treated with consideration, banished rather than executed, and great attempts to convert them to what they deemed true Christianity were made. But as events continued and the situation grew more desperate for them, Protestant policy shifted towards more killing. The Catholic policy remained the same throughout the riots; they deemed Protestants both heretics and traitors who must be exterminated in the name of \"holy war\". This explains their slaughter of unarmed Protestant prisoners held in the conciergerie and Parlement's prison, and their willingness to hold other Protestants under water till they drowned or watch them burn to death inside their homes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 53], "content_span": [54, 922]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0119-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Insurrection, Street fighting\nIt is estimated that at least 200 people viewed as Protestants were slain in this street fighting, though some historians (such as Greengrass) hold that such a figure is far too low.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 53], "content_span": [54, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0120-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Insurrection, Burning of Saint-Georges\nThe Catholics responded to the tactic of Reformed Church members using homes to connect Protestant troops in different streets or as firing platforms by setting those homes on fire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 62], "content_span": [63, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0121-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Insurrection, Burning of Saint-Georges\nThe members of the Reformed Church throughout the city had around 1,000 troops and \"the allegiance of at least one student nation\", but promised reinforcements from Protestant noblemen in the region never arrived. In contrast Catholic aristocrat warriors (such as Anne de Joyeuse, Antoine de Lomagne the sieur de Terride, and Monluc) sent troops into the city. In addition every Catholic church within five or six leagues of the town rang out their tocsins, rallying bands of peasantry into the fray.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 62], "content_span": [63, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0122-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Insurrection, Burning of Saint-Georges\nThese superior numbers did not always equate with easy success and more desperate tactics had to be used. Greengrass writes: \"Catholics had particular difficulty in the rue des Couteliers and towards the Daurade church, an artisan quarter where Huguenot support was strong. There, Catholics instituted a campaign of terror, sectarian murder, pillage and imprisonment which remind the historian of some of the events [during the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre] in the Quartier Latin in Paris ten years later.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 62], "content_span": [63, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0123-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Insurrection, Burning of Saint-Georges\nDespite the growing opposition, the Reformed Church members within the H\u00f4tel de Ville were, due to force of arms (which included a cannon), able to hold off the growing opposition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 62], "content_span": [63, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0124-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Insurrection, Burning of Saint-Georges\nOn Friday, May 15, frustrated by the standoff, the Catholic leadership attempted to both dislodge the Reformed Church members, remove cover for any escape route, and end street fighting in that area by setting fire to all Protestant homes in the Saint-Georges quarter (where the H\u00f4tel de Ville was located). The Parlement declared anyone attempting to extinguish the flames would be guilty of a capital offense, which resulted in some Catholic homes burning as well. In the end, more than 200 homes were burnt to the ground.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 62], "content_span": [63, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0125-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Insurrection, Burning of Saint-Georges\nThe Reformed Church members within the H\u00f4tel de Ville continued to hold their position from Monday through Saturday. All talk of truce had been rejected by the zealous minister Barrelles whom had turned the town hall into a Reformed temple. Protestant sources describe him as \"courageous and zealous, but very thoughtless and not always inspired by the spirit of God\". Even in the midst of the siege he had a vicious argument with a Protestant captain over ransoming captured notables back to the enemy. In the end he had the captain thrown into the H\u00f4tel de Ville prison as well. Still, with the city around him ablaze, even he could not long ignore the reality of their military situation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 62], "content_span": [63, 754]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0126-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Insurrection, Truce\nAs the riots continued throughout the week some of the city's notables sought to avoid the conflict or find a way to end it as peacefully as possible. Several of Toulouse's magistrates were determined to remain neutral while both sides descended into bloodshed. Many left the city or moved to quieter areas within it (occasionally sending out attempts to see if Reformed friends or family members and their homes were safe), other notables stayed within their properties protected by a heavy guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 43], "content_span": [44, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0126-0001", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Insurrection, Truce\nThose under their own guard were viewed with suspicion by the Catholic faction, and proposals to invoke their aid where rejected by the Catholic syndicat. The viguier (a type of judge) named Jean Portal attempted to remain neutral on his garrisoned property near the Palais de Justice, but his doors where torn down and he was seized by a Catholic mob who suspected him of Protestantism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 43], "content_span": [44, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0127-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Insurrection, Truce\nOn the Catholic side, many of the nobles, who had responded to the ban and arri\u00e8re-ban, were appalled at the cost the Protestant resistance and their tactics of urban warfare was having on their armored troops. Catholic Captain Ricaud was so devastated at the loss of so many of his troops within just two days of fighting that he withdrew to an Augustinian monastery, refused all food and drink, and wailed about the great loss of gens de bien (good/honest folk). The nobles were also dismayed that the Protestants had no respect for the status of their bloodlines and casualties among the gentry were high. One Catholic noble was even thrown by Protestant townsfolk into the river weighted down by his gilded armor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 43], "content_span": [44, 761]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0128-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Insurrection, Truce\nAmong the Protestants, Captain Sauxenes grew ever more dismayed at the carnage. He began to release some of the Catholic notables that had been taken prisoner (especially the women and children). For these actions he was accused of treason by the zealous Minister Barrelles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 43], "content_span": [44, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0129-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Insurrection, Truce\nOn May 14, private contacts between factions led to an attempt at negotiations over the barricades at Saint-Rome between Captain Saux and Pierre Delpuech but they fell flat. Nothing was achieved until Saturday May 16, after six hours of early morning fighting and parlement judge Antoine de Resseguier using his skills as a mediator. The Reformed's Captain Saux reached an agreement with the captain of the Catholic troops and Catholic nobleman Raymond de Pavia baron de Fourquevaux of Narbonne. A truce lasting until Sunday night would be called allowing the Protestants to leave Toulouse, never to return. Nothing was laid out about the Protestants' possessions or their worship. Toulouse's capitouls joined a number of Catholic notables after Saturday evening Mass at a Carmelite Church to hastily ratify the terms. News of the terms spread and situational details were negotiated over each barricade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 43], "content_span": [44, 948]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0130-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Massacre\nEven before the riots there had been a shortage of grain supplies throughout the town, and as the days of rioting stretched on, the Reformed Church members (within the H\u00f4tel de Ville and strongholds in the university colleges) began to run out of food even for the women and children that had joined them there. This presence of refugees is also believed to have hindered their military (estimates put the number of refugees as already over two thousand by Thursday). The Protestants had never been able to control the river and so were cut off from both the mills alongside it and receiving supplies through it. They did capture some stores from the monasteries, but these were also quickly exhausted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 735]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0131-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Massacre\nThe Reformed Church members' strategic position in the town had always been weak. The expected outside reinforcements of de Lanta, d'Arpajon and other Protestant nobles from Guyenne and the Albigeois never reached the city, having been blocked by royal troops under orders of Blaise de Lasseran-Massenc\u00f4me, seigneur de Montluc the provincial lieutenant. A few reinforcements did arrive from the Lauragais and Pamiers on Friday and entered through the few gates that the Protestants held, but their numbers and training were inferior to the troops of the Catholic nobility that had answered the ban and arri\u00e8re-ban.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0131-0001", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Massacre\nThe morale of the Reformed Church members quickly sank when they realized that there was little hope of additional reinforcements. Relying heavily on their captured cannons and having failed to capture the eighteen casks of powder and mills at the Porte du Baz\u00e2cle, their military supplies of gunpowder were soon as scarce as their food supplies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0132-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Massacre\nThe Governor of Narbonne was sent by the Parlement of Toulouse to discuss the peace terms with those inside the H\u00f4tel de Ville. The Reformed Church members agreed to leave the H\u00f4tel and their other strongholds, abandon their arms and possessions inside, and leave Toulouse forever under the promise that they would be unmolested. As Saturday night fell, starting between eight and nine p.m. the Reformed Church members in large numbers began to file through the only Protestant-controlled exit from the walled city, the gate of Villeneuve. Some of their number watched from the rooftop of the H\u00f4tel, singing Protestant hymns to their departing fellows.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 685]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0133-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Massacre\nWith only the gate of Villeneuve being seen as a safe passage through the city walls, and with the number of Protestant refugees so large and progressing so slowly (due to carrying possessions and family members), the exodus from Toulouse lasted throughout Saturday night and all the way past eight p.m. Sunday night.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0134-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Massacre\nAs that Sunday was Pentecost, the Reformed Church members within the H\u00f4tel de Ville held a Lord's Supper service and with prayers and tears began leaving its safety defiantly singing Psalms in French. They were accompanied by the town trumpeter who had climbed the H\u00f4tel's tower and played psalms and hymns which were heard throughout the city. It was hoped that as it was Pentecost around the time of vespers, the majority of the Catholic population would be at their Benediction of the Blessed Sacrament. The Catholic leadership had ordered the city watch to supervise the truce from the Church towers, and it was hoped that they could maintain discipline over their co-religionists.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 718]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0135-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Massacre\nThe historian G. de Felice charges that corrupt clergy members had instructed their listeners that the Catholic Church's teaching of juramentum contra utilitatem ecclesiasticam pr\u0153stitum non tenet (\"No oath contrary to ecclesiastical utility [the interests of the Church] is binding\"), meant that any promise to someone deemed a heretic did not have to be upheld. In any event, the promise of safety was not upheld\u00a0\u2013 those who had abandoned their weapons and left the H\u00f4tel de Ville were soon met by an angry Catholic mob.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0136-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Massacre\nAs soon as the last detachment of Reformed Church members had left the protection of the walls around the H\u00f4tel and made their way towards the gate of Villeneuve, tocsin bells began to ring out. Large mobs of angry Catholics ran out of their churches, seized their weapons and began to chase down and massacre unarmed Protestant men, women, and children. Reformed Church members had to run a gauntlet of Catholics intent on killing and screaming for Protestant blood along with cries of Vive la Croix! (\"Long live the Cross\"). In addition to the swarming mobs chasing them through the town, the unarmed Reformed Church members were also met outside the walls by Catholics who had forced a violation of the truce by ordering city guards at gunpoint to open another gate so they could intercept the fleeing Protestants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 850]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0137-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Massacre\nThe peasants from nearby villages up to ten miles away that had responded to calls of help from the Parlement earlier in the week, having no training with firearms, had remained outside the city. As they had been told that it was not only permitted but honorable to kill any Protestant on sight and pillage their goods, a thousand such peasants intercepted and slaughtered many trying to flee to Protestant-friendly towns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0137-0001", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Massacre\nOutside the confines of Toulouse (which had allowed the Protestants to use urban terrain and tactics to withstand the overwhelming number of Catholics and negate the advantage of mounted armored knights), even if they had been armed they would have had no chance in the plat pays (flat places) that lay between them and Protestant friendly towns. No town not dominated by Protestants could be seen as safe for them; even those who had disguised themselves as peasants from the fields, or as priests trying to pass through Lavaur (to get to Montauban), were found out and slaughtered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0138-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Massacre\nInside Toulouse revenge killings continued. Blaise de Lasseran-Massenc\u00f4me, seigneur de Montluc, having been barraged with pleas from Parlement arrived there with his forces the day after the insurrection had ended. In his writings Montluc reports that up to 400 Protestants were slain, by his own armored and mounted troops and by mobs of Catholic peasants, while trying to escape Toulouse.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0139-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Massacre\nMany bodies of those slain outside the walls would lay there half-eaten on the roadsides until identified and collected by the capitaine de la sant\u00e9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0140-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Massacre\nAll contemporary sources hold that more were slain outside the walls than in the streets of Toulouse. It is estimated that around 3,000 to 5,000 people had died in the combined rioting and massacre, with the vast majority being Protestants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0141-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Trials\nThroughout the day after the massacre, even with the insurrection crushed, a feeling of hysteria continued to grip Toulouse. Property and homes continued to be ransacked, while the town guard continued to pursue those suspected of Protestantism. Even those who had remained uncommitted could come under suspicion depending on what side of the barricades they were found on, or which friends they had visited the night of May 12. The Parlement soon produced lists of suspects and those who had shown a lack of Catholic commitment were shown a lack of mercy by town officials.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0142-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Trials\nSoon after, Parlement began inquires on the events. Those Protestants that constables had managed to bring to prisons alive were summarily judged by the Parlement and found guilty of capital offenses save for a handful of cases. Investigations soon expanded to seek out those who might have secretly supported the coup and those who might be secret heretics. Between two and three hundred were publicly executed for heresy and the town's provost Captain Saux (a leading Reformed Church member whom had survived the riots) was quartered. Another four hundred were executed for contumacy. Around two hundred were burnt in effigy. In the end nearly a thousand people were investigated by the Parlement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 730]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0143-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Trials\nConfiscations of property for those the Parlement declared had taken part in the attempted coup were widespread, and accusations have been made that witnesses were bribed or threatened with \"ecclesiastical menaces\" to increase this property forfeiture. (Felice states: \"The clergy had published a motion enjoining, under pain of excommunication and eternal damnation, not only the denunciation of heretics, but even of those, who had given them counsel, help, or favor.\")", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0144-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Trials\nSuch a situation caused abuses, one of the more outrageous included the hanging of a twelve-year-old boy who had arrived from Montauban, the Parlement had declared him a heretic for being unable to recite the Ave Maria, despite his protest that he hadn't been taught it yet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0145-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Trials\nOther than the fate of a group Augustinian nuns (who had abandoned their cloister in order to return to the world to get married and were sentenced to whipping plus three years of imprisonment), little is known about the fate of women during these trials as it was assumed that they were merely following the wills of their husbands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0146-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Trials\nThe Parlement had the decree issued on the first day of the insurrection, which had stripped the capitouls of their offices and seized their property, inscribed into a marble slab and placed at Toulouse's Capitol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0147-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Trials\nAccording to city records, the Parlement of Toulouse made the city 22,236 livres tournois from sales of property confiscated from those it found guilty of heresy or contumacy from 1562 to 1563.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0148-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Aftermath\nHistorian Joan Davies relates to what lengths the Protestants of Toulouse had to face in order to worship according to their beliefs, writing \"Under the terms of the peace of Amboise, March 1563, the Protestants of Toulouse no longer had the right to worship in their own city but were assigned a lieu du culte first at Grenade, then Villemur, both over twenty kilometers away. There is no evidence that they retained the service of a pastor, but a consistory was still active in 1564, hoping to reconstitute the church. By September 1567, those who wished to attend the c\u00eane had to travel to Montauban; in 1572, Toulousain Protestants can be found at Villemur and trying to worship at Castanet, just outside the city, where the seigneur claimed the right to hold services.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 808]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0149-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Aftermath\nThe famous Reformed theologian Pierre Viret had been working in southeast France (N\u00eemes, Montpellier, and Lyons) beginning in 1561, he had intended to go to Toulouse in March 1563 but upon hearing of the riots, he returned to Protestant-dominated Lyon after touring Languedoc and the Dauphin\u00e9. As the Wars of Religion continued, Pierre d'Airebondouze in Geneva was asked to convey a message to Calvin by Viret. He had been contacted by an official from Toulouse claiming he could raise between three and four thousand Protestant soldiers in the surrounding region of Languedoc if rich fugitives from Toulouse would contribute funds. Viret had secured promises of funds from the Toulousain refugees in Lyon, but many had soon after fled to Geneva following a Protestant defeat near their new home.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 830]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0150-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Aftermath\nFollowing the riots the populace of Toulouse became well trained in the methods of organized confessional militancy. In 1563 the Catholic populace was called by the Parlement to enroll in leagues dedicated to preserving the religious purity of France. These people were led by Catholic warriors from the nobility, ranking members of the Catholic hierarchy, and city officials. Members were to mark their homes and clothing with white crosses. All who joined \"of whatever dignity\" had to take an oath to preserve the state religion. Anyone league members encountered who refused to take the oath was to \"be considered rebels\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0150-0001", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Aftermath\nThis practice was reinvigorated in 1568 reformed with the title \"crusade\" rather than league. Toulouse's \"crusade\" received a papal bull of approval in March 1568. This group was later folded into the Catholic League that formed in 1576 with the express intention of preventing the Protestant Henry of Navarre from becoming King.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0151-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Aftermath\nHistorian Gayle K. Brunelle states that \"As a result [of the city's experience during the 1562 Protestant uprising], not only was Toulouse one of the earliest cities to support the Catholic League, but the Parlement and the city government, cleansed of Protestants, hunted sorcerers and heretics with a relentless, almost obsessive, ferocity until the end of the sixteenth century.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0151-0001", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Aftermath\nAs the capitouls had been purged of those tolerant of Protestants and replaced with members whose Catholicism was beyond question, the only opposition to a tendency towards ultra-Catholicism in the city's leadership was from a faction of magistrates in Parlement who favored moderation. Even this faction occasionally came under suspicion seen as being Nicodemite.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0152-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Aftermath, Later persecutions\nAs the Wars of Religion engulfed the country, the member of the Reformed Church in Toulouse that had survived the events of 1562 continued to face persecution. Historian Mark Greengrass states, \"The opening of each new phase of the civil wars was marked by another wave of repression of rebels and heretics in which the memories of the 'impious and unhappy civil war' of 1562 formed a powerful stimulus\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 53], "content_span": [54, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0153-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Aftermath, Later persecutions\nIn 1568 between four and five hundred were slain in the night and their bodies thrown into the Garonne river. In addition to the night pogrom, sixteen members high officers (including many from Parlement) were placed under arrest for suspicion of heresy, while sixteen more fled to Montauban and Castres.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 53], "content_span": [54, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0154-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Aftermath, Later persecutions\nIn 1572, in reaction to the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre in Paris, Toulouse officials ordered all suspected Reformed Church members to be placed in confinement (some held within Catholic convents, others in the municipal prison). On the night of October 3 (over a month after the Paris massacre) two merchants (father and son) named Delpeche arrived from Paris. They claimed they had orders \"to kill all\" Protestants. As evening progressed the Delpeches gained supporters and these self-appointed executioners took the Reformed Church members from their cells and murdered them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 53], "content_span": [54, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0154-0001", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Aftermath, Later persecutions\nBetween 200 and 300 Reformed Church members were slain in this manner. Among those killed were three councilors of the Parlement whose bodies, draped in their official robes, were hung from a tall tree in front of the seat of Parlement. Among those slain was Jean de Coras. Unlike other areas of France which responded with mob violence and indiscriminate killing, Toulouse's response to the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre was cold, efficient, and systematic. With knowledge of the killings, many surviving Toulousain Protestants (like others throughout France) abandoned their faith through abjuration at this time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 53], "content_span": [54, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0155-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Aftermath, Later persecutions\nBy 1762 Toulouse's treatment of Protestants was met with some outrage over its execution of Jean Calas by breaking at the wheel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 53], "content_span": [54, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0156-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Aftermath, Annual festival\nIn celebration of their victory over a Protestant coup, the Parlement of Toulouse created an annual festival (f\u00eate) for \"The Deliverance\" to be held every May 17. Pope Pius IV issued a papal bull approving of the religious ceremony and attaching indulgences and benediction to it. As the Wars of Religion dragged on, interest in the celebration began to wane in the late 1580s; supporters of the Catholic League were successful in reinvigorating the annual procession to celebrate the city's \"liberation\". The fete for the city's \"deliverance\" became one of the longest continual ceremonies in all of Old Regime France\u00a0\u2013 being annually celebrated from 1563 to 1791, with the official orders of Toulouse assembling each May 17 for a solemn general procession.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 50], "content_span": [51, 809]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0157-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Aftermath, Annual festival, The 200th anniversary\nThe F\u00eate was the largest of Toulouse's general processions and the celebration of its 200th anniversary was (as historian Robert A. Schneider states) \"one of the great moments in Toulouse's history, commemorating the two-hundredth anniversary of this glorious event. It was a lavish spectacle, attracting...thirty thousand tourists and pilgrims. And its popularity was enhanced by the renewal of a papal bull originally issued in 1564 granting faithful indulgences for attending prayers at either the cathedral or the Basilica Saint-Sernin.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 73], "content_span": [74, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0158-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Aftermath, Annual festival, The 200th anniversary\nA fireworks display was offered held on scaffolding set up to look like a temple. Several items on the scaffolding recalled the triumph of the Catholics over the Protestants 200 years before. One inscription stated \"Religion graced and defended this place with its illustrious and precious blood. It is here that faith triumphed wondrously. Calvin, seeing this, shuddered. ... The relics of the saints are Toulouse's honor.\" Higher up the scaffolding another inscription stated \"The Faithful believer will find here his only entrance. ... Harmony and peace reign in this place. ... Those who are excluded perish without help. ...", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 73], "content_span": [74, 703]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0158-0001", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Aftermath, Annual festival, The 200th anniversary\nThis way, and by no other, one ascends to heaven.\" Over the inscription of the word \"Religion\" a statue personifying it held a chalice in one hand, a cross in the other, and crushed under its feet a prostrate figure of Calvin. After being postponed by rain the fireworks were set off on May 17.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 73], "content_span": [74, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013212-0159-0000", "contents": "1562 Riots of Toulouse, Aftermath, Annual festival, The 200th anniversary\nStill outraged over Toulouse's execution of Jean Calas just months before, the whole celebration was seen with particular disgust by the Enlightenment writer Voltaire, who called it \"the procession to thank God for four thousand murders.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 73], "content_span": [74, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013219-0000-0000", "contents": "1562 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1562.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013220-0000-0000", "contents": "1562 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013220-0001-0000", "contents": "1562 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013220-0002-0000", "contents": "1562 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013221-0000-0000", "contents": "1562 in science\nThe year 1562 in science and technology included a number of events, some of which are listed here.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013222-0000-0000", "contents": "1563\nYear 1563 (MDLXIII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013223-0000-0000", "contents": "1563 Act For the Relief of the Poor\nThe 1563 Act for the Relief of the Poor is a law passed in England under Queen Elizabeth I. It is a part of the Tudor Poor Laws.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013223-0001-0000", "contents": "1563 Act For the Relief of the Poor\nIt extended the Poor Act of 1555. It further provided that those who refused, after exhortation by the bishop, to contribute to poor relief could be bound over to the Justice of the Peace and assessed fines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013224-0000-0000", "contents": "1563 London plague\nIn 1563, London experienced its worst episode of plague during the sixteenth century. At least 20,136 people in London and surrounding parishes were recorded to have died of plague during the outbreak. Around 24% of London's population ultimately perished, but the plague affected London's insanitary parishes and neighbourhoods the most.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013224-0001-0000", "contents": "1563 London plague, London in 1563\nIn 1563 the City of London was overcrowded, unsanitary, and poorly-policed. Queen Elizabeth reigned in her 5th year and the government struggled with a rapidly increasing population. Although sanitation was a constant problem, the city had gone over a dozen years without a plague epidemic and many contemporary Londoners were unconcerned about the disease. That changed in 1563 when plague suddenly erupted in Derby, Leicester, and London with such virulence that sickness spread to English troops garrisoned at Havre, weakening them and causing a surrender to French forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 34], "content_span": [35, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013224-0002-0000", "contents": "1563 London plague, The plague in London\nThe first cases of plague began to appear in June. According to manuscripts by John Stow kept at Lambeth Library, weekly bills of mortality for 1563 show the first 17 recorded plague deaths for the week ending 12 June. Elizabeth began coordinating a government response to the epidemic by communicating orders to her people through the Church. Churchwardens and curates were instructed to tell parishioners staying with those sick with plague not to come to church until several weeks after they die or recover. Strict countermeasures were taken at the local level to combat the epidemic such as painting blue crosses on the houses of the infected and government orders to kill and bury all stray cats and dogs \"for the avoidance of plague,\" with special officers appointed to carry out the cull.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 40], "content_span": [41, 837]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013224-0003-0000", "contents": "1563 London plague, The plague in London\nMany people still believed that plague was caused by inhaling corrupt airs known as \"miasmas.\" In another well-intentioned but likely ineffective effort to cleanse London, orders were given by Queen Elizabeth's Council on 9 July that all householders at seven in the evening should make bonfires in the street to consume the corrupt air. Cases began to steadily increase over the next few weeks, with plague killing 131 Londoners for the week ending 3 July before sharply increasing to hundreds of deaths per week by 30 July.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 40], "content_span": [41, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013224-0003-0001", "contents": "1563 London plague, The plague in London\nTudor physician William Bullein records the contemporary testimony of a beggar witnessing those fleeing the epidemic: \"I met with wagons, cartes, and horses full loden with young barnes, for fear of the black Pestilence...\" The urban neighborhoods within London's walls were among the hardest hit by the epidemic of 1563, with the worst afflicted areas being Saint Poulkar's parish, Fleet Ditch's Turnagain lane, and Seacoal lane. S. Poulkar's was the most severely affected parish, having large quantities of fruit merchandise and filth in the lanes attracting rats. The areas around Fleet river were notorious for being overcrowded and unsanitary, and plague spread wildly in these localities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 40], "content_span": [41, 736]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013224-0004-0000", "contents": "1563 London plague, The plague in London\nA prominent London physician named Dr. Geynes, known for invoking Galen and being citationed by the government for it, died on 23 July from plague. Another physician, Dr. John Jones, contracted plague after staying in the house of a sick person but survived the illness. Dr. Jones promotes the theory of contagion in his Dyall of Auges, writing that \"I myself was infected by reason that unawares I lodged with one who had it running from him.\" As London's death toll soared, fear of the plague became palpable in the Royal Court.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 40], "content_span": [41, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013224-0004-0001", "contents": "1563 London plague, The plague in London\nOn 21 August, Lord Burleigh drafted Queen Elizabeth's order for the removal of Lady Katherine Grey and the Earl of Hertford from the Tower, out of \"great fear that [the plague] may enter into our said Tower.\" By the end of August nearly 1,000 Londoners per week were dying, and London was experiencing widespread panic. Elizabeth and the Royal Council decided to avoid the City of London entirely. The Queen moved the Royal Court to Windsor Castle and erected a gallows in the town square, threatening to hang anyone who followed them from London. She prudently  banned the transportation of goods into Windsor from London, as she too had a fear of contagion. A pious queen, Elizabeth also wrote to the Archbishop of York to recommend universal prayer and fasting for hastening \"remedy and mitigation\" of the plague in her realm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 40], "content_span": [41, 870]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013224-0005-0000", "contents": "1563 London plague, The plague in London, Autumn peak and winter decline\nAn average of 1,449 people were dying weekly between 27 August and 1 October, peaking at 1,828 plague deaths in London for the week ending 1 October. Queen Elizabeth's government gave new orders on 30 September that all houses with infected individuals should have their doors and windows boarded up and that no person inside shall make contact with persons outside for 40 days. This strict quarantine may have had an immediate effect, with plague deaths the next week dropping over 30% to 1,262 for the week ending 8 October.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 72], "content_span": [73, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013224-0006-0000", "contents": "1563 London plague, The plague in London, Autumn peak and winter decline\nIt is normal during plague outbreaks for the disease to subside or break in a community during the winter months, as rats and their fleas retreat from snow and their resources thin out. By 2 December deaths had fallen to 178 per week and the Common Council released an order that none of the houses where plague patients had been can be rented out. Cases continued to decline to 13 deaths for the week ending 21 January 1564 before plague dissipated from the city.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 72], "content_span": [73, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013225-0000-0000", "contents": "1563 No\u00ebl\n1563 No\u00ebl, provisional designation 1943 EG, is a stony Flora asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 8 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 7 March 1943, by Belgian astronomer Sylvain Arend at the Royal Observatory of Belgium in Uccle, and named after the discoverer's son.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013225-0001-0000", "contents": "1563 No\u00ebl, Orbit and classification\nNo\u00ebl is a member of the Flora family, one of the largest groups of stony asteroids in the main-belt. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.0\u20132.4\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 3 months (1,185 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.09 and an inclination of 6\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. No\u00ebl was first identified as 1930 EF at the Crimean Simeiz Observatory in 1930, extending its observation arc by 13 years prior to its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 35], "content_span": [36, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013225-0002-0000", "contents": "1563 No\u00ebl, Physical characteristics\nThe S-type asteroid is characterized as a transitional Sa-subtype on the SMASS taxonomic scheme.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 35], "content_span": [36, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013225-0003-0000", "contents": "1563 No\u00ebl, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nBetween April 2008 and June 2015, five rotational lightcurves were obtained from photometric observations by Czech astronomer Petr Pravec at the Ond\u0159ejov Observatory near Prague. All lightcurves show a well-defined rotation period between 3.548 and 3.550 hours with a brightness variation of 0.15 to 0.18 in magnitude (U=3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 52], "content_span": [53, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013225-0004-0000", "contents": "1563 No\u00ebl, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn April 2008, a photometric observation by astronomer Julian Oey at the Kingsgrove Observatory, Australia, gave a concurring period of 3.550\u00b10.002 hours and an amplitude of 0.14 (U=3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 52], "content_span": [53, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013225-0005-0000", "contents": "1563 No\u00ebl, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, No\u00ebl measures 7.2 kilometers in diameter and its surface has a high albedo of 0.37, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.24 \u2013 derived from 8\u00a0Flora, the family's principal body and namesake \u2013 and calculates a larger diameter of 9.0 kilometers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 56], "content_span": [57, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013225-0006-0000", "contents": "1563 No\u00ebl, Naming\nThis minor planet was named in honor of the discoverer's son, Emanuel Arend (H 138).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 17], "content_span": [18, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013232-0000-0000", "contents": "1563 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1563.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013233-0000-0000", "contents": "1563 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013233-0001-0000", "contents": "1563 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013233-0002-0000", "contents": "1563 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013234-0000-0000", "contents": "1563 in science\nThe year 1563 in science and technology included a number of events, some of which are listed here.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013235-0000-0000", "contents": "1564\nYear 1564 (MDLXIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013236-0000-0000", "contents": "1564 Srbija\n1564 Srbija (IPA:\u00a0[s\u0159\u0329bija]), provisional designation 1936 TB, is a dark asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 36 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 15 October 1936, by Serbian astronomer Milorad Proti\u0107 at the Belgrade Astronomical Observatory in Serbia. It is named for the country of Serbia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013236-0001-0000", "contents": "1564 Srbija, Classification and orbit\nThe C-type asteroid is also classified as an X-type in the Tholen taxonomy. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.5\u20133.8\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 8 months (2,070 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.20 and an inclination of 11\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. Srbija's observation arc begins 3 years prior to its official discovery observation with its first identification as 1933 FR1 at Heidelberg in 1933.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013236-0002-0000", "contents": "1564 Srbija, Physical characteristics\nAstronomers Maryanne Angliongto and Milan Mijic at Cal State LA, United States, obtained a rotational lightcurve of Srbija in May 2006. It gave a rotation period of 29.64 hours with a brightness variation of 0.37 magnitude (U=2). In November 2009, photometric observations by James W. Brinsfield at Via Capote Observatory (G69), California, gave a shorter period of 9.135 hours with an amplitude of 0.17 (U=3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013236-0003-0000", "contents": "1564 Srbija, Physical characteristics\nAccording to the space-based surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Srbija measures between 29.48 and 43.23 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.042 and 0.10. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for carbonaceous asteroids of 0.057 and calculates a diameter of 37.12 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 10.88.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013236-0004-0000", "contents": "1564 Srbija, Naming\nThis minor planet was named in honour of the now sovereign state of Serbia in its transliterated native pronunciation (Serbian: \u0421\u0440\u0431\u0438\u0458\u0430 / Srbija). Srbija's discovery in 1936 was the first minor planet discovery made at Belgrade Observatory. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center in December 1952 (M.P.C. 844).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013244-0000-0000", "contents": "1564 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1564.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013245-0000-0000", "contents": "1564 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013245-0001-0000", "contents": "1564 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013245-0002-0000", "contents": "1564 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013246-0000-0000", "contents": "1564 in science\nThe year 1564 in science and technology included many events, some of which are listed here.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013247-0000-0000", "contents": "1565\nYear 1565 (MDLXV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013248-0000-0000", "contents": "1565 Lema\u00eetre\n1565 Lema\u00eetre, provisional designation 1948 WA, is a highly eccentric Phocaea asteroid and sizable Mars-crosser from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 8 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 25 November 1948, by Belgian astronomer Sylvain Arend at the Royal Observatory of Belgium in Uccle, Belgium. It was named after cosmologist and priest Georges Lema\u00eetre.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013248-0001-0000", "contents": "1565 Lema\u00eetre, Classification and orbit\nLema\u00eetre is a Mars-crossing asteroid, as it crosses the orbit of Mars at 1.666\u00a0AU. It is also an eccentric member of the Phocaea family (701). This asteroid orbits the Sun at a distance of 1.6\u20133.2\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 8 months (1,353 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.35 and an inclination of 21\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. As no precoveries were taken, and no prior identifications were made, Lema\u00eetre's observation arc begins on the night following its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013248-0002-0000", "contents": "1565 Lema\u00eetre, Physical characteristics\nIn the SMASS taxonomy, Lema\u00eetre is characterized as a Sq-type, a transitional class of stony S-type and Q-type asteroids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013248-0003-0000", "contents": "1565 Lema\u00eetre, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves\nIn September 2007, a rotational light-curve of Lema\u00eetre was obtained from photometric observations by American astronomer Brian D. Warner at his Palmer Divide Observatory, Colorado. It gave a rotation period of 11.403 hours with a brightness variation of 0.04 magnitude (U=2), superseding a provisional period of 2.4 hours with an amplitude of 0.03 magnitude, derived from photometric observations made by Arnaud Leroy, Bernard Tr\u00e9gon, Xavier Durivaud and Federico Manzini two months earlier (U=1+).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 52], "content_span": [53, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013248-0004-0000", "contents": "1565 Lema\u00eetre, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Lema\u00eetre measures between 6.90 and 8.00 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.22 and 0.334. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for Phocaea asteroids of 0.23 \u2013 derived from 25\u00a0Phocaea, the family's most massiv member and namesake \u2013 and calculates a diameter of 8.76 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.5.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013248-0005-0000", "contents": "1565 Lema\u00eetre, Naming\nThis minor planet was named in honour of Belgian priest, astronomer and professor of physics, Georges Lema\u00eetre (1894\u20131966), widely regarded as the father of the Big Bang theory. The lunar crater Lema\u00eetre also bears his name. Lema\u00eetre was the first minor planet to be numbered after the end of World War II. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 June 1975 (M.P.C. 3824).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013254-0000-0000", "contents": "1565 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1565.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013255-0000-0000", "contents": "1565 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013255-0001-0000", "contents": "1565 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013255-0002-0000", "contents": "1565 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013256-0000-0000", "contents": "1565 in science\nThe year 1565 in science and technology included many events, some of which are listed here.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013257-0000-0000", "contents": "1565\u20131566 papal conclave\nThe 1565\u201366 papal conclave (20 December \u2013 7 January) was convened on the death of Pope Pius IV and ended in the election of Pope Pius V.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013257-0001-0000", "contents": "1565\u20131566 papal conclave, Background\nCardinal Vitellozzo Vitelli was Camerlengo; Cardinal Francesco Pisani, the most senior of the cardinals was Dean of the sacred College. The conclave was made up of several small groups aligned either by family relations, such as those who favored Francesco Gonzaga; and by locale, such as the Florentines. A separate division lay between some of the younger cardinals eager to press the reforms of the Council of Trent, and their senior colleagues whose views of reform leaned towards the Inquisition, which use appeared sometimes to border on the political.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013258-0000-0000", "contents": "1566\nYear 1566 (MDLXVI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013259-0000-0000", "contents": "1566 Icarus\n1566 Icarus (/\u02c8\u026ak\u0259r\u0259s/ IK-\u0259-r\u0259s; provisional designation: 1949 MA) is a large near-Earth object of the Apollo group and the lowest numbered potentially hazardous asteroid. It has is an extremely eccentric orbit (0.83) and measures approximately 1.4\u00a0km (0.87\u00a0mi) in diameter. In 1968, it became the first asteroid ever observed by radar. Its orbit brings it closer to the Sun than Mercury and further out than the orbit of Mars, which also makes it a Mercury-, Venus-, and Mars-crossing asteroid. This stony asteroid and relatively fast rotator with a period of 2.27 hours was discovered on 27 June 1949, by German astronomer Walter Baade at the Palomar Observatory in California. It was named after the mythological Icarus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 735]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013259-0001-0000", "contents": "1566 Icarus, Orbit and classification\nIcarus orbits the Sun at a distance of 0.19\u20131.97\u00a0AU once every 13 months (409 days; semi-major axis of 1.08\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.83 and an inclination of 23\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Palomar in 1949.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013259-0002-0000", "contents": "1566 Icarus, Orbit and classification\nAt perihelion, Icarus comes closer to the Sun than Mercury, i.e. it is a Mercury-crossing asteroid. It is also a Venus and Mars-crosser. From 1949 until the discovery of 3200\u00a0Phaethon in 1983, it was known as the asteroid that passed closest to the Sun. Since then hundreds of Mercury-crossers have been found, the closest ones are now being 2005 HC4 and (394130) 2006 HY51 (also see List of Mercury-crossing minor planets \u00a7\u00a0List).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013259-0003-0000", "contents": "1566 Icarus, Orbit and classification, Meteor shower\nIcarus is thought to be the source of the Arietids, a strong daylight meteor shower. However other objects such as the short-period sun-grazing comet 96P/Machholz are also possible candidates for the shower's origin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 52], "content_span": [53, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013259-0004-0000", "contents": "1566 Icarus, Orbit and classification, Close approaches\nIcarus has an Earth minimum orbital intersection distance of 0.0352\u00a0AU (5,270,000\u00a0km), which translates into 13.7 lunar distances (LD). This near-Earth object and potentially hazardous asteroid makes close approaches to Earth in June at intervals of 9, 19, or 28 years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 55], "content_span": [56, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013259-0005-0000", "contents": "1566 Icarus, Orbit and classification, Close approaches\nOn 14 June 1968, it came as close as 0.042482\u00a0AU (6,355,200\u00a0km; 16.533\u00a0LD). During this approach, Icarus became the first minor planet to be observed using radar, with measurements obtained at the Haystack Observatory and the Goldstone Tracking Station.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 55], "content_span": [56, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013259-0006-0000", "contents": "1566 Icarus, Orbit and classification, Close approaches\nThe last close approach was on 16 June 2015, when Icarus passed Earth at 0.05383\u00a0AU (8,053,000\u00a0km; 20.95\u00a0LD). Before that, the previous close approach was on 11 June 1996, at 0.10119\u00a0AU (15,138,000\u00a0km), almost 40 times as far as the Moon. The next notably close approach will be on 13 June 2043, at 0.0586\u00a0AU (8,770,000\u00a0km) from Earth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 55], "content_span": [56, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013259-0007-0000", "contents": "1566 Icarus, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Icarus, son of Daedalus (also see 1864 Daedalus) from Greek mythology. They attempted to escape prison by means of wings constructed from feathers and wax. Icarus ignored his father's instructions not to fly too close to the Sun. When the wax in his wings melted he fell into the sea and drowned. The naming was suggested by R. C. Cameron and Dr. Folkman. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center in January 1950 (M.P.C. 347). Both mythological figures are honored with the lunar craters Icarus and Daedalus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013259-0008-0000", "contents": "1566 Icarus, Physical characteristics\nRadiometric observation characterized Icarus as a stony S-type and Q-type asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013259-0009-0000", "contents": "1566 Icarus, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nSince 1968, several rotational lightcurves of Icarus were obtained from photometric and radiometric observations. During the asteroid's close approach in June 2017, observations of the fast-moving object were taken by Italian astronomers Virginio Oldani and Federico Manzini, Brian Warner at the Palmer Divide Station (U82) in California, and by Australian astronomers at the Darling Range and Blue Mountains Observatories (Q68).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 54], "content_span": [55, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013259-0010-0000", "contents": "1566 Icarus, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nLightcurve analysis gave it a consolidated rotation period of 2.2726 hours with a brightness variation of 0.22 magnitude (U=3). Icarus is a relatively fast rotator, near the threshold where non-solid rubble piles fly apart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 54], "content_span": [55, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013259-0011-0000", "contents": "1566 Icarus, Physical characteristics, Spin axis\nAnalysis of 2015 radar observations obtained at the Arecibo Observatory and the Goldstone Observatory yields a spin axis of (270.0\u00b0, \u221281.0\u00b0) in ecliptic coordinates (\u03bb,\u2009\u03b2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 48], "content_span": [49, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013259-0012-0000", "contents": "1566 Icarus, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to several radiometric, photometric, and radar observations, including the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Icarus measures between 1.0 and 1.44 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.14 and 0.51.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013259-0013-0000", "contents": "1566 Icarus, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAnalysis of the radar data obtained at the Arecibo and Goldstone observatories in June 2015 gives the body's dimensions: 1.61 \u00d7 1.60 \u00d7 1.17 kilometers, with equivalent diameter of 1.44 kilometers. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts an albedo of 0.14 based on the radar-derived equivalent diameter of 1.44 kilometers and absolute magnitude of 16.96.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013259-0014-0000", "contents": "1566 Icarus, Research interests\nIcarus is being studied to better understand general relativity, solar oblateness, and Yarkovsky drift. In its case, the perihelion precession caused by general relativity is 10.05 arcseconds per Julian century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 31], "content_span": [32, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013259-0015-0000", "contents": "1566 Icarus, Project Icarus\n\"Project Icarus\" was a student project conducted at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in the spring of 1967 as a contingency plan in case of an impending collision with 1566 Icarus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 27], "content_span": [28, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013259-0016-0000", "contents": "1566 Icarus, Project Icarus\nThis project was an assignment by Paul Sandorff for his group of MIT systems engineering graduate students to devise a plan to use rockets to deflect or destroy Icarus in the case that it was found to be on a collision course with planet Earth. Time magazine ran an article on the endeavor in June 1967 and the following year the student report was published as a book.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 27], "content_span": [28, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013259-0017-0000", "contents": "1566 Icarus, Project Icarus\nThe students' plan relied on the new Saturn V rocket, which did not make its first flight until after the report had been completed. During the course of their study, the students visited the Kennedy Space Center, Florida, where they were so impressed with the Vehicle Assembly Building that they wrote of \"the awesome reality\" that had \"completely erased\" their doubts over using the technology associated with the Apollo program and Saturn rockets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 27], "content_span": [28, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013259-0018-0000", "contents": "1566 Icarus, Project Icarus\nThe final plan hypothesized that six Saturn V rockets (appropriated from the then-current Apollo program) would be used, each launched at variable intervals from months to hours away from impact. Each rocket was to be fitted with a single 100-megaton nuclear warhead as well as a modified Apollo Service Module and uncrewed Apollo Command Module for guidance to the target. The warheads would be detonated 30 meters from the surface, deflecting or partially destroying the asteroid. Depending on the subsequent impacts on the course or the destruction of the asteroid, later missions would be modified or cancelled as needed. The \"last-ditch\" launch of the sixth rocket would be 18 hours prior to impact.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 27], "content_span": [28, 732]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013259-0019-0000", "contents": "1566 Icarus, Project Icarus, In fiction\nThe report later served as the basis and inspiration for the 1979 science fiction film Meteor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 39], "content_span": [40, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013260-0000-0000", "contents": "1566 celestial phenomenon over Basel\nA series of mass sightings of celestial phenomena occurred in 1566 above Basel, Switzerland. The Basel pamphlet of 1566 describes unusual sunrises and sunsets. Celestial phenomena were said to have \"fought\" together in the form of numerous red and black balls in the sky before the rising sun. The report is discussed among historians and meteorologists. The phenomenon has been interpreted by some ufologists to be a sky battle between unidentified flying objects. The leaflet written by historian Samuel Coccius reported it as a religious event. The Basel pamphlet of 1566 is not the only one of its kind. In the 15th and 16th centuries, many leaflets wrote of \"miracles\" and \"sky spectacles\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 732]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013260-0001-0000", "contents": "1566 celestial phenomenon over Basel, History\nThe event is reported to have taken place in Basel, Switzerland in 1566. According to Samuel Coccius, on 27-28 July and 7 August, many local witnesses in Basel reported seeing three celestial phenomena. The first is described as an unusual sunrise, the second as a total eclipse of the moon with a red sun rising, and the third like a cloud of black spheres in front of the sun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013260-0002-0000", "contents": "1566 celestial phenomenon over Basel, The phenomenon described\nThe text of the broadsheet can be translated as giving the following description of the event:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 62], "content_span": [63, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013260-0003-0000", "contents": "1566 celestial phenomenon over Basel, The phenomenon described\nIt happened in 1566 three times, on 27 and 28 of July, and on August 7, against the sunrise and sunset; we saw strange shapes in the sky above Basel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 62], "content_span": [63, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013260-0004-0000", "contents": "1566 celestial phenomenon over Basel, The phenomenon described\nDuring the year 1566, on the 27th of July, after the sun had shone warm on the clear, bright skies, and then around 9 pm, it suddenly took a different shape and color. First, the sun lost all its radiance and luster, and it was no bigger than the full moon, and finally it seemed to weep tears of blood and the air behind him went dark. And he was seen by all the people of the city and countryside.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 62], "content_span": [63, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013260-0004-0001", "contents": "1566 celestial phenomenon over Basel, The phenomenon described\nIn much the same way also the moon, which has already been almost full and has shone through the night, assuming an almost blood-red color in the sky. The next day, Sunday, the sun rose at about six o'clock and slept with the same appearance it had when it was lying before. He lit the houses, streets and around as if everything was blood-red and fiery. At the dawn of August 7, we saw large black spheres coming and going with great speed and precipitation before the sun and chattered as if they led a fight. Many of them were fiery red and, soon crumbled and then extinguished.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 62], "content_span": [63, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013266-0000-0000", "contents": "1566 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1566.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013267-0000-0000", "contents": "1566 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013267-0001-0000", "contents": "1566 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013267-0002-0000", "contents": "1566 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013268-0000-0000", "contents": "1566 in science\nThe year 1566 in science and technology included many events, some of which are listed here.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013269-0000-0000", "contents": "1567\nYear 1567 (MDLXVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013270-0000-0000", "contents": "1567 Alikoski\n1567 Alikoski, provisional designation 1941 HN, is a rare-type carbonaceous asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 67 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 22 April 1941, by Finnish astronomer Yrj\u00f6 V\u00e4is\u00e4l\u00e4 at Turku Observatory in Southwest Finland. It was later named after Finnish astronomer Heikki Alikoski.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013270-0001-0000", "contents": "1567 Alikoski, Classification and orbit\nThis asteroid orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.9\u20133.5\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 9 months (2,101 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.08 and an inclination of 17\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. Alikoski's observation arc begins with a precovery taken at Turku in 1938, extending it by 3 years prior to the asteroid's official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013270-0002-0000", "contents": "1567 Alikoski, Physical characteristics, Spectral type\nAlikoski is characterized as both a carbonaceous C-type asteroid and as a rare PU-type in the SMASS and Tholen taxonomic scheme, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 54], "content_span": [55, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013270-0003-0000", "contents": "1567 Alikoski, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn March 2004, a rotational lightcurve of Alikoski was obtained by American amateur astronomer Robert Stephens at Santana Observatory in California. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 16.405 hours with a brightness variation of 0.16 magnitude (U=3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 56], "content_span": [57, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013270-0004-0000", "contents": "1567 Alikoski, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the space-based surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Alikoski measures between 62.36 and 77.10 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has a low albedo between 0.04 and 0.062. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the results obtained by IRAS, that is, an albedo of 0.0626 and a diameter of 67.83 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 9.47.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013270-0005-0000", "contents": "1567 Alikoski, Naming\nThis minor planet was named in honor of Finnish astronomer Heikki Alikoski (1912\u20131997), assistant to the discoverer from 1937 to 1956, and an observer and discoverer of minor planets himself. He also helped greatly in establishing the Turku Astronomical-Optical Institute. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 February 1976 (M.P.C. 3930).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013278-0000-0000", "contents": "1567 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1567.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013279-0000-0000", "contents": "1567 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013279-0001-0000", "contents": "1567 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013279-0002-0000", "contents": "1567 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013280-0000-0000", "contents": "1567 in science\nThe year 1567 in science and technology included a number of events, some of which are listed here.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013281-0000-0000", "contents": "1568\nYear 1568 (MDLXVIII) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013282-0000-0000", "contents": "1568 Aisleen\n1568 Aisleen, provisional designation 1946 QB, is a stony Phocaea asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 12.5 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 21 August 1946, by South African astronomer Ernest Johnson at Johannesburg Observatory in South Africa. It is named for the discoverer's wife, Aisleen Johnson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013282-0001-0000", "contents": "1568 Aisleen, Orbit and classification\nThe S-type asteroid is a member of the Phocaea family (701), a group of asteroids with similar orbital characteristics. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 1.8\u20133.0\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 7 months (1,318 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.25 and an inclination of 25\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. As no precoveries were taken, and no prior identifications were made, Aisleen's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Johannesburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013282-0002-0000", "contents": "1568 Aisleen, Physical characteristics, Rotation and pole\nIn August 2000, a rotational lightcurve of Aisleen was obtained from photometric observations made by Glen Malcolm at the Roach Motel Observatory (856) in California. The analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 6.68 hours during which the brightness varied by 0.56 in magnitude (U=3). In April 2014, photometric observations by Brian D. Warner gave a period of 6.683 hours with an amplitude of 0.31 magnitude (U=3). A modeled lightcurve from various data sources gave a concurring period of 6.67597 hours and found a pole of (109\u00b0,\u221268\u00b0).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 57], "content_span": [58, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013282-0003-0000", "contents": "1568 Aisleen, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Aisleen measures between 11.98 and 14.04 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.130 and 0.21. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for Phocaea asteroids of 0.23 \u2013 derived from 25\u00a0Phocaea, the family's most massiv member and namesake \u2013 and calculates a diameter of 12.67 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.7.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013282-0004-0000", "contents": "1568 Aisleen, Naming\nThis minor planet was named by the discoverer for his wife, Aisleen Johnson. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 31 January 1962 (M.P.C. 2116).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013287-0000-0000", "contents": "1568 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1568.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013288-0000-0000", "contents": "1568 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013288-0001-0000", "contents": "1568 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013288-0002-0000", "contents": "1568 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013289-0000-0000", "contents": "1568 in science\nThe year 1568 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013290-0000-0000", "contents": "1569\nYear 1569 (MDLXIX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013291-0000-0000", "contents": "1569 Evita\n1569 Evita, provisional designation 1948 PA, is a dark background asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 36 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 3 August 1948, by astronomer Miguel Itzigsohn at the La Plata Astronomical Observatory in Argentina. The asteroid was named after Eva Per\u00f3n.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013291-0001-0000", "contents": "1569 Evita, Orbit and classification\nBased on the hierarchical clustering method, Evita is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.7\u20133.6\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 7 months (2,039 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.13 and an inclination of 12\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013291-0002-0000", "contents": "1569 Evita, Orbit and classification\nThe asteroid was first identified as 1936 KE at the Johannesburg Observatory in May 1936. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at La Plata.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013291-0003-0000", "contents": "1569 Evita, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Evita measures 36.346 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.047. An albedo near 0.05 is typical for carbonaceous C-type asteroids which dominate the outer asteroid belt. It has an absolute magnitude of 11.2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 57], "content_span": [58, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013291-0004-0000", "contents": "1569 Evita, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nAs of 2017, no rotational lightcurve of Evita has been obtained from photometric observations. The asteroid's rotation period and axis, as well as its shape remain unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 53], "content_span": [54, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013291-0005-0000", "contents": "1569 Evita, Naming\nThis minor planet was named in after the First Lady of Argentina, Eva Per\u00f3n (1919\u20131952), who was commonly known by the affectionate Spanish diminutive form of her name, Evita. She was the wife of President Juan Per\u00f3n (1895\u20131974) of Argentina.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013291-0006-0000", "contents": "1569 Evita, Naming\nThe discoverer also named the asteroids 1581 Abanderada, 1582 Martir, 1588 Descamisada and 1589 Fanatica in tribute to Eva Per\u00f3n. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center in February 1951 (M.P.C. 519).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013292-0000-0000", "contents": "1569 Plot\nThe 1569 Plot was a conspiracy in Sweden in 1569. The purpose was to depose John III of Sweden and reinstate the imprisoned Eric XIV of Sweden on the Swedish throne. The plot was instigated by the courtiers of Eric's spouse queen Karin M\u00e5nsdotter; her lady-in-waiting Elin Andersdotter and her personal secretary Thomas Jakobsson. It was the first of three major plots to free the imprisoned Eric XIV (followed by the Mornay Plot and the 1576 Plot), but has been described as the most serious one. The plot was exposed and prevented before it could be put in action and resulted in the execution of the conspirators.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013292-0001-0000", "contents": "1569 Plot, The Plot\nIn the summer of 1569, a plot was discovered with the intent to free and reinstate Erik XIV. The plan was the ship owner Per Larsson would fire at the city of Stockholm, and that the former monarch should be able to flee from his prison in the royal palace during the confusion, and the gather followers in Dalarna, by which he could be reinstated upon the throne.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 19], "content_span": [20, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013292-0002-0000", "contents": "1569 Plot, The Plot\nThe conspirators consisted of members of the staff of the former royal couple Erik XIV and Karin M\u00e5nsdotter: the secretary and mistress of the robes of Karin, Thomas Jakobsson and Elin Andersdotter; the ship owners Per Larsson and Frans Klementsson; the chaplain Jon, Per P\u00e5lsson and the spouse of Elin Andersdotter; Hans Andersson. Elin Andersdotter was, alongside Thomas Jakobsson, the leader of the conspiracy, and financed the whole affair. The conspirators held their conferences at the home of Jakobsson, who also handled the correspondence with Erik XIV, who was informed about the plot. It is unknown whether Karin M\u00e5nsdotter was informed of the plot or participated in it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 19], "content_span": [20, 701]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013292-0003-0000", "contents": "1569 Plot, The Plot\nDuring the trials against the conspirators, Andersdotter and Jakobsson were interrogated about the alleged hidden treasure that John III was certain had been hidden away by Erik XIV, and were promised a pardon if they helped recover it. But they revealed nothing, if indeed there had been such a treasure at all.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 19], "content_span": [20, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013292-0004-0000", "contents": "1569 Plot, The Plot\nElin Andersdotter and Thomas Jakobsson was found guilty of treason and executed as the main instigators of the plot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 19], "content_span": [20, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013298-0000-0000", "contents": "1569 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1569.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013299-0000-0000", "contents": "1569 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013299-0001-0000", "contents": "1569 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013299-0002-0000", "contents": "1569 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013300-0000-0000", "contents": "1569 in science\nThe year 1569 in science and technology included a number of events, some of which are listed here.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013301-0000-0000", "contents": "156th (Leeds and Grenville) Battalion, CEF\nThe 156th (Leeds and Grenville) Battalion, CEF was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013301-0001-0000", "contents": "156th (Leeds and Grenville) Battalion, CEF\nBased in Brockville, Ontario, the unit began recruiting in late 1915 in Leeds and Grenville Counties. After sailing to England in October 1916, the battalion was absorbed into the 2nd, 21st, and 38th Battalions, CEF. A draft was also supplied to Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry, with the remaining men going to the 6th Reserve Battalion. The unit officially ceased to exist on February 15, 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013301-0002-0000", "contents": "156th (Leeds and Grenville) Battalion, CEF\nThe 156th (Leeds and Grenville) Battalion, CEF had two Officers Commanding: Lieut-Col. T. C. D. Bedell (October 17, 1916-March 14, 1917) and Lieut-Col. C. M. R. Graham (March 14, 1917-February 27, 1918).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013302-0000-0000", "contents": "156th (Scottish Rifles) Brigade\nThe 156th (Scottish Rifles) Brigade was an infantry brigade formation of the British Army. The brigade saw active service in both the First and the Second World Wars with the 52nd (Lowland) Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013302-0001-0000", "contents": "156th (Scottish Rifles) Brigade, Origins\nThe Scottish Rifles Brigade was originally a Volunteer Infantry Brigade formed in 1902 when the former Glasgow Brigade of the Volunteer Force was split up. The four Volunteer Battalions of the Cameronians (Scottish Rifles) constituted one brigade, while the four Volunteer Battalions of the Highland Light Infantry formed the other (the Highland Light Infantry Brigade, later the 157th (Highland Light Infantry) Brigade of the TF).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013302-0002-0000", "contents": "156th (Scottish Rifles) Brigade, Origins\nFrom 1902 to 1908 the Scottish Rifles Brigade had the following composition:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013302-0003-0000", "contents": "156th (Scottish Rifles) Brigade, Origins\nThe Brigade Headquarters (HQ) was at 149 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, and the brigade commander from 1 June 1906 was retired Colonel E.C. Browne.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013302-0004-0000", "contents": "156th (Scottish Rifles) Brigade, Territorial Force\nAfter the Volunteers were subsumed into the new Territorial Force (TF) under the Haldane Reforms of 1908, the Scottish Rifles Brigade formed part of the Lowland Division of the TF with the following composition:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 50], "content_span": [51, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013302-0005-0000", "contents": "156th (Scottish Rifles) Brigade, First World War\nThe Lowland Division was mobilised for full-time war service in early August 1914, and most of the men, when asked, volunteered for overseas service. From November 1914 to March 1915, many units of the division were posted elsewhere, mainly to reinforce the Regular Army divisions of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) on the Western Front, most of which had suffered heavy casualties. The 5th and 6th battalions of the Cameronians (Scottish Rifles) were sent to the Western Front and replaced by the 4th and 7th battalions of the Royal Scots.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 48], "content_span": [49, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013302-0006-0000", "contents": "156th (Scottish Rifles) Brigade, First World War\nIn May 1915 the division was numbered as the 52nd (Lowland) Division and the brigades were also numbered, the Scottish Rifles Brigade becoming 156th (Scottish Rifles) Brigade and the battalions were redesignated, becoming '1/7th Royal Scots', to distinguish them from their 2nd Line units being formed in the 195th (2/1st Scottish Rifles) Brigade, part of the 65th (2nd Lowland) Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 48], "content_span": [49, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013302-0007-0000", "contents": "156th (Scottish Rifles) Brigade, First World War\nDuring the war the brigade served with the division in the Middle Eastern theatre, fighting in 1917 in the Battle of Romani, the First Battle of Gaza, Second Battle of Gaza and Third Battle of Gaza during the Sinai and Palestine Campaign and, in 1918, served on the Western Front, fighting in the Hundred Days Offensive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 48], "content_span": [49, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013302-0008-0000", "contents": "156th (Scottish Rifles) Brigade, Inter-war period\nAfter the war the brigade and division were disbanded as was the whole of the Territorial Force. The Territorial Force was reformed in the 1920s as the Territorial Army (TA) and the 52nd Division was reconstituted as was the brigade which was redesignated as the 156th (Scottish Rifles) Infantry Brigade with the same unit it had pre-war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013302-0009-0000", "contents": "156th (Scottish Rifles) Brigade, Inter-war period\nIn 1921, the 5th and 8th Battalions of the Cameronians (Scottish Rifles) were amalgamated as the 5th/8th Battalion and were replaced by the 4th/5th Battalion, Royal Scots Fusiliers from the 155th (East Scottish) Infantry Brigade. Shortly after, the brigade was redesignated the 156th (West Scottish) Infantry Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013302-0010-0000", "contents": "156th (Scottish Rifles) Brigade, Inter-war period\nIn the late 1930s many of the Territorial Army's infantry battalions were converted into other roles, mainly anti-aircraft and searchlight units. In late 1938, all British infantry brigades were reduced from four to three battalions and the 5th/8th Cameronians was chosen to be converted and became 5th/8th Battalion, Cameronians (Scottish Rifles) (56th Searchlight Regiment). In 1939 the brigade was redesignated 156th Infantry Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013302-0011-0000", "contents": "156th (Scottish Rifles) Brigade, Second World War\nDuring the Second World War, the brigade served with the division during Operation Ariel in 1940 in France to cover the withdrawal of troops of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) which was being evacuated from France. From May 1942 to June 1944 the division was trained in mountain warfare yet were never used in the role. They were then trained in airlanding operations but were again never utilised in this role either, due mainly to the disastrous events that occurred during the Battle of Arnhem where the British 1st Airborne Division was virtually destroyed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013302-0011-0001", "contents": "156th (Scottish Rifles) Brigade, Second World War\nIn October 1944 the 52nd Division was sent to the Western Front to join the 21st Army Group and were attached to the First Canadian Army and fought in the Battle of the Scheldt where the 52nd Division gained an excellent reputation. The 156th Infantry Brigade, with the 52nd, took part in Operation Blackcock in early 1945, later taking part in the Western Allied invasion of Germany, and ended the war by the River Elbe. During Blackcock, Fusilier Dennis Donnini of the 4th/5th Battalion, Royal Scots Fusiliers was posthumously awarded the Victoria Cross. At the age of 19, he was the youngest British or Commonwealth soldier to be awarded the VC during the Second World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 726]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013303-0000-0000", "contents": "156th Airlift Squadron\nThe 156th Airlift Squadron (156 AS) is a unit of the North Carolina Air National Guard 145th Airlift Wing. It is assigned to Charlotte Air National Guard Base, North Carolina and is equipped with the Boeing C-17 Globemaster III aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013303-0001-0000", "contents": "156th Airlift Squadron, History, World War II\nOrganized and trained in the Northeast United States by First Air Force. During training was part of the air defense of the northeast, being attached to the New York and Boston Fighter Wings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013303-0002-0000", "contents": "156th Airlift Squadron, History, World War II\nDeployed to England aboard the RMS Queen Elizabeth and served in combat as part of VIII Fighter Command from October 1943 to May 1945, participating in operations that prepared for the invasion of the Continent, and supporting the landings in Normandy and the subsequent Allied drive across France and Germany. The squadron flew P-47 Thunderbolts until they were replaced by P-51 Mustangs in November 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013303-0003-0000", "contents": "156th Airlift Squadron, History, World War II\nFrom October 1943 until January 1944, operated as escort for B-17 Flying Fortress/B-24 Liberator bombers that attacked such objectives as industrial areas, missile sites, airfields, and communications.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013303-0004-0000", "contents": "156th Airlift Squadron, History, World War II\nFighters from the 461st engaged primarily in bombing and strafing missions after 3 January 1944, with its targets including U-boat installations, barges, shipyards, aerodromes, hangars, marshalling yards, locomotives, trucks, oil facilities, flak towers, and radar stations. Bombed and strafed in the Arnhem, Netherlands area on 17, 18, and 23 September 1944 to neutralize enemy gun emplacements providing support to Allied ground forces during Operation Market-Garden. In early 1945, the squadron's P-51 Mustangs clashed with German Me 262 jet aircraft. The squadron flew its last combat mission, escorting B-17's dropping propaganda leaflets, on 7 May 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 705]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013303-0005-0000", "contents": "156th Airlift Squadron, History, World War II\nRemained in the United Kingdom during the balance of 1945, most personnel were demobilized and returned to the United States, with aircraft being sent to storage facilities in the UK. The squadron was administratively inactivated at Camp Kilmer New Jersey on 10 November 1945 without personnel or equipment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013303-0006-0000", "contents": "156th Airlift Squadron, History, North Carolina Air National Guard\nThe unit designation was transferred to the North Carolina Air National Guard in May 1946, being re-designated as the 156th Fighter Squadron. It was organized at Morris Field, near Charlotte, a former Third Air Force Army Airfield during World War II. Equipped with F-47D Thunderbolts, it was activated on 15 March 1948 by the NC Air National Guard, its gaining organization being Fourteenth Air Force, Continental Air Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 66], "content_span": [67, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013303-0007-0000", "contents": "156th Airlift Squadron, History, North Carolina Air National Guard\nThe 156th performed normal peacetime training operations, was re-equipped with F-51 Mustangs in 1949. As a result of the Korean War, the squadron was federalized and placed on active duty, 10 October 1950. Assigned to Strategic Air Command, it was assigned to the Kentucky ANG 123d Fighter-Bomber Wing. After a training period at Godman AFB with F-84E Thunderjets, the wing was deployed to RAF Manston, England where it replaced the 12th Fighter-Escort Wing which had been returned to the United States. In England, the unit provided fighter escorts for SAC's rotational B-50 Superfortress bombardment wings which operated from several USAF-controlled bases in the UK. In July 1952 the squadron returned to the United States and was returned to state control, leaving its aircraft and equipment in England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 66], "content_span": [67, 873]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013303-0008-0000", "contents": "156th Airlift Squadron, History, North Carolina Air National Guard\nUpon return to Charlotte, the 156th returned to operating propeller-driven F-51 Mustangs, operating them until their retirement in 1955, being operationally gained by Tactical Air Command. Was transferred to Air Defense Command (ADC) in mid-1955, and re-equipped with F-86A Sabre day interceptors. The squadron was given an air defense mission over North and South Carolina as part of the ADC 35th Air Division, Dobbins AFB, Georgia. In July 1957, the squadron was expanded to a group-level, with the establishment of the 145th Fighter-Interceptor Group. The 156th was assigned as a subordinate unit to the new group. In 1959 was upgraded to the day/night/all-weather F-86L Sabre Interceptor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 66], "content_span": [67, 759]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013303-0009-0000", "contents": "156th Airlift Squadron, History, North Carolina Air National Guard\nIn February 1961, was reassigned to the Military Air Transport Service Eastern Transport Air Force (EASTAF), at McGuire AFB, New Jersey. Was re-designated as the 156th Aeromedical Transport Squadron. Equipped with C-119 Flying Boxcars equipped for medical transport, the squadron performed evacuations of transport of critically ill military personnel (and dependents) to military medical facilities for treatment. Re -equipped with C-121 Constellations in 1964, performed passenger transport missions for MATS both domestically and to the Caribbean and Europe for EASTAF. Was transferred to the new Military Airlift Command 21st Air Force when MATS was reorganized in 1966.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 66], "content_span": [67, 741]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013303-0010-0000", "contents": "156th Airlift Squadron, History, North Carolina Air National Guard\nWas transferred back to Tactical Air Command control in 1971, being equipped with early-model C-130B Hercules tactical airlifters, being given a theater airlift and troop carrier mission as part of Ninth Air Force. Celebrated 25 years of service in 1973, winning 1st place in worldwide airlift competition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 66], "content_span": [67, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013303-0011-0000", "contents": "156th Airlift Squadron, History, North Carolina Air National Guard\nIn January 1974, transferred to Military Airlift Command, Twenty-First Air Force, later that year assisted in rescue of 10 lives of the Eastern Air Lines Flight 212 crash at Charlotte on 11 September. In 1985, the units mission was expanded by the addition of the Modular Airborne FireFighting System (MAFFS) capability added to the C-130s for aerial firefighting. Other awards won were the 1986 Volant Rodeo competition as world's best airlift crew and plane and 1987 Spaatz Trophy for best flying unit in the Air National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 66], "content_span": [67, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013303-0012-0000", "contents": "156th Airlift Squadron, History, North Carolina Air National Guard\nDuring the 1991 Persian Gulf Conflict, the squadron's 56th Aeromedical Evacuation Flight was activated and deployed to Saudi Arabia, participating in Operation Desert Storm. The squadron also achieved 150,000 hours of safe flying.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 66], "content_span": [67, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013303-0013-0000", "contents": "156th Airlift Squadron, History, North Carolina Air National Guard\nWas reassigned to Air Mobility Command in 1992. and helped evacuate hospital patients in South Florida after Hurricane Andrew in late August. Upgraded to C-130H Hercules in 1993.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 66], "content_span": [67, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013303-0014-0000", "contents": "156th Airlift Squadron, History, North Carolina Air National Guard\nCelebrated 50th anniversary in 1998, received an Excellent\" on Operational Readiness Inspection (ORI), and achieved 176,879 accident free flying hours. After Hurricane Floyd in 1999, the squadron flew 33,000 cases of food rations in 3 C-130s to flood victims and erected a tent city for 80 people near Wilmington's airport. Additional hurricane relief took place in 2005 when the 196th was the first airlift squadron on site in response to Hurricane Katrina Relief support.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 66], "content_span": [67, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013303-0015-0000", "contents": "156th Airlift Squadron, History, North Carolina Air National Guard\nIn July 2012, four members of the squadron died as their C-130 firefighting plane crashed during firefighting efforts in South Dakota. They were: Lt. Col. Paul K. Mikeal, 42, and Maj. Joseph M. McCormick, 36, both pilots; Maj. Ryan S. David, 35, a navigator; and Senior Master Sgt. Robert S. Cannon, 50, a flight engineer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 66], "content_span": [67, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013303-0016-0000", "contents": "156th Airlift Squadron, History, North Carolina Air National Guard\nThe squadron is scheduled to commence trading in its C-130H Hercules and receive the C-17A Globemaster III in the fourth quarter of 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 66], "content_span": [67, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013303-0017-0000", "contents": "156th Airlift Squadron, Notes\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 29], "content_span": [30, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013304-0000-0000", "contents": "156th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by Rich Farmbrough (talk | contribs) at 18:00, 19 November 2019 (Date formats). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013304-0001-0000", "contents": "156th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)\nThe 156th Division (\u7b2c156\u5e2b\u56e3, Dai-hyakugoj\u016broku Shidan) was an infantry division of the Imperial Japanese Army. Its call sign was the West Protection Division (\u8b77\u897f\u5175\u56e3, Gosai Heidan). It was formed 28 February 1945 in Kurume, Fukuoka as a square division. It was a part of the 16 simultaneously created divisions batch numbering from 140th to 160th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013304-0002-0000", "contents": "156th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nThe 156th division was assigned to 57th army. The division spent time from 5 May 1945 until surrender of Japan 15 August 1945 building a coastal defenses in Miyazaki Prefecture without engaging in actual combat. The 453rd infantry regiment was in Sumiyoshi (between Miyazaki and Shintomi), the 454th - in Miyazaki proper, 455th - in Kiyotake (on southern outskirts of Miyazaki), and 456th infantry regiment - in Kunitomi inland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013305-0000-0000", "contents": "156th Georgia General Assembly\nThe 156th Georgia General Assembly convened its first session on January 11, 2021 at the Georgia State Capitol in Atlanta.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013305-0001-0000", "contents": "156th Georgia General Assembly\nThe current membership of the General Assembly was elected in the 2020 State Senate and State House elections.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013305-0002-0000", "contents": "156th Georgia General Assembly, Members of the State Senate\nThe following is a list of members of the Georgia State Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 59], "content_span": [60, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013305-0003-0000", "contents": "156th Georgia General Assembly, Members of the House of Representatives\nThe following is a list of members of the Georgia House of Representatives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 71], "content_span": [72, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013306-0000-0000", "contents": "156th Illinois Infantry Regiment\nThe 156th Regiment Illinois Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013306-0001-0000", "contents": "156th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 156th Illinois Infantry was mustered into Federal service on February 16, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013306-0002-0000", "contents": "156th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Total strength and casualties\nThe regiment suffered 2 enlisted men killed in action or mortally wounded and 24 enlisted men who died of disease, for a total of 26 fatalities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 63], "content_span": [64, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013307-0000-0000", "contents": "156th Indiana Infantry Regiment\nThe 156th Indiana Infantry Battalion was an infantry battalion from Indiana that served in the Union Army between April 12 and August 4, 1865, during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013307-0001-0000", "contents": "156th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe battalion was organized at Indianapolis, Indiana, with a strength of 531 men and mustered in on April 12, 1865. The battalion consisted of five companies, two companies from the 4th and 5th district and another three from the 6th district. It left Indiana for Harper's Ferry, West Virginia on April 27. It was then placed on guard duty at various points in the Shenandoah Valley until early August, and was mustered out on August 4, 1865. During its service the battalion incurred seventeen fatalities and another fifty-four men deserted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013308-0000-0000", "contents": "156th Infantry\nThe 156th Infantry was an infantry regiment of the British Indian Army. It was formed in Mesopotamia in May 1918 during the First World War. It moved to India in June where it remained until disbanded in 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013308-0001-0000", "contents": "156th Infantry, Background\nHeavy losses suffered by the British Expeditionary Force on the Western Front following the German spring offensive in March 1918 resulted in a major reorganization of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 26], "content_span": [27, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013308-0002-0000", "contents": "156th Infantry, Background\nIn fact, the 75th Division already had four Indian battalions assigned, so of the 36 battalions needed to reform the divisions, 22 were improvised by taking whole companies from existing units already on active service in Mesopotamia and Palestine to form the 150th Infantry (3 battalions), 151st Sikh Infantry (3), 152nd Punjabis (3), 153rd Punjabis (3), 154th Infantry (3), 155th Pioneers (2), 156th Infantry (1) and the 11th Gurkha Rifles (4). The donor units were then brought back up to strength by drafts. In the event, just 13 of the battalions were assigned to the divisions and the remaining nine were transferred from Mesopotamia to India in June 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 26], "content_span": [27, 689]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013308-0003-0000", "contents": "156th Infantry, History\nThe regiment was formed with a single battalion (1st Battalion) in Mesopotamia in May 1918 by the transfer of complete companies from:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013308-0004-0000", "contents": "156th Infantry, History\nThe battalion was transferred from Mesopotamia to India in June 1918 and joined the Karachi Brigade where it remained in until the end of the First World War. The 156th Infantry was disbanded in 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013309-0000-0000", "contents": "156th Infantry Division \"Vicenza\"\nThe 156th Infantry Division \"Vicenza\" (Italian: 151\u00aa Divisione fanteria \"Vicenza\") was an infantry division of the Royal Italian Army during World War II. The Vicenza was formed on 10 March 1942 as a garrison division and named for the city of Vicenza. It was sent to the Eastern front, as part of the Italian Army in Russia to act as a reserve, behind the front on the army's \"line of communications\", rear area security and anti-partisan duties. The Vicenza was overrun and destroyed during the Soviet Operation Little Saturn in December 1942-January 1943. Of 10,466 men in the division, 7,760 were killed or missing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013309-0001-0000", "contents": "156th Infantry Division \"Vicenza\", Order of battle 1942\nWhen the division was deployed to Russia it consisted of the following units:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 55], "content_span": [56, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013310-0000-0000", "contents": "156th Infantry Division (France)\n156th Infantry Division was an infantry division of the French Army during the First World War. It was deployed overseas, seeing action during the Gallipoli campaign, and thereafter on the Salonika front, fighting alongside British troops in both theatres of war. It was sent to the Crimea in December 1918 as part of the Army of the Danube.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013310-0001-0000", "contents": "156th Infantry Division (France), Order of battle, May 1915\n2nd Division which disembarked at Gallipoli from 6\u20138 May 1915", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 59], "content_span": [60, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013310-0002-0000", "contents": "156th Infantry Division (France), Order of battle, October 1915\nLeft the Dardanelles and disembarked on the Salonika front in October 1915. to become part of the Arm\u00e9e d'Orient (1915\u201319).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 63], "content_span": [64, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013311-0000-0000", "contents": "156th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)\nThe 156th Infantry Division (German: 156. Infanteriedivision) was a German Army infantry division in World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013311-0001-0000", "contents": "156th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History\nThe 156th Infantry Division was raised in April 1945, where it was sent to the eastern front, which was approaching westwards to the German border.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013311-0002-0000", "contents": "156th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History\nIt was known before as Division Nr. 156 (December 1939 - October 1942), Division Baltzer  (November - December 1942) and 156. Reserve-Division (October 1942 -  February 1944).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013312-0000-0000", "contents": "156th Infantry Regiment (United States)\nThe 156th Infantry Regiment (\"First Louisiana\") is an infantry regiment in the United States Army and the Louisiana National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013312-0001-0000", "contents": "156th Infantry Regiment (United States), History\nThe 2nd Battalion, 156th Infantry Regiment was originally organized between 9 and 17 May 1861 as the 2nd and 3rd Louisiana Volunteer Infantry Regiments and mustered into Confederate service at New Orleans. The 2nd Louisiana Volunteer Infantry Regiment surrendered on 9 April 1865 at Appomattox, VA, with the Army of Northern Virginia; the 3d Louisiana Volunteer Infantry Regiment disbanded on 20 May 1865 at Shreveport, LA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013312-0002-0000", "contents": "156th Infantry Regiment (United States), History\nThe 2nd and 3rd Louisiana Volunteer Infantry Regiments reconstituted on 30 March 1878 as the Special Militia Force to include separate companies and battalions outside Orleans Parish; its elements organized between 1878 and 1890 embracing fifteen companies by 1890. They were reorganized in part on 26 December 1891 as the 1st and 2nd Battalions of Infantry and transferred to the Louisiana State National Guard. The battalions consolidated on 17 March 1896 to form the 1st Regiment of Infantry with headquarters at Baton Rouge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013312-0003-0000", "contents": "156th Infantry Regiment (United States), History\nThe unit was mustered into federal service between 8\u201318 May 1898 at New Orleans as the 1st Louisiana Volunteer Infantry and mustered out of federal service on 3 October 1898 at Jacksonville, FL. It was reorganized on 8 August 1899 in the Louisiana State National Guard as the 1st Battalion of Infantry with headquarters at Monroe. It was expanded, reorganized, and redesignated on 6 December 1904 as the 1st Regiment of Infantry with headquarters at Monroe. The Louisiana State National Guard was meanwhile redesignated in 1910 as the Louisiana National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013312-0004-0000", "contents": "156th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II\nThe 156th Infantry was ordered into federal service on 25 November 1940 at home stations. It moved to Camp Bowie, Texas, on 26 February 1942 where it was relieved on 14 July 1942 from assignment to the 31st Division. The 156th arrived in England on 6 October 1942 and the 2nd Battalion, because of the French language abilities of many of its members, was sent to Algeria for military police duties and was redesignated the 202nd Infantry Battalion on 1 September 1943, inactivating on 25 February 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013312-0004-0001", "contents": "156th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II\nThe regiment was assigned to the U.S. Army Assault Training Center at Woolacombe, England, and a new 2nd Battalion was activated by shipping the 3rd Battalion, 131st Infantry Regiment to England from Fort Brady, Michigan. The 156th went ashore in France in June 1944 and acted as a separate infantry regiment, performing guard duties at headquarters and supply installations and containing German troops bypassed by allied forces in France. The regiment returned to the United States and was inactivated on 13 March 1946 at Camp Kilmer, New Jersey. Assigned on 28 May 1946 to the 39th Infantry Division, it was reorganized and federally recognized on 18 December 1946 with headquarters at Lafayette.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 762]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013312-0005-0000", "contents": "156th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Post-World War II\nThe 156th Infantry and 199th Infantry (less 3d Battalion) consolidated on 1 July 1959 and reorganized as the 156th Infantry, a parent regiment under the Combat Arms Regimental System, to consist of the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Battle Groups, elements of the 39th Infantry Division (3d Battalion, 199th Infantry, concurrently converted and redesignated as the 539th Transportation Battalion - hereafter separate lineage).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 67], "content_span": [68, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013312-0006-0000", "contents": "156th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Post-World War II\nThe 156th Infantry reorganized on 1 May 1963 to consist of the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th Battalions, elements of the 39th Infantry Division/", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 67], "content_span": [68, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013312-0006-0001", "contents": "156th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Post-World War II\nIt reorganized on 1 December 1967 to consist of the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Battalions, elements of the 256th Infantry Brigade; on 1 March 1977 to consist of the 2nd and 3rd Battalions, elements of the 256th Infantry Brigade; on 1 July 1991 to consist of the 2nd and 3rd Battalions, elements of the 256th Infantry Brigade, and the 4th Battalion; and on 1 February 1993 to consist of the 2nd and 3rd Battalions, elements of the 256th Infantry Brigade. As part of the 256th IBCT the unit deployed twice to Iraq, in 2004-5 and again in 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 67], "content_span": [68, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013312-0007-0000", "contents": "156th Infantry Regiment (United States), Organization, 1st Battalion\nDisbanded and removed from service following re-organization of the regiment on 1 March 1977.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 68], "content_span": [69, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013312-0008-0000", "contents": "156th Infantry Regiment (United States), Organization, 2nd Battalion\nThe 2nd Battalion, 156th Infantry is headquartered in Abbeville, Louisiana in Vermilion Parish. It consists of the following:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 68], "content_span": [69, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013312-0009-0000", "contents": "156th Infantry Regiment (United States), Organization, 2nd Battalion\nHeadquarters and Headquarters Company (HHC) located in Abbeville, LA with a detachment in Jeanerette, LA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 68], "content_span": [69, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013312-0010-0000", "contents": "156th Infantry Regiment (United States), Organization, 2nd Battalion\nAlpha Company (Rifle) located in Breaux Bridge, LA with a detachment in Plaquemine, LA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 68], "content_span": [69, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013312-0011-0000", "contents": "156th Infantry Regiment (United States), Organization, 2nd Battalion\nBravo Company (Rifle) located in New Iberia, LA with a detachment in Franklin, LA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 68], "content_span": [69, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013312-0012-0000", "contents": "156th Infantry Regiment (United States), Organization, 2nd Battalion\nEcho Company (FSC attached from 199th BSB) located in Jeanerette, LA with a detachment in Abbeville, LA", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 68], "content_span": [69, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013312-0013-0000", "contents": "156th Infantry Regiment (United States), Organization, 3rd Battalion\nThe 3rd Battalion, 156th Infantry is headquartered in Lake Charles, Louisiana. It consists of the following:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 68], "content_span": [69, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013312-0014-0000", "contents": "156th Infantry Regiment (United States), Organization, 3rd Battalion\nHeadquarters and Headquarters Company (HHC) located in Lake Charles, LA with a detachment in DeQuincy, LA", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 68], "content_span": [69, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013312-0015-0000", "contents": "156th Infantry Regiment (United States), Organization, 3rd Battalion\nAlpha Company (Rifle) located in Fort Polk, LA with a detachment in DeRidder, LA", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 68], "content_span": [69, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013312-0016-0000", "contents": "156th Infantry Regiment (United States), Organization, 3rd Battalion\nBravo Company (Rifle) located in Pineville, LA (Camp Beauregard) with a detachment in Baton Rouge, LA", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 68], "content_span": [69, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013312-0017-0000", "contents": "156th Infantry Regiment (United States), Organization, 3rd Battalion\nCharlie Company (Rifle) located in Crowley, LA with a detachment in New Orleans, LA", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 68], "content_span": [69, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013312-0018-0000", "contents": "156th Infantry Regiment (United States), Organization, 3rd Battalion\nHotel Company (FSC attached from 199th BSB) located in DeQuincy, LA", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 68], "content_span": [69, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013312-0019-0000", "contents": "156th Infantry Regiment (United States), Organization, 4th Battalion\nDisbanded and removed from service following re-organization of the regiment on 1 December 1967.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 68], "content_span": [69, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013312-0020-0000", "contents": "156th Infantry Regiment (United States), Distinctive unit insignia\nA Silver color metal and enamel device 1 1/8 inches (2.86\u00a0cm) in height overall consisting of a shield blazoned: Per fess enhanced Azure and Argent in chief a saltire couped of the second and in base a leopard passant guardant of the first armed and langued Gules. Attached below and to the sides of the shield a Blue scroll inscribed \"DIEU ET MOI\" in Silver letters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013312-0021-0000", "contents": "156th Infantry Regiment (United States), Distinctive unit insignia\nThe shield is in the colors of the Infantry. The organization's honorable Civil War service is shown by the saltire, (St. Andrews cross), taken from the Confederate battle flag. The leopard is taken from the arms of Normandy and symbolized the campaigns fought in Northern France. The motto translates to \"God and I.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013312-0022-0000", "contents": "156th Infantry Regiment (United States), Distinctive unit insignia\nThe distinctive unit insignia was approved on 12 October 1951.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013313-0000-0000", "contents": "156th New York Infantry Regiment\nThe 156th New York Infantry Regiment (aka, \"Mountain Legion\") was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013313-0001-0000", "contents": "156th New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 156th New York Infantry was organized at Kingston, New York beginning August 23, 1862 and mustered in for three-years service on November 17, 1862 under the command of Colonel Erastus Cooke.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013313-0002-0000", "contents": "156th New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to Sherman's Division, Department of the Gulf, to January 1863. 1st Brigade, 3rd Division, XIX Corps, Department of the Gulf, January 1863. 3rd Brigade, 3rd Division, XIX Corps, to July 1863. 2nd Brigade, 1st Division, XIX Corps, to February 1864. 3rd Brigade, 2nd Division, XIX Corps, Department of the Gulf, to July 1864, and Army of the Shenandoah, Middle Military Division, to January 1865. 3rd Brigade, Grover's Division, District of Savannah, Georgia, Department of the South, to March 1865. 3rd Brigade, 1st Division, X Corps, Army of the Ohio, to May 1865. District of Savannah, Georgia, Department of Georgia, to July, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 701]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013313-0003-0000", "contents": "156th New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 156th New York Infantry mustered out of service October 23, 1865 at Augusta, Georgia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013313-0004-0000", "contents": "156th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nLeft New York for New Orleans, La., December 4, 1862. Camp at Carrollton, La., until February 11, 1863. Expedition to Plaquemine February 11\u201319. At Carrollton until March 6. Moved to Baton Rouge, La., March 6. Operations against Port Hudson March 7\u201327. Moved to Algiers April 1, then to Berwick City April 9. Operations in western Louisiana April 9-May 14. Bayou Teche Campaign April 11\u201320. Fort Bisland near Centreville, April 12\u201313. Vermillion Bayou April 17. Opelousas April 20. Expedition from Opelousas to Alexandria and Simsport May 5\u201318. Moved to Port Hudson May 22\u201325. Siege of Port Hudson May 25-July 9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013313-0004-0001", "contents": "156th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nAssaults on Port Hudson May 27 and June 14. Expedition to Clinton June 3\u20138. Surrender of Port Hudson July 9. Moved to Baton Rouge, then to Donaldsonville, July 11\u201315, and duty there until August 15. At Baton Rouge until March 1864. Red River Campaign March 23-May 22. At Alexandria March 25-April 12. Cane River April 23\u201324. Construction of dam at Alexandria April 30-May 10. Actions at Alexandria May 2 and 9. Retreat to Morganza May 13\u201320. Mansura May 16. At Morganza until July. Expedition from Morganza to the Atchafalaya May 30-June 5. Atchafalaya River June 1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013313-0004-0002", "contents": "156th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nMoved to Fort Monroe, Va., then to Washington, D.C., July 5\u201329. Sheridan's Shenandoah Valley Campaign August 5-November 28. Third Battle of Winchester September 19. Fisher's Hill September 22. Battle of Cedar Creek October 19. Duty at Kernstown and Winchester until January 1865. Moved to Savannah, Ga., January 5\u201322, and duty there until March 5. Moved to Wilmington, N.C., March 5, then to Morehead City March 10, and duty there until April 8. Moved to Goldsboro April 8, then to Savannah May 2. Duty at Savannah, Ga., and in the Department of Georgia until October.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013313-0005-0000", "contents": "156th New York Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 227 men during service; 4 officers and 56 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 3 officers and 164 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013314-0000-0000", "contents": "156th New York State Legislature\nThe 156th New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 4 to October 19, 1933, during the first year of Herbert H. Lehman's governorship, in Albany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013314-0001-0000", "contents": "156th New York State Legislature, Background\nUnder the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1894, re-apportioned in 1917, 51 Senators and 150 assemblymen were elected in single-seat districts; senators for a two-year term, assemblymen for a one-year term. The senatorial districts consisted either of one or more entire counties; or a contiguous area within a single county. The counties which were divided into more than one senatorial district were New York (nine districts), Kings (eight), Bronx (three), Erie (three), Monroe (two), Queens (two) and Westchester (two). The Assembly districts were made up of contiguous area, all within the same county.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013314-0002-0000", "contents": "156th New York State Legislature, Background\nAt this time there were two major political parties: the Democratic Party and the Republican Party. The Socialist Party, the Communist Party and the Socialist Labor Party also nominated tickets. The Prohibition Party adopted at this time the name Law Preservation Party: to emphasize that Prohibition should be preserved while encountering rampant opposition to it. They endorsed the \"dry\" Republicans and nominated own candidates in many districts where \"wet\" Republicans were running.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013314-0003-0000", "contents": "156th New York State Legislature, Elections\nThe New York state election, 1932, was held on November 8. Governor Franklin D. Roosevelt was elected U.S. President; Lieutenant Governor Herbert H. Lehman was elected Governor; and M. William Bray was elected Lieutenant Governor; all three Democrats. Of the other six statewide elective offices, five were carried by Democrats and one by a Republican judge with Democratic endorsement. The approximate party strength at this election, as expressed by the vote for Governor, was: Democrats 2,660,000; Republicans 1,812,000; Socialists 103,000; Law Preservation 83,000; Communists 26,000; and Socialist Labor 7,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013314-0004-0000", "contents": "156th New York State Legislature, Elections\nAssemblywoman Rhoda Fox Graves (Rep.), of Gouverneur, a former school teacher who after her marriage became active in women's organisations and politics, ran for the State Senate in the 34th district, but was defeated in the Republican primary by the incumbent Warren T. Thayer. No women were elected to the 156th Legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013314-0005-0000", "contents": "156th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for the regular session at the State Capitol in Albany on January 4, 1933; and adjourned on April 10.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013314-0006-0000", "contents": "156th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nJohn J. Dunnigan (Dem.) was elected Temporary President of the State Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013314-0007-0000", "contents": "156th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nOn June 27, a state convention met to ratify the Twenty-first Amendment to the United States Constitution which proposed to repeal Prohibition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013314-0008-0000", "contents": "156th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for a special session at the State Capitol in Albany on July 26; and adjourned on August 24.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013314-0009-0000", "contents": "156th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for another special session at the State Capitol in Albany on October 18; and adjourned on the next day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013314-0010-0000", "contents": "156th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature. Joseph A. Esquirol and Samuel Mandelbaum changed from the Assembly to the Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013314-0011-0000", "contents": "156th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members\nNote: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words \"...the Committee on (the)...\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013314-0012-0000", "contents": "156th New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Assemblymen\nNote: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words \"...the Committee on (the)...\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 61], "content_span": [62, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013315-0000-0000", "contents": "156th Ohio Infantry Regiment\nThe 156th Ohio Infantry Regiment, sometimes 156th Ohio Volunteer Infantry (or 156th OVI) was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013315-0001-0000", "contents": "156th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 156th Ohio Infantry was organized at Camp Dennison near Cincinnati, Ohio, and mustered in May 15, 1864, for 100 days service under the command of Colonel Caleb Marker.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013315-0002-0000", "contents": "156th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nCompanies A, B, C, D, E, F, and H moved to Cincinnati, May 20 and were engaged in guard and patrol duty in and about that city until July 18. Companies G, I, and K served guard and patrol duty at Camp Dennison until July then moved to Falmouth, Kentucky, later moving Covington, Kentucky, to rejoin the regiment on July 18. Moved to Cumberland, Maryland, July 28 and assigned to General Kelly's Command, Department of West Virginia. Served duty at Cumberland until August 28. Action near Folck's Mills, Cumberland, August 1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013315-0003-0000", "contents": "156th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 156th Ohio Infantry mustered out of service September 1, 1864, at Camp Dennison.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013315-0004-0000", "contents": "156th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Ohio National Guard\nOver 35,000 Ohio National Guardsmen were federalized and organized into regiments for 100 days service in May 1864. Shipped to the Eastern Theater, they were designed to be placed in \"safe\" rear areas to protect railroads and supply points, thereby freeing regular troops for Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant\u2019s push on the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia. As events transpired, many units found themselves in combat, stationed in the path of Confederate Gen. Jubal Early\u2019s veteran Army of the Valley during its famed Valley Campaigns of 1864. Ohio Guard units met the battle-tested foe head on and helped blunt the Confederate offensive thereby saving Washington, D.C. from capture. Ohio National Guard units participated in the battles of Monacacy, Fort Stevens, Harpers Ferry, and in the siege of Petersburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 49], "content_span": [50, 863]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013315-0005-0000", "contents": "156th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost 23 men during service; 1 officer and 22 enlisted men died due to disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013316-0000-0000", "contents": "156th Parachute Battalion (United Kingdom)\nThe 156th Parachute Battalion was a battalion of the Parachute Regiment raised by the British Army during the Second World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013316-0001-0000", "contents": "156th Parachute Battalion (United Kingdom)\nThe battalion was formed in 1941 from volunteers serving in India initially numbered the 151st Parachute Battalion and assigned to the 50th Indian Parachute Brigade. It was then decided they were no longer required in India, so the battalion was renumbered the 156th Parachute Battalion and moved to the Middle East to join the 4th Parachute Brigade, 1st Airborne Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013316-0002-0000", "contents": "156th Parachute Battalion (United Kingdom)\nThe battalion fought briefly in the Allied invasion of Italy in September 1943 and a year later in the Battle of Arnhem, part of Operation Market Garden, where heavy casualties resulted in the disbanding of the battalion, the few surviving men being distributed amongst the battalions of the 1st Parachute Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013316-0003-0000", "contents": "156th Parachute Battalion (United Kingdom), Formation\nImpressed by the success of German airborne operations, during the Battle of France, the British Prime Minister, Winston Churchill, directed the War Office to investigate the possibility of creating a corps of 5,000 parachute troops. On 22 June 1940, No. 2 Commando was turned over to parachute duties and on 21 November, re-designated the 11th Special Air Service Battalion, with a parachute and glider wing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 53], "content_span": [54, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013316-0004-0000", "contents": "156th Parachute Battalion (United Kingdom), Formation\nThe battalion was raised in October 1941 from volunteers from all of the 27 British infantry battalions in British India and originally numbered the 151st Parachute Battalion, part of the 50th Indian Parachute Brigade. However it was decided in October 1942, that the brigade would only have Indian or Gurkha battalions and the 151st was released and sent to the Middle East. The battalion was redesignated 156th Parachute Battalion for no other reason than to confuse German intelligence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 53], "content_span": [54, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013316-0005-0000", "contents": "156th Parachute Battalion (United Kingdom), Formation\nArriving in the Middle East, the battalion together with the 10th and the 11th parachute battalions formed the 4th Parachute Brigade, 1st Airborne Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 53], "content_span": [54, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013316-0006-0000", "contents": "156th Parachute Battalion (United Kingdom), Formation\nIn 1942 a parachute battalion had an establishment of 556 men in three companies (three platoons each) supported by a 3\u00a0inch mortar and a Vickers machine gun platoon. By 1944 a support company to command the battalions heavy weapons was added. It comprised three platoons: Mortar Platoon with eight 3-inch (76\u00a0mm) mortars, Machine Gun Platoon with four Vickers machine guns and an Anti-tank Platoon with ten PIAT anti-tank projectors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 53], "content_span": [54, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013316-0007-0000", "contents": "156th Parachute Battalion (United Kingdom), Operations\nThe 156th Parachute Battalion's first combat experience was during Operation Slapstick in Italy. The operation was carried out by the 1st Airborne Divisions, 2nd and 4th Parachute Brigades. The battalion sailed from Bizerta on 8 September 1943. The landings at Taranto were unopposed, the Italians surrendering the night before. The 156th Battalion and the 10th Parachute Battalion together captured the town and airfield of Gioia, and in November 1943 the battalion was withdrawn to England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 54], "content_span": [55, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013316-0008-0000", "contents": "156th Parachute Battalion (United Kingdom), Operations, Arnhem\nThe 156th Parachute Battalion and the rest of the 4th Parachute Brigade landed to the west of Arnhem on the second day of the battle 18 September 1944. Their objective was to hold a position on the high ground north of Arnhem at Koepel. With the 156th Parachute Battalion leading on the right followed by the 10th Battalion on the left. By dawn the following day the battalion was just north of the Utrecht to Arnhem railway line. When they came under attack from German 88\u00a0mm guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 62], "content_span": [63, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013316-0008-0001", "contents": "156th Parachute Battalion (United Kingdom), Operations, Arnhem\nBoth battalions were ordered to start an assault on the position at 07:00. After repeated attacks the battalion got no further forward. The defenders from the 9th SS Panzer Division had been here for two days and were well dug in. The German position included infantry, self propelled guns and armoured cars. The battalion fought all day in the woods but its losses were very heavy, with 'A' Company losing all of its officers. Finally brigade headquarters obtained permission to withdraw south of the rail line into Oosterbeek.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 62], "content_span": [63, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013316-0008-0002", "contents": "156th Parachute Battalion (United Kingdom), Operations, Arnhem\nThe battalion started to pull back over the rail line but in the confusion of the withdrawal no orders had been given about where they were to go once south of the rail line. Most of 'B' and 'Support' Companies headed towards Wolfheze while the rest of the battalion headed towards Oosterbeek, the two parts of the battalion were never reunited. The units in Wolfheze and the remnants of the 10th Parachute Battalion now prepared to defend the village.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 62], "content_span": [63, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013316-0009-0000", "contents": "156th Parachute Battalion (United Kingdom), Operations, Arnhem\nCasualties had continued to mount including the commanding officer Lieutenant-Colonel Richard des Voeux and the second in command who were both killed on 20 September. The battalion was now under command of Major Geoffrey Powell The German tactics were to bombard the British positions with tank and mortar fire. The remnants of the battalion were withdrawn into the perimeter formed by the division around Oosterbeek. By 21 September pressure from the German attacks had squeezed the perimeter to less than 1,000 yards (910\u00a0m) across.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 62], "content_span": [63, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013316-0010-0000", "contents": "156th Parachute Battalion (United Kingdom), Operations, Arnhem\nOn 22 September the bulk of the 1st Polish Parachute Brigade were dropped south of the river. This drew off some of the Germans from around the divisional perimeter to confront the new threat. The defenders now had to cope with over 100 German artillery guns firing onto their positions. By 23 September the battalions position was subjected to constant mortar and artillery fire and incursions by tanks and infantry were becoming more and more frequent. Casualties forced a contraction of the perimeter but first the Germans had to be evicted from the houses behind them which they were to occupy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 62], "content_span": [63, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013316-0011-0000", "contents": "156th Parachute Battalion (United Kingdom), Operations, Arnhem\nOn 24 September the decision was made by Lieutenant General Horrocks commander XXX Corps to withdraw what was left of the division south of the Rhine. The remnants of the battalion were evacuated over the night of 25/26 September. During the battle of Arnhem the battalion's casualties were, 98 dead, 68 were evacuated and 313 became prisoners of war. The casualties sustained were never replaced and the battalion was disbanded after the battle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 62], "content_span": [63, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013317-0000-0000", "contents": "156th Street station\n156th Street was a local station on the demolished IRT Third Avenue Line in the Bronx, New York City. It was originally opened on July 1, 1887 by the Suburban Rapid Transit Company, and had three tracks and two side platforms. The next stop to the north was 161st Street. The next stop to the south was 149th Street. The station closed on April 29, 1973.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013318-0000-0000", "contents": "156th Wing\nThe 156th Wing (156 W) is a unit of the Puerto Rico Air National Guard, stationed at Mu\u00f1iz Air National Guard Base, in Carolina, Puerto Rico. If activated to federal service, the Wing is gained by the United States Air Force Air Mobility Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013318-0001-0000", "contents": "156th Wing, Units\nThe 156th Airlift Wing consists of the following major units:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 17], "content_span": [18, 79]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013318-0002-0000", "contents": "156th Wing, History, Tactical Fighter mission\nOn 15 October 1962, the Puerto Rico Air National Guard was expanded to a Group status, and the 156th Tactical Fighter Group was recognized and activated by the National Guard Bureau. The 156th was transferred to Tactical Air Command, with the 198th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron being reassigned from Air Defense Command, becoming at Tactical Fighter Squadron assigned to the 156th TFG. Other squadrons assigned into the group were the 156th Headquarters, 156th Material Squadron (Maintenance), 156th Combat Support Squadron, and the 156th USAF Dispensary. With the transfer to TAC, the 198th TFS received F-86H Sabre tactical fighters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 45], "content_span": [46, 681]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013318-0003-0000", "contents": "156th Wing, History, Tactical Fighter mission\nIn 1967, F-104C Starfighers (and an F-104D two-seat trainer) were assigned to the 156th, upgrading the group to Mach-2 supersonic tactical fighter-bombers, replacing the elderly F-86H Sabre fighter-bombers. The F-104C was equipped to carry bombs or rocket pods on under-wing and fuselage points. The upward-firing Lockheed C-2 rocket-boosted ejector seat was standard. The internal 20-mm rotary cannon of the F-104A was retained, as well as the ability to carry an AIM-9 Sidewinder air-to-air missile on each wingtip to fill an air defense interceptor mission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 45], "content_span": [46, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013318-0004-0000", "contents": "156th Wing, History, Tactical Fighter mission\nIn 1975, the F-104s were retired, the 198th being the last USAF unit to fly the Starfighters. They were replaced by A-7D Corsair II ground support aircraft. Although designed primarily as a ground attack aircraft, it also had limited air-to-air combat capability.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 45], "content_span": [46, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013318-0005-0000", "contents": "156th Wing, History, Tactical Fighter mission\nOn 12 January 1981, the Boricua Popular Army, also known as the Macheteros, a group of home grown Puerto Rican terrorists advocating separation from the United States and establishment of Puerto Rico as an independent nation, infiltrated Mu\u00f1iz Air National Guard Base. Armed with pipe bombs, they destroyed or damaged eleven PRANG aircraft: ten A-7D Corsair IIs and a single F-104 Starfighter being retained for eventual static display as a memorial.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 45], "content_span": [46, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013318-0005-0001", "contents": "156th Wing, History, Tactical Fighter mission\nThe terrorist attack was the largest on any U.S. Air Force installation since the Vietnam War, although the ongoing hostage situation in Iran at the time overshadowed this incident in the news media. The eleven Air National Guard jets at Mu\u00f1iz Air National Guard Base were alleged by socialist organizations to be destined for use against popular insurgents in El Salvador. These allegations were never proven and may have been self-serving propaganda.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 45], "content_span": [46, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013318-0006-0000", "contents": "156th Wing, History, Tactical Fighter mission\nAt the time, the base had 25 pilots and 900 military personnel assigned, a combination of both part-time Traditional Guardsmen and full-time Air Reserve Technicians (ART) and Active Guard and Reserve (AGR). The material loss was calculated at $45 million in 1981 dollars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 45], "content_span": [46, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013318-0007-0000", "contents": "156th Wing, History, Tactical Fighter mission\nAs a result of the incident, security increased from 11 to 22 personnel with 100% federal funding. The active duty Air Force and the Air National Guard invested $5.5 million in Electronic Security Equipment (ESE), a Master Surveillance Control Facility (MSCF), and added fencing to secure the flight line and operations area. In addition, Mu\u00f1iz Air National Guard Base was provided a security police manpower package of 18 AGR security police personnel and 46 civilian contract guards. In short, the installation's flight line and air base security was brought up to a standard comparable to active duty air force bases in the continental United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 45], "content_span": [46, 699]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013318-0008-0000", "contents": "156th Wing, History, Tactical Fighter mission\nOn 1 August 1987, the 156th Tactical Fighter Group reorganized into a Four-Deputy structure according to the new Air National Guard policy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 45], "content_span": [46, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013318-0009-0000", "contents": "156th Wing, History, Tactical Fighter mission\nIn 1992, the A-7Ds were retired and were replaced by Block 15 F-16A/B Fighting Falcons modified for the Continental Air Defense mission. The F-16ADF was a standard Block 15 model converted to air defense fighters for the Air National Guard and would take over the fighter interception mission, providing the primary defense of North America against bombers and cruise missiles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 45], "content_span": [46, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013318-0010-0000", "contents": "156th Wing, History, Tactical Fighter mission\nThe unit took part, from 24\u201328 June 1991, in Granada South exercise, Panama. From 11\u201318 August 1991, it deployed to Iquique, Chile for Condor II Exercise and then from 18\u201324 August 1991, to Asuncion with the Paraguayan Air Force for training. From 7\u201320 September 1991, it deployed to Fortunata II, Volk Field, Wisconsin and then again from 2\u20136 December 1991, to Granada South, Panama.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 45], "content_span": [46, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013318-0011-0000", "contents": "156th Wing, History, Tactical Fighter mission\nIn March 1992, with the end of the Cold War, the 156th Tactical Fighter Group adopted the Air Force Objective Organization plan, and the unit was re-designated as the 156th Fighter Group. A few months later, on 1 June 1992, Tactical Air Command was inactivated as part of the Air Force reorganization after the end of the Cold War and was replaced by Air Combat Command (ACC), which became the 156th's new gaining command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 45], "content_span": [46, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013318-0012-0000", "contents": "156th Wing, History, Tactical Fighter mission\nFrom 20 February to 6 March 1993, the unit took part in the \"Caminos de Paz\" exercise at Golfito, and then deployed from 12\u201321 August 1993, to Asunci\u00f3n, Paraguay, marking its First F-16 Deployment. From 5\u201313 November 1994, the unit took part in the Condor III Exercise held in Iquique, Chile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 45], "content_span": [46, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013318-0013-0000", "contents": "156th Wing, History, Tactical Fighter mission\nIn October 1995, in accordance with the Air Force \"One Base - One Wing\" policy, the status of the 157th was upgraded to a wing status and redesignated as the 156th Fighter Wing with the 198th Fighter Squadron being assigned to the newly established 156th Operations Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 45], "content_span": [46, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013318-0014-0000", "contents": "156th Wing, History, Airlift mission\nOn 22 November 1997, unit received its first  C-130s while celebrating its 50th federal recognition Anniversary. On 10 February 1998, the Air Force announced conversion of the 156th Fighter Wing from its F-16 fighter aircraft to C-130E Hercules Airlifters. On 3 March 1998 the last F-16 departed from the 156th Fighter Wing. On 11 September 1998 a ceremony was held to mark the arrival of the first C-130. On 1 October 1998, the Department of the Air Force issued the official order designating the 156th Fighter Wing as 156th Airlift Wing. The 156th was subsequently transferred to the Air Mobility Command (AMC), being re-designated as the 156th Airlift Wing (156 AW).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 707]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013318-0015-0000", "contents": "156th Wing, History, Airlift mission\nBeginning in June 1999, the major mission for the Wing became support of Operation Coronet Oak, which was transferred from Howard AFB, Panama when the base was closed as part of the turnover of the Panama Canal. The main Coronet Oak mission is to deliver special forces to any location in theater as directed by Southern Command. Air Force Reserve Command and Air National Guard C-130 aircraft, aircrews and supporting personnel deploy from the United States to Muniz ANGB to provide theater airlift support for the U.S. Southern Command. One C-130 of the unit is on alert 24 hours a day, seven days a week, 365 days a year, in order to deliver special forces as required.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 709]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013318-0016-0000", "contents": "156th Wing, History, Airlift mission\nCoronet Oak shares the Mu\u00f1iz flight line with the Puerto Rico Air National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013318-0017-0000", "contents": "156th Wing, History, Airlift mission\nThe 156th retired the C-130Es in 2012, being one of the last units still operating the type. Six WC-130Hs were transferred to the unit from the Tennessee Air National Guard. The problem here was that these aircraft were configured primarily as Hurricane Hunters. They had not received upgrades added to regular C-130H airlifters, the WC-130Hs arrived stripped of their weather reconnaissance equipment and configured for the cargo carrying mission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013318-0018-0000", "contents": "156th Wing, History, Loss of flying mission\nOn 10 April 2019, the wing was redesignated the 156th Wing to reflect its transition to a new mission, which will combine contingency response and combat communications. While the designation change was effective in April 2019, the unit's transition to the new mission is expected to take three years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 43], "content_span": [44, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013318-0019-0000", "contents": "156th Wing, History, Contingency Response Mission\nThe 156th Contingency Response Group was established on 1 January 2020 and it will become a four squadron group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 49], "content_span": [50, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013319-0000-0000", "contents": "156th meridian east\nThe meridian 156\u00b0 east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, Australasia, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013319-0001-0000", "contents": "156th meridian east\nThe 156th meridian east forms a great circle with the 24th meridian west.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013319-0002-0000", "contents": "156th meridian east, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 156th meridian east passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013320-0000-0000", "contents": "156th meridian west\nThe meridian 156\u00b0 west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013320-0001-0000", "contents": "156th meridian west\nThe 156th meridian west forms a great circle with the 24th meridian east.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013320-0002-0000", "contents": "156th meridian west, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 156th meridian west passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013321-0000-0000", "contents": "157\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by Graham87 (talk | contribs) at 11:21, 10 January 2021 (1 revision imported: import old edit from the Nostalgia Wikipedia). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013321-0001-0000", "contents": "157\nYear 157 (CLVII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Civica and Aquillus (or, less frequently, year 910 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 157 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013322-0000-0000", "contents": "157 (Welsh) Regiment RLC\n157 (Welsh) Regiment RLC is an Army Reserve regiment of the Royal Logistic Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013322-0001-0000", "contents": "157 (Welsh) Regiment RLC, History\nThe regiment was formed in the Royal Corps of Transport as 157th (Wales and Midlands) Transport Regiment, RCT (Volunteers) in 1967. 224 Squadron was formed in 1969. The regiment was renamed 157th (Wales and Midlands) Transport Regiment, RCT (Volunteers) in 1987 and 157th (Wales and Midlands) Transport Regiment, RLC (Volunteers) in 1993. 580 Squadron was formed and HQ Squadron was re-designated 249 Squadron later that year. The regiment was-renamed 157th (Wales and Midlands) Logistic Support Regiment, RLC (Volunteers) in 1999 and 157th (Wales and Midlands) Transport Regiment, RLC (Volunteers) in 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013322-0002-0000", "contents": "157 (Welsh) Regiment RLC, Battle Honours\nFISHGUARD. This was awarded to the Pembroke Yeomanry (Castlemartin) in 1853 to reflect the Regiment's involvement in the last invasion of Britain by the French in 1797. This honour is carried forward to the Welsh Transport Regiment by 224 (Pembroke Yeomanry) Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 40], "content_span": [41, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013323-0000-0000", "contents": "157 (number)\n157 (one hundred [and] fifty-seven) is the number following 156 and preceding 158.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013323-0001-0000", "contents": "157 (number), In mathematics\nIn base 10, 1572 is 24649, and 1582 is 24964, which uses the same digits. Numbers having this property are listed in . The previous entry is 13, and the next entry after 157 is 913.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013323-0002-0000", "contents": "157 (number), In mathematics\nThe simplest right angle triangle with rational sides that has area 157 has the longest side with a denominator of 45 digits.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013324-0000-0000", "contents": "157 BC\nYear 157 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Caesar and Orestes (or, less frequently, year 597 Ab urbe condita) and the Seventh Year of Houyuan. The denomination 157 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013325-0000-0000", "contents": "157 Dejanira\nDejanira (minor planet designation: 157 Dejanira) is a main belt asteroid that was discovered by Alphonse Borrelly on 1 December 1875, and named after the warlike princess Deianira in Greek mythology (\u0394\u03b7\u03b9\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03b1 in Greek). The Dejanira family of asteroids is named after it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013325-0001-0000", "contents": "157 Dejanira\nPhotometric observations of this asteroid were made in early 2009 at the Organ Mesa Observatory in Las Cruces, New Mexico. The resulting light curve shows a synodic rotation period of 15.825 \u00b1 0.001 hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013326-0000-0000", "contents": "157 Riverside Avenue\n\"157 Riverside Avenue\" is a song by REO Speedwagon from their first album, REO Speedwagon, released in 1971. It was written by all five band members at the time, Terry Luttrell, Gary Richrath, Gregg Philbin, Neal Doughty, and Alan Gratzer. The title refers to the Westport, Connecticut address where the band stayed while recording that album. On March 29, 2012 the house the band stayed in was torn down to make way for a new house.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013326-0001-0000", "contents": "157 Riverside Avenue\nThe song is a standard at the band's live performances, as it has been for many years. Where the original studio version clocked in at only 3:57, live performances include a bass solo in addition to the song's piano and guitar solos, honky-tonk piano work, and an extended interlude where lead vocalist Kevin Cronin tells a story that leads up to a \"conversation\" between him and lead guitarist Gary Richrath (later Dave Amato) where the guitarist's side consists of guitar solos while Kevin's side is scat vocals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013326-0001-0001", "contents": "157 Riverside Avenue\nThe version of the song on Live: You Get What You Play For is 7:38 in length. An even longer version (12:22) was included on the compilation album A Decade of Rock and Roll: 1970-1980, and a third live version (with Amato) appears on Arch Allies: Live at Riverport at a length of 7:39.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013326-0002-0000", "contents": "157 Riverside Avenue\nThe longest recorded version of the song is listed as 13:37 in length, found on the Live Chicago 1979 Live Radio Broadcast CD, performed during the band's Nine Lives tour. However, 37 seconds of the song's introduction was tacked on to the end of the preceding song. That included, the song is actually performed for a total of 14:15.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013327-0000-0000", "contents": "157 Shelter Records\n157 Shelter Records is a New York-based house music label founded by Freddy Sanon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013327-0001-0000", "contents": "157 Shelter Records, History\nIn the early 90s, initial tracks were manufactured and distributed by Polar Records Inc, a label created by then partners Manny Diaz and Freddy Sanon. Shortly thereafter, new tracks were released under Sanon\u2019s own label Shelter Records. 157 Shelter Records is closely affiliated with The Shelter, a New York-based house music club founded by Timmy Regisford, Merlin Bobb, and Freddy Sanon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013327-0002-0000", "contents": "157 Shelter Records, History\nAs explained by Sanon, both The Shelter and 157 Shelter Records name derived from a need to find a place to call home after the Paradise Garage closed. The feeling of homelessness led them to find \u2018\u2019\u2019The Shelter\u2019\u2019\u2019 where people could come to feel special and let loose no matter their background. That feeling translated to the label due to Sanon\u2019s carefully selected singles that contained the energy of deep house and a general feeling of unity and inclusion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013327-0003-0000", "contents": "157 Shelter Records, History\nNotable releases: \u201cAlright\u201d by Urban Soul. \u201cThat\u2019s How Much I Love You\u201d by Ambrosia and Big Moses. \u201cHow Deep is Your Love\u201d by Blaze featuring Alexander Hope. \u201cWhen I Think of You\u201d by Kerri Chandler. \u201cI Get Deep\u201d by Roland Clark (Sampled by Fatboy Slim on Star 69/Weapon of Choice and Song for Shelter/Ya Mama as well as Swish Swish by Katy Perry).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013327-0004-0000", "contents": "157 Shelter Records, Associated Artist\nAmbrosia, Blaze, Big Moses, Boyd Jarvis, DJ Camacho, Eddie Perez, Glenn Underground, Kerri Chandler, Quentin Harris, Roland Clark, Timmy Regisford", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013327-0005-0000", "contents": "157 Shelter Records, Associated Labels\nDevotion Records, Luv Dancin Records, Polar Records Inc., Restricted Access, Restricted Tracks, Trinity Records, Un-Restricted Access, Underground Access", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013328-0000-0000", "contents": "157 series\nThe 157 series (157\u7cfb) was a Japanese DC electric multiple unit (EMU) train type operated on limited express services by Japanese National Railways (JNR) from 1959 until 1980.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013328-0001-0000", "contents": "157 series, Operations\nThe 157 series EMUs were first introduced by JNR on Nikk\u014d semi express services between Tokyo and Nikk\u014d on 22 September 1959 to counter competition from the private company Tobu Railway, which also operated trains to Nikk\u014d. They were also used on Chusenji services between Shinjuku and Nikk\u014d, and Nasuno services between Ueno and Kuroiso.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013328-0002-0000", "contents": "157 series, Operations\n157 series EMUs were also introduced on seasonal Hibiki services on the Tokaido Main Line from 21 November 1959, and were later used on Amagi and Soyokaze services.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013328-0003-0000", "contents": "157 series, Operations\nA 157 series set on a Hibiki limited express service in the 1970s", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013328-0004-0000", "contents": "157 series, Operations\nA 157 series set on a Shirane limited express service from Ueno, August 1974", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013328-0005-0000", "contents": "157 series, External livery\nInitially painted in the JNR livery of beige (\"Cream No. 4\") and crimson (\"Red No. 11\"), the red colour was later changed to a slightly darker shade (\"Red No. 2\") when the sets were modified with the addition of air-conditioning.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 27], "content_span": [28, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013328-0006-0000", "contents": "157 series, KuRo 157-1 imperial train car\nThe 157 series fleet included a dedicated imperial train car, built by Kawasaki Sharyo (present-day Kawasaki Heavy Industries) and delivered in June 1960. Numbered KuRo 157-1, the car could be inserted into 157 series formations for use on imperial train workings. One end had a gangwayed driving cab based on the 153 series EMU design, although the car was normally sandwiched in the middle of a 157 series formation, and was only very rarely used with the driving cab leading. In 1979, the car was modified for use in conjunction with 183 series EMUs, with the first official working on 2 July 1980. From March 1985, it was repainted in cream with a green stripe for use in conjunction with 185 series EMUs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 41], "content_span": [42, 751]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013328-0007-0000", "contents": "157 series, KuRo 157-1 imperial train car\nThe last official operation of the car was on 8 September 1993.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 41], "content_span": [42, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013328-0008-0000", "contents": "157 series, KuRo 157-1 imperial train car\nFollowing retirement, the KuRo 157-1 car remained in storage at Tamachi Depot for many years, but was moved to Tokyo General Rolling Stock Centre in the early hours of 2 December 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 41], "content_span": [42, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013328-0009-0000", "contents": "157 series, KuRo 157-1 imperial train car\nThe imperial train car KuRo 157-1 sandwiched in a 183 series set, August 1980", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 41], "content_span": [42, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013328-0010-0000", "contents": "157 series, History\nThe first 157 series set was delivered in August 1959, and entered service on Nikk\u014d semi express services between Tokyo and Nikk\u014d from 22 September 1959. Air-conditioning was added to the trains from 1962.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013328-0011-0000", "contents": "157 series, History\nWith the exception of the special imperial train car KuRo 157-1, the entire fleet of 157 series trains was withdrawn by 1980.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013329-0000-0000", "contents": "1570\nYear 1570 (MDLXX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013330-0000-0000", "contents": "1570 AM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1570\u00a0kHz: 1570 AM is a Mexican clear-channel frequency, with XERF Ciudad Acu\u00f1a, Coahuila, as the dominant Class A station. See List of broadcast station classes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013331-0000-0000", "contents": "1570 Brunonia\n1570 Brunonia, provisional designation 1948 TX, is a stony asteroid of the Koronis family from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 12 kilometers (7.5 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 9 October 1948, by Belgian astronomer Sylvain Arend at the Royal Observatory of Belgium in Uccle. The S-type asteroid is likely elongated and has a longer-than-average rotation period of more than 48 hours. It was named for the Brown University in Rhode Island, United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013331-0001-0000", "contents": "1570 Brunonia, Orbit and classification\nBrunonia is a core member of the Koronis family (605), a very large outer asteroid family with nearly co-planar ecliptical orbits. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.7\u20133.0\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 10 months (1,754 days; semi-major axis of 2.85\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.06 and an inclination of 2\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at Uccle in November 1948, one month after its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013331-0002-0000", "contents": "1570 Brunonia, Naming\nThis minor planet was named for the Brown University in Providence, Rhode Island. The 7th oldest university in the United States was chartered in 1764. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center in February 1954 (M.P.C. 1040).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013331-0003-0000", "contents": "1570 Brunonia, Physical characteristics\nIn the SDSS-based taxonomy, Brunonia is a common, stony S-type asteroid, which agrees with the overall spectral type for members of the Koronis family.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013331-0004-0000", "contents": "1570 Brunonia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn February 2016, a rotational lightcurve of Brunonia was obtained from photometric observations by the Kepler spacecraft and its K2 mission (Uranus Field). Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of at least 48 hours with a brightness amplitude of more than 0.6 magnitude (U=n.a. ), indicative of an elongated, non-spherical shape.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 56], "content_span": [57, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013331-0005-0000", "contents": "1570 Brunonia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Brunonia measures between 10.8 and 12.7 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.166 and 0.209. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.24 and a diameter of 10.8 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.0.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013332-0000-0000", "contents": "1570 Concepci\u00f3n earthquake\nThe 1570 Concepci\u00f3n earthquake occurred at 9:00, on February 8, 1570. The strong earthquake destroyed Concepci\u00f3n, Chile. It was accompanied by a tsunami, and aftershocks were felt for months. According to NOAA at least 2000 lives were lost and every house was destroyed. Because of a delay between the earthquake and the tsunami, much of the population was able to escape to higher ground.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013333-0000-0000", "contents": "1570 Ferrara earthquake\nThe 1570 Ferrara earthquake struck the Italian city of Ferrara on November 16 and 17, 1570. After the initial shocks, a sequence of aftershocks continued for four years, with over 2000 in the period from November 1570 to February 1571.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013333-0001-0000", "contents": "1570 Ferrara earthquake\nThe same area was struck, centuries later, by another major earthquake of comparable intensity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013333-0002-0000", "contents": "1570 Ferrara earthquake\nThe disaster destroyed half the city, permanently marked many of the buildings left standing, and directly contributed to \u2013 but was not the sole cause of \u2013 a long-term decline of the city lasting until the 19th century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013333-0003-0000", "contents": "1570 Ferrara earthquake\nThe earthquake caused the first documented episode of soil liquefaction in the Po Valley, and one of the oldest occurrences of the event known outside of paleoseismology. It led to the establishment of an earthquake observatory which published to very high regard, and the drafting of some of the first-known building designs based on a scientific seismic-resistant approach.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013333-0004-0000", "contents": "1570 Ferrara earthquake, Geology\nThe Po Plain, which is a foreland basin formed by the downflexing of the crust by the loading of the Apennine thrust sheets, overlies and mainly conceals the active front of the Northern Apennines fold and thrust belt, across which there is about 1\u00a0mm per year of active shortening at present. Information from hydrocarbon exploration demonstrates that the area is underlain by a series of active thrust faults and related folds, some of which have been detected from anomalous drainage patterns. These blind thrust faults are roughly west-northwest\u2013east-southeast-trending, parallel to the mountain front, and dip shallowly towards the south-southwest. The 1570 earthquake has been linked to movement on the outermost and northernmost of these thrusts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 786]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013333-0005-0000", "contents": "1570 Ferrara earthquake, Ferrara, The city\nFerrara is located on the Emilian side of the Po Valley, an alluvial plain geologically quite stable since the Messinian age (7-5 mya). Small earthquakes are common, albeit not frequent, but rarely lead to considerable damage to the urban cityscape. Ferrara was the location for minor earthquakes in the four centuries before 1570, these events being recorded in the city archives with detailed descriptions of damage to buildings and depositions by witnesses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 42], "content_span": [43, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013333-0006-0000", "contents": "1570 Ferrara earthquake, Ferrara, The city\nAt the time of the 1570 event, it was a medium-sized city, with 32,000 inhabitants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 42], "content_span": [43, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013333-0007-0000", "contents": "1570 Ferrara earthquake, Ferrara, The city\nDespite continuous \u2013 and often victorious \u2013 wars against the age's superpowers, the nearby Venice and the Papal States, Ferrara in the 16th century was a thriving city, a major hub for trade, business and liberal arts. World class music and painting schools, linked with Flemish artistic communities, were established in the late 15th and early 16th century, under the patronage of the House of Este. Musical instrument workshops, and especially the making of lutes, were a pride of the city and were considered preeminent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 42], "content_span": [43, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013333-0008-0000", "contents": "1570 Ferrara earthquake, Ferrara, The city\nA new part of the city, named Addizione Erculea (Erculean Addition) had been built in the previous century: it is commonly considered one of the major examples of urban planning in the Renaissance, the biggest and most architecturally advanced town expansion project in Europe at the time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 42], "content_span": [43, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013333-0009-0000", "contents": "1570 Ferrara earthquake, Ferrara, Political, economical and religious situation\nIn 1570 the city was held by Alfonso II d'Este, Duke of Ferrara, vassal of Pope Pius V, a beloved ruler and a devoted liberal art patron, but careless and a big spender as an administrator. Alfonso was the main sponsor of many artists including Torquato Tasso, Giovanni Battista Guarini, Luzzasco Luzzaschi and Cesare Cremonini, confirming the reputation of Ferrara as a haven for artists and freethinkers. The emerging of the city as a cultural powerhouse came at the cost of a sharp increase in taxes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 79], "content_span": [80, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013333-0010-0000", "contents": "1570 Ferrara earthquake, Ferrara, Political, economical and religious situation\nThe city was a safe refuge for Jews and converts from the persistent prosecutions promoted by the Roman Catholic Church. Despite Alfonso II's formal status as a vassal of the Holy Seat, he never took any action against the two thousand Jews living in the city walls, well knowing that the Hebrew community accounted for a strong share of the city cultural and economic success. His disregard of the Holy Seat's orders made him more than one enemy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 79], "content_span": [80, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013333-0011-0000", "contents": "1570 Ferrara earthquake, Ferrara, Political, economical and religious situation\nEven if he was walking on a thin line, Alfonso managed to avoid the Papacy's many diplomatic and legal challenges to the city independence, thanks to cunning politics and a strong friendship with the powerful Charles IX of France. It is to be remembered that Alfonso II was the son of Ren\u00e9e of France, member of the House of Valois, declared heretic and guilty of housing John Calvin himself under the eyes of the Catholics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 79], "content_span": [80, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013333-0012-0000", "contents": "1570 Ferrara earthquake, Ferrara, Political, economical and religious situation\nAlfonso was not new to compromises: to smooth his frequent brushes with the Pope, he was usually attending masses and acting as a good Catholic in public, receiving communion, giving substantial sums to charity, arranging religious parades for saints and building convents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 79], "content_span": [80, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013333-0013-0000", "contents": "1570 Ferrara earthquake, Ferrara, Political, economical and religious situation\nBoth the high taxation, and the soft stance with the Jews ultimately gained him hostility in the most die-hard Catholic part of the population, which supported an acquisition of the city and its lands by the Holy Seat. Those rebel fringes were instrumental in the political struggle following the disaster.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 79], "content_span": [80, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013333-0014-0000", "contents": "1570 Ferrara earthquake, The earthquake, Precursor events and main shock\nEarthquake lights were seen above the city on November 15, 1570, the night before the first quake. Flames were reported to come out from the soil and raise into the air, probably small pockets of natural gas set free by cracks in the earth crust. The earthquake struck at dawn: three strong shocks hit the city in the first day; one \u2013 the strongest \u2013 the day after. The first strong shock struck at 9.30 (local time) November 16, 1570, its epicenter just a few kilometers under the city centre.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 72], "content_span": [73, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013333-0014-0001", "contents": "1570 Ferrara earthquake, The earthquake, Precursor events and main shock\nSix hundred pieces of stone masonry (mostly battlements, balconies and chimneys) are reported to have fallen, further damaging the flimsy stone and hay roofs. The following day the ground trembled again many times. At 8\u00a0pm a new powerful shock caused severe damage to walls and caused some buildings to sustain structural damage. Just four hours later, a new tremor caused new cracks and some collapse. At 3\u00a0am on November 17 the ground shook harder than ever; many buildings, damaged by the previous shocks, gave way and caved in. Many churches' facades, often built as self-standing walls rising well over the effective architecture, collapsed, including at the Duomo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 72], "content_span": [73, 743]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013333-0015-0000", "contents": "1570 Ferrara earthquake, The earthquake, Precursor events and main shock\nForty percent of the city buildings were damaged, including almost every public building. Some of them collapsed, and many churches sustained critical damage to pillars and main walls. Observers reported that the shallow bowl-shaped valley where Ferrara lies seemed to rise into a kind of hump, before coming back to its original profile. Damage to the city were assessed in over 300,000 scudi, a huge sum at the time. The event was a surprise to many scholars, since according to the then mainstream theory of natural philosophy, earthquakes were not meant to strike in winter or on flat land.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 72], "content_span": [73, 667]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013333-0016-0000", "contents": "1570 Ferrara earthquake, The earthquake, Precursor events and main shock\nMinor earthquakes had struck Ferrara in the past (events were recorded in 1222, 1504, 1511 and 1561, some of them causing little damage, and a stronger event in 1346). The exceptional length of the seismic swarm, unprecedented at the time in Ferrara, led some to believe it was a supernatural phenomenon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 72], "content_span": [73, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013333-0017-0000", "contents": "1570 Ferrara earthquake, The earthquake, Precursor events and main shock\nThe earthquake's intensity has been assessed as VIII on the Mercalli intensity scale: only the 1346 event was similar in intensity, though minor urbanization led to less evident damage (but more victims), the other have been all marked as class VII or VI. Other seismic events would hit the city in 1695, 1787 (three shocks in ten days) and 1796.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 72], "content_span": [73, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013333-0018-0000", "contents": "1570 Ferrara earthquake, The earthquake, Initial damage evaluation, Palaces and public buildings\nCastello Estense, seat of the Duke, received major damage and became unfit for use. The Palazzo della Ragione (town hall) partially collapsed, as did the enclosure walls of both Loggia dei Banchieri and Loggia dei Callegari, in front of the Dome. Palazzo Vescovile (the Bishop's Palace) was destroyed, and had to be rebuilt. Minor damage was inflicted on the Cardinal Palace, Palazzo del Paradiso, Palazzo Tassoni and Duke Alfonso's personal palace.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 96], "content_span": [97, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013333-0019-0000", "contents": "1570 Ferrara earthquake, The earthquake, Initial damage evaluation, Churches\nDamage to churches was widespread. San Paolo and S. Giovanni Battista churches collapsed, many paintings with them. Facades of S.Francesco, S.Andrea, Santa Maria in Vado, S.Domenico, and Santa Maria della Consolazione churches were severely damaged or destroyed, as was the Charterhouse's. The Santa Maria degli Angeli church, still under constructions, was so severely damaged that further work was abandoned. Other than the facade, the Duomo lost the Corpus Domini chapel and part of a side wing: the heavy iron chain above the main altar fell to the ground, along with the columns' fine marble capitals. San Paolo church had to be rebuilt from scratch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 76], "content_span": [77, 732]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013333-0020-0000", "contents": "1570 Ferrara earthquake, The earthquake, Initial damage evaluation, Towers\nMany towers, a common kind of architecture in the Italian city skyline in the renaissance, were damaged. The Castle's bell tower collapsed to the ground, as did the top portion of the other three major towers of the town: Palazzo della Ragione's, the Porta S. Pietro donjon and Castel Tealdo tower. The Steeples of the Duomo, of S.Silvestro, S.Agostino, S.Giorgio and S.Bartolo churches were severely damaged.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 74], "content_span": [75, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013333-0021-0000", "contents": "1570 Ferrara earthquake, The earthquake, Further shocks\nThe seismic wave kept going for four years, but the worst was over after about six months.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 55], "content_span": [56, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013333-0022-0000", "contents": "1570 Ferrara earthquake, The earthquake, Further shocks\nJust one month after the earthquake, on December 15, 1570 a new powerful shock hit the city: this time the battered Palazzo Tassoni, S.Andrea church and S.Agostino church were not spared.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 55], "content_span": [56, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013333-0023-0000", "contents": "1570 Ferrara earthquake, The earthquake, Further shocks\nOn the following January 12, 1571 a new shock damaged Palazzo Montecuccoli.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 55], "content_span": [56, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013333-0024-0000", "contents": "1570 Ferrara earthquake, The earthquake, Victims\nDespite the widespread damage, fatalities were quite limited. The initial shocks alerted the population, and gave them time to evacuate the damaged buildings. The majority of houses were of one or two story height, and received less severe damage than the grander palaces and churches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 48], "content_span": [49, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013333-0025-0000", "contents": "1570 Ferrara earthquake, The earthquake, Victims\nReliable sources, such as historian Cesare Nubilonio, estimate 40 victims, while Azariah dei Rossi and Giovanni Battista Guarini both place the estimate at 70. Other sources vary from 9 dead to over 100, with some other occurrences of estimates of the order of two hundred or five hundred, usually taken as unreliable. Florence's ambassador Canigiani is known to have written home about 130 to 150 victims.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 48], "content_span": [49, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013333-0026-0000", "contents": "1570 Ferrara earthquake, City evacuation, The poor and the wealthy\nPeople were scared by the disaster and about a third of the populace left the city for good. City jails collapsed and prisoners escaped the rubble, leading to a crime spree in the city and countryside.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 66], "content_span": [67, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013333-0027-0000", "contents": "1570 Ferrara earthquake, City evacuation, The poor and the wealthy\nThe palaces of the notables and courtesans were damaged as well as the poorest mansions, and the whole city population had to seek shelter together in tents and refuges, despite their status or wealth. Contemporary account estimate eleven thousand people left the city.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 66], "content_span": [67, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013333-0028-0000", "contents": "1570 Ferrara earthquake, City evacuation, The poor and the wealthy\nThe townspeople remained refugees for the following two years, due to the aftershocks. The resulting situation, in which societal rules were upset or fell in disuse, was perceived as awkward and unnatural by both peasants and well-to-do, leading to common psychological issues amongst the population. Along with the fear of aftershocks, people developed a sense of impending doom, precariousness and a general mistrust in humanity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 66], "content_span": [67, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013333-0029-0000", "contents": "1570 Ferrara earthquake, City evacuation, The country court\nDuke Alfonso II d'Este and his family barely escaped the collapse of a tower of Castello Estense. The lord fled the city by coach, and set up a temporary court in the fields of the San Benedetto garden near the city along with his closest advisor. This unusual improvisation was not well regarded by the Pope and was seen as demeaning by other rulers, but ultimately it proved to be a wise choice and a necessity in view of the duration of the aftershocks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 59], "content_span": [60, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013333-0030-0000", "contents": "1570 Ferrara earthquake, City evacuation, The country court\nFerrara's fate appeared sealed to the ambassadors visiting the refugee Duke: in correspondence between the embassies and the nobles, the region is sometimes called \"di Val di Po dov'era Ferrara\"  (Po Valley, where Ferrara once stood). Florence's ambassadors were especially skeptical about the chances of city recovery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 59], "content_span": [60, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013333-0031-0000", "contents": "1570 Ferrara earthquake, Political struggle about the rebuilding, The Pope's stance\nThe Duke asked Pope Pius V for help, or at least a public blessing to the city: he receiving nothing but a firm reprimand for not having prosecuted enough the city's Jews, well deserving God's wrath toward the city. Alfonso II's answer was prompt, pointing out the evident natural cause of the disaster and discharging any allegation about blaming the Jews.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 83], "content_span": [84, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013333-0032-0000", "contents": "1570 Ferrara earthquake, Political struggle about the rebuilding, The Pope's stance\nThe Pope's rebuttal was a blunt political maneuver, meant to undermine Alfonso's authority by exploiting the discontented minorities: it stated that since the city administration tolerated the presence of the assassins of Jesus Christ, then God was justifiably angry toward the whole city. Full blame was to be put on Alfonso's part, not on the Jews, for failing to expel them from the city walls.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 83], "content_span": [84, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013333-0033-0000", "contents": "1570 Ferrara earthquake, Political struggle about the rebuilding, The Pope's stance\nJewish city scholar Azariah dei Rossi wrote a short essay on the earthquake in the following days, named Kol Elohim: in the account, he credited the earthquake to a visit from God himself, suggesting it was a supernatural event but not implying any punishment toward the city or its Jews.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 83], "content_span": [84, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013333-0034-0000", "contents": "1570 Ferrara earthquake, Political struggle about the rebuilding, Scaring the population\nAlong with the Pope's stern letter, emissaries from the Capuchins were sent to the town from Bologna, in order to scare the populace and turn it against Alfonso. The friars took some decomposing corpses from the rubble, and brought them in procession claiming that God was going to sink the city to hell if the people refused to drive Alfonso away.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 88], "content_span": [89, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013333-0035-0000", "contents": "1570 Ferrara earthquake, Political struggle about the rebuilding, Scaring the population\nThe macabre show further contributed to the widespread sense of doom and distrust: people living in one of the most free and culturally lively cities of Italy suddenly was cast into a gloomy atmosphere of superstition and religious obscurantism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 88], "content_span": [89, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013333-0036-0000", "contents": "1570 Ferrara earthquake, Political struggle about the rebuilding, The Duke's reaction\nBothered by the Capuchins' show, annoyed by the Pope's political maneuvers and worried about the loss of hope of the citizens, the Duke decided to display his strength by forcibly expelling the rabble-rousing friars from the city, abandoning any expectation of papal help and unilaterally taking in his hands the control of the city rebuilding.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 85], "content_span": [86, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013333-0037-0000", "contents": "1570 Ferrara earthquake, Political struggle about the rebuilding, The Duke's reaction\nHe walked in procession through the debris, followed by his most trustworthy men, to show off to the populace his control on the city, its laws and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 85], "content_span": [86, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013333-0038-0000", "contents": "1570 Ferrara earthquake, Political struggle about the rebuilding, The Duke's reaction\nThe Duke made every effort to have the Castello Estense repaired in record time, to downplay his hardnesses with the other Italian rulers and to begin to restore a sense of normality in the evacuees. Relationships with the Papacy remained strained, but Alfonso always managed to keep the Pope's demands and attacks at bay.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 85], "content_span": [86, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013333-0039-0000", "contents": "1570 Ferrara earthquake, Political struggle about the rebuilding, Return into the city and rebuilding efforts\nAfter Castello Estense was made safe again, thanks to many iron rods and anchors, in March 1571 the Duke triumphantly relocated back to the city and the return to normality begun to look possible. Minor shocks kept coming, but the city was ready for rebuilding.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 109], "content_span": [110, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013333-0040-0000", "contents": "1570 Ferrara earthquake, Political struggle about the rebuilding, Return into the city and rebuilding efforts\nImmediately Duke Alfonso ordered a census of the remaining population, and on August 14, 1571 issued a decree ordering the Ferraresi to come back to the city. Return was mandatory for people living in the city for at least 15 years (that is, people with full citizenship rights), under penalty of seizing of their estates. Despite the order, only about two out of three came back to the city: among the people who left the city were many of the wealthiest and a good portion of the court nobles \u2013 further diminishing the prestige of Alfonso II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 109], "content_span": [110, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013333-0041-0000", "contents": "1570 Ferrara earthquake, Political struggle about the rebuilding, Return into the city and rebuilding efforts\nAt first rebuilding works begun on the Duomo and on S.Michele, S.Romano and Santa Maria in Vado churches, overseen by Cardinal Maremonti. According to Guarini, works on S.Rocco, S.Silvestro, S.Stefano, S.Cristoforo, S.Francesco and the rebuilding of S.Paolo begun shortly after, the latter being completed in 1575.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 109], "content_span": [110, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013333-0042-0000", "contents": "1570 Ferrara earthquake, Political struggle about the rebuilding, Return into the city and rebuilding efforts\nDamage to buildings was so widespread \u2013 chronicles reports that all the public building and most of the houses needed work \u2013 that the forging of the much needed iron bars caused a shortage of metal in the whole province, depleting stockpiles and requiring massive imports from nearby cities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 109], "content_span": [110, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013333-0043-0000", "contents": "1570 Ferrara earthquake, The earthquake observatory, Founding of the observatory\nAlfonso called on his court scholars in physics, philosophers and many \"experts in various accidents\" to inquire into the causes of the disaster, appointing as their leader the renowned Neapolitan architect Pirro Ligorio (a successor of Michelangelo as head of the San Pietro in Vaticano workshop), effectively founding the first seismological observatory and think tank on earthquakes in the world.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 80], "content_span": [81, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013333-0044-0000", "contents": "1570 Ferrara earthquake, The earthquake observatory, Founding of the observatory\nThe study group wrote six treatises in the following year: four of them were published and quickly became regarded as masterpieces among that part of natural philosophy dedicated to the study of earthquakes, their reputation lasting through the following two centuries. The essays were essential in disproving emerging theories that blamed the earthquake on the drainage of the many Duchy's swamps and their reclamation as fertile agricultural lands. One of the leading theories at the time was that earthquakes were caused by subterranean winds, excited by change in temperature. The winds should have escaped through the marshes, but drainage compromised the process so the winds grew in pressure and caused shocks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 80], "content_span": [81, 798]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013333-0045-0000", "contents": "1570 Ferrara earthquake, The earthquake observatory, Ligorio's work on building safety\nPirro Ligorio was a scientist and a devout catholic: he needed to carefully weigh his words to avoid a clash with the Curia while at the same time proving that the Pope's claims were unfounded. He collected a long list of earthquakes of the past, compiling a time-line and showing how they were a common and natural occurrence in many parts of the known world. He kept a diary of the aftershock, writing in abundance of detail about their intensity and the damage they kept doing to the city, dramatically improving knowledge of shocks dynamics and consequences of an earthquake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 86], "content_span": [87, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013333-0046-0000", "contents": "1570 Ferrara earthquake, The earthquake observatory, Ligorio's work on building safety\nUltimately, Ligorio put the blame for the extensive damage on inappropriate techniques and bad materials used in building the city's edifices. The random mixing of stones, brick and sand in the main walls was strongly criticized, along with the rooftops built to push horizontally on the side walls (instead of providing a vertical load). Approximation in leveling of walls and ceilings led to uneven discharge of forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 86], "content_span": [87, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013333-0047-0000", "contents": "1570 Ferrara earthquake, The earthquake observatory, Ligorio's work on building safety\nIn the last part of his treatise, Rimedi contra terremoti per la sicurezza degli edifici (Remedies against earthquakes for building security), Ligorio presented design plans for a shock-proof building, the first known design with a scientific anti-seismic approach. Many of the empirical findings of Ligorio are consistent with contemporary anti-seismic practices: among them the correct dimensioning of main walls, use of better and stronger bricks as well as elastic structural joints and iron rods.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 86], "content_span": [87, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013333-0048-0000", "contents": "1570 Ferrara earthquake, Following years, Loss of independence\nLate in 1571, Alfonso II was called to fight against the Ottoman Empire fleet in the Battle of Lepanto. While the Duke was away, the Pope executed a thorough purge of the Jews from the Papal States, including Ferrara. The only allowed ghettoes were established in Rome and Ancona. Pope Pius V died the following year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 62], "content_span": [63, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013333-0049-0000", "contents": "1570 Ferrara earthquake, Following years, Loss of independence\nAfter the earthquake, many nobles and well-off merchants left the city, managing their business in their country villas or moving their houses to nearby towns. Ferrara lost its capital city status and was demoted to a simple border city squeezed between Venice and the Papal States, never fully achieving economic recovery from the disaster. Without the Jews' businesses, crushed by costly reconstruction debts and losing its thriving cultural circle, the city became a minor trade and agricultural hub up until the 19th century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 62], "content_span": [63, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013333-0050-0000", "contents": "1570 Ferrara earthquake, Following years, Loss of independence\nIn 1598, Alfonso died without legitimate heirs, and the city was formally annexed to the Papal States by means of questionable claims of vacancy. The annexation of Ferrara and Comacchio was disputed by many contemporaries, including the weak Duke of Modena Cesare d'Este who was the direct candidate to the succession, but was ultimately completed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 62], "content_span": [63, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013333-0051-0000", "contents": "1570 Ferrara earthquake, Following years, Permanent damage\nThe city's architecture still bears many marks from the earthquake. Iron braces and rods placed in the aftermath of the shocks to strengthen the damaged walls are still present, windows closed with stones and concrete to improve the stability of damaged facades are a common occurrence and there are traces of the stubs once sustaining collapsed balconies and porches. Chimneys, decorated battlements and terraces were damaged or destroyed, and were rebuilt in the following decade in a changed style and materials.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 58], "content_span": [59, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013333-0052-0000", "contents": "1570 Ferrara earthquake, Following years, Permanent damage\nWalls from historical buildings are often uneven and out of angle. This is sometimes said by locals to provoke the special Ferrara feeling to visitors, a veiled sense of dizziness and disorientation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 58], "content_span": [59, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013339-0000-0000", "contents": "1570 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1570.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013340-0000-0000", "contents": "1570 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013340-0001-0000", "contents": "1570 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013340-0002-0000", "contents": "1570 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013341-0000-0000", "contents": "1570 in science\nThe year 1570 in science and technology included a number of events, some of which are listed here.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013342-0000-0000", "contents": "1570s\nThe 1570s decade ran from January 1, 1570, to December 31, 1579.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013342-0001-0000", "contents": "1570s, Events, 1578, July\u2013December\n, passes through the Strait of Magellan in his ship, the newly renamed Golden Hind.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 34], "content_span": [35, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013345-0000-0000", "contents": "1571\nYear 1571 (MDLXXI) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013346-0000-0000", "contents": "1571 Haverfordwest election\nAn election for the English parliament constituency of Haverfordwest was held on 20 March 1571. The most prominent local politician was Sir John Perrot, but he declined to stand due to his appointment to the office of Lord President of Munster. The supporters of Perrot nominated John Garnons, who had previously been MP for Pembroke. The election was contested by Alban Stepneth, a member of the local gentry. Although Stepneth received more votes than Garnons, Garnons was originally declared to have won due to the intervention of Perrot's powerful supporters. Stepneth appealed to the Star Chamber, and he was by its judgment declared to have won the election. The election is notable as one of the few Elizabethan contested elections of which the full records are extant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 804]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013346-0001-0000", "contents": "1571 Haverfordwest election, Context\nDuring the late 16th century, Haverfordwest had a population of around two to three thousand, of which one hundred were burgesses, who bore the right to vote. It was politically dominated by a few individuals, most notably Perrot, who was supported by the local gentry, and opposing him, the antiquarian George Owen of Henllys, and John Barlow of Slebech, who had come into conflict with Perrot due to a land dispute.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013346-0001-0001", "contents": "1571 Haverfordwest election, Context\nPerrot himself had grown up in the area, his boyhood home being at Haroldstone, and he had been Mayor of Haverfordwest in 1570, an office which he also held in 1575 and 1576. Prior to the events of the 1571, Perrot held a virtual monopoly of power - all the borough offices were held by his supporters, including the Mayor, John Voyle, and the Sheriff, Edmund Harries. The Sheriff acted as returning officer, and thus was capable of illicitly influencing the result.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013346-0002-0000", "contents": "1571 Haverfordwest election, Preparations for the election\nDue to Perrot's position, his opponents were not prepared to stand a candidate against him nor a candidate endorsed by him. However, Perrot was appointed Lord President of Munster in November 1570, and was due to set sail to Ireland a month before the election was to take place. This essentially created a power vacuum. Alban Stepneth, a gentleman tied to the Prendergast family, stood in opposition to the candidate endorsed by the borough officials, John Garnons. Garnons was descended from a gentle family whose estates were originally in Hertfordshire, but had married a woman from Pembrokeshire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 58], "content_span": [59, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013346-0002-0001", "contents": "1571 Haverfordwest election, Preparations for the election\nHe most likely had been appointed Clerk of the Peace for the county by Perrot, although the details are uncertain. He had previously represented the constituency of Pembroke in the 3rd parliament of Mary I, in 1554. It is known that he was excommunicate at the time of the election. It appears that voter intimidation by the Perrotist faction took place - a tailor named William Morgan threatened supporters of Stepneth with violence if they came to vote for him, and the Mayor made several common supporters of Perrot burgesses simply to swing the election. One supporter of Stepneth who was at the time imprisoned as a burgess, and thus had many more liberties than a common prisoner, was transferred to the common prison when he let his voting intentions be known to the Sheriff.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 58], "content_span": [59, 841]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013346-0003-0000", "contents": "1571 Haverfordwest election, The electoral process\nThe election was held on 20 March at the Shire Hall. After the two candidates had been nominated, two books were prepared, one for each candidate. Each voter present was individually called to sign the book of his choice. If it was suspected that a voter was not a burgess (and thus did not have the right to vote), they could be challenged, in which case they could declare on oath that they were a burgess. Harries attempted to manipulate the election by preventing several of Stepneth's supporters from entering the hall, and Stepneth claimed to the Star Chamber that he also intimidated the voters within the building with threats and violence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 50], "content_span": [51, 699]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013346-0004-0000", "contents": "1571 Haverfordwest election, Results\nDespite the efforts of Harries, there were seven more signatories to Stepneth's book than Garnons. The Sheriff at this point committed election fraud by transferring two of Stepneth's voters to Garnons, and by gathering together several locals who were not burgesses to vote for Garnons. As a result, he was able to return Garnons as the MP despite the fact that he had polled fewer votes than Stepneth. The exact number of votes claimed to have been won by Garnon is not recorded, but it was presumably over Stepneth's fifty. Harries stated during the election that he would return Garnon no matter how large Stepneth's majority was.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 671]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013346-0005-0000", "contents": "1571 Haverfordwest election, Results\nThe second notional set of results reflects the fact that fourteen of those who voted for Garnon were not eligible voters, thirteen not being burgesses at the time. The fourteenth refused to take the oath. One of the men who voted for Stepneth was challenged, and it is possible that he may not have been a burgess.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013346-0006-0000", "contents": "1571 Haverfordwest election, Aftermath\nStepneth challenged the return at the Star Chamber. He won his case, and Harries was imprisoned and fined \u00a3200 for the crime of the false return. Stepneth was elected to the seat uncontested in 1572. By the time the next election was held, in 1584, Perrot had been appointed Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, and therefore was again absent. Stepneth retained his seat at the 1586 election, but did not contest the November 1588 election in which Perrot was returned.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 38], "content_span": [39, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013350-0000-0000", "contents": "1571 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1571.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013351-0000-0000", "contents": "1571 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013351-0001-0000", "contents": "1571 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013351-0002-0000", "contents": "1571 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013352-0000-0000", "contents": "1571 in science\nThe year 1571 in science and technology included a number of events, some of which are listed here.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013353-0000-0000", "contents": "1572\nYear 1572 (MDLXXII) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013359-0000-0000", "contents": "1572 in art, Deaths\nThis art history-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 91]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013360-0000-0000", "contents": "1572 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1572.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013360-0001-0000", "contents": "1572 in literature, Births\nUnknown date \u2013 James Mabbe, English scholar, poet and translator (died 1642)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 26], "content_span": [27, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013361-0000-0000", "contents": "1572 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013361-0001-0000", "contents": "1572 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013361-0002-0000", "contents": "1572 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013362-0000-0000", "contents": "1572 in science\nThe year 1572 in science and technology included many events, some of which are listed here.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013363-0000-0000", "contents": "1572 papal conclave\nThe 1572 papal conclave (May 12\u201313), convoked after the death of Pius V, elected Cardinal Ugo Boncompagni, who took the name Gregory XIII.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013363-0001-0000", "contents": "1572 papal conclave, List of participants\nPope Pius V died on May 1, 1572 at the age of 68. Up to date, he is the only canonized Pope between Celestine V (1294) and Pius X (1903 \u2013 1914). Fifty three out of sixty six Cardinals participated in the election of his successor:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 41], "content_span": [42, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013363-0002-0000", "contents": "1572 papal conclave, List of participants\nTwenty six electors were created by Pius IV, fourteen by Pius V, eight by Pope Paul III, four by Julius III and one by Pope Paul IV.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 41], "content_span": [42, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013363-0003-0000", "contents": "1572 papal conclave, Absentees\nFour were created by Paul III, another four by Pius V, three by Pius IV and two by Julius III.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013363-0004-0000", "contents": "1572 papal conclave, Divisions among Cardinals\nThe College of Cardinals was divided into several factions. Most of the creatures of Pius IV followed the leadership of his nephews Carlo Borromeo and Marcus Sitticus von Hohenems. Michele Bonelli, grand-nephew of Pius V, was a leader of cardinals elevated by this pontiff. Alessandro Farnese was still very influential, and had adherents not only among the creatures of his grandfather Paul III. The interests of Grand Duchy of Tuscany were under the care of Cardinal Alessandro de' Medici, son of Grand Duke Cosimo I de Medici, while those of Philip II of Spain were represented by Pacheco and Granvelle. Cardinal Rambouillet was the main representative of Charles IX of France in the conclave.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 46], "content_span": [47, 743]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013363-0005-0000", "contents": "1572 papal conclave, Candidates to the Papacy\nCardinals Farnese, Savelli, Correggio, Ricci and Boncompagni were considered as the main papabili. Farnese was the most active in promoting his own candidature, but he met also with the strongest opposition. His main opponent was Cardinal Medici, because of the rivalry between the House of Medici (Grand Duchy of Tuscany) and the House of Farnese (Duchy of Parma) in Northern Italy. Also king Philip II of Spain opposed Farnese's candidature, because he considered his elevation dangerous to the balance of power in Italy. The worldly Farnese was also unacceptable to the austere Carlo Borromeo. It was generally expected that conclave would last very long, possibly even several months.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 734]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013363-0006-0000", "contents": "1572 papal conclave, The conclave\nFifty-two Cardinals entered the conclave on May 12. On that same day in the evening they were joined by one more, Granvelle, Viceroy of Naples and official representative of Philip II of Spain. The first step taken by Granvelle was to inform Alessandro Farnese that the King of Spain would not accept his election and to ask him to withdraw his candidature in order to maintain peace in Italy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013363-0006-0001", "contents": "1572 papal conclave, The conclave\nSurprised, Farnese understood that with such strong opposition he would never obtain the required majority, but, admitting his defeat, he wished to be able to use his influence effectively in the choice of the new pontiff. Almost the whole next day leaders of the main factions: Farnese, Bonelli, Granvelle and Borromeo, spent looking for a compromise candidate, and finally agreed to elect the 70-year-old Ugo Boncompagni. The first scrutiny took place on May 13 at six o'clock in the evening. At the end of the phase of accessus Ugo Boncompagni was elected Pope, receiving all votes except of his own, which he gave to Granvelle. He accepted his election and took the name of Gregory XIII, in honour of Pope Gregory I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 754]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013363-0007-0000", "contents": "1572 papal conclave, The conclave\nThe people of Rome were surprised with such a quick election, but they welcomed the new pope, because he was neither religious nor an austere \"Theatine\", as most people had feared. On May 25 Gregory XIII was solemnly crowned by Cardinal Protodeacon Innocenzo del Monte.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013364-0000-0000", "contents": "1573\nYear 1573 (MDLXXIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013365-0000-0000", "contents": "1573 Polish\u2013Lithuanian royal election\nThe free election of 1573 was the first ever royal election to be held in the Polish\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth. It gathered approximately 40,000 szlachta (Polish nobility) voters (the highest turnout ever) who elected Henry of Valois king.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013365-0001-0000", "contents": "1573 Polish\u2013Lithuanian royal election\nThe free election was introduced due to the childless death of the last Jagiellonian monarch Sigismund II Augustus and the lack of a potential candidate that would satisfy most of the nobles. Even though that kind of half-democratic election soon proved to be weakening the power of both the king and the state, it was not abolished until the Constitution of May 3, 1791 was established.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013365-0002-0000", "contents": "1573 Polish\u2013Lithuanian royal election\nHenry I of Poland ruled only for a single year after which he returned to his native France, as he had become the new French king after the death of his brother. The next election took place in 1576.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013365-0003-0000", "contents": "1573 Polish\u2013Lithuanian royal election, Background\nThe death of King Zygmunt August (July 7, 1572), was not a surprise for the Polish\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth nobility. The King had been sick since spring of that year, and probably died of pneumonia. Zygmunt August did not have a son, so Polish throne was left empty, and no legal regulations existed to specify election of a new monarch. Furthermore, several internal problems existed in the enormous country. Lithuanian nobility demanded revision of the Union of Lublin, and return of Podlasie, Volhynia, Podolia and Kiev, which had been incorporated into the Crown of Poland. Furthermore, there were conflicts between Catholics and Protestants, magnates and szlachta, and two great Polish provinces - Lesser Poland and Greater Poland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 49], "content_span": [50, 786]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013365-0004-0000", "contents": "1573 Polish\u2013Lithuanian royal election, Background\nBefore the death of Zygmunt August, Greater Poland Catholic nobility, gathered in Lowicz, decided that during the interregnum, the Commonwealth should be temporarily ruled by the Primate of Poland and Archbishop of Gniezno, Jakub Uchanski. At the same time, Lesser Poland Calvinist nobility supported the notion that Calvinist Voivode of Krakow and most important lay senator, Jan Firlej should become the interrex. Also, nobility from both Polish provinces disagreed about the election itself. Lesser Poland supported the so-called electio viritim movement, in which all members of the nobility would be eligible to vote for the future king. On the other hand, Greater Poland nobility claimed that electio viritim would be chaotic, and that the king should be elected by chosen representatives. Electio viritim was supported by magnates from Red Ruthenia, Jan Zamoyski and Mikolaj Sienicki.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 49], "content_span": [50, 941]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013365-0005-0000", "contents": "1573 Polish\u2013Lithuanian royal election, Convocation Sejm\nOn January 6, 1573, the Convocation Sejm was summoned to Warsaw. Members of nobility argued that it was under extensive influence of the Senate, so to prevent this, no Marshal was elected. Instead, the work of the Sejm was overseen by deputies from different provinces. After lengthy discussion, it was agreed that all members of the nobility would be eligible to elect the monarch, provided that they personally come to Warsaw.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 55], "content_span": [56, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013365-0006-0000", "contents": "1573 Polish\u2013Lithuanian royal election, Convocation Sejm\nThe decision to choose Warsaw was seen as a success of the Catholic camp, as unlike Lesser Poland, Mazovia was dominated by Roman Catholic nobility. Lithuanians did not appear at the Convocation Sejm, sending only their observers. Once again, they demanded the return of Ruthenian provinces, but did not decide to void the Union of Lublin, due to threat from Ivan the Terrible.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 55], "content_span": [56, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013365-0007-0000", "contents": "1573 Polish\u2013Lithuanian royal election, Candidates\nInitially, Archduke Ernest of Austria was regarded as the most important candidate for the Polish-Lithuanian throne. Supported by Roman Catholic clergy and Primate Uchanski, he was however disliked by the szlachta, which was afraid that Ernest would introduce Habsburg-style government, based on aristocracy. Furthermore, at that time the Habsburg Monarchy was in a never-ending conflict with the Ottoman Empire, and Polish nobility feared that the Commonwealth would be drawn into the war. Also, Protestants  were afraid that Ernest would limit religious tolerance. Polish - Lithuanian Protestants, on the other hand, supported John III of Sweden, the husband of Catherine Jagellon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 49], "content_span": [50, 733]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013365-0008-0000", "contents": "1573 Polish\u2013Lithuanian royal election, Candidates\nAnother candidate was the Tsar of Muscovy, Ivan the Terrible, supported mostly by the Lithuanians, who hoped that his election would end the Muscovite\u2013Lithuanian Wars. Ivan himself initially did not express any interest in the Polish-Lithuanian throne, neither for himself, nor for his son. Later on, however, he presented a list of unrealistic demands, such as incorporation of vast territories of the Commonwealth, and creation of a Polish-Lithuanian-Muscovy state, with a hereditary monarch. Since he did not send any envoys to Warsaw, his candidacy failed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 49], "content_span": [50, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013365-0009-0000", "contents": "1573 Polish\u2013Lithuanian royal election, Candidates\nHenry of Valois, the brother of Charles IX of France, emerged as a possible candidate in the final years of the reign of Zygmunt August. He was supported by the pro-French circles among Polish nobility, which hoped to reduce Habsburg influences, end wars with Ottoman Empire, a traditional French ally, and profit from lucrative Baltic Sea trade with France. The French court also expressed interest in this idea. In August 1572, Paris sent to the Commonwealth an official delegation, headed by Bishop of Valence, Jean de Montluc. The French were also supported by an influential Papal legate, Giovanni Francesco Commendone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 49], "content_span": [50, 674]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013365-0010-0000", "contents": "1573 Polish\u2013Lithuanian royal election, The Election\nThe Election Sejm convened on April 5, 1573, in the village of Kamien near Warsaw. Due to prolonged winter, nobility from distant provinces was largely absent, while Mazovians appeared in great numbers. Sejm deliberated in a senatorial tent, around which gathered szlachta, divided into provinces (voivodeships). Deputies discussed all candidatures, including that of Albert Frederick, Duke of Prussia. Among the nobility, the idea of a \u201cPiast\u201d king was very popular. This was however ridiculed by Piotr Opalinski, who suggested that an unknown man named Wawrzyniec Bandura Slupski, who resided in the area of Bydgoszcz, be elected new king.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 51], "content_span": [52, 693]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013365-0011-0000", "contents": "1573 Polish\u2013Lithuanian royal election, The Election\nIn the course of time, the candidature of Henri of Valois, promoted by Jean de Montluc, became very popular. A brilliant, three hour speech of de Montluc, filled with promises and assurances, was enthusiastically welcomed by the szlachta. The speech was later printed in 1,500 copies, and distributed among those who came to Kamien. Henri was supported by Anna Jagiellon, and the Lithuanians, who hoped for a revision of the Union of Lublin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 51], "content_span": [52, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013365-0012-0000", "contents": "1573 Polish\u2013Lithuanian royal election, The Election\nThe Election Sejm dragged for a long time, due to several issues which were discussed. In early May 1573, Mazovian nobility, which grew impatient, demanded that the Primate of Poland begin the election. On May 3, the vote began, and by May 9 it turned out that French candidate won support of 22 voivodeships. On May 10, opponents of Henri, led by Jan Firlej, left Kamien and headed to Grochow. To prevent a double election, a delegation under Piotr Zborowski was sent there. Firlej and his men agreed to the election of the Frenchman only after signing the so-called Henrician Articles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 51], "content_span": [52, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013365-0013-0000", "contents": "1573 Polish\u2013Lithuanian royal election, The Election\nOn May 11, 1573, Primate Uchanski nominated Henri of Valois to the post of King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania. On May 16, French envoys accepted the Henrician Articles and other demands, and on the same day Crown Marshal Jan Firlej named Henry King of Poland. Valois was crowned in Krakow on February 21, 1574.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 51], "content_span": [52, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013366-0000-0000", "contents": "1573 V\u00e4is\u00e4l\u00e4\n1573 V\u00e4is\u00e4l\u00e4, provisional designation 1949 UA, is a stony Phocaea asteroid, slow rotator and suspected tumbler from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 9 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 27 October 1949, by Belgian astronomer Sylvain Arend at the Royal Observatory of Belgium in Uccle, Belgium. It was named for Finnish astronomer Yrj\u00f6 V\u00e4is\u00e4l\u00e4.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013366-0001-0000", "contents": "1573 V\u00e4is\u00e4l\u00e4, Orbit and classification\nThe stony S-type asteroid is a member of the Phocaea family (701), a group of asteroids with similar orbital characteristics. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 1.8\u20132.9\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 8 months (1,334 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.23 and an inclination of 25\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. V\u00e4is\u00e4l\u00e4's observation arc begins on the night following its official discovery observation at Uccle, as no precoveries were taken and no prior identifications were made.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013366-0002-0000", "contents": "1573 V\u00e4is\u00e4l\u00e4, Physical characteristics, Slow rotator\nIn September 2011, a rotational lightcurve of V\u00e4is\u00e4l\u00e4 was obtained from photometric observations made by Czech astronomer Petr Pravec at Ond\u0159ejov Observatory. Its analysis gave a rotation period of 252 hours with a brightness variation of 0.76 magnitude (U=2). This makes V\u00e4is\u00e4l\u00e4 one of the Top 200 slow rotators known to exist. The body is also suspected to be in a non-principal axis rotation (NPAR), colloquially called as \"tumbling\". As of 2017, no follow-up observations have been made of these provisional results.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 52], "content_span": [53, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013366-0003-0000", "contents": "1573 V\u00e4is\u00e4l\u00e4, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the space-based surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, V\u00e4is\u00e4l\u00e4 measures between 8.43 and 9.77 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.222 and 0.284. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the results obtained by IRAS, that is, an albedo of 0.2226 and a diameter of 9.77 kilometers using on an absolute magnitude of 12.30.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013366-0004-0000", "contents": "1573 V\u00e4is\u00e4l\u00e4, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Finnish astronomer, Yrj\u00f6 V\u00e4is\u00e4l\u00e4 (1891\u20131971), a prolific discoverer of minor planets during the late 1930s and early 1940s. In addition, a second minor planet, 2804 Yrj\u00f6, was named in his honor by pioneering Finnish female astronomer Liisi Oterma, and the lunar crater V\u00e4is\u00e4l\u00e4 also bears his name. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 31 January 1962 (M.P.C. 2116).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013373-0000-0000", "contents": "1573 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1573.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013374-0000-0000", "contents": "1573 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013375-0000-0000", "contents": "1573 in science\nThe year 1573 in science and technology included many events, some of which are listed here.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013376-0000-0000", "contents": "1574\nYear 1574 (MDLXXIV)  was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013377-0000-0000", "contents": "1574 Meyer\n1574 Meyer, provisional designation 1949 FD, is a carbonaceous asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 59 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 22 March 1949, by French astronomer Louis Boyer at Algiers Observatory in Algeria, northern Africa. It was named after French astronomer M. Georges Meyer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013377-0001-0000", "contents": "1574 Meyer, Orbit and classification\nThe C-type asteroid orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 3.4\u20133.7\u00a0AU once every 6 years and 8 months (2,429 days). It is a member of the Cybele group, with an orbital eccentricity of 0.04 and an inclination of 14\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. First identified as 1930 KE at Johannesburg Observatory, Meyer's observation arc was extended by 19 years prior to its official discovery observation at Algiers. On 10 September 1998, Meyer occulted PPM 172432.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013377-0002-0000", "contents": "1574 Meyer, Lightcurve\nIn March 2009, a rotational lightcurve of Meyer was obtained from photometric observations by Landry Carbo at the Oakley Southern Sky Observatory in Australia. The lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 12.64 hours with a brightness variation of 0.12 magnitude (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013377-0003-0000", "contents": "1574 Meyer, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the space-based surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Meyer measures between 57.78 and 69.97 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.027 and 0.042. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0559 and calculates a diameter of 58.88 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 9.9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 31], "content_span": [32, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013377-0004-0000", "contents": "1574 Meyer, Naming\nThis minor planet was named for French astronomer M. Georges Meyer (born 1894), director of the discovering Algiers Observatory. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center in November 1952 (M.P.C. 837).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013382-0000-0000", "contents": "1574 in art, Deaths\nThis art history-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 91]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013383-0000-0000", "contents": "1574 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1574.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013384-0000-0000", "contents": "1574 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013385-0000-0000", "contents": "1574 in science\nThe year 1574 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013386-0000-0000", "contents": "1575\nYear 1575 (MDLXXV)  was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013387-0000-0000", "contents": "1575 Imperial election\nThe imperial election of 1575 was an imperial election held to select the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. It took place in Regensburg on October 27.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013387-0001-0000", "contents": "1575 Imperial election, Background\nThe Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor called for the election of his successor. He held one vote, as king of Bohemia. The remaining prince-electors called to Regensburg were:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013387-0002-0000", "contents": "1575 Imperial election, Elected\nMaximilian's eldest son Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor was elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 98]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013387-0003-0000", "contents": "1575 Imperial election, Aftermath\nRudolf acceded to the throne on his father's death on October 12, 1576", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013388-0000-0000", "contents": "1575 Valdivia earthquake\nThe 1575 Valdivia earthquake occurred at 14:30 local time on December 16. It had an estimated magnitude of 8.5 on the surface wave magnitude scale and led to the flood of Valdivia, Chile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013388-0001-0000", "contents": "1575 Valdivia earthquake\nPedro Mari\u00f1o de Lobera, who was corregidor of Valdivia by that time, wrote that the waters of the river opened like the Red Sea, one part flowing upstream and one downstream. Mari\u00f1o de Lobera also evacuated the city until the dam at Laguna de Anigua (nowadays Ri\u00f1ihue Lake) burst. At that moment he wrote that, while many Native people died, no Spaniards did, as the settlement of Valdivia was moved temporarily away from the riverside.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013388-0002-0000", "contents": "1575 Valdivia earthquake\nThe effects of this earthquake are similar to the 1960 Valdivia earthquake, the largest ever recorded on earth, which also caused ensuing Ri\u00f1ihuazo flooding. These similarities show that large earthquakes have a pattern that span over several centuries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013389-0000-0000", "contents": "1575 Winifred\n1575 Winifred, provisional designation 1950 HH, is a stony Phocaea asteroid and slow rotator from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 9.5 kilometers in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013389-0001-0000", "contents": "1575 Winifred\nIt was discovered on 20 April 1950, by astronomer Robert Curry Cameron of Indiana University during the Indiana Asteroid Program at Goethe Link Observatory in Indiana, United States. It was named after Winifred Cameron, an astronomer at the United States Naval Observatory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013389-0002-0000", "contents": "1575 Winifred, Orbit and classification\nThe stony S-type asteroid is a member of the Phocaea family (701), a group of asteroids with similar orbital characteristics, named after the family's namesake 25\u00a0Phocaea. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 1.9\u20132.8\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 8 months (1,336 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.18 and an inclination of 25\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013389-0003-0000", "contents": "1575 Winifred, Orbit and classification\nWinifred was first identified as 1928 HG at Johannesburg Observatory in 1928, extending the body's observation arc by 22 years prior to its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013389-0004-0000", "contents": "1575 Winifred, Physical characteristics, Rotational lightcurve\nIn July 2009, a rotational lightcurve was obtained for this asteroid from photometric observations taken by American astronomer Brian D. Warner at his Palmer Divide Observatory in Colorado. It gave a well-defined rotation period of 125\u00b12 hours with an exceptionally high brightness amplitude of 1.20 in magnitude (U=3), and no sign of a non-principal axis rotation (NPAR). The result supersedes a previous observation by French astronomer Laurent Bernasconi from May 2005, that gave a similar, yet less accurate period of 129 hours, and with a smaller amplitude of 0.51 in magnitude (U=1).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 62], "content_span": [63, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013389-0005-0000", "contents": "1575 Winifred, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite, IRAS, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Winifred has an albedo of 0.24 to 0.25 and a diameter between 9.3 and 10.7 kilometers, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives a higher albedo of 0.31 and a diameter of 9.5 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 12.0.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013389-0006-0000", "contents": "1575 Winifred, Naming\nThis minor planet was named for a staff member of the United States Naval Observatory in Washington D.C., Winifred Sawtell Cameron. The official naming citation was proposed by the discovering astronomer and published by the Minor Planet Center in December 1952 (M.P.C. 844).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013395-0000-0000", "contents": "1575 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1575.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013396-0000-0000", "contents": "1575 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or French).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013396-0001-0000", "contents": "1575 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013397-0000-0000", "contents": "1575 in science\nThe year 1575 in science and technology included a number of events, some of which are listed here.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013398-0000-0000", "contents": "1576\nYear 1576 (MDLXXVI)  was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013399-0000-0000", "contents": "1576 Fabiola\n1576 Fabiola, provisional designation 1948 SA, is a Themistian asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 27 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 30 September 1948, by Belgian astronomer Sylvain Arend at the Royal Observatory of Belgium in Uccle. The asteroid was named after Queen Fabiola of Belgium.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013399-0001-0000", "contents": "1576 Fabiola, Orbit and classification\nFabiola is a Themistian asteroid that belongs to the Themis family (602), a very large family of carbonaceous asteroids, named after 24 Themis. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.6\u20133.7\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 7 months (2,042 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.17 and an inclination of 1\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013399-0002-0000", "contents": "1576 Fabiola, Orbit and classification\nThe asteroid was first identified as 1931 RV at Simeiz Observatory in September 1931. The body's observation arc begins with its identification as 1931 TQ2 at Lowell Observatory in October 1931, almost 17 years prior to its official discovery observation at Uccle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013399-0003-0000", "contents": "1576 Fabiola, Physical characteristics\nIn the Tholen classification, Fabiola has an ambiguous spectral type, similar to the B-type asteroids (\"bright\" carbonaceous asteroids), yet with an \"unusual\" spectra (BU).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013399-0004-0000", "contents": "1576 Fabiola, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn November 1976, a rotational lightcurve of Fabiola was obtained from photometric observations by Swedish astronomer Claes-Ingvar Lagerkvist at Uppsala Observatory. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 6.7 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.2 magnitude (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 55], "content_span": [56, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013399-0005-0000", "contents": "1576 Fabiola, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Fabiola measures between 21.33 and 30.150 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.0746 and 0.123.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013399-0006-0000", "contents": "1576 Fabiola, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the results obtained by IRAS, that is, an albedo of 0.0913 and a diameter of 27.25 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.04.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013399-0007-0000", "contents": "1576 Fabiola, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Queen Fabiola of Belgium (1928\u20132014). The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 31 January 1962 (M.P.C. 2116).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013400-0000-0000", "contents": "1576 Plot\nThe 1576 Plot was a conspiracy in Sweden in 1576. The purpose was to depose John III of Sweden and reinstate the imprisoned Eric XIV of Sweden on the Swedish throne. It was the last of three major plots to free the imprisoned Eric XIV, and was preceded by the 1569 Plot and the 1574 Mornay Plot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013400-0001-0000", "contents": "1576 Plot, Bakground\nThe rebellion was instigated by Mauritz Rasmusson (Mauricius Erasmi) (d. 1577), a Protestant clergyman and vicar of Timmele. He was opposed to the Pro-Catholic tendencies toward a Counter-Reformation under John III and his Catholic queen Catherine Jagiellon, which was highlighted by the introduction of the nova ordinantia-reform of 1575 and the Red Book-reform of 1576 during the Liturgical struggle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 20], "content_span": [21, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013400-0002-0000", "contents": "1576 Plot, Plan\nMauritz Rasmusson conspired with the nobleman Erik Gyllenstierna and through his connections acquired allies among the clergy, peasants and merchants in V\u00e4sterg\u00f6tland. The rebellion was to take place in V\u00e4sterg\u00f6tland and in Sm\u00e5land. Their purpose was to deposed John III, free Eric XIV and reinstate him or - if this proved impossible, Duke Charles or, as a third alternative, elect Erik Gyllenstierna to the throne.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 15], "content_span": [16, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013400-0003-0000", "contents": "1576 Plot, Trial\nIn November 1576, John III was informed about the conspiracy when Lasse Rasmusson, brother of Mauritz Rasmusson and secretary of Erik Gyllenstierna's cousin Nils Gyllenstierna, was overheard. On 12 November, an investigation was issued. Witnesses claimed that Mauritz Rasmusson had planned to free Erik XIV, have John III killed, but also have Erik Gyllenstierna and \"all the nobility of the realm\" killed. On 29 November, the trial was conducted in Vadstena. Mauritz Rasmusson denied the accusations, but several witnesses testified against him, including his own wife Anna Lassadotter and his brothers, which was given much credibility.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 16], "content_span": [17, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013400-0004-0000", "contents": "1576 Plot, Trial\n19 December 1576, Mauritz Rasmusson was condemned to death guilty of treason. During torture, he pointed out the nobleman Erik Gyllenstierna as his accomplice, but retracted it again. In January 1577, the imprisoned Erik XIV was moved from his prison to another deemed more safe, and in February, he died in prison.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 16], "content_span": [17, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013400-0005-0000", "contents": "1576 Plot, Trial\nIn March 1577, Mauritz Rasmusson was confronted in prison by those accused of being his accomplices. Erik Gyllenstierna was freed from all charges because no evidence could be found against him. As Mauritz Rasmusson himself retracted his confessions against everyone he pointed out as his accomplices, no one could be sentenced with him. He was sent to his home parish of Timmele and executed there in April 1577. The public reportedly viewed him as innocent, and folk legend claimed that everyone who testified against him was therefore cursed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 16], "content_span": [17, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013400-0006-0000", "contents": "1576 Plot, Aftermath\nThe plot made John III fear a new Dacke Feud, and caused a mistrust and conflict with the clergy in February 1577, when he sharply criticized the clergy during a meeting with them. In parallel to this, admiral Bengt Bagge was executed for un-connected suspected treason in Stockholm in 1577, contributing to the political tension. It is estimated, that these events influenced the restrictions of John III against the imprisoned Eric XIV, the orders that Eric was to be killed if anyone attempted to free him, and the death of Eric in February 1577.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 20], "content_span": [21, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013401-0000-0000", "contents": "1576 Polish\u2013Lithuanian royal election\nThe second Free Election in the Polish\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth took place in 1575/1576. In the night of June 28\u201329, 1574, King Henri of Valois secretly left Poland to claim the French throne. The Commonwealth was left without a monarch, and the period of interregnum ended with a double election. After a few months of negotiations, Anna Jagiellon and Stephen B\u00e1thory were elected co-rulers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013401-0001-0000", "contents": "1576 Polish\u2013Lithuanian royal election, Background\nAfter finding out about the death of his brother, King Charles IX of France, who died on 30 May 1574, Henri decided to secretly leave Poland, and return to his homeland. This plan was supported by his mother, Catherine de' Medici, who resumed the regency until Henri's return from Poland. Polish nobility had previously considered this option. Henri was to marry Anna Jagiellon, and return to France, leaving his wife in the Commonwealth. Thus, the two nations would be ruled by a royal couple.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 49], "content_span": [50, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013401-0002-0000", "contents": "1576 Polish\u2013Lithuanian royal election, Background\nSince the Polish\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth was left without a monarch, and there was a danger of anarchy, in late August 1574 the Primate of Poland called a council of senators and magnate. The council, which did not include envoys from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the Duchy of Livonia and Royal Prussia, discussed whether Henri should still be regarded King of Poland. After lengthy deliberations, Henri was called to return to Krak\u00f3w before May 12, 1575.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 49], "content_span": [50, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013401-0003-0000", "contents": "1576 Polish\u2013Lithuanian royal election, Background\nIn May 1575, Polish nobility gathered at St\u0119\u017cyca, but no decision was taken. Internal conflict between pro-, and anti - Habsburg factions deepened, while southeastern provinces of Red Ruthenia and Podolia were raided by Crimean Tatars, who captured thousands of people. Finally, with support of Senate, the Primate officially declared interregnum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 49], "content_span": [50, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013401-0004-0000", "contents": "1576 Polish\u2013Lithuanian royal election, Convocation Sejm\nPrimate Jakub Uchanski summoned the Convocation Sejm to Warsaw on October 3, 1575. The date of royal election was set for November 7. Pro -French and pro-Habsburg faction, which consisted of most senators, Roman Catholic clergy (including Uchanski himself), Protestants, Prussian cities and Lithuanians supported Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 55], "content_span": [56, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013401-0005-0000", "contents": "1576 Polish\u2013Lithuanian royal election, Convocation Sejm\nMost of Polish szlachta, however, backed an unspecified Piast candidate. As a future King, they saw Jan Zamoyski, John III of Sweden or Prince of Transylvania, Stephen Bathory. Also, envoys of the Ottoman Empire supported either John III or Bathory. Turkish opinion mattered, as the nobility wanted to avoid any military conflicts with such a powerful neighbor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 55], "content_span": [56, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013401-0006-0000", "contents": "1576 Polish\u2013Lithuanian royal election, Election\nThe Election Sejm began on November 8, 1575 with speeches of envoys of royal candidates. Among Senators, supporters of Maximilian II were in the majority, while among Sejm deputies, there were either supporters of a native, Piast candidate (Jan Zamoyski, Miko\u0142aj Sienicki) or Stephen Bathory (Andrzej Zborowski).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 47], "content_span": [48, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013401-0007-0000", "contents": "1576 Polish\u2013Lithuanian royal election, Election\nAfter several heated arguments, on December 12, 1575, Primate Uchanski, under pressure from Papal nuncio Vincenzo Lauro, declared Maximilian II new King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania. This was opposed by the nobility, as Uchanski made the declaration without its support. Among Polish szlachta, Stephen Bathory became popular, and, urged by Zamoyski and Teczynski, the nobility decided that Anna Jagiellon should marry Bathory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 47], "content_span": [48, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013401-0008-0000", "contents": "1576 Polish\u2013Lithuanian royal election, Election\nOn January 18, 1576, supporters of Bathory gathered near J\u0119drzej\u00f3w, and in February, they moved to Krak\u00f3w. Most were members of Ruthenian nobility, there also were influential senators, such as Andrzej Zborowski and Stanis\u0142aw Karnkowski, also Bishop of Kujawy, Stanislaw Karnkowski. Meanwhile, envoys of Maximilian came to Jedrzejow, urging the nobility to support his son, Archduke Ernest of Austria. Also, Bathory sent his envoy to Jedrzejow, a Protestant nobleman Hieronim Filipowski.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 47], "content_span": [48, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013401-0009-0000", "contents": "1576 Polish\u2013Lithuanian royal election, Election\nOn February 1, the nobility confirmed election of Bathory, and scheduled the coronation for March 4. On February 8, in a Cathedral at Medias, Bathory confirmed the pacta conventa, and swore to recover the lands which had been occupied by Ivan the Terrible. Soon afterwards, he began preparing for the journey to Poland. On March 4, Polish envoys sent to Transilvania returned to Krak\u00f3w, presenting the pacta conventa document signed by Bathory. On April 6, the Transilvanian Duke crossed Polish border, and on April 18, he entered Krak\u00f3w.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 47], "content_span": [48, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013401-0010-0000", "contents": "1576 Polish\u2013Lithuanian royal election, Election\nOn May 1, 1576, Bishop Karnkowski married Anne Jagiellon to Bathory, and crowned the couple. Since the election was not confirmed by Lithuania, Royal Prussia and Primate Uchanski, Bathory immediately began negotiations, hoping to avoid a civil war. His efforts were fruitful.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 47], "content_span": [48, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013408-0000-0000", "contents": "1576 in literature\nThis article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1576.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013409-0000-0000", "contents": "1576 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013410-0000-0000", "contents": "1576 in science\nThe year 1576 in science and technology included many events, some of which are listed here.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013411-0000-0000", "contents": "15760 Albion\n15760 Albion, provisional designation 1992 QB1, was the first trans-Neptunian object to be discovered after Pluto and Charon. Measuring about 108\u2013167 kilometres in diameter, it was discovered in 1992 by David C. Jewitt and Jane X. Luu at the Mauna Kea Observatory, Hawaii. After the discovery, they dubbed the object \"Smiley\" and it was shortly hailed as the tenth planet by the press. It is a \"cold\" classical Kuiper belt object and gave rise to the name cubewano for this kind of object, after the QB1 portion of its designation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013411-0000-0001", "contents": "15760 Albion\nDecoding its provisional designation, \"QB1\" reveals that it was the 27th object found in the second half of August of that year. As of January 2018, around 2,400 further objects have been found beyond Neptune, a majority of which are classical Kuiper belt objects. It was named after Albion from William Blake's mythology.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013411-0001-0000", "contents": "15760 Albion, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Albion from the complex mythology of English poet and painter William Blake (1757\u20131827). Albion is the island-dwelling primeval man whose division resulted into The Four Zoas: Urizen, Tharmas, Luvah/Orc and Urthona/Los. The name Albion itself derives from the ancient and mythological name of Britain. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 31 January 2018 (M.P.C. 108697).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013411-0002-0000", "contents": "15760 Albion, Naming\nThe discoverers suggested the name \"Smiley\" for (15760) 1992 QB1, but the name was already used for an asteroid 1613 Smiley, named after the American astronomer Charles Hugh Smiley. It has received the number 15760 and remained unnamed until January 2018 (it was normally referred to simply as \"QB1\", even though this was technically ambiguous without the year of discovery).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013411-0003-0000", "contents": "15760 Albion, Legacy\nThe next year in 1993, objects in similar orbits were found including (15788) 1993 SB, (15789) 1993 SC, (181708) 1993 FW, and (385185) 1993 RO.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013411-0004-0000", "contents": "15760 Albion, Legacy\nOver one thousand bodies were found in the Kuiper belt orbiting between about 30 and 50 AU from the Sun in the twenty years after finding 15760 Albion. This revealed a vast belt of bodies, more than just Pluto and Albion themselves. By 2018, over 2000 Kuiper belt objects were discovered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013411-0005-0000", "contents": "15760 Albion, Notes\nMinor planet and asteroid provisional designations follow a format, in which the year it was discovered comes first, followed by the half-month it was discovered alphabetically (e.g. A=January 1\u201315, B=January 16\u201331 and so on, but skipping the letters I and Z) and then the order of its discovery alphabetically followed by a number (e.g. 1992 QA, 1992 QB, 1992 QC ... 1992 QY, 1992 QZ, 1992 QA1, 1992 QB1 and so on.) According to this, Q=August 16\u201331 and B1=25+2=27.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 19], "content_span": [20, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013412-0000-0000", "contents": "1577\nYear 1577 (MDLXXVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013420-0000-0000", "contents": "1577 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1577.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013421-0000-0000", "contents": "1577 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013422-0000-0000", "contents": "1577 in science\nThe year 1577 in science and technology included many events, some of which are listed here.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013423-0000-0000", "contents": "1578\nYear 1578 (MDLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013424-0000-0000", "contents": "1578 Kirkwood\n1578 Kirkwood, provisional designation 1951 AT, is a Hilda asteroid from the outermost regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 52 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 10 January 1951, by astronomers of the Indiana Asteroid Program at Goethe Link Observatory in Indiana, United States. The asteroid was named after American astronomer Daniel Kirkwood.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013424-0001-0000", "contents": "1578 Kirkwood, Orbit and classification\nKirkwood belongs to the orbital Hilda group, which is located outermost part of the main belt. Asteroids in this dynamical group have semi-major axis between 3.7 and 4.2\u00a0AU and stay in a 3:2 resonance with the gas giant Jupiter. Kirkwood, however, is a background asteroid and not a member of the (collisional) Hilda family (101).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013424-0002-0000", "contents": "1578 Kirkwood, Orbit and classification\nIt orbits the Sun at a distance of 3.0\u20134.9\u00a0AU once every 7 years and 9 months (2,839 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.24 and an inclination of 1\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013424-0003-0000", "contents": "1578 Kirkwood, Orbit and classification\nThe asteroid was first observed as 1944 DF at Turku Observatory in February 1944. The body's observation arc begins with its observation as 1949 TF at Heidelberg Observatory in October 1949, fifteen months prior to its official discovery observation at Goethe Link.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013424-0004-0000", "contents": "1578 Kirkwood, Physical characteristics\nIn the Tholen classification, Kirkwood is a dark D-type asteroid. It is also characterized as a D-type by PanSTARRS photometric survey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013424-0005-0000", "contents": "1578 Kirkwood, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn October 2012, a rotational lightcurve of Kirkwood was obtained from photometric observations at the Etscorn Campus Observatory (719) in New Mexico, United States. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 12.518 hours with a brightness variation of 0.05 magnitude (U=2). Another lightcurve gave a period of 17.9 hours and an amplitude of 0.22 magnitude (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 56], "content_span": [57, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013424-0006-0000", "contents": "1578 Kirkwood, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite, the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer and the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, Kirkwood measures between 47.077 and 57.14 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.044 and 0.063.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013424-0007-0000", "contents": "1578 Kirkwood, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the results obtained by IRAS, that is, an albedo of 0.0517 and a diameter of 51.88 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.26.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013424-0008-0000", "contents": "1578 Kirkwood, Naming\nThis minor planet was named in memory of American astronomer Daniel Kirkwood (1814\u20131895), long-time professor of mathematics at Indiana University. He discovered the Kirkwood gaps, which are gaps in the distribution of the mean distances of the minor planets in the asteroid belt. Kirkwood was the Indiana Asteroid Program's first numbered discovery. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center in March 1952 (M.P.C. 738). The lunar crater Kirkwood was also named in the astronomer's honor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013428-0000-0000", "contents": "1578 in Scotland\nEvents from the year 1578 in the Kingdom of Scotland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013431-0000-0000", "contents": "1578 in literature\nThis article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1578.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013432-0000-0000", "contents": "1578 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or French).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013433-0000-0000", "contents": "1578 in science\nThe year 1578 in science and technology included a number of events, some of which are listed here.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013434-0000-0000", "contents": "1579\nYear 1579 (MDLXXIX) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar, and a common year starting on Monday of the Proleptic Gregorian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013438-0000-0000", "contents": "1579 in Scotland\nEvents from the year 1579 in the Kingdom of Scotland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013441-0000-0000", "contents": "1579 in literature\nThis article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1579.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013442-0000-0000", "contents": "1579 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013443-0000-0000", "contents": "1579 in science\nThe year 1579 in science and technology included a number of events, some of which are listed here.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013444-0000-0000", "contents": "157P/Tritton, Discovery\nKeith Tritton (U. K. Schmidt Telescope Unit, Coonabarabran) discovered this comet on a deep IIIa-J exposure made with the 122-cm Schmidt telescope on 1978 February 11.66.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013445-0000-0000", "contents": "157th (Highland Light Infantry) Brigade\nThe 157th (Highland Light Infantry) Brigade was an infantry brigade of the British Army. The brigade fought in both the First and the Second World Wars, assigned to 52nd (Lowland) Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013445-0001-0000", "contents": "157th (Highland Light Infantry) Brigade, Origins\nThe Highland Light Infantry Brigade was originally a Volunteer Infantry Brigade formed in 1902 when the former Glasgow Brigade of the Volunteer Force was split up. The four Volunteer Battalions of the Highland Light Infantry (HLI) constituted one brigade, while the four Volunteer Battalions of the Cameronians (Scottish Rifles) formed the other (the Scottish Rifles Brigade, later the 156th (Scottish Rifles) Brigade of the TF).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013445-0002-0000", "contents": "157th (Highland Light Infantry) Brigade, Origins\nFrom 1902 to 1908 the Highland Light Infantry Brigade had the following composition:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013445-0003-0000", "contents": "157th (Highland Light Infantry) Brigade, Origins\nThe Brigade Headquarters (HQ) was at Hamilton, later at 2 West Regent Street, Glasgow. Initially the brigade commander was the Officer Commanding the 26th and 71st Regimental Districts (the HLI districts), later it was Colonel R.C. MacKenzie, former commanding officer of the 1st VB, HLI.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013445-0004-0000", "contents": "157th (Highland Light Infantry) Brigade, Territorial Force\nAfter the Volunteers were subsumed into the new Territorial Force (TF) under the Haldane Reforms of 1908, the Scottish Rifles Brigade formed part of the Lowland Division of the TF with the following composition:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 58], "content_span": [59, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013445-0005-0000", "contents": "157th (Highland Light Infantry) Brigade, First World War\nUpon the outbreak of the First World War in August 1914, the Lowland Division was mobilised immediately for full-time war service. In May 1915 the brigade became the 157th (1/1st Highland Light Infantry) Brigade and the division the 52nd (Lowland) Division. The battalions were also redesignated with the '1/' prefix, 1/4th HLI. This was to avoid confusion with the 2nd Line duplicates which were also forming up and training as the 196th (2/1st Highland Light Infantry) Brigade of 65th (2nd Lowland) Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 56], "content_span": [57, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013445-0005-0001", "contents": "157th (Highland Light Infantry) Brigade, First World War\nThe 2nd Line units consisted mainly of those few men who did not volunteer for overseas service when asked at the outbreak of war, together with the many recruits, and were intended to act as a reserve for the 1st Line units being sent overseas. During the war the brigade and division served in the Middle East and later on the Western Front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 56], "content_span": [57, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013445-0006-0000", "contents": "157th (Highland Light Infantry) Brigade, Inter-war period\nAfter the First World War both the brigade and division were disbanded, as was the rest of the Territorial Force. With the creation of the Territorial Army in 1921, the brigade was reconstituted within the 52nd Division as the 157th (Highland Light Infantry) Infantry Brigade, again composed of the 5th, 6th, 7th and 9th battalions of the Highland Light Infantry, and remained this until 1938.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 57], "content_span": [58, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013445-0007-0000", "contents": "157th (Highland Light Infantry) Brigade, Inter-war period\nIn 1938, due to an increasing need to strengthen the anti-aircraft defences of the country, the 7th Battalion, HLI was transferred to the Royal Artillery and converted into 83rd (7th (Blythswood) Battalion, Highland Light Infantry) Anti - Aircraft Brigade, Royal Artillery. In the same year the 9th (Glasgow Highland) Battalion was redesignated 1st Battalion, Glasgow Highlanders but still retained the Highland Light Infantry as its parent regiment. In the following year the brigade was redesignated as 157th Infantry Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 57], "content_span": [58, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013445-0008-0000", "contents": "157th (Highland Light Infantry) Brigade, Second World War\nDuring the Second World War, the brigade served with the 52nd Division during Operation Ariel in France in mid-1940 to cover the withdrawal of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) being evacuated from France. In 1942 to June 1944 the division was trained in mountain warfare, but was never used in the role. They were then trained in airlanding operations but were again never utilised in the role. In October 1944 they were sent to Belgium to join the 21st Army Group and were attached to the First Canadian Army and fought in the Battle of the Scheldt. The brigade took part in Operation Blackcock in 1945 and ended the war by the River Elbe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 57], "content_span": [58, 703]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013445-0009-0000", "contents": "157th (Highland Light Infantry) Brigade, Second World War, Order of battle\nThe 157th Infantry Brigade was constituted as follows during the war:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 74], "content_span": [75, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013445-0010-0000", "contents": "157th (Highland Light Infantry) Brigade, Second World War, Order of battle\nOn 12 August 1944 the brigade was organised as a Brigade Group to be the sea echelon for 52nd (L) Division's projected airlanding operations. 157 Brigade Group moved to NW Europe independently with the following additional units under command:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 74], "content_span": [75, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013445-0011-0000", "contents": "157th (Highland Light Infantry) Brigade, Second World War, Order of battle\nThe brigade and attached units reverted to divisional command when 52nd (L) Division arrived by sea in October to take part in ground operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 74], "content_span": [75, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013445-0012-0000", "contents": "157th (Highland Light Infantry) Brigade, Second World War, Commanders\nThe following officers commanded the 157th Infantry Brigade during the war:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 69], "content_span": [70, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013446-0000-0000", "contents": "157th Air Operations Group\nThe United States Air Force's 157th Air Operations Group is an Air Operations Center manning unit located at Jefferson Barracks National Guard Base in St Louis, Missouri. The unit is geographically-separated from its supporting unit, the Missouri Air National Guard's 131st Bomb Wing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013446-0001-0000", "contents": "157th Air Operations Group, Mission\nThe 157 Air Operations Group responds to operational requirements within the Headquarters Pacific Air Forces (HQ PACAF) area of responsibility, which covers an area from the east coast of Africa to the west coast of the Americas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013446-0002-0000", "contents": "157th Air Operations Group, Operations\nThe group mans an Air Operations Center (AOC), the senior element of the Theater Air Control System using the AN/USQ-163 Falconer. An AOC is the command and control center that plans, executes and assesses aerospace operations during a contingency or conflict.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 38], "content_span": [39, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013446-0003-0000", "contents": "157th Air Operations Group, Operations\nThe AOC plans and executes missions by theater aerospace forces for Joint Forces Air Component Commanders. The AOC enables Joint Forces Air Component Commanders to exercise command and control of aerospace forces in support of a Joint Force Commander. An AOC consists of a large number of related systems which interoperate to plan, conduct, and monitor the air and space war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 38], "content_span": [39, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013446-0004-0000", "contents": "157th Air Operations Group, History, World War II\nThe 157th Air Operations Group was first organized in the Signal Corps on 15 January 1944 as the 582d Signal Aircraft Warning Battalion. The battalion served in the Mediterranean and European Theater of Operations as an element of Twelfth and Ninth Air Forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 49], "content_span": [50, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013446-0005-0000", "contents": "157th Air Operations Group, History, World War II\nThe battalion was organized in Italy, primarily from elements of the provisional 2691 Signal Aircraft Warning Battalion (Mobile) and 732d through 734th Signal Aircraft Warning Companies that had been attached to it, which were simultaneously disbanded. The battalion operations were conducted by radar operating detachments, which frequently moved. Elements of the battalion participated in Operation Dragoon, the invasion of southern France. Following V-E Day, the battalion remained in Germany as part of the occupation forces until it was inactivate, along with its component companies, on 7 November 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 49], "content_span": [50, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013446-0005-0001", "contents": "157th Air Operations Group, History, World War II\nThis was a period of personnel turmoil, with most experienced members of the unit being transferred to other units for return to the United States, being replaced by \"low point\" men who were late arrivals to the theater. On 22 October, the battalion was reduced to nominal strength of one officer and one airman, who were transferred to the 555th Signal Aircraft Warning Battalion when the 582d was inactivated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 49], "content_span": [50, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013446-0006-0000", "contents": "157th Air Operations Group, History, Air National Guard\nThe battalion was converted to the Air Corps, redesignated the 157th Aircraft Control and Warning Group and allotted to the National Guard in May 1946. It was organized in the Missouri National Guard later that year, but did not receive federal recognition until 1948. The group was mobilized for the Korean War in the fall of 1951 and served at Alexandria Air Force Base, where it was released from active duty on 1 November 1953. It was redesignated the 157th Tactical Control Group in 1952 and its mission changed from air defense to control of tactical strike aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 55], "content_span": [56, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013446-0007-0000", "contents": "157th Air Operations Group, History, Air National Guard\nThe group was activated the same day in the Missouri Air National Guard. It became the 157th Air Control Group' in 1992 and the 157th Air Operations Group in 2001. The group's initial mobilization gaining command was Tactical Air Command", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 55], "content_span": [56, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013446-0008-0000", "contents": "157th Air Operations Group, History, Air National Guard\nIn 2016 the 157th Air Operations Group converted from a non-traditional Group -> Division organization into a traditional Group -> Squadron organization. With such, new squadron commanders were designated for the newly established 157 Combat Operations Squadron (COS), 157th Air Intelligence Squadron (AIS), and the 157th Air Communications Squadron (ACOMS). All of which will report to the 157th Air Operations Group Commander.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 55], "content_span": [56, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013446-0009-0000", "contents": "157th Air Operations Group, History, Air National Guard\nAlso in 2016, the 157th Air Operations Group gained an additive mission set supporting U.S. Air Force Global Strike Command and the 608th Air Operations Center located at Barksdale AFB, LA. Once fully operational, the additive unit will be known as the 257th Combat Operations Flight. The unit's Commander reports directly to the Commander, 157th Air Operations Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 55], "content_span": [56, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013447-0000-0000", "contents": "157th Air Refueling Wing\nThe 157th Air Refueling Wing (157 ARW) is a unit of the New Hampshire Air National Guard, stationed at Pease Air National Guard Base, Portsmouth, New Hampshire, United States. If activated to federal service, the Wing is gained by the United States Air Force Air Mobility Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013447-0001-0000", "contents": "157th Air Refueling Wing, Units\nThe 157th Air Refueling Wing consists of the following units:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 31], "content_span": [32, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013447-0002-0000", "contents": "157th Air Refueling Wing, History\nThe direct predecessor to the 101st Air Refueling Wing is the World War II 311th Fighter Group. The 311th was one of only three groups to use the A-36 Apache dive bomber version of the P-51 Mustang. It was created in 1942 as a light bombardment group, training with the Vultee Vengeance, before moving on to the A-36 (and the P-51) when it entered combat in India as part of the Tenth Air Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013447-0003-0000", "contents": "157th Air Refueling Wing, History, World War II\nTrained with V-72 Vengeance aircraft. Moved to India, via Australia, July\u2013September 1943. Assigned to Tenth Air Force. Operating from India and using A-36A Apaches. The unit's aircraft had yellow tails with two black bands, the 530th Fighter Squadron having its diagonal bands sloping from top right to bottom left, while the other two squadrons had theirs either vertical or sloping the opposite way. The red nose was also a squadron marking. Many planes of this group had a girl's name on the nose, but very few had any artwork.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013447-0004-0000", "contents": "157th Air Refueling Wing, History, World War II\nThe squadron supported Allied ground forces in northern Burma; covered bombers that attacked Rangoon, Insein, and other targets; bombed enemy airfields at Myitkyina and Bhamo; and conducted patrol and reconnaissance missions to help protect transport planes that flew The Hump route between India and China.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013447-0005-0000", "contents": "157th Air Refueling Wing, History, World War II\nConverted to P-51C Mustangs in May 1944. Moved to Burma in July and continued to support ground forces, including Merrill's Marauders; also flew numerous sweeps over enemy airfields in central and southern Burma.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013447-0006-0000", "contents": "157th Air Refueling Wing, History, World War II\nMoved to China in August 1944 and assigned to Fourteenth Air Force. Escorted bombers, flew interception missions, struck the enemy's communications, and supported ground operations, serving in combat until the end of the war. Ferried P-51's from India for the Chinese Air Force in November 1945. Returned to the US in December 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013447-0007-0000", "contents": "157th Air Refueling Wing, History, World War II\nOn 1 May 1956 the New Hampshire Air National Guard's 134th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron was authorized to expand to a group level, and the 101st Fighter-Interceptor Group from the Vermont Air National Guard was transferred to New Hampshire state control, being redesignated the 101st Fighter Group (Air Defense), and federally recognized by the National Guard Bureau. The 134th FIS becoming the group's flying squadron. Other squadrons assigned into the group were the 101st Material Squadron, 101st Air Base Squadron, and the 101st USAF Dispensary. The 101st Fighter Group (AD) was assigned to the Maine Air National Guard 101st Air Defense Wing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 695]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013447-0008-0000", "contents": "157th Air Refueling Wing, History, Maine Air National Guard\nThe wartime 311th Fighter Group was re-designated as the '101st Fighter Group, and was allotted to the Maine Air National Guard, on 24 May 1946. It was organized at Camp Keyes, Augusta, Maine, and was extended federal recognition on 4 April 1947 by the National Guard Bureau. The 101st Fighter Group was bestowed the lineage, history, honors, and colors of the 311th Fighter Group, and all predecessor units. The group was assigned to the Massachusetts ANG 67th Fighter Wing, operationally gained by Continental Air Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 59], "content_span": [60, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013447-0009-0000", "contents": "157th Air Refueling Wing, History, Maine Air National Guard\nUpon activation, operational squadrons of the 101st Fighter Group were:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 59], "content_span": [60, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013447-0010-0000", "contents": "157th Air Refueling Wing, History, Maine Air National Guard\nThe three squadrons were all re-designations of the 311th Fighter Group's operational squadrons during World War II. All were initially equipped with F-47D Thunderbolts, with a mission of air defense of their respective states.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 59], "content_span": [60, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013447-0011-0000", "contents": "157th Air Refueling Wing, History, Maine Air National Guard\nIn the summer of 1948, the 132d Fighter Squadron replaced their F-47 Thunderbolts with jet F-80C Shooting Stars and were re-designated with the \"Jet Propelled\" suffix on 1 August. The 134th received Very Long-Range F-51H Mustangs in the summer of 1950.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 59], "content_span": [60, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013447-0012-0000", "contents": "157th Air Refueling Wing, History, Air Defense Command\nThe unit assumed the F-94 Starfire aircraft of the 134th FIS and the air defense mission of New Hampshire. By April 1958, the 101st counted nearly 700 officers and airmen. It was now re-equipped with 24 F-86L Sabre Interceptor jets, a dedicated swept-wing interceptor which was capable of being directed to intercept targets by Ground Control Interceptor (GCI) radar stations. The rocket-firing aircraft boasted 650 miles per hour (1,050\u00a0km/h) speed, superb maneuverability, and a 1,000-mile (1,600\u00a0km) range. More than a dozen were in place by May. The old F-94s were shipped to other states for training purposes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 54], "content_span": [55, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013447-0013-0000", "contents": "157th Air Refueling Wing, History, Airlift mission\nOn 1 September 1960 the unit was transferred from ADC to the Military Air Transport Service (MATS). The 134th exchanged its recently acquired Sabres for eight Boeing C-97 Stratofreighter aircraft. Organizationally, the 101st Fighter Group (AD) was transferred to the Maine Air National Guard, the 157th Air Transportation Group being established by the National Guard Bureau as a new unit, replacing the 101st. The lineage and history, however, of the 101st Fighter Group (AD) were transferred to the 157th ATS, with the 134th being redesignated as an Air Transport Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 50], "content_span": [51, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013447-0014-0000", "contents": "157th Air Refueling Wing, History, Airlift mission\nWith the transfer of the 101st to Maine, the 157th ATG became one of three groups assigned to the 133d Air Transportation Wing, Minnesota Air National Guard. Completing the organization were the 157th Group Headquarters, the 133d Air Transport Squadron, 157th Air Base Squadron, 157th Consolidated Aircraft Maintenance Squadron, the 157th USAF Dispensary, and State Headquarters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 50], "content_span": [51, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013447-0015-0000", "contents": "157th Air Refueling Wing, History, Airlift mission, 1961 Berlin Airlift\nOn the night of 13 August 1961, the East German government erected barbed wire barriers around the 104-mile (167\u00a0km) periphery of West Berlin. Without warning, East Berliners had been denied passage rights to the western part of the city by their own soldiers. In response, President John F. Kennedy federalized several Air National Guard units, including the New Hampshire Air National Guard, and the 133d ATS was placed on active duty. Equipped with eight C-97 aircraft and manned with 675 guardsmen, the unit would stay at Grenier Field during the crisis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 71], "content_span": [72, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013447-0015-0001", "contents": "157th Air Refueling Wing, History, Airlift mission, 1961 Berlin Airlift\nBut its aircraft and crews ranged throughout the world, touching down at bases in Europe, South America, Alaska, Japan, the Philippines, and Southeast Asia. These missions came in addition to the ongoing ferrying of life-sustaining supplies to West Berlin. The 157th also airlifted elements of the Turkish Army to South Korea and delivered essential communications equipment to South Vietnam.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 71], "content_span": [72, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013447-0016-0000", "contents": "157th Air Refueling Wing, History, Airlift mission, 1961 Berlin Airlift\nTypical of the C-97 flights leaving Grenier AFB was one that departed in early November 1961. Its long itinerary started with a stop at Dover AFB, Delaware, then it was on to Lajes Field, Azores; Ch\u00e2teauroux-D\u00e9ols AB, France; Rhein-Main AB, West Germany; RAF Mildenhall, England; Keflavik Airport, Iceland; Ernest Harmon AFB, Newfoundland, and back to Grenier AFB. This 9,000-plus-mile flight required in excess of 40 hours of flying time and was supported by a crew of eight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 71], "content_span": [72, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013447-0017-0000", "contents": "157th Air Refueling Wing, History, Airlift mission, 1961 Berlin Airlift\nIn 11 months, the crisis cooled, and on 31 August 1962 the 900 officers and airmen of the 157th Air Transport Group were returned to State control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 71], "content_span": [72, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013447-0018-0000", "contents": "157th Air Refueling Wing, History, Airlift mission, 1961 Berlin Airlift\nIn late 1965, at the behest of the Department of Defense and in concert with other Air National Guard and Reserve units, 157th personnel joined in \"Operation Christmas Star\", airlifting some 23,000 pounds of gifts to United States forces in South Vietnam. It was a presaging of the unit's active participation in the Vietnam War which would begin in 1966. With all-volunteer aircrews, the three 133d ATS C-97s delivered 23,000 pounds of cargo, completely collected in New Hampshire, then shipped to Saigon and Da Nang between 26 November and 1 December. After Operation Christmas Star, Air National Guard support missions to South Vietnam increased.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 71], "content_span": [72, 721]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013447-0019-0000", "contents": "157th Air Refueling Wing, History, Airlift mission, Move to Pease AFB\nOn 1 January 1966, the Military Air Transport Service was discontinued, being replaced by Military Airlift Command (MAC). With the change of major command designations, the 157th was redesignated as the 157th Military Airlift Group, the 133d as a Military Airlift Squadron. The 157th became part of the 21st Air Force, McGuire AFB, New Jersey. But more dramatic than any previous change, the closure of Grenier AFB meant that the 157th was told to pack up and move to a new home at Pease AFB in Newington, New Hampshire. The closure of Grenier AFB had been the result of Air Force-wide downsizing directed by Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 69], "content_span": [70, 716]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013447-0020-0000", "contents": "157th Air Refueling Wing, History, Airlift mission, Move to Pease AFB\nAt Pease AFB, the 157th was assigned to buildings on the north side of the base. Like it or not, after 20 years on its own, the 157th was now side by side with Strategic Air Command 509th Bombardment Wing active-duty personnel. At the first drill in February 1966, in the confines of its hangar, the entire 700-man unit received a formal welcome by the 509th. During the ceremony\u2014a reality check of sorts\u2014base representatives explained the installation's regulations, proper wear of uniforms, and other military courtesies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 69], "content_span": [70, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013447-0021-0000", "contents": "157th Air Refueling Wing, History, Airlift mission, Move to Pease AFB\nAs the unit settled into a new home, the 133d Aeromedical Evacuation flight was formed. It was composed of 13 flight nurses and 29 airmen serving as medical aide technicians. Working aboard the C-97 Stratofreighter planes assigned to the 133d Military Airlift Squadron, New Hampshire medical crews were assigned to assist transporting patients from Europe and Southeast Asia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 69], "content_span": [70, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013447-0022-0000", "contents": "157th Air Refueling Wing, History, Airlift mission, Vietnam War\nBy March 1966, the 157th began regular logistical support for the burgeoning American forces in South Vietnam. During the next five years, 157th aircrews averaged two flights a month to Tan Son Nhut Air Base, Cam Ranh Air Base, and Da Nang Air Base in South Vietnam, as well as to other USAF-controlled bases in Southeast Asia, transporting air freight and military personnel on globe-circling trips which took Guardsmen away from their homes and jobs for 10- to 20-day periods. Each mission from New Hampshire to South Vietnam could become an air marathon of sorts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 63], "content_span": [64, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013447-0022-0001", "contents": "157th Air Refueling Wing, History, Airlift mission, Vietnam War\nDuring one flight, the trip lasted almost 11 days, as the 133d flew from Pease AFB to Dover AFB, Delaware, where cargo was loaded. Next it was on to the West Coast, then Hawaii, Wake Island, Guam, the Philippines, and finally, South Vietnam. To help exhausted combat troops get their R&R, the Air National Guard, including the 157th, flew more than 110,000 military personnel throughout the U.S. and overseas. In the 1,352 \"Combat Leave\" missions logged, approximately 38,300 military personnel were transported from Southeast Asia to the states and back again.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 63], "content_span": [64, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013447-0023-0000", "contents": "157th Air Refueling Wing, History, Airlift mission, Vietnam War\nIn December 1967, the 157th again changed aircraft, exchanging its C-97 Stratofreighters for the larger and slower C-124C Globemaster II. The C-124 had been the cargo workhorse of the Air Force since the Korean War. The first of the C-124s arrived on 9 February 1968. By late fall, the ninth and last Globemaster touched down and crew transitioning was well underway. By September 1969 the Group had retrained its pilots to the new aircraft and completed its first Operational Readiness Inspection as a C-124 unit, qualifying to resume global airlift support.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 63], "content_span": [64, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013447-0024-0000", "contents": "157th Air Refueling Wing, History, Airlift mission, Vietnam War\nThe 157th hauled much large \"out-size\" cargo such as trucks, military vehicles, and missile components. It also carried troops and cargo that didn't require the speedy capability of MAC's all-jet C-141 Starlifter and C-5A Galaxy airlift fleet. Although two- and three-day flights within the U.S. were common, the 157th's overseas commitment was growing. In 1969 the unit transported more than 1,000 tons of cargo and 2,000 passengers, its aircrews logging 5,236 hours on 44 overseas missions to Vietnam, England, France, West Germany, Greece, Japan, Portugal, Newfoundland, Puerto Rico, and Taiwan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 63], "content_span": [64, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013447-0025-0000", "contents": "157th Air Refueling Wing, History, Airlift mission, Tactical airlift mission\nOn 6 April 1971, the Secretary of the Air Force announced the redesignation of the unit to the 157th Tactical Airlift Group. After 10 years in the airlift business, the unit assumed a new role with its seventh type aircraft\u2014the C-130A Hercules. The 157th was also transferred to Tactical Air Command (TAC), with a mission to provide mobility and logistical support for ground forces in all types of operations. It was all part of a nationwide program involving one-third of the Air National Guard's flying units and inspired by Secretary of Defense Melvin Laird.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 76], "content_span": [77, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013447-0025-0001", "contents": "157th Air Refueling Wing, History, Airlift mission, Tactical airlift mission\nThe C-130A was the backbone of TAC's theater airlift fleet, a medium assault transport with long range (beyond 2,000 miles), high speed (220 to 300 miles per hour), and capable of landing or taking off from a shorter runway than any comparable aircraft. The turbo-prop aircraft with its five-man crew could carry nearly 20 tons of cargo or 92 fully equipped troops, 64 paratroops or 74 litter patients and attendants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 76], "content_span": [77, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013447-0026-0000", "contents": "157th Air Refueling Wing, History, Airlift mission, Tactical airlift mission\nOn 8 July 1971 the first C-130A arrived from the 317th Tactical Airlift Wing, Lockbourne AFB, Ohio. About a month later, on 9 August, the first C-130 flight with all-157th crew took place. By September heavy Phase I transition training was underway with both aircrew and support personnel at schools throughout the United States. By early 1972, the 133d Tactical Airlift Squadron began Phase II (combat readiness) training, and in April, low-level flying and navigational training missions were being flown day and night along air routes crossing Maine, New Hampshire, and Massachusetts. First drops of paratroopers and cargo began in early May, and in mid-month, the 157th passed a \"no notice\" Twelfth Air Force Management Effectiveness Inspection (MEI).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 76], "content_span": [77, 832]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013447-0027-0000", "contents": "157th Air Refueling Wing, History, Airlift mission, Tactical airlift mission\nDuring the summer of 1973, the 157th participated in a joint Army, Air Force, and National Guard-Reserve training exercise. The U.S. Readiness Command training, code named Boldfire 1-74, was centered at Camp Joseph T. Robinson, Arkansas. During Boldfire, ground personnel were airlifted aboard the unit's C-130 aircraft to Fort Campbell, Kentucky. They remained there throughout the exercise, maintaining aircraft. 157th C-130s, in turn, dropped paratroops and equipment in support of ground forces. During this time frame, the unit also had a crew participating in Coronet Shamrock, an Air Force-wide air-drop competition. The 157th TAG crew won the preliminary competition at Fort Campbell, earning the right to represent the ANG in further competition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 76], "content_span": [77, 832]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013447-0028-0000", "contents": "157th Air Refueling Wing, History, Airlift mission, Tactical airlift mission\nThe operational honors were dampened somewhat on 12 October when the 133d Aeromedical Evacuation Flight was inactivated. The 133rd AME Flight had been organized and federally recognized on 10 June 1961. The unit's 18 officers and 27 enlisted medical personnel would fill vacancies and augment medical services in the 157th TAC Clinic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 76], "content_span": [77, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013447-0029-0000", "contents": "157th Air Refueling Wing, History, Airlift mission, Tactical airlift mission\nThe Energy Crisis caught up with the 157th at the end of 1973, and all flying activity was suspended from 22 December until 7 January 1974, due to fuel shortages throughout the country. In December 1974, the Group was transferred back to Military Airlift Command (MAC) when TAC's theater transport mission were transferred to MAC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 76], "content_span": [77, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013447-0030-0000", "contents": "157th Air Refueling Wing, History, Air refueling, Strategic Air Command\nOn 1 October 1975 the 157th was relieved from Military Airlift Command and transferred to Strategic Air Command (SAC), becoming a KC-135A Stratotanker unit. By the end of March 1976, the New Hampshire ANG unit had largely taken over the support of the 509th Bombardment Wing from its active-duty 34th Air Refueling Squadron which was inactivated on 31 March 1976.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 71], "content_span": [72, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013447-0031-0000", "contents": "157th Air Refueling Wing, History, Air refueling, Strategic Air Command\nBy October 1976, the 157th Air Refueling Group and the 509th Bombardment Wing shared the same mission and response times, giving them a link to the \"Total Force Concept\". The 133d deployed to RAF Mildenhall, England, as part of the European Tanker Task Force. Once in the UK, the unit engaged in friendly competition with active duty flyers in \"Giant Voice\". The 133d was also the first ANG unit to air refuel the then-experimental B-1A bomber. A January 1977 inspection rated the 157th SAC's first Air National Guard unit to be \"fully operationally ready.\" It became the second ANG unit in SAC history to stand alert with the active force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 71], "content_span": [72, 712]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013447-0032-0000", "contents": "157th Air Refueling Wing, History, Air refueling, Strategic Air Command\nBy the end of 1978, the 157th Air Refueling Group was fully established as one of the \"Best\" in SAC. During the latter months of 1979, aircraft from the 157th joined forces with 16 KC-135A's providing air refueling support for \"Crested Cap\". This airpower exercise tested the deployment capability of Air Force fighter aircraft moving from the U.S. to Europe in support of NATO war efforts there. The 157th AREFG finished 1979 by winning the \"Navigation\" Trophy at Giant Voice '79, a four-month competition among SAC, TAC, ADTAC, ANG, AFRES, and RAF-manned bomber and air refueling tankers. The 157th was the first Air National Guard or Air Force Reserve unit to win a trophy in the 31-year history of the SAC competition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 71], "content_span": [72, 794]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013447-0033-0000", "contents": "157th Air Refueling Wing, History, Air refueling, Strategic Air Command\nDuring the 1980s, the 157th continued to participate in Strategic Air Command exercises like Global Shield and Giant Voice. In 1984, the 133d converted from its aging KC-135A fleet with new fuel efficient KC-135Es and the receipt of its first Air Force Outstanding Unit Award. The wing engaged in routine worldwide deployments with its KC-135s, refueling a 12-aircraft tanker task force that refueled F-105s returning from a deployment in Denmark in August 1981's Operation \"Coronet Rudder\". Less than a year later, in February 1982, 160 personnel were deployed to Andersen AFB, Guam, as part of \"Pacific Sentry\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 71], "content_span": [72, 685]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013447-0033-0001", "contents": "157th Air Refueling Wing, History, Air refueling, Strategic Air Command\nThis was the first time 133d KC-135 tankers had flown 10,000 miles in support of a mission, a unit distance record. During its 15 days on Guam, the unit conducted missions to Kadena AB, Okinawa, Diego Garcia, Clark AB, Philippines, Japan, and Australia. Additionally, the 157th CES rebuilt the base fire station on Andersen AFB.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 71], "content_span": [72, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013447-0034-0000", "contents": "157th Air Refueling Wing, History, Air refueling, Strategic Air Command\nThe first 157th female pilot, 1st Lt . Ellen G. Hard, began flying the KC-135E in August 1984. A resident of Arlington, Massachusetts, Hard was recommended by the NHANG for pilot school at Laughlin AFB, Texas. She had served four years of active duty as a personnel officer at Lackland AFB, Texas, and Hanscom AFB, Massachusetts. Lt . Hard trained on both the KC-135A and KC-135E models.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 71], "content_span": [72, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013447-0035-0000", "contents": "157th Air Refueling Wing, History, Air refueling, Pease AFB closure\nIn 1989, the first Base Realignment and Closure Commission (BRAC) recommended the closure of Pease Air Force Base. As part of the closure process, a Pease Redevelopment Commission (PRC) was established to plan the closure and redevelopment of the base. On 1 August 1999, it was resolved that the 157th Air Refueling Group, New Hampshire ANG, would remain at Pease, and the facility would be redeveloped as a civilian airport, among other planned uses by the community.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 67], "content_span": [68, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013447-0036-0000", "contents": "157th Air Refueling Wing, History, Air refueling, Pease AFB closure\nIt took only two years for the active component to complete departure activities, including transferring personnel and assets to other military installations. The 509th's fleet of FB-111A bombers departed in phases from June to September 1990. The 13 KC-135A tankers assigned to the 509th transferred to Wurtsmith AFB, Michigan; Plattsburgh AFB, New York; Eaker AFB, Arkansas; Carswell AFB, Texas, and Fairchild AFB, Washington. in October 1990, the personnel of the 509th were reassigned throughout the Air Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 67], "content_span": [68, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013447-0037-0000", "contents": "157th Air Refueling Wing, History, Air refueling, Pease AFB closure\nPease Airport opened for civilian use through an Airfield Joint Use Agreement with the USAF on 19 July 1991. Base Closure Law directed that the 157th ARG be consolidated into a cantonment area. 220 acres (89\u00a0ha) were identified and retained by the USAF for the Group's continued mission. Having shared resources with an active-duty air base since 1966, the 157th would learn to adapt to providing all necessary functions for itself.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 67], "content_span": [68, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013447-0038-0000", "contents": "157th Air Refueling Wing, History, Air refueling, Pease AFB closure\nBase closure-related projects would eventually include an alert facility, dining hall, base security systems, fuels facilities, communications facility, magazine, and a vehicle maintenance facility. Utility deficiencies were so severe that the program also included the complete replacement of the power and communications distribution system, and also eventually the construction of a heat plant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 67], "content_span": [68, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013447-0039-0000", "contents": "157th Air Refueling Wing, History, Air refueling, Pease AFB closure\nOn 1 April 1991, Strategic Air Command turned control of Pease Air Force Base over to the Department of Defense, and the active military base was closed. The remaining Air National Guard portion of the now civilian facility was renamed Pease Air National Guard Base.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 67], "content_span": [68, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013447-0040-0000", "contents": "157th Air Refueling Wing, History, Air refueling, 1990\u20131991 Gulf Crisis\nEarly on the morning of 7 August 1990, Operation Desert Shield, a build-up of friendly forces designed to contain the spread of Iraqi aggression, began. A telephone alert asked every crew member of the 133d Air Refueling Squadron to provide maximum availability so that an immediate response capability could be developed. All 125 Operations crew members stepped forward in voluntary support.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 71], "content_span": [72, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013447-0041-0000", "contents": "157th Air Refueling Wing, History, Air refueling, 1990\u20131991 Gulf Crisis\nThe unit began functioning on a 24-hour, seven-days-a-week basis. Forty-two Desert Shield missions would be flown in the month of August as the 133d helped refuel transport aircraft and fighters heading to United States Air Forces Central (CENTAF) bases in the Middle East. Forty volunteers were placed on full active duty status for as long as needed. Close to 100 guard members reported during the next few days as seven additional airplanes arrived TDY from Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey ANG units, together with the 157th's own KC-135E aircraft forming an Air National Guard tanker task force. By 1 October, the 157th's heavy support of MAC flights in transit from the West Coast to bases in Saudi Arabia began to slow. The 157th became one of 12 National Guard units tasked with providing refueling support to Air Force units deployed to Saudi Arabia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 71], "content_span": [72, 933]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013447-0042-0000", "contents": "157th Air Refueling Wing, History, Air refueling, 1990\u20131991 Gulf Crisis\nOn 12 October the 157th began deployment of its assets to Saudi Arabia to form the 1709th Air Refueling Wing (Provisional) at King Abdul Aziz Air Base, Jeddah. Personnel and aircraft, however, were dispersed at several locations in the Middle East, including Al Banteen Air Base, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Mor\u00f3n Air Base, Spain; Cairo West Airport, Egypt; and other locations. By January 1991, the build-up of men and material in-theater was complete. Operation Desert Storm, the attack phase of the Allied plan to liberate Kuwait and destroy Iraq's army, was ready to begin. With its strategic location on the Atlantic shore, the 157th mission reverted to an \"Air-Bridge\" mode, refueling transiting aircraft heading across the Atlantic or inbound from RAF Mildenhall, England, which served on the other end of the transatlantic route to the Middle East.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 71], "content_span": [72, 933]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013447-0043-0000", "contents": "157th Air Refueling Wing, History, Air refueling, 1990\u20131991 Gulf Crisis\nAfter a short 100 hours of ground combat, Iraq's elite Republican Guard quickly collapsed, and Kuwait was easily recaptured by Coalition ground forces. Emotional returns punctuated by parades, bands, speeches, tears, and bear-hugs were commonplace in New Hampshire as they were throughout the country. Many deployed units returning from CENTAF bases stopped at Pease AGB on their way to their home bases. The 157th, its aircraft festooned with yellow ribbons painted above the boom, remained in \"air-bridge\" mode, supporting the returning traffic. By late April almost everyone had come home safely. There had been no casualties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 71], "content_span": [72, 701]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013447-0044-0000", "contents": "157th Air Refueling Wing, History, Air refueling, Air Mobility Command\nIn July 1991, 100 Russian children from the nuclear-contaminated Chernobyl area flew into Pease to begin attending summer camps. The Samantha Smith Foundation flight saw a Soviet Ilyushin Il-62, technically a military aircraft, land for the first time at a SAC base. Parked just a few hundred feet away, in an ironic twist, was Air Force One. Later that year, President George H. W. Bush ordered the end of Alert Missions on 1 October, ending a 15-year base ritual.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 70], "content_span": [71, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013447-0045-0000", "contents": "157th Air Refueling Wing, History, Air refueling, Air Mobility Command\nIn May 1992, with the end of the Cold War, the 157th adopted the Air Force Objective Organization plan, and the unit was redesignated as the 157th Air Refueling Wing. The 133d was assigned to the new 157th Operations Group. A month later, on 1 June, Strategic Air Command was inactivated as part of the Air Force reorganization after the end of the Cold War. It was replaced by Air Combat Command (ACC). In 1993, ACC transferred its KC-135 tanker force to the new Air Mobility Command (AMC).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 70], "content_span": [71, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013447-0046-0000", "contents": "157th Air Refueling Wing, History, Air refueling, Air Mobility Command\nBy mid-1993, the 157th was reorganizing, bringing the 157th in line with current Air Force restructuring guidelines. The 133d's 10 KC-135E-model aircraft were replaced throughout the summer with quieter, more efficient R-models. With their new CFM-56 engines, a 50 percent decrease in noise resulted, and emissions were reduced 90 percent, while range, fuel off-load capability, and reliability were all increased. By January 1994 all the unit's KC-135's had been converted to R-Models.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 70], "content_span": [71, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013447-0047-0000", "contents": "157th Air Refueling Wing, History, Air refueling, Air Mobility Command\nThe unit engaged in routine deployments and training until 1994, when the 157th began operating the Northeast Tanker Task Force together with the Maine Air National Guard. The situation in Bosnia-Herzegovina and \"Operation Deny Flight\" continued to involve 157th aircraft, crews, and support personnel. In December, 52 unit members deployed with the Niagara Falls 107th Air Refueling Wing to Pisa Airport, Italy. At Pease, \"Operation Phoenix Moat\" missions required 157th participation to help with the flow of personnel and materiel to the area. The mission in Bosnia was renamed \"Joint Endeavor\" and, finally, \"Decisive Endeavor\", as the crisis cooled. Consolidating assets, the Air Guard left Istres AB, France, and operated exclusively out of Pisa, rotating units through on a month-to-month basis. The 157th's turn came again in October 1996, as 207 unit members swapped in and out of the Italian air base for the month.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 70], "content_span": [71, 996]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013447-0048-0000", "contents": "157th Air Refueling Wing, History, Air refueling, Air Mobility Command\nBy 1997, the 157th had already been rotating 145 members through Incirlik Air Base, Turkey, as part of \"Operation Northern Watch\", enforcing the no-fly zone over northern Iraq. Three months later, in February 1998, the 157th, augmented by four transient aircraft, flew 28 sorties offloading gas to an air convoy carrying Army personnel and equipment from Georgia to the theater area. In the face of mounting U.S. military might, Saddam Hussein backed down.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 70], "content_span": [71, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013447-0049-0000", "contents": "157th Air Refueling Wing, History, Air refueling, Air Mobility Command\nThe year 2000 saw the 157th provide support to Operation Joint Forge as well as other operational and training missions. During Operation Joint Forge, the 157th flew 55 sorties, off-loading over one and one half million pounds of fuel to operational fighters and surveillance aircraft off the coast of the former republic of Yugoslavia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 70], "content_span": [71, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013447-0050-0000", "contents": "157th Air Refueling Wing, History, Air refueling, Air Mobility Command\nThe 157th also provided support to the Clean Hunter 2000 NATO exercise, with a deployment to Karup Air Base, Denmark. The 157th also deployed to fill Expeditionary Combat Support shortfalls for Operation Southern Watch and Operation Northern Watch, NORAD alert in Iceland and Alaska, support of NATO AWCS in Germany and individual rotations to Joint Forge in Istres, France. One such deployment involved 50 personnel in Southwest Asia during the summer, as part of an Air Expeditionary Forces deployment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 70], "content_span": [71, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013447-0051-0000", "contents": "157th Air Refueling Wing, History, Air refueling, Air Mobility Command\nIn its 2005 BRAC Recommendations, DoD recommended to realign March Air Reserve Base, California. The 163d Air Refueling Wing (ANG) would distribute its nine KC-135R aircraft to the 157th Air Refueling Wing (ANG), Pease Air National Guard Station (three aircraft), and several other bases. Military judgment also placed additional force structure at Pease to support the Northeast Tanker Task Force and also robust the squadron to a more effective size of 12 aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 70], "content_span": [71, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013447-0052-0000", "contents": "157th Air Refueling Wing, History, Air refueling, Air Mobility Command\nFollowing the September 11 attacks in 2001, the 157th Air Refueling Wing operated 24 hours a day, seven days a week in support of the War on Terror. In 2009, the Wing was selected as an Active Associate Wing, bringing approximately 150 active duty members to its base.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 70], "content_span": [71, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013447-0053-0000", "contents": "157th Air Refueling Wing, History, Air refueling, Air Mobility Command\nIn August 2014, Air Force leaders announced that the 157th would become the first Air National Guard unit to equip with the Boeing KC-46 Pegasus tanker. The Pegasus was scheduled to enter the Air Force inventory during fiscal year 2019. On 31 January 2019, two KC-135Rs (58-0023 and 58-0104) permanently departed Pease in preparation for arrival of the KC-46A later in the year. The final KC-135 at Pease, 57-1419, departed on 24 March 2019, for Goldwater Air National Guard Base in Phoenix, Arizona. The first KC-46A arrived at Pease on 8 August 2019. The 12th and final KC-46A was delivered on 5 February 2021.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 70], "content_span": [71, 683]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013448-0000-0000", "contents": "157th Battalion (Simcoe Foresters), CEF\nThe 157th (Simcoe Foresters) Battalion, CEF was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013448-0001-0000", "contents": "157th Battalion (Simcoe Foresters), CEF\nOn 30 November 1915, the 35th Regiment \"Simcoe Foresters\" was authorized to raise the 157th Battalion. Based in Barrie, Ontario, the 157th Battalion, Simcoe Foresters, began recruiting in late 1915 in Simcoe County. 2,450 volunteers were recruited, of which 1,070 officers and other ranks  were enlisted in the battalion. Of the remainder, about 700 were rejected as being medically unfit, 75 were transferred to the 76th Battalion, and the approximately 600 remaining were transferred to the 177th Battalion (Simcoe Foresters), CEF.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013448-0002-0000", "contents": "157th Battalion (Simcoe Foresters), CEF\nUnder the command of Lieutenant-Colonel D.H. MacLaren, the 157th was tasked with constructing a new army training camp on the Simcoe Pines Plain, which was to be named Camp Borden. Construction began in May 1916 with the companies from Barrie and Collingwood. A second company from Barrie arrived in June to help speed up the construction. As such, the 157th became the founding battalion of Camp Borden, which it constructed to accommodate 40 infantry battalions in 10 brigades.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013448-0002-0001", "contents": "157th Battalion (Simcoe Foresters), CEF\nBefore the camp was opened the remainder of the 157th and the entire 177th Battalion (Simcoe Foresters), CEF, under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel J.B. McPhee, arrived. By that summer, Camp Borden was home to 36 CEF battalions in nine brigades before they embarked overseas. On the night of Camp Borden's official opening, a riot by members of other battalions was suppressed by both the 157th and 177th battalions of the Simcoe Foresters, which were turned out with bayonets fixed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013448-0003-0000", "contents": "157th Battalion (Simcoe Foresters), CEF\nOn 12 October 1916, the battalion received its regimental colours at Camp Borden, which were subsequently laid up in St. Andrew's Presbyterian Church, Barrie, Ontario, after the war on 10 October 1919. The colours were reclaimed by The Grey and Simcoe Foresters, which perpetuates the 157th, on 18 June 1982 and deposited in the regiment's Barrie Officers' Mess.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013448-0004-0000", "contents": "157th Battalion (Simcoe Foresters), CEF\nTraining at Camp Borden ended on 13 October 1916, when the 157th Battalion departed for Halifax, Nova Scotia. Embarking on board the SS\u00a0Cameronian on 18 October 1916, the battalion sailed for Liverpool, England, arriving on 28 October. From Liverpool, the 157th was stationed for only a week at Witley Camp before proceeding to Bramshott Camp as part of the 7th Training Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013448-0005-0000", "contents": "157th Battalion (Simcoe Foresters), CEF\nLike so many CEF Battalions arriving in England at that time, the 157th Battalion, Simcoe Foresters was broken up for reinforcements to units already in the field. Immediately a draft of 150 men was sent to the 1st, followed by a further 50 men to the 19th, on 5 December 1916. Three days later, a further 400 men were sent to join the 116th, which was in theatre in France. The balance of the 157th Battalion went to the 125th and the 8th Reserve Battalion. Before being transferred to other units, the officers were sent to Crowborough for additional instructional training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013448-0006-0000", "contents": "157th Battalion (Simcoe Foresters), CEF\nBy war's end, these Foresters had fought in the following battles: Arras, 1917; Vimy Ridge, 9-14 April 1917; Arleux, 28-29 April 1917; Capture of Fresnoy, 3-4 May 1917; Affairs, South of Souchez River, 3-25 June 1917; Capture of Avion, 26-29 June 1917; Battle of Hill 70, 15-25 August 1917; Ypres, 1917; and Second Battle of Passchendaele, 26 October\u201310 November 1917.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013448-0007-0000", "contents": "157th Battalion (Simcoe Foresters), CEF\nToday, the volunteer Borden Pipes & Drums band wear the Hunting Stewart tartan in honour of the 157th Battalion, Simcoe Foresters, founding battalion of the base. In June 2015, a contingent of civilian donors from the Borden Legacy Project and military personnel from CFB Borden travelled to Vimy Ridge to patriate soil, which will be encapsulated into a new memorial at the base marking its centennial of service. During this Vimy pilgrimage, the graves and memorials for 13 members of the 157th Simcoe Foresters who lost their lives during the Battle of Vimy Ridge were visited.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013448-0008-0000", "contents": "157th Battalion (Simcoe Foresters), CEF\nDuring the First World War, the 157th Battalion, Simcoe Foresters suffered 133 killed-in-action or died-of-wounds. This was a huge sacrifice by the families of Simcoe County through just one of its CEF battalions. From the four CEF battalions perpetuated by The Grey and Simcoe Foresters (147th, 157th, 177th, and 248th) over 450 lost their lives during the First World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013448-0009-0000", "contents": "157th Battalion (Simcoe Foresters), CEF\nThe battalion had one commanding officer: Lieutenant-Colonel D. H. MacLaren.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013449-0000-0000", "contents": "157th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by Rich Farmbrough (talk | contribs) at 18:00, 19 November 2019 (Date formats). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013449-0001-0000", "contents": "157th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)\nThe 157th Division (\u7b2c157\u5e2b\u56e3, Dai-hyakugoj\u016bnana Shidan) was an infantry division of the Imperial Japanese Army. Its call sign was the Hirosaki Protection Division (\u8b77\u5f18\u5175\u56e3, Gogu Heidan). It was formed 28 February 1945 in Hirosaki as a square division. It was a part of the 16 simultaneously created divisions batch numbering from 140th to 160th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013449-0002-0000", "contents": "157th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nThe 157th division was initially assigned to 11th area army. In June 1945, the division was reassigned to the newly created 50th army. The division spent time from 2 May 1945 until surrender of Japan 15 August 1945 building a coastal defenses in Aomori Prefecture without engaging in actual combat. The 457th and 458th infantry regiments were in Misawa, Aomori, 459th - in Hachinohe, and 460th infantry regiment - in Sanbangi town (now in Towada).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013450-0000-0000", "contents": "157th Division (People's Republic of China)\nThe 157th Division(Chinese: \u7b2c157\u5e08) was created in November 1948 under the Regulation of the Redesignations of All Organizations and Units of the Army, issued by Central Military Commission on November 1, 1948, basing on the 12th Independent Division of Northeastern People's Liberation Army,  formed in September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013450-0001-0000", "contents": "157th Division (People's Republic of China)\nThe division was a part of 44th Corps. Under the flag of 157th division it took part in the Chinese civil war. In August 1949 the division was disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013451-0000-0000", "contents": "157th Field Artillery Battalion (United States)\nThe 157th Field Artillery Battalion was a Field Artillery battalion of the Army National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013451-0001-0000", "contents": "157th Field Artillery Battalion (United States), History\nThere were two units issued this number, this is the New Jersey unit. The Colorado Unit postdates the New Jersey unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 56], "content_span": [57, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013451-0002-0000", "contents": "157th Field Artillery Battalion (United States), Lineage\nOrganized in the New Jersey National Guard as the 3rd Battalion, 157th Field Artillery and Federally recognized 16 June 1937 at Vineland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 56], "content_span": [57, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013451-0003-0000", "contents": "157th Field Artillery Battalion (United States), Lineage\nRedesignated 7 January 1941 as the 2nd Battalion, 157th Field artillery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 56], "content_span": [57, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013451-0004-0000", "contents": "157th Field Artillery Battalion (United States), Lineage\nRelieved from the 44th Infantry Division and inactivated at Camp Chaffee, Arkansas, 12 November 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 56], "content_span": [57, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013451-0005-0000", "contents": "157th Field Artillery Battalion (United States), Coat of arms\nGules a Gatling gun or, in base a giant cactus and shoulder sleeve insignia of the 29th Infantry Division proper, on a canton argent a saltire azure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 61], "content_span": [62, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013451-0006-0000", "contents": "157th Field Artillery Battalion (United States), Coat of arms\nThe Shield is red for artillery. The Gatling gun refers to association with the 157th and 112th Field artillery regiments of New Jersey. Service of elements of the battalion is represented by the giant cactus for the Mexican border, the shoulder sleeve insignia of the 29th Division for service in France during World War I, and the canton for Civil War service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 61], "content_span": [62, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013452-0000-0000", "contents": "157th Field Artillery Regiment\nThe 157th Field Artillery Regiment (First Colorado) is a United States Army Regimental System field artillery parent regiment of the United States Army National Guard, represented in the Colorado Army National Guard by the 3rd Battalion, 157th Field Artillery Regiment, part of the 169th Field Artillery Brigade at Colorado Springs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013452-0001-0000", "contents": "157th Field Artillery Regiment\nThe regiment was first constituted in 1917 during World War I from the 1st Colorado Infantry Regiment. The regiment was an infantry regiment as part of the 40th Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013452-0002-0000", "contents": "157th Field Artillery Regiment\nIt was again an infantry regiment of the 45th Infantry Division during and after World War II. In 1950 it was relieved from assignment from the 45th Division and after the Korean War assigned to the artillery. During the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, the 1st and 2nd Battalions of the regiment operated the M110 howitzer. The retirement of the M110 system left many National Guard units without a mission. In 2002, the battalions transitioned to the M270 Multiple Launch Rocket System, and later in 2009 to the M142 High Mobility Artillery Rocket System (HIMARS) system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013452-0003-0000", "contents": "157th Field Artillery Regiment\n1st and 2nd Battalions (MLRS), 157th Field Artillery Regiment were disbanded in 2006 during the U.S. Army's restructuring from divisional organizations to the modular Brigade Combat Team model. Members from the two battalions were reorganized to form the 3rd Battalion (HIMARS), 157th Field Artillery (3-157 FA), part of the 169th Field Artillery Brigade of the Colorado Army National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013452-0004-0000", "contents": "157th Field Artillery Regiment\nMeanwhile, the 1st Battalion, 157th Infantry Regiment was reconstituted, also in the Colorado Army National Guard. The 157th Infantry was constituted on 1 October 2007, and activated on 1 September 2008; it is technically a completely new regiment with no lineal connection to the previous 157th Infantry/157th Field Artillery; it inherits campaign participation credit and a decoration from other Colorado field artillery units. As of 30 October 2016 1st Battalion, 157th Infantry Regiment was reassigned to the 86th Infantry Brigade Combat Team (Mountain), Vermont National Guard, itself aligned with the 10th Mountain Division. It was also redesignated as a Mountain Battalion, becoming one of only three Mountain Infantry battalions in the Army National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 795]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013452-0005-0000", "contents": "157th Field Artillery Regiment, Lineage of 157th Field Artillery Regiment, 19th century\nThe regiment was originally constituted on 8 February 1879 in the Colorado National Guard as the 1st Infantry Battalion. It was organized on 29 December 1881, with headquarters in Denver. It was expanded and redesignated on 22 March 1883 as the 1st Regiment, Infantry, and was reduced and redesignated on 2 April 1889 as the 1st Infantry Battalion. On 15 April 1893, it was expanded and redesignated as the 1st Infantry Regiment, Colorado National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 87], "content_span": [88, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013452-0005-0001", "contents": "157th Field Artillery Regiment, Lineage of 157th Field Artillery Regiment, 19th century\nThe regiment was consolidated with the 2nd Infantry Regiment (organized 27 May 1887) and mustered into Federal service 1\u20138 May 1898 at Denver as the 1st Colorado Volunteer Infantry, and was mustered out of Federal service on 8 September 1899 at San Francisco, CA reverting to state status as the 1st Infantry Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 87], "content_span": [88, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013452-0006-0000", "contents": "157th Field Artillery Regiment, Lineage of 157th Field Artillery Regiment, 20th century\nThe 1st Colorado was expanded in 1900 as the 1st and 2nd Infantry. The 1st and 2nd Infantry were consolidated on 5 June 1916 and designated as the 1st Infantry. Two battalions were mustered into federal service from 26 June to 29 July 1916 for service on the Mexican border as the 1st and 2nd Separate Battalions, Colorado Infantry. The entire regiment was drafted into Federal service for World War I on 5 August 1917, being reorganized and redesignated on 24 September 1917 as the 157th Infantry Regiment, an element of the 40th Division. On 13 October 1917, the 1st Colorado Cavalry (organized in 1880) was consolidated with the 157th Infantry. Demobilized 29 April 1919 at Fort D.A. Russell (Wyoming)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 87], "content_span": [88, 792]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013452-0007-0000", "contents": "157th Field Artillery Regiment, Lineage of 157th Field Artillery Regiment, 20th century\nThe former Infantry elements were reorganized and redesignated on 28 February 1921 in the Colorado National Guard as the 177th Infantry Regiment, with headquarters federally recognized on 26 October 1921 at Denver. On 16 November 1921, the 177th Infantry Regiment was redesignated as the 157th Infantry Regiment, an element of the 45th Division, subsequently the 45th Infantry Division. Inducted into federal service 16 September 1940 at home stations. Inactivated 3 December 1945 at Camp Bowie Texas. Relieved 10 May 1946 from assignment to the 45th infantry Division. Reorganized and federally recognized 8 January 1947 with headquarters at Buckley Field (Buckley Air Force Base) Location of headquarters changed 3 September 1947 to Denver. The regiment was broken up on 1 August 1955, and elements were converted and redesignated as follows;", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 87], "content_span": [88, 932]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013452-0008-0000", "contents": "157th Field Artillery Regiment, Lineage of 157th Field Artillery Regiment, 20th century\nThe 144th Field Artillery Battalion was consolidated on 1 February 1959 with the 168th Field Artillery Battalion, the 183rd Field Artillery Battalion, and the 188th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion, and the consolidated unit was reorganized and redesignated as the 157th Artillery, a parent Regiment under the U.S. Army Combat Arms Regimental System, to consist of the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th Howitzer Battalions. Reorganized 1 January 1968 to consist of the 1st and 2nd Battalions. Redesignated 1 March 1972 as the 157th Field Artillery. Withdrawn 1 June 1989 from the Combat Arms Regimental System and reorganized under the United States Army Regimental System.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 87], "content_span": [88, 750]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013452-0009-0000", "contents": "157th Field Artillery Regiment, Distinctive unit insignia\nThe distinctive unit insignia (DUI) was originally approved for the 157th Infantry Regiment on 12 June 1924. It was subsequently redesignated for the 144th Field Artillery Battalion of the Colorado National Guard on 1 May 1956. The insignia was redesignated for the 157th Artillery Regiment of the Colorado National Guard on 23 March 1961 and then redesignated for the 157th Field Artillery Regiment, Colorado Army National Guard on 28 August 1972.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 57], "content_span": [58, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013452-0010-0000", "contents": "157th Field Artillery Regiment, Distinctive unit insignia\nThe DUI is a gold color metal and enamel device 1 1/8\u00a0inches (2.86\u00a0cm) in height overall consisting of a shield blazoned: Per fess embattled Gules and Or in chief two wigwams of the second garnished of the first and in base a sea horse brandishing a sword in dexter paw of the last. Attached below and to the sides of the shield a Blue scroll inscribed \"EAGER FOR DUTY\" in Gold letters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 57], "content_span": [58, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013452-0011-0000", "contents": "157th Field Artillery Regiment, Distinctive unit insignia\nThe shield is scarlet and yellow which are the Spanish colors; the parting line embattled in recollection of fortifications. The sea horse of the Philippines recalls that the fortification was the walled city of Manila. The two wigwams recall the Indian service in the frontier days.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 57], "content_span": [58, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013452-0012-0000", "contents": "157th Field Artillery Regiment, Campaign participation credit\nAll of the above WW II Campaign credits were earned as the 157th Infantry Regiment of the 45th Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 61], "content_span": [62, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013453-0000-0000", "contents": "157th Fighter Squadron\nThe 157th Fighter Squadron (157 FS) is a unit of the South Carolina Air National Guard 169th Fighter Wing located at McEntire Joint National Guard Base, Columbia, South Carolina. The 157th FS is one of the few Air National Guard squadrons to operate the HARM Targeting System (HTS)-equipped F-16C Block 52 Fighting Falcon, also known as the F-16CJ.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013453-0001-0000", "contents": "157th Fighter Squadron, History, World War II\nActivated in late 1942. Trained under First Air Force in northeastern United States with P-40 Warhawks, also performing Air Defense as part of Norfolk and Philadelphia Fighter Wings. Deployed to European Theater of Operations, June 1943, being equipped with P-47 Thunderbolts in England. Assigned as a heavy bomber escort squadron under VIII Fighter Command. Re -equipped with long-range P-51D Mustangs, July 1944, Thunderbolts being transferred to IX Fighter Command as tactical fighter-bombers supporting ground forces in France. Performed bomber escort missions until the end of the war in Europe, April 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013453-0002-0000", "contents": "157th Fighter Squadron, History, World War II\nSquadron demobilized in England during the summer of 1945, inactivated in United States as a paper unit, October 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013453-0003-0000", "contents": "157th Fighter Squadron, History, South Carolina Air National Guard\nThe wartime 350th Fighter Squadron was re-activated and re-designated as the 157th Fighter Squadron, and was allotted to the South Carolina Air National Guard, on 24 May 1946. It was organized at Congaree Air Base, Columbia, South Carolina and was extended federal recognition on 9 December 1946 by the National Guard Bureau. The 157th Fighter Squadron was bestowed the history, honors, and colors of the 350th Fighter Squadron and assigned to the Georgia ANG 54th Fighter Wing, an umbrella organization formed for administrative and logistical support for many Air National Guard units in the southeastern United States. It remained, however, under the operational control of the South Carolina Air National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 66], "content_span": [67, 782]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013453-0004-0000", "contents": "157th Fighter Squadron, History, South Carolina Air National Guard\nThe 157th was equipped with F-51D Mustangs and was assigned an air defense mission for the state of South Carolina. In 1950 the 157th was re-equipped with former World War II F-5 Mustangs, now designated RF-51D which had been used in the United States in a training role. The squadron became part of Tactical Air Command (TAC) as a Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 66], "content_span": [67, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013453-0005-0000", "contents": "157th Fighter Squadron, History, South Carolina Air National Guard, Korean War activation\nThe 157th Fighter Squadron was federalized due to the Korean War on 10 October 1950. On 1 November the RF-51 Mustangs were transferred to other units and the 157th was re-equipped with RF-80A Shooting Star photo-reconnaissance jets and transferred to Lawson AFB, Georgia. At Lawson, the wartime 117th Tactical Reconnaissance Group was formed with the 157th along with the 160th TRS (Alabama ANG) with RF-80As and the 112th TRS (Ohio ANG) with RB-26C Invader Night Reconnaissance aircraft. The 117th Tactical Reconnaissance Group was assigned to Ninth Air Force, Tactical Air Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 89], "content_span": [90, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013453-0006-0000", "contents": "157th Fighter Squadron, History, South Carolina Air National Guard, Korean War activation\nThe 117th TRG then began what was then believed to be a short transition training period. The original plan was to deploy the 117th to France and reinforce the United States Air Forces in Europe at a new base in France, Toul-Rosi\u00e8res Air Base. However Toul Air Base was still under construction, and delays in France for several reasons forced the 117th to remain at Lawson AFB for over a year until finally receiving deployment orders in January 1952.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 89], "content_span": [90, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013453-0007-0000", "contents": "157th Fighter Squadron, History, South Carolina Air National Guard, Korean War activation\nThe 117th arrived at Toul Air Base on 27 January 1952. However at the time of the Wing's arrival, Toul AB consisted of a sea of mud, and the new jet runway was breaking up and could not support safe flying. The commander of the 117th deemed it uninhabitable and its flying squadrons of the wing were ordered dispersed to West Germany. The 112th TRS was transferred to Wiesbaden AB, the 157th TRS deployed to F\u00fcrstenfeldbruck AB, and the 160th deployed to Neubiberg AB. The non-flying Headquarters and Support organizations were assigned to Toul.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 89], "content_span": [90, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013453-0008-0000", "contents": "157th Fighter Squadron, History, South Carolina Air National Guard, Korean War activation\nThe mission of the 117 TRW was to provide tactical, visual, photographic and electronic reconnaissance by both day and night, as was required by the military forces within the European command. The RF-80s were responsible for the daylight operations; the RB-26s for night photography. In June 1952, the 117th was involved in Exercise 'June Primer'. This exercise took place in an area bordered by a line drawn from Cherbourg to Geneva in the east and in the west by this Swiss, Austrian and Russian occupation zone borders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 89], "content_span": [90, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013453-0009-0000", "contents": "157th Fighter Squadron, History, South Carolina Air National Guard, Korean War activation\nThe two RF-80 squadrons of the 117th had to complete a number of varying missions, including vertical photography of prospective paratroop air drop zones, oblique photos of the Rhine and Danube river bridges, vertical photography of the airfields of Jever, Fassburg, Celle, Sundorf and G\u00fctersloh and various visual missions on behalf of the seventh army, including artillery adjustment for the 816th field artillery. The 157 TRS had had wire recorders fitted to five of its RF-80s prior to June Primer and these greatly facilitated the latter missions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 89], "content_span": [90, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013453-0010-0000", "contents": "157th Fighter Squadron, History, South Carolina Air National Guard, Korean War activation\nBy July 1952 the facilities at Wiesbaden AB were becoming very crowded, and it was felt that the B-26's could fly from the primitive conditions at Toul. The 112 TRS returned to Toul, however the jet-engined RF-80s remained in West Germany until a new runway was constructed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 89], "content_span": [90, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013453-0011-0000", "contents": "157th Fighter Squadron, History, South Carolina Air National Guard, Korean War activation\nOn 9 July 1952 the activated Air National Guard 117 TRW was released from active duty and inactivated in place and its mission was taken over by the newly activated 10th Tactical Reconnaissance Wing. All of the aircraft and support equipment remained at Toul and was transferred to the 10th TRW.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 89], "content_span": [90, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013453-0012-0000", "contents": "157th Fighter Squadron, History, South Carolina Air National Guard, Air Defense\nAfter returning from West Germany, the squadron was re-formed at Congaree Air Base and the South Carolina Air National Guard assumed an air defense mission. Due to the lack of jet aircraft in the United States (most were being used in the Korean War), the 157th was re-equipped with very long-range F-51H Mustangs and the unit was allocated to the Eastern Air Defense Force, Air Defense Command (ADC). After the Korean Armistice in 1953, the 157th began to receive F-86A Sabre jets, pressed into the daylight interceptor mission by ADC. In 1954, the Mustangs were reaching the end of their service life, and ADC supplied the 157th with some F-80C Shooting Stars as an interim replacement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 79], "content_span": [80, 768]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013453-0013-0000", "contents": "157th Fighter Squadron, History, South Carolina Air National Guard, Air Defense\nOn 5 September 1957, the 157th Fighter-Bomber Squadron was authorized to expand to a group level, and the 169th Fighter-Interceptor Group was established by the National Guard Bureau. The 157th was re-designated as a Fighter-Interceptor squadron and became the group's flying squadron. Other squadrons assigned into the group were the 169th Headquarters, 169th Material Squadron (Maintenance), 169th Combat Support Squadron, and the 169th USAF Dispensary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 79], "content_span": [80, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013453-0014-0000", "contents": "157th Fighter Squadron, History, South Carolina Air National Guard, Air Defense\nShortly afterwards Air Defense Command upgraded the new 169th FIG to the all-weather/day-night F-86L Sabre Interceptor aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 79], "content_span": [80, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013453-0015-0000", "contents": "157th Fighter Squadron, History, South Carolina Air National Guard, Air Defense\nIn 1960 ADC released all its F-104A Starfighters to the ANG because the F-104 fire control system was not sophisticated enough to make it an all-weather interceptor. The 157th was one of three selected ANG units to receive the Starfighter Mach-2 interceptors. The  \"Swamp Foxes\", as a result of the national recognition as one of the best air defense units in the nation, were chosen to fly the new high performance jet fighter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 79], "content_span": [80, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013453-0016-0000", "contents": "157th Fighter Squadron, History, South Carolina Air National Guard, Air Defense\nBrigadier General Barnie B. McEntire Jr., the first commander of the South Carolina ANG and its first general officer died 25 May 1961, when he courageously piloted his malfunctioning F-104 fighter jet away from populated areas near Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, to crash into the Susquehanna River. On 1 October 1961, then-Governor Ernest F. Hollings presided over the ceremony renaming the heroic wing commander's South Carolina installation from Congaree Air Base to McEntire Air National Guard Base.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 79], "content_span": [80, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013453-0017-0000", "contents": "157th Fighter Squadron, History, South Carolina Air National Guard, Air Defense\nThe 169th FIG was called into active service a second time in November 1961 as the construction of the infamous \"Berlin Wall\" pushed the world to the brink of war. Within a month after mobilization, 750 personnel and 22 157th FIS F-104 aircraft were in place at Mor\u00f3n Air Base, Spain as the unit took up flying daily air defense patrols as part of the NATO air defense force in Western Europe. With world tension easing, the squadron returned home in August 1962.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 79], "content_span": [80, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013453-0018-0000", "contents": "157th Fighter Squadron, History, South Carolina Air National Guard, Air Defense\nFollowing the Cuban Missile Crisis, ADC decided to make a permanent fighter unit at Homestead Air Force Base an F-104 unit because of its superior fighter-on-fighter performance. The F-104's lack of an all-weather capability not a factor because Cuba lacked a bomber force. In June 1963 the F-104s were transferred back to the active-duty Air Force. The South Carolina ANG was re-equipped with F-102A Delta Daggers, which became available because of Project Clearwater, which withdrew F-102s from overseas bases. The \"Deuce\", still a very potent interceptor, served with the 169th FIG until April 1975, when Aerospace Defense Command was reducing the USAF interceptor force as the threat of Soviet Bombers attacking the United States was deemed remote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 79], "content_span": [80, 832]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013453-0019-0000", "contents": "157th Fighter Squadron, History, South Carolina Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command\nWith the phase-down of continental air defenses in the 1970s, the 169th was transferred to Tactical Air Command (TAC), and was re-designated a Tactical Fighter Group. The 157th Tactical Fighter Squadron began to receive A-7D Corsair II subsonic tactical close air support aircraft from Tactical Air Command units that were preparing to receive the new A-10 Thunderbolt II. Receiving its aircraft from the 354th TFW at Myrtle Beach AFB and the 355th TFW at Davis-Monthan AFB, Arizona. The aircraft had excellent accuracy with the aid of an automatic electronic navigation and weapons delivery system. Although designed primarily as a ground attack aircraft, it also had limited air-to-air combat capability. In 1982, the 157th received new twin-seat A-7K trainers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 88], "content_span": [89, 852]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013453-0020-0000", "contents": "157th Fighter Squadron, History, South Carolina Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command\nIn the early 1980s, the South Carolina congressional delegation in Congress, led by Senators Strom Thurmond and Ernest Hollings, pressured the Department of Defense to upgrade Army and Air National Guard units with front line equipment to better supplement the Active Duty forces as part of the \"Total Force\" concept. Specifically, Thurmond and Hollings wanted the Air Force to equip the South Carolina ANG with the new F-16 Fighting Falcon, which was, as the time, just being introduced into the active duty force of Tactical Air Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 88], "content_span": [89, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013453-0020-0001", "contents": "157th Fighter Squadron, History, South Carolina Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command\nBeginning in July 1983, some of the initial Block 1 and Block 5 F-16As were transferred to the 169th Tactical Fighter Group, being the first Air National Guard unit to receive the aircraft. Its A-7Ds were subsequently reassigned to other Air National Guard units. Later, Block 10 F-16A/B were delivered by the Air Force to the 157th TFS. By the mid eighties all the F-16s received by the 169th had undergone Pacer Loft modification bringing them up to the same block 10 standard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 88], "content_span": [89, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013453-0021-0000", "contents": "157th Fighter Squadron, History, South Carolina Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command\nWith the equipment change to the F-16, the 169th was assigned to the air defense mission again under Air Defense, Tactical Air Command (ADTAC), which was established when TAC assumed the Aerospace Defense Command mission in 1979. In addition, although the F-16s weren't adapted to perform in the tactical close air support mission that the A-7D was utilized for, the 157th TFS did practice the conventional attack role with Mark 82 (Mk 82) and Mark 84 (Mk 84) gliding bombs. The quality of the pilots and ammunition/maintenance crews of the 157th TFS was demonstrated during Gunsmoke '89 held at Nellis AFB from 1 October till 14 October. The 157th TFS took first place out of 15 other teams.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 88], "content_span": [89, 781]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013453-0022-0000", "contents": "157th Fighter Squadron, History, South Carolina Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command\nIn December 1990, during the buildup for war during Operation Desert Shield, the 157th was federalized for a third time and was deployed to Prince Sultan Air Base, Al Kharj, Saudi Arabia just a year and a half after taking first place at Gunsmoke '89. The 157th Tactical Fighter Squadron (Provisional) flew a total of 1,729 combat sorties during Operation Desert Storm. A total mission rate of over 90% was achieved, which was quite a remarkable feat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 88], "content_span": [89, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013453-0023-0000", "contents": "157th Fighter Squadron, History, South Carolina Air National Guard, Post Cold War era\nEarly in the 1990s with the declared end of the Cold War and the continued decline in military budgets, the Air Force restructured to meet changes in strategic requirements, decreasing personnel, and a smaller infrastructure. The 169th adopted the new USAF \"Objective Organization\" in early 1992, with the word \"tactical\" being eliminated from its designation and becoming the 169th Fighter Group. Tactical Air Command was inactivated on 1 June, being replaced by the new Air Combat Command (ACC).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 85], "content_span": [86, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013453-0024-0000", "contents": "157th Fighter Squadron, History, South Carolina Air National Guard, Post Cold War era\nIn 1995, the 157th Fighter Squadron became the recipient of brand-new Block 52 F-16C/D Fighting Falcons coming straight from the Lockheed facility at Fort Worth, Texas. The 169th Fighter Group becoming the first AirNational Guard unit to receive these state-of-the-art aircraft. The mission profile of the unit changed in the way that they became a multi-role squadron being able to perform all kind of missions. More specifically they also received the HARM Targeting System being able to fly anti-radar sorties with the AGM-88 anti-radar missile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 85], "content_span": [86, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013453-0025-0000", "contents": "157th Fighter Squadron, History, South Carolina Air National Guard, Post Cold War era\nThe main mission profile of the squadron therefore changed to that of Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses (SEAD). The 157th Fighter Squadron continues to fly the SEAD mission today. Also, on 11 October 1995 ACC and the National Guard Board authorized the status of the 169th to be expanded to the Wing level, and the 157th Fighter Squadron became part of the new 169th Operations Group under the new 169th Fighter Wing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 85], "content_span": [86, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013453-0026-0000", "contents": "157th Fighter Squadron, History, South Carolina Air National Guard, Post Cold War era\nIn mid-1996, the Air Force, in response to budget cuts, and changing world situations, began experimenting with Air Expeditionary organizations. The Air Expeditionary Force (AEF) concept was developed that would mix Active-Duty, Reserve and Air National Guard elements into a combined force. Instead of entire permanent units deploying as \"Provisional\" as in the 1991 Gulf War, Expeditionary units are composed of \"aviation packages\" from several wings, including active-duty Air Force, the Air Force Reserve Command and the Air National Guard, would be married together to carry out the assigned deployment rotation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 85], "content_span": [86, 703]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013453-0027-0000", "contents": "157th Fighter Squadron, History, South Carolina Air National Guard, Post Cold War era\nIn February 1997, the 157th Expeditionary Fighter Squadron (157 EFS) was first formed from 169th FW personnel and aircraft and deployed to Doha International Airport, Qatar, to join with other active-duty and national guard squadrons as part of Operation Southern Watch. This mission was initiated mainly to cover for attacks of Iraqi forces on the Iraqi Shi\u2019ite Muslims. This made the 169th the first Air National Guard unit to deploy alongside active-duty Air Force units to comprise an Air Expeditionary Force (AEF).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 85], "content_span": [86, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013453-0028-0000", "contents": "157th Fighter Squadron, History, South Carolina Air National Guard, Post Cold War era\nThe 157th EFS was activated again in January 2000 as a component of Operation Northern Watch; a United States European Command Combined Task Force (CTF) who was responsible for enforcing the United Nations mandated no-fly zone above the 36th parallel in Iraq. This mission was a successor to Operation Provide Comfort which also entailed support for the Iraqi Kurds. The deployment was completed in April 2000. The 157th EFS was formed again in March 2001, when the unit deployed to Prince Sultan AB, Saudi Arabia in a second Operation Southern Watch deployment. The guardsmen returned to McIntire JGB in July.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 85], "content_span": [86, 696]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013453-0029-0000", "contents": "157th Fighter Squadron, History, South Carolina Air National Guard, Global War on Terrorism\nIn 2002, aircraft and personnel from the 169th deployed to Southwest Asia in support of Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) and participated directly in combat operations. Also that year, 50 South Carolina ANG airmen, then assigned to the 240th Combat Communications Squadron, deployed to Central Asia for six months in support of the Global War on Terrorism, and the 245th ATCS deployed to Afghanistan in support of Operation Enduring Freedom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 91], "content_span": [92, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013453-0030-0000", "contents": "157th Fighter Squadron, History, South Carolina Air National Guard, Global War on Terrorism\nIn 2003, nearly 400 Airmen from the 169th and all its F-16s were mobilized and deployed to Southwest Asia as part of what became Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF). The 169th was attached to the 379th Air Expeditionary Wing, stationed in Qatar, and flew more than 400 combat missions (performing the Suppression and Destruction of Enemy Air Defenses mission and flying numerous precision bombing missions over Iraq.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 91], "content_span": [92, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013453-0031-0000", "contents": "157th Fighter Squadron, History, South Carolina Air National Guard, Global War on Terrorism\nIn 2005, the Base Realignment and Closure Commission announced an historic expansion at McEntire. Five more Block 52 F-16s from the active duty USAF would arrive at the base in 2006 and five more the following year. Then, in 2007, active duty Air Force personnel began arriving at McEntire as the base prepared to host and operate the largest Active Association unit in the nation's Combat Air Forces, bringing about 150 active duty personnel on board to work, train and deploy with the 169th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 91], "content_span": [92, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013453-0032-0000", "contents": "157th Fighter Squadron, History, South Carolina Air National Guard, Global War on Terrorism\nIn May 2010, the 169th became the first Air National Guard unit to support an AEF mission for a full 120 days. While simultaneously deploying Airmen for Operation Enduring Freedom, the wing deployed more than 300 Airmen in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom, during which the 169th flew more than 800 combat air patrol missions over Iraq from Balad AB and other locations. The unprecedented deployment also allowed the 169th team to escort the last Army combat forces out of Iraq on the last day of OEF.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 91], "content_span": [92, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013453-0033-0000", "contents": "157th Fighter Squadron, History, South Carolina Air National Guard, Global War on Terrorism\nStarting in October 2010 the 157th FS began an Air Sovereignty Alert mission at nearby Shaw AFB. The squadron gradually took over the alert duties of the 20th Fighter Wing and, on 6 May 2011, the squadron completely took over the role when a new alert facility was built at McEntire Joint National Guard Base.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 91], "content_span": [92, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013453-0034-0000", "contents": "157th Fighter Squadron, History, South Carolina Air National Guard, Global War on Terrorism\nMost recently, in April 2012, the 157th EFS was formed and deployed with pilots, maintenance specialists and support staffers. They provided air support to ground units from Kandahar Airfield, Afghanistan. Pilots flew more than 2,200 sorties for a total of 9,400 combat hours. The four-month deployment ended in late August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 91], "content_span": [92, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013453-0035-0000", "contents": "157th Fighter Squadron, History, South Carolina Air National Guard, Global War on Terrorism\nAlthough not confirmed it has been discussed that the 157th Fighter Squadron will likely be re-equipped with the Lockheed Martin F-35A Lightning II early in its roll-out to active duty USAF units such as the 20th Fighter Wing at nearby Shaw AFB, as the South Carolina ANG has a history of receiving the newest equipment when it becomes available.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 91], "content_span": [92, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013453-0036-0000", "contents": "157th Fighter Squadron, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 48], "content_span": [49, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013454-0000-0000", "contents": "157th Indiana Infantry Regiment\nThe 157th Indiana Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment from Indiana that failed to complete its organization to serve in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013455-0000-0000", "contents": "157th Infantry Brigade (United States)\nThe 157th Infantry Brigade is an active/reserve component (AC/RC) unit based at Camp Atterbury, Indiana. The unit is responsible for training selected United States Army Reserve and National Guard units. The unit was activated using the assets of the 5th Brigade, 87th Division. The brigade is a subordinate unit of First Army Division East.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013455-0001-0000", "contents": "157th Infantry Brigade (United States), Activation\nThe 79th Division \"Liberty\" Division, also known as the \"Lorraine\" Division, was a National Army division established 5 August 1917 by the War Department to be formed at Camp Meade, Maryland. The division was commanded by Maj. Gen. Joseph E. Kuhn. Draftees were from Pennsylvania and Maryland. Movement overseas commenced on 6 July 1918 and was completed by 3 August 1918. The 157th Infantry Brigade was commanded by Brig. Gen. William Jones Nicholson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 50], "content_span": [51, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013455-0002-0000", "contents": "157th Infantry Brigade (United States), Activation\nShrouded in secrecy, the brigade left from Hoboken, New Jersey in July 1918 on the SS Leviathan, a speedy ex-German liner that arrived at Brest, France the morning of 15 July 1918. They trained for two months at Champ Little behind the French lines. On 26 September 1918 they \"went over the top\" in the Meuse-Argonne offensive. In a period of heartbreaking losses, the men struggled through nine kilometers of barbed wire and pot-marked earth. They destroyed German defenses that were said to be impregnable. That night they were on the outskirts of Montfaucon, headquarters of the enemy command. The 313th fought until the end, 11 November 1918. Gen. John J. Pershing commended the men of the 79th Division, and especially the 313th Infantry Regiment whose forces penetrated deeper into enemy territory than any other outfit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 50], "content_span": [51, 877]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013455-0003-0000", "contents": "157th Infantry Brigade (United States), Organization from 1963 to 1995\nThe 157th Infantry Brigade (Mechanized) was reactivated on 3 January 1963 in Upper Darby, Pennsylvania using assets from the inactivating 79th Infantry Division. It moved to Horsham on 31 January 1968, where it remained until its inactivation on 1 September 1995 during the post-Cold War drawdown. In 1966 this Brigade consisted of 3 Infantry Battalions: the 1\u2013313th IN co-located Indiantown Gap Military Reservation (IGMR), since redesignated Fort Indiantown Gap (FIG), Annville, PA; and at Lock Haven, PA; the 1\u2013314th IN (Mechanized) co-located at Bristol and Warrington, PA; the 1\u2013315th IN located at 5200 Wissahickon Ave, Philadelphia, PA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 70], "content_span": [71, 714]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013455-0003-0001", "contents": "157th Infantry Brigade (United States), Organization from 1963 to 1995\nIt had 2 Armor Battalions at that time: namely, the 4\u201377th AR (location uncertain) and the 6\u201368th AR co-located at Bethlehem, PA and IGMR, PA. After the Arab-Israeli War of 1967, the 4\u201377th was disbanded, its armored vehicles sent to Israel to replace Israeli losses, and its personnel merged into the 6\u201368th AR. That same year, the Brigade's 1\u2013314th IN (Mechanized) lost its armored vehicles- primarily M578s, M113s, M59s and M577s all of which were also sent to Israel to replace their war losses. It was not until the summer of 1971 that the 1\u2013314th IN was re-designated a Mechanized unit. By the summer of 1973 the 1\u2013313th IN was disbanded with its personnel and company units redesignated as part of the 1\u2013314th IN.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 70], "content_span": [71, 791]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013455-0004-0000", "contents": "157th Infantry Brigade (United States), Organization\nIn 2006, as part of the Army's Transformation Plan, the 5th Brigade, 87th Division was reflagged as the 157th Infantry Brigade. As part of Operation Bold Shift, the battalion changed their missions to better train Army Reserve and National Guard units. The unit is currently composed of:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 52], "content_span": [53, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013455-0005-0000", "contents": "157th Infantry Brigade (United States), Organization\nFor further information see The Brigade, A History by John J. McGrath from the Combat Studies Institute Press, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 52], "content_span": [53, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013455-0006-0000", "contents": "157th Infantry Brigade (United States), Lineage\nConstituted 5 August 1917 in the National Army as Headquarters, 158th Infantry Brigade, and assigned to the 79th Division", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013455-0007-0000", "contents": "157th Infantry Brigade (United States), Lineage\nReconstituted 24 June 1921 in the Organized Reserves as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 157th Infantry Brigade, and assigned to the 79th Division", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013455-0008-0000", "contents": "157th Infantry Brigade (United States), Lineage\nRedesignated 23 March 1925 as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 157th Brigade", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013455-0009-0000", "contents": "157th Infantry Brigade (United States), Lineage\nRedesignated 24 August 1936 as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 157th Infantry Brigade", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013455-0010-0000", "contents": "157th Infantry Brigade (United States), Lineage\nConverted and redesignated 12 February 1942 as the 79th Reconnaissance Troop (less 3d Platoon), 79th Division (Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 158th Infantry Brigade, concurrently converted and redesignated as the 3d Platoon, 79th Reconnaissance Troop, 79th Division)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013455-0011-0000", "contents": "157th Infantry Brigade (United States), Lineage\nTroop ordered into active military service 15 June 1942 and reorganized at Camp Pickett, Virginia, as the 79th Cavalry Reconnaissance Troop, an element of the 79th Division (later redesignated as the 79th Infantry Division)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013455-0012-0000", "contents": "157th Infantry Brigade (United States), Lineage\nReorganized and redesignated 2 August 1943 as the 79th Reconnaissance Troop, Mechanized", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013455-0013-0000", "contents": "157th Infantry Brigade (United States), Lineage\nActivated 28 January 1947 at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, as the 79th Mechanized Cavalry Reconnaissance Troop", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013455-0014-0000", "contents": "157th Infantry Brigade (United States), Lineage\n(Organized Reserves redesignated 25 March 1948 as the Organized Reserve Corps; redesignated 9 July 1952 as the Army Reserve)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013455-0015-0000", "contents": "157th Infantry Brigade (United States), Lineage\nReorganized and redesignated 15 July 1949 as the 79th Reconnaissance Company", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013455-0016-0000", "contents": "157th Infantry Brigade (United States), Lineage\nConverted and redesignated (less 3d Platoon) 5 November 1962 as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 157th Infantry Brigade, and relieved from assignment to the 79th Infantry Division (3d Platoon, 79th Reconnaissance Company, concurrently redesignated as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 158th Infantry Brigade \u2013 hereafter separate lineage)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013455-0017-0000", "contents": "157th Infantry Brigade (United States), Lineage\nWithdrawn 24 October 1997 from the Army Reserve and allotted to the Regular Army; Headquarters concurrently activated at Fort Jackson, South Carolina", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013456-0000-0000", "contents": "157th Infantry Division \"Novara\"\nThe 157th Infantry Division \"Novara\" (Italian: 157\u00aa Divisione fanteria \"Novara\") was an infantry division of the Royal Italian Army during the Second World War, formed on 10 March 1942 as a garrison division and named for the city of Novara. The division was based along the Italian-Yugoslavian border and participated in operations against Yugoslav Partisans operating in the area. The division was used to reform the 2nd Infantry Division \"Sforzesca\" on 1 June 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013457-0000-0000", "contents": "157th Infantry Division (France)\n157th Infantry Division was an infantry division of the French Army during the First World War. One source says it was known as the Red Hand Division from a device on its Color.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013458-0000-0000", "contents": "157th Maneuver Enhancement Brigade\nThe 157th Maneuver Enhancement Brigade, also known as the Iron Brigade, is based out of Milwaukee, Wisconsin. It was formerly known as the 57th Field Artillery Brigade, at which time its subordinate organizations included the 1st Battalion, 126th Field Artillery Regiment and the 1st Battalion, 121st Field Artillery Regiment from the Wisconsin Army National Guard, plus the 1st Battalion, 182nd Field Artillery Regiment of the Michigan Army National Guard. Not to be confused with the famous \"Iron Brigade\" of the Civil War, its nickname was traditionally given to crack artillery units in the Civil War. It was during World War I that the 57th Field Artillery Brigade earned its nickname as it spent many hours at the front and fired more artillery rounds than any brigade in the American Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 831]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013458-0001-0000", "contents": "157th Maneuver Enhancement Brigade, History, 20th century, World War I era\nPart of the 32nd Infantry Division, the unit was organized under War Department orders of 18 July 1917, from National Guard troops from Wisconsin and Michigan. Brigadier General William G. Haan, while acting as Division Commander, was also in command of the 57th Field Artillery Brigade. The 119th Field Artillery, composed largely of Michigan artillery and cavalry troops, was commanded by Major Chester B. McCormick, later promoted to the rank of Colonel. The 120th Field Artillery was made up almost entirely from troops of the 1st Wisconsin Cavalry, and the commanding officer of the latter organization. Colonel Carl Penner, continued in command. The 1st Wisconsin Field Artillery Regiment became the 121st Field Artillery, the heavy artillery regiment of the 57th Field Artillery Brigade. The Commanding Officer of the Wisconsin Artillery, Colonel Philip C. Westfahl, became Commander of the new regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 74], "content_span": [75, 986]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013458-0002-0000", "contents": "157th Maneuver Enhancement Brigade, History, 20th century, World War II service\nIn 1940, President Franklin Roosevelt established the Mojave Anti- Aircraft Range, a military reservation of approximately 1,000 square miles (2,600\u00a0km2) in the area of the present Fort Irwin. In 1942, the Mojave Anti- Aircraft Range was renamed Camp Irwin, in honor of Maj. Gen. George LeRoy Irwin, commander of the 57th Field Artillery Brigade during World War I. Two years later, Camp Irwin was deactivated and placed on surplus status.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 79], "content_span": [80, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013458-0003-0000", "contents": "157th Maneuver Enhancement Brigade, History, 20th century, Kosovo service\nStarting in November 2011, 157th MEB deployed to Kosovo as the headquarters of Multi-National Battle Group-East in support of the NATO KFOR (Kosovo Forces) mission. The 157 returned successfully.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 73], "content_span": [74, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013458-0004-0000", "contents": "157th Maneuver Enhancement Brigade, History, 21st century, Iraq service\nOn 22 April 2006 the 1-121st FA left for Camp Shelby in Mississippi for two months for pre-mobilization training. After their training concluded the 1-121st FA was then deployed to Kuwait and portions of Iraq. During their deployment two battalion soldiers were killed in action. Cpl . Steven Castner died 24 July 2006 after a roadside bomb attack hit his convoy near Tallil, Iraq.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 71], "content_span": [72, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013458-0005-0000", "contents": "157th Maneuver Enhancement Brigade, History, 21st century, Afghanistan service\nThe 951st Engineer Company of the 724th Engineer Battalion deployed to Afghanistan in February 2009 as part of the 276th Engineer Battalion, Virginia Army National Guard, to provide route clearance operations for Coalition forces. During this deployment the 276th completed 1090 missions and received the Valorous Unit Award while sustaining the loss of only one soldier to enemy fire. Sgt . Ryan C. Adams of 3rd Platoon, 951st Engineer Company, died on 2 October from wounds sustained from an RPG attack on his vehicle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 78], "content_span": [79, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013458-0006-0000", "contents": "157th Maneuver Enhancement Brigade, History, 21st century, Afghanistan service\nThe 229th Engineer Company of the 724th Engineer Battalion deployed to Southern Afghanistan in September 2012, and expanded mobility for American and Afghan forces through numerous route improvement projects and base expansions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 78], "content_span": [79, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013458-0007-0000", "contents": "157th Maneuver Enhancement Brigade, History, 21st century, Afghanistan service\nOn 16 January 2013, Bravo Battery of the 121st FA deployed to Afghanistan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 78], "content_span": [79, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013458-0008-0000", "contents": "157th Maneuver Enhancement Brigade, History, 21st century, Afghanistan service\nOn 17 May 2014, Alpha Battery of the 1-121 FA deployed overseas to Afghanistan in support of coalition forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 78], "content_span": [79, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013458-0009-0000", "contents": "157th Maneuver Enhancement Brigade, History, 21st century, Modern era redesignation\nDuring the early 1960s, the unit was assigned the Little John. On 30 December 1967, the 32nd Infantry Division was deactivated and National Guard units realigned. Along with the 32nd Infantry Division, the 32nd Infantry Division Artillery was redesignated as the 257th Field Artillery Group. On 30 September 1978, the 257th Field Artillery Group was redesignated as the 57th Field Artillery Brigade; a designation which had previously existed until the 32nd Division was reorganized into the then-standard triangular (three regiment) division in 1942 and the 32nd Division Artillery created.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 83], "content_span": [84, 675]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013458-0010-0000", "contents": "157th Maneuver Enhancement Brigade, History, 21st century, Modern era redesignation\nAs a part of the strategic transformation, the 57th Field Artillery Brigade was transformed from a Field Artillery Brigade to the 157th Maneuver Enhancement Brigade (MEB).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 83], "content_span": [84, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013458-0011-0000", "contents": "157th Maneuver Enhancement Brigade, History, 21st century, Modern era redesignation\nThe previous HHB, 57th Field Artillery Brigade transformed into HHC, 157th MEB. This unit almost doubled in size while the headquarters remained in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. This is a newly designed, multifunctional command and control organization.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 83], "content_span": [84, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013458-0012-0000", "contents": "157th Maneuver Enhancement Brigade, History, 21st century, Modern era redesignation\nUnit Mission: The Maneuver Enhancement Brigade (MEB) enables, enhances, and protects the operational and tactical freedom of action of the support force. It received and integrates mission tailored forces to Brigade Combat Teams (BCT) and support brigades. It commands and controls forces necessary to conduct security and functional operations in a designated area of operations (AO) in order to enable force application, focused logistics, battle space awareness, and protection.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 83], "content_span": [84, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013458-0013-0000", "contents": "157th Maneuver Enhancement Brigade, History, 21st century, Modern era redesignation\nA new unit, 357th Network Support Company (NSC), is headquartered in Two Rivers, Wisconsin. The primary mission for the NSC is to provide communication support to all units within the CSB. This unit mainly comprised the previous Detachment 1 HHB 57th FA Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 83], "content_span": [84, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013458-0014-0000", "contents": "157th Maneuver Enhancement Brigade, History, 21st century, Modern era redesignation\nThe 1st Battalion, 126th Field Artillery Regiment (Paladin) will transform into the 257th Brigade Support Battalion (BSB) and will be headquartered in Oak Creek, WI. The primary mission for the BSB is to provide service support to all assigned units within the CSB. The BSB has a Distribution Company in Whitewater and a Maintenance Company in Kenosha, Wisconsin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 83], "content_span": [84, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013458-0015-0000", "contents": "157th Maneuver Enhancement Brigade, History, 21st century, Modern era redesignation\nA new unit, the 457th Chemical Company, is headquartered in Burlington, Wisconsin. Their mission is to provide chemical detection and decontamination for the CSB.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 83], "content_span": [84, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013458-0016-0000", "contents": "157th Maneuver Enhancement Brigade, History, 21st century, Modern era redesignation\nThe 1st Battalion, 121st Field Artillery Regiment, which maintains Multiple Launch Rocket Systems, (MLRS) will convert to High Mobility Artillery Rocket System (HIMARS), with their headquarters located in Milwaukee, WI, and their firing batteries located in Racine (Battery A), Plymouth (Battery B), and Sussex (Battery C).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 83], "content_span": [84, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013458-0017-0000", "contents": "157th Maneuver Enhancement Brigade, History, 21st century, Modern era redesignation\nA new unit, 108th Forward Support Company (FSC), to be headquartered in Sussex, WI, was formed by the direct support MLRS maintenance team (Detachment 2, 107th Maintenance Company) and the service support of the 1st Battalion, 121st Field Artillery Regiment. Their primary mission is to provide service support to a HIMARS battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 83], "content_span": [84, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013458-0018-0000", "contents": "157th Maneuver Enhancement Brigade, History, 21st century, Modern era redesignation\nOn 3 February 2008, 0930 hours Change of Command of this Brigade was passed from Col. Dominic A. Cariello to Col. Mark Michie. Colonel Michie was assigned to Joint Forces Headquarters in Madison. He graduated from the US Army War College graduate course in Carlisle, PA, in June 2007, having spent 11 months at the Army's Senior Service College.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 83], "content_span": [84, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013458-0019-0000", "contents": "157th Maneuver Enhancement Brigade, History, 21st century, Modern era redesignation\nIn March 2008, the 264th Engineer Group (Chippewa Falls, WI) cased its flag and de-activated. The 724th Engineer Battalion, along with 9 modular units, will fall under the command and control of the 157th MEB.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 83], "content_span": [84, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013458-0020-0000", "contents": "157th Maneuver Enhancement Brigade, History, 21st century, Modern era redesignation\nIn 2012, 1-121 FA BN A Btry (Racine, WI) was combined with C Btry (Sussex, WI) resulting from a MTOE change changing the Battalion from 3\u00a0\u00d7\u00a06 (six guns per Battery) to 2\u00a0\u00d7\u00a08 (eight guns per Battery). The combining left the Racine armory vacant and kept the A Btry designation now based out of Sussex, WI.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 83], "content_span": [84, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013458-0021-0000", "contents": "157th Maneuver Enhancement Brigade, Current units\nAll units under the 257th Brigade Support Battalion except for the 32nd Military Police Company and the 357th Brigade Signal Company were disbanded effective August 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 49], "content_span": [50, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013459-0000-0000", "contents": "157th Motor Rifle Division\nThe 157th Motor Rifle Division was a motorized infantry division of the Soviet Army. It existed from 1969 to 1987 and was based in Feodosia. In 1987 it became the 710th Territorial Training Center. In 1989, the training center became a storage base.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013459-0001-0000", "contents": "157th Motor Rifle Division, History\nIn April 1969, the 157th Motor Rifle Division was activated in Feodosiya as part of the 32nd Army Corps. It replaced the 52nd Motor Rifle Division, which had been moved to Nizhneudinsk. During the Cold War, the division was maintained at 17% strength. On 1 December 1987, it became the 710th Territorial Training Center. On 1 September 1989, the training center became the 5378th Weapons and Equipment Storage Base.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013460-0000-0000", "contents": "157th New York Infantry Regiment\nThe 157th New York Infantry Regiment was a regiment of infantry organized in New York state during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013460-0001-0000", "contents": "157th New York Infantry Regiment\nOn August 13, 1862, Colonel Philip P. Brown Jr. was authorized to recruit this regiment in the then 23d Senatorial District of the State. It was organized at Hamilton, convening in the service of the United States for three years from September 19, 1862. On June 22, 1865, the men not to be Muster (military) with the regiment were transferred to the 54th New York Volunteer Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013460-0002-0000", "contents": "157th New York Infantry Regiment, Legacy\nDuring the American Civil War the 157th participated in the Mud March, the Battle of Chancellorsville, and the Battle of Gettysburg. On the first day at Gettysburg they suffered in heavy fighting north of the town. On the second day they were a reserve regiment rushed to the aid of the 137th New York holding the right flank on Culp's Hill.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 40], "content_span": [41, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013460-0003-0000", "contents": "157th New York Infantry Regiment, Legacy\nThey guarded the \"Immortal 600\" Confederate officers at Fort Pulaski, Georgia. This was a special group of prisoners that were there for the \"purpose of retaliation\". Col. Brown and his men, though, treated the prisoners better than their orders specified and this led to an official reprimand for Col. Brown, much to the Confederates' dismay.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 40], "content_span": [41, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013461-0000-0000", "contents": "157th New York State Legislature\nThe 157th New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 3 to August 18, 1934, during the second year of Herbert H. Lehman's governorship, in Albany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013461-0001-0000", "contents": "157th New York State Legislature, Background\nUnder the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1894, re-apportioned in 1917, 51 Senators and 150 assemblymen were elected in single-seat districts; senators for a two-year term, assemblymen for a one-year term. The senatorial districts consisted either of one or more entire counties; or a contiguous area within a single county. The counties which were divided into more than one senatorial district were New York (nine districts), Kings (eight), Bronx (three), Erie (three), Monroe (two), Queens (two) and Westchester (two). The Assembly districts were made up of contiguous area, all within the same county.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013461-0002-0000", "contents": "157th New York State Legislature, Background\nAt this time there were two major political parties: the Democratic Party and the Republican Party. The Socialist Party and the Communist Party also nominated tickets. The Prohibition Party adopted at this time the name Law Preservation Party: to emphasize that Prohibition should be preserved while it was in the process of being repealed. They endorsed the \"dry\" candidates (mostly Republicans) and nominated own candidates in many districts where \"wet\" candidates were the front-runners. In New York City, a \"City Fusion\" (generally allied with the Republicans) and a \"Recovery\" (Anti- Tammany Democrats supporting Joseph V. McKee) ticket were nominated for the local elections held at the same time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 748]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013461-0003-0000", "contents": "157th New York State Legislature, Elections\nThe New York state election, 1933, was held on November 7. The only statewide elective office up for election was a judgeship on the New York Court of Appeals which was carried by the incumbent Democrat Leonard C. Crouch who was nominated by the Democrats and endorsed by the Republicans, the Law Preservation Party and the City Fusion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013461-0004-0000", "contents": "157th New York State Legislature, Elections\nThe approximate party strength at this election, as expressed by the vote for Judge of the Court of Appeals, was: Democrats/Republicans/Law Preservation/City Fusion 3,250,000; Socialists 100,000; and Communists 31,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013461-0005-0000", "contents": "157th New York State Legislature, Elections\nDoris I. Byrne (Dem. ), a lawyer from the Bronx, was the only woman elected to the 157th Legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013461-0006-0000", "contents": "157th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for the regular session at the State Capitol in Albany on January 3, 1934; and adjourned at 2.30 a.m. on April 28.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013461-0007-0000", "contents": "157th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nMarguerite O'Connell (Dem.) was elected Clerk of the New York State Senate to fill the unexpired term of her deceased husband Patrick H. O'Connell, becoming the first woman to hold this office.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013461-0008-0000", "contents": "157th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nAssembly Clerk Fred W. Hammond (Rep.) encountered opposition from the Republican State Committee Chairman W. Kingsland Macy who instructed his followers not to vote for Hammond. The second ballot for assembly clerk, on January 4, stood: Hammond 66; Louis A. Cuvillier (Dem.) 62; Charles F. Close (Rep.) 16; Ward H. Arburry 3; and Clement Curry 1. The split persisted, and no clerk could be elected. On January 12, in an unprecedented move, Speaker McGinnies appointed Hammond as Clerk without election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013461-0009-0000", "contents": "157th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nState Senator Warren T. Thayer (Rep.) was accused to act as a lobbyist for a utility company while having been chairman of the senate committee in charge of the pertaining legislation. He resigned his seat on June 11. He was tried before the Senate Committee on the Judiciary and on June 19, the State Senate in special session found Thayer guilty of official misconduct by the unanimous vote of the 47 senators present.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013461-0010-0000", "contents": "157th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for a special session at the State Capitol in Albany on July 10, 1934; and adjourned on August 18.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013461-0011-0000", "contents": "157th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013461-0012-0000", "contents": "157th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members\nNote: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words \"...the Committee on (the)...\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013461-0013-0000", "contents": "157th New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Assemblymen\nNote: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words \"...the Committee on (the)...\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 61], "content_span": [62, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013462-0000-0000", "contents": "157th Ohio Infantry Regiment\nThe 157th Ohio Infantry Regiment, sometimes 157th Ohio Volunteer Infantry (or 157th OVI) was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013462-0001-0000", "contents": "157th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 157th Ohio Infantry was organized at Camp Chase in Columbus, Ohio, and mustered in May 15, 1864, for 100 days service under the command of Colonel George Wythe McCook.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013462-0002-0000", "contents": "157th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment left Ohio for Baltimore, Maryland, May 17 and was assigned to Tyler's Command, VIII Corps. Duty in the defenses of Baltimore and at Fort Delaware guarding Confederate prisoners until September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013462-0003-0000", "contents": "157th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 157th Ohio Infantry mustered out of service September 2, 1864, at Camp Chase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013462-0004-0000", "contents": "157th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Ohio National Guard\nOver 35,000 Ohio National Guardsmen were federalized and organized into regiments for 100 days service in May 1864. Shipped to the Eastern Theater, they were designed to be placed in \"safe\" rear areas to protect railroads and supply points, thereby freeing regular troops for Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant\u2019s push on the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia. As events transpired, many units found themselves in combat, stationed in the path of Confederate Gen. Jubal Early\u2019s veteran Army of the Valley during its famed Valley Campaigns of 1864. Ohio Guard units met the battle-tested foe head on and helped blunt the Confederate offensive thereby saving Washington, D.C. from capture. Ohio National Guard units participated in the battles of Monacacy, Fort Stevens, Harpers Ferry, and in the siege of Petersburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 49], "content_span": [50, 863]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013462-0005-0000", "contents": "157th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost 10 enlisted men during service, all due to disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013463-0000-0000", "contents": "157th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment\nThe 157th  Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry was a Union infantry regiment which fought in multiple key engagements during the final years of the American Civil War, including the Battle of Cold Harbor, Siege of Petersburg, and Appomattox Campaign. One of two military units raised at roughly the same time in the Philadelphia area during the fall of 1862, the 157th Pennsylvania was stationed initially at Fort Delaware, beginning in December 1862, and remained there on garrison duty until it was reassigned to the defense of Washington, D.C. during the early winter of 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013463-0000-0001", "contents": "157th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment\nIt was then assigned to the Army of the Potomac during the spring of 1864, and sent to the front lines of the war's Eastern Theater, where it remained for the duration of the war. During a reorganization of Union Army units in the spring of 1865, its men were merged with those of the 191st Pennsylvania Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013463-0001-0000", "contents": "157th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History\nRaised in response to the continuing need for additional soldiers to support the Union Army during the American Civil War, the 156th and 157th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry regiments began their respective recruiting drives in the Philadelphia area during the fall of 1862. Neither drive went well, however; as a result, by December 1862, the partially-staffed 157th Pennsylvania was assigned to garrison duty at Fort Delaware.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013463-0001-0001", "contents": "157th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History\nWith recruitment still proceeding slowly for both regiments after the New Year of 1863, the men who had been recruited for the 156th Pennsylvania, who numbered roughly the size of just one company, were transferred to the 157th Pennsylvania Infantry, thereby forming a battalion composed of four companies. The commissioned officers appointed to lead this new iteration of the 157th Pennsylvania were: Edmund T. Tiers, lieutenant colonel, and Thomas H. Addicks, major.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013463-0002-0000", "contents": "157th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History\nThe men of the newly reorganized 157th Pennsylvania were then transported to Washington, D.C., attached to Tyler's Division, 22nd Corps in February 1863, and assigned to defensive duties of the city. On May 29, 1864, the battalion was reassigned to the 2nd Brigade, 4th Division, 5th Army Corps of the Army of the Potomac, and ordered out on operations between North Anna and Cold Harbor, Virginia. Engaged in the battles of Bethesda Church (June 1\u20133) and Cold Harbor (June 1\u201312), the 157th Pennsylvania then participated in the Siege of Petersburg, including the Battle of the Crater (July 30).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013463-0002-0001", "contents": "157th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History\nAttached to the 3rd Brigade, 2nd Division, 5th Army Corps beginning in August 1864, the 157th Pennsylvanians were then assigned to operations along the Weldon Railroad (August 18\u201321) before engaging in the fighting at Poplar Springs Church (September 30\u2013October 2), Yellow House (October 2), and Boydton Plank Road (October 27\u201328), and in Warren's Raid on the Weldon Railroad (December 7\u201312).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013463-0003-0000", "contents": "157th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History\nEngaged in the Battle of Hatcher's Run (February 5\u20137, 1865), the 157th Pennsylvania was then merged into the 191st Pennsylvania Infantry on March 21, 1865, and assigned to the Appomattox Campaign. According to historians of the Pennsylvania Capitol Preservation Committee, the agency responsible for the conservation of the state's Civil War-era battle flags, it was on that same day that the 157th Pennsylvania's original commanding officer, Edmund T. Tiers, requested that his regiment be given its First State Color. Although the flag was eventually manufactured by Horstmann Brothers and Company, it was never carried into battle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013463-0004-0000", "contents": "157th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History\nPresent for Confederate General Robert E. Lee's surrender at Appomattox Court House on April 9, the men of the 157th Pennsylvania (now part of the 191st Pennsylvania), then officially mustered out in Virginia on June 28, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013463-0005-0000", "contents": "157th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History\nAccording to historian Samuel Bates, \u201cIn consequence of its consolidation, no separate muster-out rolls were made. The records of the officers and men will, therefore, be found in their places in the rolls of the One Hundred and Ninety-first, and such as left the service, or died before the consolidation, in an appendix to that regiment.\u201d", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013463-0006-0000", "contents": "157th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Notable members\nAbram Douglas Harlan initially cared for casualties of the war at Fortress Monroe before enrolling as a private with Company C of the Myers Independent Cavalry. He then enrolled with the 157th Pennsylvania on October 16, 1862, was commissioned as a first lieutenant and regimental quartermaster with the battalion's field and staff officers' corps on December 16, and was then honorably discharged on February 27, 1863. Post-war, he held a variety of clerkships with the Pennsylvania House of Representatives, the U.S. Internal Revenue Service, and the U.S. Customs Bureau office in Philadelphia, and was then elected to the Pennsylvania Senate in 1883. Twice re-elected, he served until 1892.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 53], "content_span": [54, 747]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013463-0007-0000", "contents": "157th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Notable members\nJohn Wallace Scott was wounded in action multiple times while serving with the 157th Pennsylvania, and was then awarded the U.S. Medal of Honor for his gallantry during the Battle of Five Forks, Virginia on April 1, 1865. Although his citation states that his actions took place while he was a member of the 157th Pennsylvania, that particular act of valor actually occurred after his regiment had been merged into the 191st Pennsylvania.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 53], "content_span": [54, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013463-0008-0000", "contents": "157th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Notable members\nTwo men were assigned as color-bearers for the 157th Pennsylvania:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 53], "content_span": [54, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013464-0000-0000", "contents": "157th Street station\n157th Street is a local station on the IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line of the New York City Subway. Located at the intersection of Broadway and 157th Street in Washington Heights, Manhattan, it is served by the 1 train at all times.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013464-0001-0000", "contents": "157th Street station\nThe 157th Street station was constructed for the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT) as part of the city's first subway line, which was approved in 1900. Construction of the line segment that includes 157th Street started on May 14 of the same year. The station held a soft opening on October 29, 1904, and officially opened two weeks later on November 12. The station's platforms were lengthened in 1948, and the station was renovated in the late 20th century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013464-0002-0000", "contents": "157th Street station\nThe 157th Street station contains two side platforms and two tracks. The station was built with tile and mosaic decorations. The platforms contain exits to Broadway's intersection with 157th Street and not connected to each other within fare control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013464-0003-0000", "contents": "157th Street station, History, Construction\nPlanning for a subway line in New York City dates to 1864. However, development of what would become the city's first subway line did not start until 1894, when the New York State Legislature authorized the Rapid Transit Act. The subway plans were drawn up by a team of engineers led by William Barclay Parsons, chief engineer of the Rapid Transit Commission. It called for a subway line from New York City Hall in lower Manhattan to the Upper West Side, where two branches would lead north into the Bronx. A plan was formally adopted in 1897, and all legal conflicts concerning the route alignment were resolved near the end of 1899.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 43], "content_span": [44, 678]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013464-0004-0000", "contents": "157th Street station, History, Construction\nThe Rapid Transit Construction Company, organized by John B. McDonald and funded by August Belmont Jr., signed the initial Contract 1 with the Rapid Transit Commission in February 1900, in which it would construct the subway and maintain a 50-year operating lease from the opening of the line. In 1901, the firm of Heins & LaFarge was hired to design the underground stations. Belmont incorporated the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT) in April 1902 to operate the subway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 43], "content_span": [44, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013464-0005-0000", "contents": "157th Street station, History, Construction\nThe 157th Street station was constructed as part of the IRT's West Side Line (now the Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line) from 133rd Street to a point 100 feet (30 m) north of 182nd Street. Work on this section was conducted by L. B. McCabe & Brother, who started building the tunnel segment on May 14, 1900. The section of the West Side Line around this station was originally planned as a two-track line, but in early 1901, was changed to a three-track structure to allow trains to be stored in the center track. A third track was added directly north of 96th Street, immediately east of the originally planned two tracks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 43], "content_span": [44, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013464-0006-0000", "contents": "157th Street station, History, Opening\nOperation of the first subway began on October 27, 1904, with the opening of the original 28 stations of the New York City Subway from City Hall to 145th Street on the West Side Branch. Two days later, service was extended one stop to 157th Street, which at the time was still incomplete. The station had been soft opened to allow passengers to travel to the Yale\u2013Columbia football game at the Polo Grounds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 38], "content_span": [39, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013464-0007-0000", "contents": "157th Street station, History, Opening\n157th Street was formally opened on November 12, 1904, as the first extension to the subway. The station's opening had been delayed by two weeks because there was still painting and plastering work going on in the station. 157th Street thus became the terminal for West Side Line trains, relieving congestion at 96th Street, which previously had been the terminus for the IRT's local trains. On March 12, 1906, the IRT was extended from 157th Street to 221st Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 38], "content_span": [39, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013464-0007-0001", "contents": "157th Street station, History, Opening\nShuttle trains served the new extension terminating at 157th Street, meaning that passengers south of 157th Street wanting to go to stations on the extension had to transfer at 157th Street. On May 30, 1906, express trains began running through to 221st Street, eliminating the need to transfer at this station.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 38], "content_span": [39, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013464-0008-0000", "contents": "157th Street station, History, Station improvements\nAfter the first subway line was completed in 1908, the station was served by West Side local and express trains. Express trains began at South Ferry in Manhattan or Atlantic Avenue in Brooklyn, and ended at 242nd Street in the Bronx. Local trains ran from City Hall to 242nd Street during rush hours, continuing south from City Hall to South Ferry at other times. In 1918, the Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line opened south of Times Square\u201342nd Street, thereby dividing the original line into an \"H\"-shaped system. The original subway north of Times Square thus became part of the Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line. Local trains were sent to South Ferry, while express trains used the new Clark Street Tunnel to Brooklyn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 51], "content_span": [52, 763]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013464-0009-0000", "contents": "157th Street station, History, Station improvements\nTo address overcrowding, in 1909, the New York Public Service Commission proposed lengthening platforms at stations along the original IRT subway. As part of a modification to the IRT's construction contracts, made on January 18, 1910, the company was to lengthen station platforms to accommodate ten-car express and six-car local trains. In addition to $1.5 million (equivalent to $41.7 million in 2020) spent on platform lengthening, $500,000 (equivalent to $13,888,000 in 2020) was spent on building additional entrances and exits. It was anticipated that these improvements would increase capacity by 25 percent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 51], "content_span": [52, 668]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013464-0009-0001", "contents": "157th Street station, History, Station improvements\nThe northbound platform at the 157th Street station was extended 70 feet (21\u00a0m) to the south and 60 feet (18\u00a0m) to the north, while the southbound platform was not lengthened. On January 24, 1911, ten-car express trains began running on the West Side Line. Subsequently, the station could accommodate six-car local trains, but ten-car trains could not open some of their doors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 51], "content_span": [52, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013464-0010-0000", "contents": "157th Street station, History, Station improvements\nWork to construct new entrances at the station was 49 percent completed in Fiscal Year 1924.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 51], "content_span": [52, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013464-0011-0000", "contents": "157th Street station, History, Station improvements\nPlatforms at IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line stations between 103rd Street and 238th Street, including those at 157th Street, were lengthened to 514 feet (157\u00a0m) between 1946 and 1948, allowing full ten-car express trains to stop at these stations. A contract for the platform extensions at 157th Street and eight other stations on the line was awarded to Spencer, White & Prentis Inc. in October 1946. The platform extensions at these stations were opened in stages. On April 6, 1948, the platform extension at 157th Street opened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 51], "content_span": [52, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013464-0011-0001", "contents": "157th Street station, History, Station improvements\nAt the same time, the IRT routes were given numbered designations with the introduction of \"R-type\" rolling stock, which contained rollsigns with numbered designations for each service. The first such fleet, the R12, was put into service in 1948. The route to 242nd Street became known as the 1. In 1959, all 1 trains became local.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 51], "content_span": [52, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013464-0012-0000", "contents": "157th Street station, Station layout\nThis station was part of the original subway, and has two side platforms and two tracks. The 1 stops here at all times.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 36], "content_span": [37, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013464-0013-0000", "contents": "157th Street station, Station layout\nThe platforms were originally 350 feet (110\u00a0m) long, as at other stations north of 96th Street, but as a result of the 1948 platform extension, became 520 feet (160\u00a0m) long. The platform extensions are at the rear ends of the original platforms: the southbound platform was extended northward and the northbound platform was extended southward.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 36], "content_span": [37, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013464-0014-0000", "contents": "157th Street station, Station layout, Design\nAs with other stations built as part of the original IRT, the station was constructed using a cut-and-cover method. The tunnel is covered by a \"U\"-shaped trough that contains utility pipes and wires. The bottom of this trough contains a foundation of concrete no less than 4 inches (100\u00a0mm) thick. Each platform consists of 3-inch-thick (7.6\u00a0cm) concrete slabs, beneath which are drainage basins. The original platforms contain I-beam columns spaced every 15 feet (4.6\u00a0m). Additional columns between the tracks, spaced every 5 feet (1.5\u00a0m), support the jack-arched concrete station roofs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 44], "content_span": [45, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013464-0014-0001", "contents": "157th Street station, Station layout, Design\nThe tiled columns that run along the entire length and contain \"157\" painted in black. Some of the columns between the tracks have \"157\" signs in black lettering on white borders. There is a 1-inch (25\u00a0mm) gap between the trough wall and the platform walls, which are made of 4-inch (100\u00a0mm)-thick brick covered over by a tiled finish.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 44], "content_span": [45, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013464-0015-0000", "contents": "157th Street station, Station layout, Design\nThe decorative scheme consists of blue/green tile tablets; buff tile bands; a green terracotta cornice; and buff terracotta plaques. The mosaic tiles at all original IRT stations were manufactured by the American Encaustic Tile Company, which subcontracted the installations at each station. The decorative work was performed by tile contractor Manhattan Glass Tile Company and terracotta contractor Atlantic Terra Cotta Company. The platforms contain their original trim line that includes \"157\" mosaics and name tablets reading \"157TH ST.\" There are also directional signs on the tiles containing white lettering on a black background and brown border.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 44], "content_span": [45, 699]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013464-0016-0000", "contents": "157th Street station, Station layout, Exits\nEach platform has one same-level fare control area near the middle. Both are fully staffed, containing a turnstile bank and token booth, and each has two street stairs. The northbound side's two exits lead to the southeast corner of 157th Street and Broadway, and the southbound side's two exits lead to the northwest corner of the intersection. There are no crossovers or crossunders to allow free transfers between directions. Only the South Ferry-bound side token booth is staffed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 43], "content_span": [44, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013465-0000-0000", "contents": "157th meridian east\nThe meridian 157\u00b0 east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, Australasia, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013465-0001-0000", "contents": "157th meridian east\nThe 157th meridian east forms a great circle with the 23rd meridian west.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013465-0002-0000", "contents": "157th meridian east, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 157th meridian east passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013466-0000-0000", "contents": "157th meridian west\nThe meridian 157\u00b0 west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013466-0001-0000", "contents": "157th meridian west\nThe 157th meridian west forms a great circle with the 23rd meridian east.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013466-0002-0000", "contents": "157th meridian west, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 157th meridian west passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013467-0000-0000", "contents": "158\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by Graham87 (talk | contribs) at 11:21, 10 January 2021 (1 revision imported: import old edit from the Nostalgia Wikipedia). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013467-0001-0000", "contents": "158\nYear 158 (CLVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Tertullus and Sacerdos (or, less frequently, year 911 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 158 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013468-0000-0000", "contents": "158 (number)\n158 (one hundred [and] fifty-eight) is the natural number following 157 and preceding 159.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013468-0001-0000", "contents": "158 (number), In mathematics\n158 is a nontotient, since there is no integer with 158 coprimes below it. 158 is a Perrin number, appearing after 68, 90, 119.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013468-0002-0000", "contents": "158 (number), In mathematics\n158 is the number of digits in the decimal expansion of 100!, the product of all the natural numbers up to and including 100.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013469-0000-0000", "contents": "158 BC\nYear 158 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Lepidus and Laenas (or, less frequently, year 596 Ab urbe condita) and the Sixth Year of Houyuan. The denomination 158 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013470-0000-0000", "contents": "158 Koronis\nKoronis (minor planet designation: 158 Koronis) is a main-belt asteroid that was discovered by Russian astronomer Viktor Knorre on January 4, 1876, from the Berlin observatory. It was the first of his four asteroid discoveries. The meaning of the asteroid name is uncertain, but it may come from Coronis the mother of Asclepius from Greek mythology. Alternatively, it may come from Coronis, a nymph of the Hyades sisterhood. The Koronis family is named after this asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013470-0001-0000", "contents": "158 Koronis\nFrom its spectrum this is classified as an S-type asteroid, indicating a stony composition. Photometric observations show a synodic rotation period of 14.206 \u00b1 0.002 hours with a brightness variation of 0.28\u20130.43 in magnitude. A subsequent study at the Altimira Observatory during 2010 was in agreement with this estimate, yielding a rotation period of 14.208 \u00b1 0.040 hours. Based on a model constructed from the lightcurve, the shape of Koronis resembles that of 243 Ida, an asteroid in the same family, although it is a bit larger.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013470-0002-0000", "contents": "158 Koronis\nA collision involving 158 Koronis 15 million years ago created a cluster of 246 objects. 158 Koronis itself retained 98.7% of the total mass. These new objects formed the Koronis(2) family. Koronis(2) is a subfamily of the much larger Koronis family.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013471-0000-0000", "contents": "158 Regiment RLC\n158 Regiment Royal Logistic Corps, is a reserve regiment of the British Army's Royal Logistic Corps. The Regiment's role is to provide logistical support to the Regular Army through its paired regular regiment, 7 Regiment RLC, as well as providing soldiers when required. 158 Regiment currently falls under the command 102 Logistics Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013471-0001-0000", "contents": "158 Regiment RLC, History\nThe regiment was formed in 1996 by converting the 5th Battalion, the Royal Anglian Regiment from the infantry to transport role. 160 Squadron was formed in Lincoln in July 2014 as part of the Army 2020 restructuring.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013471-0002-0000", "contents": "158 Regiment RLC, Honorary Colonels\nThe following is a list of the Honorary Colonels of the Regiment:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 35], "content_span": [36, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013472-0000-0000", "contents": "1580\n1580 (MDLXXX) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) in the Julian calendar, and a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) in the Proleptic Gregorian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013473-0000-0000", "contents": "1580 AM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1580\u00a0kHz: 1580 AM is a Canadian clear-channel frequency. See list of broadcast station classes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013474-0000-0000", "contents": "1580 Betulia\n1580 Betulia, provisional designation 1950 KA, is an eccentric, carbonaceous asteroid, classified as near-Earth object of the Amor group, approximately 4.2 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 22 May 1950, by South African astronomer Ernest Johnson at the Union Observatory in Johannesburg. The asteroid was named for Betulia Toro, wife of astronomer Samuel Herrick.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013474-0001-0000", "contents": "1580 Betulia, Orbit and classification\nBetulia orbits the Sun at a distance of 1.1\u20133.3\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 3 months (1,190 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.49 and an inclination of 52\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Johannesburg in 1950.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013474-0002-0000", "contents": "1580 Betulia, Orbit and classification, Close approaches\nBetulia is a near-Earth asteroid with an Earth minimum orbital intersection distance of 0.1365\u00a0AU (20,400,000\u00a0km), which corresponds to 53.2 lunar distances. As an Amor asteroid, and contrary to the Apollo and Aten asteroids, it approaches Earth's orbit from beyond but does not cross it. Betulia is also a Mars-crosser due to its eccentric orbit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 56], "content_span": [57, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013474-0003-0000", "contents": "1580 Betulia, Physical characteristics\nIn the Tholen classification, Betulia is an unusual C-type asteroid, as near-Earth objects are typically of stony rather than carbonaceous composition. Based on images taken by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, the asteroid has also been characterized as a carbonaceous but \"brighter\" B-type asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013474-0004-0000", "contents": "1580 Betulia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nSeveral rotational lightcurves of Betulia were obtained from photometric observations since the 1970s. Analysis of the best-rated lightcurve gave a rotation period of 6.1324 hours with a brightness variation of 0.70 magnitude (U=3), indicating that the body has a non-spheroidal shape. Other observations gave a period between 6.130 and 6.48 hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 55], "content_span": [56, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013474-0005-0000", "contents": "1580 Betulia, Physical characteristics, Poles\nPhotometric and radiometric observations of Betulia were also used to model the asteroid's lightcurve. It gave a concurring period of 6.13836 hours as well as a spin axis of (133.0\u00b0, 22.0\u00b0) and (136.0\u00b0, 22.0\u00b0) in ecliptic coordinates (\u03bb,\u2009\u03b2), respectively. The results supersede previously determined rotational poles (also see LCDB summary).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 45], "content_span": [46, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013474-0006-0000", "contents": "1580 Betulia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Radar observations at the Arecibo Observatory in Puerto Rico, Tom Gehrels estimate from the Hazards due to Comets and Asteroids, and observations by Alan W. Harris using the NASA Infrared Telescope Facility on Mauna Kea, Hawaii, Betulia measures between 3.82 and 8.55 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.04 and 0.17.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013474-0007-0000", "contents": "1580 Betulia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link takes an albedo of 0.09 and a diameter of 4.2 kilometers as best estimates and adopts an absolute magnitude of 15.1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013474-0008-0000", "contents": "1580 Betulia, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Betulia Toro Herrick, wife of Samuel Herrick (1911\u20131974), an American astronomer who specialized in celestial mechanics. Herrick had studied the asteroid's orbit, and requested the name, along with that of 1685\u00a0Toro. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center in May 1952 (M.P.C. 768).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013475-0000-0000", "contents": "1580 Dover Straits earthquake\nThough severe earthquakes in the north of France and Britain are rare, the 1580 Dover Straits earthquake appears to have been one of the largest in the recorded history of England, Flanders or northern France. Its effects started to be felt in London at around six o'clock in the evening of 6 April 1580, being Wednesday in the Easter week.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013475-0001-0000", "contents": "1580 Dover Straits earthquake, Location and magnitude\nA study undertaken during the design of the Channel Tunnel estimated the magnitude of the 1580 quake at 5.3\u20135.9 ML and its focal depth at 20\u201330\u00a0km, in the lower crust. The Channel Tunnel was therefore designed to withstand those tremors. Being relatively deep, the quake was felt over a large area and it is not certain where the epicentre was located. The Channel Tunnel study proposed three possible locations, two south of Calais and one offshore. The barycentre of the isoseismals with intensities IV to VII lies in the Boulonnais, 10\u00a0km east of Desvres, the barycentre of the VII isoseismal lies about 1\u00a0km northeast of Ardres, and the barycentre of the only pleistoseismal zone lies in the English Channel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 53], "content_span": [54, 766]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013475-0002-0000", "contents": "1580 Dover Straits earthquake, Location and magnitude\nThe British Geological Survey estimates the magnitude to be 5.7\u20135.8\u00a0ML.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 53], "content_span": [54, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013475-0003-0000", "contents": "1580 Dover Straits earthquake, Records\nThe earthquake is well recorded in contemporary documents, including the \"earthquake letter\" from Gabriel Harvey to Edmund Spenser mocking popular and academic methods of accounting for the tremors. It fell during Easter week, an omen-filled connection that was not lost on the servant-poet James Yates, who wrote ten stanzas on the topic:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013475-0004-0000", "contents": "1580 Dover Straits earthquake, Records\nYates' poem was printed in 1582 in The Castell of Courtesy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 98]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013475-0005-0000", "contents": "1580 Dover Straits earthquake, Records\nEnglish writer Thomas Churchyard, then aged 60, was in London when the quake struck and he drafted an immediate account which was published two days later. In his 2007 biography of Richard Hakluyt, historian Peter C. Mancall provides extensive extracts from Churchyard's 8 April 1580 pamphlet, A Warning to the Wyse, a Feare to the Fond, a Bridle to the Lewde, and a Glasse to the Good; written of the late Earthquake chanced in London and other places, the 6th of April, 1580, for the Glory of God and benefit of men, that warely can walk, and wisely judge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013475-0005-0001", "contents": "1580 Dover Straits earthquake, Records\nSet forth in verse and prose, by Thomas Churchyard, gentleman. Mancall notes that Churchyard's pamphlet provides a sense of immediacy so often lacking in retrospective writing. According to Churchyard, the quake could be felt across the city and well into the suburbs, as \"a wonderful motion and trembling of the earth\" shook London and \"Churches, Pallaces, houses, and other buildings did so quiver and shake, that such as were then present in the same were toosed too and fro as they stoode, and others, as they sate on seates, driven off their places.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013475-0006-0000", "contents": "1580 Dover Straits earthquake, Records\nThe English public was so eager to read about the quake that a few months later, Abraham Fleming was able to publish a collection of reports of the Easter Earthquake, including those written by Thomas Churchyard, Richard Tarlton (described as the writing clown of Shakespeare's day), Francis Schackleton, Arthur Golding, Thomas Twine, John Philippes, Robert Gittins, and John Grafton, as well as Fleming's own account. Published by Henry Denham on 27 June 1580, Fleming's pamphlet was titled: A Bright Burning Beacon, forewarning all wise Virgins to trim their lampes against the coming of the Bridegroome.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013475-0006-0001", "contents": "1580 Dover Straits earthquake, Records\nConteining A generall doctrine of sundrie signes and wonders, specially Earthquakes both particular and generall: A discourse of the end of this world: A commemoration of our late Earthquake, the 6 of April, about 6 of the clocke in the evening 1580. And a praier for the appeasing of Gods wrath and indignation. Newly translated and collected by Abraham Fleming.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013475-0007-0000", "contents": "1580 Dover Straits earthquake, Records\nShirley Collins cites ballad-writer Thomas Deloney as having written the broadside ballad \"Awake Awake\" about the earthquake, which she subsequently recorded on her 2016 album Lodestar. In the sleeve notes she states \"Awake Awake is a fascinating survival of the penitential song written in 1580 by ballad-writer Thomas Deloney, when the Great Earthquake in London toppled part of old St Paul's Cathedral, Deloney taking it as a sign of God's displeasure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013475-0007-0001", "contents": "1580 Dover Straits earthquake, Records\nOver three hundred years later, in 1909, Ralph Vaughan Williams noted down this version from the singing of Mrs Caroline Bridges of Pembridge and it's in Mary Ellen Leather's \u00a0(1912). A remarkable journey down through those many years.\" An adaptation of the original tune was subsequently put to the carol \"God Rest Ye Merry Gentlemen\" by Ralph Vaughan Williams.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013475-0008-0000", "contents": "1580 Dover Straits earthquake, Impact\nFarther from the coast, furniture danced on the floors and wine casks rolled off their stands. The belfry of Notre Dame de Lorette and several buildings at Lille collapsed. Stones fell from buildings in Arras, Douai, B\u00e9thune and Rouen. Windows cracked in the cathedral of Notre Dame at Pontoise, and blocks of stone dropped ominously from the vaulting. At Beauvais, the bells rang as though sounding the tocsin. Many deaths were reported from Saint-Amand-les-Eaux.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 37], "content_span": [38, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013475-0009-0000", "contents": "1580 Dover Straits earthquake, Impact\nIn Flanders, chimneys fell and cracks opened in the walls of Ghent and Oudenarde, killing several people. Peasants in the fields reported a low rumble and saw the ground roll in waves.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 37], "content_span": [38, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013475-0010-0000", "contents": "1580 Dover Straits earthquake, Impact\nOn the English coast, sections of wall fell in Dover and a landslip opened a raw new piece of the White Cliffs. At Sandwich a loud noise emanated from the Channel, as church arches cracked and the gable end of a transept fell at St Peter's Church. Near Hythe, Kent, Saltwood Castle\u2014made famous as the site where the plot was hatched in December 1170 to assassinate Thomas Becket \u2014 was rendered uninhabitable until it was repaired in the 19th century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 37], "content_span": [38, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013475-0011-0000", "contents": "1580 Dover Straits earthquake, Impact\nIn London, half a dozen chimney stacks and a pinnacle on Westminster Abbey came down; two children were killed by stones falling from the roof of Christ's Church Hospital. Indeed, many Puritans blamed the emerging theatre scene of the time in London, which was seen as the work of the Devil, as a cause of the quake. There was damage far inland, in Cambridgeshire, where stones fell from Ely Cathedral. Part of Stratford Castle in Essex collapsed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 37], "content_span": [38, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013475-0012-0000", "contents": "1580 Dover Straits earthquake, Impact\nIn Scotland, a local report of the quake disturbed the adolescent James VI, who was informed that it was the work of the Devil.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 37], "content_span": [38, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013475-0013-0000", "contents": "1580 Dover Straits earthquake, Impact\nThere were aftershocks. Before dawn the next morning, between 4 and 5 o'clock, further houses collapsed near Dover due to aftershocks, and a spate of further aftershocks was noticed in east Kent on 1\u20132 May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 37], "content_span": [38, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013475-0014-0000", "contents": "1580 Dover Straits earthquake, Other earthquakes in the Dover Straits\n198 years earlier there was a very similar event, the magnitude 5.8\u20136.0 1382 Dover Straits earthquake, with an estimated epicentre not far from that estimated for the 1580 event. Two later quakes in the Dover Strait, in 1776 and 1950, both thought to be around magnitude 4, were noted in the 1984 compilation by R.M.W. Musson, G. Neilson and P.W. Burton. None in this study occurred before 1727, but the same team devoted an article to the 1580 earthquake that year, the classic study.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 69], "content_span": [70, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013475-0015-0000", "contents": "1580 Dover Straits earthquake, Other earthquakes in the Dover Straits\nThe 2007 Kent earthquake was initially thought to have occurred in the Dover Straits, but later analysis showed it to have occurred directly under the town of Folkestone in Kent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 69], "content_span": [70, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013480-0000-0000", "contents": "1580 in Scotland\nEvents from the year 1580 in the Kingdom of Scotland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013484-0000-0000", "contents": "1580 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1580.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013485-0000-0000", "contents": "1580 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013486-0000-0000", "contents": "1580 in science\nThe year 1580 in science and technology included many events, some of which are listed here.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013487-0000-0000", "contents": "1580s\nThe 1580s decade ran from January 1, 1580, to December 31, 1589.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013488-0000-0000", "contents": "1580s BC\nThe 1580s BC was a decade lasting from January 1, 1589 BC to December 31, 1580 BC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 91]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013492-0000-0000", "contents": "1580s in the Southern Netherlands\nEvents from the 1580s in the Spanish Netherlands and Prince-bishopric of Li\u00e8ge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013492-0001-0000", "contents": "1580s in the Southern Netherlands, Incumbents, Habsburg Netherlands\nMonarch \u2013 Philip II, King of Spain and Duke of Brabant, of Luxembourg, etc.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 67], "content_span": [68, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013492-0002-0000", "contents": "1580s in the Southern Netherlands, Incumbents, Habsburg Netherlands\nGovernor General \u2013 Alexander Farnese, Prince (later Duke) of Parma", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 67], "content_span": [68, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013492-0003-0000", "contents": "1580s in the Southern Netherlands, Incumbents, Prince-Bishopric of Li\u00e8ge\nPrince-Bishop \u2013 Gerard van Groesbeeck to December 1580; Ernest of Bavaria from January 1581", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 72], "content_span": [73, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013493-0000-0000", "contents": "1581\n1581 (MDLXXXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) in the Julian calendar, and a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar) of the Proleptic Gregorian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013494-0000-0000", "contents": "1581 Abanderada\n1581 Abanderada, provisional designation 1950 LA1, is a dark Themistian asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 35 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 15 June 1950, by Argentine astronomer Miguel Itzigsohn at the La Plata Astronomical Observatory in La Plata, Argentina. The asteroid was named after Eva Per\u00f3n.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013494-0001-0000", "contents": "1581 Abanderada, Orbit and classification\nAbanderada is a Themistian asteroid that belongs to the Themis family (602), a very large family of carbonaceous asteroids, named after 24\u00a0Themis. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.8\u20133.5\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 7 months (2,049 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.12 and an inclination of 3\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013494-0002-0000", "contents": "1581 Abanderada, Orbit and classification\nThe asteroid was first identified as 1927 JD at Simeiz Observatory in May 1927. The body's observation arc begins with a precovery image taken at Lowell Observatory in September 1929, or almost 21 years prior to its official discovery observation at La Plata.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013494-0003-0000", "contents": "1581 Abanderada, Physical characteristics\nIn the Tholen classification, the asteroid's spectral type is ambiguous. It is closest to a bright carbonaceous B-type and somewhat similar to the common C-type asteroids. Tholen has also flagged the asteroid's spectra as \"unusual\" (BCU).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013494-0004-0000", "contents": "1581 Abanderada, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves\nIn March 2011, a rotational lightcurve of Abanderada was obtained from photometric observations by French amateur astronomers Pierre Antonini. The lightcurve with a period of 19.2 hours was later retracted due to its poor quality (U=n.a.). As of 2017, the body's effective rotation period, poles and shape remain unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 54], "content_span": [55, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013494-0005-0000", "contents": "1581 Abanderada, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Abanderada measures between 29.508 and 31.74 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.06 and 0.093, while the Japanese Akari satellite found a diameter of 36.49 kilometers with an albedo of 0.061.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 62], "content_span": [63, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013494-0006-0000", "contents": "1581 Abanderada, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the results obtained by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite, that is, an albedo of 0.0523 and a diameter of 39.28 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.85.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 62], "content_span": [63, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013494-0007-0000", "contents": "1581 Abanderada, Naming\nThis minor planet was named in after Eva Per\u00f3n (1919\u20131952), wife of President Juan Per\u00f3n (1895\u20131974) of Argentina. The name \"Abanderada\" may be translated from Spanish as \"woman with a banner\"\u2014an appellation frequently used in reference to her as a crusader for social and political change.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013494-0008-0000", "contents": "1581 Abanderada, Naming\nThe discoverer also named the asteroids 1569 Evita, 1582 Martir, 1588 Descamisada and 1589 Fanatica in tribute to Eva Per\u00f3n. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center in January 1953 (M.P.C. 877).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013499-0000-0000", "contents": "1581 in Scotland\nEvents from the year 1581 in the Kingdom of Scotland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013502-0000-0000", "contents": "1581 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1581.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013503-0000-0000", "contents": "1581 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013504-0000-0000", "contents": "1581 in science\nThe year 1581 in science and technology included the following notable events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 94]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013505-0000-0000", "contents": "15810 Arawn\n15810 Arawn, provisional designation 1994 JR1, is a trans-Neptunian object (TNO) from the inner regions of the Kuiper belt, approximately 133 kilometres (83\u00a0mi) in diameter. It belongs to the plutinos, the largest class of resonant TNOs. It was named after Arawn, the ruler of the Celtic underworld, and discovered on 12 May 1994, by astronomers Michael Irwin and Anna \u017bytkow with the 2.5-metre Isaac Newton Telescope at La Palma Observatory in the Canary Islands, Spain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013505-0001-0000", "contents": "15810 Arawn\nArawn is unique in that it has been observed at a much closer distance than most Kuiper belt objects, by the New Horizons spacecraft, which imaged it from a distance of 111\u00a0million\u00a0km (69\u00a0million\u00a0mi; 0.74\u00a0AU) in April 2016; this and its other observations have allowed its rotation period to be determined.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013505-0002-0000", "contents": "15810 Arawn, Orbit and physical properties\nArawn is moving in a relatively eccentric orbit entirely beyond the orbit of Neptune. With a semi-major axis of 39.4\u00a0AU, it orbits the Sun once every 247 years and 6 months (90,409 days). Its orbit has perihelion (closest approach to the Sun) of 34.7\u00a0AU, an aphelion (farthest distance from the Sun) of 44.1\u00a0AU, an eccentricity of 0.12 and an inclination of 4\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. It is a plutino, being trapped in a 2:3 mean motion resonance with Neptune, similarly to dwarf planet Pluto, the largest known plutino.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 42], "content_span": [43, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013505-0003-0000", "contents": "15810 Arawn, Orbit and physical properties\nIt measures approximately 133\u00a0km (83\u00a0mi) in diameter, based on an absolute magnitude of 7.6, and estimated albedo of 0.1. Observations by the Hubble Space Telescope show that Arawn has a very red surface. In April 2016, a rotation period of 5.47 hours was determined for this minor planet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 42], "content_span": [43, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013505-0004-0000", "contents": "15810 Arawn, Quasi-satellite dynamical state and orbital evolution\nIn 2012 Arawn was hypothesized to be in a quasi-satellite loop around Pluto, as part of a recurring pattern, becoming a Plutonian quasi-satellite every 2 Myr and remaining in that phase for nearly 350,000 years. Measurements made by the New Horizons probe in 2015 made it possible to calculate the motion of Arawn much more accurately. These calculations confirm the general dynamics described in the hypotheses. However, it is not agreed upon among astronomers whether Arawn should be classified as a quasi-satellite of Pluto based on this motion, since its orbit is primarily controlled by Neptune with only occasional smaller perturbations caused by Pluto.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 66], "content_span": [67, 726]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013505-0005-0000", "contents": "15810 Arawn, Origin\nArawn is moving in a very stable orbit, likely as stable as Pluto's. This suggests that it might be a primordial plutino formed around the same time Pluto itself and Charon came into existence. It is unlikely to be relatively recent debris originated in collisions within Pluto's system or a captured object.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013505-0006-0000", "contents": "15810 Arawn, Observation\nArawn is currently relatively close to Pluto. In 2017 it was only 2.7 AU from Pluto. Before 486958 Arrokoth was discovered in 2014, Arawn was the best known target for a flyby by the New Horizons spacecraft after its Pluto flyby in 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 24], "content_span": [25, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013505-0007-0000", "contents": "15810 Arawn, Observation\nArawn was one of the first objects targeted for distant observations by New Horizons, which were taken on 2 November 2015. More observations were made in April 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 24], "content_span": [25, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013505-0008-0000", "contents": "15810 Arawn, Observation\nOn 2 November 2015 Arawn was imaged by the LORRI instrument aboard New Horizons, making it the closest observation of a Kuiper belt object other than the Pluto\u2013Charon system by a factor of 15.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 24], "content_span": [25, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013505-0009-0000", "contents": "15810 Arawn, Observation\nBetween 7\u20138 April 2016, New Horizons imaged Arawn from a new record distance of about 111 million kilometers, using the LORRI instrument. The new images allowed the science team at Southwest Research Institute (SwRI) in Boulder, Colorado, to further pinpoint the location of Arawn to within 1000 kilometers. The new data also made it possible for scientists to observe Arawn's rotation period, which was determined to be 5.47 hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 24], "content_span": [25, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013506-0000-0000", "contents": "15811 N\u00fcsslein-Volhard\n15811 N\u00fcsslein-Volhard, provisional designation 1994 ND1, is a dark background asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 16 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 10 July 1994, by German astronomer Freimut B\u00f6rngen at the Karl Schwarzschild Observatory in Tautenburg, Germany. It was named for Nobelist Christiane N\u00fcsslein-Volhard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013506-0001-0000", "contents": "15811 N\u00fcsslein-Volhard, Orbit and classification\nN\u00fcsslein-Volhard orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.7\u20133.7\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 9 months (2,095 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.17 and an inclination of 10\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 48], "content_span": [49, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013506-0002-0000", "contents": "15811 N\u00fcsslein-Volhard, Orbit and classification\nThe asteroid's observation arc begins 39 years prior to its official discovery observation, with its first identification as 1955 SX1 at the Goethe Link Observatory in September 1955.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 48], "content_span": [49, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013506-0003-0000", "contents": "15811 N\u00fcsslein-Volhard, Physical characteristics\nAccording to the observations made by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, N\u00fcsslein-Volhard measures 15.2 and 16.2 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo of 0.062 and 0.067, respectively. A low albedo of 0.06 is typical for carbonaceous asteroids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 48], "content_span": [49, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013506-0004-0000", "contents": "15811 N\u00fcsslein-Volhard, Physical characteristics, Lightcurve\nAs of 2017, N\u00fcsslein-Volhard's actual composition, rotation period and shape remain unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 60], "content_span": [61, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013506-0005-0000", "contents": "15811 N\u00fcsslein-Volhard, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Christiane N\u00fcsslein-Volhard (born 1942), a German biologist who, together with Eric Wieschaus and Edward Lewis, won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1995. Her research identified the genes controlling the embryonic development for the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. The approved naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 26 May 2002 (M.P.C. 45748).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013507-0000-0000", "contents": "15817 Lucianotesi\n15817 Lucianotesi (or 1994 QC) is an Amor asteroid discovered on August 28, 1994, by A. Boattini and M. Tombelli at San Marcello Pistoiese.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013508-0000-0000", "contents": "1582\n1582 (MDLXXXII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar, and a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the proleptic Gregorian calendar, the 1582nd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 582nd year of the 2nd millennium, the 82nd year of the 16th century, and the 3rd year of the Proleptic 1580s decade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013508-0000-0001", "contents": "1582\nHowever, this year also saw the beginning of the Gregorian calendar switch, when the papal bull known as Inter gravissimas introduced the Gregorian calendar, adopted by Spain, Portugal, the Polish\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth and most of present-day Italy from the start. In these countries, the year continued as normal until Thursday, October 4. However, the next day became Friday, October 15 (like a common year starting on Friday), in those countries (France followed two months later, letting Sunday, December 9 be followed by Monday, December 20). Other countries continued using the Julian calendar, switching calendars in later years, and the complete conversion of the Gregorian calendar was not entirely done until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 731]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013509-0000-0000", "contents": "1582 Ancuancu earthquake\nOn April 2, 1582, Ancuancu (in present-day La Paz Department, Bolivia) was struck by an earthquake, that reportedly buried all of the inhabitants except for one chief who reportedly lost the ability to speak. In the place where the village had stood, the Jacha Kalla (Achocalla) valley was formed as a result of the earthquake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013510-0000-0000", "contents": "1582 Cagayan battles\nThe 1582 Cagayan battles were a series of clashes between the forces of the Spanish Philippines led by Captain Juan Pablo de Carri\u00f3n and wokou (possibly led by Japanese pirates) headed by Tay Fusa. These battles, which took place in the vicinity of the Cagayan River, finally resulted in a Spanish victory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013510-0001-0000", "contents": "1582 Cagayan battles\nThis event is a recorded battle between European soldiers and sailors against Japanese pirates, which followed similar events like the battles of Manila and Fukuda Bay. The clash pitted Spanish musketeers, pikemen, rodeleros and sailors assisted by allied native warriors against a larger group of Japanese, Chinese, and likely native Filipino pirates made up of r\u014dnin, soldiers, fishermen, and merchants (smugglers and legitimate). The pirates had a large junk, and 18 sampans which are flat bottomed, wooden fishing boats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013510-0002-0000", "contents": "1582 Cagayan battles, Prelude\nAround 1573, the Japanese began to exchange gold for silver on the Philippine island of Luzon, especially in the provinces of Cagayan, Metro Manila, and Pangasinan, specifically the Lingayen area. In 1580, however, a ragtag group of pirates forced the natives of Cagayan into submission. These raiders were called Wokou.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013510-0003-0000", "contents": "1582 Cagayan battles, Prelude\nIn response, the Governor-General of the Philippines Gonzalo Ronquillo commissioned Juan Pablo de Carri\u00f3n, hidalgo and a captain of the Spanish navy, to deal with the piracy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013510-0004-0000", "contents": "1582 Cagayan battles, Prelude\nRonquillo wrote to King Philip II on 16 June 1582:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 80]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013510-0005-0000", "contents": "1582 Cagayan battles, Prelude\nLos japoneses son la gente m\u00e1s belicosa que hay por ac\u00e1. Traen artiller\u00eda y mucha arcabucer\u00eda y piquer\u00eda. Usan armas defensivas para el cuerpo. Lo cual todo lo tienen por industria de portugeses, que se lo han mostrado para da\u00f1o de sus \u00e1nimas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013510-0006-0000", "contents": "1582 Cagayan battles, Prelude\nThe Japanese are the most belligerent people here. They bring artillery and many arquebusiers and pikemen. They wear body armor. All provided from the works of the Portuguese, whom they have shown to them for the detriment of their souls (sic) ...", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013510-0007-0000", "contents": "1582 Cagayan battles, Prelude\nCarri\u00f3n took the initiative and shelled a Wokou ship, possibly of Chinese manufacture, in the South China Sea, removing it from action. A retaliation came from Tay Fusa, who sailed toward the Philippine archipelago with a fleet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013510-0008-0000", "contents": "1582 Cagayan battles, Opposing forces\nThe Wokou fleet was composed of one junk and 18 sampans. Although their numbers were composed of Japanese, Chinese, and Philippine raiders, the name of their leader suggests the Japanese led their fleet. Spanish sources record it as Tay Fusa, which does not correspond to a Japanese name but could be a transliteration of Taifu-sama, with taifu (\u5927\u592b) being a word for a Japanese medieval chieftain, also pronounced as t\u0101i-hu in Hokkien Chinese, or d\u00e0f\u016b in Mandarin Standard Chinese. They carried not only bladed weapons, but also muskets, which had been provided by the Portuguese.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 37], "content_span": [38, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013510-0009-0000", "contents": "1582 Cagayan battles, Opposing forces\nTo counter this, Carri\u00f3n gathered forty soldiers and seven boats: five small support vessels, a light ship (San Yusepe), and a galleon (La Capitana), with their respective crews. Though lesser in numbers, the Spanish were advantaged by their greater experience with firearms than the pirates, as well as the superior quality of their armor and weaponry. Some Chinese sources claim that the Japanese pirates were not very good at firing their muskets, which is believed to be due to a shortage of good powder. However, during the Japanese invasions of Korea (1592\u201398), the Japanese musketeers had significant superiority in accuracy and range against Korean archers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 37], "content_span": [38, 703]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013510-0010-0000", "contents": "1582 Cagayan battles, Battle\nAs they passed the Cape Bojeador, the Spanish flotilla encountered a heavy Wokou sampan. It had recently arrived at the coast and its sailors were abusing the native population. Carri\u00f3n, although outnumbered by the Wokou, engaged in naval battle with the sampan, eventually boarding it. The Spanish rodeleros then encountered armored Japanese Wokou wielding swords. Though initially successful, the Spanish soldiers were repelled back to their own ship, whose deck became a battlefield.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 28], "content_span": [29, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013510-0010-0001", "contents": "1582 Cagayan battles, Battle\nEventually the Spanish turned the battle again in their favor by improvising a parapet with Spanish pikemen at front and arquebusiers and musketeers at the rear, thanks to the well-timed reinforcement of the rest of the fleet. The Wokou abandoned the ships and swam away, with some of them drowning due to the weight of their armor. The Spanish had suffered their first casualties, among them the galley's captain Pero Lucas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 28], "content_span": [29, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013510-0011-0000", "contents": "1582 Cagayan battles, Battle\nThe flotilla continued down the Cagay\u00e1n River, finding a fleet of eighteen sampans and a Wokou fort erected inland. The Spanish fleet forced their way through using artillery and disembarked onshore. They dug in, assembling the artillery unloaded from the galleon in the trenches, and continually bombarded the pirates. The Wokou decided to negotiate a surrender and Carri\u00f3n ordered them to leave Luzon. The pirates asked for gold in compensation for the losses they would suffer if they left, which was denied outright by Carri\u00f3n. After this, the Wokou decided to attack by land with a force of some six hundred strong.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 28], "content_span": [29, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013510-0012-0000", "contents": "1582 Cagayan battles, Battle\nThe Spanish trenches, manned by both soldiers and sailors, endured a first assault, then another. In response to their pikes being seized by the Wokou soldiers, the Spanish oiled the shafts of their pikes in order to make them difficult to grasp. The Spanish were running low on gun powder by the third attack, which became a close-quarters fight that almost breached the trenches. Finally, with the Wokou assaults diminishing, the Spanish emerged from the trenches and attacked, routing the remaining Wokou. They then plundered the Wokou weapons left on the battlefield, which included katanas and armor, and kept them as trophies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 28], "content_span": [29, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013510-0013-0000", "contents": "1582 Cagayan battles, Aftermath\nWith the region pacified, and the arrival of reinforcements, Carri\u00f3n founded the city of Nueva Segovia (now Lal-lo). Pirate activity was sparse afterwards, although the impression left by the fierceness of the battle led the local Spanish viceroy to request more troops. The commercial activity near Cagayan was focused in Lingayen Bay, in Pangasinan, on the port of Agoo and consisted principally of deerskin trade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013511-0000-0000", "contents": "1582 Martir\n1582 Martir, provisional designation 1950 LY, is a carbonaceous background asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 37 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 15 June 1950, by  Argentine astronomer Miguel Itzigsohn at the La Plata Astronomical Observatory in Argentina. The asteroid was named after the First Lady of Argentina, Eva Per\u00f3n.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013511-0001-0000", "contents": "1582 Martir, Orbit and classification\nMartir is a background asteroid that does not belong to any known asteroid family. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.8\u20133.6\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 7 months (2,047 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.13 and an inclination of 12\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at the discovering observatory with its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013511-0002-0000", "contents": "1582 Martir, Physical characteristics\nMartir has been characterized as a carbonaceous C-type asteroid by PanSTARRS photometric survey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013511-0003-0000", "contents": "1582 Martir, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn May 2000, a rotational lightcurve of Martir was obtained from photometric observations by American astronomer Brian Warner at his Palmer Divide Observatory (716) in Colorado. After a review of the previous lightcurve analysis, a half-period solution with a fit on a monomodal lightcurve gave a revised rotation period of 9.84 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.31 magnitude (U=2). This result supersedes two previous analysis that gave a period of 15.665 and 15.757 hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 54], "content_span": [55, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013511-0004-0000", "contents": "1582 Martir, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Martir measures between 34.42 and 39.969 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.038 and 0.060.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013511-0005-0000", "contents": "1582 Martir, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0435 and a diameter of 36.69 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013511-0006-0000", "contents": "1582 Martir, Naming\nThis minor planet was named in homage to the First Lady of Argentina, Eva Per\u00f3n (1919\u20131952). The name translates from Spanish to \"martyr\" and refers to her efforts towards social justice. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center in January 1953 (M.P.C. 877). The discoverer also named the asteroids 1569 Evita, 1581 Abanderada, 1588 Descamisada and 1589 Fanatica in tribute to Per\u00f3n.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013514-0000-0000", "contents": "1582 in Scotland\nEvents from the year 1582 in the Kingdom of Scotland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013516-0000-0000", "contents": "1582 in literature\nThis article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1582.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013517-0000-0000", "contents": "1582 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013518-0000-0000", "contents": "1582 in science\nThe year 1582 in science and technology included a number of events, some of which are listed here. This year sees the introduction of the Gregorian calendar, promulgated by Pope Gregory XIII in the Papal bull Inter gravissimas on February 24 and based largely on the work of Christopher Clavius. Under the Habsburg Monarchy in Spain, Portugal and Italy, together with the Polish\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth, the year continues under the Julian calendar as normal until Thursday October 4, the next day becoming Friday October 15; France follows two months later, letting Sunday December 9 be followed by Monday December 20. Other countries switch in later years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 675]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013519-0000-0000", "contents": "1583\n1583 (MDLXXXIII) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar. As of the start of 1583, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013520-0000-0000", "contents": "1583 Antilochus\n1583 Antilochus /\u00e6n\u02c8t\u026al\u0259k\u0259s/ is a large Jupiter trojan from the Greek camp, approximately 108 kilometers (67 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 19 September 1950, by Belgian astronomer Sylvain Arend at Uccle Observatory in Belgium, and later named after the hero Antilochus from Greek mythology. The dark D-type asteroid belongs to the 20 largest Jupiter trojans and has a rotation period of 15.9 hours. It forms an asteroid pair with 3801 Thrasymedes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013520-0001-0000", "contents": "1583 Antilochus, Classification and orbit\nAntilochus is a dark Jovian asteroid orbiting in the leading Greek camp at Jupiter's L4 Lagrangian point, 60\u00b0 ahead of its orbit in a 1:1 resonance (see Trojans in astronomy). It is also a non-family asteroid in the Jovian background population.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013520-0002-0000", "contents": "1583 Antilochus, Classification and orbit\nIt orbits the Sun at a distance of 4.9\u20135.4\u00a0AU once every 11 years and 7 months (4,244 days; semi-major axis of 5.13\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.05 and an inclination of 29\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroid was first observed as 1926 VF at Heidelberg Observatory in November 1926. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Uccle in September 1950.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013520-0003-0000", "contents": "1583 Antilochus, Classification and orbit, Asteroid pair\nIn 1993, Andrea Milani suggested that Antilochus  forms an asteroid pair with 3801\u00a0Thrasymedes, using the hierarchical clustering method (HCM), which looks for groupings of neighboring asteroids based on the smallest distances between them in the proper orbital element space. Asteroid pairs, which at some point in the past had very small relative velocities, are typically formed by a collisional break-up of a parent body. Alternatively, they may have been former binary asteroids which became gravitationally unbound and are now following similar but different orbits around the Sun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 56], "content_span": [57, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013520-0004-0000", "contents": "1583 Antilochus, Classification and orbit, Asteroid pair\nThe astronomer describes the finding as statistically significant though difficult to account for by a regular collisional event. The Antilochus\u2013Thrasymedes pair is not listed at the Johnston's archive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 56], "content_span": [57, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013520-0005-0000", "contents": "1583 Antilochus, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after prince Antilochus from Greek mythology. He was the youngest son of King Nestor (659 Nestor), close friend of Greek hero Achilles (588 Achilles) and commander of the Greek contingent of the Pylians during the Trojan War. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center in May 1952 (M.P.C. 770).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013520-0006-0000", "contents": "1583 Antilochus, Physical characteristics\nIn the Tholen, Barucci and Tesco classification, Antilochus is a dark D-type asteroid, with a V\u2013I color index of 0.95. The D-type is the most common spectral type among the Jupiter trojans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013520-0007-0000", "contents": "1583 Antilochus, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn December 2009 and June 2016, rotational lightcurves of Antilochus were obtained from photometric observations by American astronomer Robert Stephens at the Santana Observatory (646) and at the Center for Solar System Studies (CS3) in California. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 31.52 and 31.54 hours with an amplitude of 0.09 and 0.11 magnitude, respectively (U=2/2). Follow-up observations over a total of 11 nights by Stephens in August 2017 gave the so-far best-rated lightcurve with a period of 15.889\u00b10.005 hours \u2013 which corresponds to half the period solution of the former results \u2013 and a slightly higher brightness variation of 0.12 magnitude (U=2+).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 58], "content_span": [59, 734]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013520-0008-0000", "contents": "1583 Antilochus, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nStephen's period determination supersedes previously reported results by Vincenzo Zappal\u00e0 (1985; 12\u00a0h), Federico Manzini (2007; 12\u00a0h) and Ren\u00e9 Roy (2009; 22.5\u00a0h) (U=3\u2212/3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 58], "content_span": [59, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013520-0009-0000", "contents": "1583 Antilochus, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Antilochus measures between 101.62 and 111.69 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.053 and 0.063. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the results obtained by IRAS, that is, an albedo of 0.0633 and a diameter of 101.62 kilometers, with Pravec's revised absolute magnitude of 8.59.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 62], "content_span": [63, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013520-0010-0000", "contents": "1583 Antilochus, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nNote: missing data was completed with figures from the JPL SBDB () and from the LCDB () for the WISE/NEOWISE and SIMPS catalogs, respectively. These figures are given in italics. Also, listing is incomplete above #100.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 62], "content_span": [63, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013524-0000-0000", "contents": "1583 in Scotland\nEvents from the year 1583 in the Kingdom of Scotland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013527-0000-0000", "contents": "1583 in literature\nThis article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1583.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013528-0000-0000", "contents": "1583 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013529-0000-0000", "contents": "1583 in science\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by BHGbot (talk | contribs) at 12:38, 18 June 2020 (WP:BHGbot 6 (List 5): fixed sort key; WP:GENFIXES). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013529-0001-0000", "contents": "1583 in science\nThe year 1583 in science and technology included a number of events, some of which are listed here.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013530-0000-0000", "contents": "1584\n1584 (MDLXXXIV) was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. As of the start of 1584, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013531-0000-0000", "contents": "1584 AM\nCopies of the World Radio TV Handbook (including the 1991 edition) have identified 1584 kHz as a local frequency, akin to the Class C (former Class IV) radio stations in North America which are limited to 1kW.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013531-0001-0000", "contents": "1584 AM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1584 kHz:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 72]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013535-0000-0000", "contents": "1584 in Scotland\nEvents from the year 1584 in the Kingdom of Scotland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013538-0000-0000", "contents": "1584 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1584.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013539-0000-0000", "contents": "1584 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013540-0000-0000", "contents": "1584 in science\nThe year 1584 in science and technology included many events, some of which are listed here.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013541-0000-0000", "contents": "1585\n1585 (MDLXXXV) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar. As of the start of 1585, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013542-0000-0000", "contents": "1585 Aleutian Islands earthquake\nThe 1585 Aleutian Islands earthquake is the source of a vaguely\u2013described tsunami along the Sanriku coast of Japan on June 11, 1585. The event was misdated to 1586 and thought to be generated by the 1586 Lima\u2013Callao earthquake. The misdating also led to it being attributed with the deadly 1586 Tensh\u014d earthquake (ja) (which occurred in the same year as the Peru earthquake). The source earthquake is now determined to be along the Aleutian Islands. Evidence from tsunami deposit and coral rocks in Hawaii led to the inference that this was a large megathrust earthquake occurring on the Aleutian subduction zone with a moment magnitude (Mw\u202f) as large as 9.25.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 693]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013542-0001-0000", "contents": "1585 Aleutian Islands earthquake, Background\nIn 1586, a legend describing a wave, measuring up to two meters, struck near Tokura village in the Motoyoshi District of Miyagi Prefecture. The tsunami is also dubbed the \"orphan tsunami\" or \"ghost tsunami\" due to the uncertainties regarding the tsunami event.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013542-0002-0000", "contents": "1585 Aleutian Islands earthquake, Background, Tsunami event\nAccording to Kenji Satake, a Japanese seismologist, the legend of the 1586 tsunami should be disregarded because it was a false event. There were also no historical documentation of a tsunami striking the Sanriku coast in that year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 59], "content_span": [60, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013542-0003-0000", "contents": "1585 Aleutian Islands earthquake, Background, Tsunami event\nIn the aftermath of the deadly 1960 Valdivia earthquake and associated tsunami in Japan, Seishi Ninomiya, a researcher at Tohoku University gathered historical accounts of tsunamis in the Sanriku coasts and matched up the 1586 tsunami with a corresponding earthquake in Peru on July 9 that same year. The 8.1 Mw\u202f Peru earthquake of 1586 ruptured an estimated 175-km-long section of the Peru-Chile megathrust. Historical descriptions of the tsunami in Callao found two very different height, 3.7 meters and 24 meters. A more accurate estimation for the 1586 Peru tsunami is 5 meters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 59], "content_span": [60, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013542-0003-0001", "contents": "1585 Aleutian Islands earthquake, Background, Tsunami event\nThe latter was determined to be an exaggeration of the tsunami height after much evaluation. Furthermore, modelling of the Peru tsunami by a group of researchers in 2006 turned out unsuccessful in accurately matching the historical descriptions of the wave heights in Peru and Japan. Large Chilean-sourced tsunamis have been reported in Japan due to the orientation of the tsunami source, but Peru-sourced tsunamis are mostly weaker because they are not directed towards Japan, proving that the claim of a Peru tsunami in Japan is incorrect.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 59], "content_span": [60, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013542-0004-0000", "contents": "1585 Aleutian Islands earthquake, Background, Tsunami event\nIn another tsunami catalog compiled after the 1933 Sanriku earthquake, the author referenced a 1903 publication which stated that a tsunami occurred on June 11, 1585, or Tensho 13th year, 5th month and 14th day. Meanwhile, another tsunami event on January 18, 1586, was recorded, possibly associated with the 1586 Tensh\u014d earthquake (ja). Because the Tensho earthquake occurred in 1586, the Sanriku tsunami was incorrectly dated to 1586, coincidentally matching the Peru quake as well.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 59], "content_span": [60, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013542-0005-0000", "contents": "1585 Aleutian Islands earthquake, Background, Hawaiian culture\nThe Hawaiian Islands have been known to be hit with large, distant-sourced tsunamis and locally sourced megatsunamis. The last known megatsunami occurred more than 10,000 years ago. Throughout the Holocene, tsunamis have repeatedly struck the islands leaving behind evidence of inundation in the form of deposits. Historical legends passed down by the natives have also described tsunamis hitting the island. One of these tsunamis struck K\u0101ne\u2018ohe Bay on the island of Oahu. Archaeological and historical evidences showed that the tsunami occurred sometime between 1040 and 1280 A.D.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 62], "content_span": [63, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013542-0006-0000", "contents": "1585 Aleutian Islands earthquake, Background, Hawaiian culture\nA chant composed between 1500 and 1600 described a tsunami-like event occurring on the western coast of Molokai. The chant is believed to be the oldest record of a tsunami in Hawaii. The chant goes:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 62], "content_span": [63, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013542-0007-0000", "contents": "1585 Aleutian Islands earthquake, Background, Hawaiian culture\n\"The sun shines brightly at Kalaeola which sank into the sea. A huge wave came and killed its inhabitants, scattering them and leaving only Papala'au; their cries are all about.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 62], "content_span": [63, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013542-0008-0000", "contents": "1585 Aleutian Islands earthquake, Tectonic setting\nThe Aleutian Islands lie near a convergent plate boundary where the Pacific Plate meets the North American Plate. The location where the plates converge is marked on the ocean floor by the Aleutian Trench. The Pacific Plate dives beneath the North American Plate along the Aleutian subduction zone which extends for approximately 4,000\u00a0km. The subduction zone is a large thrust fault capable of generating large megathrust earthquakes, sometimes tsunamigenic. The 1946 Aleutian Islands earthquake and 1964 Alaska earthquake, measuring 8.6 Mw\u202f and 9.2 Mw\u202f respectively are examples of earthquakes on the subduction zone, both resulted in devastating tsunamis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 709]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013542-0009-0000", "contents": "1585 Aleutian Islands earthquake, Evidence, Hawaii\nA study of the northwestern coast of Kaua\u2018i in 2002 discovered evidence of a large tsunami in a layer of buried sand, similar to the tsunami deposits found after the 1946 Aleutian Islands earthquake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013542-0010-0000", "contents": "1585 Aleutian Islands earthquake, Evidence, Hawaii\nEarlier in 2001, at Makauwahi Sinkhole in the Makauwahi Cave complex, on the southern coast of Kaua\u2018i, researchers uncovered a 0.8 to 1-meter layer of deposit during an excavation of the site. The sinkhole is 30 to 35 meters wide and walls 6 to 25 meters high. The allochthonous deposit, consisting of stones and fragmented aeolianite were sourced from a distant location, confirming the occurrence of a major tsunami-like event in the Hawaiian Islands. The state of these boulders, cobbles, gravel, and sand, severely fractured and angular, concluded that they formed during one intense event. Dating of the deposits presented a time period of 1430\u20131665\u2009A.D..", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 711]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013542-0011-0000", "contents": "1585 Aleutian Islands earthquake, Evidence, Hawaii\nIn a 2014 study of the site led by Rhett Butler, researchers from the University of Hawai\u02bbi at M\u0101noa, National Tropical Botanical Garden and Pacific Tsunami Warning Center found the same deposit, 0.8 meters thick. They also measured the bottom of the sinkhole at 7.2 meters above the mean sea level, and location of the sinkhole 100 meters from the coast. The deposit volume is also estimated to be 600 square meters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013542-0012-0000", "contents": "1585 Aleutian Islands earthquake, Evidence, Hawaii\nBased on the location in which the deposit was found, the tsunami must be a very significant event. The layer deposited in the sinkhole was sourced by a tsunami much larger than anything generated by the largest Pacific earthquakes. The largest run-up height in modern times was from the 1960 Valdivia earthquake which tsunami run-up measured 3 meters. None of the recent tsunamis have been able to reach and inundate the Makauwahi Sinkhole, which lies 7.2 meters above sea level at a distance of 100 meters from the shore.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013542-0013-0000", "contents": "1585 Aleutian Islands earthquake, Evidence, Hawaii\nAnother research in 2017 revisited the site of the sinkhole to radiocarbon date plant materials in the deposit and found that the tsunami inundation occurred between 1425 and 1660 A.D. Together with the required tsunami run-up heights, the tsunami may have been associated with the misdated Sanriku tsunami of 1586.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013542-0014-0000", "contents": "1585 Aleutian Islands earthquake, Evidence, Japan\nThe Sanriku orphan tsunami may have been associated with deposited materials in near Sendai City, Miyagi which could not be explained by nearby earthquakes. Inscriptions on a monument at Tokura village, said that the tsunami struck the northeastern coast of Japan with a height of 1 to 2 meters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 49], "content_span": [50, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013542-0015-0000", "contents": "1585 Aleutian Islands earthquake, Evidence, Cascadia\nThere is paleotsunami evidence in nine locations in Oregon, Washington and British Columbia to show that a tsunami occurred near the Cascadia subduction zone prior to the 1700 event. The next prior event in Cascadia was a less energetic tsunami event inferred to have taken place between 1402 and 1502, with an uncertainty of \u00b1 20 years. This rules out Cascadia as the cause of the 1585 tsunami. Dating of the event however, strongly supported the Aleutian Islands as being the tsunami source.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 52], "content_span": [53, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013542-0016-0000", "contents": "1585 Aleutian Islands earthquake, Evidence, South America\nThe closest known historical earthquakes to 1585 to 1586 were the 1604 Arica, 1587 Guayllabamba and 1575 Valdivia earthquakes, which all generated tsunamis along the South American coast. However, no tsunamis from these events were ever measured on the Japanese coasts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 57], "content_span": [58, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013542-0017-0000", "contents": "1585 Aleutian Islands earthquake, Evidence, Aleutian Islands\nPaleotsunami studies on Sedanka Island near Amaknak Island found five large tsunami events before 1957. One of these tsunami deposits was found up to one kilometer inland and up to 18 meters above sea level. This tsunami event has been dated at 1530\u20131665\u2009A.D.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 60], "content_span": [61, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013542-0018-0000", "contents": "1585 Aleutian Islands earthquake, Earthquake\nIn the same 2014 study led by Butler, researchers simulated the tsunami from a 9.25 Mw earthquake in the eastern Aleutian Islands, west of the 1946 earthquake rupture. The rupture area is 100\u00a0km by 600\u00a0km with an average slip of 35 meters on the megathrust. Their model was found to be sufficient enough to inundate the sinkhole. Along the Pacific Northwest coast, the tsunami measured a maximum of 9 meters while the mean height was 3.5 meters. The orientation of the megathrust with respect to the Hawaiian Islands allowed for much directivity of the tsunami energy. The results of the model did not rule out the possibility of other distant tsunami source locations. However, such events would have to greatly exceed the fault slip seen in other historically large events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 820]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013542-0019-0000", "contents": "1585 Aleutian Islands earthquake, Future threat\nAt least 24 to 40\u2009meters of slip has been accumulated since the earthquake of 1585 and it is possible for another event of a similar magnitude to occur. If a tsunami was generated, it would require just 4.5 hours of travel time to reach the Hawaiian Islands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 47], "content_span": [48, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013543-0000-0000", "contents": "1585 Ottoman expedition against the Druze\nThe 1585 Ottoman expedition against the Druze, also called the 1585 Ottoman invasion of the Shuf, was an Ottoman military campaign led by Ibrahim Pasha against the Druze and other chieftains of Mount Lebanon and its environs, then a part of the Sidon-Beirut Sanjak of the province of Damascus Eyalet. It had been traditionally considered the direct consequence of a raid by bandits in Akkar against the tribute caravan of Ibrahim Pasha, then Egypt's outgoing governor, who was on his way to Constantinople. Modern research indicates that the tribute caravan arrived intact and that the expedition was instead the culmination of Ottoman attempts to subjugate the Druze and other tribal groups in Mount Lebanon dating from 1518.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 768]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013543-0001-0000", "contents": "1585 Ottoman expedition against the Druze\nIn 1523\u20131524 dozens of Druze villages were burned in the Chouf area and hundreds of Druze were killed or captured by the governor Khurram Pasha, after which a period of peace ensued. Tensions resumed in the 1560s as Druze and non-Druze local dynasties, particularly the Ma'ns, Assafs and Shihabs, acquired large quantities of prohibited firearms, which were often superior to those possessed by government troops. Military action by the Ottoman governors of Damascus in the 1570s failed to disarm the chiefs and the general population or collect tax arrears, which had been building up from the 1560s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013543-0002-0000", "contents": "1585 Ottoman expedition against the Druze\nIbrahim Pasha was appointed to \"rectify the situation\" in the Levant in 1583 and launched the expedition against the Druze of Mount Lebanon in the summer of 1585 as a Porte-ordered diversion from his Constantinople-bound caravan. He mobilized about 20,000 soldiers, including the Janissaries of Egypt and Damascus, as well as local chieftains, namely the Bedouin Mansur ibn Furaykh and Druze rivals of the Ma'ns. Hundreds of Druze rebels were slain, thousands of muskets were confiscated and large sums of money were collected as tax arrears by Ibrahim Pasha. The Ma'nid chief Qurqumaz, one of the principal targets of the expedition, died in hiding after refusing to surrender.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 720]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013543-0003-0000", "contents": "1585 Ottoman expedition against the Druze\nThe following year the governor of Damascus, Ali Pasha, captured the chieftains of the local Assaf, Harfush, Tanukh and Furaykh dynasties and sent them to Constantinople. They were afterward returned to their home regions and confirmed in their tax farms. The expedition and its aftermath marked a turning point in Ottoman governance of the Levant as local chieftains were thenceforth frequently appointed as sanjak-beys (district governors). One such governor was a son of Qurqumaz, Fakhr al-Din II, who became the most powerful local force in the Levant from his appointments to the sanjaks of Sidon-Beirut and Safad in the 1590s and 1602, respectively, until his downfall in 1633.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 725]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013543-0004-0000", "contents": "1585 Ottoman expedition against the Druze, Sources\nThe source used for the 1585 expedition by 19th-century chroniclers from Mount Lebanon and modern historians was the account of the Maronite patriarch and historian Istifan al-Duwayhi, which dates to c.\u20091668. Duwayhi's version attributes the cause of the campaign to a raid of the Constantinople-bound tribute caravan of Egypt's governor Ibrahim Pasha by bandits in Jun Akkar, a coastal area north of Tripoli. Duwayhi's account was reproduced almost identically by the 19th-century, Lebanon-based chroniclers Haydar al-Shihabi (d. 1835) and Tannus al-Shidyaq (d. 1859).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 50], "content_span": [51, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013543-0004-0001", "contents": "1585 Ottoman expedition against the Druze, Sources\nTheir accounts were the principal source used for the event by the modern historians Peter Malcolm Holt, Abdul Karim Rafeq, Kamal Salibi and Muhammad Adnan Bakhit. The year of the caravan raid was cited as 1584 by Duwayhi, and then by Rafeq, Salibi and Bakhit, while Shihabi, and in turn Holt, placed the raid in 1585.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 50], "content_span": [51, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013543-0005-0000", "contents": "1585 Ottoman expedition against the Druze, Sources\nModern research by the historian Abdul-Rahim Abu-Husayn in the 1980s suggests that the Jun Akkar raid did not occur and that successive government\u2013Druze hostilities from the 1520s onward culminated with the 1585 government expedition. Abu-Husayn based his reassessment of the events on contemporary and near contemporary sources, namely Ottoman government records, the accounts of the Ottoman historian Mustafa Selaniki (d. 1600), the Italian historian and traveller Giovanni Tomasso Minadoi (d. 1615) and the Damascene historians Shams al-Din Muhammad ibn Tulun (d. 1576), al-Hasan al-Burini (d. 1615) and Ahmad al-Qaramani (fl. 1580s\u20131600s).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 50], "content_span": [51, 694]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013543-0006-0000", "contents": "1585 Ottoman expedition against the Druze, Background\nThe Ottoman Empire conquered the Levant from the Mamluks following the Battle of Marj Dabiq near Aleppo in 1516. The Ottoman sultan Selim I largely preserved the Mamluk governing structures and officials of the region. His beylerbey (provincial governor) over Damascus, Janbirdi al-Ghazali, had served the same role under the Mamluks. After Janbirdi declared himself sultan following Selim's death in 1520, the Ottomans stamped out his revolt and began to incorporate the Levant more firmly into the empire's structures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 53], "content_span": [54, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013543-0006-0001", "contents": "1585 Ottoman expedition against the Druze, Background\nThe most significant challenge for the Sublime Porte (imperial Ottoman government in Constantinople) in the Levant had been the subjugation of its eastern desert and western mountainous peripheries. Selim had entrusted the pacification of Bedouin tribes and the security of the Hajj pilgrimage route between Damascus and Mecca to the powerful Sunni Muslim Bedouin dynasties of the Beqaa Valley and Jabal Nablus, the Hanash and Tarabay, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 53], "content_span": [54, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013543-0007-0000", "contents": "1585 Ottoman expedition against the Druze, Background\nThe area of Mount Lebanon and the port towns of Sidon and Beirut became administratively part of the Sidon-Beirut Sanjak, a district of Damascus Eyalet. Sidon-Beirut was divided into the nahiyas (subdistricts) of Beirut and Sidon along the coast, and the following nine nahiyas in the mountainous parts of the sanjak: from north to south, the Keserwan, the Matn, the Jurd, the Gharb, Iqlim al-Kharrub, three nahiyas collectively known as the Chouf and Iqlim al-Tuffah.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 53], "content_span": [54, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013543-0007-0001", "contents": "1585 Ottoman expedition against the Druze, Background\nThe nahiyas of the Matn, the Jurd, the Gharb and the Chouf were predominantly inhabited by Druze, followers of an 11th-century offshoot of Isma'ili Shia Islam. The Druze peasant tribesmen of southern Mount Lebanon proved challenging for the authorities to pacify, and a provincial law code from Sultan Suleiman's reign (1520\u20131566) referenced them as a \"misguided folk where each follows his own cult\" and from whom tax collection was difficult.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 53], "content_span": [54, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013543-0008-0000", "contents": "1585 Ottoman expedition against the Druze, Background\nThe Druze were officially considered Muslims by the Ottomans for taxation purposes, though they were not viewed as genuine Muslims by the authorities or the Sunni Muslim ulema (religious establishment). Members of the community had to pretend to be of the Sunni Muslim faith to attain any official post, were occasionally forced to pay the jizya (poll tax) reserved for Christians and Jews, and were the target of condemnatory treatises and fatwas (edicts) by the ulema of Damascus. The Druze were likewise suspicious of the Ottomans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 53], "content_span": [54, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013543-0008-0001", "contents": "1585 Ottoman expedition against the Druze, Background\nIn their consistent efforts to counter their incorporation into the administrative and fiscal system, the Druze benefited from a rugged terrain, possession of firearms and sectarian and tribal cohesion, making it difficult to impose government authority in the Druze areas. Consequently, the Ottoman presence in the Druze areas, as well as the non-Druze nahiyas of Sidon-Beirut, was negligible for much of the 16th and 17th centuries, during which time local chieftains, Druze and Muslim alike, governed the area through iltizam (limited-term tax farms). Ostensibly, the appointed holders of iltizams, called multazims, were to remit taxes to the government and undertake official military duties; the local multazims did neither and were more powerful than the occasional government-appointed sanjak-bey (district governor).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 53], "content_span": [54, 879]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013543-0009-0000", "contents": "1585 Ottoman expedition against the Druze, Background, Druze\u2013Ottoman hostilities before 1585\nThe first known government action against the Druze occurred in 1518 during the rebellion of Nasir al-Din, the Hanash chieftain and the sanjak-bey of Sidon-Beirut, against Selim. The rebellion was suppressed by Janbirdi, who arrested and executed Nasir al-Din and captured the latter's Druze allies, the chiefs Qurqumaz, Zayn al-Din and Alam al-Din Sulayman from the Chouf-based Ma'n family and Sharaf al-Din Yahya of the Gharb-based Tanukh-Buhtur family. The four Druze chiefs were released after paying a heavy fine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 92], "content_span": [93, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013543-0010-0000", "contents": "1585 Ottoman expedition against the Druze, Background, Druze\u2013Ottoman hostilities before 1585\nThe beylerbey of Damascus, Khurram Pasha, launched a punitive expedition against the Chouf Druze led by the Ma'nid chiefs in 1523. Forty-three Druze villages, including Barouk, the headquarters of Qurqumaz, were burned and Ibn Tulun reported that Khurram Pasha returned to Damascus with four camel loads of Druze heads and Druze religious literature proving the religion's hostility to Sunni Islam. The expedition represented the first attempt to impose direct government authority in the Chouf. Khurram Pasha followed up by appointing subashis (police superintendents) to enforce law and order in the area, but they were killed by the Druze.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 92], "content_span": [93, 735]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013543-0010-0001", "contents": "1585 Ottoman expedition against the Druze, Background, Druze\u2013Ottoman hostilities before 1585\nKhurram Pasha responded by launching a second punitive expedition against the Chouf on 18 June 1524, during which thirty villages were burned and the beylerbey returned the next day with three camel loads of Druze heads and 300 Druze women and children captives. The campaigns were lauded by the contemporary ulema and poets of Damascus. There are no further mentions of Druze rebellions or government expeditions in the sources until the late 16th century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 92], "content_span": [93, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013543-0011-0000", "contents": "1585 Ottoman expedition against the Druze, Background, Druze\u2013Ottoman hostilities before 1585\nTensions between the Druze and the Porte rose considerably as the Druze, along with other tribal and sectarian groups in Syria, acquired firearms which were at times superior to the firearms used by the Ottoman armies. The possession of firearms by non-military subjects was forbidden, though the authorities faced difficulties enforcing the ban in Syria. The Syrians obtained at least part of their arsenals from European powers intent on destabilizing Ottoman rule in Syria. The arsenals were provided using mercantile ships which docked in the Syrian ports.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 92], "content_span": [93, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013543-0011-0001", "contents": "1585 Ottoman expedition against the Druze, Background, Druze\u2013Ottoman hostilities before 1585\nOther sources included the Janissaries of Damascus, the timar (fief)-holders in Syria and Ottoman ships from Constantinople which came to transport grain from Syria to the imperial capital. Druze armed with long muskets attacked officials sent to collect the taxes from their subdistricts and repulsed the subsequent Ottoman raid against them at Ain Dara in 1565.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 92], "content_span": [93, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013543-0012-0000", "contents": "1585 Ottoman expedition against the Druze, Background, Druze\u2013Ottoman hostilities before 1585\nIn an order by the Porte to the beylerbey of Damascus in August 1574, it is mentioned that the villagers of the Gharb, Jurd, Chouf and Matn owed tax arrears dating over twenty years and that the muqaddams (chieftains) of the Druze possessed large quantities of muskets; the muqaddams named in the order were the Ma'nid Qurqumaz, possibly the grandson of the above mentioned Qurqumaz, the Tanukhid Sharaf al-Din and the non-Druze chieftains Mansur ibn Hasan of the Keserwan-based Assaf family and Qasim of the Wadi al-Taym-based Shihab family.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 92], "content_span": [93, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013543-0012-0001", "contents": "1585 Ottoman expedition against the Druze, Background, Druze\u2013Ottoman hostilities before 1585\nThe beylerbey was ordered to collect at least 6,000 muskets from the named chieftains and more from each household of the named subdistricts. The combined forces of the beylerbey of Damascus, the imperial Damascene Janissaries, the sanjak-bey of Tripoli, and an Ottoman fleet launched an expedition against the Druze that year, but they were unable to subdue and disarm them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 92], "content_span": [93, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013543-0013-0000", "contents": "1585 Ottoman expedition against the Druze, Background, Druze\u2013Ottoman hostilities before 1585\nThe imperial order from 1574 was renewed in February 1576, but the beylerbey of Damascus was again unable to execute the order rather complaining that the inhabitants of the Gharb, Jurd, Chouf and Matn remained in a state of rebellion, that no multazim was willing to accept the tax farm for the subdistricts and appointed emins (tax collectors) were disrespected by the populace. The Porte consequently ordered that the beylerbey destroy an unspecified number of Druze villages, arrest and punish their muqaddams and collect the tax arrears.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 92], "content_span": [93, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013543-0013-0001", "contents": "1585 Ottoman expedition against the Druze, Background, Druze\u2013Ottoman hostilities before 1585\nNo military action was taken and the Druze continued to defy the authorities and were reported by the government to have acquired further muskets in 1582. In that year they were accused of collaborating with the Druze and Shia Muslims of the Safad Sanjak, south of Sidon-Beirut, and the Porte's order called for \"get[ting] rid of [Qurqumaz] ibn Ma'n, whose trouble and evil deeds exceed all others\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 92], "content_span": [93, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013543-0014-0000", "contents": "1585 Ottoman expedition against the Druze, Background, Prelude\nAl-Qaramani wrote that the vizier Ibrahim Pasha was sent to Egypt and Syria in 1583 to \"rectify the situation [there]\". On 12 February 1585 an imperial order issued to the beylerbey of Damascus, Uveys Pasha, reaffirmed that Qurqumaz was \"a rebellious chieftain ... who has gathered [around him] miscreants in the Druze community and done harm and mischief in the sanjak of Safad\". Ibrahim Pasha arrived in Damascus with a tribute caravan from Egypt and a large military escort in June. He was instructed by the Porte to subdue the Druze of Mount Lebanon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 62], "content_span": [63, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013543-0014-0001", "contents": "1585 Ottoman expedition against the Druze, Background, Prelude\nOn 31 August Uveys Pasha was ordered by the Porte to cooperate with Ibrahim Pasha against the Bedouin and the Druze who had rebelled throughout Damascus Eyalet, causing damage and attacking highways. Abu-Husayn views the constant state of rebellion by the Druze and the general insubordination of chieftains in parts of Syria where the government had been unable to exercise authority as the direct cause of Ibrahim Pasha's expedition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 62], "content_span": [63, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013543-0015-0000", "contents": "1585 Ottoman expedition against the Druze, Expedition and follow up campaigns\nIbrahim Pasha's army consisted of the Janissaries of Egypt and Damascus, and his troops numbered about 20,000. The versions of Duwayhi and Shihabi, which add the troops of Aleppo Eyalet and Cyprus Eyalet to the expeditionary force, hold that Ibrahim Pasha's troops encamped in an area called Marj Armush and the size of the Ottoman force alone \"frightened all the Arab lands\". The Ottoman troops and their local backers blocked the roads to the coast and the Beqaa Valley and killed about 500 Druze elders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 77], "content_span": [78, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013543-0015-0001", "contents": "1585 Ottoman expedition against the Druze, Expedition and follow up campaigns\nGovernment records confirm Ibrahim Pasha killed hundreds of Druze rebels, sent many of their heads to Constantinople and had \"thus punished the rebellious community properly\". Numerous villages in the Chouf were plundered and Qurqumaz went into hiding in a cave and died. The Druze and others were disarmed and tax arrears were collected, with al-Burini reporting that Ibrahim Pasha confiscated thousands of muskets and large sums of money from the Druze.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 77], "content_span": [78, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013543-0016-0000", "contents": "1585 Ottoman expedition against the Druze, Expedition and follow up campaigns\nIbrahim Pasha used Mansur ibn Furaykh as his guide. Ibn Furaykh was a Sunni Bedouin chieftain of the Beqaa Valley and local enemy of Qurqumaz who had a reputation of hostility toward the Druze and Shias; the role attributed to Ibn Furaykh of persuading the vizier to launch the campaign by the 19th-century chroniclers was without foundation, according to Abu-Husayn. During the expedition, a number of Ma'nids and other Druze chieftains, including the Alam al-Dins of the Matn and the Sharaf al-Dins of the Gharb defected to Ibrahim Pasha, along with a significant proportion of Qurqumaz's men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 77], "content_span": [78, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013543-0016-0001", "contents": "1585 Ottoman expedition against the Druze, Expedition and follow up campaigns\nIbrahim Pasha arrived in Constantinople later in 1585. According to Minadoi's account he entered the Golden Horn with 24 galleys and received a welcome by a volley of artillery fire from the Topkapi Palace and large crowds. In contradiction to Duwayhi's account of the tribute having been robbed, contemporary accounts indicate it arrived in Constantinople with about 300,000\u20131,000,000 piasters, 173,000 gold pieces, an emerald throne for Sultan Murad III (r.\u00a01574\u20131595), Arabian horses, an elephant and a giraffe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 77], "content_span": [78, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013543-0017-0000", "contents": "1585 Ottoman expedition against the Druze, Expedition and follow up campaigns\nAfter the expedition, in the same year, the Sidon-Beirut Sanjak was detached from Damascus Eyalet and became part of Tripoli Eyalet, which was established in 1579. The beylerbey of Tripoli from 1579, the local chieftain of the Akkar area Yusuf Sayfa Pasha, was concomitantly dismissed, likely because of suspicions that he would compromise the government's interests for local considerations. His replacement, the veteran Ottoman commander Ja'far Pasha al-Tuwashi, was entrusted with continuing Ibrahim Pasha's suppression of the rebellion in Mount Lebanon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 77], "content_span": [78, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013543-0017-0001", "contents": "1585 Ottoman expedition against the Druze, Expedition and follow up campaigns\nYusuf Sayfa may have resisted his dismissal, as according to Duwayhi his territory in Akkar was raided by Ja'far Pasha. The latter was reassigned to the Safavid front within a few months and without his iron grip the territory of Sidon-Beirut drifted out of Tripoli's control and, in practice, reverted to Damascene oversight. Although Duwayhi's version holds that a number of Syrian chieftains were captured in Ibrahim Pasha's expedition and brought to Constantinople, contemporary sources indicate most of the chieftains were captured in a follow-up campaign by Ali Pasha ibn Alwan, Ibrahim Pasha's appointee as beylerbey of Damascus, in 1586.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 77], "content_span": [78, 723]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013543-0017-0002", "contents": "1585 Ottoman expedition against the Druze, Expedition and follow up campaigns\nAmong the captive chieftains were Muhammad, the Ghazir-based son and successor of the Assaf chieftain Mansur, Muhammad ibn Jamal al-Din and Mundhir, the respective Tanukhid chiefs of Aramoun and Abeih, Ali al-Harfush, the Shia chieftain of Baalbek, and Ibn Furaykh. The chieftains were well-received in Constantinople and shortly after sent back to their respective territories with confirmations of their iltizam.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 77], "content_span": [78, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013543-0018-0000", "contents": "1585 Ottoman expedition against the Druze, Aftermath\nThe 1585\u20131586 events marked a turning point in the history of Mount Lebanon and the Levant in general under Ottoman rule. The Ottomans began to entrust local chieftains with the policing and taxation of the region by appointing them over the sanjaks of the region and granting them the title of bey (Turkish equivalent to the Arabic emir). Qurqumaz's son Fakhr al-Din II was appointed sanjak-bey of Sidon-Beirut in the early 1590s and was additionally assigned Safad Sanjak in 1602.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 52], "content_span": [53, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013543-0018-0001", "contents": "1585 Ottoman expedition against the Druze, Aftermath\nFakhr al-Din combined lucrative commercial ties with the Italians, a privately-funded army of sekbans (musketeers), and support from Ottoman officialdom, which he guaranteed through bribes and prompt payment of taxes, to establish himself as the most powerful chieftain of the Levant until his downfall in 1633. Ali al-Harfush, who had been appointed sanjak-bey of Homs in 1585, was kept in his post during his exile in Constantinople and returned to his Baalbek headquarters by 1589. He was executed c.\u20091590 but his son Musa succeeded him in Baalbek and was appointed sanjak-bey of Homs in 1592.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 52], "content_span": [53, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013543-0019-0000", "contents": "1585 Ottoman expedition against the Druze, Aftermath\nThe historian Stefan Winter places the 1585 expedition within the context of imperial changes to the military and fiscal structures of the Levant in the late 16th century, which included the creation of the hybrid eyalet of Tripoli in 1579, which combined the military appendage sanjak of Jabala with the tax revenue-driven sanjaks of Sidon-Beirut, Homs and Salamiyah, which were governed by local chieftains and did not contribute troops for war. About the same time the Porte also began to grant lands along the upper Euphrates valley to Ottoman officers and loyal Bedouin chieftains and in 1586 created the Rakka Eyalet all toward exerting greater control of the desert interior of the Levant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 52], "content_span": [53, 749]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013544-0000-0000", "contents": "1585 Union\n1585 Union, provisional designation 1947 RG, is a dark background asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 52 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 7 September 1947, by South African astronomer Ernest Johnson at the Union Observatory in Johannesburg, South Africa. The asteroid was named after the discovering observatory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013544-0001-0000", "contents": "1585 Union, Orbit and classification\nUnion is not a member of any known asteroid family. It orbits the Sun in the outer main belt at a distance of 2.0\u20133.8\u00a0AU once every 5.01 years (1,830 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.31 and an inclination of 26\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013544-0002-0000", "contents": "1585 Union, Orbit and classification\nIn 1929, the asteroid was first identified as 1929 DB at the Uccle Observatory in Belgium. The body's observation arc begins at the Finnish Turku Observatory in February 1939, more than 17 years prior to its official discovery observation at Johannesburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013544-0003-0000", "contents": "1585 Union, Physical characteristics\nUnion has been characterized as a P-type asteroid by the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE), while the LCDB assumes a generic carbonaceous C-type.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013544-0004-0000", "contents": "1585 Union, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn March 1984, a rotational lightcurve of Union was obtained from photometric observations by American astronomer Richard Binzel. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 9.38 hours with a brightness variation of 0.22 magnitude (U=2). In addition, a fragmentary lightcurve with a period of 24 hours was obtained by French amateur astronomer Laurent Bernasconi in 2004 (U=1).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 53], "content_span": [54, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013544-0005-0000", "contents": "1585 Union, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's WISE telescope, Union measures between 49.01 and 56.014 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.0304 and 0.05.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 57], "content_span": [58, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013544-0006-0000", "contents": "1585 Union, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopt the results obtained by IRAS, that is, an albedo of 0.0378 and a diameter of 50.42 kilometers. CALL also takes an absolute magnitude of 10.67 from Richard Binzel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 57], "content_span": [58, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013544-0007-0000", "contents": "1585 Union, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the discovering Union Observatory, also known as the Johannesburg Observatory, Transvaal Observatory (1909\u20131912) and Republic Observatory (1961\u20131971). The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center in June 1953 (M.P.C. 941).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013547-0000-0000", "contents": "1585 in Scotland\nEvents from the year 1585 in the Kingdom of Scotland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013550-0000-0000", "contents": "1585 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1585.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013551-0000-0000", "contents": "1585 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013552-0000-0000", "contents": "1585 in science\nThe year 1585 in science and technology included many events, some of which are listed here.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013554-0000-0000", "contents": "1585 papal conclave\nThe 1585 papal conclave (21\u201324 April), convoked after the death of Pope Gregory XIII, elected Cardinal Felice Peretti Montalto (O.F.M.Conv), who took the name of Pope Sixtus V. Forty-two of the sixty cardinals participated in the conclave. The absence of thirty percent of the cardinalate makes this conclave one of the most sparsely attended in the history of the modern Roman Catholic Church. Fourteen of Gregory XIII's thirty cardinals failed to attend, a startlingly high number.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013554-0001-0000", "contents": "1585 papal conclave, Proceedings\nThe conclave began in the Vatican on 21 April, Easter Sunday. At the opening ceremonies, out of sixty living cardinals thirty-nine were in attendance. Three more arrived later, in time to cast a vote: Andreas of Austria, Ludovico Madruzzo of Trent, and Guido Luca Ferrero of Vercelli. Two factions quickly formed. The first was led by Cardinal Ferdinando de' Medici and the second by Luigi d'Este (grandson of King Louis XII of France). They were willing to combine to make a pope, but it depended on whether they could agree on a common candidate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 32], "content_span": [33, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013554-0002-0000", "contents": "1585 papal conclave, Proceedings\nEarly voting seemed to favour Cardinals Pier Donato Cesi and Guglielmo Sirleto, but by the next morning they had been abandoned. Wanting to avoid the potential influence of cardinals who had not yet arrived, Medici then proposed two names to D' Este: those of Cardinals Albani and Montalto, and invited him to choose. D' Este imposed conditions, however, and the projected deal, when news got out, caused much indignation. Through a series of misdirections and strategems, Medici convinced the cardinals that Montalto was not his candidate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 32], "content_span": [33, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013554-0003-0000", "contents": "1585 papal conclave, Proceedings\nLudovico Cardinal Madruzzo, who was the designated leader of the Spanish faction, then arrived in Rome and had conversations with the Spanish and Imperial ambassadors before he entered conclave. Meeting immediately with d' Este, Madruccio learned of d' Este's dislike of his own favorite, Sirleto. Considering that a completely pro-Spanish pope would be as unpalatable as a completely pro-French one, he therefore declared himself to d'Este to be against Cardinal Albani, and thus in favor of Montalto. Altemps, Medici and Gesualdo then put pressure on Madruccio as well, and he was won over.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 32], "content_span": [33, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013554-0003-0001", "contents": "1585 papal conclave, Proceedings\nAs leader of the Spanish interest, he brought his own influence to bear on Andrew of Austria, Colonna, Deza (Seza), Gonzaga, Sfondrati and Spinola. With all of these adherents, Medici and d'Este still needed four votes. These could only be had in the group of Gregory XIII's cardinals organized by Alessandro Farnese, the Dean of the College of Cardinals. During that night, Cardinal Ferrero arrived.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 32], "content_span": [33, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013554-0004-0000", "contents": "1585 papal conclave, Proceedings\nOn 24 April Medici explained to Montalto all that had been done, and advised him as to how affairs should be conducted. D'Este met with Farnese, who believed that Montalto had no voting strength, and managed to further misdirect him. During a meeting in the Pauline Chapel, d' Este recruited Guastavillani, the Cardinal Camerlengo; Giambattista Castagna, the Cardinal of San Marcello; and Francesco Sforza. When the cardinals finally assembled in the Sistine Chapel, d' Este declared that it was not necessary to proceed to a ballot, since it was obvious who the new pope was. Without opposition the cardinals proceeded to do hommage ('adoration') to Felice Cardinal Peretti though, immediately afterwards, a vote was conducted by asking each cardinal to cast his vote aloud. The vote was unanimous. Cardinal Fran\u00e7ois de Joyeuse arrived in Rome too late to participate in the Conclave.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 32], "content_span": [33, 918]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013554-0005-0000", "contents": "1585 papal conclave, Proceedings\nThe coronation of Sixtus V took place on May 1. As senior cardinal deacon Cardinal de' Medici placed the tiara on his head. On May 5, he took possession of the Lateran.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 32], "content_span": [33, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013555-0000-0000", "contents": "1586\n1586 (MDLXXXVI) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar. As of the start of 1586, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013556-0000-0000", "contents": "1586 Lima\u2013Callao earthquake\nThe 1586 Lima\u2013Callao earthquake (Spanish: Terremoto de Lima y Callao de 1586) occurred on July 9 along the coast of Peru, near the capital Lima. A section of the Peruvian coast, stretching from Caravel\u00ed to Trujillo, north to south, was decimated by the earthquake. Major destruction occurred in the capital city Lima as well. The estimatd moment magnitude (Mw\u202f) 8.1 earthquake triggered a locally damaging tsunami of up to 5 meters. This was the first major earthquake to strike the city Lima since its establishment in 1535.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013556-0001-0000", "contents": "1586 Lima\u2013Callao earthquake, Tectonic setting\nThe coast of Peru lies a 7,000-km-long convergent boundary where the oceanic Nazca Plate subducts or dives beneath the continental South American Plate. The Peru\u2013Chile trench marks the location where the two plates meet and converge. Subduction at the plate boundary rate varies throughout the 7,000 km length, at 65 mm/yr towards the north, and up to 80 mm/yr in the south. The presence of active subduction can produce large earthquakes when elastic energy along the plate boundary (megathrust) is released suddenly after decades or centuries of accumulated strain. Earthquakes rupturing the megathrust are known as megathrust earthquakes; capable of generating tsunamis when there is sufficient and sudden uplift of the seafloor, in turn lead to the sudden displacement of the sea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 45], "content_span": [46, 830]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013556-0002-0000", "contents": "1586 Lima\u2013Callao earthquake, Descriptions\nThe shock from the quake was felt at 19:00 local time on July 9, a Wednesday. The shock was accompanied by loud noises which frightened many residents, driving them out of their homes. Most residents were able to evacuate in time during the earthquake, such that the death toll was small, although there were many individuals that suffered injuries. When the quake struck, many of the residents were already out in the streets or gardens where they were safe from collapes. Damage and effects from the earthquake occurred over a 1,000 km stretch by 120 km wide area near the coast. THe earthquake was also felt in the cities Cusco and Hu\u00e1nuco.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 41], "content_span": [42, 685]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013556-0003-0000", "contents": "1586 Lima\u2013Callao earthquake, Descriptions\nThe earthquake reportedly collaped the towers of a cathedral in the city of Lima. Significant rockslides occurred at Cerro San Cristobal (es) in the R\u00edmac District of Lima Province. The earthquake also severely damaged the residence of Fernando Torres de Portugal y Mes\u00eda, the then viceroy of Peru. Ground fissures formed in the city when the shaking was ongoing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 41], "content_span": [42, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013556-0004-0000", "contents": "1586 Lima\u2013Callao earthquake, Descriptions\nThe associated tsunami was documented by the viceroy of Peru in which he said the waves picked up and smashed homes, and inundated up to 250 meters inland. Even when the waves retreated, the some parts of the city was so severely flooded that it was impossible to ride a horse through. At Callao, the earthquake and tsunami destroyed many docks and warehouses. Ships were dragged far inland during the tsunami inundation. Many trees and bushes were uprooted from the ground and deposited far inland by the tsunami.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 41], "content_span": [42, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013556-0005-0000", "contents": "1586 Lima\u2013Callao earthquake, Earthquake\nThe 1586 earthquake ruptures a 175-km-long section of the Peru-Chile subduction zone, similar in size to the 1974 earthquake, which had an estimated moment magnitude (Mw\u202f) of 8.1, and a tsunami magnitude (Mt\u202f) of 8.5.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013556-0006-0000", "contents": "1586 Lima\u2013Callao earthquake, Earthquake, Tsunami\nOlder descriptions of the tsunami having a height of 24 to 26 meters have been debunked and concluded as exaggerations. A more accurate height of the tsunami has been estimated at 5 meters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 48], "content_span": [49, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013556-0007-0000", "contents": "1586 Lima\u2013Callao earthquake, Earthquake, Tsunami\nThe tsunami was also confused as being an orphan tsunami reported along Japan's Sanriku coast due to erroneous cataloging of historical tsunamis, which also led to the confusion that it was from the 1586 Tensh\u014d earthquake; a large Japanese earthquake. The presence of a tsunami at the Sanriku coast however, was reported in June 1585, now thought to be from the 1585 Aleutian Islands earthquake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 48], "content_span": [49, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013556-0007-0001", "contents": "1586 Lima\u2013Callao earthquake, Earthquake, Tsunami\nAt a monument in Tokura village near the Sanriku coast in Miyagi Prefecture, a stone monument stated that a tsunami between 1 and 2 meters in height struck the coast; the tsunami has been inferred to be of the 1585 event. Modelling of the tsunami from the 1586 earthquake in Peru suggest the tsunami was approximately 6 cm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 48], "content_span": [49, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013560-0000-0000", "contents": "1586 in Scotland\nEvents from the year 1586 in the Kingdom of Scotland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013563-0000-0000", "contents": "1586 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1586.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013564-0000-0000", "contents": "1586 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013564-0001-0000", "contents": "1586 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013564-0002-0000", "contents": "1586 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013565-0000-0000", "contents": "1586 in science\nThe year 1586 in science and technology included a number of events, some of which are listed here.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013566-0000-0000", "contents": "1587\n1587 (MDLXXXVII) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar. As of the start of 1587, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013567-0000-0000", "contents": "1587 Polish\u2013Lithuanian royal election\nThe third free election in the Polish\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth took place in 1587, after the death of King Stefan Batory. It began on June 30, 1587, when Election Sejm was summoned in the village of Wola near Warsaw, and ended on December 27 of the same year, when King Sigismund III was crowned in Krak\u00f3w\u2019s Wawel Cathedral.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013567-0001-0000", "contents": "1587 Polish\u2013Lithuanian royal election, Background\nDeath of Stefan Batory (12 December 1586) began a third period of interregnum in 15 years. The Commonwealth was left without a monarch, since Anna Jagiellon, who was regarded as co-ruler of the country (together with her husband, Stefan Batory), had relinquished her claims to the crown. As a result, Poland - Lithuania was again ruled by an interrex, Primate and Archbishop of Gniezno, Stanis\u0142aw Karnkowski, who organized the election and met with foreign envoys.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 49], "content_span": [50, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013567-0002-0000", "contents": "1587 Polish\u2013Lithuanian royal election, Background\nAt that time, the Commonwealth was deeply divided between the powerful magnates and the szlachta (nobility). Stefan Batory had been backed by noble families (the Radziwills, the Zamoyskis, the Lubomirskis), while szlachta accused him of tyranny (see also Samuel Zborowski). Furthermore, there were internal divisions between Polish Crown and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, also between Polish provinces (Lesser Poland, Mazovia, Greater Poland, Red Ruthenia, Royal Prussia).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 49], "content_span": [50, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013567-0003-0000", "contents": "1587 Polish\u2013Lithuanian royal election, Background\nThe Convocation Sejm began on February 2, 1587, and was immediately marred by arguments between the magnates and the nobility.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 49], "content_span": [50, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013567-0004-0000", "contents": "1587 Polish\u2013Lithuanian royal election, Candidates\nThe Convocation Sejm began on February 2, 1587, and was immediately marred by arguments between supporters of four camps: Habsburg, Swedish (or Jagiellon), Muscovy and those who backed a Piast, or a native citizen of the Commonwealth. The Habsburg candidate was supported by the Zborowski family, Voivode of Pozna\u0144 Stanislaw Gorka, Bishop of Vilnius Jerzy Radziwi\u0142\u0142, and Sejm Marshal Stanislaw Sedziwoj Czarnkowski. All received large sums of money from Emperor Rudolf II, but an ultra-Catholic, Habsburg candidate was regarded as a threat to religious tolerance, guaranteed by Warsaw Confederation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 49], "content_span": [50, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013567-0004-0001", "contents": "1587 Polish\u2013Lithuanian royal election, Candidates\nAnother possible candidate, Tsar Feodor I of Russia was supported by the Lithuanians, who hoped that his election would end never-ending wars between Muscovy and Grand Duchy of Lithuania. A Piast candidate was liked by the Poles, but opposed by the Lithuanians. Swedish/Jagiellon candidate, Duke Sigismund, son of Katarzyna Jagiellonka and Swedish King John III, was backed by Anna Jagiellon and one of the most powerful magnates of the Commonwealth, Jan Zamoyski. A Swedish king would guarantee freedom of Baltic Sea shipping, a Polish - Swedish alliance, aimed at Muscovy, and annexation of Estonia by Poland\u2013Lithuania.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 49], "content_span": [50, 671]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013567-0005-0000", "contents": "1587 Polish\u2013Lithuanian royal election, The Election\nElection Sejm was summoned to Wola on June 30, 1587. Polish and Lithuanian magnates came there with their own armed units, and electors were divided into two camps: pro-convocation (or pro-Habsburg), with the Zborowski brothers as their leaders, and anti-convocation, headed by Jan Zamoyski.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 51], "content_span": [52, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013567-0006-0000", "contents": "1587 Polish\u2013Lithuanian royal election, The Election\nFor the first weeks, the Sejm was occupied by the death of Samuel Zborowski, and arguments between the Zborowski family and Jan Zamoyski. Since Zamoyski did not want to respond to any questions, rokosz was declared, with the purpose of judging Zamoyski and other officials, connected to the late King Stefan Batory. On July 27, both camps began preparation for military action, and at the last moment, the conflict was defused by Primate Stanis\u0142aw Karnkowski, Voivode of Sandomierz Stanislaw Szafraniec, and Bishop of Kamieniec Podolski, Wawrzyniec Grzyma\u0142a Go\u015blicki, who mediated between the two warring parties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 51], "content_span": [52, 665]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013567-0007-0000", "contents": "1587 Polish\u2013Lithuanian royal election, The Election\nIn early August 1587, Swedish envoy Erik Larsson Sparre came to Wola, giving a speech, in which he praised Duke Sigismund. His speech impressed the nobility and the magnates, including Zamoyski, Karnkowski, Crown Marshal Andrzej Opalinski, and Albert Laski. On August 19, the Primate nominated Sigismund to the throne, but three days later, the pro-convocation camp declared Maximilian III, Archduke of Austria new king of Poland (none was supported by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania). Both Sigismund and Maximilian accepted Polish throne, which resulted in the War of the Polish Succession.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 51], "content_span": [52, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013567-0008-0000", "contents": "1587 Polish\u2013Lithuanian royal election, After the Election\nOn September 27, 1587 in Olomouc, Maximilian Habsburg took on the title of King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, and swore to observe the pacta conventa. After several weeks, he entered the Commonwealth with an army of some 5,000 (plus 1,500 Polish supporters). Maximilian planned to capture Krak\u00f3w, but failed to do so, and gave up the siege on November 30.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 57], "content_span": [58, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013567-0009-0000", "contents": "1587 Polish\u2013Lithuanian royal election, After the Election\nOn August 24, Swedish envoys Erik Brahe and Erik Larsson Sparre swore the pacta conventa, without waiting for Duke Sigismund, who was on his way from Sweden. Swedish candidate anchored at Gda\u0144sk on September 29, and was welcomed by Bishop of Przemysl, Wojciech Baranowski. Following his father\u2019s order, Vasa stayed on the ship, as he disagreed with one of Polish conditions, which was incorporation of Swedish-ruled Estonia into the Commonwealth. Finally, on October 7, Sigismund Vasa swore to observe the pacta conventa at the Oliwa Cathedral, and on December 9, 1587, he entered Krak\u00f3w, where he was crowned on December 27.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 57], "content_span": [58, 683]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013567-0010-0000", "contents": "1587 Polish\u2013Lithuanian royal election, After the Election\nOn January 24, 1588, the army of Maximilian Habsburg was defeated by Jan Zamoyski in the Battle of Byczyna. Maximilian, together with his court, was interned in Krasnystaw. The conflict was ended in early spring of 1589, during the so-called Pacification Sejm. Supporters of Maximilian swore their allegiance to Sigismund, and were allowed to return to the Commonwealth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 57], "content_span": [58, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013570-0000-0000", "contents": "1587 in Scotland\nEvents from the year 1587 in the Kingdom of Scotland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013573-0000-0000", "contents": "1587 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1587.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013574-0000-0000", "contents": "1587 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013574-0001-0000", "contents": "1587 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013574-0002-0000", "contents": "1587 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013575-0000-0000", "contents": "1587 in science\nThe year 1587 in science and technology included many events, some of which are listed here.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013576-0000-0000", "contents": "1587, a Year of No Significance\n1587, a Year of No Significance: The Ming Dynasty in Decline (Chinese: \u842c\u66c6\u5341\u4e94\u5e74; pinyin: Wanli Shiwunian) is Chinese historian Ray Huang's most famous work. First published by Yale University Press in 1981, it examines how a number of seemingly insignificant events in 1587 might have caused the downfall of the Ming dynasty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013576-0001-0000", "contents": "1587, a Year of No Significance\nThe Chinese title, meaning \"the fifteenth year of the Wanli era\", is how the year 1587 was expressed in the Chinese calendar: the era name of the reigning Chinese emperor at the time, followed by which year of his reign it was.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013576-0002-0000", "contents": "1587, a Year of No Significance\nMajor figures discussed in the book besides the emperor are Grand Secretaries Zhang Juzheng and Shen Shixing, official Hai Rui, general Qi Jiguang and philosopher Li Zhi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013576-0003-0000", "contents": "1587, a Year of No Significance\nAlthough Huang had completed the manuscript by 1976, no publisher would accept it at first, as it was not serious enough for an academic work, but was too serious for popular non-fiction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013576-0004-0000", "contents": "1587, a Year of No Significance\nThe work has been translated into a number of different languages: Chinese, Japanese, Korean, German and French.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013576-0005-0000", "contents": "1587, a Year of No Significance, Adaptations\n1587 was adapted into a play by Zuni Icosahedron director Mathias Woo, which premi\u00e8red in Hong Kong in 1999. The second production was in 2006, after Woo and Towards the Republic screenwriter Zhang Jianwei (\u5f35\u5efa\u5049) re-wrote the script by adding a considerable amount of Kun opera and other elements. There was a third run in 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 44], "content_span": [45, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013577-0000-0000", "contents": "1588\n1588 (MDLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar. As of the start of 1588, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013578-0000-0000", "contents": "1588 Descamisada\n1588 Descamisada, provisional designation 1951 MH, is an Eos asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 18 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 27 June 1951, by astronomer Miguel Itzigsohn at the La Plata Astronomical Observatory in La Plata, Argentina, and named in honor of Eva Per\u00f3n.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013578-0001-0000", "contents": "1588 Descamisada, Orbit and classification\nDescamisada is a member of the Eos family (606), the largest asteroid family in the outer main belt consisting of nearly 10,000 asteroids. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.8\u20133.2\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 3 months (1,924 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.07 and an inclination of 11\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. Descamisada's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation, as no precoveries were taken and no prior identifications were made.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013578-0002-0000", "contents": "1588 Descamisada, Physical characteristics\nAccording to the surveys carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Descamisada measures 17.54 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.141. A magnitude-to-diameter conversion, gives a diameter between 14 and 36 kilometers for an assumed albedo in the range of 0.05\u20130.25 and an absolute magnitude of 11.3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013578-0003-0000", "contents": "1588 Descamisada, Physical characteristics\nAs of 2017, Descamisada's spectral type, rotation period and shape remain unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013578-0004-0000", "contents": "1588 Descamisada, Naming\nThis minor planet was named for Eva Per\u00f3n and its name is a feminized form of \"descamisado\" (shirtless one) \u2013 a term used to denote the working class citizens which formed the support base of Peronism. Eva Per\u00f3n, also known as \"Evita\", was the wife of Argentine President Juan Per\u00f3n, First Lady of Argentina and idolized by millions. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center in April 1954 (M.P.C. 1069). The asteroids 1569 Evita, 1581 Abanderada, 1582 Martir and 1589 Fanatica were also discovered by Itzigsohn, and were also given names in tribute to Per\u00f3n.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 24], "content_span": [25, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013582-0000-0000", "contents": "1588 in Scotland\nEvents from the year 1588 in the Kingdom of Scotland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013585-0000-0000", "contents": "1588 in literature\nThis article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1588.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013586-0000-0000", "contents": "1588 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013587-0000-0000", "contents": "1588 in science\nThe year 1588 in science and technology, Armada year, included a number of events, some of which are listed here.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013588-0000-0000", "contents": "1589\n1589 (MDLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. As of the start of 1589, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013589-0000-0000", "contents": "1589 Fanatica\n1589 Fanatica, provisional designation 1950 RK, is a stony, Vestian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 11 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 13 September 1950, by Argentine astronomer Miguel Itzigsohn at La Plata Astronomical Observatory in La Plata, Argentina. It was named after Eva Per\u00f3n.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013589-0001-0000", "contents": "1589 Fanatica, Orbit and classification\nBased on its orbital elements, Fanatica is a S-type member of the Vesta family, which is named after 4\u00a0Vesta, the third largest body in the main-belt after the dwarf planet 1\u00a0Ceres and the minor planet 2\u00a0Pallas. Fanatica orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.2\u20132.6\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 9 months (1,372 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.09 and an inclination of 5\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. It was first identified as A924 WC at Heidelberg Observatory in 1924, extending the body's observation arc by 26 years prior to its official discovery observation at La Plata.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013589-0002-0000", "contents": "1589 Fanatica, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn November 2003, a rotational lightcurve of Fanatica was obtained by astronomer Brian Warner at his Palmer Divide Observatory in Colorado. The light-curve analysis gave a rotation period of 2.58 hours with a brightness variation of 0.16 magnitude (U=3). In August 2014, photometric observations by astronomer Robert Stephens gave a period of 2.582 hours and change in brightness of 0.18 magnitude (U=3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 56], "content_span": [57, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013589-0003-0000", "contents": "1589 Fanatica, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Fanatica measures between 9.31 and 12.16 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.189 and 0.388. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 12.39 kilometers, using an absolute magnitude of 11.9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013589-0004-0000", "contents": "1589 Fanatica, Naming\nThis minor planet was named in reference to Argentine legend, Eva Per\u00f3n (1919\u20131952), also known as \"Evita\", wife of Argentine President Juan Per\u00f3n, First Lady of Argentina and idolized by millions. The asteroids 1569 Evita, 1581 Abanderada, 1582 Martir and 1588 Descamisada were also discovered by Itzigsohn, and were also given names in tribute to Per\u00f3n. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center in April 1954 (M.P.C. 1069).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013593-0000-0000", "contents": "1589 in Scotland\nEvents from the year 1589 in the Kingdom of Scotland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013596-0000-0000", "contents": "1589 in literature\nThis article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1589.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013597-0000-0000", "contents": "1589 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013598-0000-0000", "contents": "1589 in science\nThe year 1589 in science and technology included a number of events, some of which are listed here.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013599-0000-0000", "contents": "1589 rebellion of Jeong Yeo-rip\nThe rebellion of Jeong Yeo-rip in 1589, known in Korean as the Gichuk oksa (\uae30\ucd95\uc625\uc0ac, \u5df1\u4e11\u7344\u4e8b), was one of the bloodiest political purges in Korea's Joseon Dynasty. Its scale was greater than all four of the notorious literati purges combined. At that time Joseon politics was dominated by conflict between Eastern and Western factions. Neo-Confucian scholar and Easterner Jeong Yeo-rip was accused of high treason, after which as many as 1,000 Easterners were killed or exiled. (Oksa means a major case involving high treason in Korean, and there were several events named oksa during the Joseon period.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013599-0001-0000", "contents": "1589 rebellion of Jeong Yeo-rip\nThere is still much dispute about the Treason Case of 1589 because there is a wealth of conflicting historical accounts written by both factions. In the Annals of Joseon Dynasty, the official royal record of the Joseon Dynasty, the Seonjo Annals were written by the Easterners (who held power in Gwanghaegun's reign during which it was written) while the Revised Seonjo Annals were written by the Westerners who later seized power with a coup d'\u00e9tat that placed Injo on throne. In \"Yeonryeoshil Records\", unofficial history compiled by Yi Geung-don much later, Yi included accounts of the both sides and marked them in different colors to identify them as such.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 693]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013599-0002-0000", "contents": "1589 rebellion of Jeong Yeo-rip, Sarim's division\nDuring King Seonjo's reign, the Sarim scholars following the Kim Jong-jik's school of Neo-Confucianism seized power after long period of persecution and purges. However, generational difference soon emerged within the Sarim faction - older generation who entered politics during predecessor Myeongjong's reign and younger generation who became officials during Seonjo's time. Their difference was reflected in their attitude toward Shim Eui-gyeom, Myeongjong's brother-in-law. The Sarim tended to regard the king's maternal relatives as corrupting influence on the court and best to be excluded from politics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013599-0002-0001", "contents": "1589 rebellion of Jeong Yeo-rip, Sarim's division\nBut  older generation, which came to be called the Westerners because Shim's house was on the west of the palace, supported Shim for being Yi Hwang's disciple and protecting them from yet another purge of Sarim that had been planned by his uncle. However, younger generation, called Esterners because its leader Kim Hyo-won's house was on the east of the palace, regarded Shim and older Sarim officials partly responsible for excesses of Myeongjong's reign, which was notorious for corruption and abuse of Yoon Won-hyeong, Myeong's maternal uncle. Philosophically, Easterners tended to be followers of Yi Hwang and Jo Shik while the Westerners followed Yi I and Seong Hun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 722]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013599-0003-0000", "contents": "1589 rebellion of Jeong Yeo-rip, Sarim's division\nThis division was soon brought to conflict, however, mainly because of personal grudge between Shim and Kim. When a key position in Ministry of Personnel became vacant and Kim was recommended by the predecessor, Shim opposed Kim's appointment claiming that Kim was Yoon Wong-hyeong's hanger-on. There could be no greater insult to a Sarim scholar. Kim, who was nevertheless appointed to the position, later opposed Shim's younger brother being appointed to the same position as his successor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013599-0003-0001", "contents": "1589 rebellion of Jeong Yeo-rip, Sarim's division\nYi I attempted to prevent the factional split by appointing Shim Eui-gyeom and Kim Hyo-won to provincial posts away from the court and tried to arrange truce between Easterner Yi Bal and Westerner Jeong Cheol. After Yi I's death, however, the conflict between two factions became more intense as the Easterners impeached Shim Eui-gyeom, leading to his dismissal, and gained upper hand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013599-0004-0000", "contents": "1589 rebellion of Jeong Yeo-rip, Jeong Yeo-rip's \"revolt\"\nAs the Easterners began to take key positions, Jeong Yeo-rip changed his affiliation from the Western to Eastern faction and criticized his teacher Yi I after his death, earning hatred and contempt of the Westerners as well as Seonjo, who greatly respected Yi I.  Jeong left the court and went back to his hometown where he formed a private society with his supporters. Called Great Common Society (\ub300\ub3d9\uacc4), anyone could join the society regardless of one's social status or gender, and they met each month to socialize together as well as study and also undergo military training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 57], "content_span": [58, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013599-0004-0001", "contents": "1589 rebellion of Jeong Yeo-rip, Jeong Yeo-rip's \"revolt\"\nIt was not a secret society as it helped defeat the Japanese marauders at the local government's request in one occasion. The society spread throughout Honam region (today's Jeolla) and even beyond. One day a government official in Hwanghae province reported to King Seonjo that there was conspiracy for rebellion in his areas and that their leader was Jeong Yeo-rip.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 57], "content_span": [58, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013599-0005-0000", "contents": "1589 rebellion of Jeong Yeo-rip, Jeong Yeo-rip's \"revolt\"\nThere is still a great deal of dispute whether Jeong was conspiring to rebel or whether it was a  frame up concocted by the Westerners. There is also a dispute about the nature and purpose of Great Common Society. Jeong supposedly said, \"the world is something to be shared and therefore there cannot be one master.\" He argued that the world belonged to the people, and whoever chosen by them was the king. Jeong's philosophy reflected a desire for classless society, opposition to hereditary monarchy, and possibly even republicanism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 57], "content_span": [58, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013599-0005-0001", "contents": "1589 rebellion of Jeong Yeo-rip, Jeong Yeo-rip's \"revolt\"\nSuch revolutionary ideas and presence of armed supporters could not help but attract attention of his enemies. For a long time in Korean history, Jeong Yeo-rip's rebellion has been accepted as a fact even by the Easterners, but some historians note that there was no evidence except confessions from tortured followers and letters and writings discovered in his house, which could have been forged.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 57], "content_span": [58, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013599-0006-0000", "contents": "1589 rebellion of Jeong Yeo-rip, Jeong Yeo-rip's \"revolt\"\nWhat is undisputed is that Jeong Yeo-rip's supposed rebellion led to a widespread purge of countless Easterners who had nothing to do with Jeong and died terrible deaths as a result. Jeong Cheol, head of the Western faction and a famous poet whose poems are still studied in Korean schools, was in charge of investigating the case and used the case to purge Easterners who had slightest connection with Jeong Yeo-rip. It was said that even a man who shed tears because dust entered his eyes (when Jeong Yeo-rip's body was mutilated after his suicide) was killed for suspected sympathy for Jeong Yeo-rip.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 57], "content_span": [58, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013599-0007-0000", "contents": "1589 rebellion of Jeong Yeo-rip, Song Yik-pil and Ahn Family\nAccording to some accounts, the origin of Treason Case of 1589 goes back to the Third Literati Purge of 1519 during Jungjong's reign and the resulting grudge between two families. After Sarim's head Jo Gwang-jo was executed on framed charges in 1519, Right State Councillor Ahn Dang was dismissed for supporting Jo and his followers, among whom were his sons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 60], "content_span": [61, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013599-0007-0001", "contents": "1589 rebellion of Jeong Yeo-rip, Song Yik-pil and Ahn Family\nIn 1521, Song Saryeon, Ahn's family slave who rose to become a government official of senior fifth rank under Ahn Dang's patronage, reported to King Jungjong that Ahn Dang's son was conspiring to kill Chief State Councillor Nam Gon and Shim Jeong, instigators of the Third Literati Purge of 1519. He presented a guest list for funeral of Ahn's wife as the evidence of conspirators\u2019 meeting. At least a dozen Sarim scholars including Ahn Dang and his family were killed in this event, called False Treason Case of 1521 (Shinsa muok\u00b7\uc2e0\uc0ac\ubb34\uc625), and Song Saryeon was rewarded with promotion to high rank and Ahn family's entire possession.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 60], "content_span": [61, 692]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013599-0008-0000", "contents": "1589 rebellion of Jeong Yeo-rip, Song Yik-pil and Ahn Family\nOne of his sons was Song Yik-pil, who became a scholar of such renown that he formed friendship with Yi I and leading Westerners who praised that his achievement was enough to cover his father's crimes. It is remarkable indeed that Song Yik-pil overcame the fact that his father not only betrayed his master and benefactor, which would be considered one of the worst sins in Confucian world, but caused one of purges against the Sarim scholars, especially Jo Gwang-jo's supporters. By Seonjo's reign, the Sarim faction took control of the government and Jo Gwang-jo and Ahn family were fully rehabilitated as their martyrs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 60], "content_span": [61, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013599-0009-0000", "contents": "1589 rebellion of Jeong Yeo-rip, Song Yik-pil and Ahn Family\nHowever, some hardline Easterners saw Song Yik-pil as the mastermind behind the Westerners and instigated the descendants of Ahn Dang to seek justice and punishment for Song Saryeon, who was then deceased after enjoying thirty years of power and wealth. After an reinvestigation in 1586, it was determined that Ahn Dang and others were falsely accused by Song Saryoen and  over 70 family members of Song Saryeon including Song Yik-pil were enslaved and given to Ahn family as compensation. Facing certain revenge from aggrieved Ahn family, the Song family scattered and became fugitives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 60], "content_span": [61, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013599-0009-0001", "contents": "1589 rebellion of Jeong Yeo-rip, Song Yik-pil and Ahn Family\nSong Yik-pil, who turned from a respected scholar to fugitive slave overnight, hid himself by secretly staying with leaders of the Westerners such as Jeong Cheol, his disciple and famous scholar Kim Jang-saeng, and even an Easterner like Yi San-hae. According to some accounts, it was while Song Yik-pil was in Hwanghae area that the accusation of treason was made against Jeong Yeo-rip, who lived in Honam. During the whole period when Jeong Cheol was in charge of investigating the treason case and interrogated the Easterners, Song Yik-pil was said to be staying with Jeong Cheol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 60], "content_span": [61, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013599-0010-0000", "contents": "1589 rebellion of Jeong Yeo-rip, Purge of Easterners\nWhen the accusation against Jeong Yeo-rip was first made, the Easterners held key positions and were in charge of investigating the case. The Easterners told Seonjo that Jeong Yeo-rip could not possibly be plotting a rebellion when Jeong unexpectedly committed suicide, which was considered the admission of guilt. The Westerners accused the Easterners of being half-hearted in pursuing the case, and Seonjo promoted hardline Westerner Jeong Cheol as Right State Councillor and put him in charge of investigation despite Jeong Cheol's initial refusal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 52], "content_span": [53, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013599-0010-0001", "contents": "1589 rebellion of Jeong Yeo-rip, Purge of Easterners\nSoon afterward, Jeong Yeo-rip's nephew began to mention names of the Easterners including Left State Councillor Jeong Eon Shin, hardliner Yi Bal, and many others (It was customary to use to torture when interrogating prisoners). Their denial of being close to Jeong Yeo-rip angered Seonjo since many of their letters were found in Jeong's house, some of which were critical of the king and his rule. (It was said that Jeong Eon Shin was told by his men that his letters with Jeong were destroyed, but they only destroyed ones that directly mentioned his name and not nicknames.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 52], "content_span": [53, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013599-0010-0002", "contents": "1589 rebellion of Jeong Yeo-rip, Purge of Easterners\nWhen Jeong Eon Shin denied exchanging letters with Jeong Yeo-rip, Seonjo angrily asked, \"Does he think I have no eyes?\" pointing to 19 letters in which they discussed state affairs.) Jeong Cheol asked for leniency with Jeong Eun Shin, Yi Bal, and others claiming that they could not know Jeong Yeo-rip's evil side, but the Easterners claim that Jeong Cheol sought to destroy them while appearing to try to save them on the outside. Indeed, Yi Bal and his brother, Choe Young-gyeong (greatly respected scholar of Yeongnam School), and many others died in prison of torture or illness.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 52], "content_span": [53, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013599-0010-0003", "contents": "1589 rebellion of Jeong Yeo-rip, Purge of Easterners\n(Jeong Cheol's animosity with Yi Bal was such that he even spat on him in one occasion.) Even Yi Bal's 80-year-old mother and 8-year-old son were killed (although Jeong Cheol supposedly opposed it). The treason case went on for three years, and 1,000 people were killed or exiled. (According to some accounts, the death toll was 1,000.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 52], "content_span": [53, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013599-0011-0000", "contents": "1589 rebellion of Jeong Yeo-rip, Purge of Easterners\nHowever, it was Seonjo who probably played a greater role than anyone else in turning Jeong Yeo-rip's treason case to widespread purge that it became. Sarim's division strengthened the king's power, and the purge was focused on hardline Easterners (Jeong Yeo-rip, Yi Bal) as opposed to moderate Easterners (Yi San-hae, Yu Seong-ryong) who came out unscathed. Hardline Easterners were the most radical of the Sarim factions. In contrast, Yi San-hae and Yu Seong-ryong were protected by Seonjo when their names came up in the treason case. Later Seonjo would blame Jeong Cheol for excesses of Treason Case of 1589.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 52], "content_span": [53, 665]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013599-0012-0000", "contents": "1589 rebellion of Jeong Yeo-rip, Aftermath\nThe Treason Case of 1589 is significant as the moment when the conflict within Sarim faction was irrevocably marred with bad blood, becoming struggle of life and death that characterized much periods of Joseon politics. The Eastern faction was further split between hardline Northerners and moderate Southerners over the question of punishing Jeong Cheol and other Westerners. The Northern faction came on top and continued the cycle of revenge for earlier wrongs. The Treason Case of 1589 is also blamed for Joseon's unpreparedness and poor showing in the Japanese Invasion of 1592 three years later. Some historians blame Treason Case of 1589 for the subsequent discrimination against Honam region as land of rebellion, whose effect is still felt today. It is also remembered today for Jeong Yeo-rip's revolutionary ideas ahead of its time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 42], "content_span": [43, 885]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013600-0000-0000", "contents": "158A\n158A is a train carriage built by H. Cegielski in Pozna\u0144. The train carriage is built for national and international passenger transportation with a maximum speed of 200\u00a0km/h on tracks with a width of 1435\u00a0mm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013600-0001-0000", "contents": "158A, Specification, Carriage Body Structure\nThe chassis and bodywork is a welded structure made of carbon steel with high strength and resistance to corrosion. The whole carriage is covered with corrosion protection, which, together with a covering paint ensures long-term durability of the wagon body. The spaces in the internal walls and the roof is covered with damping mats of a non-combustible material.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 44], "content_span": [45, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013600-0002-0000", "contents": "158A, Specification, Passenger Compartment\nIn the interior of the passenger compartment there are arranged in series, seats made out of wool fabric. Above the windows there are placed racks for luggage and a panel fitted with individual lighting for each seat, the monitor includes the lighting setup and seating reservation. Above each carriage door there is a display with information regarding the time, speed and railway stations. The interior lighting for the carriage is made up of uses LED lamps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 42], "content_span": [43, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013601-0000-0000", "contents": "158P/Kowal\u2013LINEAR\n158P/Kowal\u2013LINEAR is a periodic comet in the Solar System that has an orbit out by Jupiter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013601-0001-0000", "contents": "158P/Kowal\u2013LINEAR\nThe Minor Planet Center had the comet coming to perihelion on 9 May 2021, and JPL had the comet coming to perihelion on 12 May 2021. A close approach to Jupiter on 24 July 2022 will notably lift the orbit and increase the orbital period. The next perihelion passage will be in 2036 at a distance of 5.2 AU from the Sun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013602-0000-0000", "contents": "158th Airlift Squadron\nThe 158th Airlift Squadron (158 AS) is a unit of the Georgia Air National Guard's 165th Airlift Wing (165 AW) located at Savannah Air National Guard Base, Georgia. The 158th is equipped with the C-130H Hercules and is operationally-gained by the Air Mobility Command (AMC).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013602-0001-0000", "contents": "158th Airlift Squadron, Overview\n158th Airlift Squadron flies the C-130H3 Hercules, which performs the tactical portion of the airlift mission. The aircraft is capable of operating from rough, dirt strips and is the prime transport for air dropping troops and equipment into hostile areas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013602-0002-0000", "contents": "158th Airlift Squadron, History, World War II\nActivated in late 1942. Trained under First Air Force in northeastern United States with P-40 Warhawks, also performing Air Defense as part of Norfolk and Philadelphia Fighter Wings. Deployed to European Theater of Operations, June 1943, being equipped with P-47 Thunderbolts in England. Assigned as a heavy bomber escort squadron under VIII Fighter Command. Re -equipped with long-range P-51D Mustangs, July 1944, Thunderbolts being transferred to IX Fighter Command as tactical fighter-bombers supporting ground forces in France. Performed bomber escort missions until the end of the war in Europe, April 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013602-0003-0000", "contents": "158th Airlift Squadron, History, World War II\nSquadron demobilized in England during the summer of 1945, inactivated in United States as a paper unit, October 1945. Became part of postwar Georgia Air National Guard in May 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013602-0004-0000", "contents": "158th Airlift Squadron, History, Georgia Air National Guard\nThe wartime 351st Fighter Squadron was re-activated and re-designated as the 158th Fighter Squadron, and was allotted to the Georgia Air National Guard, on 24 May 1946. It was organized at Chatham Field(Chatham Army Air Field)(Also known as Travis Field), Savannah, Georgia, and was extended federal recognition on 20 August 1946 by the National Guard Bureau. The 158th Fighter Squadron was entitled to the history, honors, and colors of the 351st Fighter Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 59], "content_span": [60, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013602-0005-0000", "contents": "158th Airlift Squadron, History, Georgia Air National Guard\nThe squadron was equipped with F-47N Thunderbolts and was temporarily assigned to the 54th Fighter Wing on 20 August, then permanently to the 116th Fighter Group on 9 September 1946. The 116th Fighter Group consisted of the 158th and the 128th Fighter Squadron at Marietta Army Airfield, near Atlanta. In March 1949, the 158th moved to Hunter AFB, near Savannah. As part of the Continental Air Command Fourteenth Air Force, the unit trained for tactical fighter missions and air-to-air combat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 59], "content_span": [60, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013602-0006-0000", "contents": "158th Airlift Squadron, History, Georgia Air National Guard, Combat in Korean War\nThe 158th Fighter Squadron and its parent 116th Fighter Group were federalized on 10 October 1950 due to the Korean War. In November the units were assigned initially to Tactical Air Command (TAC) and moved to George AFB, California where they were joined by the 159th Fighter Squadron (Jet Propelled) from the Florida ANG and the 196th Fighter Squadron (Jet Propelled) from the California ANG. On 11 November the 116th was changed in status to become the 116th Fighter-Bomber Wing. At George the three fighter squadrons were equipped with F-80C Shooting Stars and began operational training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 81], "content_span": [82, 674]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013602-0007-0000", "contents": "158th Airlift Squadron, History, Georgia Air National Guard, Combat in Korean War\nAfter losing many of their F-80 pilots to assignment to Far East Air Force as replacements, all three squadrons were forced to transfer pilots between themselves in order to maintain a balance of qualified pilots, and they were no longer individual squadrons of Georgia, Florida and California. In April 1951 116th Fighter Bomber Wing (FBW) began receiving brand new F-84E Thunderjets directly from Republic. On 14 May the 116th FBW received a Warning Order for an impending transfer, and they expected to be transferred to Europe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 81], "content_span": [82, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013602-0007-0001", "contents": "158th Airlift Squadron, History, Georgia Air National Guard, Combat in Korean War\nWith a Readiness Date of 25 June, the 116th FBW was ready to move, and by 1 July they had sent their seventy-five F-84Es to the New York POE for shipment to France. However, on 3 July 1951 they received orders transferring them to Japan. Fifty-four F-84Es had to be obtained from Bergstrom AFB, Texas and Langley AFB, Virginia as partial replacements for these Thunderjets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 81], "content_span": [82, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013602-0008-0000", "contents": "158th Airlift Squadron, History, Georgia Air National Guard, Combat in Korean War\nThe 116th FBG with the 158th and 159th FBS's departed from San Diego on the transport aircraft carrier USS Windham Bay on 12 July, while the 196th FBS had preceded them by two days on the USS Sitkoh Bay. The USAF, having learned from the expensive previous experience with open air transportation of the F-84 on an aircraft carrier deck, heavily protected their F-84s this time with cosmoline and tarpaulins. The wing off-loaded at Yokosuka Naval Base, Japan, between 24 and 27 July, with their aircraft being barged to Kisarazu, Japan, for cleaning and preparation for flight. Regardless of the care taken, thirty-three F-84s suffered some degree of salt damage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 81], "content_span": [82, 745]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013602-0009-0000", "contents": "158th Airlift Squadron, History, Georgia Air National Guard, Combat in Korean War\nTwo squadrons, the 158th and 159th FBSs, were then sent to Misawa Air Base, Japan, while the 196th was established at Chitose Air Base, Japan. Their initial role was to serve as an augmentation of Japanese air defenses, and their op\u00acerational training began on 6 August. The 116th FBW remained on garrison duty in Japan into fall 1951. During that period they concentrated on providing air-to-ground support to Army units training in Japan as well as assisting in providing aerial defense of northern Japan as a supplement to the other air defense units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 81], "content_span": [82, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013602-0010-0000", "contents": "158th Airlift Squadron, History, Georgia Air National Guard, Combat in Korean War\nOn 30 November 1951 the 159th FBS was alerted for a combat role, and on 2 December they dispatched sixteen F-84Es to Taegu AB (K-2), South Korea. The 159th FBS flew their first combat mission of twelve Thunderjets to rail targets at Wonsan in southeastern North Korea that morning. Three F-84s suffered flak damage. They then returned again that afternoon. The following day they again returned to Wonsan two fly two more strikes. Further missions were flown on 4 and 5 December, and then on 6 December they sent twelve F-84s to Sinanju and Sunchon, also in North Korea on a rail cutting mission, and then returned to Misawa AB.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 81], "content_span": [82, 710]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013602-0011-0000", "contents": "158th Airlift Squadron, History, Georgia Air National Guard, Combat in Korean War\nOn 12 December the 1116th FBW pilots flew eighty-eight effective combat sorties. On 15 December the 158th FBS was attacking a train when they were jumped by North Korean MiG-15s that attacked from 20,000 feet in pairs from the F-84s Six O'clock High position. Captain Paul Mitchel, flying as \"Able 3\" saw two MiGs behind two F-84s, so he came in behind them and closed to 100 feet, firing on the MiG leader's wingman. The MiG pilot bailed out, and his leader slowed down to see what was happening, so Mitchel fired on him, too, scoring some hits.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 81], "content_span": [82, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013602-0011-0001", "contents": "158th Airlift Squadron, History, Georgia Air National Guard, Combat in Korean War\nMitchel was credited with 1-0-1, obtaining the last officially credited F-84 MiG kill during the Korean War, and the only \"kill\" for the 116th FBW. The following day, 16 December, the 158th FBS lost their only aircraft attributed to enemy action during the conflict. While strafing ox carts south of Pyongyang Captain David Mather, \"George 3\", was hit by antiaircraft fire and his F-84 burst into flames. His wingman told him to bail out, and Mather's canopy was seen to come off, but the F-84 crashed before he could get out. On 18 December the 158th FBS returned to Japan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 81], "content_span": [82, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013602-0012-0000", "contents": "158th Airlift Squadron, History, Georgia Air National Guard, Combat in Korean War\nThe 196th FBS started for Taegu AB (K-2) on 26 December for their turn, but didn't get there until 28 December, because of weather problems. The 196th FBS flew missions from K-2 until 3 January 1952, mostly close air support, with a 70% accuracy, and returned to Japan on 4 January 1952. The 116th FBG returned to combat on 26 May 1952. The first mission was with sixteen F-84Es that flew from Misawa to Chitose AB for a pilot briefing, and then after arming with 500-pound general-purpose bombs, they took off for an attack against Sariwon, in southwestern North Korea. The F-84s were refueled en route by KB-29 Superfortress tankers near Taegu, South Korea, upon their return from the target, which gave any aircraft unable to be aerial refueled an alternate landing spot. After refueling the mission landed at Johnson Air Base, Japan, and resumed the air defense mission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 81], "content_span": [82, 956]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013602-0013-0000", "contents": "158th Airlift Squadron, History, Georgia Air National Guard, Combat in Korean War\nOn 10 June 1952 the 116th FBW was relieved from assignment to TAC and reassigned to Far East Air Force without personnel. The Guardsmen were returned to the United States; the jets and equipment of the wing were then re-designated as the 474th Fighter-Bomber Wing and assigned to Fifth Air Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 81], "content_span": [82, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013602-0014-0000", "contents": "158th Airlift Squadron, History, Georgia Air National Guard, Air Defense Command\nThe 116th Fighter-Bomber Wing status was returned to a Group designation, and the unit was returned to the Georgia Air National Guard. At this time the Group was restructured to include the 128th at Dobbins AFB and the 158th Fighter Squadron was returned to Chatham AFB. Initially upon their return to State Control both squadrons were equipped with the long-range F-51H Mustang and given an air defense mission. The 116th was assigned to Air Defense Command (ADC), being assigned to the 35th Air Division with a mission of the air defense of the Southeastern United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 80], "content_span": [81, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013602-0015-0000", "contents": "158th Airlift Squadron, History, Georgia Air National Guard, Air Defense Command\nCommencing in July 1953 the 158th began conversion to F-84D Thunderjet, yet most were not received until mid summer. On 1 July 1955 the 158th was re-designated as the 158th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron and converted the swept-wing F-84F Thunderstreak in March 1957.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 80], "content_span": [81, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013602-0016-0000", "contents": "158th Airlift Squadron, History, Georgia Air National Guard, Air Defense Command\nOn 10 July 1958 the 165th Fighter Interceptor Group was activated at Savannah with the 158th FIS assigned as their flying unit. The 158th FIS then switched to the F-86L Sabre Interceptor in 1958, a day/night/all-weather aircraft designed to be integrated into the ADC SAGE interceptor direction and control system. In 1958, the 116th implemented the ADC Runway Alert Program, in which interceptors of the 128th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron were committed to a five-minute runway alert.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 80], "content_span": [81, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013602-0017-0000", "contents": "158th Airlift Squadron, History, Georgia Air National Guard, Airlift mission\nReorganization came in 1962 when the unit transitioned from a fighter mission to an airlift mission The 158th Fighter Squadron became 158th Air Transport Squadron on 1 July 1962 assigned to the 165th Air Group. They traded in its Sabre interceptors for 4-engines C-97 Stratofreighter transports. With air transportation recognized as a critical wartime need, the squadron was re-designated the 128th Air Transport Squadron (Heavy). The 116th ATG was assigned to the MATS Eastern Transport Air Force, (EASTAF), and the squadron flew long-distance transport missions in support of Air Force requirements, frequently sending aircraft to the Caribbean, Europe Greenland, and the Middle East in support of Air Force requirements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 76], "content_span": [77, 801]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013602-0018-0000", "contents": "158th Airlift Squadron, History, Georgia Air National Guard, Airlift mission\nIn 1966 MATS became the Military Airlift Command (MAC) and EASTAF became the MAC Twenty-First Air Force. The 116th ATG was upgraded to the C-124 Globemaster II strategic heavy airlifter in 1967. Due to requirements generated by the Vietnam War, missions were flown across the Pacific to Hawaii, Japan, the Philippines, South Vietnam, Okinawa and Thailand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 76], "content_span": [77, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013602-0019-0000", "contents": "158th Airlift Squadron, History, Georgia Air National Guard, Airlift mission\nOn 8 August 1975, the first of the C-130E aircraft, aptly named \"Hercules\", came to the City of Savannah at the international airport to replace the older C-124's. While the C-124's were being retired from the Air Force inventory, the C-130s were arriving at the 165th Tactical Airlift Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 76], "content_span": [77, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013602-0020-0000", "contents": "158th Airlift Squadron, History, Georgia Air National Guard, Airlift mission\nThe 158th received seven new C-130H Hercules aircraft directly from the Lockheed Factory manufactured for the unit during September and October 1981. On 15 April 1992, the unit was redesignated the 165th Airlift Group. On 1 October 1995, the unit received its current designation, the 165th Airlift Wing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 76], "content_span": [77, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013603-0000-0000", "contents": "158th Aviation Regiment (United States)\nThe 158th Aviation Regiment is an aviation regiment of the United States Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013603-0001-0000", "contents": "158th Aviation Regiment (United States)\nIt traces its heritage to the 158th Aviation Battalion. Company A, 158th Aviation Battalion, was activated in the Regular Army on 25 July 1968 at Fort Carson, Colorado; and Company C on the same date at Fort Riley, KS. Both became an element of the 101st Airborne Division. Company A was inactivated on 19 April 1979 at Fort Campbell, Kentucky; Company C on 16 October 1986 at Fort Campbell.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013603-0002-0000", "contents": "158th Aviation Regiment (United States)\nBoth Companies A and C were redesignated as Battalion HHCs on 16 September 1987, for the 1st and 3rd Battalions, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013603-0003-0000", "contents": "158th Aviation Regiment (United States), 1st Battalion, 158th Aviation Regiment\nThe 1st Assault Helicopter Battalion, 158th Aviation Regiment, nicknamed the \"Ghostriders\", is headquartered at Conroe, Texas. The battalion flies UH-60 Black Hawks as part of the United States Army Reserve's 11th Theater Aviation Command. The battalion traces its lineage to Company A, 158th Aviation Battalion, activated on 25 July 1968, for assignment to the 101st Airborne Division (airmobile). The division, already in Vietnam, was transitioning from a parachute unit to a helicopter-transported airmobile unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 79], "content_span": [80, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013603-0004-0000", "contents": "158th Aviation Regiment (United States), 2nd Battalion, 158th Aviation Regiment\nThe 2nd Battalion was constituted on 25 July 1968, in the regular army as Company B, 158th Aviation Battalion, nickname \"Lancers\" an element of the 101st Airborne Division (airmobile), and activated at Fort Carson, Colorado. It was reorganized and redesignated on 16 September 1987, as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 2nd Battalion, 158th Aviation, and relieved from assignment to the 101st Airborne Division (air assault)(organic elements concurrently constituted and activated), and on 15 September 1996 it was inactivated at Fort Hood, Texas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 79], "content_span": [80, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013603-0004-0001", "contents": "158th Aviation Regiment (United States), 2nd Battalion, 158th Aviation Regiment\nHeadquarters and Headquarters Company, 2nd Battalion, 158th Aviation was redesignated on 16 October 1997 as Company B, 158th Aviation, and activated at Fort Hood, Texas, and then redesignated again on 1 October 2005 as Company B, 158th Aviation Regiment. It was inactivated there on 15 January 2008. On 17 October 2011 it was redesignated as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 2nd Battalion, 158th Aviation Regiment, and activated at Joint Base Lewis-McChord, Washington (organic elements concurrently activated).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 79], "content_span": [80, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013603-0005-0000", "contents": "158th Aviation Regiment (United States), 3rd Battalion, 158th Aviation Regiment\nThe 3rd Battalion was activated on 25 July 1968 in the regular army as Company C, 158th Aviation Battalion, an element of the 101st Airborne Division (airmobile), at Fort Riley, Kansas. It was inactivated 16 October 1986 at Fort Campbell, Kentucky and relieved from assignment to the 101st Airborne Division (air assault). The unit was redesignated 16 September 1987 as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 3rd Battalion, 158th Aviation, but withdrawn from the regular army on 16 September 1988 and allotted to the army reserve at Glenview, Illinois, where it was inactivated and re-allotted to the regular army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 79], "content_span": [80, 694]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013603-0005-0001", "contents": "158th Aviation Regiment (United States), 3rd Battalion, 158th Aviation Regiment\nThe battalion was concurrently redesignated as Company C, 158th Aviation and activated in Germany. It was redesignated on 16 October 2000 as the 3d Battalion, 158th Aviation. As of mid-2001, a detachment from Foxtrot Company, 159th Aviation Regiment, was deployed to Camp Able Sentry, Macedonia, in support of KFOR and Operation Joint Guardian.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 79], "content_span": [80, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013603-0006-0000", "contents": "158th Aviation Regiment (United States), Company D, 158th Aviation Regiment\nCompany D was activated on 25 July 1968 in the regular army as Company D, 158th Aviation Battalion, an element of the 101st Airborne Division (airmobile), and activated at Fort Carson, Colorado. It was inactivated on 30 September 1981 at Fort Campbell, Kentucky, and relieved from assignment to the 101st Airborne Division (air assault), then redesignated on 16 September 1987 as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 4th Battalion, 158th Aviation, relieved from allotment to the regular army, allotted to the army reserve, and activated at Fort Devens, Massachusetts (organic elements concurrently constituted and activated).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 75], "content_span": [76, 703]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013603-0006-0001", "contents": "158th Aviation Regiment (United States), Company D, 158th Aviation Regiment\nIt was inactivated there on 1 September 1996. Redesignated on 16 October 1997 as Company D, 158th Aviation, it was relieved from allotment to the army reserve, allotted to the regular army, and activated in Germany, where it was again inactivated on 15 October 2000. Nine days later it was relieved from allotment to the regular army, allotted again to the army reserve, and subsequently activated on 16 September 2002 at Victorville, California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 75], "content_span": [76, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013603-0007-0000", "contents": "158th Aviation Regiment (United States), 5th Battalion, 158th Aviation Regiment\nThe 5th Battalion was reorganized and redesignated in 1987 as a parent regiment under the United States Army Regimental System. On 18 September 1987 at Giebelstadt Army Airfield (GAAF) in Giebelstadt, Germany, the lineage of Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 158th Aviation Battalion was reflagged as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 5th Battalion, 158th Aviation, which was constituted and activated, using the assets of the 11th Aviation Battalion. The battalion's organic elements were subsequently constituted and activated. During the 1990s the 5th Battalion an element of the 12th Aviation Brigade, was the largest aviation battalion in the US Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 79], "content_span": [80, 746]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013603-0007-0001", "contents": "158th Aviation Regiment (United States), 5th Battalion, 158th Aviation Regiment\nUnits of the battalion were located in Giebelstadt and Wiesbaden, Germany and Aviano, Italy, and their mission included transportation of personnel and equipment. During combat or peacekeeping missions the 5th Battalion was also responsible for transporting V Corps leaders throughout the area of operations. Unit aircraft were a mixture of UH-60 Blackhawks and CH-47 Chinooks. Companies A and E of the battalion were located at Wiesbaden Air Base (WAB) in Wiesbaden, while Company B, activated on 16 October 1998, was stationed in Aviano. The activation of Company C at WAB was, at that time, projected for January 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 79], "content_span": [80, 701]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013603-0007-0002", "contents": "158th Aviation Regiment (United States), 5th Battalion, 158th Aviation Regiment\nThis activation completed the army's doctrinal template of the Mission Ready Battalion. As of early 2000 the unit consisted of eight companies flying and maintaining UH-60 Black Hawks and CH-47 Chinooks. The battalion had a total of 70 aircraft, which was larger than the normal 24 in a then-standard aviation battalion. A standard battalion generally flew 3,000-4,000 hours per year, while the 5th Battalion had nearly 12,000 accident-free flying hours during 1999. The unit was also the primary organization used for transporting the US Vice President and entourage for the president when they were in the theater.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 79], "content_span": [80, 696]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013603-0007-0003", "contents": "158th Aviation Regiment (United States), 5th Battalion, 158th Aviation Regiment\nIn 1999, the 5th Battalion deployed to Albania, Macedonia, Kosovo, Bosnia, Africa, Hungary, Austria, Switzerland and other areas within Europe. The total flying hours for FY99 was over 11,000, with over 5,000 of those hours logged in support of Task Force Hawk in Albania. Vehicle miles covered by members of the battalion were over 135,000. The unit also dispensed over 750,000 gallons of aircraft fuel without a major incident. Soldiers of the 5th Battalion were the first to fly US troops into Kosovo. 5th Battalion cased its colors at Katterbach Kaserne in June, 2015 in accordance with the Aviation Restructuring Initiative.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 79], "content_span": [80, 709]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013603-0008-0000", "contents": "158th Aviation Regiment (United States), 6th Battalion, 158th Aviation Regiment\nIn October 1987, under an army-wide restructuring, Company B of the 6th Battalion was activated by reflagging the existing 295th Aviation Company within the 12th Aviation Group (concurrently redesignated as the 12th Aviation Brigade) at Wiesbaden AB, Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 79], "content_span": [80, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013603-0009-0000", "contents": "158th Aviation Regiment (United States), 7th Battalion, 158th Aviation Regiment\nThe 7th General Support Aviation Battalion was constituted on 16 September 1987 with headquarters in the Army Reserve as the 7th Battalion, 158th Aviation and activated on 16 September 1988 at Scott Air Force Base, Illinois. There it was ordered into active military service 27 December 1990 and later released on 17 June 1991, reverting to reserve status. Except for C Company, 7th Battalion, 158th Aviation Regiment, which remained on active duty attached to 5th Battalion, 158th Aviation Regiment 12th Aviation Brigade stationed in Giebelstadt AAF Germany, supporting Operation Beirut Air Bridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 79], "content_span": [80, 679]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013603-0009-0001", "contents": "158th Aviation Regiment (United States), 7th Battalion, 158th Aviation Regiment\nOn 1 September 1995 the unit was inactivated at Scott AFB. The lineage was resurrected on 16 October 1999 when it was reactivated at Fort Hood, Texas, and on 1 October 2005 the unit was redesignated as the 7th Battalion, 158th Aviation Regiment. Elements ordered into active military service from 15 January 2005 to 11 October 2006 at home stations, then released from active military service from 12 February 2006 to 7 April 2008, reverting to reserve status.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 79], "content_span": [80, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013603-0009-0002", "contents": "158th Aviation Regiment (United States), 7th Battalion, 158th Aviation Regiment\nCompany A ordered into active military service on 10 November 2008 at Victorville, California, then released and reverting to reserve status on 14 December 2009. Company C and other elements were ordered into active federal service on 29 January 2009 at Salem, Oregon, then released and reverting to state control on 4 March 2010. Elements ordered into active military service on 24 January 2010 at home stations and then released and reverting to reserve status on 11 March 2010. On 17 March 2011 elements were again ordered into active military service, this time at New Century, Kansas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 79], "content_span": [80, 669]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013604-0000-0000", "contents": "158th Battalion (The Duke of Connaught's Own), CEF\nThe 158th (Duke of Connaught's Own) Battalion, CEF was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War. Based in Vancouver, British Columbia, the unit began recruiting in late 1915 in that city. After sailing to England in November 1916, the battalion was absorbed into the 1st Reserve Battalion on January 6, 1917. The 158th (Duke of Connaughts Own) Battalion, CEF had one Officer Commanding: Lieut-Col. C. Milne.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013604-0001-0000", "contents": "158th Battalion (The Duke of Connaught's Own), CEF\nThe 158th Battalion is perpetuated by The British Columbia Regiment (Duke of Connaught's Own).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013605-0000-0000", "contents": "158th Cavalry Regiment (United States)\nThe 158th Cavalry Regiment was a United States Army cavalry regiment, represented in the Maryland Army National Guard by 1st Squadron, 158th Cavalry, part of the 58th Expeditionary Military Intelligence Brigade at Annapolis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013605-0001-0000", "contents": "158th Cavalry Regiment (United States)\nConstituted in 1975, the regiment's 1st Squadron carried on the lineage of Company M, 115th Infantry, which saw service in both World War I and World War II. The 1st Squadron was the 58th Infantry Brigade's reconnaissance unit and was deployed to Bosnia as part of Stabilization Force and to Iraq during Operation Iraqi Freedom. In 2009, it became a Long Range Surveillance unit when the brigade became the 58th Battlefield Surveillance Brigade. The squadron was inactivated in 2015 after the brigade reorganized as a military intelligence unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013605-0002-0000", "contents": "158th Cavalry Regiment (United States), History, Lineage of the 1st Squadron, 158th Cavalry\nThe 1st Squadron, 158th Cavalry traced its lineage back to the organization of the Governor's Guard, an independent infantry company, at Annapolis on 17 August 1877. On 7 May 1886, it became Company G of the 1st Regiment, Maryland Infantry. The company was mustered into Federal service at Pimlico on 17 May 1898 for the Spanish\u2013American War as a unit of the 1st Maryland Volunteer Infantry. It trained with the regiment at Fort Monroe but did not complete training before the armistice went into effect on 12 August. The regiment was transferred to Camp Meade and then to Augusta, Georgia, where it mustered out on 28 February 1899.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 91], "content_span": [92, 725]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013605-0003-0000", "contents": "158th Cavalry Regiment (United States), History, Lineage of the 1st Squadron, 158th Cavalry\nOn 29 March 1901, Company G was renamed Company M at Annapolis. It was mustered into Federal service on 28 June 1916 at Camp Laurel to serve on the Mexico\u2013United States border, replacing Regular Army units participating in the Pancho Villa Expedition. With the regiment, Company M arrived by train at Eagle Pass, Texas in the first week of July 1916, where they spent time drilling and guarding the Eagle Pass\u2013Piedras Negras International Bridge. The regiment left Eagle Pass, bound for Maryland, on 4 November, when it was mustered out.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 91], "content_span": [92, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013605-0004-0000", "contents": "158th Cavalry Regiment (United States), History, Lineage of the 1st Squadron, 158th Cavalry\nThe company was again mustered into Federal service on 25 July 1917 at Annapolis for service in the American Expeditionary Forces in World War I. On 1 October, it was redesignated as Company M, 115th Infantry Regiment, part of the 29th Infantry Division. The company was sent to the front in mid-1918 and fought in combat in Alsace and the Meuse-Argonne Offensive before being demobilized after the end of the war at Camp Meade on 2 June 1919. On 29 December 1920, the company reverted to its prewar designation of Company M, 1st Maryland Infantry, after being reorganized and Federally recognized.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 91], "content_span": [92, 690]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013605-0005-0000", "contents": "158th Cavalry Regiment (United States), History, Lineage of the 1st Squadron, 158th Cavalry\nOn 1 January 1941, the company became Company M, 115th Infantry. It was inducted into Federal service on 3 February at Annapolis, serving with the 115th and the 29th Division in World War II. After being sent to England, the company participated in the Normandy landings at Omaha Beach in June and advanced east through France and Germany until the end of the war in May 1945. With the regiment, Company M returned to the United States and was inactivated on 17 January 1946 at Camp Kilmer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 91], "content_span": [92, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013605-0005-0001", "contents": "158th Cavalry Regiment (United States), History, Lineage of the 1st Squadron, 158th Cavalry\nIt was redesignated as the 29th Quartermaster Company on 20 June and reorganized and Federally recognized on 29 January 1947 at Annapolis. On 1 March 1963, the quartermaster company became Company A of the 229th Supply and Transport Battalion. On 21 January 1968, it was redesignated Troop B, 1st Squadron, 223rd Cavalry in the 28th Division when the 29th was inactivated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 91], "content_span": [92, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013605-0006-0000", "contents": "158th Cavalry Regiment (United States), History, 158th Cavalry\nThe 158th Cavalry was constituted on 31 March 1975 in the Maryland Army National Guard, a parent regiment under the Combat Arms Regimental System (CARS), and organized on 1 April from existing units. Troop A (Air) was redesignated from Troop D, 1st Squadron, 223rd Cavalry. Troop D was redesignated from Troop D, 1st Squadron, 183rd Cavalry after being relocated to Bel Air on 21 January 1968. It was constituted on 1 March 1959 as the 29th Aviation Company (part) and organized and Federally recognized on 7 July 1959 at Baltimore before being relocated to Edgewood on 1 May 1960.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 62], "content_span": [63, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013605-0006-0001", "contents": "158th Cavalry Regiment (United States), History, 158th Cavalry\nThe company became Company B, 29th Aviation Battalion on 1 March 1963, and Troop D, 1st Squadron, 183rd Cavalry on 1 November 1965. Troop B was redesignated from Troop B, 1st Squadron, 223rd Cavalry Regiment. Both troops were part of the 58th Infantry Brigade. On 1 October 1975, Troop A became the 224th Aviation Company. On 1 July 1986, the regiment was reorganized to include 1st Squadron, part of the 29th Division, after the 29th was reactivated. The squadron became the division reconnaissance squadron and Troop B became the Headquarters and Headquarters Troop (HHT). Troop A, a ground reconnaissance unit, and Troop B and C, helicopter reconnaissance units, were newly organized. On 1 June 1989, the regiment was withdrawn from CARS and reorganized under the United States Army Regimental System (USARS) with headquarters at Annapolis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 62], "content_span": [63, 906]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013605-0007-0000", "contents": "158th Cavalry Regiment (United States), History, 158th Cavalry\nTroop A mobilized in support of Stabilization Force 10 in Bosnia in 2001, deploying there in September. In September 2005, the UH-1-equipped squadron provided support and security to New Orleans residents in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina. In August and September 2006, the 158th was deployed to Arizona to assist U.S. Customs and Border Protection in patrolling the United States\u2013Mexico border. On 3 September 2006, B and C troops converted to ground reconnaissance. Around the same time, the squadron became part of the 58th Brigade Combat Team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 62], "content_span": [63, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013605-0007-0001", "contents": "158th Cavalry Regiment (United States), History, 158th Cavalry\nIn April 2007, the squadron was mobilized to deploy to Iraq in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom. Just before the deployment to Iraq, Troop C was merged into Troops A and B. HHT and B Troop were stationed at Camp Cropper, while Troop A was stationed at Camp Bucca. Troops A and B supported detainee operations at their respective facilities, and HHT built and operated the Iraqi Corrections Officer Training Academy, training Iraqi corrections officers. After the end of the nine-month deployment, Troop C was reformed from personnel of Troops A and B.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 62], "content_span": [63, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013605-0008-0000", "contents": "158th Cavalry Regiment (United States), History, 158th Cavalry\nOn 5 May 2009, the 1st Squadron's Glen Burnie-based Troop C was merged with the Cascade-based 129th Infantry Detachment (Long Range Surveillance), retaining the Troop C designation. Troop C thus absorbed the Long Range Surveillance mission from the 129th, and the brigade concurrently became the 58th Battlefield Surveillance Brigade. The squadron was involved in the response to several blizzards from 2007 and Hurricane Sandy in November 2012. In mid-2013, the squadron participated in the Exportable Combat Training Capability (XCTC) combat training rotation in support of the 86th Infantry Brigade Combat Team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 62], "content_span": [63, 677]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013605-0008-0001", "contents": "158th Cavalry Regiment (United States), History, 158th Cavalry\nIn April 2015, the squadron was sent into Baltimore to restore order after the 2015 Baltimore protests. In July, C Troop conducted its final training parachute jump. On 7 November, the squadron was inactivated as part of the brigade's reorganization as an Expeditionary Military Intelligence Brigade. Its last commander was Lieutenant Colonel Michael Duplechain, and most of its 329 personnel were reassigned to other units in the Maryland Army National Guard. It was replaced by the 629th Expeditionary Military Intelligence Battalion. When the unit was inactivated, HHT was at Annapolis, A Troop at Cheltenham, B Troop at Easton, and C Troop at Hagerstown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 62], "content_span": [63, 721]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013606-0000-0000", "contents": "158th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by Rich Farmbrough (talk | contribs) at 18:00, 19 November 2019 (\u2192\u200etop: Date formats). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013606-0001-0000", "contents": "158th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)\nThe 158th Division (\u7b2c158\u5e2b\u56e3, Dai-hyakugoj\u016bhachi Shidan) was an infantry division of the Imperial Japanese Army. Its call sign was the Immortal Division (\u4e0d\u6ec5\u5175\u56e3, Fumetsu Heidan). It was formed 10 August 1945 in Changchun as a triangular division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013606-0002-0000", "contents": "158th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nThe 158th division was organised from the cadets of the training units during the Soviet invasion of Manchuria. The war ended with the surrender of Japan 15 August 1945 before the 158th division can complete the organization.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013607-0000-0000", "contents": "158th Field Artillery Regiment\nThe 158th Field Artillery Regiment is a Field Artillery regiment of the Army National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013607-0001-0000", "contents": "158th Field Artillery Regiment, Distinctive unit insignia\nA Gold color metal and enamel device 1\u00a01\u20444 inches (3.2\u00a0cm) in height consisting of the shield, crest and motto of the coat of arms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 57], "content_span": [58, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013607-0002-0000", "contents": "158th Field Artillery Regiment, Distinctive unit insignia\nThe dominant colors, red and yellow, are for Artillery. The broad arrow-a large missile thrown by machine-was an early version of artillery. The three broad arrowheads represent the recognition awarded the organization for service in Sicily, Naples and Southern France. The green wedge symbolizes mountainous Italy, and the fleur-de-lis is for French and Central European service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 57], "content_span": [58, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013607-0003-0000", "contents": "158th Field Artillery Regiment, Distinctive unit insignia\nThe distinctive unit insignia was originally approved for the 158th Field Artillery Battalion on 14 January 1952. It was redesignated for the 158th Artillery Regiment on 2 November 1960. The insignia was redesignated for the 158th Field Artillery Regiment on 19 July 1972.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 57], "content_span": [58, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013608-0000-0000", "contents": "158th Fighter Wing\nThe 158th Fighter Wing (158 FW) is a unit of the Vermont Air National Guard, stationed at Burlington Air National Guard Base, Burlington, Vermont. If activated to federal service, the Wing is gained by the United States Air Force Air Combat Command. The mission of the 158th Fighter Wing was to utilize the F-16 Fighting Falcon to provide a relatively low-cost, high-performance weapon system for the United States and allied nations. They have since ceased the use of the F-16, and started receiving the F-35 in September 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013608-0001-0000", "contents": "158th Fighter Wing, Units\nThe 158th Fighter Wing consists of the following major units:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 25], "content_span": [26, 87]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013608-0002-0000", "contents": "158th Fighter Wing, History\nIn 1956 the Maine Air National Guard 101st Fighter-Interceptor Wing was expanded to an Air Defense Wing and reorganized by Air Defense Command. As a result, the Vermont Air National Guard 134th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron was authorized to expand to a group level, and the 158th Fighter Group (Air Defense) was established by the National Guard Bureau; the 134th FIS becoming the group's flying squadron. Other squadrons assigned into the group were the 158th Headquarters, 158th Material Squadron (Maintenance), 158th Combat Support Squadron, and the 158th USAF Dispensary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013608-0003-0000", "contents": "158th Fighter Wing, History, Air Defense Mission\nThe mission of the 158th Fighter Group (AD) was the air defense of Vermont. Its 134th FIS was initially equipped with the F-94 Starfire interceptor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 48], "content_span": [49, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013608-0004-0000", "contents": "158th Fighter Wing, History, Air Defense Mission\nOn 25 June 1960, Air Defense Command inactivated the active-duty 14th Fighter Group at Ethan Allen AFB, and the base reverted to full Air National Guard jurisdiction. The 158th Fighter Group (AD) now manned alert hangars 24 hours a day. In the summer of 1960, summer field training was conducted at Otis Air Force Base at Cape Cod, MA, from 18 June to 2 July. When the unit returned to Burlington, the Maintenance and Operations Squadrons immediately moved into the facilities that had been vacated by the Regular Air Force with the closure of Ethan Allen AFB. The aging F-94s were replaced by twin-engine F-89D Scorpion fighters in 1958. Two years later F-89Js replaced the D models. The J model was designed to carry two AIR-2 Genie nuclear-tipped air-to-air missiles under the wings to defend against enemy bomber attack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 48], "content_span": [49, 873]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013608-0005-0000", "contents": "158th Fighter Wing, History, Air Defense Mission\nThe 134th was reorganized as the 158th Fighter Interceptor Group and was placed under the United States Air Defense Command. Lt Col Robert P. Goyette assumed command of the group and Maj Rolfe L. Chickering took command of the 134th Fighter Interceptor Squadron. The Air Guard now manned alert hangars 24 hours a day, a mission which had previously belonged to the active Air Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 48], "content_span": [49, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013608-0006-0000", "contents": "158th Fighter Wing, History, Air Defense Mission\nDuring the 1950s and early 1960s, better training and equipment, and closer relations with the Air Force greatly improved the readiness of Group. The Vermont Air National Guard received the ADC Operational Readiness award in October 1962, for having the greatest degree of readiness of any F-89 unit in the country. In 1965, the 134th received supersonic F-102A Delta Dagger interceptors, the Air Guard was always one generation of aircraft behind the Air Force during this time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 48], "content_span": [49, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013608-0007-0000", "contents": "158th Fighter Wing, History, Air Defense Mission\nIn 1971 the 158th embarked on an intensive recruiting program that made Vermont one of the top units in the country in total strength. During this period the Vermont ANG began to actively recruit women into all open career fields. Maryanne T. Lorenz was the first woman officer and SSgt Karen Wingard left active duty with the Air Force to become the first enlisted woman to join the Green Mountain Boy unit. She later became First Sergeant of the 158th Mission Support Squadron, received her commission, and was later appointed commander of that squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 48], "content_span": [49, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013608-0008-0000", "contents": "158th Fighter Wing, History, Air Defense Mission\nThe 158th Fighter Interceptor Group became the 158th Defense Systems Evaluation Group (158 DSEG) in June 1974, with the unit receiving twenty EB-57 Canberras. These two-seat, twin-engine aircraft were former medium bombers that were re-equipped with electronic counter-measures and chaff emitting equipment. The new mission was to act as the \"friendly enemy\" to evaluate both air and ground radar systems. This mission took pilots, electronic warfare officers, and maintenance personnel all over the United States, Canada, and as far as Iceland, South Korea, and Japan. The unit provided direct operational training of now-Aerospace Defense Command, U.S. Air Forces in Europe (USAFE) and Pacific Air Forces (PACAF) aircrews in the accomplishment of their mission when their systems were severely degraded as might be expected during an attack by enemy offensive aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 48], "content_span": [49, 920]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013608-0009-0000", "contents": "158th Fighter Wing, History, Air Defense Mission, Tactical Air Command\nWith the disestablishment of Aerospace Defense Command in 1979, the 158th was subsequently transferred to Tactical Air Command (TAC) as a gaining command under Air Defense, Tactical Air Command (ADTAC), which assumed the mission of the former ADC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 70], "content_span": [71, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013608-0010-0000", "contents": "158th Fighter Wing, History, Air Defense Mission, Tactical Air Command\nIn 1980, the 158th began a transition to the F-4D Phantom II, a powerful, two seat, twin-engine fighter, with the Vermont Air National Guard, leaving the Air Defense community to become part of main line Tactical Air Command with a primary mission of ground attack and close air support.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 70], "content_span": [71, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013608-0011-0000", "contents": "158th Fighter Wing, History, Air Defense Mission, Tactical Air Command\nThe 158th Tactical Fighter Group deployed to the Gulfport Combat Readiness Training Center, Mississippi, in January 1983 to prepare for the upcoming Operational Readiness Inspection. This was the unit's first large-scale deployment in 23 years. The last deployment had been for summer camp at Otis AFB, Massachusetts, in 1960.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 70], "content_span": [71, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013608-0012-0000", "contents": "158th Fighter Wing, History, Air Defense Mission, Tactical Air Command\nThe 158th Civil Engineering Squadron dedicated its new building on 14 December. Fifty-two members of the CE Squadron deployed to Panama on a humanitarian mission in January 1994. They constructed a six-room masonry block school building and a single story wood frame building to be used as a hospice by the local hospital.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 70], "content_span": [71, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013608-0013-0000", "contents": "158th Fighter Wing, History, Air Defense Mission, Tactical Air Command\nIn the mid eighties the USAF decided to re-equip the Air National Guard units with more modern equipment as part of the \"Total Force\" concept. In the earlier decades the ANG always had to be thankful to receive older USAF jets. With the introduction of the F-16 this changed. The F-4D Phantoms were retired in 1986 and the first F-16 Fighting Falcon models of the 134th FS were of the block 15 version \u2013 although also some earlier 1970s block 1 and 10 models were flown for a brief time. These aircraft came from regular USAF squadrons who transitioned to newer F-16C/D models, but still these aircraft, largely 1982 models, were no older than a mere 5 years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 70], "content_span": [71, 730]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013608-0014-0000", "contents": "158th Fighter Wing, History, Air Defense Mission, Tactical Air Command\nFrom 1989\u20131997, the 134th Fighter Squadron's mission was air defense, having aircraft on 5-minute alert, seven days a week, 24 hours a day. Locations of these alert aircraft included Burlington, Maine, Virginia and South Carolina. The location of the Vermont ANG was much more specific in their relation to NORAD that they were tasked with this defense as a primary role. Therefore, the block 15 lacked the Beyond Visual Range capability. However, this changed in the course of 1990 with the upgrade of their aircraft to the block 15 ADF (Air Defense Fighter) version. This meant a serious leap in performance and capability of this squadron in their defensive role. As a result, the Vermont ANG has one of the highest rates of interceptions of Russian bombers that were coming in over the North Pole, except for some Alaskan USAF units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 70], "content_span": [71, 908]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013608-0015-0000", "contents": "158th Fighter Wing, History, Air Defense Mission, Tactical Air Command\nMany times Vermont F-16's were called upon to fly to a point just short of Iceland and escort Soviet bombers as they flew off the coastline of the United States. The 158th FW has also assisted with aircraft experiencing in-flight malfunctions and hijackings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 70], "content_span": [71, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013608-0016-0000", "contents": "158th Fighter Wing, History, Air Defense Mission, Air Combat Command\nIn March 1992, with the end of the Cold War, the 158th adopted the Air Force Objective Organization plan, and the unit was re-designated as the 158th Fighter Group. In June, Tactical Air Command was inactivated as part of the Air Force reorganization after the end of the Cold War. It was replaced by Air Combat Command (ACC).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 68], "content_span": [69, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013608-0017-0000", "contents": "158th Fighter Wing, History, Air Defense Mission, Air Combat Command\nIn 1994 the scope of the squadron was again enlarged with the introduction of the block 25 version of the F-16. The 134th FS was one of the first ANG units to receive the F-16C/D Fighting Falcon. At first the mission of the squadron remained relatively the same. But with the introduction of these aircraft a more multi-role mission profile became possible with the squadron being tasked to undertake deployments to the Middle East.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 68], "content_span": [69, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013608-0018-0000", "contents": "158th Fighter Wing, History, Air Defense Mission, Air Combat Command\nAlong with the Air Defense mission, the men and women of \"The Green Mountain Boys\" have also been tasked seven times to deploy to different locations in Central America to help patrol the skies and intercept aircraft suspected of illegally smuggling drugs. These missions were usually flown far offshore in the middle of the night and required a high degree of proficiency.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 68], "content_span": [69, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013608-0019-0000", "contents": "158th Fighter Wing, History, Air Defense Mission, Air Combat Command\nIn 1995, in accordance with the Air Force \"One Base-One Wing\" directive, the 158th was changed in status to a Wing, and the 134th Fighter Squadron was assigned to the new 158th Operations Group. In mid-1996, the Air Force, in response to budget cuts, and changing world situations, began experimenting with Air Expeditionary organizations. The Air Expeditionary Force (AEF) concept was developed that would mix Active-Duty, Reserve and Air National Guard elements into a combined force. Instead of entire permanent units deploying as \"Provisional\" as in the 1991 Gulf War, Expeditionary units are composed of \"aviation packages\" from several wings, including active-duty Air Force, the Air Force Reserve Command and the Air National Guard, would be married together to carry out the assigned deployment rotation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 68], "content_span": [69, 881]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013608-0020-0000", "contents": "158th Fighter Wing, History, Air Defense Mission, Air Combat Command\nIn the fall of 1997, the 158th Fighter Wing was evaluated by the Air Combat Command and was tasked to fight a simulated war from 2 locations, a very challenging undertaking. The 158th Wing deployed 225 personnel and 10 F-16s to Canada while the rest of the Wing remained in Burlington for the comprehensive 5-day evaluation. The men and women of \"The Green Mountain Boys\" received the first rating of \"Outstanding\" (the highest possible score) ever earned by an Air Defense Unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 68], "content_span": [69, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013608-0021-0000", "contents": "158th Fighter Wing, History, Air Defense Mission, Air Combat Command\nIn 1998 the squadron was one of five ANG squadrons to be equipped with the Theater Airborne Reconnaissance System (TARS). This way the squadrons mission became somewhat specific in the USAF, since only these five ANG units possess a tactical reconnaissance capacity. They are therefore regularly asked to perform this mission for the entire organization.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 68], "content_span": [69, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013608-0022-0000", "contents": "158th Fighter Wing, History, Air Defense Mission, Air Combat Command\nIn October 2000, the 134th Expeditionary Fighter Squadron was formed and deployed to Prince Sultan Air Base, Saudi Arabia as part of a \"Rainbow\" package composed of the 111th and 177th Fighter Squadron. Operation Southern Watch was an operation which was responsible for enforcing the no-fly zone below the 32nd parallel north in Iraq as part of Air Expeditionary Force 9. This mission was initiated mainly to cover for attacks of Iraqi forces on the Iraqi Shi\u2019ite Muslims.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 68], "content_span": [69, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013608-0023-0000", "contents": "158th Fighter Wing, History, Air Defense Mission, Air Combat Command\nAfter the terrorist attacks on 9 November 2001, the 134th began flying Operation Noble Eagle air defense missions over major cities in the northeast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 68], "content_span": [69, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013608-0024-0000", "contents": "158th Fighter Wing, History, Air Defense Mission, Air Combat Command\nBeginning in May 2005, the 134th began a series of deployments to Balad Air Base, Iraq, being attached to the 332d Expeditionary Fighter Squadron. This was a rotation in the Air Expeditionary Force 9/10 cycle as part of another Rainbow deployment to support Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) along with the 119th and 163d Expeditionary Fighter Squadrons. Another OIF Expeditionary deployment was made in February 2006 and a third to Balad AB was made in September 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 68], "content_span": [69, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013608-0025-0000", "contents": "158th Fighter Wing, History, Air Defense Mission, Air Combat Command\nAs a result of BRAC 2005, on 5 March 2008 \u2013 still in 186th FS markings \u2013 the 134th FS received its first F-16 block 30 (#87-0332) as the Montana ANG 186th Fighter Squadron converted to the F-15 Eagle. This conversion is not only an engine change from the Pratt & Whitney to the General Electric but also to the big inlet viper. Before the end of 2008 the 134th FS had completed its conversion to the block 30. The block 25s were sent to the Minnesota ANG 179th Fighter Squadron; the 412th Test Wing at Edwards AFB, and some went to AMARC for retirement in the 'boneyard.' The 134th achieved initial operational capability (IOC) on the block 30 in 2009 with the squadron being ready for combat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 68], "content_span": [69, 762]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013609-0000-0000", "contents": "158th Indiana Infantry Regiment\nThe 158th Indiana Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment from Indiana that failed to complete its organization to serve in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013610-0000-0000", "contents": "158th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)\nThe 158th Infantry Brigade was an infantry brigade of the British Army that served in both the First and Second World Wars, before being disbanded in 1968. Throughout its existence the brigade was assigned to the 53rd (Welsh) Infantry Division and was composed almost entirely of Territorial battalions from the Royal Welch Fusiliers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013610-0001-0000", "contents": "158th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Formation\nThe North Wales Brigade (as it was originally known) was created in 1908 under the Haldane Reforms when the Volunteer Force and the Yeomanry were merged to create the Territorial Force and was composed of the 4th (Denbighshire), 5th (Flintshire), 6th (Carnarvonfonshire and Anglesey) and 7th (Merioneth and Montgomery) Volunteer battalions of the Royal Welsh Fusiliers. The brigade was assigned to the Welsh Division, one of fourteen divisions of the peacetime Territorial Force. As the name suggests, the brigade recruited primarily from North Wales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 50], "content_span": [51, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013610-0002-0000", "contents": "158th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), First World War\nThe Welsh Division was mobilised on 5 August 1914, the day after Britain declared war on Germany, which officially began the First World War. According to the Territorial and Reserve Forces Act 1907 soldiers of the Territorial Force were only able to serve overseas with their permission and so, when asked, a large majority of the men volunteered for overseas service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 56], "content_span": [57, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013610-0003-0000", "contents": "158th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), First World War\nThroughout 1915 all divisions of the Territorial Force were given numbers and so, on 13 May 1915, the division was numbered as the 53rd (Welsh) Division and all the brigades of the division were also numbered, the North Wales Brigade becoming the 158th (1/1st North Wales) Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 56], "content_span": [57, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013610-0003-0001", "contents": "158th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), First World War\nThe battalions were also redesignated, becoming, for example, '1/5th RWF', to distinguish them from their 2nd Line duplicates which were currently being formed in 203rd (2/1st North Wales) Brigade, of the 68th (2nd Welsh) Division, which consisted mainly of the men who, when asked at the outbreak of the war, did not wish to serve overseas, together with the many recruits and thousands of men volunteering.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 56], "content_span": [57, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013610-0004-0000", "contents": "158th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), First World War\nThe brigade fought with the 53rd (Welsh) Division throughout the First World War in the Middle Eastern theatre from mid-1915 until the end of the war in 1918. In its first action the brigade was involved in the disastrous Gallipoli Campaign where it landed in August 1915. After temporarily serving under command of the 2nd Mounted Division, between 31 October and 28 November, the brigade, together with the rest of 53rd Division, was evacuated form Gallipoli to Egypt in December 1915 and continued serving in the Middle Eastern theatre in Sinai and Palestine. The brigade took part in the Battle of Romani in August 1916, the Battle of El Buggar Ridge in October 1917 and the action of Tell 'Asur in March 1918, where it fought off several counter-attacks by the Ottoman forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 56], "content_span": [57, 838]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013610-0005-0000", "contents": "158th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), First World War\nThroughout mid-1918, most of the British battalions of the brigade were posted to reinforce the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) serving in the trenches of the Western Front, after the German Army launched its huge Spring Offensive, which saw huge territorial gains for the Germans. As a result, the British battalions were replaced by Indian Army battalions. This occurred in most British divisions serving in the Middle East.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 56], "content_span": [57, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013610-0006-0000", "contents": "158th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), First World War, Order of Battle\nThe brigade commanded the following units in the First World War:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 73], "content_span": [74, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013610-0007-0000", "contents": "158th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Inter-war period\nThe division and brigade, along with the rest of the Territorial Force, was disbanded after the war but started to reform in 1920, and was later renamed the Territorial Army. The division was reformed as the 53rd (Welsh) Infantry Division and the brigade was itself reformed and renamed as the 158th (Royal Welch) Infantry Brigade, with its headquarters at Wrexham. The brigade again consisted of four battalions of the Royal Welch Fusiliers and this remained the order of battle of the brigade for most of the inter-war period.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 57], "content_span": [58, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013610-0008-0000", "contents": "158th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Inter-war period\nIn 1938 a reorganisation of the Territorial Army's infantry divisions saw them reduced from twelve to nine infantry battalions. As a direct consequence of this, the 5th (Flintshire) Battalion, Royal Welch Fusiliers was chosen to be converted into another role, being transferred to the Royal Artillery and converted and redesignated to become the 60th (Royal Welch Fusiliers) Anti -Tank Regiment, Royal Artillery and acted as the anti-tank regiment for the 53rd Division until December 1939 when it transferred to the 1st Armoured Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 57], "content_span": [58, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013610-0009-0000", "contents": "158th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War\nThe Territorial Army, and 53rd Division, was mobilised in late August/early September 1939, due to the situation in Europe becoming increasingly worse. The German Army invaded Poland on 1 September 1939 and Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later, officially beginning the Second World War. Over a month later, in October the brigade, as in the First World War consisted of three battalions of the Royal Welch Fusiliers, the 4th, 6th and 7th. The 158th Brigade the first element of the 53rd Division to be sent to Northern Ireland, followed in December by the 160th Brigade and later 159th Brigade in April 1940. The brigade would remain there until November 1941, training hard with the rest of the division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 57], "content_span": [58, 785]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013610-0010-0000", "contents": "158th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War\nAfter the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) was evacuated from Dunkirk in late May/early June, the brigade, with the division, moved to Ulster to counter a possible German invasion there and the garrison was strengthened by the arrival of the 61st Infantry Division and, in March 1941, the 5th Infantry Division, a Regular Army formation that had seen service in France with the BEF in 1940.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 57], "content_span": [58, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013610-0011-0000", "contents": "158th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War\nIn November 1941 the division was sent back to the mainland again, briefly serving in Wales before transferring to Kent, coming under command of XII Corps and serving alongside 43rd (Wessex) and 46th Infantry Divisions. The corps was commanded by Lieutenant-General Bernard Montgomery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 57], "content_span": [58, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013610-0012-0000", "contents": "158th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War\nThe brigade again fought from June 1944 to May 1945 on the Western Front in Normandy, Falaise, the Ardennes and the Reichswald before finally invading Germany itself.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 57], "content_span": [58, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013610-0013-0000", "contents": "158th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War, Order of battle\nThe 158th Infantry Brigade was constituted as follows during the war:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 74], "content_span": [75, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013610-0014-0000", "contents": "158th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Victoria Cross\nDuring operations undertaken by the 158th Brigade to close the Falaise Pocket, heavy fighting took place on 16 August around the town of Balfour. During this action, Captain Tasker Watkins, commanding B Company of the 1/5th Battalion, Welch Regiment, personally led a charge across a heavily defended stretch of open ground, reaching and personally eliminating an enemy position in spite of his companies' very heavy losses. For this action, he received the Victoria Cross.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 55], "content_span": [56, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013611-0000-0000", "contents": "158th Infantry Brigade (United States)\nThe 158th Infantry Brigade is an infantry brigade of the United States Army. It has subordinate battalions throughout Florida and Puerto Rico.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013611-0001-0000", "contents": "158th Infantry Brigade (United States)\nThe 158th Infantry Brigade is an AC/RC unit based at Camp Shelby, Mississippi. The unit is responsible for training selected United States Army Reserve and National Guard units in Florida and Puerto Rico. The brigade was activated using the assets of the 2nd Brigade, 87th Division. The brigade is a subordinate unit of U.S. First Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013611-0002-0000", "contents": "158th Infantry Brigade (United States), History\nThe brigade was constituted as Headquarters, 158th Infantry Brigade on 5 August 1917 in the National Army and assigned to the 79th Infantry Division. The unit organized at Camp Meade, Maryland on 25 August 1917. The brigade deployed to Europe and fought in World War I where it received battle streamers for participation in the Meuse-Argonne Offensive and Lorraine 1918 campaigns. After the war the brigade demobilized at Camp Dix, New Jersey, reconstituted in the Organized Reserves and assigned to the 79th Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013611-0003-0000", "contents": "158th Infantry Brigade (United States), History\nThe brigade converted and redesignated on 12 February 1942 as 3rd Platoon, 79th Reconnaissance Troop, 79th Division and was ordered to active military service on 15 June 1942. The unit reorganized at Camp Pickett, Virginia and again deployed to Europe where it participated in Normandy, Northern France, Rhineland, Ardennes-Alsace and Central Europe Campaigns. For actions during the war the unit received the French Croix de Guerre with Palm, with streamers embroidered PARROY FOREST and NORMANDY TO PARIS, as well as the French Croix de Guerre, Fourragere. The unit inactivated 11 December 1945 at Camp Kilmer, New Jersey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013611-0004-0000", "contents": "158th Infantry Brigade (United States), History\nThe unit was converted and redesignated on 5 November 1962 as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 158th Infantry Brigade while in inactive status. It was reactivated on 2 October 1997 and posted to Patrick Air Force Base, Florida.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013611-0005-0000", "contents": "158th Infantry Brigade (United States), History\nIn 1999, the brigade was redesignated as 2nd Brigade, 87th Division (Training Support).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013611-0006-0000", "contents": "158th Infantry Brigade (United States), History\nIn 2006, as part of the Army's Transformation Plan, the 2nd Brigade, 87th Division was reflagged as the 158th Infantry Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013611-0007-0000", "contents": "158th Infantry Brigade (United States), History\nAn Army Times article dated 17 August 2010 announced the brigade's move from Patrick AFB to Camp Shelby, Mississippi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013611-0008-0000", "contents": "158th Infantry Brigade (United States), Further reading\nFor further information see The Brigade, A History by John J. McGrath from the Combat Studies Institute Press, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 55], "content_span": [56, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013612-0000-0000", "contents": "158th Infantry Division \"Zara\"\nThe 158th Infantry Division \"Zara\" (Italian: 158\u00aa Divisione fanteria \"Zara\") was an infantry division of the Royal Italian Army during World War II. The Zara was formed in March 1942 as a garrison division and named for the city of Zara. The division remained stationed on the Dalmatian coast until it surrendered to the Germans after the Italian-Allied Armistice of Cassibile was announced on 8 September 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013612-0001-0000", "contents": "158th Infantry Division \"Zara\", CROWCASS\nThe names of five men attached to the Zara Division can be found in the CROWCASS List established by the Anglo-American Allies of the individuals wanted by Yugoslavia for war crimes:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 40], "content_span": [41, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013613-0000-0000", "contents": "158th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)\nThe 158th Infantry Division (German: 158. Infanteriedivision) was a German Army infantry division in World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013613-0001-0000", "contents": "158th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History\nThe 158th Infantry Division was raised in April 1945, where it was sent to the eastern front, which was approaching westwards to the German border.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013614-0000-0000", "contents": "158th Infantry Regiment (United States)\nThe 158th Infantry Regiment (\"Bushmasters\") is an infantry unit of the Arizona National Guard. The regiment has served abroad in World War I, World War II and Afghanistan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013614-0001-0000", "contents": "158th Infantry Regiment (United States)\nIn 1967 then Governor of Arizona Jack Williams signed into law that 3 December would be \"Bushmaster Day\" in the State of Arizona in honor of the regiment's service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013614-0002-0000", "contents": "158th Infantry Regiment (United States), History\nThe 158th Infantry takes its lineage directly from the 1st Arizona Volunteer Infantry which was formed in late 1865 and disbanded in late 1866. The unit participated in a number of campaigns against the Apache during the Apache Wars and comprised companies of Maricopa and Pima American Indians.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013614-0003-0000", "contents": "158th Infantry Regiment (United States), History\nDuring the Spanish\u2013American War the unit morphed to another unit and formed the additional element known as the Arizona 1st Volunteer Cavalry. They soon adopted as the motto \"Cuidado\" a Spanish word meaning \"take care\" in reference to when they would patrol for them to be on guard. However, later the term would be applied far more liberally when the 158th was conducting jungle warfare training in Panama and the deadly pit viper from which they drew their nickname infested the jungle, from here Bushmasters would tell each other to beware of the snake. In 1916, during the Pancho Villa Expedition, an expeditionary force led by General John Pershing into Mexico, the 1st Arizona Volunteer Infantry guarded and patrolled the border between Douglas and Naco, Arizona until World War I was declared on 6 April 1917.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 865]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013614-0004-0000", "contents": "158th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War I\nThe 1st Arizona Infantry was drafted into federal service 5 August 1917, and re-designated as the 158th Infantry Regiment as part of the 79th Brigade, of the 40th Division. The division was sent overseas to France in August 1918. The regiment saw no active service at the front, however its men furnished replacement personnel to other units. The regiment also acted as the guard of honor to President Woodrow Wilson during his visit in France in 1918. And the regimental band marched and performed in the Allied Victory Parade which he attended. The regiment arrived at the port of New York on the USS Ohioan, was relieved from assignment to th 40th Division on 20 April 1919, and was demobilized on 3 May 1919 at Camp Kearny, California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 801]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013614-0005-0000", "contents": "158th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Interwar period\nThe 158th Infantry was reconstituted in the National Guard in 1921, assigned to the 45th Division, and allotted to the state of Arizona. The regiment was reorganized from 1922 to 1924, with the headquarters organized and federally recognized at Phoenix, Arizona, on 12 September 1924. The headquarters was relocated on 11 October 1932 to Tucson, Arizona. In 1924, F Company was formed as an all-native American unit made up of alumni of the Phoenix Indian School.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 65], "content_span": [66, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013614-0006-0000", "contents": "158th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II\nAt the outbreak of World War II, the unit was ordered into Federal service on 16 September 1940 and started training at Fort Sill, Oklahoma. The regiment then moved to Camp Barkeley, Texas in February 1941 and conducted maneuvers in Louisiana. After the United States declared war on 8 December 1941, the unit was detached from the 45th Division and was sent to Panama to reinforce the defenses of the Panama Canal Zone arriving 2 January 1942. The regiment was relieved of assignment to the 45th on 11 February 1942 and became a separate infantry regiment. This was done as the \"square\" divisions of the US Army were reorganized as triangular divisions. The US Army operated a number of separate infantry regiments during the war. Of these, approximately 29 separate regiments, including the 158th participated in overseas campaigns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 897]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013614-0007-0000", "contents": "158th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II\nThe 158th was assigned to the Panama Mobile Force where it joined a veteran jungle unit the 14th Infantry \"Jungleers\" and the 5th Infantry in conducting security operations in the Panama Canal Zone. During this time the men of the 158th built training facilities and conducted numerous patrols in the dense Panamanian jungle. Their main tool for hacking out jungle trails was the machete, a sharp, long bladed tool widely used for that purpose. The thick jungle concealed many hazardous plants, insects, and animals, including the highly venomous snake known as the Bushmaster. The 158th subsequently adopted the nickname \"Bushmasters\" and created a \"shoulder sleeve insignia\" which showed a Bushmaster wrapped around the blade of a machete. Encounters with deadly snakes were common lending new significance to the regiment's Spanish motto \"Cuidado\" (Take Care) which originated with the 1st Arizona Volunteer Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 983]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013614-0008-0000", "contents": "158th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II\nIn 1942 158th was one of four infantry regiments of the Panama Mobile Force chosen to create and train a jungle platoon which was used to test specialized jungle equipment, weapons, tactics and rations. The success of these platoons led the Caribbean Defense Command to order \"training in jungle warfare tactics for all echelons of this command will be placed in high priority.\" Undoubtedly, the bulk of the 158th also gained considerable jungle experience during the course of the regiment's routine operations. In November 1942 the Bushmasters were ordered to prepare for transfer to Australia as part of the buildup of General Walter Krueger's 6th Army. As a result, the regiment did not have sufficient time to conduct comprehensive jungle warfare training for all echelons before its embarkation in early January 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 886]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013614-0009-0000", "contents": "158th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II\nThe Bushmasters arrived at Brisbane, Australia in late January 1943. In mid-March the regiment received orders to move in echelons to Port Moresby, New Guinea. The entire regiment was assembled there by the end of the month. From there it moved to Milne Bay in late May. In the early morning hours of 24 June the first elements of the 158th Regiment, less 2nd Battalion, began landing on the unoccupied island of Kiriwina, New Guinea as part of Operation Chronicle. This unit was to act as a shore party in unloading equipment and supplied.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013614-0009-0001", "contents": "158th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II\nThe purpose of the operation was to occupy the island and construct an airfield for planned operations on New Britain. The bulk of the regiment's two battalions arrived at dawn on 30 June. In mid-July, the 2nd Battalion, which since 20 June had been providing security for 6th Army Headquarters at Milne Bay, was ordered to Goodenough Island, New Guinea as a security force. On 21 October General Kruger moved his 6th Army Headquarters to Goodenough Island, where the 2nd Battalion resumed its security duties for that headquarters. The regiment was spread out between Kiriwina, Woodlark and Goodenough Islands in New Guinea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 688]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013614-0010-0000", "contents": "158th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II\nCompany G, 158th Regiment embarked for Arawe, New Britain on 15 December, as part of Operation Director and was soon joined by the remainder of the 2nd Battalion and began combat duties in the Arawe area. After being relieved at Arawe, the 2nd Battalion sailed to Finschhafen, where they rejoined the 1st and 3rd Battalions who had been on garrison duty on Woodlark and Kiriwina islands. At Finschhafen, the 158th Regiment was redesignated the 158th Regimental Combat Team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013614-0011-0000", "contents": "158th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II\nBy order of Alamo Force Headquarters the 158th RCT was sent to Toem, Netherlands New Guinea to join Task Force Tornado which included the 163rd Regimental Combat Team, 41st Division. The combat team arrived at Toem on 21 May 1944 and began relieving elements of the 163rd RCT at the Tor River two days later. The regimental combat team was ordered to capture a Japanese airfield to the North West at Sarmi. The area was defended by strong elements of the Imperial Japanese 36th Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013614-0011-0001", "contents": "158th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II\nFor several days the two units fought a series of vicious engagements on and around an important intermediate objective known by the Americans as Lone Tree Hill. These engagements represented the opening blows of the Battle of Lone Tree Hill. The 158th RCT was relieved on 14 June by the 20th Regiment, 6th Infantry Division so it could prepare for a pending operation. The 6th Infantry Division relieved the rest of Task Force Tornado and resumed the effort to take Lone Tree Hill and capture the Japanese airfield at Sarmi. \"During its operations in the Wakde-Sarmi area the 158th RCT lost 70 men killed, 257 wounded, and 4 missing. The unit took 11 Japanese prisoners and estimated that it killed 920 of the enemy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 780]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013614-0012-0000", "contents": "158th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II\nOn 2 July, the regimental combat team went ashore as part of the Battle of Noemfoor on Noemfoor Island, Netherlands New Guinea, to capture the airfields and to provide security for the engineers upgrading the airfields to operational use. As part of General Douglas MacArthur's return to the Philippines, the regimental combat team under the command of the much respected and admired General Hanford MacNider landed at Lingayen Gulf, Luzon as part of the invasion of Lingayen Gulf on 11 January 1945 and suffered heavy casualties from well dug in Japanese forces along the Damortis-Rosario road.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013614-0012-0001", "contents": "158th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II\nIn heavy fighting on 1\u20132 February Company G, captured two 30\u00a0cm Japanese Howitzers which were directing heavy fire on American ground forces and killed 164 enemy soldiers. For this action Company G was awarded the Presidential Unit Citation. The entire regiment would be awarded the Philippine Presidential Unit Citation for its fighting in the Philippines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013614-0013-0000", "contents": "158th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II\nThe next objective tasked to the regimental combat team was Batangas, Luzon where they cleared the area around Balayan Bay and Batangas Bay, which took three weeks to subdue. Then on 1 April, the regimental combat team invaded the Bicol Peninsula, landing at Legaspi. F Company was made up most of Native Americans from the main tribes of the Salt River Valley, but was led by white officers. Many of these officers, who survived combat, later recounted participating in Native American rituals; such as becoming blood brothers and purifying their warrior's spirit before battle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013614-0013-0001", "contents": "158th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II\nAlthough these rituals are not today performed by the majority of the unit's soldiers, they still use Japanese saki to toast with in reference to the supply captured by the regiment during its time in the Philippines. After being relieved in Philippines campaign, the regiment was selected as part of the planned Operation Downfall, the invasion of Japan, the Bushmasters were chosen to attack the island of Tanegashima to capture the island's air warning stations two days prior to the Allied assault on Ky\u016bsh\u016b.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013614-0013-0002", "contents": "158th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II\nJapan surrendered after the Soviets took north China in two weeks, and also the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. On 13 October 1945, the regimental combat team landed in Yokohama, Japan to be part of the Occupation of Japan. The 158th Regimental Combat Team was inactivated at Utsunomiya, Japan, on 17 January 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013614-0014-0000", "contents": "158th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II\nGeneral MacArthur gave the Bushmasters the accolade, \"No greater fighting combat team has ever deployed for battle\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013614-0015-0000", "contents": "158th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, 1948 to today\nThe regiment was reactivated on 21 January 1948 at Glendale, Arizona. Later reorganized and redesignated as the Heavy Mortar Company, 158th Infantry, and then Combat Support Company, 1st Battle Group, 158th Infantry. The unit was then reorganized and redesignated as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 3rd Battalion, 158th Infantry, 258th Infantry Brigade on 1 March 1963 and again on 10 December 1967 to Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 1583rd Military Police Battalion, 258th Military Police Brigade. It was again redesignated on 1 September 1969 as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 157th Military Police Battalion. In 1967 however despite protest from veterans and soldiers, the last remnants of the 158th Infantry were disbanded and their colors retired.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 63], "content_span": [64, 838]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013614-0016-0000", "contents": "158th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, 1948 to today\nIn 2005, the 1st Battalion, 180th Artillery Regiment, 153rd Field Artillery Brigade, was deactivated and redesignated the 1st Battalion, 158th Infantry Regiment, 29th Infantry Brigade with five companies: Headquarters and Headquarters Company in Mesa (since moved to Phoenix); Company A in Tucson, Company B in Gilbert (since moved to Florence); Company C in Prescott; and Company D in Yuma (since moved to Buckeye). In January 2007, 1st Battalion, 158th Infantry Regiment was mobilized and deployed to Afghanistan in April of that year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 63], "content_span": [64, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013614-0016-0001", "contents": "158th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, 1948 to today\nDuring that time the battalion was posted to the southeastern area of the country near the border of Pakistan in the Hindu Kush. During this deployment two Bushmasters were killed (SSG Charles R Browning and PFC Mykel F Miller, B Co, 1/158th Infantry) and others wounded during combat operations. 1/158th returned to the United States in March 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 63], "content_span": [64, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013614-0017-0000", "contents": "158th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, 1948 to today\nIn July 2018, 1st Battalion, 158th Infantry Regiment was mobilized and deployed to Afghanistan in support of Operation Freedom's Sentinel (OFS) with all companies as well as Easy DET. and Fox DET. The Battalion returned home to Arizona in May of 2019, with many soldiers volunteering to return on orders less than a month later in support of the South West Border Mission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 63], "content_span": [64, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013614-0018-0000", "contents": "158th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, 1948 to today\nOperationally the 158th Infantry Regiment falls under the authority of the 29th Infantry Brigade Combat Team. Although the 29th's headquarters is located in Hawaii, the 29th is one of 15 enhanced readiness brigades, with a training requirement to remain capable of being called up and deployed in less than 90 days.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 63], "content_span": [64, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013614-0019-0000", "contents": "158th Infantry Regiment (United States), Distinctive unit insignia\nA gold color metal and enamel device 1 5/32 inches (2.94\u00a0cm) in height overall consisting of a blue shield charged with a Gila monster bendwise, head to base. Attached below the shield is a blue scroll inscribed \"CUIDADO\" in gold.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013614-0020-0000", "contents": "158th Infantry Regiment (United States), Distinctive unit insignia\nThe service of the former and current organization, the 158th Infantry Regiment is indicated by the Gila monster, indigenous to the State of Arizona, which is emblematic of tenacity and security. The color blue represents Infantry. It is also symbolic of loyalty and faith. The motto \"CUIDADO\" a Spanish word meaning \"Take Care\" is a caution first used by those serving in the regiment's progenitor, the 1st Arizona Volunteer Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013614-0021-0000", "contents": "158th Infantry Regiment (United States), Distinctive unit insignia\nThe distinctive unit insignia was originally approved for the 158th Infantry Regiment, Arizona National Guard on 22 July 1924. It was amended to authorize its wear in pairs on 11 April 1926. It was redesignated for the 158th Regiment, Arizona Army National Guard with description and symbolism revised on 7 May 1998. The insignia was redesignated for the 158th Infantry Regiment, Arizona Army National Guard with symbolism revised on 22 November 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013614-0022-0000", "contents": "158th Infantry Regiment (United States), Distinctive unit insignia\nThe Gila monster (Heloderma suspectum, /\u02c8hi\u02d0l\u0259/ HEE-l\u0259) is a species of venomous lizard native to the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexican state of Sonora. The Gila monster is the only venomous lizard native to the United States, and like the 1st Volunteers they are a native to the land and unique in its commitment and deadly beyond any of its kind. The fight brought to the Apache menace was that of native peoples banded together by leaders like CPT John D. Walker.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013614-0022-0001", "contents": "158th Infantry Regiment (United States), Distinctive unit insignia\nBy comparison, the Heloderma suspectum, the volunteers were slow in sprinting ability (due to improper funding, living quarters and rations), but they proved to have high endurance and maximal kill capability once they found their prey (the Apache). It is widely known that once the a Gila Monster grips its prey it will never release it until it is fully incapacitated. The Apache Wars continue to be the longest war in Americas history of conflicts and war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013614-0023-0000", "contents": "158th Infantry Regiment (United States), Distinctive unit insignia\nLater a chief of the Pima Indians, Captain John D. Walker of the Arizona 1st Volunteer Infantry, was a company commander (1st Inf., A. V.). During his duty in Apacheria, CPT Walker wrote a dissertation to the Smithsonian Institution on its claim that the Arizona Gila Monster was not poisonous. He contended that it was, and sent it and a specimens to them for analysis. They reversed their decision and admitted that it was poisonous. This is the Genesis of the symbolism. CUIDADO!", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013615-0000-0000", "contents": "158th Liaison Squadron\nThe 158th Liaison Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force unit. It served in the European Theater of Operations in the final months of World War II before returning to the United States in 1946, when it was inactivated. Later that year, it was again activated and served om the occupation forces in Japan until inactivating in 1949 in response to the Truman administration budget cuts of that year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013615-0001-0000", "contents": "158th Liaison Squadron, History, World War II\nThe 158th Liaison Squadron was activated in March 1944 at Raleigh-Durham Army Air Field, North Carolina and primarily equipped with Stinson L-5 Sentinels, although it flew a number of other aircraft. Its initial mission was to conduct tactical training and indoctrination for field operations of liaison units and to act as a Replacement Training Unit. However, by the time the squadron was organized, the Army Air Forces (AAF) had already determined that standard military units like the 158th, which were based on relatively inflexible tables of organization, were not well adapted to the training mission. Therefore, in July the squadron began training for deployment overseas. It departed North Carolina in November 1944 for the Port of Embarkation at Camp Myles Standish, sailing on 2 December and arrived at Nantwich, England in the European Theater of Operations on 13 December.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 931]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013615-0002-0000", "contents": "158th Liaison Squadron, History, World War II\nThe squadron once again equipped with the Sentinel, plus a few other types of liaison aircraft, and moved to the continent of Europe in February 1945. It began combat operations from Belgium and Germany the following month, continuing them until V-E Day. Its missions included reconnaissance and light photographic observation, troop and light cargo transport, aeromedical evacuation and command liaison and courier flights. After the German surrender, it moved to France, where it provided support services until February 1946, when it moved to Bolling Field without personnel or equipment. It remained unmanned until it was inactivated at the end of March, shortly after the AAF reorganized into Strategic, Tactical Air Command, and Air Defense Commands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 802]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013615-0003-0000", "contents": "158th Liaison Squadron, History, Occupation of Japan\nThe squadron was activated again on 25 October 1946 at Nagoya Airfield, Japan, where it formed part of the occupation forces. Once again it equipped with the Stinson L-5. Due to personnel shortages, around 1 April 1947, the squadron was reduced to zero manning, although still kept on the rolls. By September, the squadron again received personnel and aircraft. The squadron conducted passenger and light freight transport missions, and carried classified documents between Fifth Air Force bases. It also conducted occasional search and rescue missions. During June and July 1948, the squadron assisted in recovery operations following the Fukui earthquake. It also dropped leaflets to encourage citizens to pay taxes, and engaged in radio reconnaissance missions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 52], "content_span": [53, 817]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013615-0004-0000", "contents": "158th Liaison Squadron, History, Occupation of Japan\nHowever, President Truman's reduced 1949 defense budget required reductions in the number of units in the Air Force, and the 158th was inactivated on 1 April 1949.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 52], "content_span": [53, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013615-0005-0000", "contents": "158th Liaison Squadron, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 48], "content_span": [49, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013616-0000-0000", "contents": "158th New York Infantry Regiment\nThe 158th New York Infantry Regiment was organized in Brooklyn as one of the regiments of the Empire-Spinola Brigade, and on August 13, 1862 James Jourdan was appointed its Colonel. It was mustered in the service of the United States for three years at Norfolk, Virginia. The companies were recruited principally: A, B, D, E, F, G, H, I and K at Brooklyn, and C at Manhattan, Jamaica, and New York City.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013616-0001-0000", "contents": "158th New York Infantry Regiment\nThe 158th New York left the state on September 18, 1862; it served in Viele's Brigade at Norfolk, Virginia (September 1862), at Suffolk, Virginia (November 1862), at New Berne, North Carolina, 18th Corps (January 1863), in the 2nd Brigade, 5th Division, 18th Corps (February 1863), in Jourdan's Independent Brigade, Palmer's 1st Division, 18th Corps (May 1863), in the defenses of New Berne, N. C., Jourdan's Brigade, 1st Division, 18th Corps (July 1863), at Beaufort and Morehead, North Carolina (December 1863), in the 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, 18th Corps (August 1864), in the 4th Brigade, 1st Division, 24th Corps (December 1864), and in the 3rd Brigade, 1st Division, 24th Corps (March 1865); they were commanded by Col. William H. McNary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 778]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013616-0002-0000", "contents": "158th New York Infantry Regiment\nThe 158th New York was honorably discharged and mustered out June 30, 1865, at Richmond, Virginia. The men not to be mustered out with the regiment were transferred to the 100th Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013617-0000-0000", "contents": "158th New York State Legislature\nThe 158th New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 2 to April 17, 1935, during the third year of Herbert H. Lehman's governorship, in Albany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013617-0001-0000", "contents": "158th New York State Legislature, Background\nUnder the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1894, re-apportioned in 1917, 51 Senators and 150 assemblymen were elected in single-seat districts; senators for a two-year term, assemblymen for a one-year term. The senatorial districts consisted either of one or more entire counties; or a contiguous area within a single county. The counties which were divided into more than one senatorial district were New York (nine districts), Kings (eight), Bronx (three), Erie (three), Monroe (two), Queens (two) and Westchester (two). The Assembly districts were made up of contiguous area, all within the same county.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013617-0002-0000", "contents": "158th New York State Legislature, Background\nAt this time there were two major political parties: the Democratic Party and the Republican Party. The Socialist Party, the Communist Party and the Socialist Labor Party also nominated tickets. The Prohibition Party ran for the last time under the name of Law Preservation Party. In New York City, the \"Recovery Party\", the \"City Fusion Party\" and several other minor parties also nominated tickets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013617-0003-0000", "contents": "158th New York State Legislature, Elections\nThe New York state election, 1934, was held on November 6. Governor Herbert H. Lehman and Lieutenant Governor M. William Bray were re-elected, both Democrats. Of the other eight statewide elective offices, six were carried by Democrats, one by the Republican chief judge with Democratic endorsement, and one by a Republican judge who ran on the Democratic ticket only. The approximate party strength at this election, as expressed by the vote for Governor, was: Democrats 2,202,000; Republicans 1,394,000; Socialists 127,000; Communists 46,000; Law Preservation 20,500; and Socialist Labor 7,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013617-0004-0000", "contents": "158th New York State Legislature, Elections\nFor the first time there were three women in the Legislature: Ex-Assemblywoman Rhoda Fox Graves (Rep.), of Gouverneur, a former school teacher who after her marriage became active in women's organisations and politics, was the first woman elected to the State Senate; Assemblywoman Doris I. Byrne (Dem. ), a lawyer from the Bronx, was re-elected; and Jane H. Todd (Rep.), of Tarrytown, was also elected to the Assembly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013617-0005-0000", "contents": "158th New York State Legislature, Elections\nFor the first time since 1913, Democratic majorities were elected to both Houses of the Legislature. It remained the only time until 1965.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013617-0006-0000", "contents": "158th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for the regular session at the State Capitol in Albany on January 2, 1935; and adjourned on April 17.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013617-0007-0000", "contents": "158th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nJohn J. Dunnigan (Dem.) as re-elected Temporary President of the State Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013617-0008-0000", "contents": "158th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nOn April 16, the Legislature passed a bill making nudism a misdemeanor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013617-0009-0000", "contents": "158th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature. Edward J. Coughlin, Martin W. Deyo and George B. Kelly changed from the Assembly to the Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013617-0010-0000", "contents": "158th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members\nNote: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words \"...the Committee on (the)...\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013617-0011-0000", "contents": "158th New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Assemblymen\nNote: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words \"...the Committee on (the)...\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 61], "content_span": [62, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013618-0000-0000", "contents": "158th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps\n158th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps (South Wales Borderers) (158 RAC) was a short-lived armoured regiment of the British Army's Royal Armoured Corps serving in India during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013618-0001-0000", "contents": "158th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, Origin\n158 RAC was formed on 15 July 1942 by the conversion to the armoured role of the 6th Battalion, South Wales Borderers, a hostilities-only battalion raised in July 1940, assigned to the 212th Independent Infantry Brigade (Home), serving with the 10th Gloucestershire Regiment, 18th Welch Regiment (which left in May 1941) and the 9th Royal Sussex Regiment. In common with other infantry battalions transferred to the Royal Armoured Corps, the personnel of 158 RAC would have continued to wear their South Wales Borderers cap badge on the black beret of the RAC. Personnel unsuited to fighting in tanks were weeded out by psychiatrists.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 43], "content_span": [44, 678]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013618-0002-0000", "contents": "158th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, Service\n158 RAC embarked for passage from the United Kingdom to India on 26 October 1942, arriving on 20 December and moving to Poona. There it came under command of the 255th Indian Tank Brigade. However, there was a change of policy, and on 1 April 1943 the regiment was re-converted to infantry, reverting to its previous title of 6 SWB and coming under command of 72nd Indian Infantry Brigade, still serving alongside the 10th Glosters and 9th Royal Sussex (both of which had also been converted, into 159 RAC and 160 RAC respectively).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013619-0000-0000", "contents": "158th meridian east\nThe meridian 158\u00b0 east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, Australasia, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013619-0001-0000", "contents": "158th meridian east\nThe 158th meridian east forms a great circle with the 22nd meridian west.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013619-0002-0000", "contents": "158th meridian east, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 158th meridian east passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013620-0000-0000", "contents": "158th meridian west\nThe meridian 158\u00b0 west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013620-0001-0000", "contents": "158th meridian west\nThe 158th meridian west forms a great circle with the 22nd meridian east.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013620-0002-0000", "contents": "158th meridian west\nIt is the western boundary of continuous Class E airspace between 14, 500 feet and 18, 000 feet MSL (Mean Sea Level) over Alaska.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013620-0003-0000", "contents": "158th meridian west, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 158th meridian west passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013621-0000-0000", "contents": "159\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by Graham87 (talk | contribs) at 11:21, 10 January 2021 (1 revision imported: import old edit from the Nostalgia Wikipedia). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013621-0001-0000", "contents": "159\nYear 159 (CLIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time in Roman territories, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Quintillus and Priscus (or, less frequently, year 912 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 159 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013622-0000-0000", "contents": "159 (number)\n159 (one hundred [and] fifty-nine) is a natural number following 158 and preceding 160.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013623-0000-0000", "contents": "159 Aemilia\nAemilia (minor planet designation: 159 Aemilia) is a large main-belt asteroid. Aemilia was discovered by the French brothers Paul Henry and Prosper Henry on January 26, 1876. The credit for this discovery was given to Paul. It is probably named after the Via Aemilia, a Roman road in Italy that runs from Piacenza to Rimini.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013623-0001-0000", "contents": "159 Aemilia\nThis slowly rotating, dark asteroid has a primitive carbonaceous composition, based upon its classification as a C-type asteroid. Photometric observations made in 2006 gave a rotation period of about 25  hours. Subsequent observations made at the Oakley Observatory in Terre Haute, Indiana found a light curve period of 16.37 \u00b1 0.02 hours, with variation in brightness of 0.24 \u00b1 0.04 in magnitude.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013623-0002-0000", "contents": "159 Aemilia\nIt orbits within the Hygiea family, although it may be an unrelated interloping asteroid, as it is too big to have arisen from the cratering process that most probably  produced that family. Three stellar occultations by Aemilia have been recorded so far, the first in 2001, the second in 2003 and the third in 2016", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013624-0000-0000", "contents": "159 BC\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by 202.92.105.72 (talk) at 13:24, 1 February 2020 (\u2192\u200eDeaths). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013624-0001-0000", "contents": "159 BC\nYear 159 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Dolabella and Nobilior (or, less frequently, year 595 Ab urbe condita) and the Fifth Year of Houyuan. The denomination 159 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013625-0000-0000", "contents": "159 Regiment RLC\n159 Regiment RLC is a reserve regiment of the British Army's Royal Logistic Corps. It forms part of 102 Logistic Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013625-0001-0000", "contents": "159 Regiment RLC, History\nThe regiment was formed on 1 April 2007 as a product of Future Army Structures (FAS) with the aim of providing the contingent component to 6 Supply Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013625-0002-0000", "contents": "159 Regiment RLC, History\nThe regiment was made-up of one sub-unit from the Scottish Transport Regiment (125 Squadron), one squadron from 150 Regiment RLC (216 Squadron) and two squadrons from the Welsh Transport Regiment (123 Squadron and 237 Squadron).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013625-0003-0000", "contents": "159 Regiment RLC, History\nIn the summer of 2014, under the Army 2020 re-organisation, the regiment was restructured. 216 Squadron in Tynemouth re-subordinated back to 150 Regiment RLC and 381 Squadron in Lancaster re-subordinated into 156 Regiment RLC. 125 Squadron closed its base in Glasgow but re-formed in Stoke-on-Trent in late 2014. The regiment also received 294 Squadron, based in Grantham.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013626-0000-0000", "contents": "159 series\nThe 159 series (159\u7cfb) was an electric multiple unit (EMU) train type operated by Japanese National Railways (JNR) from 1961 until 1980. They were originally designed for and used on school excursion trains running between Tokyo and the Nagoya area via the Tokaido Main Line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013626-0001-0000", "contents": "159 series, Exterior\nBroadly based on the earlier 155 series trains, the 159 series trains were also initially painted in the JNR excursion train livery of \"lemon yellow\" and \"light scarlet\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 20], "content_span": [21, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013626-0002-0000", "contents": "159 series, Formations\nThe fleet consisted of one 8-car and two 4-car sets, formed as shown below, and based at Ogaki Depot in Gifu Prefecture.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013626-0003-0000", "contents": "159 series, History\nThe 159 series sets entered service from 2 April 1961 on Komadori (\u3053\u307e\u3069\u308a) school excursion services running on the Tokaido Main Line between Shinagawa Station in Tokyo and Ogaki Station in Aichi Prefecture. Trains carried headboards on the front with the name of the train. An additional four-car set was delivered in 1962 to allow 16-car formations to be run.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013626-0004-0000", "contents": "159 series, History\nThe Komadori school excursion services were discontinued in 1973, and the 159 series were reassigned to use on \"rapid\" limited-stop services and charter train services, repainted into the Shonan livery of orange and green.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013626-0005-0000", "contents": "159 series, History\nThe entire fleet was withdrawn from service by fiscal 1980. No 159 series vehicles have been preserved.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013627-0000-0000", "contents": "1590\n1590 (MDXC) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar. As of the start of 1590, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013628-0000-0000", "contents": "1590 AM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1590\u00a0kHz: 1590 AM is a Regional broadcast frequency.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013629-0000-0000", "contents": "1590 Neulengbach earthquake\nThe Neulengbach earthquake of 1590 occurred on 15 September shortly before midnight amidst a long series of much weaker seismic activity starting on 29 June and with aftershocks reported until 12 November. It was the strongest historically documented earthquake in what today is Northeastern Austria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013629-0001-0000", "contents": "1590 Neulengbach earthquake, Epicenter and seismology\nThe epicenter is believed to have been located southeast of Neulengbach, about 30\u201340\u00a0km west of Vienna, in a flat dipping and North-South striking thrust fault that is part of the Vienna Transform fault zone. This moderately-active fault system extends over a distance of some 300\u00a0km from the Northern Limestone Alps through the Vienna Basin into the West Carpathian Mountains. The earthquake's magnitude is estimated at 6.06\u00b10.47 Mw and it had class VII intensity on the modified Mercalli intensity scale in most of Lower Austria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 53], "content_span": [54, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013629-0002-0000", "contents": "1590 Neulengbach earthquake, Damage\nSignificant destruction occurred in Vienna, which at this time had about 50,000 inhabitants living within a fortified and densely urban area that covered what today is the innermost city center. The upper half of St. Michael's church tower collapsed in spite of its steel reinforcements, the Scottish Abbey was severely damaged, and the Southern tower of St. Stephen's Cathedral suffered as well.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 35], "content_span": [36, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013629-0002-0001", "contents": "1590 Neulengbach earthquake, Damage\nAt this time it was not customary to document damage to property that did not serve sacral purposes or was directly used by the aristocracy, and very little information has survived concerning the destruction and harm inflicted on ordinary citizens. Therefore, the fact that the death of nine people in a collapsing traveller's hostel was specifically mentioned in the chronicles suggests that the number of urban casualties cannot have been significant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 35], "content_span": [36, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013629-0003-0000", "contents": "1590 Neulengbach earthquake, Damage\nAt Zwentendorf, 40\u00a0km to the North of the presumed epicenter, the local parish church was so heavily damaged that it became unusable. (Exposure of this particular area to seismic risk played a significant role in the public debate that erupted in the 1970s concerning plans for the Zwentendorf Nuclear Power Plant.) Vaults and roofs collapsed at the Mauerbach Charterhouse West of Vienna, and many fortifications in Lower Austria (e.g., at Sieghartskirchen and Altlengbach) needed substantial repair.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 35], "content_span": [36, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013629-0004-0000", "contents": "1590 Neulengbach earthquake, Damage\nApparently, the seismic event propagated far along the Vienna Transform fault but did not extend southward of the Alps. Strong shocks were reported from up to 300\u00a0km to the North of the epicenter, at places such as Abertham in the westernmost part of Bohemia and Frankenstein in Silesia where the slightly disfigured city tower can still be seen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 35], "content_span": [36, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013629-0005-0000", "contents": "1590 Neulengbach earthquake, Implications for current seismic risk\nToday, the area that was most heavily affected by the 1590 Neulengbach earthquake has a population of over 2.5\u00a0million and accounts for almost half of Austria's economic output. A 2007 study by the reinsurance company Munich Re estimated a damage potential of \u20ac10\u201315\u00a0billion in private property alone should a comparable event occur again.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 66], "content_span": [67, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013630-0000-0000", "contents": "1590 Tsiolkovskaja\n1590 Tsiolkovskaja, provisional designation 1933 NA, is a stony Flora asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 11 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 1 July 1933, by Soviet\u2013Russian astronomer Grigory Neujmin at Simeiz Observatory, on the Crimean peninsula. It was named for rocket scientist Konstantin Tsiolkovsky.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013630-0001-0000", "contents": "1590 Tsiolkovskaja, Classification and orbit\nTsiolkovskaja is a member of the Flora family, a large group of stony S-type asteroids. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.9\u20132.6\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 4 months (1,217 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.16 and an inclination of 4\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. Tsiolkovskaja was first observed at Heidelberg Observatory in 1907, extending the body's observation arc by 26 years prior to its discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013630-0002-0000", "contents": "1590 Tsiolkovskaja, Physical characteristics\nSeveral rotational lightcurves were obtained from photometric observations. They gave a concurring, well-defined rotation period between 6.700 and 6.737 hours with a brightness variation of 0.10\u20130.40 in magnitude. Tsiolkovskaja has a relatively high albedo in the range of 0.21 to 0.42, according to the surveys carried out by IRAS, Akari, and WISE/NEOWISE, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives a moderate albedo of 0.23.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013630-0003-0000", "contents": "1590 Tsiolkovskaja, Naming\nThis minor planet was named in honor of Soviet\u2013Russian rocket scientist Konstantin Tsiolkovsky (1857\u20131935), considered to be one of the founding fathers of rocketry and astronautics and instrumental to the success of the Soviet space program. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 31 January 1962 (M.P.C. 2116). The lunar crater Tsiolkovskiy is also named after him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 26], "content_span": [27, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013635-0000-0000", "contents": "1590 in Scotland\nEvents from the year 1590 in the Kingdom of Scotland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013638-0000-0000", "contents": "1590 in literature\nThis article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1590.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013639-0000-0000", "contents": "1590 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013639-0001-0000", "contents": "1590 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013639-0002-0000", "contents": "1590 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013640-0000-0000", "contents": "1590 in science\nThe year 1590 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013642-0000-0000", "contents": "1590s\nThe 1590s decade ran from January 1, 1590, to December 31, 1599.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013643-0000-0000", "contents": "1590s BC\nThe 1590s BC was a decade lasting from January 1, 1599 BC to December 31, 1590 BC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 91]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013646-0000-0000", "contents": "1590s in Scotland, Incumbents\nDuke of Rothesay, Prince and Great Steward of Scotland, etc.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013647-0000-0000", "contents": "1590s in the Southern Netherlands\nEvents from the 1590s in the Spanish Netherlands and Prince-bishopric of Li\u00e8ge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013648-0000-0000", "contents": "1591\n1591 (MDXCI) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar. As of the start of 1591, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013653-0000-0000", "contents": "1591 in Scotland\nEvents from the year 1591 in the Kingdom of Scotland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013656-0000-0000", "contents": "1591 in literature\nThis article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1591.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013657-0000-0000", "contents": "1591 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013657-0001-0000", "contents": "1591 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013657-0002-0000", "contents": "1591 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013658-0000-0000", "contents": "1591 in science\nThe year 1591 in science and technology included many events, some of which are listed here.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013659-0000-0000", "contents": "1591 papal conclave\nThe 1591 papal conclave (27\u201329 October) was held after the death of Pope Gregory XIV on 16 October that year, after less than a year as pope. This left the Holy See vacant for the third time in 14 months. The conclave lasted only three days and elected Pope Innocent IX.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013659-0001-0000", "contents": "1591 papal conclave\nEven before Pope Gregory XIV died, Spanish and anti-Spanish factions were electioneering for the next pope. Philip II of Spain's (r. 1556\u20131598) high-handed interference at the previous conclave was not forgotten: he had barred all but seven cardinals. This time the Spanish party in the College of Cardinals did not go so far, but they still controlled a majority, and after a quick conclave they raised Facchinetti to the papal chair as Pope Innocent IX. It took three ballots to elect him as pope. Facchinetti received 24 votes on 28 October but was not successful in that ballot to be elected as pope. He received 28 votes on 29 October in the second ballot while the third saw him prevail.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 713]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013660-0000-0000", "contents": "1592\n1592 (MDXCII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar. As of the start of 1592, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013665-0000-0000", "contents": "1592 in Scotland\nEvents from the year 1592 in the Kingdom of Scotland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013668-0000-0000", "contents": "1592 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1592.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013669-0000-0000", "contents": "1592 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013669-0001-0000", "contents": "1592 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013669-0002-0000", "contents": "1592 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013670-0000-0000", "contents": "1592 in science\nThe year 1592 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013671-0000-0000", "contents": "1592 papal conclave\nThe 1592 papal conclave (January 10\u201330) elected Pope Clement VIII in succession to Pope Innocent IX.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013671-0001-0000", "contents": "1592 papal conclave, Death of Innocent IX\nPope Innocent IX died on December 30, 1591, only two months into his pontificate. This created the fourth sede vacante in the one and half years since the death of Pope Sixtus V, who had died on August 27, 1590. He was then succeeded by Urban VII (September 15 \u2013 September 27, 1590), Gregory XIV (December 5, 1590 \u2013 October 16, 1591) and Innocent IX (October 29 \u2013 December 30, 1591), so the papal conclave of January 1592 was the fourth in only seventeen months. No similar situation had  occurred since 1276\u20131277.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 41], "content_span": [42, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013671-0002-0000", "contents": "1592 papal conclave, List of participants\nFifty four of the sixty four cardinals participated in this conclave:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 41], "content_span": [42, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013671-0003-0000", "contents": "1592 papal conclave, List of participants\nTwenty three electors were created by Sixtus V, thirteen by Gregory XIII, seven by Pius IV, five by Gregory XIV, four by Pius V, one by Innocent IX and one by Pope Julius III.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 41], "content_span": [42, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013671-0004-0000", "contents": "1592 papal conclave, Absentees\nFive of these were created by Gregory XIII, four by Sixtus V and one by Innocent IX.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013671-0005-0000", "contents": "1592 papal conclave, Divisions in the Sacred College and the main candidates\nThe Sacred College of Cardinals was divided into several factions. The strongest of them was the Spanish faction with Madruzzo as unofficial leader. They supported the interests of king Philip II of Spain. Their candidate was Giulio Antonio Santori, head of the Roman Inquisition, called Cardinal  S. Severina. His candidature was supported also by the \"Sixtine\" party, which included the old favourites and circle of Pope Sixtus V; their leader was  Sixtus's cardinal-nephew, Alessandro Peretti de Montalto, Vice-Chancellor of the Church. Montalto supported Santori as a tactical manoeuvre and his real candidate was Aldobrandini. There was also a numerous group of cardinals that openly opposed Santori. Most of them were the old circles of Gregory XIII and Pius IV and their leaders were Sforza, Hohenems and Marcantonio Colonna.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 76], "content_span": [77, 909]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013671-0006-0000", "contents": "1592 papal conclave, Divisions in the Sacred College and the main candidates\nSince in the previous two conclaves the candidates supported by Spain had won, it was generally thought that also this time only pro-Spanish papabile had any prospects of winning the election. Besides Santori, only Madruzzo, Tolomeo Gallio, Paleotti, Marco Antonio Colonna and Aldobrandini were acceptable to Spain and it seemed clear that the new Pope would be one of these. Aldobrandini's candidacy was secretly engineered by the French ally Ferdinand I, Grand Duke of Tuscany, and Philip II of Spain remained unaware of it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 76], "content_span": [77, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013671-0007-0000", "contents": "1592 papal conclave, The conclave\nThe conclave began on January 10, 1592. The next morning Madruzzo and Montalto together with their adherents tried to elect Santori by acclamation, but their plan failed due to strong opposition from Hohenems and his party. Afterwards the normal voting procedures were followed. Every day a vote took place, with the following results:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013671-0008-0000", "contents": "1592 papal conclave, The conclave\n\u2022\tJanuary 11 \u2013 Santori \u2013 28, Aldobrandini - 11", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 80]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013671-0009-0000", "contents": "1592 papal conclave, The conclave\n\u2022\tJanuary 12 \u2013 Santori \u2013 23, Aldobrandini - 18", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 80]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013671-0010-0000", "contents": "1592 papal conclave, The conclave\n\u2022\tJanuary 13 \u2013 Santori \u2013 23, Aldobrandini - 18", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 80]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013671-0011-0000", "contents": "1592 papal conclave, The conclave\n\u2022\tJanuary 14 \u2013 Santori \u2013 24, Aldobrandini - 9", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 79]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013671-0012-0000", "contents": "1592 papal conclave, The conclave\n\u2022\tJanuary 15 \u2013 Santori \u2013 21, Aldobrandini - 13", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 80]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013671-0013-0000", "contents": "1592 papal conclave, The conclave\n\u2022\tJanuary 16 \u2013 Santori \u2013 22, Aldobrandini - 13", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 80]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013671-0014-0000", "contents": "1592 papal conclave, The conclave\n\u2022\tJanuary 17 \u2013 Santori \u2013 23, Aldobrandini - 13", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 80]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013671-0015-0000", "contents": "1592 papal conclave, The conclave\n\u2022\tJanuary 19 \u2013 Santori \u2013 23, Aldobrandini - 12", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 80]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013671-0016-0000", "contents": "1592 papal conclave, The conclave\n\u2022\tJanuary 20 \u2013 Santori \u2013 22, Aldobrandini - 15", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 80]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013671-0017-0000", "contents": "1592 papal conclave, The conclave\n\u2022\tJanuary 21 \u2013 Santori \u2013 23, Aldobrandini - 17", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 80]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013671-0018-0000", "contents": "1592 papal conclave, The conclave\n\u2022\tJanuary 22 \u2013 Santori \u2013 23, Aldobrandini - 12", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 80]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013671-0019-0000", "contents": "1592 papal conclave, The conclave\n\u2022\tJanuary 23 \u2013 Madruzzo \u2013 21, Santori \u2013 18", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 76]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013671-0020-0000", "contents": "1592 papal conclave, The conclave\n\u2022\tJanuary 24 \u2013 Santori \u2013 18, Aldobrandini and Madruzzo \u2013 16 each", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 98]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013671-0021-0000", "contents": "1592 papal conclave, The conclave\n\u2022\tJanuary 25 \u2013 Santori and Aldobrandini \u2013 19 each", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 83]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013671-0022-0000", "contents": "1592 papal conclave, The conclave\n\u2022\tJanuary 26 \u2013 Santori \u2013 18, Madruzzo - 16", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 76]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013671-0023-0000", "contents": "1592 papal conclave, The conclave\n\u2022\tJanuary 27 \u2013 Santori \u2013 21, Madruzzo \u2013 16", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 76]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013671-0024-0000", "contents": "1592 papal conclave, The conclave\n\u2022\tJanuary 28 \u2013 Aldobrandini \u2013 17, Santori and Madruzzo \u2013 15 each", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 98]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013671-0025-0000", "contents": "1592 papal conclave, The conclave\n\u2022\tJanuary 29 \u2013 Santori \u2013 17, Aldobrandini \u2013 16", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 80]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013671-0026-0000", "contents": "1592 papal conclave, The conclave\nSantori received the greatest number of votes in almost every ballot, but was not able to secure the required majority of two-thirds and support for him gradually diminished. Eventually on January 29, Cardinal Montalto decided to switch to support the candidature of Ippolito Aldobrandini and was able to secure significant votes for him. Madruzzo then accepted that the opposition against him was too strong and he also switched to Aldobrandini as being more acceptable than Santori. This was the decisive moment of this conclave.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013671-0027-0000", "contents": "1592 papal conclave, Election of Clement VIII\nOn January 30, 1592, Cardinal Ippolito Aldobrandini was unanimously elected to the papacy and took the name of Clement VIII. On February 2 he was consecrated to the episcopate by Cardinal Alfonso Gesualdo, bishop of Ostia and Velletri and Dean of the College of Cardinals. Seven days later he was solemnly crowned by Francesco Sforza di Santa Fiora, deacon of S. Maria in Via Lata.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013672-0000-0000", "contents": "1592\u20131593 London plague\nFrom 1592 to 1593, London experienced its last major plague outbreak of the 16th century. During this period, at least 15,000 people died of plague within the City of London and another 4,900 died of plague in the surrounding parishes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013672-0001-0000", "contents": "1592\u20131593 London plague, London in 1592\nLondon in 1592 was a partially-walled city of 150,000 people made of the City of London and its surrounding parishes, called liberties, just outside the walls. Queen Elizabeth I had ruled for 34 years and her government struggled with London's quickly growing population. Due to increasing economic and food shortages, disorder had grown among the underclasses in the city and beyond whom moralist authorities increasingly struggled to govern. A large and impoverished population made up the surrounding liberties, which became the first communities to be hit severely by the plague.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 39], "content_span": [40, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013672-0002-0000", "contents": "1592\u20131593 London plague, Plague activity in England\nPlague had been present in England since the Black Death, infecting various fauna in the countryside, and known as plague since the 15th century. Occasionally Yersinia pestis was transmitted to human society by infectious contact with the fleas of wild animals, with disastrous results for trade, farming, and social life. Increasing plague activity along England's southern and eastern coasts appeared during the late 1580s to early 90s. An outbreak at Newcastle in 1589 killed 1727 residents by January 1590, while from 1590 to 1592 Plymouth and Devon were affected with 997 plague deaths at Totnes and Tiverton. Plague spread south and north in England's countryside in the early 1590s, contaminating reservoirs of rodents around farms and towns until eventually reaching London in the summer of 1592.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 51], "content_span": [52, 856]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013672-0003-0000", "contents": "1592\u20131593 London plague, The plague in London, 1592\nLondon's first cases of plague were noticed in August. On 7 September, soldiers marching from England's north to embark on foreign campaigns were rerouted around the city due to concerns about infection, and by the 21st at least 35 parishes were \"infeckted\" with plague. A group transporting the spoils of a Spanish carrack from Dartmouth couldn't get further than Greenwich due to the outbreak in London and news of the plague had spread regionally. London's theaters, which had been temporarily closed by city authorities since a riot in June, had their shutdown orders extended to 29 December by the government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 51], "content_span": [52, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013672-0003-0001", "contents": "1592\u20131593 London plague, The plague in London, 1592\nMembers of the aristocratic class sensed danger as the disease continued to spread and fled the city: \"The plague is so sore that none of worth stay about these places\" remarked one contemporary. In November, London's College of Physicians convened a meeting to discuss the \"insolent and illicit practice\" of London's unlicensed medical physicians with the intention to \"summon them all\" before the college for quackery. Queen Elizabeth's royal court also decided not to host the annual Accession Day tilt celebrations for the month due to the possibility of contagion at the royal court.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 51], "content_span": [52, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013672-0004-0000", "contents": "1592\u20131593 London plague, The plague in London, 1592\nSome records of the plague were copied by John Stow during his own research in the 17th century and have survived time despite the original documents being lost. Around 2,000 Londoners died of plague between August 1592 and January 1593. The Company of Parish Clerks began regularly keeping and publishing records of plague mortality on 21 December 1592. Government orders forbidding performances at theaters were again extended, into 1593.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 51], "content_span": [52, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013672-0005-0000", "contents": "1592\u20131593 London plague, The plague in London, 1593\nDeath and infection rates rose steadily during the winter months, even though low temperatures often slow down flea activity during plague epidemics. This was seen as ominous by Londoners observing the epidemic. More resourceful, upper-class individuals continued fleeing during 1593 as the government's countermeasures proved ineffective due to the disease-harboring conditions in some areas of London. Poorer, unsanitary parishes and neighborhoods were located near the city wall and River Thames while the Fleet Ditch area of London, around Fleet Prison, became the most heavily infected part of the city.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 51], "content_span": [52, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013672-0005-0001", "contents": "1592\u20131593 London plague, The plague in London, 1593\nA prisoner named William Cecil (not to be confused with Lord Burghley), kept in Fleet Prison by Queen Elizabeth's command, wrote that by 6 April 1593 \"The place where [William] lies is a congregation of the unwholesome smells of the town, and the season contagious, so many have died of the plague.\" Government letters indicated that the plague was \"very hot\" in London by 12 June and that the queen's royal court \"was out in places, and a great part of the household is cut off.\" By August Queen Elizabeth's royal court had evacuated to Windsor Castle in order to escape the increasingly dangerous outbreak in London. The city's sugar refineries continued their business unabated even though public houses and theaters remained closed on government orders to halt the spread of infection.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 51], "content_span": [52, 841]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013672-0006-0000", "contents": "1592\u20131593 London plague, The plague in London, 1593\nAlarm was raised at Windsor by the death of Queen Elizabeth's chambermaid Lady Scrope from plague on the 21 August within the castle, which almost sent the royal court fleeing a second time. But the government remained at Windsor Castle through November where Queen Elizabeth hosted her tilt celebrations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 51], "content_span": [52, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013673-0000-0000", "contents": "1592\u20131593 Malta plague epidemic\nThe 1592\u20131593 Malta plague epidemic was a major outbreak of plague (Maltese: pesta) on the island of Malta, then ruled by the Order of St John. It occurred in three waves between June 1592 and September 1593, during the second plague pandemic, and it resulted in approximately 3000 deaths, which amounted to about 11% of the population. The disease was imported to Malta by Tuscan galleys that had captured vessels from Alexandria. In 1593, the Order requested assistance from Sicily to deal with the epidemic, and the measures taken were effective in containing plague.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013673-0001-0000", "contents": "1592\u20131593 Malta plague epidemic, Background\nAt the time of the outbreak, Malta was ruled by the Order of St John. Some sources state that plague was introduced in Malta in about 1575, but there are records of outbreaks of the disease in Malta before the arrival of the Order. Epidemics had occurred in 1427\u20131428 and 1523, with the latter being confined to the town of Birgu.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013673-0002-0000", "contents": "1592\u20131593 Malta plague epidemic, Epidemic\nThe plague epidemic which began in 1592 arrived in Malta indirectly from Alexandria in Ottoman-ruled Egypt. Four galleys of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany or the Order of Saint Stephen had captured two vessels from Alexandria, and took their cargo and about 150 Turkish captives with them to Malta. While en route to Malta, an outbreak of the plague began on board the ships, killing 20 crew members. The galleys arrived in Malta on 7 May 1592.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 41], "content_span": [42, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013673-0003-0000", "contents": "1592\u20131593 Malta plague epidemic, Epidemic\nThe plague spread in Malta in various waves, the first of which began in June 1592. When the outbreak occurred, it was initially mistaken to be a venereal disease. The epidemic subsided by September, but a second wave began in November. This had subsided by January 1593, and it was believed that the epidemic was over. A third and final wave began in March 1593, and this was the most severe and spread quickly throughout the island. The outbreak finally ended by September 1593.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 41], "content_span": [42, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013673-0004-0000", "contents": "1592\u20131593 Malta plague epidemic, Epidemic, Containment measures\nIn 1592, the Infermeria delle Schiavi of Birgu, a hospital for galley slaves which had previously housed the Sacra Infermeria before its transfer to Valletta in 1575, was converted into an isolation hospital. When the epidemic was on the decline by early 1593, its patients were transferred into a private house and the temporary hospital was closed in February.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 63], "content_span": [64, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013673-0005-0000", "contents": "1592\u20131593 Malta plague epidemic, Epidemic, Containment measures\nAfter the outbreak became more severe in March, Grand Master Hugues Loubenx de Verdalle requested assistance from the Viceroy of Sicily, who sent the Pietro Parisi from Trapani, a doctor who had experience with contagious diseases. Upon the latter's arrival on 15 May, he took control of dealing with the outbreak along with the Health Commissioners and the Maltese doctor Gregorio Mamo. A temporary isolation hospital was set up on the island in Marsamxett Harbour known as the Isolotto (which later became known as Manoel Island).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 63], "content_span": [64, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013673-0005-0001", "contents": "1592\u20131593 Malta plague epidemic, Epidemic, Containment measures\n900 suspected and confirmed cases were sent there, and they were kept separate from each other. The rest of the population was told to self-isolate in their own houses, with only one person per family being allowed to go out daily for errands. These measures was enforced with harsh penalties including flogging and death.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 63], "content_span": [64, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013673-0006-0000", "contents": "1592\u20131593 Malta plague epidemic, Epidemic, Containment measures\nWashing places near the sea were set up in Valletta, Birgu and Senglea allowing suspected cases to wash in an attempt to purify themselves and their clothes. Walls of houses with confirmed or suspected cases of the disease were washed with seawater and whitewashed with lime, and similar measures were undertaken in burial grounds. In the capital, dogs were killed but cats were not, since they were seen as useful in controlling the rat population, even though at the time it was not known that rats were the cause of the disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 63], "content_span": [64, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013673-0007-0000", "contents": "1592\u20131593 Malta plague epidemic, Epidemic, Containment measures\nThe epidemic began to subside by June 1593, and attempts were made to purify the island to remove any traces of the disease which might have been left. The temporary hospital was demolished in October 1593, and pratique was granted in January 1594.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 63], "content_span": [64, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013673-0008-0000", "contents": "1592\u20131593 Malta plague epidemic, Impact, Death toll and demographic impact\nThe death toll from the epidemic is believed to be about 3000 people, which amounted to 11% of the islands' population.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 74], "content_span": [75, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013673-0009-0000", "contents": "1592\u20131593 Malta plague epidemic, Impact, Death toll and demographic impact\nA number of small villages or hamlets lost most of their populations during the epidemic, and were later abandoned or absorbed into nearby settlements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 74], "content_span": [75, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013673-0010-0000", "contents": "1592\u20131593 Malta plague epidemic, Impact, Cemeteries\nDuring the plague of 1592\u20131593, the deceased were not buried in churches but in extramural plague cemeteries which were specially set up to deal with the epidemic. This was the first recorded instance that such cemeteries were established in Malta, and similar ones would also be set up in later major outbreaks of the disease, such as in 1675\u20131676 and 1813\u20131814.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 51], "content_span": [52, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013673-0011-0000", "contents": "1592\u20131593 Malta plague epidemic, Legacy\nPlague broke out again in Malta in 1623, although this outbreak was much smaller than the 1592\u20131593 epidemic. The outbreak began in the household of the Port Chief Sanitary Officer, and it is possible that it was caused by handling refuse from the earlier epidemic. Strict measures were taken and the 1623 outbreak was contained with only 40 deaths. Two further outbreaks would occur in Hospitaller-ruled Malta, a limited outbreak in 1655 which killed 20 people and a massive epidemic in 1675\u20131676 which killed some 11,300 people, a considerable part of the island's population.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 39], "content_span": [40, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013673-0012-0000", "contents": "1592\u20131593 Malta plague epidemic, Legacy\nIn the 17th century, a permanent Lazzaretto was built on the Isolotto, on the site of the temporary plague hospital of 1592\u20131593.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 39], "content_span": [40, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013674-0000-0000", "contents": "1593\n1593 (MDXCIII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar. As of the start of 1593, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013675-0000-0000", "contents": "1593 AM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1593\u00a0kHz:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 72]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013679-0000-0000", "contents": "1593 in Scotland\nEvents from the year 1593 in the Kingdom of Scotland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013681-0000-0000", "contents": "1593 in art, Deaths\nThis art history-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 91]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013682-0000-0000", "contents": "1593 in literature\nThis article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1593.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013683-0000-0000", "contents": "1593 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013683-0001-0000", "contents": "1593 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013683-0002-0000", "contents": "1593 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013684-0000-0000", "contents": "1593 in science\nThe year 1593 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013685-0000-0000", "contents": "1593 transported soldier legend\nA folk legend holds that in October 1593 a soldier of the Spanish Empire (named Gil P\u00e9rez in a 1908 version) was mysteriously transported from Manila in the Philippines to the Plaza Mayor (now the Z\u00f3calo) in Mexico City. The soldier's claim to have come from the Philippines was disbelieved by the Mexicans until his account of the assassination of G\u00f3mez P\u00e9rez Dasmari\u00f1as was corroborated months later by the passengers of a ship which had crossed the Pacific Ocean with the news. Folklorist Thomas Allibone Janvier in 1908 described the legend as \"current among all classes of the population of the City of Mexico\". Twentieth-century paranormal investigators giving credence to the story have offered teleportation and alien abduction as explanations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 784]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013685-0001-0000", "contents": "1593 transported soldier legend, Story\nOn October 24, 1593, the soldier was guarding the Palacio del Gobernador in Manila in the Captaincy General of the Philippines. The night before, Governor G\u00f3mez P\u00e9rez Dasmari\u00f1as was assassinated by Chinese pirates, but the guards still guarded the palace and awaited the appointment of a new governor. The soldier began to feel dizzy and exhausted. He leaned against the wall and rested for a moment with his eyes closed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 38], "content_span": [39, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013685-0002-0000", "contents": "1593 transported soldier legend, Story\nWhen he opened his eyes a few seconds later, he found himself in Mexico City, in the Viceroyalty of Mexico, thousands of kilometres across the ocean. Some guards found him in the wrong uniform and began to question who he was. The news of the assassination of the Governor of the Philippines was still unknown to the people in Mexico City. The transported soldier was reportedly wearing the palace guards' uniform in Manila and knew of his death. (In fact, P\u00e9rez Dasmari\u00f1as was killed at sea some distance from Manila.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 38], "content_span": [39, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013685-0003-0000", "contents": "1593 transported soldier legend, Story\nThe authorities placed him in jail for being a deserter and with charges of being a servant of the devil. Months later, news of the governor's death came to Mexico on a galleon from the Philippines. One of the passengers recognized the imprisoned soldier and said that he had seen him in the Philippines a day after the death of the Governor. He was eventually released from jail by the authorities and allowed to go back home.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 38], "content_span": [39, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013685-0004-0000", "contents": "1593 transported soldier legend, Development\nThomas Allibone Janvier, an American folklorist living in Mexico, recounted the story as Legend of the Living Spectre in the December 1908 edition of Harper's Magazine, naming the soldier as Gil P\u00e9rez. The story was one of a series entitled Legends of the City of Mexico published in a collected volume in 1910. Janvier notes that similar motifs are common in folklore. Washington Irving's 1832 book Tales of the Alhambra includes the story \"Governor Manco and the Soldier\", which bears similarities to the legend.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 44], "content_span": [45, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013685-0005-0000", "contents": "1593 transported soldier legend, Development\nJanvier's 1908 account was based on a Spanish version by Mexican folklorist Luis Gonz\u00e1lez Obreg\u00f3n, published in his 1900 collection M\u00e9xico viejo: noticias hist\u00f3ricas, tradiciones, leyendas y costumbres (\"Old Mexico: historical notes, folklore, legends and customs\") under the title \"Un aparecido\" (\"An apparition\"). Obreg\u00f3n traces the story to a 1698 account by Fray Gaspar de San Agust\u00edn of the Spanish conquest of the Philippines, which recounts the story as fact; San Agustin does not name the soldier and ascribed his transportation to witchcraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 44], "content_span": [45, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013685-0006-0000", "contents": "1593 transported soldier legend, Development\nJanvier says Obreg\u00f3n asserts that in 1609, Antonio de Morga had written that P\u00e9rez Dasmari\u00f1as' death was known in Mexico the same day, though de Morga expresses ignorance of how this came to be. Jos\u00e9 Rizal notes many other miraculous stories from the Spanish Philippines of the time; Luis Weckmann makes the same point in relation to Spanish Mexico. A 1936 collection, Historias de vivos y muertos (\"Stories of the living and the dead\") by Obreg\u00f3n's successor Artemio de Valle Arizpe, included a version of the story entitled \"Por el aire vino, por la mar se fue\" (\"He came by air, he left by sea\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 44], "content_span": [45, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013685-0007-0000", "contents": "1593 transported soldier legend, Development\nSeveral writers have offered paranormal explanations for the story. Morris K. Jessup and Brinsley Le Poer Trench, 8th Earl of Clancarty, suggested alien abduction, while Colin Wilson and Gary Blackwood suggested teleportation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 44], "content_span": [45, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013686-0000-0000", "contents": "1594\n1594 (MDXCIV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar. As of the start of 1594, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013690-0000-0000", "contents": "1594 in Scotland\nEvents from the year 1594 in the Kingdom of Scotland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013693-0000-0000", "contents": "1594 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1594.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013694-0000-0000", "contents": "1594 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013694-0001-0000", "contents": "1594 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013694-0002-0000", "contents": "1594 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013695-0000-0000", "contents": "1594 in science\nThe year 1594 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013696-0000-0000", "contents": "1595\n1595 (MDXCV) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. As of the start of 1595, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013701-0000-0000", "contents": "1595 in Scotland\nEvents from the year 1595 in the Kingdom of Scotland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013703-0000-0000", "contents": "1595 in art, Paintings\nLavinia Fontana, Portrait of a Lady with a Lap Dog", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 73]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013704-0000-0000", "contents": "1595 in literature\nThis article is a summary of the literary events and publications of 1595.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013705-0000-0000", "contents": "1595 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013705-0001-0000", "contents": "1595 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013705-0002-0000", "contents": "1595 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013706-0000-0000", "contents": "1595 in science\nThe year 1595 in science and technology involved some significant events, some of which are listed here.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013707-0000-0000", "contents": "1596\n1596 (MDXCVI) was a leap year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar. As of the start of 1596, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013711-0000-0000", "contents": "1596 in Scotland\nEvents from the year 1596 in the Kingdom of Scotland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013714-0000-0000", "contents": "1596 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1596.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013715-0000-0000", "contents": "1596 in poetry\nFrom your confessor, lawyer and physician,Hide not your case on no condition", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 91]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013715-0001-0000", "contents": "1596 in poetry\n\u2014 From Sir John Harington, A New Discourse of a Stale Subject, called the Metamorphosis of Ajax", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013715-0002-0000", "contents": "1596 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013716-0000-0000", "contents": "1596 in science\nThe year 1596 in science and technology included some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013717-0000-0000", "contents": "1597\n1597 (MDXCVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar. As of the start of 1597, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013718-0000-0000", "contents": "1597 Laugier\n1597 Laugier, provisional designation 1949 EB, is an asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 20 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 7 March 1949, by French astronomer Louis Boyer at the north African Algiers Observatory in Algeria. It was later named after French astronomer Marguerite Laugier.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013718-0001-0000", "contents": "1597 Laugier, Orbit and classification\nThis asteroid orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.6\u20133.1\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 10 months (1,752 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.09 and an inclination of 12\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. As no precoveries were taken and no prior identifications were made, Laugier's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation in 1949.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013718-0002-0000", "contents": "1597 Laugier, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves\nA rotational lightcurve for this asteroid from an unpublished source at the Asteroid Light Curve Database gave a well-defined rotation period of 8.020 hours with a brightness amplitude between 0.68 and 0.71 in magnitude (U=3). A similar period of 8.023 hours was previously obtained from remodeled data of the Lowell photometric database in March 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 51], "content_span": [52, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013718-0003-0000", "contents": "1597 Laugier, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Laugier measures 12.9 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.244, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for carbonaceous asteroids of 0.057, and calculates a diameter of 24.3 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.8.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013718-0004-0000", "contents": "1597 Laugier, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after French astronomer and asteroid discoverer Marguerite Laugier (1896\u20131976). The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 August 1978 (M.P.C. 4418).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013722-0000-0000", "contents": "1597 in Scotland\nEvents from the year 1597 in the Kingdom of Scotland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013725-0000-0000", "contents": "1597 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1597.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013726-0000-0000", "contents": "1597 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013726-0001-0000", "contents": "1597 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013726-0002-0000", "contents": "1597 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013727-0000-0000", "contents": "1597 in science\nThe year 1597 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013728-0000-0000", "contents": "1598\n1598 (MDXCVIII) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar, the 1598th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 598th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 98th  year of the 16th\u00a0century, and the  9th   year of the 1590s decade. As of the start of 1598, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013730-0000-0000", "contents": "1598 in India, Events\nThe first known English use of zero was in 1598.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013732-0000-0000", "contents": "1598 in Scotland\nEvents from the year 1598 in the Kingdom of Scotland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013735-0000-0000", "contents": "1598 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1598.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013736-0000-0000", "contents": "1598 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013736-0001-0000", "contents": "1598 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013736-0002-0000", "contents": "1598 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013737-0000-0000", "contents": "1598 in science\nThe year 1598 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013738-0000-0000", "contents": "1599\n1599 (MDXCIX) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar. As of the start of 1599, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013743-0000-0000", "contents": "1599 in Scotland\nEvents from the year 1599 in the Kingdom of Scotland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013744-0000-0000", "contents": "1599 in Sweden, Seventeenth Century Sweden\nWhen King John III dies in 1592 his son Sigismund accede to the Swedish throne. Conflict arose when Duke Charles, the living son of Gustav Vasa, did not approve of the accession of Sigismund, his nephew, and a Catholic, to the government. Sigismund was related to the Catholic Habsburgs who were attempting to control the Protestant princes of Germany. Religious fervor, economic self-interest, and political and dynastic self-preservation all motivated the Swedes to help the Protestants in the Thirty Years' War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 42], "content_span": [43, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013744-0001-0000", "contents": "1599 in Sweden, Seventeenth Century Sweden\nSweden (which included Finland) was completely Lutheran in the 17th century. In 1586, Sigismund Vasa, son of King John III and Catherine Jagiellonia, was elected king of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in an attempt to continue the Polish-Swedish alliance, the original purpose being to confront Ivan IV.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 42], "content_span": [43, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013744-0002-0000", "contents": "1599 in Sweden, War Against Sigismund\nSigismund III Vasa, king of both the Commonwealth and Sweden, lost the throne of Sweden during the civil war (1587-1599). After an early stalemate, Sigismund was defeated in the Battle of St\u00e5ngebro in 1598 and by 1599, Sigismund was dethroned by his uncle, Duke Charles and forced to retreat to the Commonwealth. This also ended the short-lived personal union between Poland and Sweden.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 37], "content_span": [38, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013744-0003-0000", "contents": "1599 in Sweden, War Against Sigismund\nAfter Sigismund had been crowned King of Sweden February 19, 1594, he decided that no Parliaments (Riksdag) could be summoned without the King's consent. Despite this, Charles summoned a Parliament at S\u00f6derk\u00f6ping in autumn 1595, at which he managed to get his will through. The Duke was appointed Regent with \u201cthe advice of the Council\u201d, meaning that he was to govern Sweden together with the Privy Council during the King's absence from the Realm. Soon afterward, the nobility of Finland, led by the Sigismund-appointed Governor, Laus Fleming, rejected these decisions, They sympathized with the King and considered Charles a rebel. As a counterattack, Charles instigated a rebellion against Fleming, the Cudge War, among the farmers in Ostrobothnia. Fleming managed to quell the revolt but died in April 1597.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 37], "content_span": [38, 849]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013744-0004-0000", "contents": "1599 in Sweden, War Against Sigismund\nIn 1597, civil war erupted, and Duke Charles was able to assume control over a large share of the powerful castles in the country, and in this manner achieved control over almost all the Realm. The problem was Finland, where Klaus Fleming's widow guarded \u00c5bo castle. But after psychological warfare, Charles and his followers managed to take the castle in Turku (Swedish: \u00c5bo). When Sigismund found out about what had happened in Finland he lost his patience. The King could not accept Duke Charles's disrespectful actions. He decided to use force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 37], "content_span": [38, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013744-0005-0000", "contents": "1599 in Sweden, War Against Sigismund\nAt the end of May 1598, Sigismund landed on Swedish soil at Avask\u00e4r. The King opened peacefully by sending the diplomat Samuel \u0141aski to Kalmar for negotiations. His task was to convince the city's commanders to open the gates. However, the negotiations led nowhere. Instead, the King took his soldiers and marched on Kalmar. The army halted just outside the city. The plan was to frighten the commanders into opening the gates. To make his message even more terrifying, Sigismund threatened the city with severe punishments and to withdraw the nobility of all children in the city. The propaganda worked well and Sigismund was able to make his long-desired entry on August 1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 37], "content_span": [38, 713]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013744-0006-0000", "contents": "1599 in Sweden, Year 1599\nThe King had planned to return to Sweden, which raised morale among his followers. However, these plans were never put into action. But the war had not ended. It continued for a few months, as Charles tried to reclaim the cities that were still in Sigismund's hands. He started by appointing a new city government in Stockholm. Then he scolded the burghers, who he claimed hadn't defended the city enough. It all finished with a lot of people being jailed, among them Archbishop Abraham Angermannus, who had supported Sigismund.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013744-0007-0000", "contents": "1599 in Sweden, Year 1599\nThen Swedish forces, led by Carl Carlsson Gyllenhielm, marched towards Kalmar to lay siege to the city. Johan Larsson Sparre defended the walls and the castle in the hope that the King would return to Sweden. But he never got any assistance and the night between March 1 and March 2 the city was assaulted. Gyllenhielm and Samuel Nilsson were ordered to attack the north gate. Duke Charles himself led the attack on the western gate. After the short fight, Charles's men managed to scale the walls. Since the soldiers began looting the city, however, the opportunity to capture Kalmar Castle in the same stroke was lost.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013744-0008-0000", "contents": "1599 in Sweden, Year 1599\nThe coming days, the castle proved more tenacious than expected. Johan Larsson Sparre kept the Swedes away, and finally, six Polish ships arrived. These, however, were driven back by four smaller Swedish ships and Swedish artillery fire from within the city. When the Polish ships were unable to do anything, hope disappeared for the defenders inside the castle. After the assault and capture of Kalmar, the focus of the war moved to Finland. Stronghold after stronghold began to be captured in July.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013744-0008-0001", "contents": "1599 in Sweden, Year 1599\nAt first, Hans Klasson Bielkenstierna and Peder Stolpe commanded the battle against Sigismund's followers, but on August 19, Duke Charles personally assumed command. With the help of the navy, he crushed the last remnants, and by September all of Sigismund's followers were gone, detained or executed, e.g. in the \u00c5bo bloodbath.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013744-0009-0000", "contents": "1599 in Sweden, Aftermath and Consequences\nSigismund was officially deposed from the throne of Sweden by a Parliament, Riksdag, held in Stockholm on July 24, 1599. He was given six months to say whether he wanted to send his son. Prince Ladislaus of Poland, to Sweden as his successor, under the condition that the boy would be brought up in the Evangelical faith. Otherwise, the Estates would look for a new king.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 42], "content_span": [43, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013745-0000-0000", "contents": "1599 in art, Deaths\nThis art history-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 91]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013746-0000-0000", "contents": "1599 in literature\nThis article lists notable literary events and publications in 1599.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 87]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013747-0000-0000", "contents": "1599 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013747-0001-0000", "contents": "1599 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013747-0002-0000", "contents": "1599 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013748-0000-0000", "contents": "1599 in science\nThe year 1599 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013750-0000-0000", "contents": "159th Aviation Regiment (United States)\nThe 159th Aviation Regiment is an aviation regiment of the U.S. Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013750-0001-0000", "contents": "159th Aviation Regiment (United States), History\nInitially formed from assets of the 308th Aviation Battalion (Combat), the 159th Aviation Battalion (Assault Support Helicopter) was constituted on 1 July 1968 and served in the Regular Army in Vietnam as a part of the 101st Airborne Division (Airmobile).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013750-0002-0000", "contents": "159th Aviation Regiment (United States), History\nIts Company B was reorganized and redesignated on 16 November 1987 as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 2d Battalion, 159th Aviation; however, it was inactivated 10 years later on 15 September 1997 before being redesignated on 16 October 1997 as Company B, 159th Aviation, and activated at Hunter Army Airfield, Georgia. Later it moved to Felker Army Airfield at Fort Eustis, VA. HHC and B Company were deployed in Kuwait and Iraq between February 2003 and April 2004, before being inactivated a month later on 15 May 2004 at Ft. Eustis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013750-0003-0000", "contents": "159th Aviation Regiment (United States), History\nThe 159th Aviation Regiment was redesignated to the same company on 1 October 2005 before it was redesignated again a year later 16 October 2006 as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 2d Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013750-0004-0000", "contents": "159th Aviation Regiment (United States), History\nNumerous other elements of the regiment have been active as well:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013751-0000-0000", "contents": "159th Battalion (1st Algonquins), CEF\nThe 159th (1st Algonquins) Battalion, CEF was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War. Based in Haileybury, Ontario, the unit began recruiting in late 1915 in the districts of Nipissing and Sudbury. After sailing to England in November 1916, the battalion was absorbed into the 8th Reserve Battalion on January 20, 1917. The 159th (1st Algonquins) Battalion, CEF had one Officer Commanding: Lieut-Col. E. F. Armstrongs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013752-0000-0000", "contents": "159th Combat Aviation Brigade\nThe 159th Combat Aviation Brigade (CAB) formerly supported the 101st Airborne Division (Air Assault), and was stationed at Fort Campbell, Kentucky. While active, 159th CAB made the 101st Airborne Division the only US Army Division with two organic aviation brigades, and currently the 101st CAB is the only CAB supporting the unit at Fort Campbell. The 159th CAB was inactivated on 15 May 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013752-0001-0000", "contents": "159th Combat Aviation Brigade\nThe lineage of the 159th Aviation Brigade is separate from that of the Vietnam-era 159th Aviation Battalion and the later 159th Aviation Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013752-0002-0000", "contents": "159th Combat Aviation Brigade, Formation and initial deployments, The Vietnam-era 159th Aviation\nThe 159th Aviation Battalion (Assault Helicopter) was a Vietnam War-era heavy lift helicopter unit formed on 1 July 1968 from the assets of the 308th Aviation Battalion (Combat). The spiritual ancestor (separate lineage) to the 159th CAB was organized as the medium and heavy lift Assault Helicopter Battalion of the 101st Airborne Division, and composed of three Boeing CH-47 Chinook companies (Pachyderms - A Company; Varsity - B Company; Playtex - C Co) and 1 Sikorsky CH-54 Tarhe company (Hurricanes). In the modern formation, only \"Varsity\" Company remained as Company B, 7th Battalion, 101st Aviation Regiment, 159th CAB.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 96], "content_span": [97, 724]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013752-0003-0000", "contents": "159th Combat Aviation Brigade, Formation and initial deployments, The Vietnam-era 159th Aviation\nFrom January 1969 through February 1972, the battalion provided lift support to the 101st Airborne. The unit conducted airmobile artillery raids, troop movements, flare drops, fire-base insertions and extractions, IFR airdrops, and flight support and aircraft recovery missions. The 159th Aviation Battalion received the Valorous Unit Award for services in the Republic of Vietnam, 1 January 1970 through May 1971. In February 1972, the 159th Aviation Battalion returned to Fort Campbell, Kentucky as the only CH-47 Chinook battalion in the United States Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 96], "content_span": [97, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013752-0004-0000", "contents": "159th Combat Aviation Brigade, Formation and initial deployments, The Vietnam-era 159th Aviation\nIn November 1987, the 159th Aviation Battalion headquarters was inactivated at Fort Campbell and the 159th Aviation Regiment was activated under the new U.S. Army regimental system at Fort Bragg, North Carolina. Later, the unit would be redesignated as 4th Battalion, 159th Aviation Regiment and was activated at Kitzingen, Germany, and then relocated to Giebelstadt, Germany. From this point on, the 159th Aviation Regiment would have no further affiliation with either Fort Campbell, the 101st Airborne, or the 159th Aviation Brigade - the 159th Aviation Regiment continues to exist as a separate unit affiliated with 12th Aviation Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 96], "content_span": [97, 739]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013752-0005-0000", "contents": "159th Combat Aviation Brigade, Formation and initial deployments, 101st Aviation Regiment\nMeanwhile, the same 1987 reorganization that removed the 159th Aviation Battalion lineage left nine active aviation battalions which had existed beneath it at Fort Campbell. As such, these units were assigned lineage to the 101st Aviation Regiment, and initially reformed under the headquarters of the 101st Aviation Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 89], "content_span": [90, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013752-0006-0000", "contents": "159th Combat Aviation Brigade, Formation and initial deployments, 101st Aviation Regiment\nAs originally formed, Sikorsky UH-60 Black Hawks were in the 4th, 5th and 9th Battalions, 101st Aviation; Bell UH-1 Iroquois were in the 6th Battalion, 101st Aviation; CH-47D Chinooks were in the 7th Battalion, 101st Aviation; and Boeing AH-64 Apache were in 1st, 2nd and 3rd Battalion, 101st Aviation. Aviation support was provided by 8th Battalion, 101st Aviation Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 89], "content_span": [90, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013752-0007-0000", "contents": "159th Combat Aviation Brigade, Formation and initial deployments, 101st Aviation Regiment\nSerious flaws with this arrangement would become apparent during the First Gulf War, as the resulting nine Battalion unit was the size of some regiments yet lacked an adequately sized staff element, headquarters, or officer rank to control such a large unit over a wide area. As a result, the 101st Airborne headquarters considered breaking the 101st Aviation Brigade in half and establishing a second headquarters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 89], "content_span": [90, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013752-0008-0000", "contents": "159th Combat Aviation Brigade, Formation and initial deployments, The 159th Aviation Brigade\nOn 9 October 1997, the largest aviation brigade in the Army split nine battalions into two brigades, the 101st Aviation Brigade (Attack) and the 159th Aviation Brigade (Assault). Between 1997 and 2001, the Brigade deployed units to Bosnia, Kosovo, Trinidad and Tobago, and Central America.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 92], "content_span": [93, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013752-0009-0000", "contents": "159th Combat Aviation Brigade, Post 9/11, 2002 Afghanistan deployment\nFollowing 9/11, elements of the 4-101st (Blackhawk), and 7-101st (Chinook) Aviation Battalions, 159th Aviation Brigade deployed to Afghanistan in support of Operation Enduring Freedom. Deploying 29 January 2002 for OEF, 159th elements prepared and strategically deployed 5 UH-60L Blackhawk aircraft and 6.5 aircrews to Kandahar, Afghanistan. 159th Brigade also deployed 8 UH-60L Blackhawk and 13 CH-47 Chinook aircraft to Bagram.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 69], "content_span": [70, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013752-0010-0000", "contents": "159th Combat Aviation Brigade, Post 9/11, 2002 Afghanistan deployment\nThe unit deployed another 5 UH-60L aircraft to Bagram Air Force Base, Afghanistan on 3 May 2002. In September 2002, two elements of A Company, 4-101st Aviation Regiment redeployed from Afghanistan where they supported OEF in the fight against the Taliban.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 69], "content_span": [70, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013752-0011-0000", "contents": "159th Combat Aviation Brigade, Post 9/11, 2002 Afghanistan deployment, Operation Anaconda\n...we determined that the most dangerous and critical part of the operation was getting the force on the ground. We knew we could kill the enemy if they showed themselves, so we thought the greater risk was crashing a helicopter in the unfamiliar and harsh terrain at 9,000 feet of altitude.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 89], "content_span": [90, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013752-0012-0000", "contents": "159th Combat Aviation Brigade, Post 9/11, 2002 Afghanistan deployment, Operation Anaconda\nChinook and Blackhawk aircraft from 159th Aviation Brigade provided direct lift support for Operation Anaconda. U.S. Army intelligence had located a large number of Taliban and al Qaeda personnel operating in the Shah-e-Kot Valley, near the Pakistani border. Within the valley were the three villages of Sherkhankhel, Babukhel, and Marzak. Operation Anaconda would block Taliban and al Qaeda forces inside the valley where they could be destroyed before escaping into Pakistan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 89], "content_span": [90, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013752-0013-0000", "contents": "159th Combat Aviation Brigade, Post 9/11, 2002 Afghanistan deployment, Operation Anaconda\n159th Aviators began pre-flight checks for departure at 4:30 am, 2 March 2002. The air mission consisted of eight 7-101 CH-47 aircraft divided into two flights of four, carrying infantry from the 101st Airborne and 10th Mountain Divisions. As resupply was not guaranteed at the time, the onboard infantry were heavily laden with ample food, water, cold-weather clothing, night-vision and communications equipment in addition to weapons and ammunition. Some individuals carried a hundred pounds or more.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 89], "content_span": [90, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013752-0014-0000", "contents": "159th Combat Aviation Brigade, Post 9/11, 2002 Afghanistan deployment, Operation Anaconda\nThe air assault into Shah-e-Kot would be supported by five Apaches from the sister 101st Aviation Brigade. The date for the attack had initially been planned for 25 February, but bad weather forced a delay until 2 March. The helicopters would land just after the start of morning nautical twilight, as mission planners weighed the options of attacking under the cover of darkness or during daylight hours. It was finally decided to insert at sunrise to catch the enemy asleep yet provide optimal vision for the forces entering the valley.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 89], "content_span": [90, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013752-0015-0000", "contents": "159th Combat Aviation Brigade, Post 9/11, 2002 Afghanistan deployment, Operation Anaconda\nThe Apaches entered the valley first to provide overwatch of the helicopter landing zones. The attack aircraft radioed back the call of \"ice\", a military term for an uncontested landing. Though the aircraft were able to disembark infantry without incident, the ground force began taking small arms fire immediately after their departure. After this initial period, the infantry and supporting Chinooks would require repeated air to ground fire support from the accompanying Apaches and USAF assets. The Taliban began to target the aircraft, and on the first day of the operation, five out of seven AH-64s were put out of action by ground fire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 89], "content_span": [90, 733]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013752-0016-0000", "contents": "159th Combat Aviation Brigade, Post 9/11, 2002 Afghanistan deployment, Operation Anaconda\nAfter the initial engagements on his forces, Colonel Frank Wiercinski (ground forces commander), decided to move his mobile command team off of the airborne command post and directly control fighting from the ground. The 159th Blackhawks would insert this element as wave two of the operation, and proceeded directly to the pre-designated HLZ. As there was only room for one Blackhawk at this landing site, the aircraft would take turns making use of the location to land, disembark the passengers, and quickly take off again. On ingress to this HLZ, the lead helicopter began to take small arms fire. Just before touch down, a RPG exploded below the lead Black Hawk and sent shrapnel into the airframe directly under the pilot's seat. The pilot continued the approach and safely deposited half the Brigade TAC before departing. The second aircraft immediately followed with the rest of the TAC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 89], "content_span": [90, 985]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013752-0017-0000", "contents": "159th Combat Aviation Brigade, Post 9/11, 2002 Afghanistan deployment, Operation Anaconda\nResupply and reinforcement efforts were further complicated by the then-standard use of VHF and FM radios for air-to-air and air-to-ground communication. Both types of radios are limited by line of sight, and as aircraft were divided by mountain ridges communication was at times interrupted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 89], "content_span": [90, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013752-0018-0000", "contents": "159th Combat Aviation Brigade, Post 9/11, 2002 Afghanistan deployment, Operation Anaconda\nA third lift of reinforcement and medical evacuation aircraft were sent to the area just before darkness on day one. During this third insertion, overhead Apache crews observed several RPG near-misses on the first aircraft, falling short, and another fired between the following two. White trails of smoke showed the path the RPGs had taken. An RPG strike to the tail rotor of one of the few remaining Apaches rendered further attack air support no longer effective.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 89], "content_span": [90, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013752-0018-0001", "contents": "159th Combat Aviation Brigade, Post 9/11, 2002 Afghanistan deployment, Operation Anaconda\nReinforcements hovering outside the objective area could no longer be safely inserted due to intense ground fire, and supply drops for friendly positions were likely to be shot down. Given the unarmored nature of the CH-47s and UH-60s, the ground force commander ordered the supporting aircraft to return to Bagram Air Base.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 89], "content_span": [90, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013752-0019-0000", "contents": "159th Combat Aviation Brigade, Post 9/11, 2002 Afghanistan deployment, Operation Anaconda\nDuring most of day two, infantry on the ground faced repeated close-range attack by enemy small arms, RPG, and mortar fire. Though only two Apaches remained serviceable to provide support, 24-hours of air force bombing began to have an effect and Taliban attacks slowly diminished. Just after sunset, Task Force Summit and the ground forces Brigade command post was extracted via CH-47.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 89], "content_span": [90, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013752-0020-0000", "contents": "159th Combat Aviation Brigade, Post 9/11, 2002 Afghanistan deployment, Operation Anaconda\n159th Aircraft would continue to support the operation until it ended on 18 March 2002.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 89], "content_span": [90, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013752-0021-0000", "contents": "159th Combat Aviation Brigade, Post 9/11, 2003 Iraq deployment\nIn 2003, the 159th deployed in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom. On 22 April 2003 the 159th Brigade and 101st Airborne Division conducted the longest air assault in history. A mixed composition air convoy of 200 Black Hawk, Apache, Chinook and Kiowa helicopters from 159th and 101st Aviation regiments landed at two forward bases, unloading infantry soldiers and refueling. Later this same day, the Screaming Eagles made their first attack deep inside Iraq, using dozens of helicopters to hit an Iraqi armored brigade about 100 miles southwest of Baghdad, reported a CNN correspondent embedded with the 101st.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 62], "content_span": [63, 674]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013752-0022-0000", "contents": "159th Combat Aviation Brigade, Post 9/11, 2003 Iraq deployment\n159th began combat operations in the open desert, where there was enough room for the 100-aircraft strong force to establish a tactical operations center (TOC) and tactical assembly area (TAA) Thunder I. The unit later 'jumped' to TAA Thunder II (Karbala), and Thunder III (Iskandariyah), before finally assuming operations out of Mosul Airfield.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 62], "content_span": [63, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013752-0023-0000", "contents": "159th Combat Aviation Brigade, Post 9/11, 2003 Iraq deployment\nDuring the initial invasion, the Brigade lost only a single aircraft due to heavy dust conditions at FARP Shell. Even at this time, the most common threat to aircraft was a mixture of small to medium-sized AAA systems, RPGs, and ground fire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 62], "content_span": [63, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013752-0024-0000", "contents": "159th Combat Aviation Brigade, Post 9/11, 2003 Iraq deployment\nAfter the initial invasion, 159th assumed responsibility for Iraq's second largest city of Mosul and four northern provinces. On 15 November 2003 Blackhawk #93-26531 (4-101st) and another Blackhawk from 101st Aviation Brigade collided over the suburbs of Mosul approximately 5\u00a0km from the Airfield; six of the seventeen Soldiers who died that day were from 159th Aviation Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 62], "content_span": [63, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013752-0025-0000", "contents": "159th Combat Aviation Brigade, Post 9/11, Army Transformation\nUnder Army Transformation, the unit was reorganized as a CAB on 17 September 2004. As part of the Army's transformation towards a modular force, the 3d Battalion, 101st Aviation Regiment transferred from the 101st CAB to 159th CAB, also part of the 101st Airborne Division. On 26 September 2005, the aviation support battalion of the 159th CAB was reflagged from the 9th Battalion (Support), 101st Aviation Regiment, to the 563d Support Battalion (Aviation).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 61], "content_span": [62, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013752-0026-0000", "contents": "159th Combat Aviation Brigade, Post 9/11, 2005 Iraq deployment\nFollowing its re-designation, the 159th CAB deployed again to Iraq in 2005. The 159th CAB worked in direct support of Multinational Corps-Iraq by providing rotary-wing helicopter support to nearly every unit in Iraq.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 62], "content_span": [63, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013752-0027-0000", "contents": "159th Combat Aviation Brigade, Post 9/11, 2008 Afghanistan deployment\nIn December 2008, the 159th CAB, TF Thunder, deployed to Afghanistan in support of Operation Enduring Freedom. Headquartered out of Bagram Airbase, the brigade task force provided a wide range of aviation support to CJTF-101, CJTF-82, CJSOTF, USFOR-A and International Security and Assistance Forces (ISAF).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 69], "content_span": [70, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013752-0028-0000", "contents": "159th Combat Aviation Brigade, Post 9/11, 2008 Afghanistan deployment\nThe 159th CAB reorganized as Task Force Thunder, and as the only U.S. Aviation Brigade operating in Afghanistan at the time assumed responsibility for an area the size of Texas. Due to the decentralized nature of the fight, the limited aviation assets in theater, and the vast geographic expanse requiring helicopter support, the Brigade established four distinct multi-functional task forces based out of Bagram, Jalalabad, Salerno, and Kandahar Airfield, with follow on establishment at FOB Shank. The joint, coalition based task force included 138 helicopters, 7 un-manned aerial systems (UAVs), and 28 various fixed wing aircraft with an oversight relationship for Polish, French and Czech Aviation units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 69], "content_span": [70, 779]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013752-0029-0000", "contents": "159th Combat Aviation Brigade, Post 9/11, 2008 Afghanistan deployment\nIn 2009, the Brigade Task Force provided both direct and general support, full spectrum aviation operations, to all regional commands operating in Afghanistan. Since assuming the mission, Task Force Thunder flew over 136,000 flight hours, conducted over 509 deliberate air assaults and executed over 3,700 air movement operations. These operations resulted in moving over 132,000 Soldiers and 6,574 Tons of cargo. In addition, the unit executed more than 2,400 MEDEVAC missions, moving over 2,800 patients from point of injury to appropriate care facilities", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 69], "content_span": [70, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013752-0030-0000", "contents": "159th Combat Aviation Brigade, Post 9/11, 2008 Afghanistan deployment, FOB Blessing\nFOB Blessing and COP Vegas were located within the Korengal Valley, in Eastern Afghanistan. In September 2009, a flight of two CH-47s transferring troops and equipment from FOB Blessing to COP Vegas was ambushed by insurgents. During the second approach into COP Vegas, a CH-47 was struck in tail ramp by a rocket-propelled grenade. The aircraft hydraulics were significantly damaged, and the CH-47 pitched violently while the crew fought to regain control. The pilot made the decision to attempt to fly the severely damaged airframe back to FOB Blessing, where there would be sufficient landing space for a MEDEVAC aircraft to land and evacuate the numerous wounded on board.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 83], "content_span": [84, 760]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013752-0031-0000", "contents": "159th Combat Aviation Brigade, Post 9/11, 2008 Afghanistan deployment, FOB Blessing\nUpon arrival to FOB Blessing, the pilot judged the risk of landing on the established HLZ to be too high, instead landing the aircraft in an open field to conserve the HLZ for an inbound MEDEVAC. This likely saved the lives of several of the wounded Soldiers on board, as otherwise medical crews would have been forced to spend time improvising an HLZ or even remove casualties individually from the air. After conducting an emergency shut-down, the crew found damage to the CH-47's hydraulic control lines which could have been catastrophic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 83], "content_span": [84, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013752-0031-0001", "contents": "159th Combat Aviation Brigade, Post 9/11, 2008 Afghanistan deployment, FOB Blessing\nThe aircrew and ground forces at FOP Blessing became nervous that insurgents would launch a mortar attack on the vulnerable airframe at first light, in an attempt to set the aviation fuel inside ablaze. Fortunately, the crew was able to self-repair the damage to the hydraulics, then limped back to Bagram Airbase, an hour and a half long harrowing flight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 83], "content_span": [84, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013752-0032-0000", "contents": "159th Combat Aviation Brigade, Post 9/11, 2008 Afghanistan deployment, FOB Blessing\nAs a result of his heroism, 7-101 CH-47 pilot CW3 Ryan Dechent was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 83], "content_span": [84, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013752-0033-0000", "contents": "159th Combat Aviation Brigade, Post 9/11, 2008 Afghanistan deployment, COP Keating\nAs we came over the mountain, all we could see was a big column of smoke coming from Keating. We were looking at Keating, and it was just a massive fire. Everything was burning down.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 82], "content_span": [83, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013752-0034-0000", "contents": "159th Combat Aviation Brigade, Post 9/11, 2008 Afghanistan deployment, COP Keating\n159th CAB Aviators from Task Force Pale Horse (7-17 Cavalry) provided direct air support to the ground troops during the attack on COP Keating on 3 October 2009. COP Keating was located in a depression, surrounded by mountains. Because of the extremely small size of the one-hundred meter outpost, the landing zone was located 'outside the wire' - a common expression for being outside the defensive perimeter in an unsecure area. The landing zone had only enough room for one Chinook or two Blackhawks to land at one time. This would greatly complicate support and reinforcement efforts before, during, and after the Battle of Kamdesh.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 82], "content_span": [83, 719]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013752-0035-0000", "contents": "159th Combat Aviation Brigade, Post 9/11, 2008 Afghanistan deployment, COP Keating\nObservation Post Fritsche was located on top of a nearby mountain, overlooking COP Keating and a significant liability were it overrun. The Blackhawks quickly left accompanied by two Apaches, with a load of approximately thirty infantry to fortify OP Fritsche. Upon arriving at the site, the Blackhawks began receiving heavy ground fire from what would later be assessed as a 300-strong element of enemy fighters. More troublingly, OP Fritsche could offer no support to neighboring COP Keating as the force was cut off by heavy enemy machine gun and RPG fire from within the valley. This constituted a problem for the helicopter teams since the regular avenue of approach to COP Keating was through the low-lying terrain of said valley.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 82], "content_span": [83, 819]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013752-0036-0000", "contents": "159th Combat Aviation Brigade, Post 9/11, 2008 Afghanistan deployment, COP Keating\nIn an attempt to conceal their approach, the aircraft took a non-traditional approach by flying directly over the mountain ridge. After multiple turns in the area while under fire, the two Blackhawks were able to insert more than 100 Soldiers to reinforce the outpost. Meanwhile, the Apaches remained overhead providing support to the battered U.S. force at COP Keating. The Apache crews had been verbally told that the COP was taking heavy fire from small arms and RPGs prior to departure, however the situation was unstable and the Apache crews were worried of accidentally firing upon friendly troops.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 82], "content_span": [83, 687]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013752-0036-0001", "contents": "159th Combat Aviation Brigade, Post 9/11, 2008 Afghanistan deployment, COP Keating\nVia radio contact with the ground force within COP Keating, the crews were told to consider anyone outside the wire perimeter to be hostile. As a result, the attack aircraft engaged some thirty armed individuals just outside a large visible breach in the defensive works of COP Keating. Just after this time MEDEVAC aircraft attempted to extract wounded, but were forced to turn back due to heavy ground fire. The Apaches remained on-station for approximately 90 minutes taking repeated damage from small arms fire and eventually running out of ammunition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 82], "content_span": [83, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013752-0037-0000", "contents": "159th Combat Aviation Brigade, Post 9/11, 2008 Afghanistan deployment, COP Keating\nAs a result of small arms damage, the Apache crews were forced to switch aircraft upon returning to FOB Bostick rather than simply rearming and refueling. This had the fortunate side-effect of allowing the crews several minutes to return to the nearby unit TOC, exchange maps and information of the situation, and learn of the most recent real-time intelligence regarding events on the ground. The Apaches returned to COP Keating and began engaging a mixed group of 25 enemy fighters in and around the nearby police station and mosque.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 82], "content_span": [83, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013752-0037-0001", "contents": "159th Combat Aviation Brigade, Post 9/11, 2008 Afghanistan deployment, COP Keating\nOvercast weather from an incoming thunder storm allowed the pilots to clearly see muzzle flashes from small arms and DShK heavy machine guns directed at them and friendly ground forces. The impending thunderstorm was both a blessing and a curse, as the Apaches were forced again to return to FOB Bostick due to severe weather. After approximately a one-hour weather hold, 159th CAB aircraft returned to the area one final time that day to further support ground forces with Apache fire and conduct one further reinforcement of OP Fritsche.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 82], "content_span": [83, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013752-0038-0000", "contents": "159th Combat Aviation Brigade, Post 9/11, 2008 Afghanistan deployment, COP Keating\nAs a result of heroism in the face of enemy fire, 3-101 Apache pilots Captain Matthew J. Kaplan, Chief Warrant Officer 3 Ross D. Lewallen, Chief Warrant Officer 3 Randy L. Huff, Chief Warrant Officer 2 Christopher N. Wright and Chief Warrant Officer 2 Gary H. Wingert were each awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 82], "content_span": [83, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013752-0038-0001", "contents": "159th Combat Aviation Brigade, Post 9/11, 2008 Afghanistan deployment, COP Keating\nAdditionally, 4-101's Sgt. Kevin Hobbs, a Company C. crew chief; Capt. Aaron Nichols, the assistant Task Force Wings operations officer; Chief Warrant Officer 2 Raymond Andrel, the Company C. safety officer; and Chief Warrant Officer 2 Kevin Howey, a Company C. instructor pilot were awarded the Air Medal with Valor device.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 82], "content_span": [83, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013752-0039-0000", "contents": "159th Combat Aviation Brigade, Post 9/11, 2011 Afghanistan deployment\nIn January 2011, the 159th CAB was again called upon to support Operation Enduring Freedom. The entire brigade, minus its MEDEVAC company that had just returned from an off-cycle deployment to Iraq and Afghanistan, assumed responsibility for the rotary wing aviation mission throughout Regional Command South in Afghanistan. Throughout its year-long deployment, the brigade provided full-spectrum aviation support to ground units, to include air assaults, air movements, reconnaissance, security, close combat attack and Pathfinder missions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 69], "content_span": [70, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013752-0039-0001", "contents": "159th Combat Aviation Brigade, Post 9/11, 2011 Afghanistan deployment\nDuring the deployment, Task Force Thunder made history when it became the first CAB to receive, integrate, and execute fixed-wing movements with Alenia C-27J Spartans and electronic attack missions with Beechcraft C-12 Caesar aircraft. The 159th CAB also took on a new role during this deployment, serving as mentors to Afghan National Security Forces. Partnerships with the Afghan Air Force, Afghan National Police, Afghan National Civil Order of Police, and the Afghan National Army helped to further improve security in the region and increase the capability of the ANSF and the government of Afghanistan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 69], "content_span": [70, 678]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013752-0040-0000", "contents": "159th Combat Aviation Brigade, Post 9/11, 2011 Afghanistan deployment\nThe majority of the 101st Airborne Division redeployed from Afghanistan by late 2011. On 22 March 2012 the 159th CAB redeployed to Fort Campbell, Kentucky and, for the first time in five years, the entire 101st Airborne Division (Air Assault) was \"back home\" together.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 69], "content_span": [70, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013752-0041-0000", "contents": "159th Combat Aviation Brigade, Post 9/11, 2011 Afghanistan deployment, Medevac support\nA jug this big will blow a man's leg off and, unfortunately, I have a lot of soldiers who have lost legs to this kind of wickedness.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 86], "content_span": [87, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013752-0042-0000", "contents": "159th Combat Aviation Brigade, Post 9/11, 2011 Afghanistan deployment, Medevac support\n...if we have to go in there 10 times, I've got to put my fears aside because they're counting on me, I'm counting on them to go out there to fight the Taliban head to head, in close quarters. When they need Medevac , we're going in there.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 86], "content_span": [87, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013752-0043-0000", "contents": "159th Combat Aviation Brigade, Post 9/11, 2011 Afghanistan deployment, Medevac support\nAs Task Force Thunder, the 159th CAB was responsible for medical evacuation flights for all of RC-S and RC-SW in partnership with the U.S. Air Force. TF Thunder Medevac flights were based out of Kandahar Airfield, Camp Bastion, and several small combat outposts in Helmand, Uruzgun, and Zabul provinces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 86], "content_span": [87, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013752-0044-0000", "contents": "159th Combat Aviation Brigade, Post 9/11, 2011 Afghanistan deployment, Medevac support\nDuring the summer of 2011, TF Thunder partnered with Task Force Strike (2nd Brigade, 101st Airborne Division) and later Task Force Mountain (10th Mountain Division), and TF Thunder Medevac aircraft were repeatedly engaged at ranges of 100 meters or less by small arms and rocket propelled grenade fire in the claustrophobic Arghandab River and Helmand River valleys. The unique terrain in this region consisted of open wheat or poppy fields which could be used as a landing zone, and built-up grape rows which could not. The geographic situation limited Medevac pilots to a relative few landing sites, allowing for repeated ambush.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 86], "content_span": [87, 718]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013752-0045-0000", "contents": "159th Combat Aviation Brigade, Post 9/11, 2011 Afghanistan deployment, Medevac support\nTF Thunder Medevac crews learned to cooperate closely with infantry ground forces to establish a tight security perimeter around a given HLZ. Despite this, reports of deliberate Taliban ambush of Medevac aircraft continued until the onset of cold weather that fall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 86], "content_span": [87, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013752-0046-0000", "contents": "159th Combat Aviation Brigade, Post 9/11, 2013 Afghanistan deployment\n159th CAB again deployed to RC-E Afghanistan in December 2013, spending most of 2014 there in support of Operation Enduring Freedom. The Brigade returned in September/October 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 69], "content_span": [70, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013752-0047-0000", "contents": "159th Combat Aviation Brigade, Inactivation\nOn 20 November 2014, the U.S. Army announced that the 159th CAB would be inactivated in 2015. As part of the restructuring, the Army will retain the 159th CAB's Apache battalion, the 3d Battalion (Attack/Reconnaissance), 101st Aviation Regiment, and reassign it to the 101st CAB. The majority of 159th CAB Soldiers would be sent elsewhere.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 43], "content_span": [44, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013753-0000-0000", "contents": "159th Division (People's Republic of China)\nThe 159th Division(Chinese: \u7b2c159\u5e08) was created in November 1948 under the Regulation of the Redesignations of All Organizations and Units of the Army, issued by Central Military Commission on 1 November 1948, basing on the 7th Independent Division of Jichareliao Military District, formed in February.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013753-0001-0000", "contents": "159th Division (People's Republic of China)\nThe division was a part of the 46th Corps. Under the flag of the 159th division it took part in the Chinese civil war. In July 1949 the division was disbanded. Its remnant was reorganized as the 6th Regiment, 2nd Forestry Engineering Division in 1952.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013754-0000-0000", "contents": "159th Fighter Squadron\nThe 159th Fighter Squadron (159 FS) is a unit of the Florida Air National Guard's 125th Fighter Wing located at Jacksonville International Airport (Jacksonville ANG Base), Florida. The 159th is equipped with the F-15C and F-15D Eagle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013754-0001-0000", "contents": "159th Fighter Squadron, Overview\nThe squadron primarily flies the single seat F-15C Eagle aircraft, along with a smaller number of twin-seat F-15D, in the air superiority/air dominance role. As part of the Florida Air National Guard, the 159 FS and 125 FW report to the 1st Air Force (1 AF) and are operationally-gained by the U.S. Air Force's Air Combat Command (ACC). The squadron is based at Jacksonville Air National Guard Base (Jacksonville International Airport), Florida and also maintains a permanent rotational alert detachment at Homestead Air Reserve Base, Florida.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013754-0002-0000", "contents": "159th Fighter Squadron, Mission\nTo provide air defense for the southeastern United States, as directed by the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) and United States Northern Command (USNORTHCOM), from Charleston, South Carolina to the southern tip of Florida and across the Florida panhandle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013754-0002-0001", "contents": "159th Fighter Squadron, Mission\nIn addition, to provide the Continental NORAD Region (CONR) commander rapid response to invasions of the sovereign airspace of the United States and respond with appropriate defense measures against all hostile actions directed at the people and property of the United States, and to be available to other combat commanders for forward deployment in order to perform air superiority/air dominance missions in other theaters outside of the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013754-0003-0000", "contents": "159th Fighter Squadron, History, World War II\nEstablished in late 1942 as a P-47 Thunderbolt fighter squadron, it trained under I Fighter Command in the mid-Atlantic states. The 159th also flew air-defense missions as part of the Philadelphia Fighter Wing. The squadron was deployed to the European Theater of Operations (ETO), being assigned to VIII Fighter Command in England in June 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013754-0004-0000", "contents": "159th Fighter Squadron, History, World War II\nThe unit served primarily as an escort organization, covering the penetration, attack and withdrawal of B-17 and B-24 bomber formations that the USAAF sent against targets on the European continent. The squadron also engaged in counter-air patrols, fighter sweeps, strafing and dive-bombing missions. It attacked such targets as airdromes, marshalling yards, missile sites, industrial areas, ordnance depots, oil refineries, trains and highways. During its operations, the unit participated in the assault against the Luftwaffe and aircraft industry during the Big Week, 20\u201325 February 1944 and the attack on transportation facilities prior to the Normandy invasion and support of the invasion forces thereafter, including the Saint-L\u00f4 breakout in July.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 799]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013754-0005-0000", "contents": "159th Fighter Squadron, History, World War II\nThe squadron supported the airborne attack in the Netherlands in September 1944 and upgraded to P-51 Mustangs in October. It deployed to Chievres Airdrome, (ALG A-84), Belgium between February and April 1945 flying tactical ground support missions during the airborne assault across the Rhine. The unit returned to England and flew its last combat mission on 20 April 1945. It was demobilized during the summer of 1945 in England and inactivated in the United States as a paper unit in October 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013754-0006-0000", "contents": "159th Fighter Squadron, History, Florida Air National Guard, The early post-war years\nAt the conclusion of World War II, work began to organize an Air National Guard unit for Florida. A National Guard Bureau document dated 16 March 1946, gave states permission to request an Air Force unit allotment. Months later, Florida accepted the 159th Fighter Squadron with an authorized strength of 50 officers and 303 enlisted men. Governor Millard F. Caldwell formally accepted the unit on 30 August 1946, and full federal recognition was granted 9 February 1947.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 85], "content_span": [86, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013754-0007-0000", "contents": "159th Fighter Squadron, History, Florida Air National Guard, The early post-war years\nA facility for housing the units became available in temporary World War II buildings on the west side of the Thomas Cole Imeson Airport in Jacksonville, Florida. Upon the arrival of the unit's first aircraft, the P-51D Mustang, (later redesignated the F-51D) at Imeson Airport, the 159th became the first operational Air National Guard unit in Florida. During the second year of operation, the FLANG became one of the first six Air National Guard squadrons in the United States equipped with jet aircraft. The conversion from the F-51D Mustang to the F-80C Shooting Star became official on 1 August 1948, when the unit was re-designated the 159th Fighter Squadron, Jet Propelled (159 FSJ).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 85], "content_span": [86, 776]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013754-0008-0000", "contents": "159th Fighter Squadron, History, Florida Air National Guard, Combat in Korea\nIn the fall of 1950, the United States' involvement in the Korean War required extensive air power commitments from the United States Air Force. To alleviate the strain on active duty forces, President Truman activated the FLANG on 10 October 1950; the pilots were ordered to report to George Air Force Base, California. On arrival at George AFB, the 159th Fighter Squadron joined the 116th Fighter Group \u2013 an organization consisting of Air National Guard units from Florida, Georgia (the 158th) and California (the 196th).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 76], "content_span": [77, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013754-0008-0001", "contents": "159th Fighter Squadron, History, Florida Air National Guard, Combat in Korea\nThe group and squadrons reorganized under the Wing-Base Plan on 1 November 1950, and were redesignated the 116th Fighter Bomber Group, commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Howard L. Galbreath. The group received instructions to move to the Far East, which overrode their original orders to Europe to replace an active duty U.S. Air Force squadron slated to go to Korea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 76], "content_span": [77, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013754-0009-0000", "contents": "159th Fighter Squadron, History, Florida Air National Guard, Combat in Korea\nBy 10 August 1951, upon arrival overseas, the 159th Fighter Squadron operated under the command of Major Dan Sharpe, USAF. The 116th Fighter Group was then assigned to the 5th Air Force commanded by Lieutenant General Thomas C. Waskow at its new home, Misawa Air Base, Japan. A primary requirement of the Florida Air National Guard during the Korean War was one of Air Defense coupled with combat missions over Korea. There, the 159 FSJ concentrated on flying dangerous ground attack missions against enemy supply lines and troops in the field. Pilots flew 92 combat sorties in four days with very credible results. For its part in the war, the unit earned the Korean Service Citation with Bronze Service Stars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 76], "content_span": [77, 788]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013754-0010-0000", "contents": "159th Fighter Squadron, History, Florida Air National Guard, After Korea\nUpon its release from active duty, the unit returned on 9 July 1952, with their new commander to Imeson Municipal Airport. The unit's F-84Es and all its ground equipment were turned over to the U.S. Air Force and left in Japan. On 10 July 1952, the 159th Fighter Squadron, Jet Propelled, was re-designated the 159th Fighter Bomber Squadron, dissolving the 159th Utility Flight and integrating it into the unit. Six months later, the 159th Fighter Bomber Squadron was re-equipped with F-51H Mustangs and re-designated the 159th Fighter Bomber Squadron Augmented (159 FBSA).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 72], "content_span": [73, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013754-0010-0001", "contents": "159th Fighter Squadron, History, Florida Air National Guard, After Korea\nFrom October to December 1954, the 159 FBSA was equipped with nine different types of aircraft such as the T-6 Texan, B-26 Invader, C-45 Expeditor, C-47 Skytrain, C-54 Skymaster, F-51H Mustang, T-33 Shooting Star, F-80 Shooting Star, and F-86A Sabre. By the end of December 1954, things settled down and the 159 FBSA had an entire squadron of F-80Cs for the second time. There were now 43 officers and warrant officers and 472 enlisted men in the unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 72], "content_span": [73, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013754-0011-0000", "contents": "159th Fighter Squadron, History, Florida Air National Guard, After Korea\nIn July 1955, while still equipped with F-80Cs, the unit was re-designated the 159th Fighter Interceptor Squadron (159 FIS), with a mission change to Air Defense. By 1 July 1956, the parent unit reorganized into 125th Fighter Interceptor Group (125 FIG) and both organizations were operationally-gained by Air Defense Command (ADC). The activation of the 125th coincided with the conversion to the F-86D Sabre, an all-weather interceptor. The F-86 made the 125th a self-sustaining unit capable of performing the Air Defense mission in all types of weather, day or night.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 72], "content_span": [73, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013754-0011-0001", "contents": "159th Fighter Squadron, History, Florida Air National Guard, After Korea\nIn 1959 and 1960, the 125th underwent two aircraft conversions which greatly increased the unit's inventory and operational costs. In June 1959, the unit converted from the F-86D to the F-86L Sabre. Another major conversion began 1 July 1960, when the unit converted from the F-86L to the F-102A Delta Dagger supersonic fighter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 72], "content_span": [73, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013754-0012-0000", "contents": "159th Fighter Squadron, History, Florida Air National Guard, After Korea\nIn the 1960s, the 159 FIS and 125 FIG would also see their operating location change. Due to its limited ability to handle newer commercial jet aircraft, the local government officials in Jacksonville and Duval County in the early 1960s determined that Imeson Airport would need to be replaced by a newer, larger airport with a greater capability for accommodating jet airliner traffic and long term growth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 72], "content_span": [73, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013754-0012-0001", "contents": "159th Fighter Squadron, History, Florida Air National Guard, After Korea\nWith the scaling back and ultimate closure of Imeson Airport, and its replacement by the new Jacksonville International Airport during 1967 and 1968, the 125 FIG and 159 FIS subsequently relocated to a newly constructed Air National Guard installation at the new airport and was fully in place and operational by 1968. That same year, the active USAF gaining command's name was changed to Aerospace Defense Command (ADC).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 72], "content_span": [73, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013754-0013-0000", "contents": "159th Fighter Squadron, History, Florida Air National Guard, The 1970s to the present\nIn 1974, the 125th Fighter Interceptor Group converted from the F-102 Delta Dagger to the F-106 Delta Dart. By the end of the year, with the conversion complete and the F-106 formally integrated into the 125 FIG weapons inventory, alert status resumed at Jacksonville International Airport. Pilots and ground-crew members received extensive training in the operations and maintenance of the new aircraft and they soon gained the expertise needed to handle the sophisticated all-weather supersonic fighter-interceptor. Concurrent operation of the T-33 Shooting Star also continued, functioning as a simulated target aircraft for intercept training and for other pilot proficiency training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 85], "content_span": [86, 774]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013754-0014-0000", "contents": "159th Fighter Squadron, History, Florida Air National Guard, The 1970s to the present\nIn October 1979, in anticipation of the inactivation of Aerospace Defense Command, the USAF gained command responsibilities which shifted to Tactical Air Command (TAC) and a sub-organization equivalent to a numbered air force designated as Air Defense, Tactical Air Command (ADTAC). In 1985, ADTAC was redesignated as the 1st Air Force (1 AF) and remained the numbered air force for all Air National Guard fighter units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 85], "content_span": [86, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013754-0015-0000", "contents": "159th Fighter Squadron, History, Florida Air National Guard, The 1970s to the present\nThe 159th Fighter Interceptor Squadron flew the F-106 Delta Dart for 12 years, but by the end of 1986, the US Air Force began to phase out the F-106, converting Regular Air Force units flying the Delta Dart to the F-15 Eagle and most Air National Guard F-106 units to the F-4 Phantom II. However, it was determined that the multipurpose F-4 was not the ideal fighter for the continental air defense mission and the Air Force and the National Guard Bureau decided to transition the 159 FIS and 125 FIG to the F-16 Fighting Falcon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 85], "content_span": [86, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013754-0016-0000", "contents": "159th Fighter Squadron, History, Florida Air National Guard, The 1970s to the present\nIn January 1987, the unit converted to the F-16A, followed by a small number of additional twin-seat F-16Bs. On 1 April 1987, the 159 FIS became the first F-16 unit to sit alert in an Air Defense role as a fighter interceptor unit on a 24/7/365 basis. This conversion also marked the 11th fighter aircraft conversion for the unit. Following avionics upgrades tailored for the Air Defense mission, these aircraft would become known as the F-16ADF.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 85], "content_span": [86, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013754-0017-0000", "contents": "159th Fighter Squadron, History, Florida Air National Guard, The 1970s to the present\nIn June 1992, after the inactivation of Tactical Air Command, the 159 FIS was once again redesignated as the 159th Fighter Squadron (159 FS). The 125 FIG was concurrently redesignated as the 125th Fighter Group (125 FG) and both organizations operationally-gained by the newly established Air Combat Command (ACC).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 85], "content_span": [86, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013754-0018-0000", "contents": "159th Fighter Squadron, History, Florida Air National Guard, The 1970s to the present\nIn 1995, the 159th Fighter Squadron converted from the F-16ADF to the A and B versions of the F-15 Eagle as its primary fighter aircraft. That same year, the parent unit for the 159 FS, the 125 FG, was redesignated the 125th Fighter Wing (125 FW), placing the unit on a par organizationally with Regular US Air Force fighter units. Five years after the conversion to the F-15, Fighter Data Link (FDL) technology was incorporated into the F-15, allowing the pilots to link flight data with multiple users, providing realtime information on air and ground threats. The 159th continued to incorporate newer technology in its 1970s era F-15As and F-15Bs under the F-15 Multistage Improvement Program (F-15 MSIP), such as the upgrade to 220E model engines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 85], "content_span": [86, 837]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013754-0019-0000", "contents": "159th Fighter Squadron, History, Florida Air National Guard, The 1970s to the present\nDuring the late 1990s, the 159 FS was also fully integrated into the USAF Air and Space Expeditionary Force (AEF) and routinely deployed aircraft and personnel to the 363rd Air Expeditionary Wing at Prince Sultan Air Base, Al Kharj, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in support of Operation SOUTHERN WATCH, enforcing the No-Fly Zone over southern Iraq.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 85], "content_span": [86, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013754-0019-0001", "contents": "159th Fighter Squadron, History, Florida Air National Guard, The 1970s to the present\nSince 11 September 2001, the squadron has been extensively involved in Operation NOBLE EAGLE, performing its historic continental air defense mission in the southeastern United States, as well as continuing to deploy aircraft and personnel to U.S. Central Command Air Forces (USCENTAF), now known as U.S. Air Forces Central (USAFCENT), in Southwest Asia in support of Operations ENDURING FREEDOM and IRAQI FREEDOM.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 85], "content_span": [86, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013754-0020-0000", "contents": "159th Fighter Squadron, History, Florida Air National Guard, The 1970s to the present\nIn 2006, the 159 FS replaced its previous F-15A/B Eagle (MSIP) aircraft with its current F-15C and F-15D variants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 85], "content_span": [86, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013754-0021-0000", "contents": "159th Fighter Squadron, History, Florida Air National Guard, The 1970s to the present\nIn 2015, the 159 FS (redesignated the 159th Expeditionary Fighter Squadron) deployed as the first ever Air National Guard Theater Security Package to augment United States Air Forces in Europe - Air Forces Africa. They deployed again in 2017, this time to Romania and then Iceland in support of the Icelandic Air Policing mission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 85], "content_span": [86, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013755-0000-0000", "contents": "159th Fighter Wing\nThe 159th Fighter Wing (159 FW) is a unit of the Louisiana Air National Guard, stationed at Naval Air Station Joint Reserve Base New Orleans, Louisiana. If activated to federal service, the Wing is gained by the United States Air Force Air Combat Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013755-0001-0000", "contents": "159th Fighter Wing\nThe 122d Fighter Squadron, assigned to the Wings 159th Operations Group, is a descendant organization of the 122d Observation Squadron, established on 30 July 1940. It is one of the 29 original National Guard Observation Squadrons of the United States Army National Guard formed before World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013755-0002-0000", "contents": "159th Fighter Wing, Overview\nThe 159th Fighter Wing, nicknamed \"The Bayou Militia,\" is an Air National Guard F-15C Eagle fighter unit located at NAS JRB New Orleans, Louisiana. The 159th Fighter Wing is tasked with providing air superiority over Louisiana and the Gulf Coast while supporting USNORTHCOM and NORAD (North American Aerospace Defense Command).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 28], "content_span": [29, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013755-0003-0000", "contents": "159th Fighter Wing, Overview\nThe title \"Coonass Militia\" was changed to \"Cajun Militia\" in 1992, and subsequently changed to \"Bayou Militia\" in the late 1990s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 28], "content_span": [29, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013755-0004-0000", "contents": "159th Fighter Wing, Overview\nThe LA ANG use Warning Area airspace over the Gulf of Mexico for most of their training. Supersonic flight, necessary for realistic training, is conducted away from the shoreline in a manner that does not disturb the public. Some forms of chaff, however, do interfere electronically with the Houston FAA ARTCC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 28], "content_span": [29, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013755-0005-0000", "contents": "159th Fighter Wing, Overview\n159th Fighter Wing/Louisiana Air National Guard was awarded the \"Outstanding Air National Guard Unit\" in 2003. This award is given annually to the Air National Guard unit which meets or exceeds the criteria from the National Guard Bureau.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 28], "content_span": [29, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013755-0006-0000", "contents": "159th Fighter Wing, History\nIn 1958, the Louisiana Air National Guard 122d Fighter-Interceptor Squadron was authorized to expand to a group level, and the 159th Fighter Interceptor Group was established by the National Guard Bureau on 1 April 1958. The 122d FIS becoming the group's flying squadron. Other support squadrons assigned into the group were the 159th Headquarters, 159th Material Squadron (Maintenance), 159th Combat Support Squadron, and the 159th USAF Dispensary. The 122d FIS was equipped with the F-86L Sabre Interceptor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013755-0007-0000", "contents": "159th Fighter Wing, History, Air Defense mission\nWith the F-86L, the squadron stood a runway alert program on full 24-hour basis \u2013 with armed jet fighters ready to \"scramble\" at a moment's notice. This event brought the 159th into the daily combat operational program of the USAF, placing it on \"the end of the runway\" alongside regular USAF-Air Defense Fighter Squadrons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 48], "content_span": [49, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013755-0008-0000", "contents": "159th Fighter Wing, History, Air Defense mission\nIn July 1960, the 159th converted to the F-102 Delta Daggers. In 1962, the 122d Fighter-Interceptor Squadron was assigned to the Gulfport Combat Readiness Training Center, Mississippi, for six weeks of intensive flying training. Involved were 150 officers and airmen, including support elements from the 159th Consolidated Aircraft Maintenance Squadron, 159th Material Squadron and 159th Air Base Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 48], "content_span": [49, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013755-0009-0000", "contents": "159th Fighter Wing, History, Air Defense mission, Tactical Air Command\nIn December 1970 the 159th was transferred from Aerospace Defense Command to Tactical Air Command. ADC was phasing down its manned interceptor force as the chances of a Soviet Bomber attack on the United States seemed remote. The unit was re-designated the 159th Tactical Fighter Group, and the 122d Tactical Fighter Squadron was re-equipped with F-100D/F Super Sabres. In 1970, the F-100 was still considered a first-line aircraft, and most of the F-100s in the inventory were serving in South Vietnam flying combat missions. The Super Sabres received by the 122d came from the USAFE 20th Tactical Fighter Wing which was transitioning to the General Dynamics F-111F. With the conversion to the F-100s, the ADC 24-hour alert status ended and retraining in tactical fighter missions began.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 70], "content_span": [71, 859]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013755-0010-0000", "contents": "159th Fighter Wing, History, Air Defense mission, Tactical Air Command\nThe 159th flew the F-100s for almost a decade, retiring the aircraft beginning in April 1979 when the 122d began receiving F-4C Phantom II aircraft from active-duty units. In 1979 Aerospace Defense Command was inactivated, with Tactical Air Command taking over the Continental US Air Defense Mission. The 159th was assigned to Air Defense, Tactical Air Command (ADTAC), a named unit at the Numbered Air Force level under TAC. Under ADTAC, the 122d began to fly Air Defense missions again with the F-4C, although the squadron was dual-hatted and continued to fly Tactical Fighter training missions with the Phantom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 70], "content_span": [71, 685]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013755-0011-0000", "contents": "159th Fighter Wing, History, Air Defense mission, Tactical Air Command\nThe Phantoms were ending their service life in the mid-1980s, and in 1986, the F-4Cs were replaced by F-15A/B Eagles. As the F-15s had no tactical bombing capability at the time, the 122d continued the Air Defense mission under TAC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 70], "content_span": [71, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013755-0012-0000", "contents": "159th Fighter Wing, History, Air Defense mission, Modern era\nIn March 1992 the 159th Tactical Fighter Group became the 159th Fighter Group when the unit adopted the USAF Objective Organization, and the 122d Fighter Squadron was assigned to the new 159th Operations Group. Later in June, Tactical Air Command stood down and was replaced by Air Combat Command (ACC). No change in mission was made and the 159th continued in the air defense role.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 60], "content_span": [61, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013755-0013-0000", "contents": "159th Fighter Wing, History, Air Defense mission, Modern era\nIn the early 1990s, squadron aircraft and personnel were deployed to Aviano Air Base, Italy, flying combat missions over the former Yugoslavia during the Kosovo War as part of Operation Allied Force. On 11 October 1995, in accordance with the \"one base-one wing\" policy, the 159th Fighter Group was changed in status and was re-designated as the 159th Fighter Wing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 60], "content_span": [61, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013755-0014-0000", "contents": "159th Fighter Wing, History, Air Defense mission, Modern era\nIn mid-1996, the Air Force, in response to budget cuts, and changing world situations, began experimenting with Air Expeditionary organizations. The Air Expeditionary Force (AEF) concept was developed that would mix Active-Duty, Reserve and Air National Guard elements into a combined force. Instead of entire permanent units deploying as \"Provisional\" as in the 1991 Gulf War, Expeditionary units are composed of \"aviation packages\" from several wings, including active-duty Air Force, the Air Force Reserve Command and the Air National Guard, would be married together to carry out the assigned deployment rotation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 60], "content_span": [61, 678]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013755-0015-0000", "contents": "159th Fighter Wing, History, Air Defense mission, Modern era\nIn the late 1990s, the 122d Expeditionary Fighter Squadron was activated on several occasions, sending packages of personnel and aircraft Incirlik Air Base, Turkey, to fly Combat Air Patrol missions over Iraq as part of Operation Northern Watch. Also the 122d EFS was activated with a deployment to Prince Sultan Air Base, Saudi Arabia, flying CAP missions over Southern Iraq as part of Operation Southern Watch. On 25 June 1999, members of the 159th Fighter Wing, New Orleans ANG, while on deployment to NAS Keflavik, Iceland, flying F-15A aircraft, intercepted two Russian TU-95 \"Bear-H\" aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 60], "content_span": [61, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013755-0016-0000", "contents": "159th Fighter Wing, History, Air Defense mission, Modern era\nIn response to the 9/11 attacks in 2001, the 122d Fighter Squadron engaged in Combat Air Patrols over major United States Cities as part of Operation Noble Eagle (ONE). ONE patrols continued into 2002 before being scaled down.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 60], "content_span": [61, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013755-0017-0000", "contents": "159th Fighter Wing, History, Air Defense mission, Modern era\nIn 2006, the F-15A models were retired and the 122d was upgraded to the more capable F-15C Eagle. As part of the Global War on Terrorism, the 122d EFS has been deployed to support Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF); Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) in Afghanistan, Operation New Horizons in Central and South America and Operation New Dawn in Afghanistan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 60], "content_span": [61, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013755-0018-0000", "contents": "159th Fighter Wing, History, Air Defense mission, Modern era\nThe most recent deployment of the 122d Expeditionary Fighter Squadron was completed in October 2012 when the squadron deployed to at Al Dhafra Air Base, United Arab Emirates, and as part of the 380th Expeditionary Operations Group, the 122d EFS flew missions in support of the Joint Air Defense of the Persian Gulf and Operation Enduring Freedom. The mission included providing air superiority in support of national military objectives and flying Fighter Integration Sorties with F-22 Raptors and F-15E Strike Eagles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 60], "content_span": [61, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013755-0019-0000", "contents": "159th Fighter Wing, History, Air Defense mission, BRAC 2005 Recommendations\nIn its 2005 BRAC Recommendations, the Department of Defense recommended to realign the 142d Fighter Wing (ANG) at Portland IAP AGS, Oregon, by distributing the wing's F-15 aircraft to the 159th Fighter Wing (ANG), New Orleans ARS, Louisiana (nine aircraft) and another installation. New Orleans had above average military value for reserve component bases, and realigning aircraft from Portland would create another optimum-sized fighter squadron at New Orleans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 75], "content_span": [76, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013755-0019-0001", "contents": "159th Fighter Wing, History, Air Defense mission, BRAC 2005 Recommendations\nBy relocating the geographically separated Air National Guard squadron onto New Orleans, the Air Force would best utilize available facilities on the installation while reducing the cost to the government to lease facilities in the community. However, the Pentagon's recommendation was rejected by the BRAC Commission and the 142d Fighter Wing ended up gaining three more aircraft in the process.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 75], "content_span": [76, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013756-0000-0000", "contents": "159th Indiana Infantry Regiment\nThe 159th Indiana Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment from Indiana that failed to complete its organization to serve in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013757-0000-0000", "contents": "159th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)\nThe 159th Infantry Brigade was an infantry brigade of the British Army. Part of the Territorial Army (TA), the brigade was assigned to the 53rd (Welsh) Infantry Division and served with the division in the early stages of the Second World War until May 1942 when it was transferred to be the motorised infantry element of the 11th Armoured Division. The brigade would serve with the 11th Armoured in North-west Europe from June 1944 to May 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013757-0001-0000", "contents": "159th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), History\nThe brigade was formed in the Territorial Army by the redesignation of the 159th (Cheshire) Infantry Brigade, after most of its battalions were amalgamated or posted elsewhere. Assigned to the 53rd (Welsh) Infantry Division, the 159th (Welsh Border) Infantry Brigade was composed of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd battalions of the Monmouthshire Regiment and the 1st Battalion, Herefordshire Regiment, all originally from the 160th (South Wales) Infantry Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013757-0002-0000", "contents": "159th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), History\nIn the late 1930s, there was an increasing need to strengthen the anti-aircraft defences of the United Kingdom, and so many infantry battalions of the Territorial Army were converted into anti-aircraft or searchlight units, of either the Royal Artillery or Royal Engineers. As a result, on 1 November 1938, the 1st (Rifle) Battalion, Monmouthshire Regiment was converted into an artillery role, becoming 1st (Rifle) Battalion, The Monmouthshire Regiment (68th Searchlight Regiment) In the same year the 2nd Battalion, Monmouthshire Regiment was swapped for the 4th Battalion, King's Shropshire Light Infantry of the 160th (South Wales) Infantry Brigade. In 1939 the brigade was redesignated 159th Infantry Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 763]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013757-0003-0000", "contents": "159th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War\nIn late August 1939, due to the worsening situation in Europe, the brigade, with headquarters at Hereford, and the 53rd Division, together with the rest of the Territorial Army, were mobilised for full-time war service on 1 September, the day the German Army invaded Poland. Two days later, the Second World War officially began and all units of the division were soon brought up to strength.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 57], "content_span": [58, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013757-0004-0000", "contents": "159th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War\nIn December 1939 the 159th Brigade was sent to Northern Ireland to join the 158th and 160th Infantry brigades which had been sent earlier in the year. When the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) fighting in France and Belgium was evacuated from the continent in the Dunkirk evacuation the brigade began training to repel an invasion (Operation Green, which never took place). The brigade was to remain there until March 1942 when it was sent, with the rest of the 53rd Division, to Kent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 57], "content_span": [58, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013757-0005-0000", "contents": "159th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War\nThe creation of the 11th Armoured Division in March 1941 (which initially included the 29th and 30th Armoured brigades) was part of the British Army's answer to the success of the German Army's panzer divisions in the previous years. During the invasion of Poland in September 1939 then in Western Europe in the Netherlands, Belgium and France in mid-1940, the German armoured elements had clearly displayed new tactics and methods of fighting; the Allied Forces now had to address those developments in Europe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 57], "content_span": [58, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013757-0006-0000", "contents": "159th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War\nOn 17 May 1942, the 159th Infantry Brigade was detached from the 53rd Division to help form the 11th Armoured Division, from thereon being involved in intensive training while gradually receiving new, more modern equipment. In November 1942, together with the rest of the division, the brigade was warned to prepare for overseas service in the Tunisia Campaign as the Allies invaded North Africa as part of Operation Torch. The order was cancelled as it was decided, due to the nature of the country, that more infantry were needed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 57], "content_span": [58, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013757-0007-0000", "contents": "159th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War, Order of Battle\n159th Infantry Brigade was constituted as follows during the war:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 74], "content_span": [75, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013757-0008-0000", "contents": "159th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War, Commanders\nThe following officers commanded 159th Infantry Brigade during the war:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 69], "content_span": [70, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013757-0009-0000", "contents": "159th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War, Normandy to Belgium\nThe 159th Brigade landed in Normandy, as part of Operation Overlord (codename for the Battle of Normandy), on Juno Beach on 13 June 1944, seven days after the initial D-Day landings on 6 June 1944. During the Battle for Caen the brigade took part in Operations Epsom, Goodwood, Bluecoat and the actions around the Falaise Pocket.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 78], "content_span": [79, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013757-0009-0001", "contents": "159th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War, Normandy to Belgium\nIn August the brigade, commanded now by Brigadier John B. Churcher, together with the rest of the 11th Armoured, advanced into France, participating in the \"swan\" to Amiens; the fastest and deepest penetration into enemy territory ever made until the Gulf War in the early 1990s. The 11th Armoured Division then turned northward to Belgium and captured the city of Antwerp on 4 September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 78], "content_span": [79, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013757-0010-0000", "contents": "159th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War, Market Garden to Germany\nThe 159th Brigade had a fairly minor role in Operation Market Garden in September 1944 and later went on to participate in the Ardennes offensive, the Battle of the Bulge, in December 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 83], "content_span": [84, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013757-0011-0000", "contents": "159th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War, Market Garden to Germany\nSoon thereafter, the 11th Armoured Division pushed forward into the German-occupied Netherlands. In March 1945, it crossed the Rhine River and by the end of the war had advanced to the northeast and captured the German city of L\u00fcbeck on 2 May 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 83], "content_span": [84, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013757-0012-0000", "contents": "159th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War, Market Garden to Germany\nAs it drove into Germany, the brigade occupied the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp on 15 April 1945, pursuant to a 12 April agreement with the retreating Germans to surrender the camp peacefully. When the 159th Brigade entered the camp, they found more than 60,000 emaciated and ill prisoners in desperate need of medical attention. More than 13,000 corpses in various stages of decomposition lay littered around the camp. Elements of the 11th Armoured Division and its higher formations were detached to oversee the work needed in the camp.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 83], "content_span": [84, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013757-0013-0000", "contents": "159th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War, Market Garden to Germany\nFrom the end of the war in Europe (8 May 1945, Victory in Europe Day) the 11th Armoured Division was involved in the occupation of Germany until its disbandment in January 1946. Many of its units, however, were transferred to the 7th Armoured Division. The 159th Brigade was disbanded in the same year. Throughout the North-West Europe Campaign of 1944\u201345 the division had suffered nearly 10,000 casualties, including 2,000 killed, and \"The PBI - poor bloody infantry - in 159 Brigade suffered the worst. The 3rd Monmouthshires lost 292 killed, 4th Kings Shropshire Light Infantry 271, the 1st Herefords 223.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 83], "content_span": [84, 693]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013758-0000-0000", "contents": "159th Infantry Division \"Veneto\"\nThe 159th Infantry Division \"Vento\" (Italian: 159\u00aa Divisione fanteria \"Vento\") was an infantry division of the Royal Italian Army during World War II. The Vento was formed on 1 March 1942, as a garrison division and named for the Veneto region. It was stationed on the Yugoslav border and never saw any combat. It was used to reform the 52nd Infantry Division \"Torino\" on 1 June 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013759-0000-0000", "contents": "159th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)\nThe 159th Infantry Division (German: 159. Infanterie-Division) was an infantry division of the German Heer during World War II. The unit, at times designated Commander of Reserve Troops IX (German: Kommandeur der Ersatztruppen IX), 159th Division (German: 159. Division),  Division No. 159 (German: Division Nr. 159), and 159th Reserve Division (German: 159. Reserve-Division), was active between 1939 and 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013759-0001-0000", "contents": "159th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, Commander of Reserve Troops IX\nThe Commander of Reserve Troops IX was formed in Kassel as part of German general mobilization on 26 August 1939. Its initial purpose was to form a command staff for reserve units in the ninth Wehrkreis (military district). This military district was headquartered in Kassel and included most of Hesse as well as parts of Thuringia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 76], "content_span": [77, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013759-0002-0000", "contents": "159th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, 159th Division\nThe 159th Division was formed as a result of the redesignation of the Commander of Reserve Troops IX on 9 November 1939.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 60], "content_span": [61, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013759-0003-0000", "contents": "159th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, Division No. 159\nThe 159th Division was redesignated Division No. 159 on 1 January 1940. The division was deployed from Kassel to Frankfurt am Main on 11 January 1940.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 62], "content_span": [63, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013759-0004-0000", "contents": "159th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, 159th Reserve Division\nThe Division No. 159 was split in two as a result of the restructuring of the Replacement Army on 1 October 1942. While one part of the division became the 189th Reserve Division, the rest retained the ordinal number 159 and became the 159th Reserve Division. Subsequently, it was made ready for its first deployment outside of Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 68], "content_span": [69, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013759-0005-0000", "contents": "159th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, 159th Reserve Division\nThe division was placed under the supervision of the LXVI Army Corps and deployed to Bourg in France. The division consisted of the Reserve Infantry Regiments 214 (nicknamed Brunhilde, infantry battalions 106, 367, 388) and 251 (infantry battalions 36, 81, 205, 471). The Brunhilde Reserve Infantry Regiment 214, now designated Grenadier Regiment 870, was soon passed to the 356th Infantry Division. In turn, the 159th Reserve Division received the Reserve Grenadier Regiment 9 from the 189th Reserve Division. In November 1942, the 159th Reserve Division, which now consisted of the Reserve Grenadier Regiments 9, 52 and 251, participated in Case Anton, the de facto annexation of Vichy France by Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 68], "content_span": [69, 775]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013759-0006-0000", "contents": "159th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, 159th Reserve Division\nIn December 1943, the 159th Reserve Division consisted of the following units:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 68], "content_span": [69, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013759-0007-0000", "contents": "159th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, 159th Infantry Division\nOn 9 October 1944, the army command of the 19th Army ordered the remainders of the 159th Reserve Division reorganized into an infantry division of the 32nd Aufstellungswelle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 69], "content_span": [70, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013759-0008-0000", "contents": "159th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, 159th Infantry Division\nThe planned composition for the 159th Infantry Division in October 1944 consisted of the following units:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 69], "content_span": [70, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013759-0009-0000", "contents": "159th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, 159th Infantry Division\nThis planned strength was never fully realized, as the retreat from France resulted in constant attrition and combat losses. Furthermore, the Regiment 1211 was not fully deployed until January 1945, weeks before the division's destruction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 69], "content_span": [70, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013759-0010-0000", "contents": "159th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, 159th Infantry Division\nThe 159th Infantry Division, which had participated in Operation Nordwind in January 1945, was trapped in the Colmar Pocket starting on 20 January and destroyed by early February.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 69], "content_span": [70, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013759-0011-0000", "contents": "159th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), Superior formations\nBetween February 1943 and March 1945, the 159th Reserve Division and 159th Reserve Infantry Division were subordinate to the following formations:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 56], "content_span": [57, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013760-0000-0000", "contents": "159th Infantry Regiment (United States)\nThe 159th Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment of the United States Army. It served as a part of the 40th Infantry Division for most of its history before deploying in World War II as a part of the 7th Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013760-0001-0000", "contents": "159th Infantry Regiment (United States), History\nThe regiment traced its lineage to the 2nd Infantry Battalion of the California National Guard, organized on 12 December 1879 from existing companies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013760-0002-0000", "contents": "159th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War I\nThe 159th Infantry Regiment was first constituted and activated in the Regular Army in the 80th Infantry Brigade, 40th Infantry Division. It served with the division until 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013760-0003-0000", "contents": "159th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II\nOn 1 July 1940, the 7th Infantry Division was reactivated at Camp Ord, California, under the command of Major General Joseph W. Stilwell. The 7th Infantry Division was assigned to III Corps of the Fourth United States Army, and that year it was sent to Oregon for tactical maneuvers. Division units also practiced boat loading at the Monterey Wharf and amphibious assault techniques at the Salinas River in California. With the Japanese attack of Pearl Harbor, the division was sent to Camp San Luis Obispo to continue its training as a combat division. The 53rd Infantry Regiment was removed from the 7th Division and replaced with the 159th Infantry Regiment, newly deployed from the California Army National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 780]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013760-0004-0000", "contents": "159th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II\nFor the early parts of the war, the division participated mainly in construction and training roles. On 9 April 1942, the division formally redesignated as the 7th Motorized Division. It began training in the Mojave Desert in preparation for deployment to the African theater. However, it was again designated the 7th Infantry Division on 1 January 1943, when the motorized equipment was removed from the unit and it became a light infantry division once more. It began rigorous amphibious assault training under Marines from the Fleet Marine Force, before being deployed to fight in the Pacific theater instead of Africa. General Holland Smith oversaw the unit's training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 736]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013760-0005-0000", "contents": "159th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II, Aleutian Islands\nElements of the 7th Infantry Division first saw combat in the amphibious assault on Attu Island, the westernmost Japanese entrenchment in the Aleutian islands chain. Elements landed on 11 May 1943, spearheaded by the 17th Infantry Regiment, and fought an intense battle over the tundra against strong Japanese resistance. The fight for the island culminated in a battle at Chichagof Harbor, when the division destroyed all Japanese resistance on the island on 29 May, after a suicidal Japanese bayonet charge. During its first fight of the war, 600 soldiers of the division were killed, while killing 2,351 Japanese and taking 28 prisoners.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 80], "content_span": [81, 721]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013760-0006-0000", "contents": "159th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II, Aleutian Islands\nAccording to \"Order of Battle: US Army World War II\" by Shelby Stanton, the 159th was relieved from the 7th Infantry Division on 23 August 1943 and assigned to the Alaskan Department, and it departed Attu on 9 August 1944. Arriving at the Seattle Port of Embarkation eleven days later, it was transferred to Camp Swift, Texas on 28 August 1944. It moved to Camp Callan, California, on 20 December 1944 before returning to Camp Swift on 28 January 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 80], "content_span": [81, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013760-0006-0001", "contents": "159th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II, Aleutian Islands\nThe regiment staged at Camp Kilmer, New Jersey on 27 February 1945 before departing from the New York Port of Embarkation on 7 March 1945. It arrived in France eleven days later and was attached to the 106th Infantry Division. As part of the 106th, it entered Germany on 25 April 1945. On 4 November 1945 it returned to the New York Port of Embarkation and was inactivated at Camp Shanks, New York on that same date.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 80], "content_span": [81, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013760-0007-0000", "contents": "159th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Post-World War II\nThe 159th was reactivated in the post-war years and underwent several force reorganizations, including assignment as an element of the 49th Infantry Division and 49th Infantry Brigade. From January 1974 until January 1976 its 1st Battalion was part of the 40th Infantry Division; its 2nd Battalion was part of the 40th Infantry Division from January 1974 until October 2000. The 2nd Battalion, a longtime San Jose unit, was inactivated in 2000 and its elements were converted into subordinate units of the 49th Combat Support Command. The lineage of the battalion and the regiment itself was continued by the 980th Quartermaster Battalion of the command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 67], "content_span": [68, 722]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013760-0008-0000", "contents": "159th Infantry Regiment (United States), Distinctive unit insignia\nA Gold color metal and enamel device 1 3/32 inches (2.78\u00a0cm) in height overall consisting of a shield blazoned:  Azure, three piles issuant Or, in chief a prickly pear cactus Vert, a sheathed Roman sword paleways, point to base, Gules, and a fleur-de-lis of the first. * SymbolismThe shield is blue for Infantry. The three piles indicate that the organization has been in Federal service three times, and each pile is charged with a device representative of the service in which the organization has been engaged \u2013 Mexican Border service, Spanish War service and service in France during World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 667]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013760-0009-0000", "contents": "159th Infantry Regiment (United States), Distinctive unit insignia\nThe distinctive unit insignia was approved on 20 April 1927.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013761-0000-0000", "contents": "159th Liaison Squadron\nThe 159th Liaison Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force unit. It was last assigned to V Fighter Command, and was inactivated on 31 May 1946 at Itami Airfield, Japan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013761-0001-0000", "contents": "159th Liaison Squadron\nThe squadron was a World War II Air Commando unit, primarily seeing combat during the Philippines Campaign (1944\u201345) with the 3d Air Commando Group. Flying unarmed Stinson L-5 Grasshopper and UC-64A Norseman light aircraft, the squadron flew courier and aerial reconnaissance missions and dropped munitions and supplies to American and Philippine forces fighting in the Battle of Luzon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013761-0002-0000", "contents": "159th Liaison Squadron, History, Origins and training\nThe unit was activated on 1 March 1944 at Cox Field, Paris, Texas under Second Air Force. after a brief time for organization, the squadron was moved to Pounds Field, near Tyler, Texas. Upon arrival, the squadron was composed of 109 enlisted and 12 officer personnel. At Pounds, the squadron was equipped with the Stinson L-5 Sentinel, single engine light observation aircraft and on 1 May it was designated as a Commando squadron, being assigned to the 3d Air Commando Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 53], "content_span": [54, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013761-0003-0000", "contents": "159th Liaison Squadron, History, Origins and training\nAfter a period of training, the squadron was reassigned to Statesboro Army Airfield on 1 June where it joined with the 157th and 160th Liaison Squadrons which had been organized at Brownwood Army Air Field, Texas. There it found the 341st Airdrome Squadron, which would serve as the service organization for all of the Liaison Squadrons. The first part of the month of June was spent in setting up the squadron at its new location. Thirty-two L-5 and three UC-64A aircraft were available for flying during the month.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 53], "content_span": [54, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013761-0003-0001", "contents": "159th Liaison Squadron, History, Origins and training\nEmphasis was continually placed upon short field landings, minimum altitude cross-country flights and formation flying. Training was brought up to date in camouflage, medical subjects and intelligence. Classes in code, blinker, the actual reading of panels from the air, and first aid continued during the month, increasing the proficiency of the pilots in these subjects.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 53], "content_span": [54, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013761-0004-0000", "contents": "159th Liaison Squadron, History, Origins and training\nThe mission of the Liaison Squadrons was to deploy to the Philippine Islands and to provide battlefield observation and liaison flights, supporting to ground combat units and deliver supplies and munitions to them either by parachute drops or to land on unimproved fields and roads. By the beginning of October 1944, the squadrons were judged ready to deploy. From Statesboro Army Air Field, Georgia the Squadron moved to Cross City AAB. Florida. In October they transferred to Drew Field, Tampa Florida for final preparations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 53], "content_span": [54, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013761-0005-0000", "contents": "159th Liaison Squadron, History, Origins and training\nAfter several weeks, the squadrons began leaving by train on 24 October, heading for Camp Stoneman, Oakland California where the men were issued tropical uniforms, attending more classes and lectures, getting shots and filling out an endless number of forms. On 6 November, the men boarded ferries to board the USS General M. L. Hersey, their transport to the war zone in the Southwest Pacific. A brief stop was made at Guadalcanal, which had become a major logistics base, then they proceeded to Finschafen and Hollandia on New Guinea. On 26 November the ship departed for Leyte, where it arrived on 30 November near the village of Palo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 53], "content_span": [54, 692]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013761-0006-0000", "contents": "159th Liaison Squadron, History, Leyte\nUpon arrival, it was found that the squadron was not expected, and there was no place for the men to be quartered. Pup tents were issued and they were directed to find a place to bivouack. At the same time, a period of rain began and the tents began to sink into the muddy ground. It took three days before they were able to move to a beach encampment near San Roque. Also cots arrived which enabled the men to stay above the water which ran through the tents constantly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 38], "content_span": [39, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013761-0007-0000", "contents": "159th Liaison Squadron, History, Leyte\nAfter a few days at the arrival camp, the squadrons began to move to a new airfield in the vicinity of Tanauan. It was there that the squadrons were given their assignments to V Fighter Command, and then to the 86th Fighter Wing. The airfield, however, required much construction to turn it into a functional facility and most of December was involved in construction activities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 38], "content_span": [39, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013761-0007-0001", "contents": "159th Liaison Squadron, History, Leyte\nWhile waiting for the arrival of their planes, the men of the squadrons used a single bulldozer and their hands to work on the airfield, giving it the name \"Mitchell Field\", after 2d Lieutenant William Mitchell, who led the construction effort. Also the squadron was able to borrow a few L-5s from the 25th Liaison Squadron to fly proficiency flights.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 38], "content_span": [39, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013761-0008-0000", "contents": "159th Liaison Squadron, History, Battle of Luzon\nOn 9 January 1945, two Corps of the Sixth United States Army landed on the shores of Lingayen Gulf, just a few miles south of where the Japanese had invaded the island on 22 December 1941. From the landing beaches, the Corps drove south to the Manila area while maintaining a strong defensive line to the North. In this liberated beachhead, two major airfields plus smaller liaison landing strips were hastily constructed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 48], "content_span": [49, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013761-0008-0001", "contents": "159th Liaison Squadron, History, Battle of Luzon\nWith the landings on Luzon, the members of the three 3d Commando Group's Liaison Squadrons gathered their equipment and supplies and loaded onto LST 919 for the trip to the Lingayen beachhead. Upon arrival, the units moved by truck convoy on 1 February to a rough airstrip near Calaiso, where some landing strips, carved out by the men of the 168th Field Artillery Regiment, were being used by an L-5 Stinson for artillery spotting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 48], "content_span": [49, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013761-0009-0000", "contents": "159th Liaison Squadron, History, Battle of Luzon\nWhile moving to Luzon, back on Leyte, some new L-5Bs had arrived in crates and a detachment of the squadron had remained to assemble the aircraft. After assembling the aircraft, making some test flights, and configuring some bomb shackles for the carrying and dropping of supplies, some auxiliary gas tanks were installed in the rear of the cockpit to increase the planes' range. On 6 February, twenty-eight modified L-5Bs of the squadron took off from Leyte for the airstrip at Calasio. They were escorted by some Marine Corps Vought F4U Corsairs and a Navy PBY Catalina that provided both navigation and fighter protection. As more planes were assembled on Leyte, they were also ferried up to equip the other two squadrons on Luzon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 48], "content_span": [49, 783]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013761-0010-0000", "contents": "159th Liaison Squadron, History, Battle of Luzon\nUpon their arrival in the combat zone, the men and pilots of the squadron immediately began flying missions, evacuating wounded, flying supply missions and also performing battlefield reconnaissance with individuals flying as many as 20 missions a day. In its first three weeks in combat, the squadron evacuated over 1,500 wounded, flew seventy supply missions, delivering over 14,000 pounds of supplies. With such a heavy schedule of flights, it was not long before the first combat loss occurred.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 48], "content_span": [49, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013761-0010-0001", "contents": "159th Liaison Squadron, History, Battle of Luzon\nOn 10 February, while flying over Japanese-occupied Nichols Field on a reconnaissance flight, SSGt Donald McDonell suffered wounds when the plane was hit by ground fire. Both of the planes wingtips were blown off and he suffered wounds to a knee and wrist; however he managed to coax the plane back to a recently captured landing strip in Grace Park, one of Manila's northern suburbs. He recovered from his wounds; the plane was written off.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 48], "content_span": [49, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013761-0011-0000", "contents": "159th Liaison Squadron, History, Battle of Luzon\nA few days after the Lingayen landings, the guerrillas of the U.S. Army Forces in the Philippines (Northern Luzon), along with Philippine Scouts, began to strike in force in the rear areas of Japanese-occupied territory. The men of this unit were a mixture of Americans who were stay-behinds from the Battan Campaign who escaped from Japanese forces and Filipinos who continued the fight after the surrender in April 1942. By mid-February 1945, the Japanese had been pushed back into the mountains of Luzon near Vigan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 48], "content_span": [49, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013761-0011-0001", "contents": "159th Liaison Squadron, History, Battle of Luzon\nSeeking to exploit the situation, Fifth Air Force directed that supplies be flown into the area to aid the guerrilla forces. Several airfields which the Air Commandos chose where in pretty bad shape, with the runways pockmarked with shell holes. The planes operated from crude strips in the mountains, evacuating wounded, bringing in supplies, and supporting behind-the-lines operations of the Alamo Scouts. The unit also directed air strikes. Three 159th pilots lost their lives in the operation. S/Sgt Jack Smith was lost when his plane was hit by ground fire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 48], "content_span": [49, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013761-0011-0002", "contents": "159th Liaison Squadron, History, Battle of Luzon\nHe was carrying out two guerrillas wedged in the back seat. Despite the plane crashing and burning, his passengers survived without injury. G/O Robert Hutchinson and passenger Cpl. Alfred Bennet crashed in a narrow valley near Cervantes while trying to climb out of a confined area. Ferdinand Marcos was a member of the Filipino guerrillas and had his headquarters at Luna.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 48], "content_span": [49, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013761-0012-0000", "contents": "159th Liaison Squadron, History, Battle of Luzon\nA second detachment supported   the 308th Bomb Wing. The detachment operated off a drained rice paddy adjoining the Lingayan Air Strip and was housed in a Nipa hut in the middle of a bomb dump. Activities included courier service, delivering weapons to guerrillas behind enemy lines, search missions, marking bombing targets and air sea rescue. One aircraft was damaged when its engine quit over the trees at the end of the landing strip. The pilot, S/Sgt Neil Livesay, received a written commendation from 5th Air Force HQ for his outstanding airmanship. His passenger was the 5th AF Flying Safety Officer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 48], "content_span": [49, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013761-0013-0000", "contents": "159th Liaison Squadron, History, Battle of Luzon\nA third detachment operated out of Bacolod on Negros Island in support of Marines and the 40th Infantry Division during the Negros campaign. It was while performing a drop mission that M/Sgt Oliver M. Edwards, a Flight Leader, was shot down and later killed by the Japanese. His passenger was also killed and beheaded. M/Sgt was post-humorously awarded the Silver Star for his action in support of the 40th Infantry Division. He was also the first 159th member killed in action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 48], "content_span": [49, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013761-0014-0000", "contents": "159th Liaison Squadron, History, Battle of Luzon\nA fourth detachment operated off the main street of Cebu City in support of the Americal infantry division. In addition to evacuation and supply missions, they participated in directing naval bombardment of the island, with naval observers aboard. Many of the evacuation missions were performed at night.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 48], "content_span": [49, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013761-0015-0000", "contents": "159th Liaison Squadron, History, Battle of Luzon\nThroughout the spring of 1945, as American forced cleared the Japanese from Luzon, squadron L-5s evacuated the wounded and the sick, dropped food and medical supplies to guerrilla forces as well as American infantry, directed artillery fire and air strikes, ferried officers from place to place, and performed all manner of tasks which it was assigned. A very atypical mission carried out by the 157th was to carry and lay a telephone line between two mountaintop positions, and also on one mission, loudspeakers were mounted to one squadron aircraft to broadcast propaganda to Japanese troops.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 48], "content_span": [49, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013761-0016-0000", "contents": "159th Liaison Squadron, History, Battle of Luzon\nIn mid-April, the squadron received some glider pilots who were checked out on the L-5, which enabled the regular squadron pilots to get some much needed rest from their grueling schedules. The Japanese were retreating quickly and the order of the day was to pursue and attack them whenever possible, liberating village after village. However it was not all work and combat for the unit. Softball games were held and other forms of recreation were encouraged. Occasionally movies were shown and on one occasion, the visit of comedian Joe E. Brown was held.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 48], "content_span": [49, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013761-0016-0001", "contents": "159th Liaison Squadron, History, Battle of Luzon\nThe news of the surrender of Germany on 7 May was welcomed. Combat continued through May and into June and at the end of the month, General MacArthur declared the Luzon Campaign over at midnight of 30 June/1 July 1945. However, the Japanese were still active in the Cagayan Valley, where the enemy had chosen to gather the remnants of their forces. Mission after mission was flown into the area, and it was not until 25 July that the Cagayen Valley was secured.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 48], "content_span": [49, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013761-0017-0000", "contents": "159th Liaison Squadron, History, Okinawa\nWith the war winding down in the Philippines it was evident another move was in store. On 15 July, the squadron was ordered to move to Okinawa. The ground echelon left Mablecat on 15 June for Subic Bay to board an LST for the trip. The pilots were left behind and attached to the 160th LS. Upon arrival, the squadron set up a camp at Yontan Airfield, where the main Fifth Air Force airfield was located. After a few days, they moved to an area just north of the village of Bise on the Motobu Peninsula.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 40], "content_span": [41, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013761-0017-0001", "contents": "159th Liaison Squadron, History, Okinawa\nBack on Luzon, the 157th's pilots began installing 75-gallon belly tanks on their L-5s and UC-64s to make the long over-water flight to Okinawa. The planes took off from Mabalcat and landed at Gabu on the coast, where their tanks were topped off and the planes given a thorough inspection. From there, the planes took off, shepherded by a pair of Air-Sea Rescue PBY Catalinas in a loose formation. After a seven-hour flight, and very low on gasoline, the squadron's planes touched down at Yontan without incident.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 40], "content_span": [41, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013761-0018-0000", "contents": "159th Liaison Squadron, History, Okinawa\nAt the end of July, the squadron received orders to move to Ie Shima. However, on 6 August, the atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima, Japan and three days later a second atomic bomb devastated Nagasaki. On 14 August the Japanese announced their surrender. On 19 August, the squadron witnessed a bit of history when a pair of Japanese Mitsubishi G4M \"Betty\" Bombers, painted white with green crosses landed on the island on their way to Manila. They were carrying a surrender delegation to meet General MacArthur for surrender negotiations. The Japanese transferred to a C-54 Skymaster at Yontan while their crews stayed behind to tend to their planes and be observed by curious onlookers. The war ended on 2 September without any combat being seen by the squadron on Okinawa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 40], "content_span": [41, 816]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013761-0019-0000", "contents": "159th Liaison Squadron, History, Inactivation\nThe end of the war found the squadron dispersed between Ie Shima, Yontan Airfield and some personnel still on Luzon. Personnel began to be sent back to the United States to be demobilized, and on 19 September, the remnants of the 159th left for Kanoya, Japan assigned to V Fighter Command to be part of the American occupation force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013761-0020-0000", "contents": "159th Liaison Squadron, History, Inactivation\nThe 159th was assigned the duty of flying into various Japanese Airfields to monitor the ordered disabling of the Japanese aircraft. Some humorous incidents occurred with this operation. S/Sgt. Hankison landed on one field and found all the top Japanese commanders in formation and offering to surrender all the men, 100 aircraft and 50 tanks to him. At another field the pilot saw all the personnel run for cover when he flew over the field. The L-5s were particularly useful, due to its ability to land on roads and other locations where bomb damage had made airfields useless. Eventually, its personnel remained in the theater long enough to have amassed the required number of \"points\" and by the spring of 1946, most personnel had returned to the United States. The unit itself was inactivated by Fifth Air Force at the end of May 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 887]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013761-0021-0000", "contents": "159th Liaison Squadron, History, Inactivation\n. * * Captain Rush H. Limbaugh Jr, (father of the radio talk-show host) was assigned and assumed command of the squadron on 21 May 1944. He had formerly been assigned to the Key Field Replacement Training Unit (TE), Key Field, Meridian, Mississippi. Shortly after the squadron's arrival at Drew Field, Tampa, Florida, he was hospitalized and replaced by Lt. William G. Price III.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013762-0000-0000", "contents": "159th New York Infantry Regiment\nThe 159th New York Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013762-0001-0000", "contents": "159th New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 159th New York Infantry was organized at New York City, New York beginning August 28, 1862 and mustered in for three-years service on November 1, 1862 under the command of Colonel Homer Augustus Nelson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013762-0002-0000", "contents": "159th New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to Grover's Division, Department of the Gulf, to January 1863. 3rd Brigade, 4th Division, XIX Corps, Department of the Gulf, to August 1863. 1st Brigade, 4th Division, XIX Corps, to February 1864. 2nd Brigade, 2nd Division, XIX Corps, Department of the Gulf, to July 1864, and Army of the Shenandoah, Middle Military Division, to January 1865. 2nd Brigade, Grover's Division, District of Savannah, Georgia, Department of the South, to March 1865. 3rd Brigade, 1st Division, X Corps, Army of the Ohio, to May 1865. District of Savannah, Georgia, Department of the South, to July 1865. District of Augusta, Georgia, Department of Georgia, to October 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 721]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013762-0003-0000", "contents": "159th New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 159th New York Infantry mustered out of service October 23, 1865 at Augusta, Georgia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013762-0004-0000", "contents": "159th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nLeft New York for New Orleans, Louisiana, December 4, 1862. Occupation of Baton Rouge, Louisiana, December 17, 1862, and duty there until March 1863. Operations against Port Hudson, Louisiana, March 7\u201327. Moved to Donaldsonville March 28, then to Berwick April 9. Operations in Western Louisiana April 9\u00a0\u2013 May 14. Expedition to Franklin and Opelousas, Bayou Teche Campaign, April 11\u201320. Irish Bend April 14. Bayou Vermillion April 17. Opelousas April 20. Expedition to Alexandria and Simsport May 5\u201318. Moved to Port Hudson May 22\u201325. Siege of Port Hudson May 25\u00a0\u2013 July 9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013762-0004-0001", "contents": "159th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nAssaults on Port Hudson May 27 and June 14. Surrender of Port Hudson July 9. Duty at Thibodeauxville until March 1864. Red River Campaign March 25\u00a0\u2013 May 22. Cane River Crossing April 23. Construction of dam at Alexandria April 30-May 10. Retreat to Morganza May 13\u201320. Mansura May 16. Duty at Morganza until July. Moved to New Orleans, Louisiana, then to Fort Monroe and Bermuda Hundred, Virginia, July 17\u201325. Duty in trenches at Bermuda Hundred until July 31. Moved to Washington, D.C., July 31\u00a0\u2013 August 2. Sheridan's Shenandoah Valley Campaign August 7\u00a0\u2013 November 28.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013762-0004-0002", "contents": "159th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nNear Charlestown August 21\u201322. Third Battle of Winchester September 19. Fisher's Hill September 22. Battle of Cedar Creek October 19. Duty at Kernstown and Winchester until January 1865. Moved to Savannah, Georgia, January 5\u201322, and duty there until March 5. Moved to Wilmington, North Carolina, March 5; then to Morehead City, North Carolina, March 10, and duty there until April 8. Moved to Goldsboro, North Carolina, April 8; then to Savannah, Georgia, May 2. Duty there and in the Department of Georgia until October.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013762-0005-0000", "contents": "159th New York Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 215 men during service; 10 officers and 74 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 1 officer and 130 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013763-0000-0000", "contents": "159th New York State Legislature\nThe 159th New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 1 to May 13, 1936, during the fourth year of Herbert H. Lehman's governorship, in Albany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013763-0001-0000", "contents": "159th New York State Legislature, Background\nUnder the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1894, re-apportioned in 1917, 51 Senators and 150 assemblymen were elected in single-seat districts; senators for a two-year term, assemblymen for a one-year term. The senatorial districts consisted either of one or more entire counties; or a contiguous area within a single county. The counties which were divided into more than one senatorial district were New York (nine districts), Kings (eight), Bronx (three), Erie (three), Monroe (two), Queens (two) and Westchester (two). The Assembly districts were made up of contiguous area, all within the same county.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013763-0002-0000", "contents": "159th New York State Legislature, Background\nAt this time there were two major political parties: the Democratic Party and the Republican Party. The Socialist Party and the Communist Party also nominated tickets. In New York City, a \"City Fusion\" and a \"Jeffersonian\" ticket were also nominated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013763-0003-0000", "contents": "159th New York State Legislature, Elections\nThe New York state election, 1935, was held on November 5. No statewide elective offices were up for election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013763-0004-0000", "contents": "159th New York State Legislature, Elections\nAssemblywomen Doris I. Byrne (Dem. ), a lawyer from the Bronx, and Jane H. Todd (Rep.), of Tarrytown, were re-elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013763-0005-0000", "contents": "159th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for the regular session at the State Capitol in Albany on January 1, 1936; and adjourned on May 13.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013763-0006-0000", "contents": "159th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature. Jacob H. Livingston and Harry F. Dunkel changed from the Assembly to the Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013763-0007-0000", "contents": "159th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members\nNote: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words \"...the Committee on (the)...\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013763-0008-0000", "contents": "159th New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Assemblymen\nNote: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words \"...the Committee on (the)...\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 61], "content_span": [62, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013764-0000-0000", "contents": "159th Ohio Infantry Regiment\nThe 159th Ohio Infantry Regiment, sometimes 159th Ohio Volunteer Infantry (or 159th OVI) was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013764-0001-0000", "contents": "159th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 159th Ohio Infantry was organized at Zanesville, Ohio, and mustered in as an Ohio National Guard unit for 100 days service on May 9, 1864, under the command of Colonel Lyman J. Jackson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013764-0002-0000", "contents": "159th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to 3rd Separate Brigade, VIII Corps, Middle Department.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013764-0003-0000", "contents": "159th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 159th Ohio Infantry mustered out of service August 24, 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013764-0004-0000", "contents": "159th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nLeft Ohio for Harper's Ferry, West Virginia, May 9. At Maryland Heights until May 17. Guard duty in the defenses of Baltimore, Maryland, and guarding bridges along Philadelphia, Wilmington & Baltimore Railroad by detachments until July. Battle of Monocacy Junction, Maryland, July 9. Expedition to Parkesville July 12. Companies B, E, G, and I guarded the railroad at Havre de Grace July 28 to August 13. Ordered home August 13.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013764-0005-0000", "contents": "159th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 10 enlisted men during service, all due to disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013765-0000-0000", "contents": "159th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps\n159th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps (159 RAC) was a short-lived armoured regiment of the British Army's Royal Armoured Corps serving in India during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013765-0001-0000", "contents": "159th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, Origin\n159 RAC was formed on 15 July 1942 by the conversion to the armoured role of the 10th Battalion, Gloucestershire Regiment, a hostilities-only battalion raised two years before in July 1940, and had been assigned to the 212th Independent Infantry Brigade (Home), which also included the 6th South Wales Borderers, 18th Welch Regiment (which left in May 1941) and the 9th Royal Sussex Regiment, all of which had also been formed around the same time. In common with other infantry battalions transferred to the Royal Armoured Corps, the personnel of 159 RAC, those not weeded out by psychiatrists, would have continued to wear their Glosters cap badge on the black beret of the RAC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 43], "content_span": [44, 724]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013765-0002-0000", "contents": "159th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, Service\n159 RAC embarked for passage from the United Kingdom to India on 26 October 1942, arriving on 20 December and moving to Nira Camp near Poona. There it came under command of 255th Indian Tank Brigade. However, there was a change of policy, and on 1 April 1943 the regiment was re-converted to infantry, reverting to its previous title of 10th Glosters and coming under command of 72nd Indian Infantry Brigade and still serving with the 6th SWB and 9th Royal Sussex (both of which had been converted, into 158 RAC and 160 RAC respectively).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013766-0000-0000", "contents": "159th Rifle Division (1940\u20131941)\nThe 159th Rifle Division (Russian: 159-\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u0438\u044f) was an infantry division of the Red Army during World War II, active from 1940 to 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013766-0001-0000", "contents": "159th Rifle Division (1940\u20131941)\nFormed in Ukraine in mid-1940, the division fought in the Battle of Kiev and was destroyed in encirclement in late September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013766-0002-0000", "contents": "159th Rifle Division (1940\u20131941), Formation\nAn unrelated 159th Rifle Division, the first Red Army unit to share the designation, was formed in the Ural Military District in September 1939, but was disbanded in January 1940 to form an officer cadet school.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013766-0003-0000", "contents": "159th Rifle Division (1940\u20131941), Formation\nThe designation of the 159th was reused for a division formed in July 1940 in the Kiev Special Military District, under the command of Colonel Ivan Mashchenko, appointed on the 29th. It included the 491st, 558th, and 631st Rifle Regiments, and the 597th Light and 723rd Howitzer Artillery Regiments, in addition to smaller support units. The 159th was assigned to the 5th Army of the district from 5 July to early August, then transferred to the 6th Army of the district between 3 and 17 August. It returned to the 6th Army in early 1941, assigned to the 6th Rifle Corps of the army. Mashchenko, who had departed for advanced training in July 1940, did not return to the division until 21 May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 737]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013766-0004-0000", "contents": "159th Rifle Division (1940\u20131941), World War II\nThe division was at roughly 66% of wartime strength with 9,548 personnel when Operation Barbarossa began on 22 June. They were armed with 8,278 Mosin\u2013Nagant rifles, 3,259 semi-automatic rifles, 305 submachine guns, 391 light machine guns, 173 medium machine guns, 54 45 mm anti-tank guns, 35 76 mm guns, 25 122 mm howitzers, nine 152 mm howitzers, and 147 mortars. Equipment included 395 vehicles and 40 artillery tractors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013766-0005-0000", "contents": "159th Rifle Division (1940\u20131941), World War II\nThe division was able to hold its positions briefly, utilizing the defenses of the 6th (Rava-Ruska) Fortified Region. Despite its casualties, the 159th only retreated 1\u20132 kilometers (0.62\u20131.24\u00a0mi) on the first day of the war. On 23 June, the army commander ordered the division to counterattack the German troops in the gap between the 41st and 97th Rifle Divisions of the corps. In the fighting near Magerov on the same day, Mashchenko was killed by a grenade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013766-0006-0000", "contents": "159th Rifle Division (1940\u20131941), World War II\nLieutenant Colonel Nikolay Semyonov, deputy commander of another division, was appointed commander of the 159th on 28 June. By this time the division and its corps had been transferred to the 26th Army. Semyonov took command of the 159th as it retreated from the vicinity of Tarnopol. The division was then tasked with moving to Volochysk to defend positions there with a tank unit and slow down the German advance. In five days of fighting there, the 159th suffered heavy losses but was able to accomplish its goal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013766-0007-0000", "contents": "159th Rifle Division (1940\u20131941), World War II\nThe division was subsequently sent to the city of Belaya Tserkov for rebuilding, and was assigned the 91st Border Detachment, a rifle regiment, and a corps artillery regiment. With these forces, it took up defensive positions west of Belaya Tserkov, and defended them for six days. The division was flanked by the German advance and encircled 15\u201320 kilometers (9.3\u201312.4\u00a0mi) from the city. For two days the 159th fought to break out and managed to accomplish this, reaching the main forces of the 26th Army in the Staritsy (now around the villages of Velyka Starytsya and Mala Starytsya) area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013766-0008-0000", "contents": "159th Rifle Division (1940\u20131941), World War II\nThe 159th was tasked with defending positions west of Rzhyshchiv to prevent a German crossing of the Dnieper. After five days the division handed over its sector to the 45th Tank Division (fighting as infantry) and went to Kaniv to be rebuilt. The division later defended Kaniv for fifteen days against the German advance and covered the crossing of the Dnieper by the 5th Cavalry Corps. The division then crossed the river and defended positions on the opposite bank.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013766-0008-0001", "contents": "159th Rifle Division (1940\u20131941), World War II\nIn mid-September Semyonov went to the army staff, and was succeeded on 16 September by Colonel Nikolay Fedotov, deputy commander of another division. In the Battle of Kiev in late September the 159th was destroyed in encirclement with most of the 26th Army, with its commander being reported missing. According to one of the army's last reports, on 22 September, the 159th was fighting in encirclement at Kandybovka northwest of Orzhytsia, and repeated breakout attempts had failed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013766-0009-0000", "contents": "159th Rifle Division (1940\u20131941), World War II\nOn paper, the division, though it had long ceased to exist, was officially disbanded on 27 December 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013767-0000-0000", "contents": "159th Street (Chicago)\n159th Street is a major east-west street in the southern suburbs of Chicago. It runs east from Thornton Street in Lockport, crossing Interstate 355 (Veterans Memorial Tollway) in Lockport, Interstate 57 in Markham, Interstate 294 (Tri-State Tollway) in Harvey and Interstate 94 (Bishop Ford Freeway) in South Holland, on its way to its east end at U.S. Route 6 and Illinois Route 83 (Torrence Avenue) in Calumet City. 159th Street carries Illinois Route 7 from Thornton Street to Wolf Road, and carries U.S. Route 6 from Wolf Road to Torrence Avenue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013767-0001-0000", "contents": "159th Street (Chicago), Route description\n159th Street begins at Thornton Street in Lockport, where it continues west as 9th Street (Lockport address system). From here until Wolf Road, the street carries Illinois Route 7. It travels east, exactly 19 miles south of Madison Street for its entire route. In Lockport, 159th Street intersects Interstate 355. In Orland Park, Illinois Route 7 continues north on Wolf Road, while 159th Street picks up U.S. Route 6 from Wolf Road, for which it carries for the remainder of its route. Two miles further east (still in Orland Park), the road intersects U.S. Route 45 (LaGrange Road/96th Avenue).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 41], "content_span": [42, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013767-0001-0001", "contents": "159th Street (Chicago), Route description\nOn the border between Orland Park and Tinley Park, 159th Street intersects Illinois Route 43 (Harlem Avenue). In Oak Forest, the road intersects Illinois Route 50 (Cicero Avenue). Continuing east, 159th Street intersects major interstate highways. The first is Interstate 57 in Markham. Shortly after, it intersects Interstate 294 (Tri-State Tollway) in Harvey. While still in Harvey, the street intersects Illinois Route 1 (Halsted Street). In South Holland, 159th Street intersects Interstate 94 (Bishop Ford Freeway). 159th Street finally ends at Illinois Route 83 in Calumet City, also known as Torrence Avenue. U.S. Route 6 continues south on Torrence Avenue. The road continues east as River Oaks Drive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 41], "content_span": [42, 751]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013767-0002-0000", "contents": "159th Street (Chicago), 162nd Street\nFrom Wallace Street in Harvey to Interstate 94, 159th Street is actually called 162nd Street. Other numbered streets in this area also change designation. For example, 157th Street becomes 160th Street, 158th Street becomes 161st Street, 160th Street becomes 163rd Street, 161st Street becomes 164th Street, 162nd Street becomes 165th Street, 163rd Street becomes Taft Drive (166th Street), and so on.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013768-0000-0000", "contents": "159th meridian east\nThe meridian 159\u00b0 east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, Australasia, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013768-0001-0000", "contents": "159th meridian east\nThe 159th meridian east forms a great circle with the 21st meridian west.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013768-0002-0000", "contents": "159th meridian east, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 159th meridian east passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013769-0000-0000", "contents": "159th meridian west\nThe meridian 159\u00b0 west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013769-0001-0000", "contents": "159th meridian west\nThe 159th meridian west forms a great circle with the 21st meridian east.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013769-0002-0000", "contents": "159th meridian west, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 159th meridian west passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013770-0000-0000", "contents": "15:00 na \u017cywo\n15:00 na \u017cywo (Eng. 15:00 Live) is a Polish newscast broadcast by TVN24 from Monday to Friday between 3 and 4 p.m. CET. It is presented by Anna J\u0119drzejowska and debuted on air on 20 June 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013770-0001-0000", "contents": "15:00 na \u017cywo\nThe program continues coverage of stories followed during 9 prior hours of hard-news programs, which consist of Poranek TVN24 and Dzie\u0144 na \u017cywo. The show often takes a swifter pace compared to the network's other programming, making a larger focus on breaking-news events with live correspondents. Coverage includes correspondents on location and in studio, in addition to analysis from pundits or experts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013770-0002-0000", "contents": "15:00 na \u017cywo, The team\nHost: Anna J\u0119drzejowska Guest Hosts: Jakub Porada, Micha\u0142 Cholewi\u0144ski, Krzysztof G\u00f3rlicki", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 23], "content_span": [24, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013771-0000-0000", "contents": "15K run\nThe 15K run (15 kilometers, or approximately 9.32 miles) is a long distance foot race. It is a rarely held race that is not recognized as an Olympic event. Both the world best for men and women were set at the Zevenheuvelenloop in Nijmegen, The Netherlands. The world best for men is held by Joshua Cheptegei of Uganda who ran a time of 41:05. The women's world best is held by Letesenbet Gidey of Ethiopia who ran a time of 44:20.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013771-0001-0000", "contents": "15K run\nBetween 1985 and 1991, the IAAF World Women's Road Race Championships was contested over the 15\u00a0km distance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013771-0002-0000", "contents": "15K run, All-time top 25, Men, Notes\nBelow is a list of other times equal or superior to 41:34:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 36], "content_span": [37, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013771-0003-0000", "contents": "15K run, All-time top 25, Women, Notes\nBelow is a list of other times equal or superior to 46:34:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 38], "content_span": [39, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013772-0000-0000", "contents": "15P/Finlay\nComet Finlay is a periodic comet with an orbital period of 6 years discovered by William Henry Finlay (Royal Observatory, Cape of Good Hope, South Africa) on September 26, 1886. The next perihelion passage is July 13, 2021 when the comet will have a solar elongation of 54 degrees at approximately apparent magnitude 10. It last came to perihelion on December 27, 2014, at around magnitude 10. Of the numbered periodic comets, the orbit of 15P/Finlay has one of the smallest minimum orbit intersection distances with the orbit of Earth (E-MOID). In 2060 the comet will pass about 6 million km from Earth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013772-0001-0000", "contents": "15P/Finlay, Description\nWhen the first orbit calculations were made in 1886, there was a similarity between this orbit and that of Francesco de Vico's lost periodic comet of 1844 (54P/de Vico-Swift-NEAT). Lewis Boss (Dudley Observatory, Schenectady, United States) noted large discrepancies between the orbits and after further observations concluded that de Vico's comet could not be the same as Finlay's.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 23], "content_span": [24, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013772-0002-0000", "contents": "15P/Finlay, Description\nDuring the 1906 apparition the comet brightened to magnitude 6. In 1910 a close pass with Jupiter increased the orbital period, in 1919 the path was off predictions and a new comet discovered by Sasaki (Kyoto Observatory, Japan) on October 25, 1919, was discovered to be Finlay's.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 23], "content_span": [24, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013772-0003-0000", "contents": "15P/Finlay, Description\nThe magnitude of the comet declined after 1926, and it was not until 1953 that it has been observed on every return.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 23], "content_span": [24, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013772-0004-0000", "contents": "15P/Finlay, 2014\u20132015\nDuring the 2014 perihelion passage the comet outburst on 16 December 2014 from magnitude 11 to magnitude 9 becoming bright enough to be seen in common binoculars with a 50\u00a0mm objective lens. On December 23, 2014, 15P and Mars were only 1/6 of a degree apart in the sky after sunset. But by December 23, 2014, the comet had dimmed considerably since the outburst. On 16 January 2015, the comet outburst to magnitude 8.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 21], "content_span": [22, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013772-0005-0000", "contents": "15P/Finlay, 2060\n15P/Finlay currently has an Earth-MOID of 0.009\u00a0AU (1,300,000\u00a0km; 840,000\u00a0mi). The comet will come to perihelion seven more times and then between October 26\u201328, 2060, the comet will pass roughly 0.04\u00a0AU (6.0\u00a0million\u00a0km; 3.7\u00a0million\u00a0mi) from the Earth with an uncertainty region of about \u00b12.5 million km. This will be one of the closest comet approaches to Earth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013772-0006-0000", "contents": "15P/Finlay, Arids meteor shower\nDebris ejected during the 1995 perihelion passage generated a meteor shower on 29-30 September 2021 radiating from the southern constellation of Ara. More outbursts are expected on 7 October 2021 from the 2008 and 2014 streams.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 31], "content_span": [32, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013773-0000-0000", "contents": "15min\n15min (Lithuanian: Penkiolika minu\u010di\u0173) is one of the largest news websites in Lithuania, and is owned by Estonian media company Postimees Grupp. The website attracts over one million unique users per month and is led by CEO Ram\u016bnas \u0160au\u010dikovas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013773-0001-0000", "contents": "15min\n15min was founded in 2005 as a free daily newspaper published in Vilnius, Kaunas, and Klaip\u0117da and was distributed in public buses, streets, and some caf\u00e9s. In December 2011, it became a weekly newspaper circulating in seven Lithuanian cities. The newspaper was closed in 2013 as the company decided to concentrate its operations on digital platforms only.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013773-0002-0000", "contents": "15min\nIn May 2016, 15min disabled anonymous comments, starting an \"Internet Hygiene\" movement. In 2016, 15min introduced a paywall to ad-blockers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013773-0003-0000", "contents": "15min\n15min is known for its explanatory journalism and investigative journalism and was an official partner of the Panama Papers investigation team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013773-0004-0000", "contents": "15min\nIn March 2019, in conjunction with the Sarajevo-based Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project, 15min broke a story regarding a nearly $9 billion global money laundering scheme allegedly constructed by Sberbank CIB (formerly known as \"Troika Dialog\"). The scheme is known as \u016akioLeaks or Troika Laundromat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013774-0000-0000", "contents": "15th (Imperial Service) Cavalry Brigade\nThe 15th (Imperial Service) Cavalry Brigade was a brigade-sized formation that served alongside British Empire forces in the Sinai and Palestine Campaign, during World War I. Originally called the Imperial Service Cavalry Brigade it was formed from Imperial Service Troops provided by the Indian Princely States of Jodhpur, Hyderabad, Mysore, Patiala and Alwar which each provided a regiment of lancers. A maximum of three regiments served in the brigade at any one time. The states of Kashmir, Idar and Kathiawar provided smaller detachments for the brigade, which was at times reinforced by other British Empire regiments and artillery batteries when on operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 707]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013774-0001-0000", "contents": "15th (Imperial Service) Cavalry Brigade\nIn October 1914, the Imperial Service Cavalry Brigade was moved by sea to Egypt to become part of the Force in Egypt defending the Suez Canal. In the first three years of the war, the soldiers were involved in several small-scale battles connected to the First Suez Offensive, but spent most of their time patrolling in the Sinai Desert and along the west bank of the canal. It was not until November 1917 as part of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force that the Imperial Service Cavalry Brigade was involved in the Third Battle of Gaza. The following year the brigade joined the 5th Cavalry Division when it became the 15th (Imperial Service) Cavalry Brigade and played an active role in the British victory over Turkish forces in Palestine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 778]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013774-0002-0000", "contents": "15th (Imperial Service) Cavalry Brigade\nIn total, eighty-four men from the brigade were killed in action or died of their wounds and another 123 were wounded. Several memorials were erected to commemorate the brigade in the Middle East and in India. The anniversary of the brigade's most famous victory, the Battle of Haifa, is still celebrated today by its successors in the Indian Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013774-0003-0000", "contents": "15th (Imperial Service) Cavalry Brigade, Background\nIn 1888, the Indian Government proposed that the independent armies of the Indian Princely states provide the British Empire with troops for service on the North West Frontier and outside the Indian subcontinent. The states' forces were recognised by the Indian Government and the British Indian Army as allies, and their troops were subject to the Indian Army Act when serving alongside the Indian Army. When in the field, the commander of the British Forces alongside which any Imperial Service Troops were serving was recognised as the higher legal authority in accordance with the act.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 51], "content_span": [52, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013774-0003-0001", "contents": "15th (Imperial Service) Cavalry Brigade, Background\nTo eliminate supply problems, states' armies' field uniform and weapons were the same as the regular Indian Army, and the Indian Government appointed a staff of officers designated Military Advisers and Assistant Military Advisers to assist the independent states' rulers in the training and organisation of their forces. Imperial Service Troops were commanded by Indian officers. In contrast, British Indian Army units had British officers in all senior command posts; their own Indian Viceroy's commissioned officers were trained to only a troop or platoon level of command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 51], "content_span": [52, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013774-0004-0000", "contents": "15th (Imperial Service) Cavalry Brigade, Background\nThe Imperial Service Troops included cavalry, infantry, artillery, sappers and transport regiments or battalions, with several states contributing both men and equipment. The first states to provide troops for active service were Gwalior and Jaipur for the Chitral Expedition in 1895. Hyderabad sent troops to Burma in 1898 and to the Second Anglo-Boer War in 1902. During the 1900 Boxer Rebellion in China, part of the British relief force contingent was an Imperial Service Brigade, raised from the troops of Alwar, Bikaner and Jodhpur. Bikaner also sent troops to serve in the 1901 Somaliland Campaign. By the start of the First World War, the princely states together provided fifteen cavalry regiments, thirteen infantry battalions, seven transport units, four companies of sappers, three camel corps regiments and two batteries of mountain artillery, totalling around 22,500 men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 51], "content_span": [52, 937]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013774-0005-0000", "contents": "15th (Imperial Service) Cavalry Brigade, Brigade organisation\nIn October 1914, under the command of Brigadier-General William A. Watson of the British Indian Army, the Imperial Service Cavalry Brigade, of around 1,700 men, was gathered at Deolali for service in the First World War. The brigade headquarters had an establishment of seven officers and forty-seven men. Including the brigade commander there were five British officers on the brigade staff; also attached were Sir Pratap Singh the Maharaja of Idar and Captain Zorawar Singh the Commandant of the Bhavnagar Imperial Service Lancers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013774-0005-0001", "contents": "15th (Imperial Service) Cavalry Brigade, Brigade organisation\nThe Kathiawar Imperial Service Signal Troop, commanded by Captain Henry St. George Scott of the 4th Gurkha Rifles, were with brigade headquarters, with an establishment of one Indian officer and twenty-seven men of other ranks, including twelve despatch riders from Idar State. The brigade also included the 124th Indian Cavalry Field Ambulance, commanded by Captain T. O'Leary of the Indian Army Medical Corps, with an establishment of five Indian officers, one British and ten Indians of other ranks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013774-0006-0000", "contents": "15th (Imperial Service) Cavalry Brigade, Brigade organisation\nThe fighting component of the brigade was formed from three cavalry regiments, each of five squadrons: the 1st", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013774-0006-0001", "contents": "15th (Imperial Service) Cavalry Brigade, Brigade organisation\nHyderabad Lancers commanded by Major Mahomed Azmatullah Bahadur with twenty-seven officers (one British) and 533 other ranks, the Mysore Lancers (including two troops of Bhavnagar Lancers and one troop of Kashmir Lancers) commanded by Regimentdar B. Chamraj Urs Bahadur with thirty-two officers (one British) and 487 other ranks,a company unit of Alwar Lancers were commanded by Captain Fateh Naseeb Khan with 7 officers and 135 other ranks and the Patiala Lancers commanded by Colonel Nand Singh Sardar Bahadur with twenty-six officers and 528 other ranks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013774-0006-0002", "contents": "15th (Imperial Service) Cavalry Brigade, Brigade organisation\nThis formation remained the same until May 1916, when the Patiala Lancers were transferred to serve in the campaign in Mesopotamia. The brigade regained its own third regiment in May 1918 when the Jodhpur Lancers, commanded by Colonel Thakur Pratap Singh Sardar Bahadur, which had been serving on the Western Front in France, arrived in the theatre. The final unit assigned to the brigade was the Imperial Service Machine-Gun Squadron formed on 10 June 1918 by amalgamating the three cavalry regiment's machine-gun sections into one unit. Some sources refer to the squadron as the 15th Imperial Service Brigade Machine-Gun Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 694]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013774-0007-0000", "contents": "15th (Imperial Service) Cavalry Brigade, Brigade organisation\nEven though the brigade was an Imperial Service unit, the cavalry regiments and brigade headquarters included attached British Indian Army Special Service Officers (SSO), but only as advisors. In 1914, the three cavalry regiments had two SSOs attached, and Colonel J. Desaraj Urs Commander-in-Chief of the Mysore State Forces accompanied the Mysore Lancers as an observer. The Jodhpur Lancers joined the brigade with seven SSOs attached. Throughout the war the establishment of British officers assigned to the cavalry regiments was gradually increased; in February 1915 there were four in each regiment, in 1917 another two were assigned and in mid-1918 a full complement of twelve British officers in each of the regiments was reached.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 799]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013774-0008-0000", "contents": "15th (Imperial Service) Cavalry Brigade, Service history, 1914\nWhile waiting at Deolali to embark for Egypt, the brigade conducted regimental and brigade training programmes during which all ranks and animals were inspected, and those found unfit for service were returned to their regimental depots. Between 27 and 29 October the brigade moved to Bombay for embarkation; six transport ships carrying most of the brigade sailed on 1 November, while a seventh ship carrying two squadrons of Mysore Lancers remained behind with mechanical problems and finally set sail a fortnight later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013774-0008-0001", "contents": "15th (Imperial Service) Cavalry Brigade, Service history, 1914\nThe main body of the brigade arrived at Suez on 16 November, travelled by train to Ismailia two days later and started their first war-time patrols along the banks of the Sweet Water Canal. The brigade was not assigned to a higher formation at this time but were Army Troops under command of General Headquarters. The Bikaner Camel Corps, another Imperial Service unit, was attached to the brigade at Ismailia for administrative purposes, but was not operationally attached. To expand the area the brigade could patrol, squadrons were detached to El Kubri, Kantarah and the Ferry Post crossing at Ismailia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 669]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013774-0008-0002", "contents": "15th (Imperial Service) Cavalry Brigade, Service history, 1914\nAt the same time, the brigade became responsible for patrolling the length of the Suez Canal. The other British forces defending the canal were more static infantry formations, comprising the 42nd (East Lancashire), and the 10th and 11th Indian Divisions, the latter included the Imperial Service Infantry Brigade as one of its three brigades. Their Turkish opponents had around 25,000 men in the region, including the 25th Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013774-0009-0000", "contents": "15th (Imperial Service) Cavalry Brigade, Service history, 1915\nBy the end of 1914, no contact had been made with any Turkish forces. In January 1915 the brigade was informed that a large Turkish force had moved into the Sinai. The out-stations were reinforced and the squadron at Kantarah was involved in a small action at Bir El Dueidar, between Kantarah and Katia which was the brigade's first involvement in combat. Towards the end of the month, several small battles occurred until the night of 2/3 February, when their Turkish opponents tried to cross the canal in force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013774-0009-0001", "contents": "15th (Imperial Service) Cavalry Brigade, Service history, 1915\nThe attempt failed and on 4 February the brigade moved into the Sinai with infantry in support. About seven miles (11\u00a0km) east of Toussoum they located the Turkish forces, estimated to be between three or four brigades in strength, and captured twenty-five men and ninety camels. By 10 February the Turkish had withdrawn to the east and the canal was no longer in immediate danger, so the brigade returned to the canal and resumed their normal patrolling routine. At the end of February 1915 the Mysore and Hyderbad Lancers were ordered to return to the Sinai and destroy the water sources used by the Turkish during their advance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 694]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013774-0010-0000", "contents": "15th (Imperial Service) Cavalry Brigade, Service history, 1915\nThe brigade's next action was on 22 March when two squadrons of Hyderabad Lancers were included in a force sent to assault a Turkish formation of 800 infantry and 200 cavalry supported by artillery, entrenched ten miles (16\u00a0km) east of El Kubri. After a short fight the Turkish withdrew; it had been intended that the Lancers would move to cut off their retreat but the soft terrain prevented them getting into position in time. On 7 April, patrols from Kantara reported a force of about 1,200 men had opened fire on them. To counter this new threat to the canal, the whole brigade was moved to Kantarah and the next day advanced into the Sinai, but failed to locate any Turkish troops and returned to Ismailia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 774]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013774-0011-0000", "contents": "15th (Imperial Service) Cavalry Brigade, Service history, 1915\nOn 28 April a patrol from the Bikaner Camel Corps was attacked by an estimated 400 men with artillery support. In response the brigade crossed the canal that night supported by infantry and Egyptian artillery and advanced on El Hawawish, where the Turkish were believed to be located. By daybreak however their guide reported he was lost, so the brigade continued alone. Bypassing El Hawaish, they made for Bir Mahadat, arriving at midday they discovered the Turkish were withdrawing to the north. Setting off in pursuit they caught up with the Turkish rearguard, which was forced to stop and fight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013774-0011-0001", "contents": "15th (Imperial Service) Cavalry Brigade, Service history, 1915\nFor the loss of two killed and eight wounded the brigade killed twenty Turkish soldiers and captured thirteen. At 20:00 on 29 April, the pursuit was called off and the brigade returned to Ferry Post on the canal. Several times in the following months the brigade responded to reports of Turkish incursions, but nothing came of them until 23 November when a Mysore Lancers squadron located a Turkish camel force of about sixty men fifteen miles (24\u00a0km) east of Kantarah. Pursued by the Lancers, the Turkish withdrew, during which the Lancers killed seven men, captured twelve and wounded several more. Among the dead was the Bedouin leader Rizkalla Salim who had led most of the Turkish raids on the canal, and with his death the attacks ceased.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 807]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013774-0012-0000", "contents": "15th (Imperial Service) Cavalry Brigade, Service history, 1916\u20131917\nFrom January 1916, all patrolling east of the Suez Canal was left to the British yeomanry and the Australian Light Horse formations. The Imperial Service Cavalry Brigade concentrated on patrolling the Sweet Water Canal, the railway line between Suez and Port Said, and the Suez Canal Zone to the west of the canal, which was a restricted area for non-military personnel. On 31 March, Major-General W.A. Watson assumed command of the Nile Delta region and was replaced as brigade commander by Brigadier-General M.H. Henderson. In May 1916, the brigade was reduced to two cavalry regiments when the Patiala Lancers left for Mesopotamia. The brigade also carried out weapons and signal training, but the year ended without them being involved in any contact with the Turkish.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 67], "content_span": [68, 840]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013774-0013-0000", "contents": "15th (Imperial Service) Cavalry Brigade, Service history, 1916\u20131917\nIn February 1917, the brigade was ordered to relieve the British 6th Mounted Brigade on the east bank of the Suez canal. The Mysore Lancers moved to Gebel-Geneffe, the Hyderabad Lancers to Ayun Musa, with the brigade headquarters at El Shatt. For the next few weeks the brigade sent patrols out into the Sinai until 14 April, when they were ordered to relocate to Kantarah, where two days later Brigadier-General Cyril Rodney Harbord took over command. To help counter an expected Turkish attack in early May, the brigade was ordered to Khan Yunis in Gaza.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 67], "content_span": [68, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013774-0013-0001", "contents": "15th (Imperial Service) Cavalry Brigade, Service history, 1916\u20131917\nThe brigade marched the 150 miles (240\u00a0km) in nine days, arrived on 25 April and came under command of the Imperial Mounted Division. The division was the army reserve under orders to counter-attack the Turkish left flank. The expected attack never came, but instead of moving back to the canal, the brigade became lines of communication troops, based at Khan Yunis and Rafah. For the next three months, the brigade was deployed on rear area security and patrolling duties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 67], "content_span": [68, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013774-0013-0002", "contents": "15th (Imperial Service) Cavalry Brigade, Service history, 1916\u20131917\nIn May 1917, the cavalry regiments received the Vickers machine-gun to replace their older Maxim Guns and all ranks were put through training courses on the Vickers and a newer version of the Lee\u2013Enfield Rifle, which had also just been issued. In September, the cavalry regiments' pack horses started to be replaced by horse-drawn wagons and each of the regiments was issued with twelve Hotchkiss machine-guns; one per troop.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 67], "content_span": [68, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013774-0014-0000", "contents": "15th (Imperial Service) Cavalry Brigade, Service history, 1916\u20131917, Third battle of Gaza\nOn 27 September, the brigade was once again moved to the front line and given responsibility for patrolling the area between the Desert Mounted Corps and the XXI Corps, taking under command the XXI Corps Cavalry Regiment on 20 October. At the time the brigade was the only mounted formation not under the direct command of the Desert Mounted Corps, remaining Army Troops.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 89], "content_span": [90, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013774-0014-0001", "contents": "15th (Imperial Service) Cavalry Brigade, Service history, 1916\u20131917, Third battle of Gaza\nThe next British attack was the capture of Gaza in November 1917; the plan was for the infantry to capture their initial objectives, then the brigade would be released to advance along the Mediterranean coastline, turn right and attack the Turkish rear and their headquarters at Nuzzle. When the battle started, the British infantry captured all but one of their objectives, but as the brigade started to move out, a Turkish counter-attack regained their previous positions, so the brigade's advance was called off.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 89], "content_span": [90, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013774-0014-0002", "contents": "15th (Imperial Service) Cavalry Brigade, Service history, 1916\u20131917, Third battle of Gaza\nHowever, by the night of 6/7 November, continued British attacks forced the Turkish to withdraw from Gaza and the brigade was ordered forward to pursue them. By 13:00 the brigade was north of Gaza when the Mysore Lancers' leading squadron located the Turkish rearguard, which included a heavy machine-gun position. At 15:00 the Hyderabad Lancers and the XXI Corps Cavalry Regiment attacked Beit Hanun, while the rest of the brigade attacked Beit Lahi. As the Hyderabad Lancers approached their objective, they came under a heavy artillery bombardment. Leaving one squadron and their machine-guns behind to provide fire support, the rest of the Lancers attacked, capturing the Wadi Safieh line. The Lancers, still under artillery fire, held out until 16:30, when they were ordered to withdraw and rejoin the rest of the brigade now concentrated at Beit Lahi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 89], "content_span": [90, 947]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013774-0015-0000", "contents": "15th (Imperial Service) Cavalry Brigade, Service history, 1916\u20131917, Third battle of Gaza\nThe brigade now came under command of XXI Corps and at 01:45 on 8 November was ordered to move west of Beit Hanun and link up with the Australian Mounted Division, which was advancing from the east. As they moved to the east of Beit Hanun, the XXI Corps Cavalry Regiment, which was still attached to the brigade, came under heavy machine-gun and artillery fire, preventing the brigade from advancing further. The Turkish bombardment continued until 12:20, when they were observed withdrawing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 89], "content_span": [90, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013774-0015-0001", "contents": "15th (Imperial Service) Cavalry Brigade, Service history, 1916\u20131917, Third battle of Gaza\nThe XXI Corps Cavalry Regiment and Mysore Lancers were ordered to encircle and cut off their retreat, however dug in Turkish positions at the Wadi Hesi once again halted the brigade advance. At 15:00 that day the brigade eventually made contact with the 4th Light Horse Brigade, completing the link up with the Australian Mounted Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 89], "content_span": [90, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013774-0016-0000", "contents": "15th (Imperial Service) Cavalry Brigade, Service history, 1916\u20131917, Third battle of Gaza\nThe morning of 9 November was spent trying to water the horses, some of which had had no water for over twenty-four hours, so the brigade did not move after the now retreating Turkish until after 11:20. Moving at their best speed, the brigade reached the high ground east of El Medjel by 14:30, capturing two artillery guns, rifles and ammunition en route. Two troops were sent forward to locate the Turkish rearguard, which they found at 16:30 crossing the plain at El Tine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 89], "content_span": [90, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013774-0016-0001", "contents": "15th (Imperial Service) Cavalry Brigade, Service history, 1916\u20131917, Third battle of Gaza\nEarly the next morning, patrols were again sent to locate the Turkish forces but at 07:00, the brigade was unexpectedly ordered back to Gaza. Despite the heavy fire the brigade had been subjected to, their casualties during the battle were light; only four officers and ten other ranks had been wounded, sixteen horses killed and another fifty wounded. The Turkish casualties were estimated at 100 dead; forty-nine were taken prisoner and five artillery guns were captured.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 89], "content_span": [90, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013774-0017-0000", "contents": "15th (Imperial Service) Cavalry Brigade, Service history, 1918\nIn early January, the brigade trained and re-equipped, which included the first issue of bayonets to the Lancers. On 2 April, the Hyderabad Lancers were detached from the brigade, coming under the command of the ANZAC Mounted Division, then the Desert Mounted Corps and finally the 60th Division. The rest of the brigade moved to the Jordan Valley, arriving at Jericho on 29 April. The next day the brigade was designated the Desert Mounted Corps reserve and concentrated two miles (3.2\u00a0km) to the west of the Ghoraniyeh bridgehead over the River Jordan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013774-0017-0001", "contents": "15th (Imperial Service) Cavalry Brigade, Service history, 1918\nOn the final day of the raid on Es Salt, on 4 May, the brigade, with the New Zealand Wellington Mounted Rifles Regiment attached, was ordered to cross the Jordan and form a defensive screen on the east bank to cover the withdrawal of the ANZAC Division. They remained in place until 5 May, when the ANZAC Division reached and crossed the Jordan safely at 16:00. The brigade, less some patrols, was back within the bridgehead by 18:00.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013774-0017-0002", "contents": "15th (Imperial Service) Cavalry Brigade, Service history, 1918\nIn the following twelve days, the brigade patrolled to the east of the River Jordan, resulting in numerous contacts with the Turkish defenders, during which several prisoners and deserters were captured. On 11 May, the Jodhpur Lancers were assigned to the brigade and the Wellington Mounted Rifles returned to the command of their parent New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013774-0017-0003", "contents": "15th (Imperial Service) Cavalry Brigade, Service history, 1918\nOn 23 May, the brigade came under command of the Australian Mounted Division and moved to a position four miles (6.4\u00a0km) north of Jericho, remaining with the Australians until 4 June, when they left for Ras Dieran, becoming part of the newly raised 2nd Mounted Division. For almost a month the brigade was involved in training and staff exercises, during which time the brigade machine-gun squadron was formed. On 5 July, the brigade left for the Jordan Valley to resume their place in the front line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013774-0018-0000", "contents": "15th (Imperial Service) Cavalry Brigade, Service history, 1918\nOn 14 July, the brigade's squadrons were involved in several small battles in the Hajlah, Henu and Abu Tellul bridgehead area, which included a charge by the Jodhpur Lancers on the Turkish positions followed by a separate charge by a squadron of Mysore Lancers on those retreating from the Jodhpur's action. Accumulatively, the day's fighting resulted in over 100 Turkish dead and seventy prisoners taken, twenty of them wounded, from the 9th and 11th Cavalry Regiments. The brigade's casualties were twenty-five dead, seven wounded and six missing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013774-0018-0001", "contents": "15th (Imperial Service) Cavalry Brigade, Service history, 1918\nFor their part in the battles the Jodhpur Lancers were mentioned in army despatches. On 24 July, the 2nd Mounted Division was renamed 5th Cavalry Division and the brigade became the 15th (Imperial Service) Cavalry Brigade. In early August, the brigade carried out several patrols, crossing the bridgehead and into the Jordan Valley until 4 August, the Turkish were found to have withdrawn overnight. A small Turkish force returned on 15 August but withdrew before the brigade could move up and engage them. The brigade remained in the area until the night of the 17/18 August, when they were relieved by the 10th Cavalry Brigade from the 4th Cavalry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 722]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013774-0019-0000", "contents": "15th (Imperial Service) Cavalry Brigade, Service history, 1918, Haifa\nThe next three weeks were taken up with regimental and brigade training, until 17 September when the brigade started returning to the front line. The Hyderabad Lancers were detached from the brigade on 22 September to escort 12,000 prisoners to Kerkur, and on 23 September, B Battery, Honourable Artillery Company was attached to the brigade for the forthcoming operations. At 03:00 on 23 September, the brigade leading the 5th Cavalry Division left Afule for Haifa and Acre.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 69], "content_span": [70, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013774-0019-0001", "contents": "15th (Imperial Service) Cavalry Brigade, Service history, 1918, Haifa\nThe advance was unopposed until 10:00 that day when the Mysore Lancers reached the village of Beled Esh Sheikh where the leading squadron was shelled from Mount Carmel and came under small-arms fire from the region of the village. The Turkish had four artillery guns on the heights overlooking the brigade's line of approach and another six to the east of Haifa, supported by machine-gun posts and infantry to the west of the main Haifa road.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 69], "content_span": [70, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013774-0020-0000", "contents": "15th (Imperial Service) Cavalry Brigade, Service history, 1918, Haifa\nThe brigade deployed its forces, with one squadron from the Mysore Lancers supported by two machine-guns to capture Mount Carmel. A second Mysore squadron would cover the main road while the remainder of the regiment with two machine-guns would advance along the Acre railway line. The Jodhpur Lancers would deploy in the open and wait further orders, while brigade headquarters and the remainder of the machine-gun squadron and the artillery battery would be to the north of Beled Esh Sheikh. When in position, the Jodhpur Lancers\u2014supported by covering fire from the artillery\u2014and the Mysore Lancers would charge the guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 69], "content_span": [70, 693]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013774-0020-0001", "contents": "15th (Imperial Service) Cavalry Brigade, Service history, 1918, Haifa\nAt 11:45 the Sherwood Rangers Yeomanry caught up with the brigade and one squadron was detached to support the Mysore Lancers on Mount Carmel. The attack was scheduled to start at 14:00 but before that, the artillery battery and reconnaissance patrols sent out to look for the Turkish positions kept up suppressing fire on them, to which the Turkish responded with counter-battery fire. The attack commenced on time; the Jodhpur Lancers advanced in squadron columns in the face of heavy Turkish rifle and machine-gun fire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 69], "content_span": [70, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013774-0021-0000", "contents": "15th (Imperial Service) Cavalry Brigade, Service history, 1918, Haifa\nThe Lancers charged towards the railway line, but the terrain forced them to move to their left into a wadi, which was impassable and forced the Lancers even further left. The leading squadron crossed the railway line, captured the machine-gun positions and cleared the way for the remainder of the regiment to charge into the town. At the same time the regiment's second squadron had moved right, capturing three artillery guns and two machine-guns, while the two remaining squadrons charged through the town virtually unopposed, facing only sporadic rifle fire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 69], "content_span": [70, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013774-0021-0001", "contents": "15th (Imperial Service) Cavalry Brigade, Service history, 1918, Haifa\nAs they reached the other side of the town they were soon joined by the two other squadrons which had made their way around the outskirts, capturing another two artillery guns en route. Elsewhere, one of the Mysore Lancers squadrons that had been giving covering fire came under heavy artillery and machine-gun fire from the mouth of the River Nahr el Mukutta. The squadron mounted and charged the Turkish positions, capturing two artillery guns, two machine-guns and 110 prisoners.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 69], "content_span": [70, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013774-0021-0002", "contents": "15th (Imperial Service) Cavalry Brigade, Service history, 1918, Haifa\nWith the town secure the Mysore squadron on Mount Carmel charged a Turkish position at Karmelheim, capturing a 6-inch naval gun, two mountain artillery guns, two machine-guns and seventy-eight prisoners. During the charge they were joined by a squadron from the Sherwood Rangers Yeomanry, who captured another fifty prisoners. Prisoners taken inside the town were two German officers, twenty-three Turkish officers and 664 other ranks. Two 6-inch naval guns, four 4.2-inch guns, six 77\u00a0mm guns, four 10-pound camel guns, ten machine-guns and a large quantity of ammunition were captured in Haifa. The brigade's own casualties were relatively light; one Indian officer and two other ranks were killed, and six Indian officers and twenty-eight other ranks were wounded. Sixty horses were killed and eighty-three were wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 69], "content_span": [70, 893]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013774-0022-0000", "contents": "15th (Imperial Service) Cavalry Brigade, Service history, 1918, Advance to Homs\nThe brigade rested for the next two days and was rejoined by the Hyderabad Lancers on 25 September. At 05:00 the next day they resumed the advance, arriving at Lake Tiberias (Sea of Galilee) at 11:00 on 27 September. After watering the horses the brigade advanced again, reaching Kasr Atra at 22:30, where they halted for the night. They were to start again early the next day, but had to wait as the Australian Mounted Division to their right had been stopped by the Turkish forces and at 11:00 the brigade resumed their advance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 79], "content_span": [80, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013774-0022-0001", "contents": "15th (Imperial Service) Cavalry Brigade, Service history, 1918, Advance to Homs\nBecause of the delay, they did not reach El Kuneitra until midnight on 28/29 September. The next day the brigade was designated as the Desert Mounted Corps reserve, responsible for guarding their own and the Australian Mounted Division's transport columns. During the day, the two divisions were held up for fourteen hours by a small, well-placed Turkish detachment. On 30 September the brigade was ordered to head for Kiswe to round up Turkish stragglers from the Ottoman Fourth Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 79], "content_span": [80, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013774-0022-0002", "contents": "15th (Imperial Service) Cavalry Brigade, Service history, 1918, Advance to Homs\nBy 09:30 on 1 October, the brigade was two miles (3.2\u00a0km) to the north of Kiswe but were then ordered to move to a new position two miles (3.2\u00a0km) east of Damascus, where they were to be the division reserve, while the 14th Cavalry Brigade was made responsible for the capture of Kiswe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 79], "content_span": [80, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013774-0023-0000", "contents": "15th (Imperial Service) Cavalry Brigade, Service history, 1918, Advance to Homs\nThe next day, 2 October, was the day that British Empire forces officially entered Damascus. This was marked by a short period of rest for the British forces and the brigade advance did not resume until 05:30 on 5 October. Their first objective was Khan Meizelun then Moallaka which they reached unopposed on 6 October. The next day Lieutenant-Colonel Hyla Holden, a SSO with the Jodhpur Lancers, became the first Allied officer to enter Beirut, the Arab Revolt forces commanded by Sherif Hussein bin Ali arrived that same afternoon and assumed control of the local government. The brigade continued their advance capturing several villages in the following days. Tell Esh Sherif on 11 October, Baalbek on 13 October, Lebwe on 14 October, El Kaa on 15 October, Kusseir on 16 October and Homs was reached at midday 17 October.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 79], "content_span": [80, 905]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013774-0024-0000", "contents": "15th (Imperial Service) Cavalry Brigade, Service history, 1918, Haritan\nAt Homs, the brigade rested for two days and on 19 October headed for Er Rastan, with orders to repair a bridge over the River Orontes, which had been destroyed by retreating Turkish forces. The next day, assisted by No. 5 Field Squadron Royal Engineers, was spent repairing the bridge, after which the brigade advanced, reaching Hama on 21 October. The brigade had expected to rest there for several days but were ordered to continue the advance to Aleppo. The brigade was preceded by seven light armoured cars, but the remainder of the division was following a day behind.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 71], "content_span": [72, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013774-0024-0001", "contents": "15th (Imperial Service) Cavalry Brigade, Service history, 1918, Haritan\nOn 24 October the armoured cars' advance was stopped by Turkish defences near Khan Tuman. The Turkish held a strong defensive line on a ridge line to the south and west of Aleppo. The brigade was ordered to occupy a position on the Aleppo-Alexandretta road and to clear Turkish trenches on the ridge to the west of Aleppo, but when they reached the ridge line on 26 October, the position had been evacuated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 71], "content_span": [72, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013774-0024-0002", "contents": "15th (Imperial Service) Cavalry Brigade, Service history, 1918, Haritan\nIntelligence from locals suggested that a force of 1,000 men with two small artillery guns were heading north out of Aleppo, so the brigade set off in pursuit. At 11:00, the leading two Jodhpur Lancers squadrons and a machine-gun section reached a position overlooking Haritan to the north of Aleppo when they came under Turkish small arms fire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 71], "content_span": [72, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013774-0024-0003", "contents": "15th (Imperial Service) Cavalry Brigade, Service history, 1918, Haritan\nHarbord ordered an immediate brigade attack; the Mysore Lancers would move around to the east of the ridge and charge the village, followed by the other two Jodhpur Lancer squadrons while the remainder of the brigade machine-gun squadron would move onto the ridge to provide covering fire, with the two other Jodhpur squadrons. The armoured cars of No. 12 Light Armoured Motor Battery arrived at 11:30 and were ordered along the main road to support the attack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 71], "content_span": [72, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013774-0025-0000", "contents": "15th (Imperial Service) Cavalry Brigade, Service history, 1918, Haritan\nAs the attack started, the leading armoured car developed a fault and returned to their start position, due to a misunderstanding, the rest of the battery followed them, taking them out of the attack. The Mysore Lancers had also started their advance but moved further east to get into a position to charge after discovering the Turkish line was longer than expected, taking them out of range of their supporting machine-guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 71], "content_span": [72, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013774-0025-0001", "contents": "15th (Imperial Service) Cavalry Brigade, Service history, 1918, Haritan\nAt 12:00 the Lancers charged the Turkish position, killing fifty men and capturing twenty, but without any fire support from their machine-gun squadron they were unable to penetrate the Turkish defences and were forced to withdraw to the rear, dismount and keep the Turkish position under observation. The extent of the Turkish position had not been fully appreciated, and was now estimated to be held by a force of 3,000 infantry, 400 cavalry, up to twelve artillery guns and between thirty and forty machine-guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 71], "content_span": [72, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013774-0025-0002", "contents": "15th (Imperial Service) Cavalry Brigade, Service history, 1918, Haritan\nOne group of Turkish soldiers started towards the Mysore Lancers position, but halted about 800 yards (730\u00a0m) short and started to dig new defensive trenches. Unable to progress against the larger force, the brigade kept the position under observation and at 21:00, the Turkish were seen to be withdrawing and had completely evacuated their positions by midnight. At 23:15 the 14th Cavalry Brigade arrived, setting up their own observation lines, until daylight when they took over the 15th Brigade's positions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 71], "content_span": [72, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013774-0025-0003", "contents": "15th (Imperial Service) Cavalry Brigade, Service history, 1918, Haritan\nIn the day's battle, Turkish casualties were estimated to be around 100 men, while the brigade lost four British officers, including Holden attached to the Jodhpur Lancers, one Indian officer and sixteen other ranks. Twelve officers, six of them British, and forty-four other ranks were wounded, and three other ranks were reported missing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 71], "content_span": [72, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013774-0026-0000", "contents": "15th (Imperial Service) Cavalry Brigade, Service history, 1918, Haritan\nThat night, the Turkish forces withdrew twenty miles (32\u00a0km) to Deir el Jemel to the north-west of Aleppo. The 5th Cavalry Division was not strong enough by itself to continue the advance and halted, waiting for the Australian Mounted Division to catch up with them. On 27 October, the day after their unsuccessful charge, the brigade became the division reserve and was ordered back to Aleppo. Events now overtook them; at noon on 31 October, after the Armistice of Mudros had been agreed the previous day, the war with the Ottoman Empire ended.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 71], "content_span": [72, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013774-0027-0000", "contents": "15th (Imperial Service) Cavalry Brigade, Disbandment\nAfter the Armistice of Mudros, the brigade remained with 5th Cavalry Division in Palestine as part of the occupation forces. However, demobilization began immediately and the brigade was broken up by January 1920. Although they did not suffer the same casualties associated with the Western Front in France, its units did not escape without loss. The Mysore Lancers had twenty-three men killed in action, one man died as a result of his wounds, another two were reported missing believed killed, three wounded men were taken prisoner and released at the end of the war, and forty-nine men were wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 52], "content_span": [53, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013774-0027-0001", "contents": "15th (Imperial Service) Cavalry Brigade, Disbandment\nThe Hyderabad Lancers had twelve men killed in action, four died as a result of their wounds, seven were reported missing believed killed and forty-three were wounded. The casualties for the Jodhpur Lancers, while serving with the brigade, were seventeen men killed in action, five died as a result of their wounds, five missing believed killed, two were taken prisoner and thirty-one were wounded. The casualties for the Patiala Lancers were not recorded in the brigade history, but the Commonwealth War Graves Commission records that while attached to the brigade from 1914 to May 1916 they had seven dead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 52], "content_span": [53, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013774-0027-0002", "contents": "15th (Imperial Service) Cavalry Brigade, Disbandment\nFor their service, several men of the brigade were given orders or were decorated; the brigade received six Distinguished Service Orders, three Order of the Nile, one Order of the British Empire, six Order of British India, fourteen Military Crosses, two Military Medals, forty-nine Indian Distinguished Service Medals, twelve Indian Order of Merits and sixty-six were mentioned in despatches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 52], "content_span": [53, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013774-0028-0000", "contents": "15th (Imperial Service) Cavalry Brigade, Disbandment, Memorials\nThe main memorial to the brigade is the Teen Murti (three soldiers) memorial in New Delhi, a stone and bronze sculpture inscribed with the names of those members of the brigade killed in action. The three statues represent soldiers from the Indian States of Hyderabad, Mysore and Jodhpur. A memorial on the site of the fighting at Haritan is inscribed with the date of the battle, the units involved and details of the casualties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 63], "content_span": [64, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013774-0028-0001", "contents": "15th (Imperial Service) Cavalry Brigade, Disbandment, Memorials\nThe Port Tewfik Memorial was erected at the Suez Canal to commemorate the 4,000 Indian officers and soldiers killed during the Sinai and Palestine Campaign who have no known grave. The brigade's capture of Haifa on 23 September is remembered by the present Indian Army as Haifa Day, and the Mysore and Jodhpur Lancers part in its capture was recognised by the British government, which awarded them the battle honour Megiddo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 63], "content_span": [64, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013774-0029-0000", "contents": "15th (Imperial Service) Cavalry Brigade, Disbandment, Memorials\nThe British army commander Edmund Allenby in his despatches also commented on the contribution of the men in the brigade:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 63], "content_span": [64, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013774-0030-0000", "contents": "15th (Imperial Service) Cavalry Brigade, Disbandment, Memorials\n\"I take this opportunity of expressing my appreciation of the valuable services and high soldierly qualities of the following contingents of Indian Imperial Service Troops which, through the generosity of their respective Ruling Chiefs, were placed at my disposal:\u00a0\u2014 Hyderabad Lancers, Jodhpur Lancers, Kathiawar Signal Troop, Mysore Lancers.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 63], "content_span": [64, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013775-0000-0000", "contents": "15th (Scottish Volunteer) Parachute Battalion\nThe 15th (Scottish Volunteer) Parachute Battalion was an airborne infantry battalion of the Parachute Regiment, originally raised as 15th (King's) Parachute Battalion by the British Army in World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013775-0001-0000", "contents": "15th (Scottish Volunteer) Parachute Battalion\nThe 15th Parachute Battalion was formed in India during 1945 from the 1st Battalion the King's Regiment (Liverpool). Prior to this the 1st Battalion King's had been part of the Chindits special force and taken part in the second Chindit expedition, Operation Thursday, of 1944. It was assigned to the 77th Chindit Brigade, taking part in the Battle of Mogaung in June 1944. It then became part of the 44th Indian Airborne Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013775-0002-0000", "contents": "15th (Scottish Volunteer) Parachute Battalion\nThe war ended before the battalion was committed to any combat but a number of officers and sergeants parachuted into Japanese Prisoner of War Camps in Java, Sumatra, Bangkok and Singapore to provide aid to the prisoners. After the war, the battalion was reconverted to standard line infantry as the 1st King's Regiment (Liverpool).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013775-0003-0000", "contents": "15th (Scottish Volunteer) Parachute Battalion\nDuring the Royal Indian Navy mutiny of February 1946, HMIS Hindustan was berthed at Karachi, and occupied by mutineers. When ordered to debark the mutineers refused, but finally surrendered after a brief firefight with the 15th (King's) Parachute Battalion, supported by four 75mm pack howitzers of C Troop, 159 Parachute Light Regiment, Royal Artillery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013775-0004-0000", "contents": "15th (Scottish Volunteer) Parachute Battalion, Territorial Army\nThe battalion was reformed by the Territorial Army in 1947 as the 15th (Scottish) Parachute Battalion (TA). In 1967 it was re-designated 15 PARA (SV) and came under command of the 44th Parachute Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 63], "content_span": [64, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013775-0005-0000", "contents": "15th (Scottish Volunteer) Parachute Battalion, Territorial Army\nIn June 1974, Warrant Officer Class 2 John Gordon McRae, became the first territorial to be awarded the Queen's Gallantry Medal. During a practice parachute jump from a C-130 the parachute of one of his men failed to open. The man crashed through McRae\u2019s rigging and as he did so McRae managed to keep a hold of him and they both descended safely on the one parachute.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 63], "content_span": [64, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013775-0006-0000", "contents": "15th (Scottish Volunteer) Parachute Battalion, Territorial Army\nDuring September 1974 the battalion suffered the highest loss of TA soldiers during a major NATO exercise. Dropped off course six men landed in the Kiel canal and drowned. Defence cuts in April 1993, resulted in the amalgamation of the three remaining TA parachute battalions. The battalion numbered 4th Battalion, Parachute Regiment, retains a rifle company (15th (Scottish initially, now re-designated A Company) based in Scotland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 63], "content_span": [64, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013776-0000-0000", "contents": "15th (Scottish) Division\nThe 15th (Scottish) Infantry Division was an infantry division of the British Army that served in both the First World War. The 15th (Scottish) Division was formed from men volunteering for Kitchener's Army, and served from 1915 to 1918 on the Western Front. The division was later disbanded, after the war, in 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013776-0001-0000", "contents": "15th (Scottish) Division, First World War\nThe division was a New Army unit formed in September 1914 as part of the K2 Army Group. The division moved to France in July 1915 and spent the duration of the First World War in action on the Western Front. The division fought in the Battle of Loos in which it seizing the village of Loos and Hill 70, the deepest penetration of the German positions by the six British divisions involved in the initial day. It later fought in the Battle of the Somme (1916) which included the battles of Pozi\u00e8res and Flers\u2013Courcelette, the Battle of Arras 1917 and the Third Battle of Ypres.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 41], "content_span": [42, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013777-0000-0000", "contents": "15th (Scottish) Infantry Division\nThe 15th (Scottish) Infantry Division was an infantry division of the British Army that served during the Second World War. It was raised on 2 September 1939, the day before war was declared, as part of the Territorial Army (TA) and served in the United Kingdom and later North-West Europe from June 1944 to May 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013777-0001-0000", "contents": "15th (Scottish) Infantry Division, Background\nDuring the 1930s, tensions increased between Germany and the United Kingdom and its allies. In late 1937 and throughout 1938, German demands for the annexation of the Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia led to an international crisis. To avoid war, the British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain met with German Chancellor Adolf Hitler in September and brokered the Munich Agreement. The agreement averted a war and allowed Germany to annexe the Sudetenland. Although Chamberlain had intended the agreement to lead to further peaceful resolution of issues, relations between both countries soon deteriorated. On 15 March 1939, Germany breached the terms of the agreement by invading and occupying the remnants of the Czech state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 45], "content_span": [46, 769]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013777-0002-0000", "contents": "15th (Scottish) Infantry Division, Background\nOn 29 March, British Secretary of State for War Leslie Hore-Belisha announced plans to increase the part-time Territorial Army (TA) from 130,000 to 340,000 men and double the number of TA divisions. The plan was for existing TA divisions, referred to as the first-line, to recruit over their establishments (aided by an increase in pay for Territorials, the removal of restrictions on promotion which had hindered recruiting, construction of better-quality barracks and an increase in supper rations) and then form a new division, known as the second-line, from cadres around which the divisions could be expanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 45], "content_span": [46, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013777-0002-0001", "contents": "15th (Scottish) Infantry Division, Background\nThis process was dubbed \"duplicating\". The 15th (Scottish) Infantry Division was to be a second-line unit, a duplicate of the first-line 52nd (Lowland) Infantry Division. In April, limited conscription was introduced. This resulted in 34,500 twenty-year-old militiamen being conscripted into the regular army, initially to be trained for six months before deployment to the forming second-line units. It was envisioned that the duplicating process and recruiting the required numbers of men would take no more than six months. Some TA divisions had made little progress by the time the Second World War began in September; others were able to complete this work within a matter of weeks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 45], "content_span": [46, 733]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013777-0003-0000", "contents": "15th (Scottish) Infantry Division, Home Service, Formation\nThe embryo of the 15th (Scottish) Infantry Division was formed on 26 August 1939, administered by the 52nd Division, and became an independent formation on 2 September 1939. It took control of the 44th, the 45th and the 46th Infantry Brigades. Due to the lack of official guidance, the newly formed formations were at liberty to choose numbers, styles, and titles. The division adopted the number, title, and divisional insignia of their First World War counterpart, the 15th (Scottish) Division. The brigades did likewise. The divisional insignia, the letter 'O' (being the 15th letter of the alphabet), differed slightly from the original, by not including a triangle inside the circle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 58], "content_span": [59, 747]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013777-0004-0000", "contents": "15th (Scottish) Infantry Division, Home Service, Formation\nOn formation, the 44th (Lowland) Infantry Brigade consisted of the 8th Battalion, Royal Scots; the 6th Battalion, King's Own Scottish Borderers; and the 7th Battalion, King's Own Scottish Borderers. The 45th (Lowland) Infantry Brigade comprised the 6th Battalion, Royal Scots Fusiliers; and the 9th and the 10th Battalions, Cameronians (Scottish Rifles). The 46th (Highland) Infantry Brigade had the 10th and the 11th Battalions, Highland Light Infantry; and the 2nd Battalion, Glasgow Highlanders. The division was initially assigned to Scottish Command, and Major-General Roland Le Fanu became the general officer commanding. Le Fanu's prior experience included staff appointments, and he had fought in the 1937 Waziristan campaign. While primarily made up of Scots, recruits were posted to the division from across the United Kingdom, particularly England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 58], "content_span": [59, 918]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013777-0005-0000", "contents": "15th (Scottish) Infantry Division, Home Service, Home defence\nThe war deployment plan for the TA envisioned that its divisions would be deployed overseas, as equipment became available, to reinforce the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) that had already been dispatched to Europe. The TA would join regular army divisions in waves as its divisions completed their training, the final divisions deploying one year after the war began. However, during the opening months of the war, the division lacked the required equipment and personnel. September saw the division drained of manpower.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 61], "content_span": [62, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013777-0005-0001", "contents": "15th (Scottish) Infantry Division, Home Service, Home defence\nSoldiers, aged 19, were reassigned to other formations; the Ministry of Labour allocated other men to essential industries; and medical standards weeded out those considered unfit. The division was initially scattered across southern Scotland without access to training facilities. On 30 September, after the requisition of civilian transport, the division moved to the Scottish Borders, south of Edinburgh, to start training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 61], "content_span": [62, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013777-0006-0000", "contents": "15th (Scottish) Infantry Division, Home Service, Home defence\nIn October 1939, the Commander-in-Chief, Home Forces, General Walter Kirke, was tasked with drawing up a plan, codenamed Julius Caesar, to defend the United Kingdom from a potential German invasion. The division's role in this was largely to defend the Edinburgh and Forth areas. It was not until December that the division moved to undertake this role, with the 44th Brigade positioned astride the Firth of Forth. The rest of the division was based around Glasgow, on either side of the Firth of Clyde. On paper, an infantry division was to have seventy-two modern 25-pounder field guns. By November, the divisional artillery comprised just eight First World War-vintage 4.5 inches (110 millimetres) howitzers. By January, this had increased to sixteen 4.5\u00a0in (110\u00a0mm) howitzers, in addition to eight First World War-era 18-pounder field guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 61], "content_span": [62, 906]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013777-0007-0000", "contents": "15th (Scottish) Infantry Division, Home Service, Home defence\nIn April 1940, the division marched back to the Borders, and used the move as a training exercise. Elements of the division were then used to provide logistical support for units en route to fight in the Norwegian Campaign. On 9 April, following the start of the campaign, the second-line infantry divisions were requested to each form an independent infantry company of 289 volunteers, who would be deployed to Norway. The 15th Division formed No. 10 Independent Company, but it was not deployed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 61], "content_span": [62, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013777-0007-0001", "contents": "15th (Scottish) Infantry Division, Home Service, Home defence\nWhen the campaign ended in failure, the division was ordered to move south into England to make room for the returning troops. This move promoted Kirke to complain that the division was being moved against his wishes, despite the defensive role assigned to it for southern Scotland. The move took the division to Wiltshire, with the intent to intensively prepare for its deployment to France. Following the German invasion of France and the Low Countries, the English east coast was seen as the area most under threat from German invasion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 61], "content_span": [62, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013777-0007-0002", "contents": "15th (Scottish) Infantry Division, Home Service, Home defence\nThe division then moved to Essex to defend the coast from Harwich, in the north, to Southend-on-Sea, in the south. To prevent a German invasion, including potential tank attacks, the divisional artillery now comprised twelve 4.5\u00a0in (110\u00a0mm) howitzers, six 18-pounder field guns, and four Ordnance QF 2-pounder anti-tank guns (compared to an establishment of 48). This was roughly on par with the other eight divisions that had been assigned to defend the coast, although the 15th was one of only two that included anti-tank guns. Additional equipment included 47 Boys anti-tank rifles (against an establishment of 361), 63 Universal Carriers (establishment of 140), and 590 Bren light machine guns (establishment of 644). The division co-operated with the forming Local Defence Volunteers, laid landmines, and erected anti-invasion obstacles within its operating area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 61], "content_span": [62, 930]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013777-0008-0000", "contents": "15th (Scottish) Infantry Division, Home Service, Home defence\nOn 9 July, George VI inspected elements of the division at Colchester. The next month, on 2 August, Lieutenant-General Alan Brooke, now Commander-in-Chief, Home Forces, visited the division. Brooke recorded in his diary \"Do not think much of [Le Fanu], and doubtful whether he is good enough.\" Regarding the division's rank and file, he wrote they were \"good but [require] a great deal more training.\" On 23 August, Le Fanu was replaced by Major-General Robert Cotton Money. On 31 October, George VI visited the divisional headquarters, and provided authorization for the lion rampant, from Royal Arms of Scotland, to be added within the 'O' of the divisional insignia. The division remained on the coast, and trained through to the end of the year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 61], "content_span": [62, 811]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013777-0009-0000", "contents": "15th (Scottish) Infantry Division, Home Service, Home defence\nOn 30 January 1941, Major-General Oliver Leese took command of the division. Later in the month, the division moved northeast to Suffolk, in East Anglia. The division maintained a coastal defence role, with the 44th Brigade based at Lowestoft, the 45th Brigade situated between Dunwich and Aldeburgh, and the 46th Brigade between Orford and Felixstowe. This left a gap between the 44th and the 45th Brigades, which was filled by the 37th Independent Infantry Brigade. This brigade reported directly to XI Corps, and was not part of the division. On 17 June 1941, Major-General Philip Christison replaced Leese. By September, the division's artillery regiments had all been outfitted with a full complement of 25-pounder field guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 61], "content_span": [62, 793]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013777-0010-0000", "contents": "15th (Scottish) Infantry Division, Home Service, Divisional changes\nDue to the large number of men allocated to the infantry, in 1941, the British Army instituted reforms to build-up other arms and formations. As a result, several divisions were to be disbanded or reduced. This included the 15th (Scottish), which was placed on the lower establishment in November 1941. This meant that the division was detailed for home defence, compared to a higher establishment division that were intended to be deployed overseas for combat. The division was stripped of artillery and engineer units, and used as a source of reinforcements for oversea units. After being downgraded, the division moved north to Northumberland. It took up position at Newcastle and along the coast north of the city, as well as continued training. On 14 May 1942, Major-General Charles Bullen-Smith took command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 67], "content_span": [68, 882]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013777-0011-0000", "contents": "15th (Scottish) Infantry Division, Home Service, Divisional changes\nOn 5 January 1943, the 45th Brigade was removed from the division and replaced by the 6th Guards Tank Brigade. This brought the division inline with the 'mixed division' concept. Lieutenant-General Giffard Le Quesne Martel, head of the Royal Armoured Corps, described this as \"the absorption of the armoured forces into the rest of the army\", which required a division to decrease from three to two infantry brigades, and have a tank brigade, equipped with infantry tanks, assigned in place of the lost infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 67], "content_span": [68, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013777-0011-0001", "contents": "15th (Scottish) Infantry Division, Home Service, Divisional changes\nOn 28 March 1943, the division was raised to the higher establishment, officially as a 'mixed division'. It was intended to bring the division up to strength, an establishment of 16,119 men and 205 tanks, by June. Accordingly, additional units were transferred to the division. Training now had an emphasis on combined arms warfare. The division was assigned to the VIII Corps, on 20 June 1943. The following month, on 14 July, the division was brought back up to a strength of three infantry brigades, while still retaining the tank brigade, when the 227th (Highland) Infantry Brigade joined. On 27 August 1943, Major-General Gordon MacMillan arrived from commanding a brigade in combat in North Africa, to take command of the division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 67], "content_span": [68, 805]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013777-0012-0000", "contents": "15th (Scottish) Infantry Division, Home Service, Divisional changes\nOn 5 September, the 'mixed division' concept was abandoned as it was considered to have not been successful, and the 6th Guards Tank Brigade left on 9 September. The division then moved to Yorkshire, and was based around Bradford, Harrogate, and Leeds. The remainder of the 1943 and the opening of 1944 was used to conduct extensive training and divisional exercises, as the division had been assigned to partake in Operation Overlord, the invasion of German-occupied France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 67], "content_span": [68, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013777-0012-0001", "contents": "15th (Scottish) Infantry Division, Home Service, Divisional changes\nIn February 1944, General Bernard Montgomery, commander of the 21st Army Group, the main Allied formation in Operation Overlord, visited the division and addressed the men. In the following weeks, the division was visited by George VI, Queen Elizabeth, their daughter Elizabeth, Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and the VIII Corps commander Lieutenant-General Richard O'Connor. In April, the division moved to Sussex, and was concentrated in camps in the Brighton area. The division's advanced parties departed for London on 8 June, and moved to France on 13 June. On 11 June, the division proper started to move to marshalling areas in London and Southampton, and were transported to France piecemeal with the last unit not arriving until 24 June.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 67], "content_span": [68, 817]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013777-0013-0000", "contents": "15th (Scottish) Infantry Division, Overseas service, Operation Epsom\nThe Norman city of Caen was the primary British objective during the Normandy landings, and was seen as key for future operations. However, the city did not fall on 6 June, and was not taken in follow-up fighting. The recently assembled VIII Corps was assigned to a renewed effort to capture the city. Operation Epsom intended for the corps to attack to the west of Caen, cross the Odon and Orne rivers, capture an area of high ground near Bretteville-sur-Laize and thereby encircle the city.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 68], "content_span": [69, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013777-0013-0001", "contents": "15th (Scottish) Infantry Division, Overseas service, Operation Epsom\nThe operation was the 15th (Scottish) Infantry Division's baptism of fire, and it was assigned a key role in the opening phases: to clear several villages that stood between them and the Odon, and to capture bridges to allow the 11th Armoured Division to cross the river and race for Bretteville-sur-Laize. Afterwards, the 15th Division would clear the Odon river valley.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 68], "content_span": [69, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013777-0014-0000", "contents": "15th (Scottish) Infantry Division, Overseas service, Operation Epsom\nPhase I of the attack was conducted by the 44th and the 46th Brigades, supported by Churchill tanks from the 31st Tank Brigade and specialist tanks from the 79th Armoured Division. Both brigades attacked at 07:30 behind a rolling barrage. German mortar fire responded immediately. Despite delays caused by minefields and German holdouts in the forward area, the brigades captured most of their objectives before noon: La Gaule, Le Haut, and Cheux. An effort by the 46th Brigade to advance 2,000 yards (1,800\u00a0m) to the southeast of Cheux, to capture a hill, was partially successful.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 68], "content_span": [69, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013777-0014-0001", "contents": "15th (Scottish) Infantry Division, Overseas service, Operation Epsom\nThey seized the northern slope, but the Germans retained the southern. Elements of the 44th Brigade were engaged in an all day struggle to capture and hold St Mauvieu, which they did after fending off several counterattacks. Both brigades suffered mounting losses. The historian Carlo D'Este highlighted the 46th Brigade's 2nd Battalion, Glasgow Highlanders, who suffered around 200 casualties including 12 officers. This represented 24 per cent of the battalion's officers and \"nearly 25% of the entire rifle battalion.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 68], "content_span": [69, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013777-0015-0000", "contents": "15th (Scottish) Infantry Division, Overseas service, Operation Epsom\nPhase II of the attack started late, around 18:00, as the 227th Brigade was delayed by traffic congestion at Cheux. As it moved south, the brigade was engaged by German tanks and made little progress. However, one company broke through the German lines and reached Colleville. On the morning of 27 June, the 46th Brigade secured the northern slope of the hill that had been previously denied to them. Afterwards, both the 44th and the 46th Brigades were relieved by the 43rd (Wessex) Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 68], "content_span": [69, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013777-0015-0001", "contents": "15th (Scottish) Infantry Division, Overseas service, Operation Epsom\nPart of the 227th Brigade made little progress pushing south beyond Cheux, due to mortar fire and German tanks, although they repulsed one attack and destroyed four tanks. The rest of the brigade cleared Colleville, captured Tourville-sur-Odon, destroyed additional German tanks, and by the afternoon had seized the bridge across the Odon at Tourmauville. This allowed the 11th Armoured Division to cross and proceed with the operation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 68], "content_span": [69, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013777-0016-0000", "contents": "15th (Scottish) Infantry Division, Overseas service, Operation Epsom\nFighting continued the next day, with most of the division involved. Additional bridges and villages were secured along the Odon valley. This included Gavrus, which was taken by the 2nd Battalion, Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders and who were then left isolated. The Germans also began a counterattack on the north side of the Odon into the division's western flank. The back and forth fighting, which spread to both sides of the Odon, continued through 29 June and resulted in the division fending off the attacks and was able to secure additional territory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 68], "content_span": [69, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013777-0016-0001", "contents": "15th (Scottish) Infantry Division, Overseas service, Operation Epsom\nThe historian Lloyd Clark placed the division's defensive success on \"careful positioning\", taking advantage of terrain, as well as \"excellent leadership and tactical prowess at the small unit level.\" Due to heavy casualties suffered by the 2nd Battalion, Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders, they withdrew and the division ceded control of Gavrus on 30 June. During the course of the day, additional counterattacks on the division were repulsed. The 53rd (Welsh) Infantry Division then relieved the 15th, although the 44th Brigade remained engaged through July 1. They repulsed further German counterattacks, and were relieved by the Welsh division on 2 July.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 68], "content_span": [69, 727]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013777-0017-0000", "contents": "15th (Scottish) Infantry Division, Overseas service, Operation Epsom\nHugh Martin, the author of the divisional history, described Epsom as the \"fiercest fighting that the Division was to know in the whole war\", which captured 10 square miles (26\u00a0km2) of territory, and resulted in \"one-quarter\" of all casualties suffered by the division through the entire campaign. The division suffered 288 men killed, 1,638 wounded, and 794 men missing. D'Este commented that the number of riflemen in a division was around 4,600, and the losses suffered by the division represented \"in excess of 50%\" of the division's infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 68], "content_span": [69, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013777-0018-0000", "contents": "15th (Scottish) Infantry Division, Overseas service, Normandy, July\nThe next divisional action was limited to artillery support, with the artillery supporting a Canadian effort to capture the Carpiquet airfield during Operation Windsor on 4 July. By 7 July, the division had been reinforced to make up most of its Epsom losses. The 44th and the 46th Brigades were then assigned to support the 43rd (Wessex) Infantry Division during Operation Jupiter. The 44th Brigade occupied positions along the Odon river, previously held by the 227th Brigade during Operation Epsom. This freed up the 43rd Division, for their attack on the dominant high ground south of the river.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 67], "content_span": [68, 667]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013777-0018-0001", "contents": "15th (Scottish) Infantry Division, Overseas service, Normandy, July\nThe 44th Brigade supported this effort by engaging in mutual mortar bombardments with the Germans on the heights. The 46th Brigade, supported by elements of the 7th Royal Tank Regiment, cleared the area between the Odon and Orne near Eterville. They also supported the 43rd Division by taking control of several hamlets that the latter had captured, and fended off several counterattacks. By 10 July, both brigades had been relieved.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 67], "content_span": [68, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013777-0019-0000", "contents": "15th (Scottish) Infantry Division, Overseas service, Normandy, July\nOn 12 July, the division was assigned to XII Corps, and three days later attacked towards Bougy, Evrecy, and Maizet, as part of Operation Greenline; a diversionary attack in support of Operation Goodwood. German resistance and counterattacks, heavy fighting, flanking fire, and a direct hit on one of the brigade's tactical headquarters caused delays and communication breakdowns. In the end, the division captured Bougy, fell short of taking Evrecy, and failed to advance on Maizet. However, the fighting had attracted German armour reserves away from the Goodwood battle area, and thus achieved the operation's objective.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 67], "content_span": [68, 691]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013777-0020-0000", "contents": "15th (Scottish) Infantry Division, Overseas service, Breakout from Normandy\nOn 23 July, the division relocated to Caumont and relieved the 5th US Infantry Division. This was part of a strategic realignment of the Normandy beachhead, as the British Second Army shifted three divisions west to allow the American First Army to launch a breakout offensive. In support, the British Army launched Operation Bluecoat that aimed to secure the American flank and reach the town of Vire. The division was faced by the recently arrived 326th Infantry Division, who took over well-prepared defenses that were behind a minefield.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 75], "content_span": [76, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013777-0020-0001", "contents": "15th (Scottish) Infantry Division, Overseas service, Breakout from Normandy\nFor Bluecoat, the division reverted to the command of VIII Corps and was supported by mine-clearing tanks, Churchill tanks, and Churchill Crocodiles. On 30 July, the division attacked through the Normandy bocage, with the goal of reaching Hill 309 by the end of the day. The infantry were soon subjected to heavy artillery fire, while terrain and mines resulted in the infantry and tanks separating. The division's first objective was Sept-Vents and a nearby wood.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 75], "content_span": [76, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013777-0020-0002", "contents": "15th (Scottish) Infantry Division, Overseas service, Breakout from Normandy\nIt was intended to be captured by 09:55, but it took six-hours to achieve this due to mines, traffic jams, heavy fighting, and the methodical clearing of the village. In the meantime, the supporting tanks pressed forward alone and captured Hill 309 in the mid-afternoon, around the same time Sept-Vents was cleared. They then held the hill until relieved by the advancing Scottish infantry, around 22:00.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 75], "content_span": [76, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013777-0021-0000", "contents": "15th (Scottish) Infantry Division, Overseas service, Breakout from Normandy\nThe following day, the division consolidated their captured positions, while two armoured divisions continued the corps' attack. On 1 August, the division fended off numerous counterattacks that were launched upon its positions, primarily by the 21st Panzer Division, over a 12-hour period. Over the following days, while most of the division retained their defensive position, elements were used to clear territory captured or bypassed by the advancing armour. During this period, MacMillan was wounded by shell fire and was replaced by the 46th Brigade commander, Colin Muir Barber, who was made a major-general. On 6 August, the leading elements of the division reached Estry and the nearby Hill 208, and fought a back and forth battle for both locations over the following days. On 13 August, the division was transferred to near Caen, and ended its participation in the Normandy fighting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 75], "content_span": [76, 969]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013777-0022-0000", "contents": "15th (Scottish) Infantry Division, Overseas service, Breakout from Normandy\nThe Allied advance culminated in the defeat of the German military in Normandy at the Falaise Pocket. Afterwards, the Second Army advanced towards the Seine, in pursuit of the retreating German forces, with XII Corps spearheaded by the 15th Division. Late on 26 August, the division crossed the river largely unopposed. Additional crossings, meeting light resistance, were made under the cover of darkness the next morning. The bridgehead was then consolidated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 75], "content_span": [76, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013777-0023-0000", "contents": "15th (Scottish) Infantry Division, Overseas service, Belgium and the Netherlands\nOn 2 September, one battalion moved east from the Seine and was followed by the rest of the division the next day. Four days later, the bulk of the division arrived at Courtrai, Belgium, and immediately shelled retreating German forces. Over the following days, the division cleared the area between the Scheldt and the Lys rivers, and took several hundred prisoners. The Glasgow Highlanders (46th Brigade) were dispatched to reinforce the effort to take Ghent. They fought an opposed crossing of the Ghent\u2013Terneuzen Canal on 9 September, and spent the following two days engaged in close fighting in and around the northern section of the city as they cleared it building by building, and took several hundred more prisoners.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 80], "content_span": [81, 807]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013777-0024-0000", "contents": "15th (Scottish) Infantry Division, Overseas service, Belgium and the Netherlands\nThe division then moved into the bridgehead that had been established over the Albert Canal, at Gheel. From this foothold, on 14 September, the division launched several assaults to cross the Meuse-Escaut Canal (referred to as the 'Junction Canal' in the divisional history). They were only able to secure one bridgehead, at Aart, and battled to hold it over the next six days. The bridgehead, around 400 yards (370\u00a0m) in depth, was heavily contested by the Germans and caused the division 700 casualties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 80], "content_span": [81, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013777-0024-0001", "contents": "15th (Scottish) Infantry Division, Overseas service, Belgium and the Netherlands\nThis action was credited with diverting German resources away from Joe's Bridge, where XXX Corps began their assault from at the start of Operation Market Garden. On 20 September, the 7th Armoured Division relieved the 15th Division, which (minus the 227th Brigade) moved east to Lommel, and took up position in a bridgehead that had been secured by the 53rd Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 80], "content_span": [81, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013777-0025-0000", "contents": "15th (Scottish) Infantry Division, Overseas service, Belgium and the Netherlands\nOperation Market Garden intended to land the First Allied Airborne Army behind German lines to seize six bridges and other key areas, to facilitate an advance by XXX Corps through the Netherlands and across the Rhine and into Germany. XII Corp was assigned to protect the left flank of XXX Corps' advance. Consequently, the 15th Division crossed the Wilhelmina Canal (nl:Wilhelminakanaal), unopposed on 21 September, and advanced towards the village of Best, on the northwest outskirts of Eindhoven. 'D' Company of the 7th Seaforth Highlanders (46th Brigade) entered the village the next day and believed it to be unoccupied.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 80], "content_span": [81, 706]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013777-0025-0001", "contents": "15th (Scottish) Infantry Division, Overseas service, Belgium and the Netherlands\nHowever, their arrival had surprised the German garrison, and after the loss of 33 men, 'D' Company withdrew. The 46th Brigade and the divisional reconnaissance regiment the launched further attacks, which turned into a five-day battle for control of the village. It saw methodical house to house fighting, and repeated assaults to clear German forces out of the train station and cement factory on the south side of the village. Meanwhile, the 44th Brigade was initially held in reserve, to be used to clear the road that XXX Corps had advanced along, if needed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 80], "content_span": [81, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013777-0025-0002", "contents": "15th (Scottish) Infantry Division, Overseas service, Belgium and the Netherlands\nBut on 24 September, it was released from this duty. It and the 227th Brigade (which had now rejoined the division) attacked northwards, and cleared the area up to the river Dommel and captured several hamlets. Martin recounted that a medical officer from the 44th Brigade strayed into German lines while searching for wounded soldiers, during this period. After giving his word not to provide intelligence to the division, he was released to continue his search for the wounded. Operation Haggis followed, which was the relief of the division by the 51st (Highland) Infantry Division and was finalized on 3 October. Afterwards, the division was then given a three-week break at Helmond, east of Eindhoven. This time was used to rest, reinforce, train, and a 'Battle School' was formed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 80], "content_span": [81, 867]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013777-0026-0000", "contents": "15th (Scottish) Infantry Division, Overseas service, Belgium and the Netherlands\nThe division was then assigned to VIII Corps, which was tasked with defeating three German divisions that were based west of the Meuse along the eastern flank of the corridor captured during Operation Market Garden. Prior to the 15th (Scottish) being committed to this, Montgomery assigned the division back to XII Corps that been tasked with attacking west from the corridor. This operation, codenamed Operation Pheasant, was designed to support the ongoing effort to clear the Scheldt estuary. The division's task was to capture the town of Tilburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 80], "content_span": [81, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013777-0026-0001", "contents": "15th (Scottish) Infantry Division, Overseas service, Belgium and the Netherlands\nOn 20 October, the division moved back to Best, and started their advance three days later. German forces had largely abandoned the area in front of the division, so the initial move was unopposed. On 26 October, a brief action was fought to capture the town of Oisterwijk. The next day, the division (now supported by the 4th Armoured Brigade and the Dutch Princess Irene Brigade) advanced into the Tilburg, and seized key points throughout the city. Martin claimed that the division skirmished with Dutch Waffen SS units in Tilburg. The following day, the division conducted a clearing operation, and then declared the city liberated. On 30 October, the division entered Asten, south of Helmond, in response a German counterattack launched to the east of Eindhoven.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 80], "content_span": [81, 848]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013777-0027-0000", "contents": "15th (Scottish) Infantry Division, Overseas service, Belgium and the Netherlands\nThe division then fought at Meijel, Blerwick, the Battle of Broekhuizen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 80], "content_span": [81, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013777-0028-0000", "contents": "15th (Scottish) Infantry Division, Overseas service, Germany\nThe division then entered Germany, and fought in Operation Veritable, crossed the Rhine, took part in Operation Plunder in late March 1945,  part of the Western Allied invasion of Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 60], "content_span": [61, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013777-0029-0000", "contents": "15th (Scottish) Infantry Division, Overseas service, Germany\nThe particular distinction for the 15th Scottish was to be selected to lead the last set piece river crossing of the war, the assault across the River Elbe (Operation Enterprise) on 29 April 1945 spearheaded by the 1st Commando Brigade, after which they fought on to the Baltic occupying both L\u00fcbeck and Kiel. The 15th (Scottish) was the only division of the British Army during the Second World War to be involved in three of the six major European river assault crossings; the Seine, the Rhine and the Elbe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 60], "content_span": [61, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013777-0030-0000", "contents": "15th (Scottish) Infantry Division, Overseas service, Germany\nOn 10 April 1946, the 15th (Scottish) Infantry Division was finally disbanded. Its battle casualties\u2013 killed, wounded and missing\u00a0\u2013 in nearly eleven months of fighting were 11,772 with over 1,500 men killed. According to D'Este, the \"15th (Scottish) Division was considered to be the most effective and best led infantry division in 21st Army Group.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 60], "content_span": [61, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013777-0031-0000", "contents": "15th (Scottish) Infantry Division, Order of battle\n6th Guards Tank Brigade (from 15 January, left 9 September 1943)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 50], "content_span": [51, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013778-0000-0000", "contents": "15th AARP Movies for Grownups Awards\nThe 15th AARP Movies for Grownups Awards, presented by AARP the Magazine, honored films released in 2015 and were announced on January 5, 2016. The awards recognized films created by and about people over the age of 50. The ceremony, held a month later on February 8, 2016, was hosted by actress and comedian Kathy Griffin at the Beverly Wilshire Hotel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013778-0001-0000", "contents": "15th AARP Movies for Grownups Awards, Awards, Winners and Nominees\nWinners are listed first, highlighted in boldface, and indicated with a double dagger ().", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 66], "content_span": [67, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013779-0000-0000", "contents": "15th AVN Awards\nThe 15th AVN Awards ceremony, organized by Adult Video News (AVN), took place January 10, 1998 at Caesars Palace, in Paradise, Nevada, U.S.A. During the show, AVN presented AVN Awards (the industry's equivalent of the Academy Awards) in 54 categories honoring the best pornographic films released between Oct. 1, 1996 and Sept. 30, 1997. The ceremony was produced by Gary Miller and directed by Mark Stone. Comedian Robert Schimmel hosted, with adult film actresses Racquel Darrian and Misty Rain as co-hosts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013779-0000-0001", "contents": "15th AVN Awards\nAt a pre-awards cocktail reception held the previous evening, 50 more AVN Awards, mostly for behind-the-scenes achievements, were given out by hosts Nici Sterling and Dave Tyree, however, this event was neither televised nor distributed on VHS tapes as was the main evening's ceremony. Both events included awards categories for gay movies; the final year the show included both gay and heterosexual awards. The gay awards were subsequently spun off into a separate show, the GayVN Awards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013779-0001-0000", "contents": "15th AVN Awards\nZazel won the most awards with seven, however, Bad Wives, which received six statuettes, won for best film. Buda won for best shot-on-video feature. Nic Cramer won Best Director\u2014Film for Operation Sex Siege.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013779-0002-0000", "contents": "15th AVN Awards, Winners and nominees\nThe winners were announced during the awards ceremony on January 10, 1998. Besides winning best film, Bad Wives also won Best Actress for Dyanna Lauren, Best Actor for Steven St. Croix and Best Screenplay for Dean Nash. Zazel was named best all-sex film and Naked Highway was the best gay video. Johnni Black won Best New Starlet, while Performers of the Year were: Stephanie Swift, female; Tom Byron, male; and Jim Buck, gay.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 37], "content_span": [38, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013779-0003-0000", "contents": "15th AVN Awards, Winners and nominees, Major awards\nWinners are listed first, highlighted in boldface, and indicated with a double dagger ().", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 51], "content_span": [52, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013779-0004-0000", "contents": "15th AVN Awards, Winners and nominees, Additional award winners\nThese awards were announced, but not presented, in a winners-only segments read by Robert Schimmel and Misty Rain during the event. Recipients' awards were distributed off-stage:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 63], "content_span": [64, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013779-0005-0000", "contents": "15th AVN Awards, Winners and nominees, Additional award winners\nThe previous night, January 9, 1998, during AVN's pre-awards cocktail reception, hosts adult film actress Nici Sterling and comedian Dave Tyree handed out these awards, mostly for behind-the-scenes excellence:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 63], "content_span": [64, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013779-0006-0000", "contents": "15th AVN Awards, Winners and nominees, Honorary AVN Awards, AVN Breakthrough Award\nPresented to Steve Orenstein of Wicked Pictures; the other nominees were Robert Black and Tom Byron", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 82], "content_span": [83, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013779-0007-0000", "contents": "15th AVN Awards, Winners and nominees, Honorary AVN Awards, Hall of Fame\nAVN Hall of Fame inductees for 1998, announced during AVN's pre-awards cocktail reception, were: Lois Ayres, Rene Bond, Jerry Butler, Careena Collins, Jon Dough, Jerry Douglas, Roy Karch, Keisha, Dorothy LeMay, Chelsea Manchester, Constance Money, Paul Norman, Jace Rocker, Derek Stanton, Jane Waters, Bambi Woods", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 72], "content_span": [73, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013779-0008-0000", "contents": "15th AVN Awards, Winners and nominees, Adult Internet Awards\nThe 1998 Adult Internet Awards winners were announced at another time later in the year and were not part of the show:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 60], "content_span": [61, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013779-0009-0000", "contents": "15th AVN Awards, Winners and nominees, Multiple nominations and awards\nZazel won the most awards with seven; Bad Wives was next with six statuettes.New Wave Hookers 5 scored five.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 70], "content_span": [71, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013779-0010-0000", "contents": "15th AVN Awards, Presenters and performers\nThe following individuals presented awards or performed musical numbers or comedy. Presenters of the gay awards were not recorded. The show's trophy girls were Candy Roxxx and Katie Gold.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 42], "content_span": [43, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013779-0011-0000", "contents": "15th AVN Awards, Ceremony information\nWhile accepting her Lifetime Achievement Award, Christy Canyon announced her official retirement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 37], "content_span": [38, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013779-0012-0000", "contents": "15th AVN Awards, Ceremony information\nAmong the people participating in production of the ceremony, Mark Stone also served as musical director; an opening video entitled \"History\" was produced by Steve Austin and Serenity was responsible for choreography.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 37], "content_span": [38, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013779-0013-0000", "contents": "15th AVN Awards, Ceremony information\nThe ceremonies were published on VHS tapes by both VCA Pictures and Playboy Entertainment Group. The Playboy tape includes softcore scenes from the winning movies, while the VCA tape features hardcore scenes of the winners. The awards show was also rebroadcast over the Internet by High Society magazine via cun-tv.com on May 16, 1998.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 37], "content_span": [38, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013779-0014-0000", "contents": "15th AVN Awards, Ceremony information\nThe 1998 AVN Awards later achieved an unexpected shot of mainstream coverage when David Foster Wallace attended the ceremony as part of his overall exploration of pornography's place (or non-place) in American society as the 20th century was nearing its end. Wallace wrote about the event and some matters connected to it in a piece that he wrote for Premiere magazine and published under a pseudonym, and later added the story to a book under his real name and the title \"Big Red Son.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 37], "content_span": [38, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013779-0015-0000", "contents": "15th AVN Awards, Ceremony information, Critical reviews\nSome attendees were critical of the show's length. In a posting to the Rec.Arts.Movies. Erotica Usenet newsgroup, Tim Evanson noted, \"The length of the show was again a concern (the number of heterosexualcategories is quiet large), and the number of gay industry insidersattending the awards dipped slightly this year.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 55], "content_span": [56, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013779-0016-0000", "contents": "15th AVN Awards, In Memoriam\nAVN publisher Paul Fishbein paid tribute to the passing of adult industry businessman Reuben Sturman during the show.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 28], "content_span": [29, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013780-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Academy Awards\nThe 15th Academy Awards was held in the Cocoanut Grove at The Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles honoring the films of 1942. Best Picture honors went to the film Mrs. Miniver. The ceremony is most famous for the speech by the film's Oscar-winning actress Greer Garson. Garson's acceptance speech as Best Actress ran nearly 6 minutes and is generally considered to be the longest acceptance speech at an Academy Awards ceremony.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013780-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Academy Awards\nMrs. Miniver was the second film (after My Man Godfrey in 1936) to receive nominations in all four acting categories, as well as the first film to garner five acting nominations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013780-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Academy Awards\nAlso notable at the ceremony, Irving Berlin presented the Academy Award for Best Song, which he ended up winning himself for \"White Christmas\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013780-0003-0000", "contents": "15th Academy Awards\nVoting for the Best Documentary category resulted in a four-way tie, an outcome that has not happened before or since.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013780-0004-0000", "contents": "15th Academy Awards\nA portion of the ceremony was broadcast by CBS Radio.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 73]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013780-0005-0000", "contents": "15th Academy Awards, Awards\nNominees announced on February 8, 1943. Winners are listed first and highlighted in boldface.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 27], "content_span": [28, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013781-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Africa Movie Academy Awards\nThe 2019 Africa Movie Academy Awards ceremony was held on Sunday 27 October 2019 at the Landmark Event Centre in Lagos, Nigeria. The ceremony recognized and honored excellence among directors, actors, and writers in the film industry. The awards night was hosted by Kemi Lala Akindoju, Lorenzo Menakaya and Funnybone. After receiving up to 700 film entries submitted between 21 October 2018 and 26 January 2019, the organizers of the ceremony announced the nominees on 19 September 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013781-0000-0001", "contents": "15th Africa Movie Academy Awards\nThe Delivery Boy and Sew the Winter to My Skin led with 13 nominations each while The Burial of Kojo and Redemption followed with 10 each. The Mercy of the Jungle won in the categories Best Film, Achievement in Costume Design, Achievement in Makeup and Best Actor in a Leading Role. Political thriller King of Boys took home three awards on that same night, including awards for Best Actress in a Supporting Role, Best Actress in a Leading Role, as well as Best Nigerian Film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013782-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Air Army\nThe 15th Air Army was a military formation of the Soviet Air Forces, active from July 1942 until December 1993.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013782-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Air Army, History\nIt was formed between 11 July and 15 August 1942, in accordance with the directive of the commander of the Soviet Air Force of 10 July 1942, on the basis of the Air Force of the Bryansk Front. The formation of the army began in the village of Pavlovka (18 km southeast of the city of Yelets) in the Lipetsk Oblast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013782-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Air Army, History\nThe 15th Air Army received its baptism of fire in the autumn of 1942, participating in the defensive battles near Voronezh and in the elimination of the enemy's foothold on the left bank of the Don. In the winter of 1943, it supported the front troops in the Voronezh\u2013Kastornoye operation. In May 1943 it participated in an air operation to destroy German aircraft at airfields. In July-August 1943, as part of the Battle of Kursk, she participated in the Orlov Strategic Offensive, and in September 1943, it supported the front troops in the Bryansk Offensive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013782-0003-0000", "contents": "15th Air Army, History\nIn October 1943, the Army was transferred to the 2nd Baltic Front, where it fought in the Leningrad\u2013Novgorod Offensive and Riga Offensive (1944). In 1945, the Army participated in the elimination of Army Group Courland and German forces in the Klaipeda area (January-February 1945).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013782-0004-0000", "contents": "15th Air Army, History\nDuring World War II, in total, 15th Air Army pilots made some 160,000 sorties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013782-0005-0000", "contents": "15th Air Army, History\nIn the post-war period, the army was part of the Baltic Military District. The 15th Air Army was renamed the 30th Air Army between 20 February 1949 and 4 April 1968. The 15th Air Army was renamed the Baltic Military District Air Force between December 1977 and May 1988. The 15th Air Army was disbanded in December 1993 when the Soviet Union came to an end.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013783-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Air Defense Division\nThe 15th Air Defense Division (Serbo-Croatian: 15. divizija protivvazdu\u0161ne odbrane/ 15. \u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0458\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0432\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0448\u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0434\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435) was an air defense division established in 1964 5th Air Defense Zone (Serbo-Croatian: 5. zona protivvazdu\u0161ne odbrane / 5. \u0437\u043e\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0432\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0448\u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0434\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013783-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Air Defense Division, History\nThe 5th Air Defense Zone was formed in 1964, and it was reorganized into 15th Air Defense Division on July 25, 1966. The divisions command was first at Pleso, and by order from June 13, 1969, it has been moved to Zagreb. Its task was aerial defense of western part of the airspace of Yugoslavia. It has consisted from four regiments, one fighter aviation regiment, two rocket air defense regiments and one air reconnaissance regiment, and other smaller units. It was disbanded on February 28, 1986, when its command was reorganized into command of 5th Corps of Air Force and Air Defense.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013784-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Air Transport Squadron\nThe 15th Air Transport Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force unit. It was last assigned to the 1607th Air Transport Wing of Military Air Transport Service at Dover Air Force Base, Delaware, where it was inactivated on 1 January 1965.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013784-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Air Transport Squadron\nDuring World War II the squadron was active from 1942 to 1943. It was disbanded when Air Transport Command disbanded its squadrons and groups and replaced them with numbered stations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013784-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Air Transport Squadron\nThe squadron was reconstituted in 1952 and served for the next thirteen years as a heavy airlift unit on the east coast of the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013784-0003-0000", "contents": "15th Air Transport Squadron, History, World War II\nThe 15th Air Transport Squadron's lineage can be traced back to 18 February 1942 when the unit was constituted as the 15th Air Corps Ferrying Squadron. It was activated on 7 March 1942 and later assigned to the 8th Ferrying Group of Air Corps Ferrying Command's 23rd Army Air Force Ferrying Wing, stationed at Presque Isle Army Air Field, Maine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 50], "content_span": [51, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013784-0004-0000", "contents": "15th Air Transport Squadron, History, World War II\nPresque Isle had been planned to serve as a transfer point at which Ferrying Command crews would turn over aircraft to the British for transoceanic delivery. Construction of the base's facilities was authorized in August 1941, and the work proceeded through the fall under the supervision of Ferrying Command control officers. The base was ready for limited operations by mid October. It became the main port of embarkation for American aircraft flying the Atlantic. It was at Presque Isle that, in January 1942, the headquarters of the newly activated North Atlantic Sector of the Ferrying Command was established.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 50], "content_span": [51, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013784-0005-0000", "contents": "15th Air Transport Squadron, History, World War II\nOn 1 July 1942, the Air Corps Ferrying Command became the Air Transport Command. It consisted of two main divisions, the Ferrying Division and the Air Transport Division. The 23rd wing was redesignated the North Atlantic Wing to describe of its geographical responsibility within a month of its organization. In March 1943 Air Transport Command units not directly involved with ferrying aircraft were redesignated as transport groups and transport squadrons, including the 15th. On 1 September 1943 the 15th Transport Squadron was disbanded and its mission, personnel and equipment were transferred to Station 2, North Atlantic Wing, Air Transport Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 50], "content_span": [51, 707]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013784-0006-0000", "contents": "15th Air Transport Squadron, History, Military Air Transport Service\nOn 20 June 1952, the squadron was reconstituted and redesignated the 15th Air Transport Squadron (Heavy). On 20 July 1952 the squadron assumed the personnel, equipment and mission of the 1253rd Air Transport Squadron, which was simultaneously discontinued as Military Air Transport Service (MATS) replaced its table of distribution flying squadrons with more permanent units. The unit was assigned to the 1600th Air Transport Group at Westover Air Force Base, Massachusetts. The squadron flew the Douglas C-124 Globemaster II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 68], "content_span": [69, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013784-0007-0000", "contents": "15th Air Transport Squadron, History, Military Air Transport Service\nOn 8 March 1955, Headquarters, MATS directed its Atlantic Division move the 15th from Westover to Dover Air Force Base, Delaware. The squadron moved on 20 April and was relieved from the 1600th Air Transport Group and assigned to the 1607th Air Transport Group at Dover. At the time of the move the unit was authorized 68 officers and 342 enlisted personnel with twelve C-124 Globemasters assigned. The squadron commander was Major Wayne S. Crawford Jr.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 68], "content_span": [69, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013784-0008-0000", "contents": "15th Air Transport Squadron, History, Military Air Transport Service\nDuring three weeks in May 1955 a crew from the 15th, in addition to crews from the 40th and the 45th Air Transport Squadrons, operated five aircraft in support of Project Icecube, the construction of the Distant Early Warning Line network in northern Canada. Operating out of Dover, five aircraft and crews made a total of 28 hazardous ice landings at Mount Joli, Quebec, carrying over one million pounds of cargo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 68], "content_span": [69, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013784-0009-0000", "contents": "15th Air Transport Squadron, History, Military Air Transport Service\nThe 1607th Air Transport Wing was reorganized during the latter half of 1955. The most noticeable change affecting the 15th's airlift operations was the activation of both the 1607th Air Base Group and the 1607th Maintenance Group placing them under the wing. Major George E. Hedge, formerly of the 15th, assumed command of the Maintenance Group's 1607th Periodic Maintenance Squadron. Also, individual squadron maintenance was abolished on 1 January 1957, when the entire maintenance function was placed with the 1607th Maintenance Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 68], "content_span": [69, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013784-0010-0000", "contents": "15th Air Transport Squadron, History, Military Air Transport Service\nThe mission responsibilities of the 15th Air Transport Squadron's airlift operation expanded considerably. In the years following, the 1607th Air Transport Wing assumed additional responsibility for logistical airlift operations including entire unit deployments, airdrop supply, airlanded supply, scheduled and nonscheduled airlift, joint airborne operations and training to include the capability for airdrop of personnel and cargo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 68], "content_span": [69, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013784-0011-0000", "contents": "15th Air Transport Squadron, History, Military Air Transport Service\nThe 15th Air Transport Squadron assumed its share of responsibilities in major joint mobility exercises and global operations conducted during the Cold War. Examples include:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 68], "content_span": [69, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013784-0012-0000", "contents": "15th Air Transport Squadron, History, Military Air Transport Service\nOn 7 February 1960, a 15th aircrew flew a record breaking non-stop flight from Hickam Air Force Base, Hawaii to Dover in eighteen hours and forty minutes. In 1962, the 15th flew the last leg of the four-month round-the-world tour of John Glenn's space capsule Friendship 7. In July 1963, the 15th flew the first leg of the presidential support mission for John F. Kennedy from Andrews Air Force Base to Dublin, Ireland. It was on this trip, at the Berlin Wall, that President Kennedy spoke the famous words \"Ich bin ein Berliner\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 68], "content_span": [69, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013784-0012-0001", "contents": "15th Air Transport Squadron, History, Military Air Transport Service\nIn February 1964, the 15th delivered a telespectrograph to Ascension Island in support of the space Project Fire. It was the first time such an instrument was airlifted as a complete unit. The squadron airlifted supplies and emergency equipment to Alaska after an earthquake struck that state in March 1964 and flew many re-supply missions from Thule Air Base, Greenland to the northernmost weather outposts at Nord, Greenland and Alert, Alaska. Both stations are within 500 miles of the North Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 68], "content_span": [69, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013784-0013-0000", "contents": "15th Air Transport Squadron, History, Military Air Transport Service\nIn November 1964, the Secretary of Defense announced that eighty Department of Defense activities within the United States would be reduced or discontinued and that a troop carrier squadron would be transferred to Dover. Thus, the 15th Air Transport Squadron inactivated and many of its personnel were transferred to the activating 9th Troop Carrier Squadron. Some of its personnel were transferred to McChord Air Force Base, Washington and others to Southeast Asia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 68], "content_span": [69, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013784-0014-0000", "contents": "15th Air Transport Squadron, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 53], "content_span": [54, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013785-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Air Transport Wing\nThe 15th Air Transport Wing (Dutch: 15 Wing Luchttransport, French: 15 Wing Transport A\u00e9rien) is a wing in the Air Component of the Belgian Armed Forces. The 15th Wing's motto is TENACITY, which means; 'the quality or fact of being able to grip something firmly / persistence, determination, perseverance' A Sioux Indian chief completes the emblem.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013785-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Air Transport Wing\nThe wing comprises two operational squadrons, the 21st Squadron and the 20th Squadron, and a Training & Conversion Unit. 21st Squadron is also known as the Liaison and Long-Haul Flight. It currently operates several types of aircraft: one Airbus A321, 2 Dassault Falcon 7X (rented from Abelag Aviation). 20th Squadron operates 7 Lockheed C-130 Hercules military transport aircraft which are currently being replaced by Airbus A400M consists of about 72 crewmembers, making it one of the largest units in the Belgian Air Component.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013786-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Airlift Squadron\nThe 15th Airlift Squadron is part of the 437th Airlift Wing at Charleston Air Force Base, South Carolina. It operates Boeing C-17 Globemaster III aircraft supporting the United States Air Force global reach mission worldwide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013786-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Airlift Squadron, Mission\nThe 15th Airlift Squadron, \"Global Eagles\", provides combat-ready C-17 aircrews for strategic airlift missions worldwide. The squadron is tasks include emergency nuclear airlift, Presidential support and humanitarian relief efforts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013786-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Airlift Squadron, History, World War II\nConstituted 15th Transport Squadron on 20 Nov 1940. Activated on 4 Dec 1940 at Duncan Field, TX, and was assigned to the 61st Transport (later, 61st Troop Carrier) Group. The squadron flew the C-33 and then C-39 between 1941-1942. Converted to Douglas C-47 Skytrains in early 1942, trained under I Troop Carrier Command for combat operations. Redesignated 15th Troop Carrier Squadron on 4 Jul 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013786-0003-0000", "contents": "15th Airlift Squadron, History, Post WW2\nReactivated on 30 Sep 1946. Redesignated: 15th Troop Carrier Squadron, Medium, Eschborn AB, Germany. Then, relocated to Rhein-Main AB, Germany, on 9 February 1947, it was redesignated as the 15th Troop Carrier Squadron, Medium, on 1 July 1948.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 40], "content_span": [41, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013786-0004-0000", "contents": "15th Airlift Squadron, History, Post WW2\nThe 15th moved to McChord AFB, WA, on 26 July 1950, before relocating to Ashiya AB, Japan on 13 December 1950. During the Korean War it provided aerial transportation from the US to Japan, from August-December 1950, and between Japan and Korea, from 13 December 1950-November 1952. The squadron relocated from Tachikawa AB, Japan, relocating there on 26 March 1952, to Larson AFB, WA, on 21 November 1952. During 1952 also saw the 15th transition to the C-124 aircraft, and the following year, the squadron was tasked was tasked with providing worldwide airlift.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 40], "content_span": [41, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013786-0005-0000", "contents": "15th Airlift Squadron, History, Post WW2\nThe squadron moved to Donaldson AFB, SC on 25 August 1954, before being reassigned to the 63rd Troop Carrier Group on 8 October 1959, and to the 63rd Troop Carrier (later, 63rd Military Airlift) Wing, on 18 January 1963. The unit relocated to Hunter AFB, GA, on 1 April 1963. The squadron was redesignated as the 15th Military Airlift Squadron on 8 January 1966.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 40], "content_span": [41, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013786-0006-0000", "contents": "15th Airlift Squadron, History, Global airlift\nThe 15th relocated to Norton AFB, CA, on 1 April 1967. That same year, it transitioned to the C-141. The squadron was reassigned to the 63rd Military Airlift Group, on 1 October 1978; and to the 63rd Military Airlift Wing, on 1 July 1980. The squadron provided airlift to Southeast Asia, 1966-1973; and to Grenada, Operation Urgent Fury, from October-November 1983; to Panama, Operation Just Cause, from 18 December 1989-8 January 1990; and to Southwest Asia, from August 1990-January 1991.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 46], "content_span": [47, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013786-0007-0000", "contents": "15th Airlift Squadron, History, Global airlift\nRedesignated as the 15th Airlift Squadron on 1 January 1992 under the 63rd Operations Group, the 15th inactivated on 26 July 1993.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 46], "content_span": [47, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013786-0008-0000", "contents": "15th Airlift Squadron, History, Global airlift\nThe squadron reactivated on 1 October 1993 at Joint Base Charleston, SC, and was assigned to the 437th Operations Group. The 15th received its first C-17 in June 1993.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 46], "content_span": [47, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013786-0009-0000", "contents": "15th Airlift Squadron, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 47], "content_span": [48, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013787-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Alabama Infantry Regiment\nThe 15th Alabama Infantry Regiment was a Confederate volunteer infantry unit from the state of Alabama during the American Civil War. Recruited from six counties in the southeastern part of the state, it fought mostly with Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia, though it also saw brief service with Braxton Bragg and the Army of Tennessee in late 1863 before returning to Virginia in early 1864 for the duration of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013787-0000-0001", "contents": "15th Alabama Infantry Regiment\nOut of 1958 men listed on the regimental rolls throughout the conflict, 261 are known to have fallen in battle, with sources listing an additional 416 deaths due to disease. 218 were captured (46 died), 66 deserted and 61 were transferred or discharged. By the end of the war, only 170 men remained to be paroled.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013787-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Alabama Infantry Regiment\nThe 15th Alabama is most famous for being the regiment that confronted the 20th Maine on Little Round Top during the Battle of Gettysburg on July 2, 1863. Despite several ferocious assaults, the 15th Alabama was ultimately unable to dislodge the Union troops, and was eventually forced to retreat in the face of a desperate bayonet charge led by the 20th Maine's commander, Col. Joshua L. Chamberlain. This assault was recreated in Ronald F. Maxwell's 1993 film Gettysburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013787-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Alabama Infantry Regiment, Recruitment, organization and equipment, Recruitment\nThe 15th Alabama Infantry Regiment was organized by James Cantey, a planter originally from South Carolina, who was residing in Russell County, Alabama, at the outset of the Civil War. \"Cantey's Rifles\" formed at Ft. Mitchell, on the Chattahoochee River, in May 1861. Cantey's company was joined by ten other militia companies, all of which were sworn into state service by governor Andrew B. Moore on July 3, 1861, with Cantey as Regimental Commander.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 84], "content_span": [85, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013787-0003-0000", "contents": "15th Alabama Infantry Regiment, Recruitment, organization and equipment, Recruitment\nOne of these companies, from Henry County, was formed by William C. Oates, a lawyer and newspaperman from Abbeville. Oates, who would later command the whole regiment at Little Round Top, put together a company composed mostly of Irishmen recruited from the area, calling them \"Henry Pioneers\" or \"Henry County Pioneers\". Other observers, after seeing their colorful uniforms (bright red shirts, with Richmond grey frock coats and trousers), dubbed them \"Oates' Zouaves\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 84], "content_span": [85, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013787-0004-0000", "contents": "15th Alabama Infantry Regiment, Recruitment, organization and equipment, Recruitment\nAccording to one source, the youngest private in the 15th Alabama was only thirteen years old; the oldest, Edmond Shepherd, was seventy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 84], "content_span": [85, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013787-0005-0000", "contents": "15th Alabama Infantry Regiment, Recruitment, organization and equipment, Organization\nThe 15th initially consisted of approximately 900 men; its companies, and their counties of origin, were:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 85], "content_span": [86, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013787-0006-0000", "contents": "15th Alabama Infantry Regiment, Recruitment, organization and equipment, Organization\nFollowing its formal swearing-in, the 15th Alabama was ordered to Pageland Field, Virginia, for training and drill. During their sojourn at Pageland, the regiment lost 150 men to measles. In September 1861, the 15th was transferred to Camp Toombes, Virginia, in part to escape the measles outbreak.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 85], "content_span": [86, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013787-0007-0000", "contents": "15th Alabama Infantry Regiment, Recruitment, organization and equipment, Equipment\nCompanies \"A\" and \"B\" of the 15th Alabama were equipped with the M1841 Mississippi Rifle, a .54 caliber percussion rifle that had seen extensive service in the Mexican\u2013American War and was highly regarded for its accuracy and ease of use. The other companies in the regiment were given older \"George Law\" smoothbore muskets, which had been converted from flintlocks to percussion rifles. Later, the regiment received British Pattern 1853 Enfield rifle-muskets and Springfield Model 1861 rifled muskets. Since the 15th had initially enlisted for three years, it received its arms from the Confederate government, which refused to provide weapons to any regiment enlisting for a lesser period.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 82], "content_span": [83, 774]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013787-0008-0000", "contents": "15th Alabama Infantry Regiment, Recruitment, organization and equipment, Equipment\nWhile details of the specific uniforms worn by other companies of the 15th has not been preserved, Oates' Co. \"G\" is recorded to have sported, in addition to their red and gray clothing, a \"colorful and diverse attire of headgear\". Each cap bore an \"HP\" insignia, which stood for \"Henry Pioneers\" (though some said it actually meant \"Hell's Pelters\"). Each soldier also wore a \"secession badge\", with the motto: \"Liberty, Equality and Fraternity\", which had been the motto of the French Revolution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 82], "content_span": [83, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013787-0009-0000", "contents": "15th Alabama Infantry Regiment, Early service and campaigns, Valley Campaign\nAt Camp Toombs, the 15th Alabama was brigaded with the 21st Georgia Volunteer Infantry, the 21st North Carolina Infantry and the 16th Mississippi Infantry regiments in Trimble's Brigade of Ewell's Division, part of the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia. After that force moved over toward Yorktown, the 15th was transferred to Maj. Gen. Stonewall Jackson's division, where it participated in his Valley Campaign. During this time, the 15th participated in the following engagements:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 76], "content_span": [77, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013787-0010-0000", "contents": "15th Alabama Infantry Regiment, Early service and campaigns, Valley Campaign\nFollowing the Battle of Cross Keys, the 15th was mentioned in dispatches by its division commander,  Maj. Gen. Ewell, who stated that \"the regiment made a gallant resistance, enabling me to take position at leisure\". Its brigade commander, Brig. Gen. Trimble, also singled out the regiment for honors during this engagement: \"to Colonel Cantey for his skillful retreat from picket, and prompt flank maneuver, I think special praise is due\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 76], "content_span": [77, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013787-0010-0001", "contents": "15th Alabama Infantry Regiment, Early service and campaigns, Valley Campaign\nDuring this particular engagement, soldiers of the 15th Alabama had the unusual opportunity of participating in every major phase of a single battle, starting with the opening skirmish at Union Church on the forward left flank, followed by withdrawing beneath the artillery duel in the center, and then finally participating in Trimble's ambush of the 8th New York and subsequent counterattack on the Confederate right flank, which brought the battle to its conclusion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 76], "content_span": [77, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013787-0011-0000", "contents": "15th Alabama Infantry Regiment, Early service and campaigns, Seven Days Battles\nFollowing the victorious conclusion of Jackson's Valley Campaign, the 15th participated in Jackson's attack on Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan's flank during the Seven Days Battles. During this time, the 15th fought in the following sorties:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 79], "content_span": [80, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013787-0012-0000", "contents": "15th Alabama Infantry Regiment, Early service and campaigns, Northern Virginia Campaign\nFollowing McClellan's retreat from Richmond, the 15th was engaged in the Northern Virginia Campaign, where it participated in the following battles:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 87], "content_span": [88, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013787-0013-0000", "contents": "15th Alabama Infantry Regiment, Early service and campaigns, Maryland Campaign\nNext up was Lee's Maryland Campaign, where the 15th Alabama saw action at:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 78], "content_span": [79, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013787-0014-0000", "contents": "15th Alabama Infantry Regiment, Early service and campaigns, Maryland Campaign\nAfter Antietam, acting brigade commander Col. James A. Walker cited Cpt. Isaac B. Feagin, acting regimental commander, for outstanding performance while extolling the regiment as a whole: \"Captain Feagin, commanding the Fifteenth Alabama regiment, behaved with a gallantry consistent with his high reputation for courage and that of the regiment he commanded\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 78], "content_span": [79, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013787-0015-0000", "contents": "15th Alabama Infantry Regiment, Early service and campaigns, Fredericksburg and Suffolk; reassignment\nFollowing the Confederate defeat at Antietam, the 15th Alabama participated with Jackson's corps at the Battle of Fredericksburg on December 15, 1862. Total casualties there were 1 killed and 34 wounded. The regiment was then reassigned  in May 1863 to General James Longstreet's corps, which was then participating in the Siege of Suffolk, Virginia. Here it formed part of the newly created \"Alabama Brigade\" under Evander Law in General Hood's division,  The 15th and lost 4 killed and 18 wounded at Suffolk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 101], "content_span": [102, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013787-0016-0000", "contents": "15th Alabama Infantry Regiment, Early service and campaigns, The Great Snowball Fight\nOn January 29, 1863, the 15th Alabama participated with several other regiments of the Army of Northern Virginia in what became known as \"The Great Snowball Fight of 1863\". Over 9000 Confederate soldiers engaged in a spontaneous, day-long free-for-all using snowballs and rocks, in which only two soldiers were seriously injured (neither from the 15th).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 85], "content_span": [86, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013787-0017-0000", "contents": "15th Alabama Infantry Regiment, Oates takes command\nAlong with its change in Divisional assignment, the 15th Alabama received a new regimental commander: Lt. Col. William C. Oates, who had originally organized Co. \"G\" when the regiment first formed in 1861. Oates had lived a drifter's existence in Texas during his early adulthood, participating in numerous street brawls and spending time as a gambler. However, by 1861 he had returned to Alabama, finished his schooling, studied law, and set up a successful practice in Henry County that also included ownership of a weekly newspaper in his hometown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 51], "content_span": [52, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013787-0017-0001", "contents": "15th Alabama Infantry Regiment, Oates takes command\nOpposed to Abraham Lincoln's election, Oates cautioned against precipitate secession; however, once Alabama decided to leave the Union, he threw himself wholeheartedly into the Southern cause, raising a company of volunteers that became Co. \"G\" of the 15th Alabama. After Cantey's promotion and transfer to a new position, Oates assumed command of the regiment as a whole. In later years, Oates would serve as Governor of Alabama, and would also command three U.S. Brigades (none of which saw combat) during the Spanish\u2013American War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 51], "content_span": [52, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013787-0018-0000", "contents": "15th Alabama Infantry Regiment, Oates takes command\nWhile some of his men thought Oates to be too aggressive for his own good and theirs, most admired his courage and affirmed that he was always to be found at the front of his men, in the thick of combat, and that he never asked them to go anywhere that he was not willing to go himself. A political rival, Alexander Lowther, would replace Oates as regimental commander in July 1864 after allegedly engineering Oates' removal from command. It was Oates, however, who led the 15th Alabama into its most noted engagement of the war, at Little Round Top on July 2, 1863, during the second day of the Battle of Gettysburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 51], "content_span": [52, 669]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013787-0019-0000", "contents": "15th Alabama Infantry Regiment, Action at Gettysburg, Little Round Top\nDuring the Battle of Gettysburg, the 15th Alabama and the rest of Law's Brigade formed part of Maj. Gen. John B. Hood's division, which was a part of Lt. Gen. James Longstreet's corps. Arriving on the field late in the evening on July 1, the 15th played no appreciable role in the contest's first day. This changed on the 2nd, as Gen. Robert E. Lee had ordered Longstreet to launch a surprise attack with two of his divisions against the Federal left flank and their positions atop Cemetery Hill.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 70], "content_span": [71, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013787-0019-0001", "contents": "15th Alabama Infantry Regiment, Action at Gettysburg, Little Round Top\nDuring the course of this engagement, which was launched late in the afternoon of July 2, the 15th Alabama found itself advancing over rough terrain on the eastern side of the Emmitsburg Road, which combined with fire from the 2nd U.S. Sharpshooters at nearby Slyder's Farm to compel Law's brigade (including the 15th Alabama) to detour around the Devil's Den and over the Big Round Top toward Little Round Top. During this time, the 15th was under constant fire from Federal sharpshooters, and the regiment became temporarily separated from the rest of the Alabama brigade as it made its way over Big Round Top.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 70], "content_span": [71, 683]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013787-0020-0000", "contents": "15th Alabama Infantry Regiment, Action at Gettysburg, Little Round Top\nLittle Round Top, which dominated the Union position on Cemetery Ridge, was initially unoccupied by Union troops. Union commander Maj. Gen. George Meade's chief engineer, Brig. Gen Gouverneur K. Warren, had climbed the hill on his superior's orders to assess the situation there; he noticed the glint of Confederate bayonets to the hill's southwest, and realized that a Southern attack was imminent. Warren's frantic cry for reinforcements to occupy the hill was answered by Col. Strong Vincent, commanding the Third Brigade of the First Division of the Union V Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 70], "content_span": [71, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013787-0020-0001", "contents": "15th Alabama Infantry Regiment, Action at Gettysburg, Little Round Top\nVincent rapidly moved the four regiments of his brigade onto the hill, only ten minutes ahead of the approaching Confederates. Under heavy fire from Southern batteries, Vincent arranged his four regiments atop the hill with the 16th Michigan to the northwest, then proceeding counterclockwise with the 44th New York, the 83rd Pennsylvania, and finally, at the end of the line on the southern slope, the 20th Maine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 70], "content_span": [71, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013787-0020-0002", "contents": "15th Alabama Infantry Regiment, Action at Gettysburg, Little Round Top\nWith only minutes to spare, Vincent told his regiments to take cover and await the inevitable Confederate assault; he specifically ordered Col. Joshua L. Chamberlain, commanding the 20th Maine (at the extreme end of the Union line), to hold his position to the last man, at all costs. Were Chamberlain's regiment to be forced to retreat, the other regiments on the hill would be compelled to follow suit, and the entire left flank of Meade's army would be in serious jeopardy, possibly leading them to retreat and giving the Confederates their desperately needed victory at Gettysburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 70], "content_span": [71, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013787-0021-0000", "contents": "15th Alabama Infantry Regiment, Action at Gettysburg, The 15th Alabama attacks\nIn their attack on Little Round Top, the 15th Alabama would be joined by the 4th and 47th Alabama Infantry, and also by the 4th and 5th Texas Infantry regiments. All of these units were thoroughly exhausted at the time of the assault, having marched in the July heat for over 20 miles (37 kilometers) prior to the actual attack. Furthermore, the canteens of the Southerners were empty, and Law's command to advance did not give them time to refill them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 78], "content_span": [79, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013787-0021-0001", "contents": "15th Alabama Infantry Regiment, Action at Gettysburg, The 15th Alabama attacks\nApproaching the Union line on the crest of the hill, Law's men were thrown back by the first Union volley and withdrew briefly to regroup. The 15th Alabama repositioned itself further to the right, attempting to find the Union left flank which, unbeknownst to it, was held by Chamberlain's 20th Maine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 78], "content_span": [79, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013787-0022-0000", "contents": "15th Alabama Infantry Regiment, Action at Gettysburg, The 15th Alabama attacks\nChamberlain, meanwhile, had detached Company \"B\" of his regiment and elements of the 2nd U.S. Sharpshooters, ordering them to take a concealed position behind a stone wall 150 yards to his east, hoping to guard against a Confederate envelopment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 78], "content_span": [79, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013787-0023-0000", "contents": "15th Alabama Infantry Regiment, Action at Gettysburg, The 15th Alabama attacks\nSeeing the 15th Alabama shifting around his flank, Chamberlain ordered the remainder of his 385 men to form a single-file line. The 15th Alabama charged the Maine troops, only to be repulsed by furious rifle fire. Chamberlain next ordered the southernmost half of his line to \"refuse the line\", meaning that they formed a new line at an angle to the original force, to meet the 15th Alabama's flanking maneuver. Though it endured incredible losses, the 20th Maine managed to hold through five more charges by the 15th over a ninety-minute period. Col. Oates, commanding the regiment, described the action in his memoirs, forty years later:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 78], "content_span": [79, 718]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013787-0024-0000", "contents": "15th Alabama Infantry Regiment, Action at Gettysburg, The 15th Alabama attacks\nVincent's brigade, consisting of the Sixteenth Michigan on the right, Forty-fourth New York, Eighty-third Pennsylvania, and Twentieth Maine regiments, reached this position ten minutes before my arrival, and they piled a few rocks from boulder to boulder, making the zigzag line more complete, and were concealed behind it ready to receive us. From behind this ledge, unexpectedly to us, because concealed, they poured into us the most destructive fire I ever saw. Our line halted, but did not break. The enemy was formed in line as named from their right to left. ...", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 78], "content_span": [79, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013787-0024-0001", "contents": "15th Alabama Infantry Regiment, Action at Gettysburg, The 15th Alabama attacks\nAs men fell their comrades closed the gap, returning the fire most spiritedly. I could see through the smoke men of the Twentieth Maine in front of my right wing running from tree to tree back westward toward the main body, and I advanced my right, swinging it around, overlapping and turning their left. I ordered my regiment to change direction to the left, swing around, and drive the Federals from the ledge of rocks, for the purpose of enfilading their line ... gain the enemy's rear, and drive him from the hill.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 78], "content_span": [79, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013787-0024-0002", "contents": "15th Alabama Infantry Regiment, Action at Gettysburg, The 15th Alabama attacks\nMy men obeyed and advanced about half way to the enemy's position, but the fire was so destructive that my line wavered like a man trying to walk against a strong wind, and then slowly, doggedly, gave back a little; then with no one upon the left or right of me, my regiment exposed, while the enemy was still under cover, to stand there and die was sheer folly; either to retreat or advance became a necessity. ...", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 78], "content_span": [79, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013787-0024-0003", "contents": "15th Alabama Infantry Regiment, Action at Gettysburg, The 15th Alabama attacks\nCaptain [Henry C.] Brainard, one of the bravest and best officers in the regiment, in leading his company forward, fell, exclaiming, \"O God! that I could see my mother,\" and instantly expired. Lieutenant John A. Oates, my dear brother, succeeded to the command of the company, but was pierced through by a number of bullets, and fell mortally wounded. Lieutenant [Barnett H.] Cody fell mortally wounded, Captain [William C.] Bethune and several other officers were seriously wounded, while the carnage in the ranks was appalling.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 78], "content_span": [79, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013787-0024-0004", "contents": "15th Alabama Infantry Regiment, Action at Gettysburg, The 15th Alabama attacks\nI again ordered the advance, knowing the officers and men of that gallant old regiment, I felt sure that they would follow their commanding officer anywhere in the line of duty. I passed through the line waving my sword, shouting, \"Forward, men, to the ledge!\" and promptly followed by the command in splendid style. We drove the Federals from their strong defensive position; five times they rallied and charged us, twice coming so near that some of my men had to use the bayonet, but in vain was their effort.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 78], "content_span": [79, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013787-0024-0005", "contents": "15th Alabama Infantry Regiment, Action at Gettysburg, The 15th Alabama attacks\nIt was our time now to deal death and destruction to a gallant foe, and the account was speedily settled. I led this charge and sprang upon the ledge of rock, using my pistol within musket length, when the rush of my men drove the Maine men from the ledge. ... About forty steps up the slope there is a large boulder about midway the Spur. The Maine regiment charged my line, coming right up in a hand-to-hand encounter. My regimental colors were just a step or two to the right of that boulder, and I was within ten feet. A Maine man reached to grasp the staff of the colors when Ensign [John G.] Archibald stepped back and Sergeant Pat O'Connor stove his bayonet through the head of the Yankee, who fell dead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 78], "content_span": [79, 790]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013787-0025-0000", "contents": "15th Alabama Infantry Regiment, Action at Gettysburg, Chamberlain's desperate charge\nOut of ammunition, and facing what he was sure would be yet another determined assault by the Alabamians, Col. Chamberlain decided upon a most unorthodox response: ordering his men to fix bayonets, he led what was left of his outfit in a pell-mell charge down the hill, executing a combined frontal assault and flanking maneuver that caught the 15th Alabama completely by surprise. Unbeknownst to Chamberlain, Oates had already decided to retreat, realizing that his ammunition was running low, and worried about a possible Union attack on his own flank or rear.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 84], "content_span": [85, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013787-0025-0001", "contents": "15th Alabama Infantry Regiment, Action at Gettysburg, Chamberlain's desperate charge\nHis younger brother lay dying on the field, and the blood from his regiment's dead and wounded \"was standing in puddles on some of the rocks\". Hardly had Oates ordered the withdrawal than Chamberlain began his charge, which combined with fire from \"B\" company and the hidden sharpshooters to cause the 15th to rush madly down the hill to escape. Oates later admitted that \"we ran like a herd of wild cattle\" during the retreat, which took those surviving members of the 15th (including Oates) who weren't captured by Chamberlain's men up the slopes of Big Round Top and toward Confederate lines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 84], "content_span": [85, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013787-0026-0000", "contents": "15th Alabama Infantry Regiment, Action at Gettysburg, Chamberlain's desperate charge\nIn later years, Oates would assert that the 15th Alabama's assault had failed because no other Confederate regiment appeared in support of his unit during the attack. He insisted that if but one other regiment had joined his attack on the far left of the Union army, they would have swept the 20th Maine from the hill and turned the Union flank, \"which would have forced Meade's whole left wing to retire\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 84], "content_span": [85, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013787-0027-0000", "contents": "15th Alabama Infantry Regiment, Action at Gettysburg, Chamberlain's desperate charge\nHowever, Oates also paid tribute to the courage and tenacity of his enemy when he wrote:  \"There never were harder fighters than the Twentieth Maine men and their gallant Colonel. His skill and persistency and the great bravery of his men saved Little Round Top and the Army of the Potomac from defeat.\" Chamberlain in turn extolled the bravery of his Alabama foes when he later wrote: \"these [the 15th Alabama] were manly men, whom we could befriend and by no means kill, if they came our way in peace and good will\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 84], "content_span": [85, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013787-0028-0000", "contents": "15th Alabama Infantry Regiment, Action at Gettysburg, Chamberlain's desperate charge\nThe 15th Alabama spent the remainder of the Battle of Gettysburg on the Confederate right flank, helping to secure it against Union cavalry and sharpshooters. It took no part in Pickett's Charge on July 3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 84], "content_span": [85, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013787-0029-0000", "contents": "15th Alabama Infantry Regiment, Action at Gettysburg, Chamberlain's desperate charge\nOut of 644 men engaged from the 15th Alabama at the Battle of Gettysburg, the regiment lost 72 men killed, 190 wounded, and 81 missing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 84], "content_span": [85, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013787-0030-0000", "contents": "15th Alabama Infantry Regiment, From Gettysburg to Appomattox, Immediate aftermath\nFollowing the action at Gettysburg, the 15th Alabama was briefly engaged at Battle Mountain, Virginia, on July 17, reporting negligible losses. It then spent time recuperating and refitting in Virginia with the rest of Longstreet's corps, until being ordered west to bolster the Confederate Army of Tennessee under Braxton Bragg, which was operating in eastern Tennessee and northwestern Georgia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 82], "content_span": [83, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013787-0031-0000", "contents": "15th Alabama Infantry Regiment, From Gettysburg to Appomattox, In Tennessee\nDuring its time with Longstreet in the Army of Tennessee, the 15th Alabama participated in the following engagements:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 75], "content_span": [76, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013787-0032-0000", "contents": "15th Alabama Infantry Regiment, From Gettysburg to Appomattox, In Tennessee\nThe 15th Alabama was the principal Confederate regiment guarding the Lookout Valley during the Union attack there; due to miscommunication between himself and three reserve regiments assigned to augment his force, Col. Oates was unable to effectively counterattack the Union force advancing up the valley from Brown's Ferry on the Tennessee River. The resulting Federal victory allowed the opening of Ulysses S. Grant's famous \"Cracker Line\", which contributed to the breaking of the Confederate Siege of Chattanooga. Oates himself was wounded in this battle, but later recovered and continued to lead his regiment until replaced by Alexander A. Lowther in July 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 75], "content_span": [76, 743]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013787-0033-0000", "contents": "15th Alabama Infantry Regiment, From Gettysburg to Appomattox, In Tennessee\nFor its actions during the Battle of Chickamauga, the 15th was once again mentioned in dispatches, this time by Brig. Gen. Zachariah C. Deas, who wrote that the \"regiment behaved with great gallantry\" during the battle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 75], "content_span": [76, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013787-0034-0000", "contents": "15th Alabama Infantry Regiment, From Gettysburg to Appomattox, Return to Virginia\nHaving quarrelled with Bragg during his time in Tennessee, Longstreet decided to return to Virginia with his corps (including the 15th Alabama) in the spring of 1864. Here, the 15th participated in the following engagements:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 81], "content_span": [82, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013787-0035-0000", "contents": "15th Alabama Infantry Regiment, From Gettysburg to Appomattox, Return to Virginia\nThe 15th Alabama continued to serve until the surrender of Lee's army at Appomattox Court House on April 9. It was paroled together with the rest of the Army of Northern Virginia, and its surviving members made their way back to Alabama where they resumed their lives as civilians. At the time of its surrender, the 15th had been transferred to Perry's \"Florida Brigade\", under the command of Col. David Lang.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 81], "content_span": [82, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013787-0036-0000", "contents": "15th Alabama Infantry Regiment, From Gettysburg to Appomattox, Return to Virginia\nThe regimental commander at the time of surrender was Capt. Francis Key Schaff, formerly of Co. \"A\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 81], "content_span": [82, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013787-0037-0000", "contents": "15th Alabama Infantry Regiment, Roll of Honor\nThe Confederate government named twenty-two members of the 15th Alabama to the Confederate Roll of Honor during the Civil War:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 45], "content_span": [46, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013787-0038-0000", "contents": "15th Alabama Infantry Regiment, One last battle\nIn 1904 and 1905, an aged William Oates and Joshua Chamberlain waged what one writer described as \"one last battle\" over the proposed construction of a monument on the Little Round Top to the 15th Alabama. While Chamberlain indicated that he had no quarrel whatsoever to the erection of a memorial to his old enemies, he strenuously objected to the precise spot proposed by Oates, which he insisted was farther up the hill than Oates' regiment had actually gotten during the battle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 47], "content_span": [48, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013787-0038-0001", "contents": "15th Alabama Infantry Regiment, One last battle\nA somewhat-testy exchange of letters between the two men failed to resolve their differences, and no monument to the 15th Alabama was ever erected. Chamberlain had visited the battlefield several years after the war, and had personally directed the removal of a pile of stones placed atop Little Round Top by veterans of the 15th Alabama. At the time, as he did later in his conflict with Oates, Chamberlain stated that he had no objections to the erection of a monument to the 15th, but not atop the hill that so many of his men had died to hold. More recent efforts to create a pile of stones atop the Little Round Top have been foiled by Gettysburg park rangers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 47], "content_span": [48, 713]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013787-0039-0000", "contents": "15th Alabama Infantry Regiment, Modern re-enactment groups\nThe 15th Alabama has proven popular with modern historical reenactors. One such group (recreating Co. \"G\", 15th Alabama Infantry) is headquartered in Bellingham, Washington, while another (recreating Co. \"E\", 15th Alabama Infantry) is located in Enterprise, Alabama. Other units are found in Farmington, Maine (recreating Co. \"G\") and in Ocala, Florida (recreating Co. \"B\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 58], "content_span": [59, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013788-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Alberta Legislature\nThe 15th Alberta Legislative Assembly was in session from February 13, 1964, to April 14, 1967, with the membership of the assembly determined by the results of the 1963 Alberta general election held on June 17, 1963. The Legislature officially resumed on February 13, 1964, and continued until the fifth session was prorogued on April 11, 1967, and dissolved on April 14, 1967, prior to the 1967 Alberta general election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013788-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Alberta Legislature\nAlberta's fifteenth government was controlled by the majority Social Credit Party for the eighth time, led by Premier Ernest Manning who would go on to be the longest serving Premier in Alberta history. The Official Opposition was led by Michael Maccagno of the Alberta Liberal Party who were elected to two seats in the Legislature. The Speaker was Arthur J. Dixon, who would remain the speaker until the fall of the Social Credit government after the 1971 Alberta general election. The Liberals held opposition status with just two seats, and the Coalition party held third place in the Legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013789-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Alpini Regiment\nThe 15th Alpini Regiment (Italian: 15\u00b0 Reggimento Alpini) is an inactive regiment of the Italian Army's mountain infantry speciality, the Alpini, which distinguished itself in combat during World War I and World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013789-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Alpini Regiment, History\nThe regiment was created 10 October 1992 by elevating the existing Alpini Battalion \"Cividale\" to regiment. Between 1 October 1909 and 30 September 1975 the battalion was one of the battalions of the 8th Alpini Regiment. After the 8th Alpini Regiment was disbanded during the 1975 Italian Army reform the battalion, based in Chiusaforte, became one the battalions of the Alpine Brigade \"Julia\". As the traditions and war flag of the 8th", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013789-0001-0001", "contents": "15th Alpini Regiment, History\nAlpini Regiment were assigned to the \"Gemona\" battalion, the Cividale battalion was granted a new war flag on 12 November 1976 by decree 846 of the President of the Italian Republic Giovanni Leone. The two Gold Medals of Military Valour awarded to the 8th Alpini Regiment, were duplicated for the new flag of the Cividale battalion, and the Bronze Medal of Military Valour awarded to the Cividale battalion for its conduct during the battle for Monte Cimone on 23-26 May 1916 was transferred from the flag of the 8th Alpini to the Cividale's flag.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013789-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Alpini Regiment, History\nFor its conduct and work after the 1976 Friuli earthquake the battalion was awarded a Silver Medal of Army Valour, which was affixed to the battalion's war flag and added to the battalion's coat of arms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013789-0003-0000", "contents": "15th Alpini Regiment, History\nIn 1993 the regiment participated in the United Nations Operation in Mozambique for which it was awarded a 1x Gold Cross of Army Merit, but with the downsizing of the Italian Army after the end of the Cold War the regiment was disbanded on 11 November 1995.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013789-0004-0000", "contents": "15th Alpini Regiment, Structure\nWhen the regiment was disbanded it had the following structure:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013790-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Anniversary Best Live History DVD Book\n15th Anniversary Best Live History DVD Book (stylized as 15th Anniversary BEST LIVE HISTORY DVD BOOK) is the first compilation DVD book released by Japanese R&B-turned-pop singer Koda Kumi. The DVD book ranked No. 1 on the Rakuten Books Weekly Ranking in the pop/rock division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013790-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Anniversary Best Live History DVD Book\nThe DVD book was available nationwide in bookstores and convenience stores.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013790-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Anniversary Best Live History DVD Book, Information\n15th Anniversary Best Live History DVD Book is the first compilation DVD book released by Japanese singer-songwriter Koda Kumi on March 26, 2015 and published by Takarajimasha. Due to the compilation being advertised as a DVD book and not a standard DVD, it did not chart on Oricon and was given the ISBN of 978-4800239969. Instead, the DVD book ranked No. 1 on the Rakuten Books Weekly Ranking in the pop/rock division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 56], "content_span": [57, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013790-0003-0000", "contents": "15th Anniversary Best Live History DVD Book, Information\nThe DVD book was available in bookstores, convenience stores and EC sites nationwide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 56], "content_span": [57, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013790-0004-0000", "contents": "15th Anniversary Best Live History DVD Book, Information\nWhile being released a year prior to her 15th Anniversary LIVE The Artist DVD, both had their cover art taken at the same times, with Koda Kumi on the same set in the same ensemble, with only slightly different poses. The art direction was very similar to that of her twelfth studio album, Walk of My Life, which had been released a week prior on March 18.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 56], "content_span": [57, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013790-0005-0000", "contents": "15th Anniversary Best Live History DVD Book, Information\nThe footage interviewed several people who have worked with Kumi. They would tell their favorite dances, stage setups, backstage moments, working with Kumi, and then a short clip of whichever performance was shown. Those featured were dancers SHUN, OOBA, KAICHOU, U\u2605G and MINAMI, stage director MASAO, stage set coordinator Hideyuki Ohtomo, camera operator Yoshio Muroi, visual crew member Masataka Watanabe, lighting designer Tetsuya Takahashi, manipulator Mikio Mogami, flying coordinator Satoru Inagaki, illumination designer Tosimitsu Kaihara and make-up artist Tomoyuki Onishi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 56], "content_span": [57, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013791-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Anniversary Celebration\n15th Anniversary Celebration is a live album by the progressive bluegrass Maryland band The Seldom Scene. This was the last album for singer/guitarist Phil Rosenthal and bassist Tom Gray, who left to pursue their own music and were replaced by Lou Reid and T. Michael Coleman.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013792-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Annual Grammy Awards\nThe 15th Annual Grammy Awards were held on March 3, 1973, and were the first to be broadcast live on CBS, after the first two ceremonies were on ABC. CBS has been the TV home for the Grammy Awards ever since. The awards recognized accomplishments by musicians from the year 1972. The ceremony this year was held in Nashville, Tennessee; others before or since have been held in either New York City or Los Angeles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013793-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Annual Latin Grammy Awards\nThe 15th Annual Latin Grammy Awards was held on November 20, 2014 at the MGM Grand Garden Arena in Paradise. This was the first time that Latin Grammys has been held at this location. The main telecast was broadcast on Univision at 8:00PM EST.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013793-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Annual Latin Grammy Awards\nThe nominations were announced on September 24, 2014. Puerto Rican musician  Eduardo Cabra led the nominations with ten nominations each. Joan Manuel Serrat was honored as the Latin Recording Academy Person of the Year on November 19, the day prior to the Latin Grammy Awards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013793-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Awards\nThe following is a list of nominees and winners (in bold):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 39], "content_span": [40, 98]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013793-0003-0000", "contents": "15th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Awards, General\nDescemer Bueno, Gente de Zona and Enrique Iglesias \u2014 \"Bailando\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 48], "content_span": [49, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013793-0004-0000", "contents": "15th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Awards, Pop\nFonseca and the National Symphony Orchestra of Colombia \u2014 Sinf\u00f3nico", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 44], "content_span": [45, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013793-0005-0000", "contents": "15th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Awards, Urban\nEnrique Iglesias featuring Descemer Bueno and Gente de Zona \u2014 \"Bailando\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 46], "content_span": [47, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013793-0006-0000", "contents": "15th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Awards, Urban\nDescemer Bueno, Gente de Zona and Enrique Iglesias \u2014 \"Bailando\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 46], "content_span": [47, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013793-0007-0000", "contents": "15th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Awards, Tropical\nJorge Celed\u00f3n and Various Artists \u2014 Celed\u00f3n Sin Fronteras 1", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013793-0008-0000", "contents": "15th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Awards, Tropical\nLa Sonora Santanera \u2014 Grandes Exitos de Las Sonoras: Con La M\u00e1s Grande, La Sonora Santanera", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013793-0009-0000", "contents": "15th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Awards, Tropical\nAndr\u00e9s Castro and Carlos Vives \u2014 \"Cuando Nos Volvamos a Encontrar\" (Carlos Vives featuring Marc Anthony)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013793-0010-0000", "contents": "15th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Awards, Regional Mexican\nBanda El Recodo De Don Cruz Lizarraga \u2014 Haciendo Historia", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 57], "content_span": [58, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013793-0011-0000", "contents": "15th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Awards, Instrumental\nArturo O'Farrill and the Chico O'Farrill Afro-Cuban Jazz Orchestra \u2014 Final Night at Birdland", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 53], "content_span": [54, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013793-0012-0000", "contents": "15th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Awards, Jazz\nChick Corea \u2014 The Vigil Paquito D'Rivera and Trio Corrente \u2014 Song For Maura", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 45], "content_span": [46, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013793-0013-0000", "contents": "15th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Awards, Brazilian\nIvete Sangalo \u2014 Multishow Ao Vivo \u2013 Ivete Sangalo 20 Anos", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 50], "content_span": [51, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013793-0014-0000", "contents": "15th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Awards, Children's\nMarta G\u00f3mez and Friends \u2014 Coloreando: Traditional Songs For Children In Spanish", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 51], "content_span": [52, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013793-0015-0000", "contents": "15th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Awards, Classical\nClaudia Montero \u2014 \"Concierto Para Viol\u00edn y Orquesta de Cuerdas\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 50], "content_span": [51, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013793-0016-0000", "contents": "15th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Awards, Production\nJuber Anb\u00edn, Johnnatan Garc\u00eda, Rodner Padilla, Eduardo Pulgar, Vladimir Quintero Mora, Jean S\u00e1nchez, Alexander Vanlawren, Germ\u00e1n Landaeta, Dar\u00edo Pe\u00f1aloza and Germ\u00e1n Landaeta \u2014 De Repente (C4 Tr\u00edo and Rafael \"Pollo\" Brito)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 51], "content_span": [52, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013793-0017-0000", "contents": "15th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Awards, Music Video\nCaf\u00e9 Tacuba \u2014 El Objeto Antes Llamado Disco, La Pel\u00edcula", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 52], "content_span": [53, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013793-0018-0000", "contents": "15th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Changes to award categories\nBest Tropical Fusion Album was combined with Best Contemporary Tropical Album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 60], "content_span": [61, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013794-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom)\n15th Anti- Aircraft Brigade (15th AA Bde) was an air defence formation of the Royal Artillery which saw service during the middle years of World War II. The brigade was formed in Gibraltar to control those anti-aircraft (AA) units based there and disbanded shortly after the air threat had been diminished in 1944. The brigade was later reformed in 1947 as part of the post-war regular army, but disbanded in 1957 following the end of the AA era.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013794-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom), World War II, Background\nOn the outbreak of war in September 1939 there had only been two batteries (bty) (9 and 19 AA Btys) manning the totally inadequate AA defences of Gibraltar, which consisted of four old QF 3-inch heavy AA guns and four new QF 3.7-inch heavy AA guns, split in two-gun sections to give the widest possible coverage, and two of the new Bofors 40mm light AA guns to protect the Royal Navy Dockyard, with the assistance of Royal Navy (RN) 2-pounder pom-pom guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 69], "content_span": [70, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013794-0001-0001", "contents": "15th Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom), World War II, Background\n10th AA Rgt was formed in December 1939 to command 9 and 19 AA Btys and train the anti-aircraft section of the new Gibraltar Defence Force (GDF), which took over the 3-inch guns. Apart from occasional shots fired at unidentified aircraft penetrating Gibraltar's airspace, there were no attacks on the fortress during the 'Phoney War' period.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 69], "content_span": [70, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013794-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom), World War II, Background\nAfter the Fall of France, a group of AA detachments under 53rd (City of London) AA Rgt escaped from Marseilles aboard the SS Alma Dawson. A French dockyard strike prevented them from loading any of their 3-inch guns or vehicles, but they mounted Bofors guns on the ship's deck and put to sea on 18 June. On arrival in Gibraltar they reinforced 10th AA Rgt. 82nd (Essex) AA Regiment arrived on 27 June, and once it had unloaded its guns and equipment 53rd AA Rgt re-embarked for home.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 69], "content_span": [70, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013794-0003-0000", "contents": "15th Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom), World War II, Background\nThere followed a reorganisation of the AA units in Gibraltar: 19 AA Bty joined 82nd AA Rgt, together with the Gibraltar Defence Forces heavy anti-aircraft (HAA) battery, while 9 AA Bty took over all the Bofors guns. A searchlight battery arrived, and an AA Operations Room (AAOR) was established to control all the gunsites and to coordinate with AA-equipped ships in the harbour. 10th AA Rgt HQ was ordered to be transferred to Malta in July, but this did not occur until November when, as part of Operation Coat, a reinforcement convoy for Malta put in at Gibraltar and picked it up.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 69], "content_span": [70, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013794-0004-0000", "contents": "15th Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom), World War II, Background\nThe first serious air raid on Gibraltar came at 02.00 on 18 July, when two unidentified aircraft bombed the slopes of the rock, causing some fatalities. The attack was thought to be by the Vichy French Air Force in retaliation for the British attack on the French fleet at Mers-el-Kebir on 3 July (Operation Catapult), which had been carried out by Force H from Gibraltar. On 21 August the AA defences brought down a Savoia-Marchetti SM.79 bomber during a raid by the Italian Regia Aeronautica.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 69], "content_span": [70, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013794-0004-0001", "contents": "15th Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom), World War II, Background\nOn 24 and 25 September waves of Vichy bombers attacked Gibraltar again in retaliation for the British and Free French attack on Dakar (Operation Menace), and caused considerable damage. Several of these bombers were shot down by the combined AA fire. On other occasions the guns fired at single Italian reconnaissance aircraft, known to the garrison as 'Persistent Percy'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 69], "content_span": [70, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013794-0005-0000", "contents": "15th Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom), World War II, Formation\nDue to the increase in raids and the coming North African campaign, the War Office (WO) approved the formation of a new AA Brigade which would handle the increasing demands brought on CRA, Gibraltar. This new formation was to be known as the 15th Anti- Aircraft Brigade (15th AA Bde) which was to take over all AA matters on the rock.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 68], "content_span": [69, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013794-0006-0000", "contents": "15th Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom), World War II, Gibraltar 'Blitz'\nAmong the many tasks facing 15th AA Brigade was the integration of AA fire in defence against sea or land invasion, in which it played an important part. Equally important was the careful distribution of gun and radar positions to ensure the most effective converge from the increased firepower and the constant practice of day and night barrages, in which live firing was regularly employed and closely recorded, to eliminate errors and weak spots. Aware of the vulnerability of positions to direct attack after opening fire, each AA position was given a Oerlikon 20mm light AA guns for self-defence. The basis of the plan for the revised layer was to bring the fire of 20 HAA guns to bear on a target travelling at 240mph, approaching from any direction and at a typical height of 12,000 feet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 76], "content_span": [77, 872]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013794-0007-0000", "contents": "15th Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom), World War II, Gibraltar 'Blitz'\nIn January 1942, the Governor of Gibraltar, General John Vereker, 6th Viscount Gort (Lord Gort) wrote to the War Office asking for more HAA guns, preferably 5.25 inch heavy AA guns, for GLII sets with semi-automatic plotters and another 8 \u00d7 Bofors 40 mm gun (LAA guns). Part of this request was due to 15th AA Brigade's wish to provide the North airfield with its own LAA defence; hitherto it had depended on the main layout for coverage. Nothing was sent, however, other than 3-inch rockets and their launchers and the airfield received only a small deployment of 20 mm Polsten and Bofors 40 mm guns together with some machine-guns, all withdrawn from other positions, and three searchlights.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 76], "content_span": [77, 770]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013794-0008-0000", "contents": "15th Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom), World War II, Gibraltar 'Blitz'\nDuring the whole of 1942 there were six bombing raids on Gibraltar, two of which were unidentified, and 18 reconnaissance overflights, all but two of them German. Four aircraft were shot down and others crash-landed in Spain. Some of the Italian raids missed their targets and dropped their bombs in Spanish territory, and Spanish AA guns sometimes opened fire as a raid passed towards them. By the end of 1942, the AA defences of Gibraltar reached a peak of scale and efficiency, but the threat had dwindled. There were only two or three reconnaissance flights during 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 76], "content_span": [77, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013794-0009-0000", "contents": "15th Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom), World War II, Decrease in hostilities\nIt was War Office policy that army units should be replaced after three years' service in Gibraltar. Accordingly, in May 1943, the brigade was re-organised:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 82], "content_span": [83, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013794-0010-0000", "contents": "15th Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom), World War II, Decrease in hostilities\nFinally in 1943 due to the reduction of raids by the Luftwaffe, the brigade was slowly placed into an effective suspended animation, and finally in February 1944 was disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 82], "content_span": [83, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013794-0011-0000", "contents": "15th Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom), Post-war\nAs part of the postwar reorganisation of the Royal Artillery, a new 15th Anti- Aircraft Brigade (15 AA Bde) was formed as the successor to the old TA 45th Anti- Aircraft Brigade originally based in Newport, Monmouthshire, Wales. The new brigade headquarters were established on 1 January 1947 in Woolwich. As part of Anti- Aircraft Command's 'Ten Year Plan on Air Defence', the 15 AA Bde was assigned to the new 1st Anti - Aircraft Group, tasked with guarding London, the Thames, Medway, Harwich, and Dover. The brigade's organisation was now as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 53], "content_span": [54, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013794-0012-0000", "contents": "15th Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom), Post-war\nThe 1947 plan was never fully implemented, and most of the Regular units assigned to AA Command were disbanded as part of postwar demobilisation. As the Cold War developed, there was a need for new weapons, leading to the rise of surface-to-air missiles and 'blind fire' radar control, with the consequent decline of HAA guns and searchlights. There was also political pressure for defence budget cuts. In March 1955 AA Command and its groups were disbanded and the remaining AA defence units in the UK came under control of the Home Commands and Districts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 53], "content_span": [54, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013794-0013-0000", "contents": "15th Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom), Post-war\nTherefore, the brigade headquarters was placed in suspended animation on 31 October 1955, and disbanded on 31 December 1957. At the time of disbandment, the brigade commanded no units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 53], "content_span": [54, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013795-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion\nThe 15th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion (15th AAA Bn) was an antiaircraft unit in the United States Marine Corps that served during World War II. The battalion was originally formed in 1942 as the 1st Airdrome Battalion. Its original mission was to provide air defense for advanced naval bases. During the war the battalion took part in combat operations in the Marshall. The battalion was one of the first defense battalions to be decommissioned on November 25, 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013795-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion, History, Organization\nThe 1st Airdrome Battalion was commissioned on October 1, 1942 at Marine Corps Air Station New River, North Carolina. It was one of two airdrome battalions formed by the Marine Corps specifically to defend airfields in the China Burma India Theater. Those airfields were overrun by the Japanese before the battalions deployed so the Marine Corps quickly changed their tasking to missions in the Pacific Theater. The battalion arrived at Pearl Harbor on September 18, 1943 and based out of Camp Catlin and Camp Beaumont near N\u0101n\u0101kuli. From October 1943 through January 1944 the battalion trained on Oahu. During this period the battalion was re-designated as the 15th Defense Battalion on October 10, 1943 {Auth Letter from Commanding General MarFor, Serial No. 43108, dated 20Oct43} No other Marine Corps unit has carried the battalion's lineage and honors since it was decommissioned.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 60], "content_span": [61, 946]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013795-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion, History, Roi-Namur\nOn January 15, 1944 the battalion began loading LSTs-476, 477, and 479. It was assigned as part of the Northern Landing Force for the upcoming attack on Kwajalein Atoll and departed on January 22. The 15th came ashore on Roi-Namur on February 2, 1944. The battalions antiaircraft assets were in place prior to the island being secured. Many of the units guns were emplaced in craters leftover from the American shelling and bombing of the airfield.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 57], "content_span": [58, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013795-0002-0001", "contents": "15th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion, History, Roi-Namur\nMarines from the 15th Defense Battalion and the Seacoast Artillery Group also formed an ad hoc \"Burial Unit\" in order to bury the scores of enemy dead on the small island. As the garrison force for Roi-Namur, the battalions motor transport assets were critical to clean up efforts and new construction projects. The battalion's antiaircraft guns went into action against the first Japanese air raid against Roi-Namur on February 12, 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 57], "content_span": [58, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013795-0002-0002", "contents": "15th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion, History, Roi-Namur\nThrough the creative use of window, which fooled the 15th's radars, Japanese seaplanes from Ponape got through unscathed and bombed the island setting off one of the ammo dumps in the process. It turned out to be the most destructive Japanese air raid against the United States since the attacks on Pearl Harbor. 26 Marines were killed, 130 wounded and 80% of the islands supplies and 20% of the construction equipment were destroyed. During the seizure of Roi-Namur the 15th Defense Battalion had five Marines killed in action and forty wounded in action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 57], "content_span": [58, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013795-0003-0000", "contents": "15th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion, History, Return to Hawaii and decommissioning\nOn April 19, 1944 the battalion was re-designated as the 15th Antiaircraft Battalion. Just under a month later, on May 7, their designator was changed for the final time to the 15th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion. On October 18 the 52nd Defense Battalion arrived at Roi-Namur to replace the 15th. The relief in place was complete by October 22. The battalion loaded onto the USS Winged Arrow (AP-170) and departed Roi-namur bound for Hawaii. It arrived in Hawaii on November 8, 1944. The 15th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion was decommissioned just over two weeks later on November 25, 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 84], "content_span": [85, 679]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013795-0004-0000", "contents": "15th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion, Unit awards\nA unit citation or commendation is an award bestowed upon an organization for the action cited. Members of the unit who participated in said actions are allowed to wear on their uniforms the awarded unit citation. The 15th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion has been presented with the following awards:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 50], "content_span": [51, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013796-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Arabian Gulf Cup\nThe 15th Arabian Gulf Cup (Arabic: \u0643\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u200e) was held in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, in January 2002.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013796-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Arabian Gulf Cup\nThe tournament was won by Saudi Arabia for the 2nd time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 78]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013796-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Arabian Gulf Cup\nIraq continued to be banned from the tournament because of its invasion of Kuwait in 1990.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013796-0003-0000", "contents": "15th Arabian Gulf Cup, Tournament\nThe teams played a single round-robin style competition. The team achieving first place in the overall standings was the tournament winner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 33], "content_span": [34, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013797-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Ariel Awards\nThe 15th Ariel Awards ceremony, organized by the Mexican Academy of Film Arts and Sciences (AMACC) took place on May 20, 1973, in Mexico City. During the ceremony, AMACC presented the Ariel Award in 14 categories honoring films released in 1972. El Castillo de la Pureza and Mec\u00e1nica Nacional were the most nominated films, and also the most awarded with five wins each, including a tie for Best Picture, with Reed, M\u00e9xico Insurgente. Canadian-Mexican cinematographer Alex Phillips received the Golden Ariel for his artistic career.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013798-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Arizona State Legislature\nThe 15th Arizona State Legislature, consisting of the Arizona State Senate and the Arizona House of Representatives, was constituted in Phoenix from January 1, 1941 to December 31, 1942, during the first of  Sidney Preston Osborn's four consecutive terms as Governor of Arizona. The number of senators and house representatives remained constant at 19 and 52, respectively. The Democrats controlled one hundred percent of both the senate and house seats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013798-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Arizona State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for the regular session at the State Capitol in Phoenix on January 13, 1941; and adjourned on March 17. There was a special session which was held from April 6\u201325, 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 40], "content_span": [41, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013798-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Arizona State Legislature, State Senate, Members\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 53], "content_span": [54, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013798-0003-0000", "contents": "15th Arizona State Legislature, House of Representatives, Members\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature. The size of the House remained constant at 52 members.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 65], "content_span": [66, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013799-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Arizona Territorial Legislature\nThe 15th Arizona Territorial Legislative Assembly was a session of the Arizona Territorial Legislature which began on January 21, 1889, in Prescott, Arizona, moved to Phoenix on February 7 and did not adjourn till April 11. The session is known as the \"Hold-over Legislature\" due to the Republican majority extending the length of the session past the sixty-day limit prescribed by law.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013799-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Arizona Territorial Legislature, Background\nDuring his term of office, Governor C. Meyer Zulick had experienced steadily declining popularity among the territory's population. He remained secure in his position, however, because he had the President's confidence. This situation changed however when Benjamin Harrison defeated Grover Cleveland during the presidential election of 1888. As the session began it was expected that the incoming President would replace the governor with a member of his own party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013799-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Arizona Territorial Legislature, Background\nWithin the territory, speculation was rife over a possible move of the territorial capital. Phoenix, which was completing construction of a new city hall large enough to hold the territorial legislature, was viewed as the primary challenger to Prescott's hold on the seat of government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013799-0003-0000", "contents": "15th Arizona Territorial Legislature, Legislative session\nGovernor Zulick delivered his speech to the legislature in writing on the session's first day. In the address he called for Arizona to be granted statehood, calling territorial status the reason for the American Revolution. Control of federal school lands needed to fund education within the territory were a secondary benefit of statehood. The need for reapportionment of the legislature and John Wesley Powell's survey of the Grand Canyon were also covered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 57], "content_span": [58, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013799-0004-0000", "contents": "15th Arizona Territorial Legislature, Legislative session, Relocation of capitol\nThe first issue dealt with by the session was a proposal for the relocation of the territorial capitol. A bill to relocate the territorial capital was passed in the House by a vote of 14 to 10 and by the Council on a 9 to 2 vote. Legislative Act No. 1, signed by Governor Zulick on January 26, moved the capitol to Phoenix on February 4, 1889.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 80], "content_span": [81, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013799-0005-0000", "contents": "15th Arizona Territorial Legislature, Legislative session, Relocation of capitol\nFollowing passage of the bill to relocate the capitol to Phoenix, the session suspended and on January 29, 1889, began the move to the new seat of government. Instead of using stagecoaches to make the trip via the direct route, the delegates instead chose to utilize a pair of Pullman cars routed through Los Angeles; the luxurious mode of transport was chosen in large part due to the railroad's practice of providing free passes to the legislators in an effort to avoid laws unfavorable to their interests.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 80], "content_span": [81, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013799-0006-0000", "contents": "15th Arizona Territorial Legislature, Legislative session, Relocation of capitol\nTerritorial Secretary James A. Bayard was in turn left with the job of packing and transporting the session's furniture, records, and supplies. By the time the furniture arrived at the new capitol it had been damaged to the point of uselessness on the rough roads between Prescott and Phoenix. The session was saved by donations from the new capitol's citizens. After the journey, the legislature reconvened on February 7, 1889.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 80], "content_span": [81, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013799-0007-0000", "contents": "15th Arizona Territorial Legislature, Legislative session, Other legislation\nOnce the legislature got back to business they passed a number of measures. One that attracted significant notice was a law, based upon a similar New Mexico statute, that established the death penalty for train robbery. Other laws prohibited carrying of deadly weapons inside town limits and requiring literacy in English for territorial office holders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 76], "content_span": [77, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013799-0008-0000", "contents": "15th Arizona Territorial Legislature, Legislative session, Other legislation\nOther actions taken by the session were transferring the northern section of the Tonto Basin from Yavapai to Gila county and establishing a $3000 subsidy encouraging development of artesian wells.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 76], "content_span": [77, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013799-0009-0000", "contents": "15th Arizona Territorial Legislature, Legislative session, Session extension\nAs the session drew towards its conclusion, the issue of official appointments came to the forefront. President Harrison was set to be inaugurated on March 4, 1889, and by federal law the assembly was limited to a length of 60 days. The Republican majority was eager to have a governor from their own party appointed so that he could appoint his own slate of nominations of territorial officials.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 76], "content_span": [77, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013799-0009-0001", "contents": "15th Arizona Territorial Legislature, Legislative session, Session extension\nAs former Governor Tritle noted, \"The Governor has no power of removal, and when appointments have been made by the Governor, whether they shall have been confirmed or not, the incumbents will hold until the next Legislative Assembly convenes, and will also hold over thereafter until successors shall have been nominated by the Governor and confirmed by the Council.\" It was feared that unless the new Governor arrived swiftly there would be no choice but to accept the nominations that had been made by outgoing Governor Zulick for the next two years. If was further feared that unless a Republican majority was elected to the next legislature, future legislatures could refuse to confirm any nominations from any new governor and thus keep Zulck's nominees in office till after President Harrison left office.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 76], "content_span": [77, 889]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013799-0010-0000", "contents": "15th Arizona Territorial Legislature, Legislative session, Session extension\nOn March 14, 1889, Lewis Wolfley was nominated as Governor of Arizona Territory, receiving Senate confirmation on March 28. On March 22, the sixtieth day of the session, the Council rejected all of Governor Zulick's nominees and instead of adjourning remained in session. Governor Wolfley arrived in the territory on April 8 with his own list of nominees which the Council quickly approved, ending the session on April 11, 1889.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 76], "content_span": [77, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013799-0011-0000", "contents": "15th Arizona Territorial Legislature, Aftermath\nAn after effect of the session extending past the 60-day limit was that Arizona Territory gained two sets of territorial officials. The Democratic nominees presented by Governor Zulick refused to relinquish control of buildings and institutions needed for performance of official duties, claiming confirmation of the new Republican appointees had not been legal due to the session running too long. The issue of sorting out the two separate sets of officials went to court, with the Republicans generally prevailing. In July 1890, the last Zulick appointee resigned.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 47], "content_span": [48, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013799-0012-0000", "contents": "15th Arizona Territorial Legislature, Aftermath\nA second issue was a set of eleven \"lost laws\" that had been passed by the session but misplaced in a desk drawer without the Governor's signature or veto. The papers containing these laws were found by Acting Governor Oakes Murphy before the next legislative session and forwarded to that session for reconfirmation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 47], "content_span": [48, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013799-0013-0000", "contents": "15th Arizona Territorial Legislature, Aftermath\nA popular story that has arisen about the session is the tale of a prostitute named \"Kissin' Jenny\". In the most common variation of the story, supporters of the effort to move the capital made arraignments with Jenny to ensure passage of the session's first act. According to the story, one of delegates opposing the move was one of Jenny's customers who also owned a glass eye. The delegate, at the end of the evening during a visit to her boudoir, placed his glass eye into a glass of water and went to sleep.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 47], "content_span": [48, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013799-0013-0001", "contents": "15th Arizona Territorial Legislature, Aftermath\nDuring the night Jenny then drank the contents of the glass. In the morning, the delegate discovered his glass eye was missing was too embarrassed to be seen in public. The tale claims the delegate's failure to appear in the legislature resulted in the bill passing by one vote. An alternate version of the story has the delegate being a supporter of the bill and other supporters finding a replacement prosthetic in time for the embarrassed delegate to appear and cast the deciding vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 47], "content_span": [48, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013800-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Josey's)\nThe 15th Arkansas Infantry Regiment or Josey's Arkansas Infantry Regiment (also known as \"Polk's regiment\" or \"Cleburne's regiment\") was an infantry formation in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. The regiment was organized in May 1861 under the command of Colonel Patrick Cleburne. It served throughout the war in the western theater, seeing action in the Kentucky, Tennessee, and Georgia campaigns. Following its depletion in numbers the regiment was consolidated several times with other Arkansas regiments, finally merging in 1865 into the 1st Arkansas Consolidated Infantry Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013800-0000-0001", "contents": "15th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Josey's)\nThere were two other regiments which also received the designation of \"15th Arkansas\". The 21st (McRae's) Arkansas Infantry was redesignated 15th Arkansas in February 1863, but to avoid confusion, was normally referred to as the 15th (Northwest) Arkansas Infantry Regiment. This second \"15th Arkansas\" was surrendered at Vicksburg in July 1863. A third regiment, under command of Colonels Gee and later Johnson, also received the designation 15th Arkansas Infantry. This last regiment surrendered at Port Hudson, Louisiana, in July 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013800-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Josey's), Organization\nThe 1st Regiment, Arkansas State Troops, was organized mainly from existing volunteer militia companies several of which had participated in the seizure of the Federal Arsenal at Little Rock.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 55], "content_span": [56, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013800-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Josey's), Organization, Organized from State Militia Units\nTen Volunteer Companies were enrolled in State service on May 14, 1861, at Camp Rector, near Mound City, 6 miles (9.7\u00a0km) above Memphis on the Mississippi River. Seven of the original ten companies had initially been organized under the state militia laws. Captain Patrick R. Cleburne, of the Yell Rifles, was elected Colonel of the regiment. As the very first regiment of the line authorized by the Arkansas State Military Board in the Civil War, they bore the title of 1st Regiment, Arkansas State Troops. The regiment was formally organized with the following Volunteer Companies:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 91], "content_span": [92, 675]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013800-0003-0000", "contents": "15th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Josey's), Organization, Organized from State Militia Units\nWhen Captain Cleburne was appointed colonel of the new regiment, Captain Edward H. Cowley was elected to succeed him in command of the Yell Rifles, Company F.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 91], "content_span": [92, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013800-0004-0000", "contents": "15th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Josey's), Organization, Transferred to Confederate Service\nThe regiment moved via steamboat from Camp Rector down the Mississippi and back up the White River to Pocahontas, Arkansas, where they were sworn into Confederate service. Under the command of Colonel Patrick Cleburne, the unit was transferred from state service to Confederate service on July 23, 1861, at Pitman's Ferry, AR and was initially designated as the 1st Arkansas Infantry; This transfer was not binding on the men, who could opt out if they so desired. The men of Company C (Yell Guards) and Company G (Hindman Guards) declined to transfer to the Provisional Army of the Confederate States, so the men were honorably discharged and their companies were disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 91], "content_span": [92, 767]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013800-0005-0000", "contents": "15th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Josey's), Organization, Transferred to Confederate Service\nAfter July 1861, the 1st/15th Arkansas had only eight companies, making it, in effect, a \"heavy\" battalion, rather than a full regiment, but the unit was kept on the army rolls as a regiment throughout the war. The following companies were transferred into Confederate Service:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 91], "content_span": [92, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013800-0006-0000", "contents": "15th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Josey's), Organization, Re-designated as the 15th Arkansas Infantry Regiment\nThe Regiment conducted its initial training at Pitman's Ferry and was assigned to a division commanded by Confederate General William Hardee's Division. They made a short excursion or raid into southeast Missouri in September, and in October, moved with the rest of Hardee's command across the river into Kentucky, becoming Hardee's Division, Army of Central Kentucky. At the time the regiment was moved across the Mississippi River, it contained 506 men. By January 1862 the Confederate War Department had discovered that there was already a \"1st Arkansas Infantry\" enrolled in Confederate service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 109], "content_span": [110, 709]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013800-0006-0001", "contents": "15th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Josey's), Organization, Re-designated as the 15th Arkansas Infantry Regiment\nCol James Fleming Fagan's regiment was accepted and enrolled in the Provisional Army of the Confederate States at Lynchburg, Virginia, on May 19, 1861, as the 1st Regiment Arkansas Volunteers. When the Confederate War Department realized that it had two \"First Arkansas\" regiments, it arbitrarily assigned what their records showed was the next available designation, \"the 15th Arkansas Regiment\" and ordered Cleburne's regiment to adopt this designation. The regiment was redesignated as the 15th Arkansas Infantry on December 31, 1861. Unfortunately the Arkansas State Military Board had already authorized the use of this designation for Col. James M. Gee's regiment. Effectively the Confederate Army went from having two 1st Arkansas Regiments to having two 15th Arkansas Regiments; however, these designations stuck for the rest of the war. Thus, by January 1862 Cleburne's 1st Arkansas Regiment was reorganized for the war as the 15th Arkansas Regiment, as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 109], "content_span": [110, 1081]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013800-0007-0000", "contents": "15th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Josey's), Organization, Commanders\nColonel Cleburne was appointed Brigadier General in March 1862, and was succeeded by Lieutenant Colonel Archibald K. Patton. After the battle of Shiloh, Colonel Lucius E. Polk took command. Colonel Polk was appointed Brigadier General in December 1862, and was succeeded by Colonel John E. Josey. The U.S. War Department cataloged the regiment's Compiled Service Records as the 15th (Josey's) Arkansas Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 67], "content_span": [68, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013800-0008-0000", "contents": "15th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Josey's), Battles\nGeneral Hardee took the 7th Arkansas Battalion with him when he transferred his command to Kentucky and organized the Confederate Army of Central Kentucky and Colonel Cleburne was placed in command of a new brigade which included his 15th Arkansas, the 6th Mississippi, and the 23rd, 24th and 35th Tennessee Regiments. After the losses of Fort Henry and Fort Donelson in February 1862, Confederate General Albert Sidney Johnston withdrew his forces into western Tennessee, northern Mississippi, and Alabama to reorganize. and then retreated through western Tennessee to northern Mississippi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 50], "content_span": [51, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013800-0008-0001", "contents": "15th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Josey's), Battles\nOn March 29, 1862, the Army of Central Kentucky was merged into the Army of Mississippi in preparation for the Battle of Shiloh. Under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Archibald K. Patton, the 15th Arkansas saw its first combat at the Battle of Shiloh, April 6\u20137, 1862, where it suffered heavy casualties in driving back Sherman's division of Union troops.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 50], "content_span": [51, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013800-0009-0000", "contents": "15th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Josey's), Battles\nIn early May 1862 the Confederate forces underwent an army-wide reorganization due to the passage of the Conscription Act by the Confederate Congress in April 1862. All twelve-month regiments had to re-muster and enlist for two additional years or the duration of the war; a new election of officers was ordered; and men who were exempted from service by age or other reasons under the Conscription Act were allowed to take a discharge and go home. Officers who did not choose to stand for re-election were also offered a discharge. The reorganization was accomplished among all the Arkansas regiments in and around Corinth, Mississippi, following the Battle of Shiloh.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 50], "content_span": [51, 720]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013800-0010-0000", "contents": "15th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Josey's), Battles\nAfter reorganizing at Corinth, the regiment participated with Cleburne's Brigade in the Confederate Army of the Mississippi during the Battles of Richmond and Perryville, Kentucky, in October 1862. Due to heavy losses suffered by the 13th Arkansas during the Battle of Shiloh, the 13th and the 15th Arkansas were consolidated during the Kentucky Campaign. The consolidated regiment was commanded by Colonel Lucius Eugene Polk of the 15th Arkansas. The regiment lost 2 killed and 19 wounded at the Battle of Richmond, Kentucky.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 50], "content_span": [51, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013800-0010-0001", "contents": "15th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Josey's), Battles\nWhen the Army of Mississippi was reorganized and redesignated the Army of Tennessee, the regiment was assigned to first Polk's then Liddell's and finally to Govan's Brigade, Army of Tennessee. During the Battle of Murfreesboro the 13th/15th Arkansas was further consolidated with the 1st Arkansas Infantry Regiment and the consolidated regiment was commanded by Colonel John W. Colquitt. The 13th/15th reported 68 casualties at Murfreesborough.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 50], "content_span": [51, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013800-0011-0000", "contents": "15th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Josey's), Battles\nIn September 1863 the 15th was field consolidated with the 2nd Arkansas Infantry Regiment and during December 1863 the 24th Arkansas Infantry Regiment was added to the field consolidation. During December, 1863, the 2nd/15th/24th totaled 295 men and 202 arms. The unit served with the army from the Battle of Chickamauga and the Battles for Chattanooga, and throughout the Atlanta Campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 50], "content_span": [51, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013800-0012-0000", "contents": "15th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Josey's), Battles\nIn July, 1864, the 15th Arkansas was field consolidated with the Fagan's 1st Arkansas Infantry. During the Battle of Kennesay Mountain the 1st/15th became involved in a famous humanitarian act. At one point in the battle on June 27, not far from the position known as the \"Dead Angle\", the Union frontal assault had failed leaving hundreds of dead and wounded Union soldiers between the Confederate works and the Union lines. The woods and brush between the two armies caught fire because of the gun fire and artillery. The fire began to creep toward the wounded soldiers. Lt", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 50], "content_span": [51, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013800-0012-0001", "contents": "15th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Josey's), Battles\n. Colonel William P. Martin who was commanding the 1st and 15th combined Arkansas Regiments, jumped on the earthworks and ordered his Confederate soldiers to cease firing. He then waved a white flag of truce yelling to the Union soldiers to \"come and get your wounded, they are burning to death.\" For a short time the Union and Confederate soldiers helped remove the wounded and put out the fires. The next day the Union generals presented Martin with two Colt Revolvers as a thank you for his humanitarian efforts. Later the opposing forces began to fire at each other again.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 50], "content_span": [51, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013800-0013-0000", "contents": "15th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Josey's), Battles\nThe regiment and it colors were captured, along with much of Govan's Brigade at the Battle of Jonesboro, Georgia, on Sept. 1, 1864. Due to a special cartel between Union General Sherman and Confederate General John B. Hood, the unit was quickly paroled and exchanged for Union prisoner held at Andersonville Prison. The regiment re-entered service approximately a month later. The 1st/15th reported 15 killed, 67 wounded, and 3 missing during the Battle of Atlanta.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 50], "content_span": [51, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013800-0014-0000", "contents": "15th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Josey's), Battles\nThe regiment and the rest of Govan's Brigade were released and exchanged just in time to participate in General John B. Hood's disastrous Franklin-Nashville Campaign. Due to the appalling losses suffered by Govan's Brigade during the Atlanta Campaign, the 1st/15th, 5th/13th and 2nd/24th Arkansas Regiments were consolidated into one regiment, which was commanded by Colonel Peter Green of the 5th/13th (specifically of the 5th). The other officers of the consolidated regiment were Major Alexander T. Meek, of the 2nd/24th Arkansas, Captain Mordecai P. Garrett and Sergeant Major Thomas Benton Moncrief of the 15th Arkansas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 50], "content_span": [51, 676]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013800-0014-0001", "contents": "15th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Josey's), Battles\nThe consolidated regiment fought under the colors of the consolidated 5th/13th Arkansas Regiment, because this was one of the only colors not captured when Govan's Brigade was overrun at the Battle of Jonesboro. The flag of the combined 5th/13th Arkansas was issued in March 1864 and was captured by Benjamin Newman of the 88th Illinois Infantry at the battle of Franklin. The consolidated regiment numbered just 300 rifles and sustained 66% casualties during the Battle of Franklin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 50], "content_span": [51, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013800-0015-0000", "contents": "15th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Josey's), Battles\nThe remnants of Govan's Brigade that survived the Tennessee Campaign remained with the Army of Tennessee through its final engagements in the 1865 Carolinas Campaign. The 15th Arkansas participated in the following engagements:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 50], "content_span": [51, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013800-0016-0000", "contents": "15th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Josey's), Flags\nThere are three surviving flags associated with the 15th Arkansas, the flags of the Phillips Guards, and the Jefferson Guards, both prewar militia units, and the flag of the 1st Arkansas which represented the 1st/15th Arkansas Consolidated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 48], "content_span": [49, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013800-0017-0000", "contents": "15th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Josey's), Flags\nLike other regiments in Hardee's Corps, the 15th Arkansas probably carried a Hardee Pattern Battle flag, with a large white moon on a blue field, similar to flags of the 6th Arkansas Infantry Regiment. Miss Emma Rightor, representing the young ladies of Helena, presented a flag to Capt. Joseph C. Barlow of the Phillips Guards, upon the unit's return from the Seizure of the Little Rock Arsenal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 48], "content_span": [49, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013800-0017-0001", "contents": "15th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Josey's), Flags\nThe Phillips Guards became Company G, 15th Arkansas and the flag was donated to the Phillips County Museum (now the Helena Museum of Phillips County) in 1925, where it continues to be on display. the flag consisted of a white field with the seal of the state of Arkansas being the focal point and an eagle resting on top of the seal while holding the United States flag in its beak. The word \"Onward\" appears at the left of the seal, and \"Upward\" appears at the right. This flag was presented to the Phillips Guards on February 22, 1861, when there was as yet no official Confederate flag pattern to copy. It is unlikely that the flag was actually carried in any engagement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 48], "content_span": [49, 723]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013800-0018-0000", "contents": "15th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Josey's), Flags\nThe flag of the Jefferson Guards was presented to the company on May 15, 1861, while the unit was stationed at Camp Rector, near present-day West Memphis. The Jefferson Guards became Company H, 15th Arkansas. The flag is 48\" by 96\" and consists of a blue field with the letters JG surrounded by the inscription \"FIAT JUSTICIA RUAT COELUM\" and \"ARKANSAS\". The reverse side of the flat has a cotton plant surrounded by 15 stars and the inscription \"REGNANT POPULI\". The flag was apparently actually carried with the regiment through the engagements at Shiloh, the Kentucky Campaign, and Murfreesboro. The flag was returned to Arkansas by the State of Illinois in 1986. The flag is currently in the collection of the Pine Bluff/Jefferson County Historical Museum, Pine Bluff, Arkansas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 48], "content_span": [49, 831]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013800-0019-0000", "contents": "15th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Josey's), Flags\nThe Hardee Pattern Flag which represented the 1st/15th Consolidated Arkansas Infantry Regiments during the Atlanta Campaign is a cotton and wool flag with faded blue field. The central device is a white disc with black crossed cannons in the center (each 3 1/2\" wool). Designation lettering is 2\" Capitol Romans with red shadow: 1st ARK. REG'T. Honors lettering on the field above the disc is 2 1/2\" tall Capital Romans: RICHMOND, KY, TUNNELL HILL, LIBERTY GAP, RINGGOLD GAP.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 48], "content_span": [49, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013800-0019-0001", "contents": "15th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Josey's), Flags\nHonors lettering below the disc are gold, ornate, 4\" letters: CHICKAMAUGA, border is white with black capitol Romans: MANASSAS, EVANSPORT, SHILOH, TUSCUMBIA CREEK, PERRYVILLE, FARMINGTON, BRIDGECREEK, MURFREESBORO. All lettering is painted. Captured by the 14th Michigan Inf. at Jonesboro, Georgia, on 1 September 1864. Returned to the State of Arkansas in 1905 by the U.S. War Department. Currently in the collection of the Old State House Museum, Little Rock, Arkansas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 48], "content_span": [49, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013800-0020-0000", "contents": "15th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Josey's), Flags\nAccording to the unpublished diary of Lt. William Huddleston of Co. A, the 15th lost a flag of unknown pattern at the Battle of Liberty Gap, June 25, 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 48], "content_span": [49, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013800-0021-0000", "contents": "15th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Josey's), Consolidation and surrender\nAt the end of the war, Cleburne's old regiment finally recovered its original designation, after a fashion. In the massive reorganization of the Army of Tennessee on April 9, 1865, the 15th Arkansas was consolidated with nine other depleted Arkansas regiments, the 1st Arkansas, 2nd Arkansas, 5th Arkansas, 8th Arkansas, 13th Arkansas, 19th (Dawson's) Arkansas, 24th Arkansas and the 3rd Confederate Infantry Regiment. They were lumped together to form the 1st Arkansas Consolidated Infantry. The survivors of the 15th Arkansas were consolidated into a single understrength company, \"Company H\" of the new 1st Arkansas Consolidated Infantry. The 1st Arkansas Consolidated Infantry surrendered with the Army of Tennessee at Greensboro, North Carolina, on April 26, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 70], "content_span": [71, 840]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013801-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Northwest)\nThe 15th (Northwest) Arkansas Infantry Regiment (1861\u20131865) was a Confederate Army infantry regiment during the American Civil War. The unit was originally formed as the 3rd Arkansas Infantry Battalion. After receiving the required 10 companies, the unit was redesignated as the 21st (McRae's) Arkansas Infantry Regiment. Upon recognition that there was already a 21st Arkansas, the unit was again redesignated as the 15th Arkansas Infantry Regiment. This was the third Arkansas unit to bear the designation \"15th Arkansas\". The others are the 15th (Josey's) Arkansas Infantry Regiment and the 15th (Gee/Johnson) Arkansas Infantry Regiment. The unit saw action both west and east of the Mississippi, before serving in the Vicksburg campaign. The regiment was surrendered at Vicksburg in July 1863. After being paroled and exchanged, the regiment was consolidated with other depleted Arkansas regiments to form the 1st (Trans-Mississippi) Arkansas Consolidated Infantry Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 1022]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013801-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Northwest), Organization\nThis unit can be traced back to four companies of Arkansas State Troops from Benton, Franklin and Yell counties, which marched to Bentonville in July 1861 to be assigned to a regiment of Arkansas State Troops. Instead, they were intercepted by Brigadier General Ben McCulloch, commanding Confederate forces in northwest Arkansas, organized into a battalion under command of Lieutenant Colonel Dandridge McRae, and mustered directly into the service of the Confederate States on July 15, 1861. Brigadier General McCulloch intended to increase the battalion to a regiment. He already had two Arkansas regiments enrolled in Confederate service, the 1st and 2nd Arkansas Mounted Rifles, and McRae's outfit was to form the basis for a 3rd Arkansas Regiment so it was named as the 3rd Battalion Arkansas Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 57], "content_span": [58, 865]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013801-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Northwest), Organization\nIt appears that a volunteer militia company, known as the \"Johnson County Lancers\", Commanded by Capt. Bastion Whitehurst Cox, raised from the 10th Regiment, Arkansas State Militia, of Johnson Country was also assigned to Lt Col McRea's battalion during the Wilson's Creek Campaign. This company apparently disbanded after Wilson's Creek and did not become a part of the 15th Arkansas (Northwest).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 57], "content_span": [58, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013801-0003-0000", "contents": "15th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Northwest), Organization\nThe field officers were Colonels Squire Boone, James H. Hobbs, and Dandridge McRae; Lieutenant Colonel William W. Reynolds; and Majors D. A. Stuart and William Thompson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 57], "content_span": [58, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013801-0004-0000", "contents": "15th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Northwest), Battles\nThe 3rd Arkansas Infantry Battalion took an active part in the battles at Wilson's Creek on August 10, 1861, then marched to Camp Jackson, Arkansas, and where it was stationed and continued to drill from September 1, 1861, until the middle of October 1861. The regiment was then ordered to Missouri, moving through Carthage and by a circuitous route returned Arkansas about the November 1, 1861.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 52], "content_span": [53, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013801-0005-0000", "contents": "15th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Northwest), Battles\nIn November 1861, four new companies from Benton, Pope and Washington counties joined the 3rd Arkansas Battalion, making a total of eight, so Brigadier General McCulloch asked the Confederate War Department to authorize the battalion to be designated as a regiment, promising that the last two companies would shortly be added. Brigadier General McCulloch's designation of McRae's command as the 3rd Arkansas Regiment was rejected, since Col. Albert Rust's command in Virginia had already been given that designation; so the War Department assigned the designation of 21st Arkansas Infantry Regiment to McRae's command (which resulted in two 21st Arkansas Regiments). The new 21st Arkansas Regiment was officially established on December 3, 1861, at Camp Benjamin, Arkansas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 52], "content_span": [53, 827]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013801-0006-0000", "contents": "15th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Northwest), Battles\nThe unit went into winter quarters at Cross Hollows, in Benton County Arkansas, where it remained there until February 20, 1862. went it was ordered to Sugar Creek, Missouri, with the rest the army and formed a junction with General Price's forces. The unit participate in a retreat after various skirmishes arrived back in the Boston Mountains of northwest Arkansas. The unit remained in the mountains until March 3 when it began the movement to attack the Union forces at the Battle of Pea Ridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 52], "content_span": [53, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013801-0006-0001", "contents": "15th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Northwest), Battles\nThe unit participated in the Battle of Pea Ridge on March 11, 1862, as the 21st Arkansas Infantry Regiment. For this battle, a ninth company was temporarily added. Known as Emergency Company I, this company was composed of men from Benton County who enlisted for thirty days of \"emergency service\". The unit sustained heavy loss and retreated through Fayetteville to Van Buren. The regiment left Van Buren Left there on March 24, 1862, and moved to DesArc, Arkansas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 52], "content_span": [53, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013801-0006-0002", "contents": "15th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Northwest), Battles\nWhile at DesArc, After the battle of Pea Ridge, the 21st Arkansas and the rest of the Confederate Army of the West was ordered to Mississippi, so the unit moved by steamer to Memphis, Tennessee, and from there marched to Corinth, Mississippi, and on to Rienzi Station, Mississippi, where, on May 8, 1862, the regiment was reorganized for the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 52], "content_span": [53, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013801-0007-0000", "contents": "15th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Northwest), Battles\nIn late April and early May 1862 the Confederate Army underwent an army-wide reorganization due to the passage of the Conscription Act by the Confederate Congress in April 1862. All twelve-month regiments had to re-muster and enlist for two additional years or the duration of the war; a new election of officers was ordered; and men who were exempted from service by age or other reasons under the Conscription Act were allowed to take a discharge and go home. Officers who did not choose to stand for re-election were also offered a discharge. The reorganization was accomplished among all the Arkansas regiments in and around Corinth, Mississippi, following the Battle of Shiloh. Colonel McRea chose not to stand for re-election and Lieutenant Colonel James H. Hobbs was elected to succeed McRae as colonel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 52], "content_span": [53, 863]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013801-0008-0000", "contents": "15th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Northwest), Battles\nUpon reaching Mississippi, many soldiers were listed on the muster rolles as \"Dropped as being left west of the Mississippi River\". These men were those recovering from wounds received at the Battle at Pea Ridge in March 1862. The reason for this is that by mid-1862 the Union Forces were in control of the Mississippi River above Vicksburg, Mississippi, and there was no hope of those men rejoining their regiment. On May 12, 1862, while still at Corinth, the last two companies (Company I and Company K) were added to the regiment, bringing it up the required ten companies. These new companies had originally been Companies. A and B, respectively, of Williamson's Arkansas Infantry Battalion, recently disbanded. On August 22, 1862, Colonel Hobbs resigned and Lieutenant Colonel Squire Boone succeeded him as colonel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 52], "content_span": [53, 873]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013801-0009-0000", "contents": "15th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Northwest), Battles\nDuring the Iuka-Corinth Campaign, the 21st Arkansas was assigned to Brigadier General John C. Moore's brigade of Brigadier General Dabney H. Maury's Division, of Major General Sterling Price's 1st Corps the Confederate (Army of the West). The unit participated in the Battle of Corinth and Hatchie Bridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 52], "content_span": [53, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013801-0010-0000", "contents": "15th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Northwest), Battles\nSometime after October 1862, the Confederate War Department again redesignated the 21st Arkansas as the 15th Arkansas. The War Department apparently realized its mistake, because in February 1863 the regiment was ordered to insert the word \"Northwest\" in its regimental designation to distinguish it from, primarily, Col. Benjamin W. Johnson's 15th Arkansas, operating in the same theater thus, the 15th (Northwest) Arkansas Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 52], "content_span": [53, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013801-0011-0000", "contents": "15th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Northwest), Battles\nThe newly redesignated 15th Northwest Arkansas was assigned to Brigadier General Martin E. Green's brigade of Major General John S. Bowen's Division, of Lieutenant General John C. Pemberton's Army of Mississippi for the Vicksburg Campaign. When General Green was killed on June 27, 1863, Colonel Dockery of the 19th Arkansas was placed in command of Second Brigade. The 15th (Northwest) Arkansas Infantry Regiment sustained 82 casualties at the Battle of Port Gibson and was eventually forced to endure the siege of Vicksburg from May 18 on July 4, 1863. The regiment is entitled to the following campaign participation credit:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 52], "content_span": [53, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013801-0012-0000", "contents": "15th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Northwest), Battles\nThis regiment surrendered with the Army of Mississippi at Vicksburg, Mississippi, July 4, 1863. General U. S. Grant initially demanded the conditional surrender of the Vicksburg garrison, but faced with the necessity of feeding 30,000 starving Confederates and having the idea that these soldiers might do more harm to the Confederate cause by being released to return home rather than being exchanged as whole units, he relented and allowed for the immediate parole of the unit. According to the Confederate War Department, Union leader encouraged the surrendered confederates to simply return home, rather than being officially paroled and exchanged.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 52], "content_span": [53, 705]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013801-0012-0001", "contents": "15th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Northwest), Battles\nThe able bodied Confederate soldiers who were released on parole walked out of Vicksburg (they were not allowed to proceed in any military formations) on July 11, 1863. Paroling of these able bodied men was completed in their respective regimental camps inside Vicksburg prior to the July 11th. The soldiers of the 15th Northwest Arkansas were paroled on July 8 and 9, 1863. Those who were wounded or sick in the various hospitals in Vicksburg were paroled, and were released as soon as they could leave on their own. July 15/16 is the most common date of these Vicksburg hospital paroles. Some of the most seriously wounded and sick were sent by steamship down the Mississippi River and over to Mobile, Alabama, where they were delivered on parole to Confederate authorities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 52], "content_span": [53, 829]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013801-0013-0000", "contents": "15th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Northwest), Battles\nConfederate commanders designated Enterprise, Mississippi as the rendezvous point (parole camp) for the Vicksburg parolees to report to after they got clear of the last Federal control point at Big Black Bridge. Most of the Arkansas units appeared to have bypassed the established parole camps, and possibly with the support or at least by the compliancy of their Union captors, simply crossed the river and returned home. Because so many of the Vicksburg parolees, especially from Arkansas, simply went home, Major General Pemberton requested Confederate President Davis to grant the men a thirty- to sixty-day furlough.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 52], "content_span": [53, 674]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013801-0013-0001", "contents": "15th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Northwest), Battles\nThe furloughs were not strictly adhered to so long as the soldier eventually showed up at a parole camp to be declared exchanged and returned to duty. Those who went directly home were treated as if they had been home on furlough if they eventually reported into one of these two parole centers. The exchange declaration reports issued by Colonel Robert Ould in Richmond for various units in the Vicksburg and Port Hudson surrenders began in September 1863 based upon men who actually reported into one of the two parole camps. Pemberton eventually coordinated with the Confederate War Department and Confederate General Kirby Smith, commanding the Department of the Trans-Mississippi to have the Arkansas Vicksburg parolee's rendezvous point established at Camden, Arkansas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 52], "content_span": [53, 828]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013801-0014-0000", "contents": "15th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Northwest), Battles\nThe post-Vicksburg record of the 15th Northwest Arkansas Infantry is almost non-existent. Historians can find no record of the parolees from this regiment reporting to the established parole camps at Enterprise or Demopolis, Mississippi. The regiment was eventually reorganized west of the Mississippi at Washington, Arkansas, but there are no muster rolls available to indicate how men reported for duty. A handful of men seem to have spent at least some time temporarily attached to the 3rd Battalion Missouri Cavalry (CSA). One postwar account indicates that some of the men made their way back to Arkansas individually. But enough men seem to have worked their way back to Washington, Arkansas, to enable the regiment to be reorganized and integrated into the Trans-Mississippi Army and placed back into active service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 52], "content_span": [53, 876]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013801-0015-0000", "contents": "15th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Northwest), Flag\nMajor-General Earl Van Dorn adopted this flag design for the Army of the West in February 1862, citing confusion with the Stars and Stripes. The design bears no resemblance to Union or Confederate standards with its red field, stars to represent the thirteen states, and the yellow crescent to represent Missouri. The flag was probably presented to the regiment after the Battle of Hatchie Bridge, Tennessee, on October 5, 1862. The flag and its bearer were captured near Port Gibson, Mississippi, 1 May 1863.It is the only known Van Dorn style flag to carry battle honors and a unit designation. The flag is made of wool, with cotton stars, and silk border, crescent and fringe. It measures 45 1/2\" x 68 3/4\". It was returned to Arkansas by the State of Indiana. It is currently in the collections of the Old State House Museum, Little Rock, Arkansas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 49], "content_span": [50, 902]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013801-0016-0000", "contents": "15th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Northwest), Surrender\nAfter being exchanged, the regiment was consolidated with the 14th and 16th Arkansas Regiments to form the 1st Arkansas Consolidated Infantry Regiment (Trans-Mississippi). This regiment surrendered with the Department of the Trans-Mississippi, General E. Kirby Smith commanding, May 26, 1865. When the Trans-Mississippi Department surrendered, all of the Arkansas infantry regiments were encamped in and around Marshall, Texas (war-ravaged Arkansas no longer able to subsist the army). The regiments were ordered to report to Shreveport, Louisiana, to be paroled. None of them did so. Some soldiers went to Shreveport on their own to be paroled, but the regiments simply disbanded without formally surrendering.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 54], "content_span": [55, 766]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013802-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Armoured Regiment (India)\n15 Armoured Regiment is an armoured regiment of the Indian Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013802-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Armoured Regiment (India), Formation\n15 Armoured Regiment was raised on 1 March 1985 at Mamun Cantonment, Pathankot. It has an all-India all-class composition, drawing troops from various castes and religions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 41], "content_span": [42, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013802-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Armoured Regiment (India), History\nThe regiment took part in Operation Trident, Operation Rakshak, Operation Vijay and Operation Parakram.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013802-0003-0000", "contents": "15th Armoured Regiment (India), History\nCaptain Shashikant Sharma of the regiment was posthumously awarded the Sena Medal, when he was martyred defending Bana Post in Siachen Glacier. He was attached to 12 JAK LI.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013802-0004-0000", "contents": "15th Armoured Regiment (India), History\nThe Regiment was presented the \u2018President\u2019s Standards\u2019 at Babina, Uttar Pradesh on 19 October 2010 by the then President of India, Mrs. Prathiba Patil. Five armoured regiments of the 31 Armoured Division (15, 12, 13, 83 and 19 Armoured Regiments) were awarded the colours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013802-0005-0000", "contents": "15th Armoured Regiment (India), Equipment\nThe Regiment was equipped with Vijayanta tanks at its raising. It is presently equipped with the T-90 tanks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 41], "content_span": [42, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013802-0006-0000", "contents": "15th Armoured Regiment (India), Regimental Insignia\nThe Regimental insignia consists of crossed lances with pennons, overlaid with the numeral \"15\" inscribed on the crossing of the lances, surrounded by laurel leaves, mounted by a palm and a scroll at the base with the regimental motto. The motto of the regiment is \u091c\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u091c\u0935\u093e\u0939\u0930 (Jang ke Jawahar), which translates to \u2018Jewels of war\u2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 51], "content_span": [52, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013803-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Army (RSFSR)\nThe 15th Army was a field army of the Red Army during the Russian Civil War and Polish-Soviet War, which existed between 7 June 1919 and 26 December 1920.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013803-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Army (RSFSR), History\nThe 15th Army was formed on 7 June 1919 by transformation of the Army of Soviet Latvia which existed since 4 January 1919. The Army of Soviet Latvia was operationally subordinated to the command of the Northern Front , and on 19 February 1919, became part of the newly formed Western Front. The army headquarters was stationed in Daugavpils.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013803-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Army (RSFSR), History\nThe 15th Army conducted in July 1919 defensive battles against Estonian troops and withdrew under the onslaught of enemy forces from the territory of Latvia, except Latgale. In August 1919 the 15th Army conducted the Pskov operation and liberated Pskov. In September-October 1919, she defended Petrograd against the forces of Nikolai Yudenich, and led in October-November a counter-offensive towards Luga, Volosovo, Gdov and Yamburg, thus participating in the defeat of Yudenich's Northwestern Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013803-0003-0000", "contents": "15th Army (RSFSR), History\nSince July 1919 the left flank of the Army had been fighting defensive battles against the advancing Polish troops in Belorussia. After the final defeat of Yudenich, the 15th Army was able to concentrate all its forces against the Polish Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013803-0004-0000", "contents": "15th Army (RSFSR), History\nIn the spring and summer of 1920, the 15th Army was part of the attack group of the Western Front and acted against the First Polish Army. In May 1920, she attacked near \u0160ven\u010dionys, Maladzyechna and Zembin, but was stopped by the enemy's attack in the rear. In July 1920, she conquered Molodechno and Lida. During the Battle of Warsaw (1920) she forced the Niemen and Narew rivers and advanced towards the Wkra River north of Warsaw, but was then forced to retreat to the East. In September-October 1920 she defended the approaches to Minsk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013803-0005-0000", "contents": "15th Army (RSFSR), History\nIn early October the 15th Army was put into reserve. On 26 December 1920, the administration of the 15th Army was disbanded, and the troops transferred to the 3rd Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013804-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Army (Soviet Union)\nThe 15th Army was a field army of the Soviet Red Army during the Second World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013804-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Army (Soviet Union)\nThe 15th Army, as part of the 8th Army, took part in the Winter War from February 12 to March 13.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013804-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Army (Soviet Union)\nReformed at Birobidzhan, Soviet Union, from the 2nd Red Banner Army in June 1940. It formed in July 1940 as part of the Far Eastern Front. Until August 1945 the army defended the Far Eastern borders of the USSR. On August 5 it was incorporated into the newly created 2nd Far Eastern Front. On August 9, during the Soviet\u2013Japanese War, the 15th Army, consisting of shock troops, participated in the Sungari operation. Its advance units entered Harbin on August 20. Through the end of August the 15th Army destroyed the scattered pieces of the Japanese Kwantung Army. Conducted border operations through mid-1945. Participated in the Soviet invasion of Manchuria and the crossing of the Amur River in August 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 736]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013804-0003-0000", "contents": "15th Army (Soviet Union)\nIn October 1953, by the order of the Minister of Defense of the USSR dated 23 April 1953, the staff of the Far East Military District, the former 2nd Far-Eastern Front, was reorganised as the staff of the 15th Army, with its headquarters at Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013804-0004-0000", "contents": "15th Army (Soviet Union)\nIn May 1957, rifle divisions were reformed into motor rifle divisions. On 17 May 1957, the 56th Rifle Division became the 56th Motor Rifle Division (in this case the 357th Rifle Regiment was renamed as the 390th Rifle Regiment); The 41st Rifle Red Banner Division was renamed the 41st Motor-Rifle Red Banner Division. The 79th Rifle Sakhalin Division was renamed the 79th Motor-Rifle Sakhalin Division. All three newly renamed divisions formed part of the 15th Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013804-0005-0000", "contents": "15th Army (Soviet Union)\nOn 1 April 1958 the 41st Red Banner Motor Rifle Division was disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 96]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013804-0006-0000", "contents": "15th Army (Soviet Union)\nIn 1960 the army headquarters was moved to Khabarovsk on the mainland and assigned a new division, the 129th Motor Rifle Division at Khabarovsk. After briefly being renamed the 18th Army in 1967-69 it was renamed back to the 15th Army and assigned several new divisions, the 73rd Motor Rifle Division arriving from the North Caucasus Military District in mid 1968, two fortified areas being assigned (the 2nd and 17th), the 270th Motor Rifle Division being formed in 1970, and the 81st Guards and 135th Motor Rifle Divisions being transferred from the disbanding 45th Army Corps in November 1972.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013804-0007-0000", "contents": "15th Army (Soviet Union)\nIn October 1993 the 15th Army was renamed the 43rd Army Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 87]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013805-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Army (Wehrmacht)\nThe 15th Army (German: 15. Armee) was a field army of the German army in World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013805-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Army (Wehrmacht), History\nThe 15th Army was activated in occupied France on 15 January 1941 with General Curt Haase in command. It was tasked with occupation and defensive duties in the Pas de Calais area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013805-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Army (Wehrmacht), History\nThe Allies landed further west, in Operation Overlord, during June 1944. Afterwards, the 15th Army was withdrawn to the Netherlands, where it fought the Allies during Operation Market Garden in September 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013805-0003-0000", "contents": "15th Army (Wehrmacht), History\nIt suffered defeat against the First Canadian Army in the Battle of the Scheldt during which the Army Headquarters at Dordrecht was subject to a mass attack by Hawker Typhoons of the Second Tactical Air Force on 24 October 1944. Two generals and 70 other staff officers were killed in the attack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013805-0004-0000", "contents": "15th Army (Wehrmacht), History\nDuring October 1944 the 15th Army continued to resist against the Canadian First Army and British Second Army as they pushed west from the Nijmegen/Eindhoven salient in Operation Pheasant", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013805-0005-0000", "contents": "15th Army (Wehrmacht), History\nThe British Second Army cleared the 15th Army from the Roer Triangle during Operation Blackcock, pushing it back over the Rur and Wurm rivers. It was involved in the Battle of Hurtgen Forest before finally surrendering along the Ruhr river in 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013805-0006-0000", "contents": "15th Army (Wehrmacht), History\nToday, the former HQ of the 15th Army, in Tourcoing, which is just north of Lille in France, is a museum: Mus\u00e9e du 5 juin 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013805-0007-0000", "contents": "15th Army (Wehrmacht), References\nThis article about a specific German military unit is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 33], "content_span": [34, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013806-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Army Corps (Russian Empire)\nThe 15th Army Corps was an Army corps in the Imperial Russian Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013807-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Army Group\nThe 15th Army Group was an Army Group in World War II, composed of the British Eighth and the U.S. Fifth Armies, which apart from troops from the British Empire and U.S.A., also had whole units from other allied countries/regions; like two of their Corps (from Free France and Poland), one Division (from Brazil) and multiple separate brigades (Italian and Greek), besides supporting and being supported by the local Italian partisans. It operated in the Italian Campaign between 1943\u201345.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013807-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Army Group, History\nThe 15th Army Group was activated in 1943 in Algiers, North Africa, to plan the invasion of Sicily, codenamed Operation Husky. Its main forces for this job were the U.S. Seventh Army, under Lieutenant General George Patton, and the British Eighth Army, under General Bernard Montgomery. Following the capture of Sicily, the army group became responsible for the invasion of mainland Italy for which the U.S. Seventh Army was replaced by the U.S. Fifth Army, under Lieutenant General Mark Clark. In January 1944, the army group was re-designated successively Allied forces in Italy and then Allied Central Mediterranean Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013807-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Army Group, History\nIn March 1944, the army group was renamed Allied Armies in Italy. Throughout this period, the army group was under command of the British General Sir Harold Alexander. By late 1944, the army group had pushed northward through Italy, capturing Rome, and driving the retreating Axis forces into Northern Italy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013807-0002-0001", "contents": "15th Army Group, History\nDespite and due to the rapid advance of the Allied forces in Italy in June\u2013July 1944, after the liberation of Rome, the high allied command in Western Europe decided to take away from the Italian front the French Expeditionary Corps and the U.S. VI Corps, reassigned for landing in the South of France in support of the advance in the north of that country, and to liberate southern France, including the huge port complexes of Marseilles and Toulon, and bring into action the seven divisions of the French 1st Army (1st and 5th armored, 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 9th infantry) that had been reequipped in French North Africa by the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013807-0002-0002", "contents": "15th Army Group, History\nThe gap in the ranks of the U.S. Fifth Army caused by the withdrawal of seven divisions (three US Army, the 3rd, 36th, and 45th infantry divisions; and four French, the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th divisions) was filled in 1944-45 by five US Army (10th Mountain, 85th, 88th, 91st, and 92nd infantry divisions) and one US-equipped Brazilian Army division (the 1st). Additional replacements and service elements were provided by conversion of the US Army's 2nd Cavalry Division, which had arrived in the theater in 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013807-0003-0000", "contents": "15th Army Group, History\nIn order to complicate the Allied ambitions in Italy, between October 1944 and March 1945, the available British forces were also weakened by breaking up the 1st Armoured Division because of a lack of replacements for 8th Army's casualties, and the withdrawal and deployment to Greece of two British infantry divisions (4th and 46th), the British-controlled 4th Indian Division, the British 23rd Armoured Brigade, the British 2nd Parachute Brigade, and the Greek 3rd Mountain Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013807-0003-0001", "contents": "15th Army Group, History\nIn addition, the Canadian I Corps and the British 5th Infantry Division were withdrawn and redeployed to northwestern Europe in Operation Goldflake, to make up for British and Canadian losses in France and Belgium in 1944. The British and Canadian divisions that were withdrawn to shore up 21st Army Group took advantage of the ports in southern France liberated by the US 7th and French 1st armies in Operation Dragoon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013807-0003-0002", "contents": "15th Army Group, History\nThe new gaps on the Italian front was filled by four Italian \"combat groups,\" each equivalent to a \"light\" (two brigade) division under the British table of organization and equipment, additional US troops (detached from the forces in France or converted from army-level cavalry and anti-aircraft units) and one additional brigade made up largely of infantry recruited in the British Mandate of Palestine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013807-0004-0000", "contents": "15th Army Group, History\nIn December 1944, American Lieutenant General Mark Clark became the new commander and the army group was renamed 15th Army Group once again. After the definitive break up of the Gothic Line, the Axis forces in Italy were finally defeated in the army group's spring offensive, with their surrender taking place on 2 May 1945. On 5 July, 15 Army Group was reorganized and redesignated the U.S. Occupational Forces Austria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013807-0005-0000", "contents": "15th Army Group, Order of battle\nOrder of Battle for 15th Army Group, August 1944-April 1945", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 32], "content_span": [33, 92]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013808-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Asian Film Awards\nThe 15th Asian Film Awards was held on October 8, 2021 in Busan at  Haeundae. Like 2020 edition it was staged with the 26th Busan International Film Festival in hybrid format that combines online and face-to-face participation. The award show was hosted by actress Kim Gyu-ri and broadcaster Lee Seung-guk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013808-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Asian Film Awards\nIn 15th edition of Asian Film Awards, 36 films from 8 Asian regions competed for 16 awards. Director Kiyoshi Kurosawa's Wife of a Spy (2020) won the best picture award at the ceremony streamed live on YouTube and Naver.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013809-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Asianet Film Awards\nThe 15th Asianet Film Awards, honoring the best films of 2012, were held on 20 January 2013 at Wellington Island, Kochi. The title sponsor of the event was Ujala.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013810-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Attack Squadron\n15th Attack Squadron is a United States Air Force unit assigned to the 432d Wing, 732nd Operations Group at Creech Air Force Base near Indian Springs, Nevada. It flies the General Atomics MQ-9 Reaper remotely piloted aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013810-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Attack Squadron\nThe 15th Attack Squadron was one of the first armed remotely piloted aircraft squadrons. The squadron provides combatant commanders with persistent intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance, full-motion video, and precision weapons employment. Global operations support continuous MQ-9 Reaper employment providing real-time actionable intelligence, strike, interdiction, close air support, and special missions to deployed war fighters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013810-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Attack Squadron, Mission\nThe 15th Attack Squadron is currently in operation at Creech Air Force Base, Nevada, and was the second of the Air Force's RQ-1 Predator remotely piloted aircraft squadrons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013810-0003-0000", "contents": "15th Attack Squadron, Mission\nThe mission of the squadron is to provide theater commanders with deployable, long endurance, near real-time reconnaissance, surveillance and target acquisition to close the sensor-to-shooter time line. The squadron operates medium altitude multi-sensor platforms to locate, identify and report battlefield conditions to warfighters. It also collects, exploits and distributes imagery and intelligence products to theater CINCs and national-level leadership.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013810-0004-0000", "contents": "15th Attack Squadron, History, World War I\nThe 15th Attack Squadron's origins go back to 8 May 1917, when it stood up as the 2d Aviation School Squadron at Hazelhurst Field, Long Island, New York. A little more than three months later, the squadron became the 15th Aero Squadron. The original mission of the squadron was part of the defense force for the New York City area, flying coastal patrols and as a flying training unit. The squadron was demobilized at Hazwlhurst on 18 September 1919, after the end of World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 42], "content_span": [43, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013810-0005-0000", "contents": "15th Attack Squadron, History, Interwar years\nThe 15th Squadron (Observation) was organized in the Army Air Service on 21 September 1921 at Chanute Field, Illinois, and equipped primarily with Dayton-Wright DH-4s. the main focus of the squadron was flying training, including gunnery, observation, reconnaissance, photography, radio familiarization and similar missions. The squadron served as the air component of the 6th Division. In April 1924 the squadron, now the 15th Observation Squadron was consolidated with its World War I predecessor. The squadron moved to Kelly Field, Texas in June 1927, where on 1 August, it was inactivated and its personnel and equipment used to form the 39th School Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 45], "content_span": [46, 709]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013810-0006-0000", "contents": "15th Attack Squadron, History, Interwar years\nThe squadron reformed at Selfridge Field, Michigan on 15 March 1928, once again providing air support for the 6th Division. On 20 March 1938, the 15th Observation Squadron deployed from Scott Field, Illinois, to Eglin Field, Florida, for two weeks of gunnery training. Thirty-five officers and 108 enlisted men were involved.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 45], "content_span": [46, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013810-0007-0000", "contents": "15th Attack Squadron, History, World War II\nDuring the early stages of World War II, the 15th supported the Field Artillery School in Oklahoma. On 26 March 1944, the unit deployed to England and began combat operations over France. Its first combat mission was photographic reconnaissance on a North American F-6 Mustang. On 6 June 1944, the 15th received credit for the first aerial victory by a tactical reconnaissance pilot as well as the first victory of D-Day. The unit continued armed reconnaissance operations in the European theater until July 1945. After returning to the United States, the squadron provided visual and photographic reconnaissance and artillery adjustments for Army, Navy and Air Forces until it was inactivated in April 1949.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 43], "content_span": [44, 752]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013810-0008-0000", "contents": "15th Attack Squadron, History, Korean War\nThe 15th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron, Photo-jet, was reactivated on 5 February 1951, in Japan and immediately deployed to Korea to provide visual and photographic reconnaissance. The unit flew Lockheed F-80 Shooting Stars North American F-86 Sabres and the RF-80 and RF-86 reconnaissance versions of these fighters during this period.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 41], "content_span": [42, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013810-0009-0000", "contents": "15th Attack Squadron, History, Pacific reconnaissance\nIn March 1954 the unit moved back to Japan and in August 1956, moved to Okinawa. The unit transitioned to Republic RF-84F Thunderflashes from 1956-1958 and then to McDonnell RF-101 Voodoos, continuing its long history of photographic reconnaissance. During the Vietnam era the 15th Squadron was based at Kadena Air Base, Okinawa, flying the RF-101C. The unit had many deployments to Southeast Asia, flying reconnaissance missions in support of US combat operations in that theatre. From 14 \u2013 28 March 1961, the 18th Tactical Fighter Wing deployed the 15th Reconnaissance Squadron to Kung Kuan Air Base, Taiwan equipped with McDonnell RF-101 Voodoo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 53], "content_span": [54, 702]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013810-0010-0000", "contents": "15th Attack Squadron, History, Pacific reconnaissance\nDuring the summer and fall of 1966, the squadron transitioned to the McDonnell RF-4C Phantom II, the aircraft that it was to operate for the next 25 years. Redesignated as 15 Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron on 8 Oct 1966.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 53], "content_span": [54, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013810-0011-0000", "contents": "15th Attack Squadron, History, Pacific reconnaissance\nIn January 1968 the squadron deployed from Kadena to Osan Air Base, Korea in support of Operation Combat Fox, flying reconnaissance missions over North Korea during the Pueblo Crisis under extremely harsh winter conditions that disabled many of the squadron's aircraft, reducing squadron strength to as low as six aircraft at one point. One aircraft was lost on mission during this period. A second aircraft was lost in an accident after the squadron moved to Itazuke Air Base, Japan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 53], "content_span": [54, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013810-0012-0000", "contents": "15th Attack Squadron, History, Pacific reconnaissance\nDuring the 1970s and 1980s, the squadron maintained aerial surveillance capabilities in support of American ground, naval and air forces in the Far East. The 15th Squadron was inactivated 1 October 1990.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 53], "content_span": [54, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013810-0013-0000", "contents": "15th Attack Squadron, History, Intelligence activities\nThe unit was reactivated as the 15th Tactical Intelligence Squadron on 20 February 1991. On 13 April 1992, the unit was redesignated as the 15th Air Intelligence Squadron. On 1 June 1994, it was once more inactivated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 54], "content_span": [55, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013810-0014-0000", "contents": "15th Attack Squadron, History, Remotely Piloted Aircraft operations\nThe unit was reactivated as the 15th Reconnaissance Squadron on 1 August 1997, at Indian Springs Air Force Auxiliary Field under the 57th Operations Group. It was assigned to fly the General Atomics MQ-1 Predator remotely piloted aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 67], "content_span": [68, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013810-0015-0000", "contents": "15th Attack Squadron, History, Remotely Piloted Aircraft operations\nFrom July 2005 to June 2006, the 15th Reconnaissance Squadron participated in more than 242 separate raids; engaged 132 troops in contact-force protection actions; fired 59 Hellfire missiles; surveyed 18,490 targets; escorted four convoys; and flew 2,073 sorties for more than 33,833 flying hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 67], "content_span": [68, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013810-0016-0000", "contents": "15th Attack Squadron, History, Remotely Piloted Aircraft operations\nStarting in 2005, the unit trained California Air National Guard's 163d Reconnaissance Wing members to operate the MQ-1. The 163d is being retasked as an MQ-1 unit. In May 2016, the squadron was redesignated the 15th Attack Squadron. The MQ-1 Predator was retired from United States Air Force service on 9 March 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 67], "content_span": [68, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013810-0017-0000", "contents": "15th Attack Squadron, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 46], "content_span": [47, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013811-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Avenue and Taraval station\n15th Avenue and Taraval is a light rail stop on the Muni Metro L Taraval line, located in the Parkside neighborhood of San Francisco, California. The station opened with the first section of the L Taraval line on April 12, 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013811-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Avenue and Taraval station, Planned changes\nLike many stations on the line, 15th Avenue and Taraval has no platforms; trains stop at marked poles before the cross street, and passengers cross parking lanes to board. In March 2014, Muni released details of the proposed implementation of their Transit Effectiveness Project (later rebranded MuniForward), which included a variety of stop changes for the L Taraval line. Transit bulbs would be added to the 15th Avenue and Taraval stop to allow passenger to board without crossing auto traffic; the inbound platform would be moved around the corner onto Taraval.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 48], "content_span": [49, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013811-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Avenue and Taraval station, Planned changes\nOn September 20, 2016, the SFMTA Board approved the L Taraval Rapid Project. Construction will occur from 2018 to 2020. As proposed in 2014, a bulb would be added at the existing outbound stop location, with a second bulb at the relocated inbound stop.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 48], "content_span": [49, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013811-0003-0000", "contents": "15th Avenue and Taraval station, Planned changes\nHowever, in January 2018, Muni offered a revised proposal in response to community pressure not to close the inbound stop at Taraval and 17th Avenue. The inbound stop at 15th and Taraval would be closed; inbound riders would use the new platform east of 17th Avenue, or the relocated Ulloa and 14th Avenue stop. The outbound stop would remain in service, with the previously planned bulb constructed. The SFMTA Board approved the plan in July 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 48], "content_span": [49, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013812-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Aviation Brigade (Slovenian Armed Forces)\nThe 15th Aviation Brigade was a brigade in the Air Force Unit of the Slovenian Armed Forces. The unit operated from 1992 to 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013813-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Bangladesh National Film Awards\nThe 15th Bangladesh National Film Awards, presented by Ministry of Information, Bangladesh to felicitate the best of Bangladeshi Cinema released in 1990. The ceremony took place in Dhaka and awards were given by then President of Bangladesh. The National Film Awards are the only film awards given by the government itself. Every year, a national panel appointed by the government selects the winning entry, and the award ceremony is held in Dhaka. 1990 was the 15th ceremony of National Film Awards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013814-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Battalion (48th Highlanders of Canada), CEF\nThe 15th Battalion (48th Highlanders of Canada), CEF was an infantry battalion of the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the Great War. The 15th Battalion was authorized on 1 September 1914, embarked for Britain on 26 September 1914 and arrived in France on 15 February 1915. The battalion fought as part of the 3rd Infantry Brigade, 1st Canadian Division in France and Flanders throughout the war. The battalion was disbanded on 30 August 1920.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013814-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Battalion (48th Highlanders of Canada), CEF\nThe 15th Battalion recruited in Toronto, Sudbury, Owen Sound and St. Catharines, Ontario and Waterloo and Coaticook, Quebec and was mobilized at Camp Valcartier, Quebec.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013814-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Battalion (48th Highlanders of Canada), CEF\nThe battalion fought on the southern flank of the 3rd Brigade during the attack on Vimy Ridge. They met little resistance from the Germans and reached their objectives within a few hours. The battalion suffered around 20% casualties with nine officers and over a hundred other ranks being killed or wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013814-0003-0000", "contents": "15th Battalion (48th Highlanders of Canada), CEF\nThe 15th Battalion (48th Highlanders of Canada), CEF, is perpetuated by the 48th Highlanders of Canada.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013815-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Battalion (Australia)\nThe 15th Battalion was an infantry battalion of the Australian Army. Formed in 1914 as part of the all-volunteer Australian Imperial Force from Queensland and Tasmanian recruits, the battalion fought during the Gallipoli Campaign and on the Western Front during the First World War. It was disbanded after the war in 1919, but later re-raised as a part-time Citizens Forces unit based in Queensland in 1921, consisting of a mixture of volunteers and conscripts. Economic pressures and limited manpower resulted in the battalion being amalgamated with other battalions a couple of times during the inter-war years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013815-0000-0001", "contents": "15th Battalion (Australia)\nIn mid-1939, as rising tensions in Europe led to an expansion of the Australian military, the battalion was re-formed in its own right. During the Second World War the 15th Battalion was mobilised for wartime service and initially undertook defensive duties in Australia before taking part in the fighting against the Japanese in New Guinea and Bougainville in 1943\u20131945. The battalion was disbanded in 1946 and never re-raised.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013815-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Battalion (Australia), History, First World War, Formation and service at Gallipoli\nThe 15th Battalion was originally raised as part of the all-volunteer Australian Imperial Force (AIF) in September 1914. Drawing personnel from volunteers from Queensland and Tasmania, it formed part of the 4th Brigade, along with the 13th, 14th, and 16th Battalions. With an authorised strength of 1,023 men, the battalion initially consisted of eight companies, of which six came from Queensland and two from Tasmania. The Queensland companies concentrated at Enoggera in September and began initial training, while the Tasmanians formed at Claremont in October.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 88], "content_span": [89, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013815-0001-0001", "contents": "15th Battalion (Australia), History, First World War, Formation and service at Gallipoli\nIn late November, the battalion concentrated at Broadmeadows, Victoria, under the command of Lieutenant Colonel James Cannan, who later rose to become Quartermaster General during World War II. Many of the battalion's officers and non-commissioned officers had previously served in the Citizens Forces and a few had fought in South Africa during the Boer War or in India with the British Army. Following a short period of training, the battalion embarked for overseas on the transport ship SS Ceramic in late December 1914, after marching through the streets of Melbourne.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 88], "content_span": [89, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013815-0001-0002", "contents": "15th Battalion (Australia), History, First World War, Formation and service at Gallipoli\nInitially it had been planned to send the Australians to fight against the Germans on the Western Front, but overcrowding and poor conditions in the training camps in the United Kingdom had resulted in the first Australian contingent, the 1st Division, being sent to Egypt instead. There they commenced training and briefly undertook defensive duties around Kantara, when Ottoman forces raided the Suez Canal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 88], "content_span": [89, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013815-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Battalion (Australia), History, First World War, Formation and service at Gallipoli\nTravelling via Albany, Western Australia, and then through the Suez Canal, the 4th Brigade disembarked at Alexandria on 3 February 1915 and moved into camp at Heliopolis, where it was assigned to Major General Alexander Godley's New Zealand and Australian Division. Upon arrival, the battalion was reorganised by merging the eight companies into four larger companies, designated 'A' through to 'D'. Shortly afterwards, the battalion's first draft of reinforcements arrived and an extensive period of training in the desert followed throughout February and March.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 88], "content_span": [89, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013815-0002-0001", "contents": "15th Battalion (Australia), History, First World War, Formation and service at Gallipoli\nFinally, on 10 April, the 15th Battalion was moved by train to Alexandria, where it embarked upon the troopships Seeang Bee and Australind, bound for Gallipoli. After leaving Alexandria, the 15th Battalion sailed to Mudros, where the Allied force assembled prior to the assault. Assigned to the follow-up waves, the 15th Battalion landed at Anzac Cove on the afternoon of 25 April 1915. As the Ottoman defenders checked the Allied advance inland, on arrival the 15th Battalion was rushed into the line on the left flank of the beachhead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 88], "content_span": [89, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013815-0002-0002", "contents": "15th Battalion (Australia), History, First World War, Formation and service at Gallipoli\nAs the advance inland stalled, the battalion became isolated and threatened with destruction until Cannan withdrew his force to a more tenable position. Later, they helped shore up the line before occupying positions around \"Pope's Hill\" and \"Russell's Top\", where they joined an attack on 1 May. After that, they occupied \"Quinn's Post\", and defended it against a strong Ottoman counterattack on 19 May. Further fighting occurred around the battalion's position as the Ottoman troops began tunnelling under the \"no man's land\" that divided the two lines. Counter-mining actions were undertaken, but on 29 May a significant attack was put in against the 15th Battalion's position and they were briefly forced back before restoring the situation with a strong counterattack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 88], "content_span": [89, 862]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013815-0003-0000", "contents": "15th Battalion (Australia), History, First World War, Formation and service at Gallipoli\nAfter this a period of stalemate fell across the peninsula. In early June, the 15th Battalion, its strength having fallen to below 600 men, was withdrawn from Quinn's Post to recuperate in a quiet sector known as \"Rest Gully\". Over the next two months, due to illness, the battalion's personnel were almost completely replaced. It received several drafts of reinforcements, amounting to over 500 men, including its transport element, and by early August it had reached a strength of 720 men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 88], "content_span": [89, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013815-0003-0001", "contents": "15th Battalion (Australia), History, First World War, Formation and service at Gallipoli\nOn 6 August, the Allies launched an offensive in an effort to try to break the deadlock, during which the 15th Battalion attacked the Abdel Rahman Bair heights, which was known to the Australians as \"Hill 971\", before later supporting the 14th Battalion's attack on \"Hill 60\". Casualties were heavy, and on 13 September the battalion was withdrawn for a brief rest on Lemnos, its strength having fallen to just 11 officers and 136 other ranks. They returned to Gallipoli early in November, occupying a position in Hay Valley, as winter began. They remained there until being evacuated on 13 December on the transport Carron, as part of the main Allied withdrawal. The battalion's casualties during the campaign amounted to 10 officers and 380 other ranks killed, and one officer and 17 other ranks captured.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 88], "content_span": [89, 896]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013815-0004-0000", "contents": "15th Battalion (Australia), History, First World War, Fighting on the Western Front\nFollowing the evacuation from Gallipoli, the AIF was re-organised in Egypt. This saw the splitting of the veteran battalions to provide cadres for new battalions as the AIF's infantry divisions in Egypt were doubled. As a part of this process, the 15th Battalion provided personnel to the 47th Battalion, and the 4th Brigade became part of the Australian 4th Division. After a further period of training, in June 1916 the battalion sailed for France aboard the transport Transylvania.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 83], "content_span": [84, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013815-0004-0001", "contents": "15th Battalion (Australia), History, First World War, Fighting on the Western Front\nAfter landing at Marseilles, the 15th Battalion moved to northern France via rail to Beilleul, moving into the line around Bois Grenier for a brief period on 15 June. Amidst the carnage of the Battle of the Somme which was launched in July, the following month, the 15th Battalion was committed to fighting on the Western Front for the first time, entering the line around Pozi\u00e8res on 5 August, as the 4th Division relieved the shattered 2nd.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 83], "content_span": [84, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013815-0005-0000", "contents": "15th Battalion (Australia), History, First World War, Fighting on the Western Front\nDuring the relief, the battalion suffered heavy shelling, which, after it had moved into trenches in front of the village along the sunken road to Courcellette, was followed by a brief German attack that was repulsed and resulted in the battalion capturing 20 Germans. In the days that followed, the battalion worked to improve their defensive line, digging saps towards the German trenches while patrols were sent out into no man's land. Late on 8 August, the 15th put in an attack alongside a British battalion from the Suffolk Regiment, on their left.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 83], "content_span": [84, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013815-0005-0001", "contents": "15th Battalion (Australia), History, First World War, Fighting on the Western Front\nAmidst heavy shelling and machine-gun crossfire, the attack stalled following the loss of almost all of the officers in the assaulting companies; nevertheless, despite progress on their left, they succeeded in capturing part of the German line, but were ordered to withdraw the following day. On the night of 9 August, a second attack was put in, in concert with the 16th Battalion, which succeeded in securing part of the German line, despite heavy shelling. At noon the following day, the 15th was relieved as the 4th Brigade was withdrawn from the line and replaced by the 13th. Casualties during the battalion's first battle on the Western Front were high: 90 killed and 370 wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 83], "content_span": [84, 771]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013815-0006-0000", "contents": "15th Battalion (Australia), History, First World War, Fighting on the Western Front\nFollowing this, the 15th Battalion moved to Mouquet Farm, where they supported an attack by the 14th Battalion and carried out defensive duties. They remained there until early September, when they were withdrawn back to Warloy and then to Reingheist, via Doulens. Before this occurred, on 30 August, the 15th experienced a change in command, as Cannan, who had been promoted to brigadier-general, was replaced by Lieutenant Colonel Terence McSharry. The remainder of the year was spent in the Ypres salient, around St Eloi and Boorlartbeek, before winter fell on the Western Front. It was the worst winter in Europe in 40 years, and the men suffered heavily from sickness and the cold as they rotated through the line, conducting defensive duties and labouring before moving to Gueudecourt, and then later Lagnicourt, in the new year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 83], "content_span": [84, 919]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013815-0007-0000", "contents": "15th Battalion (Australia), History, First World War, Fighting on the Western Front\nAs winter passed, in an effort to shorten their lines and move into prepared positions, the Germans fell back towards the Hindenburg Line. After the Allies advanced to follow up the withdrawal, the battalion fought its first major battle of 1917 in early April, around Bullecourt, where the 4th Brigade attacked as a complete formation for the first time since Gallipoli.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 83], "content_span": [84, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013815-0007-0001", "contents": "15th Battalion (Australia), History, First World War, Fighting on the Western Front\nCommitted without the protection of an artillery barrage, expecting tank support to win the day, the 4th Brigade suffered heavy casualties; on the first night, the tanks broke down and on the second, they had proven unable to breach the enemy defences, leaving the infantry to force their way through. After less than 10 hours of fighting, 2,339 soldiers from the 4th lay dead or wounded, out of 3,000 committed, including 400 from the 15th; by the end of the attack, only 52 men from the battalion's assault force remained uninjured. They were subsequently withdrawn from the line back to farmland around the village of Doulien where the battalion was rebuilt, eventually reaching a strength of 719 personnel of all ranks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 83], "content_span": [84, 807]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013815-0008-0000", "contents": "15th Battalion (Australia), History, First World War, Fighting on the Western Front\nIn mid-1917, the Australians were moved to Belgium as the focus of British operations shifted to the Ypres sector in an effort to draw German attention away from the French. The first effort came around Messines, on the southern flank, where a series of tunnels were dug under the German lines. On 7 June, 19 mines were detonated and in the ensuing fighting, the British captured Messines Ridge. Assigned a support role, the 15th Battalion was held in reserve and did not take part in the attack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 83], "content_span": [84, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013815-0008-0001", "contents": "15th Battalion (Australia), History, First World War, Fighting on the Western Front\nThe following day, it was committed to hold the gains that had been made during the attack, relieving the New Zealanders around Gooseberry Farm. The 15th remained in the Ypres sector and subsequently took part in the fighting around Polygon Wood during the Third Battle of Ypres in September. In November 1917, the battalion was withdrawn from the line for a three-month rest, spending the winter around Templeux-la-Fosse and Hollebeke.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 83], "content_span": [84, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013815-0009-0000", "contents": "15th Battalion (Australia), History, First World War, Fighting on the Western Front\nIn early 1918, the collapse of the Russian Empire enabled the Germans to transfer a significant number of troops to the Western Front and in March, having amassed 192 divisions, they launched an offensive against the British forces in the Somme. Heavily outnumbered, the British and Dominion troops were pushed back by the initial onslaught and the Australian Corps was thrown into the line in an effort to stem the tide. The 15th Battalion was moved initially to Bavincourt before securing Hebuterne late in the month, where they experienced a heavy artillery bombardment before turning back a German attack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 83], "content_span": [84, 693]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013815-0009-0001", "contents": "15th Battalion (Australia), History, First World War, Fighting on the Western Front\nLater, after being relieved by a battalion of the Royal Fusiliers, they moved to Rossignol Farm. Throughout April, while the 13th and 15th Brigades fought significant actions around Villers-Bretonneux, the battalion received several drafts of reinforcements, bringing it up to a total of 57 officers and 955 other ranks as it prepared to move up to replace the 15th Brigade in late April. Following their arrival, they undertook a support role, constructing defences before moving on to Freschencourt on 22 May, remaining there until they marched at the end of the month to Hamelet near Corbie, where they conducted several patrol actions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 83], "content_span": [84, 723]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013815-0010-0000", "contents": "15th Battalion (Australia), History, First World War, Fighting on the Western Front\nAs the German advance in the Amiens sector exhausted itself, in June the Allies began to prepare for their own offensive, conducting a series of small-scale advances which became known as \"peaceful penetrations\". That month, a number of American troops were assigned to the battalion to gain experience, as the United States began building up its forces on the Western Front. Lieutenant General John Monash, having taken over as commander of the Australian Corps from William Birdwood, decided to launch a combined arms attack to reduce the salient that had developed in front of Amiens around Hamel and straighten the line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 83], "content_span": [84, 708]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013815-0011-0000", "contents": "15th Battalion (Australia), History, First World War, Fighting on the Western Front\nOn 4 July, Australian and American forces attacked Hamel. Assigned the task of attacking a German strong point designated the \"Pear Trench\", the 15th, with an attached company of Americans, suffered the highest losses of any Australian battalion committed to the battle, losing nine officers and 231 other ranks out of the 636 men committed. The losses began even before the assault, when some of the preparatory barrage dropped short on their forming-up point.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 83], "content_span": [84, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013815-0011-0001", "contents": "15th Battalion (Australia), History, First World War, Fighting on the Western Front\nIn the darkness the three tanks that had been assigned to support their attack temporarily became lost, and as a consequence, the 15th's initial attack went in without armoured support. Coming up against strong resistance from well-sited machine-gun posts, the advance was held up until they were overcome by Lewis gun teams and section-level fire and movement, which allowed the battalion to gain the Pear Trench.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 83], "content_span": [84, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013815-0011-0002", "contents": "15th Battalion (Australia), History, First World War, Fighting on the Western Front\nThe 15th Battalion's sole Victoria Cross recipient, Private Henry Dalziel, received his award for his actions during this time while serving as a \"number two\" within a Lewis-gun team, rushing a German machine-gun post with a revolver. After taking the Pear Trench, the battalion exploited the position moving into the Vaire Trench and Hamel Wood in concert with the tanks that had finally arrived. Following the capture of the village, the battalion defended the captured ground before being relieved by the 49th Battalion late on 5 July.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 83], "content_span": [84, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013815-0012-0000", "contents": "15th Battalion (Australia), History, First World War, Fighting on the Western Front\nAfter Hamel, the battalion moved to Hangaard Wood, and on 8 August the Allies launched the Hundred Days Offensive around Amiens. Two days before the advance, the battalion suffered a heavy setback when their commanding officer, McSharry, was mortally wounded in a bombardment around Vaire, while trying to rescue a wounded soldier. In his stead, Major Burford Sampson temporarily took command. Advancing from around Hamel, the battalion attacked the village of Cerisy, and despite enduring a gas attack they succeeded in capturing around 350 Germans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 83], "content_span": [84, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013815-0012-0001", "contents": "15th Battalion (Australia), History, First World War, Fighting on the Western Front\nAs further advances followed, more actions followed around Lihu Farm and Jeancourt as the 15th Battalion continued to fight around the \"Hindenburg Outpost Line\" until late September, by which time it had taken heavy casualties, with a strength of just over 300 men. On the eve of the battalion's final battle, Sampson handed over command to Lieutenant Colonel Charles Johnston. The battles of 1918 had depleted the Australians, inflicting heavy casualties that they had been unable to replace as recruitment in Australia had fallen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 83], "content_span": [84, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013815-0012-0002", "contents": "15th Battalion (Australia), History, First World War, Fighting on the Western Front\nIn October, at the request of the Australian prime minister, Billy Hughes, they were withdrawn from the line for rest and reorganisation. They did not return to action before the armistice was signed in November 1918, after which the battalion's strength was slowly reduced as men were individually repatriated back to Australia as part of the demobilisation process. The battalion ceased to exist on 27 March 1919, having been reduced to company strength.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 83], "content_span": [84, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013815-0013-0000", "contents": "15th Battalion (Australia), History, First World War, Fighting on the Western Front\nDuring the war, the battalion lost 1,194 men killed and 2,187 wounded. Members of the battalion received the following decorations: one Victoria Cross, one Companion of the Order of the Bath, two Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George, 13 Distinguished Service Orders (DSOs), two Members of the Order of the British Empire, 30 Military Crosses (MCs), 28 Distinguished Conduct Medals (DCMs), 180 Military Medals (MMs), nine Meritorious Service Medals (MSMs), 64 Mentions in Despatches (MIDs) and eight foreign awards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 83], "content_span": [84, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013815-0014-0000", "contents": "15th Battalion (Australia), History, Inter-war years\nIn 1921, following the conclusion of the demobilisation process, the government undertook a review of Australia's military requirements and decided to re-organise its part-time military forces to perpetuate the numerical designations of the AIF units. As a result, the 15th Battalion was re-raised in Brisbane, Queensland, within the 1st Military District. Personnel were drawn from the 2nd Battalion, 15th Infantry Regiment, which traced its lineage to the 8th Infantry (Oxley Battalion) that had been raised in 1912 from part of the 1/9th Australian Infantry Regiment. In 1927, the battalion received its battle honours from the First World War. Territorial designations were introduced at this time, and the battalion became known as the \"Oxley Regiment\" in recognition of its connection to the Oxley region. It was also granted the motto Caveant Hostes and, the following year, the battalion became allied with the East Yorkshire Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 52], "content_span": [53, 996]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013815-0015-0000", "contents": "15th Battalion (Australia), History, Inter-war years\nInitially the strength of the Citizens Forces units was maintained through a mixture of voluntary and compulsory service; in 1929\u20131930, however, the newly elected Scullin Labor government terminated compulsory service and replaced the Citizens Forces with an all-volunteer \"Militia\". Funding was cut heavily, and training opportunities were also reduced. This, combined with economic pressure caused by the Great Depression, which made it difficult for part-time soldiers to maintain their livelihoods while continuing their training commitments, meant that the number of volunteers fell sharply. Consequently, a number of infantry battalions were disbanded or amalgamated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 52], "content_span": [53, 726]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013815-0015-0001", "contents": "15th Battalion (Australia), History, Inter-war years\nAs a result of this decision, the 15th Battalion was merged with the 9th to form the 9th/15th Battalion. A memorial plaque to the battalion was unveiled in ANZAC Square, in Brisbane, in 1932. In 1934, the 9th/15th was split and the 15th merged with the 26th Battalion to form the 15th/26th Battalion. This formation was split in July 1939, as part of a hasty expansion of Australia's military force as tensions in Europe raised concerns about the country's preparedness in the event of a future war. Upon re-forming, the 15th Battalion established its drill hall near the Brisbane Cricket Ground.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 52], "content_span": [53, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013815-0016-0000", "contents": "15th Battalion (Australia), History, Second World War, Garrison duty in Australia and service in New Guinea\nAfter the outbreak of the Second World War in September 1939, due to the provisions of the Defence Act, which precluded the Militia from being sent outside Australian territory to fight, the decision was made to raise an all-volunteer force for overseas service known as the \"Second Australian Imperial Force\" (2nd AIF).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 107], "content_span": [108, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013815-0016-0001", "contents": "15th Battalion (Australia), History, Second World War, Garrison duty in Australia and service in New Guinea\nThis force was dispatched to the Middle East to fight against the Germans and Italians, while in Australia the compulsory service scheme was re-established in January 1940 and the Militia was called up for short periods of continuous service \u2013 up to 90 days \u2013 on a rotational basis to improve the overall readiness of Australia's military forces. The 15th Battalion was partially mobilised for continuous service in mid-1940 and, in August that year, the battalion sent a detachment of 200 men to undertake garrison duty in Territory of Papua. As part of the 7th Brigade, the detachment was stationed at \"Three Mile Camp\" near Port Moresby. Later in the year, the detachment was transferred to the 49th Battalion, which remained in Papua.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 107], "content_span": [108, 846]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013815-0017-0000", "contents": "15th Battalion (Australia), History, Second World War, Garrison duty in Australia and service in New Guinea\nMeanwhile, the rest of the 15th Battalion remained in Brisbane, serving in a part-time capacity. In November and December 1941, the battalion received three large drafts of conscripts \u2013 consisting of several hundred individuals \u2013 who were attached to the battalion to receive three months of compulsory full-time training as war loomed in the Pacific. Many of the conscripts received at this time were university students and most had no previous military experience, although some had served as volunteers in the Militia prior to their call up.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 107], "content_span": [108, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013815-0017-0001", "contents": "15th Battalion (Australia), History, Second World War, Garrison duty in Australia and service in New Guinea\nInitially, these personnel were formed into separate training companies, receiving three months of continuous training at Chermside, with the university students completing a shorter period of just 60\u201370 days, to fit in with their semester break. Later, in February 1942, once they had completed their period of mandatory training, the conscripts were either released from service, or moved into the battalion's four rifle companies where they served alongside volunteers on full-time service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 107], "content_span": [108, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013815-0018-0000", "contents": "15th Battalion (Australia), History, Second World War, Garrison duty in Australia and service in New Guinea\nFollowing Japanese victories in Malaya, Singapore and elsewhere in the Pacific in late 1941 and early 1942, the whole 15th Battalion was mobilised for wartime service and tasked with undertaking defensive duties along the coast of south-east Queensland, based at Caloundra, due to concerns of a potential invasion. The invasion did not occur and, in mid-1942, the 15th Battalion was transferred to the 29th Brigade. Consisting of the 42nd and 47th Battalions, the 29th was part of the 5th Division, and was moved north to Townsville, where the battalion served as a garrison force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 107], "content_span": [108, 689]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013815-0019-0000", "contents": "15th Battalion (Australia), History, Second World War, Garrison duty in Australia and service in New Guinea\nIn January 1943, the 29th Brigade was deployed to New Guinea to serve as garrison troops in areas that had been recently secured by Allied forces. The 15th Battalion was initially sent to Milne Bay, remaining there for six months. It moved to Buna in July, but did not remain there long, transferring to Morobe a few weeks later. While there, the battalion's commanding officer, Lieutenant Colonel Jack Amies, appealed to the battalion to volunteer for service as part of the AIF.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 107], "content_span": [108, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013815-0019-0001", "contents": "15th Battalion (Australia), History, Second World War, Garrison duty in Australia and service in New Guinea\nWhile some already had, the majority of the men were still classified as Militia personnel, which meant that the battalion was restricted in where it could serve and was liable to be broken up. To be classified as an AIF battalion, under the provisions of the newly passed Defence (Citizen Military Forces) Act 1943, 65 per cent or more of the personnel had to volunteer for service outside Australian territory. The response was considerable and, by August, the battalion was gazetted as an AIF battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 107], "content_span": [108, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013815-0019-0002", "contents": "15th Battalion (Australia), History, Second World War, Garrison duty in Australia and service in New Guinea\nLater that month, as the Australians fought to secure Komiatum, the battalion moved on barges to Nassau Bay, and was committed to combat for the first time, occupying a position around Mount Tambu, known as \"Davidson's Ridge\", before marching to Tambu Bay. Arriving on 23 August, the battalion was initially placed into divisional reserve, as the 29th Brigade was committed to the drive on Salamaua.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 107], "content_span": [108, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013815-0020-0000", "contents": "15th Battalion (Australia), History, Second World War, Garrison duty in Australia and service in New Guinea\nThe campaign was to proceed in conjunction with the effort to capture Lae. As the Japanese garrison there was pressed by the 7th Division advancing from the Markham Valley and the 9th Division advancing along the coast from beaches east of the town, the Japanese hurriedly sought to reinforce Lae, moving about 6,000 troops from Salamaua to the south. Sensing an opportunity, in early September the 3rd Division began a drive north on Salamaua from Wau.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 107], "content_span": [108, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013815-0020-0001", "contents": "15th Battalion (Australia), History, Second World War, Garrison duty in Australia and service in New Guinea\nOn 31 August, the battalion joined the fighting, advancing around the right flank of the US 162nd Infantry Regiment and attacking the junction between the Lokanu and Scout Ridges. Over the course of 10 days of heavy fighting and hard going up the steep slopes, it gained the position, securing it by 9 September. The battalion had lost 10 men killed and 47 wounded in the process, but had killed 107 Japanese. The following day, the 15th advanced towards Nuk Nuk as Japanese resistance crumbled. Hard-pressed, the Japanese garrison had begun to withdraw from Salamaua, completing the process just before the Allies entered the town on 11 September. The battalion's total casualties in the fighting around Salamaua between April and September numbered 11 killed and 50 wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 107], "content_span": [108, 884]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013815-0021-0000", "contents": "15th Battalion (Australia), History, Second World War, Garrison duty in Australia and service in New Guinea\nFollowing the fall of the town, as the remainder of the 5th Division was rested, the 15th Battalion, which had seen less action due to being held in reserve, was committed to pursuing the withdrawing Japanese. The battalion advanced north towards the Markham River, and on 14 September two companies were transported by barge in an effort to get behind the fugitives and cut them off, but they arrived about an hour too late.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 107], "content_span": [108, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013815-0021-0001", "contents": "15th Battalion (Australia), History, Second World War, Garrison duty in Australia and service in New Guinea\nOn 17 September, the battalion established a large ambush site along the coast south of the river to prevent the fleeing Japanese from evacuating by the sea. The following day, the ambush was sprung as a platoon-sized group attempted to get away. After being beaten back into the jungle, they launched an attack on one of the Australian positions that was blocking their escape. In the ensuing hand-to-hand fighting, 13 Japanese were killed and one prisoner taken. Further minor clashes followed as the 15th patrolled north and, by late October, it entered Lae. The battalion subsequently took up defensive duties around the town as the 29th Brigade was assigned the task of holding Lae to free up troops from the 7th Division for operations in the Finisterre Range further to the west.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 107], "content_span": [108, 894]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013815-0022-0000", "contents": "15th Battalion (Australia), History, Second World War, Fighting on Bougainville\nThe battalion remained in the vicinity of Lae until June 1944, when it was withdrawn to Australia. It established itself at Strathpine, before moving to Samford, in the greater Brisbane area. After a period of leave, the battalion was re-organised in preparation for employment in the Bougainville campaign, remaining with the 29th Brigade, which was transferred to the 3rd Division. The 3rd had adopted the \"jungle divisional\" establishment, and the battalion's authorised strength fell from 910 to 803.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 79], "content_span": [80, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013815-0023-0000", "contents": "15th Battalion (Australia), History, Second World War, Fighting on Bougainville\nTo free up US troops for service in the Philippines, the Australians took over from the US garrison on Bougainville, and the 3rd Division arrived around Torokina, on Bougainville, in November 1944. Prior to their arrival, the US garrison had maintained a defensive posture, but the Australians launched a limited-scale offensive on the island which evolved into three main drives in the north, south and in the centre of the island. The 15th Battalion embarked on the transport Cape Victory at Pinkenba on 23 November, and arrived on Bougainville on four days later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 79], "content_span": [80, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013815-0023-0001", "contents": "15th Battalion (Australia), History, Second World War, Fighting on Bougainville\nAlong with the rest of the 29th Brigade, it relieved the US 182 Infantry Regiment, and was assigned to the southern drive towards Buin, where the main Japanese force was based. Its first involvement with the campaign came in December, when the 15th Battalion departed the Jaba River and led the 29th Brigade's advance along the western coast towards the Tavera River. Upon reaching the river, in order to skirt around the thick jungle, a company was sent up the Adele River on a barge, while the rest of the battalion advanced inland along the Mendai Road. By January 1945, the 15th was joined by the 29th Brigade's other two battalions and together they fought through to Mawaraka, before being relieved by the 15th Battalion's old formation, the 7th Brigade. They were subsequently sent back to Torokina for rest, remaining there until early July 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 79], "content_span": [80, 934]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013815-0024-0000", "contents": "15th Battalion (Australia), History, Second World War, Fighting on Bougainville\nAt that point, the 29th Brigade was committed to the fighting again, moving to the Mivo River, where it took over the advance from the 15th Brigade. As the 15th Battalion advanced to relieve the 57th/60th Battalion, it clashed with Japanese units and, on 3 July, as a company from the 47th Battalion came under heavy attack, one the 15th Battalion's platoons was dispatched with two tanks in support to provide assistance. Heavy fighting continued throughout the afternoon following their arrival, during which at least 20 Japanese were killed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 79], "content_span": [80, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013815-0024-0001", "contents": "15th Battalion (Australia), History, Second World War, Fighting on Bougainville\nThe 15th Battalion occupied a position around Sisikatekori and along Killen's Track, in the southern sector of the brigade's area, while the Australians made preparations to resume the advance towards the Buin stronghold. The most-forward battalion, on 6 July it was subjected to heavy attacks as the Japanese sought to infiltrate the Australian forward positions and cut their lines of communication. As a result of these attacks, the plan to advance was cancelled temporarily.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 79], "content_span": [80, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013815-0025-0000", "contents": "15th Battalion (Australia), History, Second World War, Fighting on Bougainville\nPatrols from the 15th were sent out daily to wrest the initiative and frequent actions followed, sometimes involving contacts with Japanese forces up to 70 strong. These small-scale actions culminated in a large-scale attack on 'D' Company on 9 July, in which 34 Japanese were killed and two captured for the loss of two Australians killed and four wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 79], "content_span": [80, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013815-0025-0001", "contents": "15th Battalion (Australia), History, Second World War, Fighting on Bougainville\nAfter this, patrols were sent out across the Mivo, but strong Japanese resistance, and heavy rain, frustrated the 15th's efforts to carry out a detailed reconnaissance of the opposite bank, effectively halting the Australian advance and ending significant combat in the island's south. The battalion was able to send patrols across the Mivo in early August, although at least one man was swept downstream in the swollen waters, and a number of clashes occurred between 3 and 5 August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 79], "content_span": [80, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013815-0025-0002", "contents": "15th Battalion (Australia), History, Second World War, Fighting on Bougainville\nOn 3 August, a small patrol killed six Japanese after surprising a platoon to the east of the Mivo River, and the following day a further 19 Japanese were killed in clashes with the 15th Battalion, while one soldier from the battalion was killed and another wounded when the Japanese exploded a mine by remote control next to the Buin Road. On 5 August, a patrol from the 15th was able to penetrate as far as the Wapiai River and preparations began for the battalion to resume the advance on 17 August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 79], "content_span": [80, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013815-0025-0003", "contents": "15th Battalion (Australia), History, Second World War, Fighting on Bougainville\nThe advance was cancelled a week later in anticipation of a Japanese surrender, following news of the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, and the battalion's involvement in the fighting on Bougainville came to an end. Its battle casualties during the campaign are listed by Gavin Long, the Australian official historian, as five officers and 102 other ranks killed or wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 79], "content_span": [80, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013815-0026-0000", "contents": "15th Battalion (Australia), History, Second World War, Disbandment and legacy\nThe battalion concentrated around Torokina in October, in preparation for post-war demobilisation. As its personnel were repatriated back to Australia or transferred to other units for further service, its strength dwindled. In mid-December, the battalion's remaining personnel embarked upon the transport River Loddon and sailed for Brisbane, arriving there on Christmas Eve. The demobilisation process continued at Chermside and the battalion was finally disbanded on 28 March 1946. The Australian War Memorial lists the battalion's casualties during the Second World War as 42 men killed and 105 wounded. Its personnel received the following decorations: two Officers of the Order of the British Empire, four MCs, two DCMs, 11 MMs and 35 MIDs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 77], "content_span": [78, 824]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013815-0027-0000", "contents": "15th Battalion (Australia), History, Second World War, Disbandment and legacy\nFollowing its disbandment in 1946, although other Militia battalions were re-raised when the Citizens Military Force was established in 1948, the 15th Battalion has remained off the Australian Army's order of battle. In 1961, the battalion was finally awarded its battle honours for the Second World War. At the same time, it was entrusted with those earned by its corresponding 2nd AIF battalion, the 2/15th Battalion. In May 2002, Alec Campbell, the last surviving Australian veteran of Gallipoli, died at the age of 103.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 77], "content_span": [78, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013815-0027-0001", "contents": "15th Battalion (Australia), History, Second World War, Disbandment and legacy\nA member of the 15th Battalion, Campbell had enlisted from Tasmania at the age of 16 and arrived on the peninsula as a reinforcement in the final stages of the campaign. He was later wounded, and evacuated due to illness prior to the final evacuation of all Allied forces in December 1915.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 77], "content_span": [78, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013815-0028-0000", "contents": "15th Battalion (Australia), Battle honours\nIn 1961, the battalion\u00a0\u2013 although no longer on the Australian Army's order of battle\u00a0\u2013 was entrusted with the battle honours awarded to the 2/15th Battalion for its service with the 2nd AIF during World War II. The honours it inherited at this time were: North Africa 1941\u201342; El Adem Road; Alam el Halfa; West Point 23; Finschhafen; Scarlet Beach; Bumi River; Defence of Scarlet Beach; Nongora; Borneo; Brunei; Miri; Defence of Tobruk; The Salient 1941; El Alamein; South-West Pacific 1943\u201345; Lae\u2013Nadzab; Liberation of Australian New Guinea; and Sio.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 42], "content_span": [43, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013816-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Berlin International Film Festival\nThe 15th annual Berlin International Film Festival was held from 25 June to 6 July 1965. The festival started selecting the jury members on its own rather than countries sending designated representatives. The Golden Bear was awarded to the French film Alphaville directed by Jean-Luc Godard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013816-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Berlin International Film Festival, Jury\nThe following people were announced as being on the jury for the festival:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 45], "content_span": [46, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013816-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Berlin International Film Festival, Films in competition\nThe following films were in competition for the Golden Bear award:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013817-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Bombardment Training Wing\nThe 15th Bombardment Training Wing is an inactive United States Air Force unit. Its last assignment was with Second Air Force, based at Colorado Springs Army Air Base, Colorado. It was inactivated on 9 April 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013817-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Bombardment Training Wing, History, Operations\nActivated on 18 December 1940 and assigned to Southwest Air District as light bombardment training wing. Apparently it never had sufficient personnel to carry out effectively its mission. Inactivated on 3 September 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 51], "content_span": [52, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013817-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Bombardment Training Wing, History, Operations\nTrained groups and heavy bombardment replacement crews for Second Air Force June 1942 until February 1945 when it ceased all activity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 51], "content_span": [52, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013818-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Brigade (Australia)\nThe 15th Brigade was an infantry brigade of the Australian Army. Originally raised in 1912 as a Militia formation, the brigade was later re-raised in 1916 as part of the First Australian Imperial Force during World War I. The brigade took part in the fighting on the Western Front in France and Belgium during 1916\u20131918 before being disbanded in 1919. After this it was re-raised as a part-time unit of the Citizens Force in 1921 in Victoria. During World War II the brigade undertook defensive duties and training in Victoria and Queensland, before being deployed to New Guinea in 1943. Over the course of 1943 and 1944, it took part in the Salamaua\u2013Lae, Markham\u2013Ramu campaigns before returning to Australia in late 1944. In mid-1945, the brigade was committed to the  Bougainville campaign, before being disbanded following the end of hostilities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 874]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013818-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Brigade (Australia), History\nThe 15th Brigade traces its origins to 1912, when it was formed as a Militia brigade as part of the introduction of the compulsory training scheme, assigned to the 3rd Military District. At this time, the brigade's constituent units were located around Shepparton, Wangaratta, Seymour, Moonee Ponds, Ascot Vale, Coburg, Carlton and Newmarket.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013818-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Brigade (Australia), History, World War I\nThe 15th Brigade was re-raised during World War I as part of the First Australian Imperial Force (AIF). Under the command of Brigadier General Harold Elliott, the brigade was formed as part of the expansion of the AIF that was undertaken in 1916 following the conclusion of the Gallipoli campaign. Drawing a cadre of experienced personnel who had fought during the Gallipoli campaign from the 2nd Brigade, the brigade was assigned to the 5th Division upon formation and was made up of four infantry battalions\u2014the 57th, 58th, 59th and 60th Battalions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 46], "content_span": [47, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013818-0002-0001", "contents": "15th Brigade (Australia), History, World War I\nMeanwhile, after July 1916 it also consisted of the following supporting elements: 15th Field Company Engineers, 15th Machine Gun Company, 15th Light Trench Mortar Battery and the 15th Field Ambulance. Following the 5th Division's arrival in Europe, the brigade's first major action came at Fromelles in July 1916 when they and the British 184th Infantry Brigade were committed to attacking the German positions along the Laies River which were held by the 16th Bavarian Reserve Infantry Regiment. During the battle, two of the brigade's battalions\u2014the 59th and 60th\u2014were committed to the assault while the other two were held back in reserve. Of the two assault battalions, the 60th suffered the heaviest casualties, losing 16 officers and 741 men, while the 59th suffered 695 casualties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 46], "content_span": [47, 836]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013818-0003-0000", "contents": "15th Brigade (Australia), History, World War I\nFor the next two and a half years the brigade saw service in the trenches along the Western Front in France and Flanders, taking part in actions at Bullecourt, Polygon Wood, Villers\u2013Bretonneux and along the St Quentin Canal. Their final engagement came around Beaurevoir in late September and into early October 1918 when the Australians undertook operations to penetrate the German defences along the Hindenburg Line. During the brigade's final attacks, the brigade lost 32 officers and 489 men killed or wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 46], "content_span": [47, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013818-0004-0000", "contents": "15th Brigade (Australia), History, World War I\nSeverely depleted and suffering from manpower shortages that was the result of the combined effect of a decrease in the number of volunteers arriving from Australia and the decision to grant home leave to men who had served for over four years, the Australian Corps was subsequently withdrawn from the line for rest on 5 October, upon a request from the Australian prime minister, Billy Hughes. When the Armistice came into effect on 11 November 1918, the Australians had not returned to the front and were still in the rear reorganising and training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 46], "content_span": [47, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013818-0004-0001", "contents": "15th Brigade (Australia), History, World War I\nWith the end of hostilities, the demobilisation process began and men were slowly repatriated back to Australia. Eventually a number of the brigade's subordinate units were amalgamated, before ultimately being disbanded. On 26 March 1919, the final entry was made in the brigade's War Diary and the 15th Brigade was disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 46], "content_span": [47, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013818-0005-0000", "contents": "15th Brigade (Australia), History, Inter-war years\nIn 1921, it was decided to perpetuate the numerical designations and honours of the AIF by re-organising the units of the Citizens Force. As a result, the brigade was reformed in Victoria as part of the 3rd Division on 1 May 1921. The brigade was based in Melbourne and regional Victoria at this time. Upon reformation the brigade consisted of four infantry battalions. These were the same battalions that had been allocated during the war and due to the revival of the compulsory training scheme they were quickly brought up to full strength.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 50], "content_span": [51, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013818-0005-0001", "contents": "15th Brigade (Australia), History, Inter-war years\nThere was some variation, however, and indeed while the 59th Battalion had 1,444 men on its establishment, the 57th Battalion was the smallest in the 3rd Division, possessing just 702 members. Nevertheless, the following year the Army's budget was halved in response to the resolution of the Washington Naval Treaty which theoretically removed the threat to Australia posed by Japan, and as the scope of the compulsory training scheme was scaled back, the authorised strength of each battalion was reduced to just 409 men of all ranks, maintaining a skeleton organisation of just three companies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 50], "content_span": [51, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013818-0006-0000", "contents": "15th Brigade (Australia), History, Inter-war years\nIn 1929, the situation was made worse by the complete suspension of the compulsory training scheme following the election of the Scullin Labor government. In its place a new system was introduced whereby the Citizens Force would be maintained on a part-time, voluntary basis only. It was also renamed the \"Militia\" at this time. The decision to suspend compulsory training, coupled with the economic downturn of the Great Depression meant that the manpower of many Militia units dropped considerably and as a result a number of units were amalgamated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 50], "content_span": [51, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013818-0006-0001", "contents": "15th Brigade (Australia), History, Inter-war years\nBy 1931, the 15th Brigade's authorised strength was reduced to 1,109 men, organised into three infantry battalions: the 58th, 59th and the 57th/60th Battalion, which had been merged the year before. Of these, only the 57th/60th could muster over 300 men, with an establishment of 331 personnel. At the same time 59th reported a strength of 281 men, while the 58th had 277.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 50], "content_span": [51, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013818-0007-0000", "contents": "15th Brigade (Australia), History, Inter-war years\nThroughout the decade numbers remained low and training opportunities were, out of necessity, limited to home parades and an annual camp of just four days continuous training. From 1936 onwards attempts were made to improve the conditions of service and to reinvigorate the training program, while individual units began to undertake their own recruiting campaigns, however it was not until 1938, as tensions grew in Europe, that an attempt was made to expand the establishment of the Militia and a concerted effort to evaluate the readiness of individual units was undertaken at the annual camp that year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 50], "content_span": [51, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013818-0007-0001", "contents": "15th Brigade (Australia), History, Inter-war years\nThe 15th Brigade received considerable criticism following its camp, with the inspecting officer giving a negative review to all three infantry battalions, although the 58th was singled out for the harshest assessment. Throughout 1939 the process of expansion continued, nevertheless just prior to the outbreak of war in September, the brigade only consisted of 1,805 men in its three infantry battalions with the 57th/60th Battalion possessing about a third of the manpower that the 59th Battalion had.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 50], "content_span": [51, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013818-0008-0000", "contents": "15th Brigade (Australia), History, World War II\nAt the outset of the World War II, due to the provisions of the Defence Act (1903) which prohibited sending the Militia to fight outside of Australian territory, the decision was made to raise an all volunteer force, the Second Australian Imperial Force (2nd AIF), for service overseas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013818-0008-0001", "contents": "15th Brigade (Australia), History, World War II\nAs a result of this, the Militia units that already existed were used to provide a cadre of trained personnel upon which to raise the units of the 2nd AIF, as well as to administer the training of conscripts that were called up following the reinstitution of the compulsory training scheme in January 1940. They were also called up progressively to undertake brief periods of continuous service throughout 1940\u20131941 to improve overall military preparedness.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013818-0008-0002", "contents": "15th Brigade (Australia), History, World War II\nThroughout 1941 the 15th Brigade, consisting of the 57th/60th, 58th and 59th Infantry Battalions, was stationed around Seymour, where it was mobilised for full time service following Japan's entry  into the war. In early 1942, the brigade moved to Casino, New South Wales, to defend the northern New South Wales coast in the event of an invasion. In September 1942, the brigade moved to Caboolture, Queensland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013818-0008-0003", "contents": "15th Brigade (Australia), History, World War II\nAt this time they were joined by the 24th Battalion after it was transferred to the 15th Brigade from the 10th Brigade, which had been disbanded during the partial demobilisation of Australian forces that was undertaken to rectify a manpower shortage that had developed within the Australian economy. As a result of the addition of the 24th Battalion, the 58th and 59th Battalions were amalgamated to form the 58th/59th Battalion, in order to maintain the triangular structure\u201424th, 57th/60th and 58th/59th\u2014of the brigade. Attached also were the 15th Field Ambulance and the 15th Field Engineers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013818-0009-0000", "contents": "15th Brigade (Australia), History, World War II\nIn June 1943, command of  the 15th Brigade was assumed by Brigadier Heathcote Hammer who had led with distinction as a battalion commander in North Africa, including at the First and the Second Battle of El Alamein. Hammer led the brigade until war's end. Later in 1943 the brigade was deployed to New Guinea. Its first fight involved the 24th and 58th/59th Battalions against the Japanese during the Salamaua\u2013Lae campaign. Assigned a role in the feint against Salamaua, the brigade's most significant actions came in June and into July when they were involved in the fighting around Bobdubi Ridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013818-0009-0001", "contents": "15th Brigade (Australia), History, World War II\nDuring this time the 57th/60th Battalion had been assigned to maintain a defensive perimeter for the US 871st Airborne Engineer Battalion, who were carving out a new airbase deep in the jungle at Tsili Tsili. At the end of the Salamaua\u2013Lae campaign all units of the brigade were moved back to Port Moresby. In early 1944, the brigade was formed up for battle in its entirety and was attached to the 7th Division for its campaign in the Markham and Ramu valleys, arriving at Dumpu on 7 January to begin their advance. In February, after the fighting around the Kankiryo Saddle, the 15th Brigade moved up the Faria Valley to take over from the 18th Brigade. The brigade then proceeded to advance towards Madang as part of the 11th Division, which was reached on 24 April 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 822]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013818-0010-0000", "contents": "15th Brigade (Australia), History, World War II\nIn October 1944, after 16 months active service, the brigade returned to Australia for rest and reorganisation on the Atherton Tablelands in Queensland. By that time it had grown to a full brigade-group, consisting of a headquarters, three infantry battalions\u2014the 24th, 57th/60th and 58th/59th Battalions\u2014and supporting elements including a signals section, a flamethrower platoon, three troops of tanks from the 2/4th Armoured Regiment, a section of engineers from the 15th Field Company, a company from the 1st New Guinea Infantry Battalion, the 266th Light Aid Detachment, as well as military police, postal and dental units and a detachment from the Australian New Guinea Administrative Unit. Also in support was artillery from 5 Battery, 2nd Field Regiment and four 155\u00a0mm guns of 'U' Heavy Battery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 852]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013818-0011-0000", "contents": "15th Brigade (Australia), History, World War II\nIn April 1945, the 15th Brigade was sent to Bougainville to rejoin the 3rd Division where, supported by the guns of the 2/11th Field Regiment, it took part in the advance to the Hongorai River as well as the drive towards the Mivo before being relieved by the 29th Brigade on 1 July. Its losses while on Bougainville were heavier than any other Australian brigade that took part in the campaign, suffering 32 officers and 493 men killed or wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013818-0012-0000", "contents": "15th Brigade (Australia), History, Disbandment\nFollowing the end of hostilities the 15th Brigade was disbanded in late 1945 as the demobilisation process was undertaken. Afterwards, in 1946, the decision was made to discard the existing army organisational structures and establish an 'interim force' until arrangements could be put in place for the post-war army. When the Citizens Military Force was re-raised in 1948, it was done so on a reduced establishment and the 15th Brigade was not reformed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 46], "content_span": [47, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013819-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Brigade (Japan)\nThe 15th Brigade (Japanese: \u7b2c15\u65c5\u56e3) is one of six active brigades of the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force. The brigade is subordinated to the Western Army and is headquartered in Naha, Okinawa. Its responsibility is the defense of Okinawa Prefecture.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013820-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Brigade Support Battalion (United States)\nThe 15th Medical Battalion is a former battalion of the United States Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013820-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Brigade Support Battalion (United States), Organization\nThe 15th Medical Battalion was a non-combat battalion of the United States Army Medical Department, originally formed on 23 March 1925 as the 1st Medical Squadron and redesignated as the 15th Medical Battalion on 25 March 1949. On 1 October 1984, the 15th Medical Battalion was redesignated the 2nd Forward Support Battalion. Two of the medical companies were reassigned and a Quartermaster company from the 15th Supply & Transportation Battalion became the new Company A, while Company B came from the 27th Maintenance Battalion. On 15 May 1987, the Battalion became the 15th Support Battalion (Forward). The Battalion has been assigned to the 1st Cavalry Division since it was formed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 60], "content_span": [61, 747]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013820-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Brigade Support Battalion (United States), Service\nThe unit saw service during the Second World War, the Korean War, the Vietnam War, the Gulf War (Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm), the Bosnian War (as part of rotation SFOR 5), the war in Iraq (Operation Iraqi Freedom), Hurricane Katrina, and the war in Afghanistan (Operation Enduring Freedom). It is currently designated the 15th Brigade Support Battalion, providing logistics support to the 2nd Brigade Combat Team, 1st Cavalry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 55], "content_span": [56, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013821-0000-0000", "contents": "15th British Academy Film Awards\nThe 15th British Film Awards, given by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts in 1962, honoured the best films of 1961.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013821-0001-0000", "contents": "15th British Academy Film Awards, Winners and nominees, Best British Screenplay\nThe Day the Earth Caught Fire - Wolf Mankowitz and Val Guest  A Taste of Honey - Tony Richardson and Shelagh Delaney", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 79], "content_span": [80, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013822-0000-0000", "contents": "15th British Academy Games Awards\nThe 15th British Academy Video Game Awards was hosted by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts on 4 April 2019 at the Queen Elizabeth Hall in London to honour the best video games of 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013822-0001-0000", "contents": "15th British Academy Games Awards, Category changes\nFor the 15th ceremony, one new category was introduced. The EE Best Mobile Game of the Year Award is similar to the Mobile Game Award but, while the winner of the latter category is voted for by the BAFTA committee, the EE Mobile Game winner is voted for by the British public and the winners receive a special solid yellow BAFTA statuette as opposed to the standard golden statuette given to the winners of the other categories.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 51], "content_span": [52, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013822-0002-0000", "contents": "15th British Academy Games Awards, Winners and nominees\nThe nominations were announced on 14 March 2019. Winners were presented on 4 April 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 55], "content_span": [56, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013823-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Busan International Film Festival\nThe 15th Busan International Film Festival was held from October 7 to October 15, 2010, at the Busan Stadium Yachting Center Outdoor Stage, hosted by actors Jung Joon-ho and Han Ji-hye.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013823-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Busan International Film Festival\nA total of 308 films from 67 countries were screened in 6 theaters, with a record 103 world premieres and 52 international premieres. The festival had a total attendance of 182,046.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013823-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Busan International Film Festival\nDuring the event, festival director Kim Dong-ho announced the construction of the Busan Cinema Center, which will be the main venue of the festival in the future. Kim also announced his own retirement, having served as director since the festival was founded in 1996.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013824-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Canadian Comedy Awards\nThe 15th Canadian Comedy Awards, presented by the Canadian Comedy Foundation for Excellence (CCFE), honoured the best live, television, film, and Internet comedy of 2013. The awards ceremony was hosted by Tom Green and held at the Ottawa Little Theatre on 14\u00a0September 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013824-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Canadian Comedy Awards\nCanadian Comedy Awards, also known as Beavers, were awarded in 30 categories. Winners in 7 categories were chosen by the public through an online poll and others were chosen by members of industry organizations. The awards ceremony was part of the Canadian Comedy Awards Festival which ran from 10 to 14 September and included over 20 comedy events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013824-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Canadian Comedy Awards\nThe film Sex After Kids and TV series Satisfaction led with seven nominations each. The big winner was Nathan Fielder who won three Beavers for writing, directing, and performing in TV series Nathan for You. Jeremy Lalonde won two Beavers for Sex After Kids. Also winning two Beavers were web series But I'm Chris Jericho! and sketch group Peter 'n Chris. Dave Foley won Canadian Comedy Person of the Year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013824-0003-0000", "contents": "15th Canadian Comedy Awards, Festival and ceremony\nThe 15th Canadian Comedy Awards (CCA) was held in Ottawa, Ontario. Hamilton and Niagara Falls, Ontario, had also been approached to host the awards if they would become home to a new Canadian Comedy Hall of Fame, but the cities declined.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 50], "content_span": [51, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013824-0004-0000", "contents": "15th Canadian Comedy Awards, Festival and ceremony\nThe awards ceremony was hosted by Tom Green and held on 14\u00a0September 2014 at the Ottawa Little Theatre at the conclusion of the Canadian Comedy Awards Festival, which ran from 10 to 14 September. The festival included comedy showcases by many of the 150 nominees at venues including the Ottawa Little Theatre, Yuk Yuk's, and Absolute Comedy. School groups were invited to daytime workshops at the Market Media Mall in ByWard Market, which had interactive exhibits including a standup comedy stage and the television set from The Great White North of SCTV.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 50], "content_span": [51, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013824-0005-0000", "contents": "15th Canadian Comedy Awards, Winners and nominees\nBetween 160 and 180 jurors chose the top-five nominees. Over 15,000 members of the public voted online for winners in seven categories. The others were decided by industry members. Voting was open from July to 15\u00a0August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013824-0006-0000", "contents": "15th Canadian Comedy Awards, Winners and nominees\nWeb series, which had been included with television awards in the previous year's ceremony, were split into separate categories for this year's awards. This resulted in 30 award categories and over 150 nominees, the most for any awards ceremony as of 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013825-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Canadian Film Awards\nThe 15th Canadian Film Awards were held on May 10, 1963 to honour achievements in Canadian film. The ceremony was hosted by Jeanine Beaubien.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013826-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Canadian Folk Music Awards\nThe 15th Canadian Folk Music Awards were scheduled to presented on April 3 and 4, 2020 in Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island. This represents the first time in the history of the awards that the organizing committee decided to present the awards in the spring rather than the fall, and thus the first time that the awards have been presented since November 2018. On March 13, however, the organizing committee announced the cancellation of the ceremony due to the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada; instead, the winners were announced via live streaming on April 4.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013826-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Canadian Folk Music Awards\nPerformers were scheduled to include Visht\u00e8n, Kaia Kater, Ayrad, Tri-Continental, Lennie Gallant, Abigail Lapell and Le Vent du Nord.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013827-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Canadian Ministry\nThe Fifteenth Canadian Ministry was the cabinet chaired by Prime Minister R. B. Bennett. It governed Canada from 7 August 1930 to 23 October 1935, including only the 17th Canadian Parliament. The government was formed by the old Conservative Party of Canada.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013827-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Canadian Ministry, Succession\nThis Canadian government\u2013related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013828-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Canadian Parliament\nThe 15th Canadian Parliament was in session from January 7, 1926, until July 2, 1926. The membership was set by the 1925 federal election on October 29, 1925, and it changed only somewhat due to resignations and by-elections until it was dissolved prior to the 1926 election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013828-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Canadian Parliament\nInitially, it was controlled by a Liberal Party House minority under Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King and the 12th Canadian Ministry. The Liberal caucus did not have a majority of seats in the House - it only had the second most seats - and was propped up by the Progressive Party of Canada MPs. The Official Opposition was the Conservative Party, led by Arthur Meighen. When the Liberal government fell, Meighen's Conservatives were allowed to form government (the 13th Canadian Ministry), triggering the \"King-Byng Affair\". Quickly the 13th Ministry fell as well.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013828-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Canadian Parliament\nThe Speaker was Rodolphe Lemieux. See also List of Canadian electoral districts 1924-1933 for a list of the ridings in this parliament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013828-0003-0000", "contents": "15th Canadian Parliament\nThe unusual case of a new party taking control of the government between elections has only happened twice in Canadian history; the other occasion was in the 2nd Canadian parliament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013828-0004-0000", "contents": "15th Canadian Parliament, List of members\nFollowing is a full list of members of the fifteenth Parliament listed first by province, then by electoral district.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 41], "content_span": [42, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013828-0005-0000", "contents": "15th Canadian Parliament, List of members\nElectoral districts denoted by an asterisk (*) indicates that district was represented by two members.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 41], "content_span": [42, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013829-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Carrier Air Group\nThe 15th Carrier Air Group of the Fleet Air Arm was formed on 30 June 1945. It was based on the aircraft carrier HMS\u00a0Venerable for service in the British Pacific Fleet and contained 814 Naval Air Squadron flying the Fairey Barracuda and 1851 Naval Air Squadron flying the Vought F4U Corsair. It was disbanded in 1947.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013830-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Cavalry Division (Russian Empire)\nThe 15th Cavalry Division (Russian: 15-\u044f \u043a\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u0438\u044f, 15-ya Kavaleriiskaya Diviziya) was a cavalry formation of the Russian Imperial Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013831-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Cavalry Division (United States)\nThe 15th Cavalry Division was a cavalry division of the United States Army during World War I, the only United States cavalry division formed during the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013831-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Cavalry Division (United States)\nIt was created with three cavalry brigades between November 1917 and February 1918 in Texas and Arizona, and included the Regular Army cavalry regiments that had guarded the Mexico\u2013United States border. The division was originally trained for deployment to Europe, but only two of its regiments were sent there. The division was inactivated on 12 May 1918 and its remaining units sent back to the border as replacement National Army regiments were considered insufficiently trained. Elements of the division were reconstituted as the 1st Cavalry Division in 1921.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013831-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Cavalry Division (United States), History\nThe organization of the division was ordered by the United States War Department on 27 November 1917 from the nine Regular Army cavalry regiments guarding the Mexico\u2013United States border, in response to the desire of American Expeditionary Forces (AEF) commander on the Western Front General John J. Pershing for a mobile cavalry reserve despite French and British suggestions against establishing such a unit. Under the command of Major General George Windle Read from 10 December, the division was intended to be sent to the AEF, and began forming in early December.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013831-0002-0001", "contents": "15th Cavalry Division (United States), History\nThe divisional headquarters was organized at Fort Bliss, Texas, the headquarters of the 1st Cavalry Brigade at Fort Sam Houston, Texas, that of the 2nd Cavalry Brigade at Fort Bliss, and that of the 3rd Cavalry Brigade at Douglas, Arizona. The three cavalry brigades were authorized 14,268 combatants and non-combatants, out of the total division strength (including support units) of 18,176.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013831-0003-0000", "contents": "15th Cavalry Division (United States), History\nFor the next several months, the division conducted methodical training by concentrating two out of three regiments in each brigade, with the third regiment periodically rotating off border duty. When it left the border, the division was intended to be replaced on border duty by new National Army cavalry regiments, then in the process of organization.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013831-0003-0001", "contents": "15th Cavalry Division (United States), History\nThe organization of the division was completed in February 1918 with the organization of the 1st Cavalry Brigade headquarters, and the 6th, 7th, 14th, and 15th Cavalry Regiments were alerted for deployment to the AEF in response to a request from Pershing for corps troops. However, only the 6th and 15th Cavalry were sent to the AEF via Camp Merritt, New Jersey on 4 March.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013831-0004-0000", "contents": "15th Cavalry Division (United States), History\nBrigadier General DeRosey Caroll Cabell became commanding general on 30 April, and commanded it for the rest of its brief existence. The Commanding General of the Southern Department, Major General Willard Holbrook, proposed that the division be broken up on 6 May 1918, as he considered the National Army regiments insufficiently trained to be able to replace the Regulars within nine months, and the divisional organization unwieldy for border patrol duty. In response, the War Department disbanded the division on 12 May; its subordinate units remained on the border. Pershing was informed by Secretary of War Newton D. Baker that all remaining cavalrymen were required for border duty, ending the possibility of employing a cavalry division on the Western Front. The brigade headquarters remained active in the border until they were demobilized in July 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 910]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013831-0005-0000", "contents": "15th Cavalry Division (United States), Perpetuation\nThe 1st Cavalry Division was formed from several units formerly part of the 15th Cavalry Division in 1921. The three brigade headquarters were reconstituted with the 1st Cavalry, but only the 1st and 2nd Brigades became active due to a reduced table of organization.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 51], "content_span": [52, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013832-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Cavalry Regiment\nThe 15th Cavalry Regiment is a cavalry regiment of the United States Army. It was one of the Expansion Units originally established for the Spanish\u2013American War, but has been a general workhorse unit ever since.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013832-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Cavalry Regiment, History, Origins\nThe 15th Cavalry Regiment was formed in 1901 at the Presidio of San Francisco, California. Immediately upon its organization in 1901, the 15th Cavalry embarked for the Philippines to quell an insurrection in the United States' newly acquired territory. The regiment's next action was part of the Cuban Pacification from 1906 to 1909, followed by duty along the Mexican border and the hunt for Pancho Villa from December 1917 to March 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 39], "content_span": [40, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013832-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Cavalry Regiment, History, World War One\nWhen the United States entered World War I, the regiment sailed for France as one of the four mounted regiments on duty with the Allied Expeditionary Force. The fighting had already bogged down into trench warfare and the role of horse cavalry was nearly over. The 15th was called upon to dismount and relieve exhausted infantry units in the trenches. It was the tank that finally broke the trench lines to end both the war and the role of the horse soldier. The 15th served occupation duty after the war until June 1919 when it returned to the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 45], "content_span": [46, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013832-0003-0000", "contents": "15th Cavalry Regiment, History, World War One\nThe 15th Cavalry Regiment was deactivated on 18 October 1921, after 20 years of continuous active service, as part of the massive cutbacks in the Regular Army following \"the war to end all wars\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 45], "content_span": [46, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013832-0004-0000", "contents": "15th Cavalry Regiment, History, World War Two\nWith the advent of the Second World War, the 15th was again called to service in March 1942, this time with new mounts, the armored car and tank. After undergoing training at the Desert Training Center in California, the regiment sailed for the European Theater of Operations, arriving in Scotland in March 1944. Here, the 15th was reorganized as the 15th Cavalry Group (Mechanized). The group was composed of the 15th and 17th Reconnaissance Squadrons. The 15th Cavalry Group landed on Utah Beach on 5 July 1944 as part of Patton's Third Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 45], "content_span": [46, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013832-0004-0001", "contents": "15th Cavalry Regiment, History, World War Two\nThe 15th served in four major campaigns in Europe: Normandy, Northern France, Rhineland, and Central Europe. The 15th Cavalry Group and its two squadrons fought as part of the Third Army, Ninth Army and was later assigned as a security force for several different divisions. The end of the war found the 15th deep inside Germany, covering over 1000 miles of enemy held territory since landing on the Continent in July 1944. When the war ended, the 15th Cavalry Group and its two squadrons had taken nearly 7,000 German prisoners and had destroyed 78 guns and 495 enemy vehicles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 45], "content_span": [46, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013832-0005-0000", "contents": "15th Cavalry Regiment, History, Postwar \u2013 the Constabulary Era\nFollowing the war, the 15th was redesignated the 15th Constabulary Regiment, charged initially with occupation duty of the defeated Germany. The 17th Reconnaissance Squadron was deactivated in January 1947, but the 15th Squadron, redesignated as the 15th Constabulary Squadron, continued serving. As the cold war began in earnest, the regiment's duty shifted to patrolling the border between West Germany and East Germany, as well as the border with Czechoslovakia. The Constabulary Force guarded the border until 1952.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 62], "content_span": [63, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013832-0006-0000", "contents": "15th Cavalry Regiment, History, Cold War\nFrom 1952 to 1987, the regiment went through a series of redesignations, inactivations and reactivations. Elements of the regiment served across various Army units in Korea, Germany, and the United States. Troop G served in the Vietnam War from 1971 to 1972, being equipped at that time with the M551 Sheridan Armored Reconnaissance/Airborne Assault Vehicle (AR/AAV).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 40], "content_span": [41, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013832-0007-0000", "contents": "15th Cavalry Regiment, History, Reorganization and current status\nIn March 1987, the Army overhauled its Combat Arms Regimental System (CARS) to restore some order to the history and lineage of its regiments. One goal of this reform was to keep on active duty those regiments which had earned distinguished records over long years of service. The 15th Cavalry Regiment met this criteria and, in March 1987, was reactivated at Fort Knox, Kentucky, by the activation of its 5th Squadron (Sabers). On 1 May 2018, the 2nd Squadron (Lions) was activated. Both Squadrons, as part of the 194th Armored Brigade, are charged with the mission of training the U.S. Army's enlisted Cavalry Scouts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 65], "content_span": [66, 685]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013832-0008-0000", "contents": "15th Cavalry Regiment, Lineage, 15th Cavalry Regiment, 17th Cavalry Reconnaissance Squadron, Mechanized (Less Company F)\nPortions of the 17th's movements are dramatized in the book, \"Teacher of the Year: The Mystery and Legacy of Edwin Barlow\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 120], "content_span": [121, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013832-0009-0000", "contents": "15th Cavalry Regiment, Honors, Commanding officers\n(Inactivated December 1948, reactivated November 1950 as 15th Armored Cavalry Group, Mechanized)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 50], "content_span": [51, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013832-0010-0000", "contents": "15th Cavalry Regiment, Honors, Commanding officers\n(15th Armor Group Inactivated December 1955, incorporated into the Combat Arms Regimental System 1957, regimental headquarters disbanded.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 50], "content_span": [51, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013833-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party\nThe 15th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party was in session from 1997 to 2002. The 14th Central Committee preceded it. The China Democracy Party formed in this period, and was suppressed. It held seven plenary sessions. It was followed by the 16th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013833-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party\nIt elected the 15th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party in 1997. Plenary sessions were held by the politburo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013834-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Chess Olympiad\nThe 15th Chess Olympiad, organized by FIDE and comprising an open team tournament, as well as several other events designed to promote the game of chess, took place between September 15 and October 10, 1962, in Varna, Bulgaria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013834-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Chess Olympiad\nThe Soviet team with 6 GMs, led by world champion Botvinnik, lived up to expectations and won their sixth consecutive gold medals, with Yugoslavia and Argentina taking the silver and bronze, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013834-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Chess Olympiad, Results, Preliminaries\nA total of 37 teams entered the competition and were divided into four preliminary groups of eight to ten teams each. The top three from each group advanced to Final A, the teams placed 4th-6th to Final B, and the rest to Final C, where they were joined by a Bulgarian \"B\" team that played outside the contest. All preliminary groups as well as Finals A and B were played as round-robin tournaments, while Final C with 14 teams was played as an 11-round Swiss system tournament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013834-0003-0000", "contents": "15th Chess Olympiad, Results, Preliminaries\nThe Soviet Union took first place in group 1, well ahead of the two German teams, East with half a point more than West. Sweden, Belgium, and Spain took the places 4\u20136, while Norway, Turkey, and Greece finished at the bottom of the group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013834-0004-0000", "contents": "15th Chess Olympiad, Results, Preliminaries\nGroup 2 was won by the United States, while the Bulgarian hosts and Romania were tied for second place. Israel, Mongolia, and Switzerland made up the middle part of the group, while Puerto Rico and Tunisia had to settle for Final C.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013834-0005-0000", "contents": "15th Chess Olympiad, Results, Preliminaries\nYugoslavia clinched group 3, ahead of the Netherlands and Czechoslovakia. Poland, Iceland, and Finland had to settle for Final B. Meanwhile, France, Uruguay, Luxembourg, and Cyprus finished at the bottom of the group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013834-0006-0000", "contents": "15th Chess Olympiad, Results, Preliminaries\nGroup 4 was won by Argentina, ahead of Hungary and Austria. Denmark, Cuba, and England made up the middle part of the group, while Albania, India, Iran, and Ireland completed the field.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013834-0007-0000", "contents": "15th Chess Olympiad, Results, Individual medals\nAt the other end of the spectrum, Milton Ioannidis of Cyprus lost all of his 20 games, the worst score ever of any player at any Olympiad.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 47], "content_span": [48, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013835-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Chunwon\nThe 15th Chunwon began on 15 June 2010 and concluded on 27 January 2011. Defending champion Park Junghwan progressed past the first round, but his title defense was halted after losing to Yun Junsang in the second round. Choi Cheol-han was the eventual winner, winning the Chunwon for the third time in his career.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013836-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Cinemalaya Independent Film Festival\nThe 15th Cinemalaya Independent Film Festival was held from August 2\u201313, 2019 in Metro Manila, Philippines. A total of ten full-length features and ten short films competed. The festival was opened by the film Ang Hupa by Lav Diaz and its closing film was Mina-Anud by Kerwin Go.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013836-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Cinemalaya Independent Film Festival, Entries\nThe winning film is highlighted with boldface and a dagger.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 50], "content_span": [51, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013836-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Cinemalaya Independent Film Festival, Awards\nThe awards ceremony was held on August 12, 2019 at the Tanghalang Nicanor Abelardo (CCP Main Theater), Cultural Center of the Philippines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 49], "content_span": [50, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013837-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Coast Artillery (United States)\nThe 15th Coast Artillery Regiment was  a Coast Artillery regiment in the United States Army. Along with the 16th Coast Artillery, it manned the Harbor Defenses of Pearl Harbor and other fortified sites on Oahu, Hawaii from 1924 until broken up into battalions in August 1944 as part of an Army-wide reorganization.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013837-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Coast Artillery (United States), Lineage 1\nConstituted as the 15th Artillery (Coast Artillery Corps) (C.A.C.) and organized October 1918 at Fort Crockett, Texas, but demobilized in November 1918. This was one of a number of Coast Artillery regiments mobilized to operate heavy and railway artillery on the Western Front in World War I, but the Armistice resulted in the dissolution of the 15th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 47], "content_span": [48, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013837-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Coast Artillery (United States), Lineage 2\nConstituted in the Regular Army 27 February 1924 as 15th Coast Artillery (Harbor Defense) (HD), and organized 1 July 1924 at Fort Kamehameha from the following Companies of the Coast Artillery Corps (CAC): 185th, 125th, 91st, 143rd, 184th, 86th, and 95th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 47], "content_span": [48, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013837-0003-0000", "contents": "15th Coast Artillery (United States), Lineage 2\nRegiment disbanded on 15 August 1944 and broken up as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 47], "content_span": [48, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013837-0004-0000", "contents": "15th Coast Artillery (United States), Lineage 2\n15th CA Group and 53rd CA Battalion inactivated 10 April 1945; 54th CA Battalion inactivated 10 April 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 47], "content_span": [48, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013837-0005-0000", "contents": "15th Coast Artillery (United States), Lineage 2\nIn 1950 the 15th Coast Artillery Group was reconstituted and consolidated as the 15th Antiaircraft Artillery Group, with lineage inherited from the 15th Coast Artillery Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 47], "content_span": [48, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013837-0006-0000", "contents": "15th Coast Artillery (United States), Distinctive unit insignia\nA Gold color metal and enamel device 1 1/32 inches (2.62\u00a0cm) in height overall consisting of a shield blazoned:  Gules, a chevron paly of eight Argent, of the field (Gules), Azure and repeated, the ordinary fimbriated Or. Attached below and to the sides of the shield a Gold scroll inscribed \u201cLITTORE SISTIMUS\u201d in Blue letters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 63], "content_span": [64, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013837-0007-0000", "contents": "15th Coast Artillery (United States), Distinctive unit insignia\nThe shield is red for the Artillery and the chevron is in the colors of the old royal Hawaiian flag, which also appeared in the arms of the Coast Defenses of Pearl Harbor. The motto translates to \u201cWe Take Our Stand On The Shore.\u201d", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 63], "content_span": [64, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013837-0008-0000", "contents": "15th Coast Artillery (United States), Distinctive unit insignia\nThe distinctive unit insignia was originally approved for the 15th Coast Artillery Regiment on 17 April 1925. It was redesignated for the 15th Artillery Group on 2 June 1966.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 63], "content_span": [64, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013837-0009-0000", "contents": "15th Coast Artillery (United States), Coat of arms, Blazon\nGules, a chevron paly of eight Argent, of the field (Gules), Azure and repeated, the ordinary fimbriated Or.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013837-0010-0000", "contents": "15th Coast Artillery (United States), Coat of arms, Blazon\nOn a wreath of the colors Or and Gules, a cannon palewise Gules, between two dolphins hauriant, dexter and sinister, Or, langued of the first. Motto:   LITTORE SISTIMUS (We Take Our Stand On The Shore).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013837-0011-0000", "contents": "15th Coast Artillery (United States), Coat of arms, Symbolism\nThe shield is red for the Artillery and the chevron is in the colors of the old royal Hawaiian flag, which also appeared in the arms of the Coast Defenses of Pearl Harbor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 61], "content_span": [62, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013837-0012-0000", "contents": "15th Coast Artillery (United States), Coat of arms, Symbolism\nThe crest shows the big gun supported by the dolphins - the king of fishes - indicating the command of the coast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 61], "content_span": [62, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013837-0013-0000", "contents": "15th Coast Artillery (United States), Coat of arms, Background\nThe coat of arms was approved for the 15th Coast Artillery Regiment on 16 April 1925. It was rescinded/cancelled on 26 December 1974.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 62], "content_span": [63, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013838-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)\nThe 15th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) was held during 2\u201319 December 1927 in Moscow. It was attended by 898 delegates with a casting vote and 771 with a consultative vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [59, 59], "content_span": [60, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013838-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), History, Background\nIn October 1927, the last Left Opposition members were expelled from the Central Committee elected by the 14th Congress, and in November 1927 Leon Trotsky and Grigory Zinoviev were expelled from the Party itself.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 80], "content_span": [81, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013838-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), History, Repudiation of the United Opposition\nThe 15th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) was convened in Moscow on 2 December 1927. This marked the first Soviet Communist Party Congress in two years, this despite the fact that party regulations called for annual meetings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 106], "content_span": [107, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013838-0002-0001", "contents": "15th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), History, Repudiation of the United Opposition\nThe gathering was retrospectively remembered as the \"Congress of the Collectivization of Agriculture and of the Socialist Offensive on All Fronts\" in the official party history of 1962, although a major part of time spent by the gathering related to internal party politics and the final ritualistic repudiation of the United Opposition of Trotsky, Zinoviev, and their supporters, effectively ending a two-year factional war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 106], "content_span": [107, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013838-0003-0000", "contents": "15th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), History, Repudiation of the United Opposition\nOppositionists Christian Rakovsky and Lev Kamenev held brief speeches in front of the Congress. Rakovsky's speech was interrupted fifty-seven times by his opponents, including Nikolai Bukharin, Martemyan Ryutin, and Lazar Kaganovich. Although, unlike Rakovsky, Kamenev used the occasion to appeal for reconciliation, he was nevertheless interrupted twenty-four times by the same group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 106], "content_span": [107, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013838-0004-0000", "contents": "15th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), History, Theses on Industrialization\nThe Central Committee adopted a set of theses regarding industrialization which had been prepared in October 1927 by the Central Committee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 97], "content_span": [98, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013838-0005-0000", "contents": "15th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), History, Election of a new Central Committee\nThe 15th Congress elected a new Central Committee to govern activities of the Communist Party during the period in between Congresses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 105], "content_span": [106, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013838-0006-0000", "contents": "15th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), History, Election of a new Central Committee\nCentral Committee: 71 members, 50 candidates to Central Committee membershipCentral Revision Commission: 9 membersCentral Control Commission: 195 members", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 105], "content_span": [106, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013839-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Congress of the Philippines\nThe Fifteenth Congress of the Philippines (Filipino: Ikalabinlimang Kongreso ng Pilipinas) was a meeting of the national legislature of the Republic of the Philippines, composed of the Senate and House of Representatives. The convention of the 15th Congress followed the 2010 Senate election, which replaced half of the Senate membership, and the 2010 House of Representatives elections which elected entire membership of the House of Representatives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013839-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Congress of the Philippines\nThe House of Representatives meets in Batasang Pambansa Complex and the Senate meets in the GSIS Building from July 26, 2010, to a certain date in 2013, from the first to possible third years of the presidency of Benigno Aquino III; this will be the end of tenure for senators elected in 2007. The 15th Congress was officially opened by President Aquino together with the joint session of the Senate and the House of Representatives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013839-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Congress of the Philippines, Members, Party standing, Senate\n*for purposes of quorum and voting, the vacant seat is included.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 65], "content_span": [66, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013839-0003-0000", "contents": "15th Congress of the Philippines, Members, Memberships in committees and other bodies, Commission on Appointments\nThe Senate President sits as the chair of the Commission on Appointments, who can only vote to break ties; the head of the contingent of the House of Representatives serves as the vice chairman and can vote not just only to break ties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 113], "content_span": [114, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013839-0004-0000", "contents": "15th Congress of the Philippines, Members, Memberships in committees and other bodies, Judicial and Bar Council\nThe chairs of the respective houses' committees of justice shall serve as ex officio members of the Judicial and Bar Council. The Chief Justice is the ex officio chairman, while the president appoints the members, with confirmation from the Commission on Appointments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 111], "content_span": [112, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013839-0005-0000", "contents": "15th Congress of the Philippines, Members, Memberships in committees and other bodies, Electoral tribunals\nThe Senate Electoral Tribunal is composed of six senators and three justices of the Supreme Court; the House of Representatives Electoral Tribunal on the other hand is composed of six representatives and three justices of the Supreme Court.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 106], "content_span": [107, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013839-0006-0000", "contents": "15th Congress of the Philippines, Members, Memberships in committees and other bodies, Senate committees\nThe Senate President, Senate President pro tempore and the Floor Leaders are ex officio members of all committees; the majority floor leader is automatically the chair of the Committee on Rules.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 104], "content_span": [105, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013839-0007-0000", "contents": "15th Congress of the Philippines, Members, Memberships in committees and other bodies, House of Representatives committees\nThe Speaker, Deputy Speakers and the Floor Leaders are ex officio members of all committees; the majority floor leader is automatically the chair of the Committee on Rules.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 122], "content_span": [123, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013839-0008-0000", "contents": "15th Congress of the Philippines, Legislative activities, First Regular Session, Convening\nUnlike at the beginning of the 14th Congress, the election of the presiding officers for both houses proceeded without incident as Quezon City representative Feliciano Belmonte, Jr. of the Liberal Party was elected as Speaker of the House of Representatives while Juan Ponce Enrile of PMP was re-elected Senate President. Alan Peter Cayetano of the Nacionalistas and Albay representative Edcel Lagman of Lakas-Kampi were named minority floor leaders of the Senate and the House of Representatives, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 90], "content_span": [91, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013839-0009-0000", "contents": "15th Congress of the Philippines, Legislative activities, First Regular Session, Convening\nIn his State of the Nation Address (SONA), President Benigno Aquino III bared the anomalies during the presidency of Gloria Macapagal Arroyo such as a budget deficit in the first half of the year, a depleted calamity fund that mostly went to Pampanga, Gloria Macapagal Arroyo's home province, corruption at the Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System, Department of Public Works and Highways, National Power Corporation, Metro Rail Transit Corporation and the National Food Authority. Aquino announced steps to weed out tax evaders, and asked the Commission on Appointments to be easy on his Cabinet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 90], "content_span": [91, 695]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013839-0010-0000", "contents": "15th Congress of the Philippines, Legislative activities, First Regular Session, Postponement of the barangay elections\nThe minority bloc filed bills to postpone the upcoming barangay (village) and Sangguniang Kabataan (SK; youth council) elections in October until 2011. Lakas-Kampi representative Danilo Suarez of Quezon remarked that since the barangay and SK elections were too close to the just-concluded general election, and that congressmen would run out of funds as candidates for barangay positions turn to them for financial support. The president wants the barangay elections to be held at October, but the winners' terms shall only be until May 2013 where the barangay elections will be held concurrently with the 2013 general election. In the Senate, Juan Miguel Zubiri filed a bill that will postponed the elections until October 2012, with Enrile prioritizing it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 119], "content_span": [120, 879]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013839-0011-0000", "contents": "15th Congress of the Philippines, Legislative activities, First Regular Session, Postponement of the barangay elections\nOn August 18, the House of Representatives Committee on Suffrage and Electoral Reforms agreed to consolidate bills that seek to postpone the barangay elections, with Commission on Elections chairman Jose Melo preferring a 2011 date since synchronizing it with the 2013 general election would be costly as it will be included in the automation project. The City Mayors League preferred postponement up to 2011, the Liga ng mga Barangay wants a 2012 election while the SK prefers any year as long as it is held in October.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 119], "content_span": [120, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013839-0012-0000", "contents": "15th Congress of the Philippines, Legislative activities, First Regular Session, Postponement of the barangay elections\nIn the next hearing of the Committee on Suffrage and Electoral Reforms, the bills deferring the elections were defeated, paving the way for the elections to be held on October 25. Committee chairman Elpidio Barzaga said that \"Mr. Aquino wants elections to push through because he wants barangay officials who will serve during his term to have a fresh mandate from the people,\" with the ex officio members of the House of Representatives voting on Magtanggol Gunigundo's motion to \"lay down all the bills on the table.\" This meant that any further hearings on the matter shall be suspended indefinitely.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 119], "content_span": [120, 723]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013839-0013-0000", "contents": "15th Congress of the Philippines, Legislative activities, First Regular Session, Impeachment of Merceditas Gutierrez\nWhile there had been attempts in the 14th Congress, to impeach Ombudsman Merceditas Gutierrez, none of them passed the committee level.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 116], "content_span": [117, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013839-0014-0000", "contents": "15th Congress of the Philippines, Legislative activities, First Regular Session, Impeachment of Merceditas Gutierrez\nIn July 2010, Akbayan Citizens' Action Party filed an impeachment complain against Gutierrez. A few days later in August, Bagong Alyansang Makabayan (New Patriotic Alliance) filed a separate complaint. Both complaints were simultaneously referred to the House of Representative Committee on Justice headed by Iloilo representative Niel Tupas, Jr.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 116], "content_span": [117, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013839-0015-0000", "contents": "15th Congress of the Philippines, Legislative activities, First Regular Session, Impeachment of Merceditas Gutierrez\nOn September 1, the committee voted both complaints as sufficient in form. A week later, the committee voted both complaints as sufficient in substance. On September 13, Gutierrez filed a motion to the Supreme Court saying that the two complaints violated the one proceeding per year rule. The next day, the court voted to pass a status quo ante order that stopped the impeachment proceedings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 116], "content_span": [117, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013839-0016-0000", "contents": "15th Congress of the Philippines, Legislative activities, First Regular Session, Impeachment of Merceditas Gutierrez\nFive months after the order, the court lifted the status quo ante order, on February 15, 2011, thereby allowing the impeachment proceedings to resume, saying that while there are two complaints, there was only one hearing. The day before the committee would've met to continue the proceedings, Gutierrez filed a motion for reconsideration to reinstate the status quo ante order. The committee met anyway, and found the two complaints sufficient in grounds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 116], "content_span": [117, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013839-0017-0000", "contents": "15th Congress of the Philippines, Legislative activities, First Regular Session, Impeachment of Merceditas Gutierrez\nOn the next hearing, Gutierrez, who had not been attending the impeachment proceeding as she had pending cases on the Supreme Court, sent a representative. The committee was about to vote on whether the two complaints had probable cause when they learned that the Supreme Court dismissed Gutierrez's petitions; after they were notified, the committee voted that both complaints had probable cause.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 116], "content_span": [117, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013839-0018-0000", "contents": "15th Congress of the Philippines, Legislative activities, First Regular Session, Impeachment of Merceditas Gutierrez\nAfter a marathon session that lasted into the next day, the House of Representatives on March 22 voted to impeach Gutierrez of betrayal of public trust, with 212 in favor, 46 against and 4 abstentions. Tupas headed the House of Representatives delegation that passed the Articles of Impeachment to the Senate on March 23.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 116], "content_span": [117, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013839-0019-0000", "contents": "15th Congress of the Philippines, Legislative activities, First Regular Session, Impeachment of Merceditas Gutierrez\nGutierrez, citing that \"the President needs an Ombudsman in whom he has complete trust and confidence,\" resigned on April 29, 2011. With her resignation, the senate canceled the impeachment trial.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 116], "content_span": [117, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013839-0020-0000", "contents": "15th Congress of the Philippines, Legislative activities, First Regular Session, 2011 national budget\nThe deliberations for the enactment of the national budget were opposed by several representatives from the Visayas and Mindanao as they contended that their allocation in the budget, 7.7% for the Visayas and 10% for Mindanao, were not enough. Appropriations Committee chair Joseph Emilio Abaya said while that there will be realignments done, there will be no major realignments. Another point of contention was the conditional cash transfer program, which, Budget Secretary Florencio Abad, will help the country in halving poverty, which is one of the Millennium Development Goals. The inclusion of the conditional cash transfer program caused the budget for the Department of Social Welfare and Development to increase 123% from PHP15.4 billion to PHP34.3 billion. The PHP1.645 trillion budget was passed by the House of Representatives on October 16 in a marathon session.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 101], "content_span": [102, 978]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013839-0021-0000", "contents": "15th Congress of the Philippines, Legislative activities, First Regular Session, 2011 national budget\nThe Senate approved their version of the budget, with the major changes from the House version include the increase in allocation for the Office of the Vice President, additional PHP590 million for the House of Representatives, additional PHP345 million for the Senate, the restoration of PHP143.107 million for public colleges, additional subsidy of PHP200 million for local government units and reducing PHP200 million from the Department of Health supposedly for the purchase of contraceptives. The PHP21 billion conditional cash transfer program was kept.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 101], "content_span": [102, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013839-0022-0000", "contents": "15th Congress of the Philippines, Legislative activities, First Regular Session, 2011 national budget\nOn December 27, 2010, for the first time in eleven years, President Aquino signed the national budget into law before the year ended. Aquino vetoed 13 items, including the provision that Congress should authorize borrowings in excess of the debt ceiling and legislative consultation during budget execution and project implementation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 101], "content_span": [102, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013839-0023-0000", "contents": "15th Congress of the Philippines, Legislative activities, First Regular Session, Investigation of the alleged corruption in the military\nThe House Committee on Justice conducted hearings on the plea bargaining agreement of the Office of the Ombudsman and retired General Carlos Garcia who has a plunder suit in the Sandiganbayan (special court for government officials). The Senate Blue Ribbon Committee on the other hand, focused on the pabaon or send-off money given to generals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 136], "content_span": [137, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013839-0024-0000", "contents": "15th Congress of the Philippines, Legislative activities, First Regular Session, Investigation of the alleged corruption in the military\nOn January 26, retired Col. George Rabusa exposed the alleged pabaon or send-off system in the military, which gives at least PHP50 million (USD4.64 million) to retiring chiefs of staff of the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) On January 30, Rabusa further said that former AFP chiefs of staff Diomedio Villanueva and Roy Cimatu were also given send-off money, and former military comptrollers Carlos Garcia and Jacinto Ligot were instrumental to the transfer of funds; Garcia and Ligot had earlier been charged already due to the anomalies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 136], "content_span": [137, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013839-0025-0000", "contents": "15th Congress of the Philippines, Legislative activities, First Regular Session, Investigation of the alleged corruption in the military\nOn a hearing of the House of Representatives Committee on Justice, former Commission on Audit (COA) auditor Heidi Mendoza testified that she uncovered irregularities in funds by the military. Among the irregularities she found was the 200 million peso AFP Inter-Agency Fund, and the US$5 million United Nations (UN) reimbursement for Filipino peacekeepers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 136], "content_span": [137, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013839-0026-0000", "contents": "15th Congress of the Philippines, Legislative activities, First Regular Session, Investigation of the alleged corruption in the military\nEarly morning of February 8, Reyes died in an apparent suicide. Later in the day, the House of Representatives Committee on Justice voted to continue the hearing. Mendoza testified that the military's modernization fund was diverted for the purchase of office supplies, and disputed former COA chairman Guillermo Carague, who denied that he ordered Mendoza to \"go slow\" in the Garcia case.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 136], "content_span": [137, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013839-0027-0000", "contents": "15th Congress of the Philippines, Legislative activities, First Regular Session, Investigation of the alleged corruption in the military\nThe Senate Blue Ribbon Committee summoned Ligot's wife Jacinta on the February 24 hearing; however, she was skipped as she was confined in Veterans Memorial Medical Center. Her brother, Edgardo Yambao, was also summoned but invoke his right against self-incrimination when asked about his wealth. On the March 21, hearing, Erlinda showed up but just like her husband and her brother, she refused to answer questions that were related to her husband's pending cases, invoking her right against self-incrimination.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 136], "content_span": [137, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013839-0027-0001", "contents": "15th Congress of the Philippines, Legislative activities, First Regular Session, Investigation of the alleged corruption in the military\nThe Ligots did not appear in the March 25 hearing and was cited for contempt; Jacinto was detained at the Senate while Erlinda's detention was suspended for humanitarian reasons. On the March 29 hearing, Erlinda cited \"Dara\" (Kapampangan word to denote \"aunt\") as her frequent travel companion in her overseas trips; Senator Jinggoy Estrada had earlier said that she had traveled with Reyes' wife Teresita. Blue Ribbon Committee Chairman Teofisto Guingona III ordered the release of General Ligot after the hearing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 136], "content_span": [137, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013839-0028-0000", "contents": "15th Congress of the Philippines, Legislative activities, First Regular Session, Postponement of the ARMM general election\nOn February 3, 2011, President Aquino asked Congress to postpone the general election in the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) and synchronize it with the 2013 mid-term election. The officials that would end their terms in 2011 would be replaced by appointments by Aquino. Presidential spokesman Edwin Lacierda said that aside from ensuring clean elections, a synchronized ARMM election would be cost-effective. On March 22, the House of Representatives passed the bill before Congress went on recess, while the Senate would take up the measure after the recess. On May 3, the Supreme Court ordered the executive and Congress to file comments on a petition from ARMM residents questioning the postponement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 122], "content_span": [123, 839]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013839-0029-0000", "contents": "15th Congress of the Philippines, Legislative activities, First Regular Session, Reproductive Health bill\nOn November 24, 2010, the House of Representatives population committee acted on the bills about reproductive health. However, Cebu representative Pablo P. Garcia disputed the committee's jurisdiction on the bills, saying it should have been referred to the Committee on Health. Committee chairman Rogelio Espina reasoned out that no one objected when the bills were referred to his committee. On January 31, 2011, the committee unanimously approved a consolidated version; the approval meant that for the first time after similar bills were created in 1998, that a reproductive health bill would be tackled in plenary session. On February 16, the House of Representatives appropriations committee approved funding for bill, with the Department of Health and the Population Commission receiving additional budgets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 105], "content_span": [106, 920]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013839-0030-0000", "contents": "15th Congress of the Philippines, Legislative activities, First Regular Session, Reproductive Health bill\nThe measure would have been tackled in plenary session on March 8, but questions on quorum and proper attire delayed the proceedings. The authors of the bill agreed to amend some provisions, such as making sex education optional, removal of an \"ideal family size\" of two children, removal of the provision that orders business to provide reproductive health services to their employees, among others. Primary author Edcel Lagman said that this would not water down the bill, as the \"central idea\" of the bill was not touched.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 105], "content_span": [106, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013840-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Connecticut Infantry Regiment\nThe 15th Connecticut Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013840-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Connecticut Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 15th Connecticut Infantry Regiment was organized at New Haven, Connecticut, on August 25, 1862.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013840-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Connecticut Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to Casey's Provisional Brigade, Military District of Washington, to October 1862. 1st Brigade, Casey's Division, Military District Washington to December 1862. 2nd Brigade, 3rd Division, IX Corps, Army of the Potomac, to April 1863. 2nd Brigade, 2nd Division, VII Corps, Department of Virginia, to July 1863. 2nd Brigade, Getty's Division, Portsmouth, Virginia, Department of Virginia and North Carolina, to January 1864. District of the Albemarle, North Carolina, Department Virginia and North Carolina, to February 1864. Defenses of New Bern, North Carolina, Department of Virginia and North Carolina, to January 1865. Sub-district of New Bern, Department of North Carolina, to March 1865. 2nd Brigade, 2nd Division, District of Beaufort, North Carolina, Department of North Carolina, March 1865. 1st Brigade, 1st Division, District of Beaufort and District of New Bern, to June 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 956]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013840-0003-0000", "contents": "15th Connecticut Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 15th Connecticut Infantry mustered out of service June 27, 1865, and was discharged July 12, 1865, at New Haven.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013840-0004-0000", "contents": "15th Connecticut Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nLeft Connecticut for Washington, D.C., August 28, 1862. Duty in the defenses of Washington, D.C., until September 17, 1862. At Arlington Heights, Virginia, November 3. At Fairfax Seminary, Va., December 1. March to Fredericksburg, Va., December 1\u20136. Battle of Fredericksburg December 12\u201315. Burnside's 2nd Campaign, \"Mud March,\" January 20\u201324, 1863. Moved to Newport News, Virginia, February 6\u20139, then to Suffolk March 13. Siege of Suffolk April 12\u2013May 4. Edenton Road April 24. Providence Church Road, Nansemond River, May 3. Siege of Suffolk raised May 4. Reconnaissance to the Chickahominy June 9\u201317.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 52], "content_span": [53, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013840-0004-0001", "contents": "15th Connecticut Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nDix's Peninsula Campaign June 24\u2013July 7. Expedition from White House to South Anna River July 1\u20137. Moved to Portsmouth, Virginia, and duty there January 1864. (Five companies moved to South Mills September 20, 1863.) Skirmish Harrellsville January 20, 1864 (detachment). Moved to New Bern, North Carolina, January 21, 1864, then to Plymouth, North Carolina, January 24. Expedition up Roanoke River January 29 (detachment). Windsor January 30 (detachment). Moved to New Bern February 3 and duty there March 1865. Expedition to near Kinston June 20\u201323, 1864. Southwest Creek June 22. Battle of Wyse Fork, where most of the regiment was captured, March 8\u201310, 1865. Occupation of Kinston, North Carolina March 14. Provost duty at Kinston and at New Bern June 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 52], "content_span": [53, 813]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013840-0005-0000", "contents": "15th Connecticut Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 185 men during service; 4 officers and 34 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 5 officers and 142 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 46], "content_span": [47, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013841-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Cook Islands Parliament\nThe 15th Cook Islands Parliament is the current term of the Parliament of the Cook Islands. Its composition was determined by the 2018 elections on 14 June 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013842-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Critics' Choice Awards\nThe 15th Critics' Choice Awards were presented on January 15, 2010, honoring the finest achievements of 2009 filmmaking. The ceremony was held at the Hollywood Palladium, broadcast on VH1, and hosted by Kristin Chenoweth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013842-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Critics' Choice Awards, Winners and nominees\nMeryl Streep \u2013 Julie & Julia as Julia Child (Tie)Sandra Bullock \u2013 The Blind Side as Leigh Anne Tuohy (Tie)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013842-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Critics' Choice Awards, Winners and nominees\nUp in the Air \u2013 Jason Reitman and Sheldon Turner", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 98]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013842-0003-0000", "contents": "15th Critics' Choice Awards, Winners and nominees\nAvatar \u2013 Rick Carter and Robert Stromberg (Production Design)/Kim Sinclair (Set Decoration)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013842-0004-0000", "contents": "15th Critics' Choice Awards, Winners and nominees\nAvatar \u2013 James Cameron, John Refoua and Stephen E. Rivkin", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013843-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Cruiser Squadron\nThe 15th Cruiser Squadron also known as Force K   was a formation of cruisers of the British Royal Navy from 1940 to 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013843-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Cruiser Squadron, History\nThe squadron was formed in May 1940 and was assigned to the Home Fleet. In 1941 it was transferred to the Mediterranean Fleet where it remained for the duration of World War II. In May 1941 it served in the Battle of Crete, with its ships dispersed into several different Forces. For the duration of the battle, Rear Admiral Edward L. S. King was given command of Force C, which comprised a mixture of cruisers and destroyers. On 17 December 1941 the squadron was involved in the First Battle of Sirte against the Regia Marina (Italian Navy).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013843-0001-0001", "contents": "15th Cruiser Squadron, History\nOn 22 March 1942 the squadron was involved in the Second Battle of Sirte against the Italian Fleet. Between 12 and 16 June 1942 it took part in Operation Vigorous. From 22 January to 5 June 1944 the squadron provided support during the Battle of Anzio. In June 1946 it was re-designated the 1st Cruiser Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013844-0000-0000", "contents": "15th C\u00e9sar Awards\nThe 15th C\u00e9sar Awards ceremony, presented by the Acad\u00e9mie des Arts et Techniques du Cin\u00e9ma, honoured the best French films of 1989 and took place on 4 March 1990 at the Th\u00e9\u00e2tre des Champs-\u00c9lys\u00e9es in Paris. The ceremony was chaired by Kirk Douglas and hosted by \u00c8ve Ruggi\u00e9ri. Too Beautiful for You won the award for Best Film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013845-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Daytime Emmy Awards\nThe 15th Daytime Emmy Awards were held on Wednesday, June 29, 1988, tocommemorate excellence in daytime programming from March 6, 1987-March 5, 1988 and aired on CBS. The ceremony was held at the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel in New York City. Airing from 3-5 p.m., it preempted Guiding Light.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013846-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Delaware General Assembly\nThe 15th Delaware General Assembly was a meeting of the legislative branch of the state government, consisting of the Delaware Legislative Council and the Delaware House of Assembly. Elections were held the first day of October and terms began on the twentieth day of October. It met in Dover, Delaware, convening October 20, 1790, and was the second year of the administration of President Joshua Clayton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013846-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Delaware General Assembly\nThe apportionment of seats was permanently assigned to three councilors and seven assemblymen for each of the three counties. Population of the county did not effect the number of delegates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013846-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Delaware General Assembly, Members, Legislative Council\nCouncilors were elected by the public for a three-year term, one third posted each year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 60], "content_span": [61, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013846-0003-0000", "contents": "15th Delaware General Assembly, Members, House of Assembly\nAssemblymen were elected by the public for a one-year term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 58], "content_span": [59, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013847-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Destroyer Flotilla\nThe15th Destroyer Flotilla  also known as the Fifteenth Destroyer Flotilla was a naval formation of the British Royal Navy from August 1916 to March 1919 and again from September 1939 to May 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013847-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Destroyer Flotilla, First World War\nThe flotilla was first established in August 1916 and was attached to the Grand Fleet till March 1918. It was then transferred to the Battle Cruiser Force until it was disbanded in March 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 40], "content_span": [41, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013847-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Destroyer Flotilla, Second World War\nAt the outset of the war the flotilla was reformed under the Commander-in-Chief, Rosyth from September to October 1939. It was then transferred to the Western Approaches Command at Plymouth until January 1941. Reassigned once again to Commander-in-Chief, Plymouth where it remained until May 1945 before it was dispersed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 41], "content_span": [42, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013848-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Directors Guild of America Awards\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by DiamondRemley39 (talk | contribs) at 22:10, 14 December 2019 (\u2192\u200eTelevision:  linking). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013848-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Directors Guild of America Awards\nThe 15th Directors Guild of America Awards, honoring the outstanding directorial achievements in film and television in 1962, were presented in 1963.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013848-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Directors Guild of America Awards, Winners and nominees, Television\nDavid Friedkin \u2013 The Dick Powell Show for \"Price of Tomatoes\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 72], "content_span": [73, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013849-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Division (German Empire)\nThe 15th Division (15. Division) was a unit of the Prussian/German Army. It was formed as the 16th Division on September 5, 1818, in Cologne from the 4th Brigade of the Army Corps in France. It became the 15th Division on December 14, 1818. The division was subordinated in peacetime to the VIII Army Corps (VIII. Armeekorps). The division was disbanded in 1919 during the demobilization of the German Army after World War I. It was recruited in the densely populated Prussian Rhine Province, mainly in the Lower Rhine region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013849-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Division (German Empire), Combat chronicle\nThe 15th Division fought in the Austro-Prussian War in 1866, seeing action in the Battle of K\u00f6niggr\u00e4tz. In the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71, the division fought in the Battle of Gravelotte (also called the Battle of Gravelotte-St. Privat) and the Siege of Metz, and then in the battles of Amiens, Hallue, Bapaume, and St. Quentin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013849-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Division (German Empire), Combat chronicle\nDuring World War I, the division marched through Luxembourg, Belgium and France, in what became known to the Allies as the Great Retreat, culminating in the First Battle of the Marne. In 1916, it fought in the Battle of the Somme. It was briefly sent to the Eastern Front in late 1916. It participated in the 1918 German spring offensive, and defended against the Allied counteroffensives, including the battles of Oise-Aisne and Meuse-Argonne. Allied intelligence rated it as a good but second class division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013849-0003-0000", "contents": "15th Division (German Empire), Order of battle in the Franco-Prussian War\nDuring wartime, the 15th Division, like other regular German divisions, was redesignated an infantry division. The organization of the 15th Infantry Division in 1870 at the beginning of the Franco-Prussian War was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 73], "content_span": [74, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013849-0004-0000", "contents": "15th Division (German Empire), Pre-World War I organization\nGerman divisions underwent various organizational changes after the Franco-Prussian War. The 15th Division's 30th Infantry Brigade went to the 16th Division in exchange for the 80th Infantry Brigade, formed in 1897. The organization of the 15th Division in 1914, shortly before the outbreak of World War I, was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 59], "content_span": [60, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013849-0005-0000", "contents": "15th Division (German Empire), Order of battle on mobilization\nOn mobilization in August 1914 at the beginning of World War I, most divisional cavalry, including brigade headquarters, was withdrawn to form cavalry divisions or split up among divisions as reconnaissance units. Divisions received engineer companies and other support units from their higher headquarters. The 15th Division was again renamed the 15th Infantry Division. Its initial wartime organization was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 62], "content_span": [63, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013849-0006-0000", "contents": "15th Division (German Empire), Late World War I organization\nDivisions underwent many changes during the war, with regiments moving from division to division, and some being destroyed and rebuilt. During the war, most divisions became triangular - one infantry brigade with three infantry regiments rather than two infantry brigades of two regiments (a \"square division\"). An artillery commander replaced the artillery brigade headquarters, the cavalry was further reduced, the engineer contingent was increased, and a divisional signals command was created. The 15th Infantry Division's order of battle on April 7, 1918, was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 60], "content_span": [61, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013850-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)\nThe 15th Division (\u7b2c15\u5e2b\u56e3, Dai J\u016bgo Shidan) was an infantry division in the Imperial Japanese Army. Its ts\u016bsh\u014dg\u014d code name was the Festival Division (\u796d\u5175\u56e3, Sai Heidan), and its military symbol was 15D. The 15th Division was one of four new infantry divisions raised by the Imperial Japanese Army in the closing stages of the Russo-Japanese War (1904\u20131905). With Japan's limited resources towards the end of that conflict, the entire IJA was committed to combat in Manchuria, leaving not a single division to guard the Japanese home islands from attack. The 15th Division was initially raised from men in the area surrounding Nagoya under the command of Lieutenant General Okihara Kofu.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 722]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013850-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action, Interwar period\nThe Treaty of Portsmouth was concluded before the 15th division could be deployed to Manchuria, and it was sent instead to Korea as a garrison force. 24 March 1907, the logistics battalion was transferred to the military school in Ushigome, and entire division has moved to Narashino, Chiba on 28 March 1907. The division was re-assembled 15 November 1908 in its original divisional headquarters located in Toyohashi, Aichi prefecture.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 63], "content_span": [64, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013850-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action, Interwar period\nHowever, on 1 May 1925, it was dissolved by Minister of War Ugaki Kazushige as part of a cost-saving measure during the Kato Takaaki administration, together with the 13th, 17th and 18th divisions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 63], "content_span": [64, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013850-0003-0000", "contents": "15th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action, Second Sino-Japanese War\nIn July 1937, open hostilities broke out against China and the Second Sino-Japanese War commenced. The 15th Division was re-established in Kyoto on 4 April 1938 as a triangular division, from the reserve forces of the IJA 16th Division. Under the command of Lieutenant General Yoshio Iwamatsu, it was assigned to the Chinese mainland as a garrison force around Nanjing and to maintain public safety over Japanese-occupied areas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 72], "content_span": [73, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013850-0004-0000", "contents": "15th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action, Battle of Imphal\nOn 17 June 1943 the 15th division was reassigned to the IJA 15th Army in Burma as part of an impending offensive against British India, with Nanjing garrison taken by newly formed 61st division. The division was delayed with road-building in Thailand for several months. Arriving in Burma, the division took part in the attack on Imphal as part of the Operation U-Go along with the IJA 31st and 33rd Divisions, followed by the Battle of Meiktila and Mandalay. During these operations, the division lost more than half of its men in combat or due to disease, and was forced out of Burma into Thailand in August 1945 days before the end of the war, where it was officially disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 64], "content_span": [65, 746]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013850-0005-0000", "contents": "15th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action, Battle of Imphal\nOperation U-Go was planned to start in the beginning of March 1944, but because of 15th Division's slow arrival start of the offensive was postponed to 15 March. The 15th Division formed the central position of the three attacking divisions, and its primary objective was to cut the road between Imphal and Kohima at Kangpokpi. On the map this was the shortest and most direct route towards Imphal, but the division had to cross difficult terrain with only poor tracks. Because of the difficult terrain, the division\u2019s field artillery was replaced with mountain guns and the anti-tank equipment was left behind. Of the division\u2019s nine battalions, one had been detached to the force dealing with the second Chindits operation, and most of its 67th Regiment was still in Thailand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 64], "content_span": [65, 843]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013850-0006-0000", "contents": "15th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action, Battle of Imphal\nThus, the 15th Division started the campaign with 6 battalions, 18 guns and a commander, Lieutenant-General Masafumi Yamauchi, who mortally ill with tuberculosis. Soon it had to be urged onwards by the commander of 15th Army, General Renya Mutaguchi A British force at Sangshak was within 15th Division\u2019s operational area, but because of its slow speed, units from the 31st Division assaulted this position on 23 March. The 60th Regiment arrived soon after, but was not allowed to take part in the final assault 27 March. The 15th Division cut the Imphal-Kohima road at Kangpokpi on 3 April.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 64], "content_span": [65, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013850-0006-0001", "contents": "15th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action, Battle of Imphal\nSoon the division occupied Nunshigum Ridge, which overlooked Imphal. From here the Japanese could threaten the headquarters of the IV Corps; this also marked the closest they would come to Imphal. The British counterattack on this ridge included M3 Lee tanks, which came as a shock to the Japanese as they had considered the terrain to be completely impassable to armored vehicles. The tanks proved decisive - although the British suffered heavy losses, the defending Japanese battalion was almost annihilated. Despite this setback Yamauchi continued his encirclement of Imphal from the north.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 64], "content_span": [65, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013850-0006-0002", "contents": "15th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action, Battle of Imphal\nThe British commander, General Geoffry Scoones drew the conclusion that the 15th Division was the weakest link in the Japanese front and ordered Indian 23rd Infantry Division and Indian 5th Infantry Division to destroy it. In the following months the British with their superiority in numbers and almost unstoppable tanks drove the Japanese off one hill after another.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 64], "content_span": [65, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013850-0007-0000", "contents": "15th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action, Battle of Imphal\nIn the middle of June the Japanese 31st Division began retreating from Kohima after suffering heavy casualties. This left the 60th Regiment blocking the Imphal-Kohima road in an impossible situation and the British broke through and reopened the road on 22 June. The next day saw a change in command, with Yamauchi replaced by Lieutenant-General Ryuichi Shibata. On 7 July the division received orders for a last-ditch attack on Pallel, but by now it had been shattered as a military formation; its remnants retreated back across the Chindwin River to safety.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 64], "content_span": [65, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013850-0008-0000", "contents": "15th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action, Battle of Meiktila and Mandalay\nAfter the defeat at Imphal and Allied advances in the north, the Japanese forces in Burma were forced on the defensive to try to stop the Allies from crossing the Irrawaddy. In January 1945 the 15th Division, together with the 53rd Division, was thrown into the defense of Mandalay. The division had received some reinforcements, but at 4500 men it was still less than half of nominal strength.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 79], "content_span": [80, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013850-0009-0000", "contents": "15th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action, Battle of Meiktila and Mandalay\nThe opposing, Indian 19th Infantry Division, established its first bridgeheads on the eastern side of the Irrawaddy on 14 January and all attempts to dislodge them failed. After a rapid build-up, the British commander, General Thomas Wynford Rees ordered his men forward. Brushing aside all opposition, its forward elements were within sight of Mandalay 7 March. The 15th Division, now under the command of Major-General Kyoe Yamamoto, had received orders to defend the former Burmese capital to the last man. Of the two main positions, the Japanese were driven off Mandalay Hill by 12 March, but the thick walls of Fort Dufferin withstood artillery and air bombardment. On 18 March the division received new orders allowing its withdrawal, which it did through the sewers on the night of 19 March.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 79], "content_span": [80, 878]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013850-0010-0000", "contents": "15th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action, Battle of Meiktila and Mandalay\nBy this time the Japanese position in Burma had completely collapsed. The survivors of the 15th Division (less than half its original strength of 15,000 men) retreated via the territory of the hostile Karen people and through the Southern Shan States, back into Kachanaburi, Thailand, where it remained at the time of the surrender of Japan 15 August 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 79], "content_span": [80, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013851-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Division (North Korea)\nThe 15th Infantry Division was a military formation of the Korean People's Army during the 20th Century. The division fought in the 1950 Korean War; it took part in the North Korean advance from Seoul to Taejon, and fought in the Battle of Pusan Perimeter. The 15th Division fought along the eastern coast, above Pusan, eventually being annihilated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013852-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Division (Yugoslav Partisans)\nThe 15th Slovenian Assault Division (Serbo-Croatian Latin: Petnaesta slovena\u010dka udarna divizija) was Yugoslav Partisan division formed in Dolenjske Toplice on 13 July 1943. Upon formation it had around 1,600 soldiers in three brigades, those being the 4th, 5th and the 6th Slovenia Brigades. First commander of the division was Predrag Jefti\u0107 and its political commissar was Viktor Avbelj. Jefti\u0107 was killed in action on 30 July 1943 and Rajko Tanaskovi\u0107 became the new commander. On 3 October 1943, the division became a part of the 7th Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013853-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Empire Awards\nThe 15th Empire Awards ceremony (officially known as the Jameson Empire Awards), presented by the British film magazine Empire, honored the best films of 2009 and took place on 28 March 2010 at the Grosvenor House Hotel in London, England. During the ceremony, Empire presented Empire Awards in 11 categories as well as four honorary awards. The Done In 60 Seconds competition was opened for the first time to international entries from this year. Irish comedian Dara \u00d3 Briain hosted the show for the second consecutive year. The awards were sponsored by Jameson Irish Whiskey for the second consecutive year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013853-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Empire Awards\nIn related events, Empire and Jameson Irish Whiskey held the 1st Done In 60 Seconds Competition Global Final on 26 March 2010 at 24 Club, London, England. The team of judges consisted of Empire editor-in-chief Mark Dinning, English actor Jason Issacs and English film director and television director Edgar Wright, which selected from a shortlist of 20 nominees the five Done In 60 Seconds Award finalists that were invited to the Empire Awards where the winner was announced.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013853-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Empire Awards\nAvatar won the most awards with three including Best Film and Best Director for James Cameron. Other winners included Harry Brown, In the Loop, Inglourious Basterds, Let the Right One In, Nowhere Boy, Sherlock Holmes and Star Trek with one. Jude Law received the Empire Hero Award, Ian McKellen received the Empire Icon Award, Andy Serkis received the Empire Inspiration Award and Ray Winstone received the Outstanding Contribution to British Film award. Mark Wong from the United Kingdom won the Done In 60 Seconds Award for his 60-second film version of Top Gun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013853-0003-0000", "contents": "15th Empire Awards\nEmpire employee Kat Brown pioneered photolurking in the background of a picture with Rupert Grint.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013854-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Engineer Battalion (United States)\nThe 15th Engineer Battalion is an Echelon above Brigade (EAB) battalion of the United States Army. It is currently a subordinate unit of 18th Military Police Brigade and is headquartered in Grafenwoehr, Germany. Soldiers of the 15th Engineer Battalion provide various supportive duties to other Army units, including construction, engineering, and mechanical work on other Army projects.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013854-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Engineer Battalion (United States), Organization\nThe 15th is composed of four companies. The Headquarters and Headquarters Company (HHC, Wolfpack) contains the command and staff sections, providing planning and coordination for unit missions. The Forward Support Company (FSC, Renegades) provides logistical and maintenance support to the battalion. The 500th Engineer Support Company (ESC, Titans) and the 902nd Engineer Construction Company (ECC, Gladiators) perform horizontal and limited vertical construction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 53], "content_span": [54, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013854-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Engineer Battalion (United States), History\nThe 15th Construction Engineer Battalion has a proud and distinguished lineage. From its auspicious beginnings in the trenches and mud of World War I battlefields of France to the steaming hot jungles of Vietnam, the 15th Engineers maintained their \"Drive On!\" spirit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013854-0003-0000", "contents": "15th Engineer Battalion (United States), History, World Wars\nConstituted on 3 June 1916 as the Fifth Reserve Engineers (Regiment) at Oakmont, Pennsylvania. Company D became known as the \"Pittsburgh Pioneers.\" On 8 August 1917, the Regiment was redesignated as the 15th Engineers (Regiment)(Railway). CPT later General Brehon B. Somervell assisted in organizing and recruiting the Regiment. During World War I, the Regiment received battle streamers for the St. Mihiel Battle of Saint-Mihiel and Meuse-Argonne campaigns Meuse-Argonne Offensive. Deployed to France in July 1917, the 15th planned and constructed railroads, and helped build barracks, hospitals, and supply depots during the war. It was the first Engineer Regiment sent to abroad for World War I. The Regiment was demobilized at Sherman, Ohio on 15 May 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 60], "content_span": [61, 821]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013854-0004-0000", "contents": "15th Engineer Battalion (United States), History, World Wars\nThe 15th Engineers were reconstituted and placed on the inactive rolls on 25 August 1921, followed by assignment to the 9th Infantry Division on 24 March 1923. The unit was redesignated as the 15th Engineer Battalion in July 1940 and activated at Fort Bragg on 1 August. During World War II, the 15th Engineer Combat Battalion first saw action in North Africa in 1943, fighting with the 9th Infantry Division during the Algerian-French Morocco and Tunisian Campaigns. Next, the battalion participated in the invasion of Sicily, hitting the beach at Palermo in August 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 60], "content_span": [61, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013854-0004-0001", "contents": "15th Engineer Battalion (United States), History, World Wars\nWith Sicily secured, the 9th Infantry Division sailed to England and prepared for the Normandy invasion. Landing at Utah Beach on 10 June 1944, the Battalion drove on to Cherbourg and later took part in the St. Lo breakthrough. Fighting its way across France earned the Battalion a battle streamer for its role in the Northern France Campaign. In September, the Battalion earned the Presidential Unit Citation for its actions on the Siegfried Line. In December 1944, the Battalion helped defeat Hitler's forces in the Battle of the Bulge to earn another battle streamer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 60], "content_span": [61, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013854-0004-0002", "contents": "15th Engineer Battalion (United States), History, World Wars\nIn March 1945, B company earned the Presidential Unit Citation for its part in seizing the Ludendorf Bridge, crossing the Rhine, and extending the Remagen Bridgehead. After the Rhineland Campaign, the Division advanced eastward, fighting through the remnants of Hitler's army to earn a battle streamer for the Central European Campaign. The war's end brought about the 15th's inactivation in November 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 60], "content_span": [61, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013854-0005-0000", "contents": "15th Engineer Battalion (United States), History, Korea\nAlthough reactivated on 12 July 1948 at Fort Dix, the 15th remained stateside during the Korean War, serving first at Fort Dix, New Jersey, and later at Fort Carson, Colorado, from 1954, until inactivation in January 1962.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 55], "content_span": [56, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013854-0006-0000", "contents": "15th Engineer Battalion (United States), History, Vietnam\nThe Battalion was reactivated at Fort Riley, Kansas, on 1 February 1966 and later joined American fighting forces in the jungles of Vietnam. The Battalion twice earned the Vietnamese Cross of Gallantry with Palm for its outstanding military service and also received a Civil Action Honor Medal, First Class, for numerous civic actions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 57], "content_span": [58, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013854-0006-0001", "contents": "15th Engineer Battalion (United States), History, Vietnam\nAlpha and Charlie Companies were recognized for their effective support of the 1st Brigade, 9th Infantry Division in 1968: Alpha Company received the Presidential Unit Citation for its valiant actions in the Dinh-Tuong Province and Charlie Company earned the Vietnamese Cross of Gallantry for its heroic support of highly effective search and destroy operation in the Long-An Province. The Battalion rotated to Hawaii in August 1969, where it inactivated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 57], "content_span": [58, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013854-0007-0000", "contents": "15th Engineer Battalion (United States), History, Post Vietnam\nThe 15th Combat Engineer Battalion was reactivated at Fort Lewis, and stationed on North Fort, in June 1972. In 1983, Delta Company was reorganized as a General Support Heavy Engineer Company, and the Bridge Company became Echo Company. On 1 April 1984, Echo Company reorganized to form the 73rd Engineer Company(Assault Ribbon Bridge), I Corps, and attached them to the 15th Combat Engineer Battalion. In 1988 Alpha Company was called to support the fire fighting efforts in Yellowstone National Park Wy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013854-0007-0001", "contents": "15th Engineer Battalion (United States), History, Post Vietnam\nAfter 3 days of training they were deployed in August 1988 at base camp Madison Junction until the fire was out in September 1988 by the snow. The unit soldiers were awarded, 2 months later, the Humanitarian Service Medal for their efforts. During July and August 1989 the 15th Engineer Battalion conducted firefighting operations in the Wallowa-Whitman National Forest near Baker, Oregon as a part of OPERATION FIREBREAK. Participating soldiers were subsequently awarded the Humanitarian Service Medal. In January 1990, the Army ordered the 9th Infantry Division to inactivate. Charlie Company cased its guidon on 1 October 1990.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 693]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013854-0007-0002", "contents": "15th Engineer Battalion (United States), History, Post Vietnam\nDelta Company inactivated on 14 February 1991, when it reorganized to form the nucleus of the 102nd Engineer Company, 199th Infantry Brigade (Motorized). Soldiers and equipment from across the battalion were used to fill the new company. The 73rd Engineer Company(ARB), after its three-month combat tour in Operation Desert Storm, returned to I Corps control and was attached to 864th Engineer Battalion until its inactivation in 1994. The remaining companies and the battalion Headquarters inactivated on 1 August 1991.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013854-0008-0000", "contents": "15th Engineer Battalion (United States), History, Global War on Terrorism\nThe battalion was reactivated at Conn Barracks on 16 July 2008 as part of the 18th Engineer Brigade, V Corps and provides engineering support to US Army units in Europe. In July 2009, the battalion deployed task-organized elements to conduct construction missions in Bulgaria and Israel. Recent construction missions include a platoon-sized deployment to Romania and the 500th EN CO improving roads on multiple training areas in USAREUR. In late October 2010, the 15th EN BN (292nd EN DET/ OHARNG) conducted a first in decades. It deployed forward to a combat zone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 73], "content_span": [74, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013854-0008-0001", "contents": "15th Engineer Battalion (United States), History, Global War on Terrorism\nThe battalion executed extensive theater construction support missions in the Kuwait AOR and recon assets to the Kingdom of Jordan. As the Theater Reserve Engineer Force, the 15th was charged with providing engineering support across the entire CENTCOM AOR. This placed pressure on the battalion. As the \"Drive On\" spirit was displayed, Commanders and soldiers alike excelled at forward deploying elements into Afghanistan to provide combat commander construction support. The 15th redeployed to USAREUR in late October 2011 to resume its duties supporting USAREUR and NATO in the training of international forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 73], "content_span": [74, 688]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013854-0009-0000", "contents": "15th Engineer Battalion (United States), Honors, Campaign Participation Credit\nWorld War II: Algeria-French Morocco; Tunisia; Sicily; Normandy; Northern France; Rhineland; Ardennes-Alsace; Central Europe", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 78], "content_span": [79, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013854-0010-0000", "contents": "15th Engineer Battalion (United States), Honors, Campaign Participation Credit\nVietnam: Counteroffensive, Phase II; Counteroffensive, Phase III; Tet Counteroffensive; Counteroffensive, Phase IV; Counteroffensive, Phase V; Counteroffensive, Phase VI; Tet 69/Counteroffensive; Summer-Fall 1969;", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 78], "content_span": [79, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013855-0000-0000", "contents": "15th European Film Awards\nThe 15th European Film Awards were presented on December 7, 2002 in Rome, Italy. The winners were selected by the members of the European Film Academy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013856-0000-0000", "contents": "15th FAI World Precision Flying Championship\n15th FAI World Precision Flying Championship took place between July 7 - July 14, 2002 in Zagreb in Croatia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013856-0001-0000", "contents": "15th FAI World Precision Flying Championship, Uczestnicy\nThere were 54 competitors from Czech Republic (5), Poland (5), Croatia (5), South Africa (5), Austria (5), Russia (5), France (4), Slovakia (4), Germany (3), Denmark (3), Slovenia (2), United Kingdom (2), Cyprus (2), Sweden (1), Norway (1), Switzerland (1), Turkey (1).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 56], "content_span": [57, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013856-0002-0000", "contents": "15th FAI World Precision Flying Championship, Uczestnicy\nMost popular airplane was Cessna 150 (19 pilots), then Cessna 152 (15), Cessna 172 (10), Zlin Z-43 (3), A-27M/MC (3), PZL-104M Wilga 2000 (2), PZL-104 Wilga 35 (1), Piper PA-18 (1). Numbers of aircraft participating were lower, because many pilots flew the same aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 56], "content_span": [57, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013856-0003-0000", "contents": "15th FAI World Precision Flying Championship, Results, Team\nCounted three best pilots (number of penal points and place)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 59], "content_span": [60, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013857-0000-0000", "contents": "15th FAI World Rally Flying Championship\n15th FAI World Rally Flying Championship took place between July 26 \u2013 July 31, 2006 in Troyes in France, altogether with the 17th FAI World Precision Flying Championship (July 21\u201326).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013857-0001-0000", "contents": "15th FAI World Rally Flying Championship\nThere were 65 crews from France (8), Poland (6), Czech Republic (5), United Kingdom (5), Spain (5), Hungary (5), South Africa (5), Russia (4), Austria (3), Germany (3), Greece (3), Italy (3), Chile (3), Cyprus (2), Israel (2), Slovakia (1), Portugal (1) and 1 mixed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013857-0002-0000", "contents": "15th FAI World Rally Flying Championship\nMost popular airplane was Cessna 152 (31 crews) and Cessna 172 (25), then DR400 (4), Cessna 150 (3), 3Xtrim (2), PZL Wilga 2000 (2), Glastar (1), HB-23 (1), Piper PA-28-180 Cherokee (1), DV-20 (1) (these numbers of aircraft are initial, while number of participating crews was in fact lower - 65).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013857-0003-0000", "contents": "15th FAI World Rally Flying Championship, Results, Individual\nPilot / navigator / country / aircraft / registration / observation + navigation + landings penalty points = total", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 61], "content_span": [62, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013858-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Field Artillery Regiment (Canada)\n15th Field Artillery Regiment, RCA, is a Primary Reserve Royal Canadian Artillery (RCA) regiment based in Vancouver, British Columbia, at the Bessborough Armoury. 15th Field Regiment is part of the 39 Canadian Brigade Group of 3rd Canadian Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013858-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Field Artillery Regiment (Canada)\nThe regiment was created in 1920 as one of the recommendations of the Otter Committee. In the Second World War it manned the coastal defence artillery guns that protected the Port of Vancouver. After the war the regiment reverted to field artillery. While the regiment has not deployed overseas, members have participated in Canadian Forces missions overseas and in Canada.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013858-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Field Artillery Regiment (Canada)\nThis unit is not the same 15th Field Artillery Regiment (4th Canadian Armoured Division) that served in the Second World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013858-0003-0000", "contents": "15th Field Artillery Regiment (Canada), History, Foundations\nThe end of World War I saw thousands of Canadians returning home from overseas service with the Canadian Expeditionary Force in Europe. In January 1918 Major-General William Otter recommended to the Government of Canada that a perfect situation existed in which to reorganize the active militia. This suggestion lead to the creation of the Committee of Militia Reorganization in 1919. As Major-General Otter was the president of this committee it was commonly known as the Otter Committee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 60], "content_span": [61, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013858-0004-0000", "contents": "15th Field Artillery Regiment (Canada), History, Foundations\nOn 16 December 1919, at the request of the Otter Committee, a group of 11 artillery officers, recently returned from Europe, met to discuss the creation of a militia artillery regiment in Vancouver. The results of this meeting were worked into the recommendations of the Otter Committee and on 2 February 1920 the Government of Canada authorized the creation of the 15th Brigade, Canadian Field Artillery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 60], "content_span": [61, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013858-0005-0000", "contents": "15th Field Artillery Regiment (Canada), History, Foundations\nThe 15th Brigade was composed of the 31st, 68th, and 85th Batteries of field artillery as well as the Headquarters and an Ammunition Column. The 5th Siege Battery was attached to them for administration purposes. Lieutenant F.T. Coghlan, DSO, a veteran of World War I, was the first commanding officer of the brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 60], "content_span": [61, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013858-0006-0000", "contents": "15th Field Artillery Regiment (Canada), History, Foundations\nAt their formation the field artillery batteries were equipped with the Ordnance QF 18 pounder while the 5th Siege Battery was equipped with BL 60 pounder guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 60], "content_span": [61, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013858-0007-0000", "contents": "15th Field Artillery Regiment (Canada), History, Foundations\nThe first home of the brigade was the Vancouver Horse Show Building located on Georgia Street at Alberni Street near Stanley Park. The building was inadequate for the needs of an artillery unit with the exception that it had good facilities for the horses that drew the guns. In March 1934 the 15th Brigade received a new home, the Bessborough Armoury, a modern facility that they shared with the British Columbia Hussars. The next year the militia artillery across Canada was reorganized and the brigade's name was changed to 15th Field Brigade, Royal Canadian Artillery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 60], "content_span": [61, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013858-0008-0000", "contents": "15th Field Artillery Regiment (Canada), History, Foundations\nWhen the brigade was created they were supplied with guns by the Canadian Army but not with horses to move them. For their first exercises the gunners had to borrow horses to pull their guns. In June 1928 in order to save money and increase their range, the 5th Battery of the 15th Brigade became one of the first Canadian militia artillery units to experiment with towing guns using trucks. The exercise of 9 June, commanded by Major J.G. Chutter, had the four 60-pounders of the 5th Battery towed by four International trucks. Major Chutter's report at the end of the exercise showed that use of trucks was much less expensive than using horses and that they were able to accomplish three times the training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 60], "content_span": [61, 771]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013858-0009-0000", "contents": "15th Field Artillery Regiment (Canada), History, Foundations\nThroughout the 1920s and 1930s, the brigade's training during the year leads towards a summer training camp. The camps were held in different locations, such as Hastings Park in Vancouver and Sarcee Camp in Alberta.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 60], "content_span": [61, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013858-0010-0000", "contents": "15th Field Artillery Regiment (Canada), History, World War II\nIn the mid-1930s the Government of Canada began to take a serious look at the defence of the west coast of Canada. The Empire of Japan had a growing influence over the Pacific and the idea of a war between Canada's allies, the United Kingdom and the United States, with Japan seemed a likely scenario. In 1936 Major B.C.D. Treatt of the Coast Artillery School in England was asked to make recommendations for the defence of the west coast of British Columbia from an attack by sea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 61], "content_span": [62, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013858-0010-0001", "contents": "15th Field Artillery Regiment (Canada), History, World War II\nIn his report Major Treatt made many recommendations including the creation of four new coastal artillery forts to guard the Port of Vancouver. The forts were located in such a way as to stop any ship or submarine from passing into Burrard Inlet. There was also a fort in the Strait of Georgia to prevent ships from approaching Vancouver from the north. After the war began another fort was built to assist in the inspection of ships entering the Fraser River at Steveston.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 61], "content_span": [62, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013858-0011-0000", "contents": "15th Field Artillery Regiment (Canada), History, World War II\nIn 1937 Parliament approved the construction of the forts but had not decided who would man the guns in the event of war. In World War I members of the Naval Reserve and reservists from Cobourg, Ontario, had manned the coastal defence batteries in Vancouver. In spring 1938 it was decided that members of the Canadian Militia would man them and the 15th Brigade was assigned as coast defence artillery, becoming the 15th Coast Brigade, RCA. A year later in May 1939 the 68th Battery and the 5th Battery were detached to become the 1st Anti -", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 61], "content_span": [62, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013858-0011-0001", "contents": "15th Field Artillery Regiment (Canada), History, World War II\nAircraft Regiment, RCA, to protect Vancouver from attacks from the air. Both the coast defence and anti-aircraft guns were supported by the 1st Searchlight Regiment, RCA, formerly the British Columbia Hussars. They were tasked with operating the ten 800-million-candlepower searchlights, for the coast artillery batteries to target ships at night, as well as manning searchlights for the anti-aircraft guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 61], "content_span": [62, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013858-0012-0000", "contents": "15th Field Artillery Regiment (Canada), History, World War II\nThe 15th Coast Brigade was mobilized on 25 August 1939 before war was declared on Nazi Germany. None of the forts were complete when the soldiers arrived for duty so they had to help finish the construction. The batteries of the 15th Coast Brigade were sent to the following forts:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 61], "content_span": [62, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013858-0013-0000", "contents": "15th Field Artillery Regiment (Canada), History, World War II\nApart from their primary role of repelling attacking enemy submarines and ships, most of the forts were also responsible for assisting with the examination of ships approaching Vancouver. Examination areas were set up where ships requesting entrance to the harbour had to stop and submit to an inspection by the Royal Canadian Navy. If a ship failed to stop for inspection the Navy would signal the artillery batteries to fire a round in front of the offending vessel and if necessary sink it. If a stopping round was fired at a ship, the ship's owner was required to pay for the round at a cost of $42.50.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 61], "content_span": [62, 668]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013858-0014-0000", "contents": "15th Field Artillery Regiment (Canada), History, World War II\nIn the summer of 1942, the Japanese attacked the Aleutian Islands and various locations along the west coast of the United States. On 20 June the only attack of the war on Canadian soil took place at Estevan Point. This combined with the loss of thousands of Canadians at the Battle of Hong Kong seemed to justify the creation of the Pacific coastal forts in the minds of Canadians.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 61], "content_span": [62, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013858-0015-0000", "contents": "15th Field Artillery Regiment (Canada), History, World War II\nAfter the Battle of Midway the Japanese Navy lost much of its offensive power and was no longer considered a significant threat to the west coast of Canada. This combined with the need for manpower in Europe, after the invasions of Sicily and Normandy, lead to the decision to shut down Vancouver's coast defence forts. On 1 September 1944 all the forts, with the exception of the York Island fort, were reduced to maintenance manning and the gunners of the 15th Coast Artillery were reassigned to other duties. A team of 20 soldiers conscripted under the National Resources Mobilization Act were left to maintain the forts. By October 1945, two months after the Japanese surrender, all but one of the forts were deactivated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 61], "content_span": [62, 787]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013858-0016-0000", "contents": "15th Field Artillery Regiment (Canada), History, 1945 to present\nAfter the war the regiment returned to reserve service and remained coastal artillery, training with the guns at the Point Grey Fort. In 1948 they reverted to field artillery with the new name of 15th Field Regiment, RCA. A new regiment, the 102nd Coast Regiment, was formed and trained on the coastal guns on Vancouver Island until they were absorbed into the 43rd Medium Anti- Aircraft Regiment in 1954. The 43rd Medium Anti- Aircraft Regiment was created in 1946 from the 1st Anti - Aircraft Regiment and was absorbed back into the 15th Field Regiment, RCA, in 1959.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 64], "content_span": [65, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013858-0017-0000", "contents": "15th Field Artillery Regiment (Canada), History, 1945 to present\nWhile the regiment has not deployed overseas, individual members have deployed on operations in Germany, Egypt, Cyprus, the Former Republic of Yugoslavia (Croatia, Bosnia and Serbia), Haiti, Sudan, and Afghanistan. Members also participated in Operation Podium, the Canadian Forces mission to assist with security for the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, British Columbia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 64], "content_span": [65, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013858-0018-0000", "contents": "15th Field Artillery Regiment (Canada), 15th Field Regiment, Royal Canadian Artillery Museum and Archives\nThe museum collects, preserves, interprets and exhibits artifacts related to the 15th Field Artillery Regiment, RCA, its predecessors and other artillery units which have been located in the Vancouver area. The museum is affiliated with: Canadian Museums Association, Canadian Heritage Information Network, Organization of Military Museums of Canada and Virtual Museum of Canada.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 105], "content_span": [106, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013858-0019-0000", "contents": "15th Field Artillery Regiment (Canada), 15th Field Regiment (RCA) Band\nThe 15th Field Regiment (RCA) Band is a military brass and reed band that is part of the 15th Field Regiment R.C.A. The band has 45 members that are all reservists and are trained as soldiers as well as musicians. The Band plays for a variety of events including military funerals, ceremonies, parades and Mess events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 70], "content_span": [71, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013858-0020-0000", "contents": "15th Field Artillery Regiment (Canada), Cadet unit\n15th Field Regiment, RCA has one affiliated corps of the Royal Canadian Army Cadets, 2472 RCACC. 2472 receives support from the regiment for its activities and its members are entitled to wear the traditional regimental accoutrements of the 15th Field Regiment on their cadet uniforms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 50], "content_span": [51, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013859-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Field Artillery Regiment (United States)\nThe 15th Field Artillery Regiment (15th FAR) is a field artillery regiment of the United States Army first formed in 1916. A parent regiment under the U.S. Army Regimental System, the 15th FAR currently has two active battalions: the 1st Battalion, 15th Field Artillery Regiment is assigned to the 1st Brigade Combat Team, 2nd Infantry Division, while the 2nd Battalion, 15th Field Artillery Regiment is assigned to the 2nd Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division. The 1st Artilleryman (13B) and only 2-15 FAR soldier to date to attain the title 10th Mountain Soldier of the Year was Gregg L Swanson Jr. in 2009 making a historical moment for 2-15 FAR and the 10th Mountain Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 733]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013859-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Field Artillery Regiment (United States), History, World War I\nThe 15th Field Artillery (FA) Regiment was organized in Syracuse, New York on 1 June 1917. Assignment to the 2nd Infantry Division (2nd ID) followed on 21 September 1917, and earned them the unofficial nickname as the Indianheads. The coat of arms of the 15th FA contains a French 75mm howitzer with the Indianhead of the 2nd ID patch incised in the wheel. The 15th FA participated in six major campaigns during World War I and helped win the \"War to end all Wars\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 67], "content_span": [68, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013859-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Field Artillery Regiment (United States), History, World War II\nBy 1940, the 15th FA Regiment was reorganized as the 15th FA Battalion (BN) and served in five major campaigns in the European Theater of Operations with the 2nd ID during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 68], "content_span": [69, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013859-0003-0000", "contents": "15th Field Artillery Regiment (United States), History, Korean War\nThe 15th FA Battalion participated in ten major campaigns during the Korean War while once again serving with the 2nd ID. 1LT Lee R. Hartell was awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor (Posthumously) for heroic actions with the 15th FA Battalion during the Korean War, while serving as a forward observer. Also, MSG Jimmie Holloway earned the Distinguished Service Cross (posthumous) in a separate combat action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 66], "content_span": [67, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013859-0004-0000", "contents": "15th Field Artillery Regiment (United States), History, Post-Korea\nMajor changes in the US Army in 1957, caused several redesignations to the 15th FA Bn: A Battery was redesignated as the 1st Howitzer (How) Bn, 15th Artillery (Arty); B Battery was redesignated as the 2nd How Bn, 15th Arty; C Battery as the 3rd How Bn, 15th Arty; D Battery as the 4th How Bn, 15th Arty; E Battery as the 5th How Bn, 15th Arty; F Battery as the 6th How Bn, 15th Arty; HHB as the 7th How Bn, 15th Arty, and HHB, 2nd Bn, 15th FA as the 8th Bn, 15th Arty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 66], "content_span": [67, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013859-0005-0000", "contents": "15th Field Artillery Regiment (United States), History, Cold War \u2013 present\nBoth the 6th Bn, 15th Arty and the 7th Bn, 15th Arty were deployed to South Vietnam in 1967. The 6-15th served in nine major campaigns from May 1967 to November 1969, while the 7-15th, served in 13 major campaigns from July 1967 to November 1971 throughout much of II Corps in places like Phu Cat, Pleiku, and An Khe, as well as various firebases throughout the Central Highlands. 2nd Lt Harold Bascom Durham Jr. a forward observer with Battery C, 6th Battalion, would be posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions during the Battle of Ong Thanh on 17 October 1967.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 74], "content_span": [75, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013859-0006-0000", "contents": "15th Field Artillery Regiment (United States), History, Cold War \u2013 present\nThe 7-15th was inactivated after the Vietnam War, reactivated in the late 1980s to serve with the 7th Infantry Division, until it was once again inactivated. Prior to being made inactive, B Btry, 7th Bn, 15th Arty were deployed to Panama in advance of Operation Just Cause. B Battery, 15th Field Artillery was also activated at the same time as a separate battery as the 7th Infantry Division's general support battery, 8 X 155mm howitzers configured as two firing platoons. CPT Don Spiece commanded B Battery, 15th Field Artillery from 1983-1985 as its first commander. B Battery, 15th Field Artillery was inactivated at the same time as the 7-15th. The 1st Bn, 15th FA served with the 2nd ID at Camp Casey, Korea, from 1988\u20132015, defending the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) separating North and South Korea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 74], "content_span": [75, 886]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013859-0007-0000", "contents": "15th Field Artillery Regiment (United States), History, Cold War \u2013 present\nOperation Iraqi Freedom, Operation Enduring FreedomThe 2/15th Artillery deployed to Afghanistan along with other elements of the 10th Mountain Division in 2001 as part of Operation Enduring Freedom. In March 2003 the unit shifted its focus to Iraq as part of the 10th Mountain Division's contribution to Operation Iraqi Freedom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 74], "content_span": [75, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013859-0008-0000", "contents": "15th Field Artillery Regiment (United States), History, Cold War \u2013 present\nIn 2005 as part of the transformation of the entire 10th Mountain Division to the US Army's modular force structure the 2/15th Artillery was relieved from assignment on 17 September 2005 to the 10th Mountain Division and was reassigned to the 2nd Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division. The reorganized unit was redesignated as the 2nd Battalion, 15th Field Artillery Regiment on 1 October 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 74], "content_span": [75, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013859-0009-0000", "contents": "15th Field Artillery Regiment (United States), History, Cold War \u2013 present\nIn 2006 the unit again deployed to Iraq with other elements of the transformed 2nd Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division. The 2/15th Field Artillery remained in that country until October 2007 when it returned to Fort Drum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 74], "content_span": [75, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013859-0010-0000", "contents": "15th Field Artillery Regiment (United States), History, Lineage\nConstituted 1 July 1916 in the Regular Army as the 15th Field Artillery", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 63], "content_span": [64, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013859-0011-0000", "contents": "15th Field Artillery Regiment (United States), History, Lineage\nInactivated (less 2d Battalion) 31 October 1929 at Fort Sam Houston, Texas; concurrently, relieved from assignment to the 2d Division and assigned to the 4th Division", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 63], "content_span": [64, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013859-0012-0000", "contents": "15th Field Artillery Regiment (United States), History, Lineage\nRelieved 1 January 1930 from assignment to the 4th Division and assigned to the 2d Division (later redesignated as the 2d Infantry Division)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 63], "content_span": [64, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013859-0013-0000", "contents": "15th Field Artillery Regiment (United States), History, Lineage\nActivated (less 2d Battalion) 1 December 1934 at Fort Sam Houston, Texas", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 63], "content_span": [64, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013859-0014-0000", "contents": "15th Field Artillery Regiment (United States), History, Lineage\nReorganized and redesignated 1 October 1940 as the 15th Field Artillery Battalion", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 63], "content_span": [64, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013859-0015-0000", "contents": "15th Field Artillery Regiment (United States), History, Lineage\nReorganized and redesignated 20 February 1956 as the 15th Armored Field Artillery Battalion", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 63], "content_span": [64, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013859-0016-0000", "contents": "15th Field Artillery Regiment (United States), History, Lineage\nRelieved 20 June 1957 from assignment to the 2d Infantry Division; concurrently, reorganized and redesignated as the 15th Artillery, a parent regiment under the Combat Arms Regimental System", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 63], "content_span": [64, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013859-0017-0000", "contents": "15th Field Artillery Regiment (United States), History, Lineage\nWithdrawn 16 June 1988 from the Combat Arms Regimental System and reorganized under the United States Army Regimental System", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 63], "content_span": [64, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013859-0018-0000", "contents": "15th Field Artillery Regiment (United States), History, Lineage\nRedesignated 1 October 2005 as the 15th Field Artillery Regiment", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 63], "content_span": [64, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013859-0019-0000", "contents": "15th Field Artillery Regiment (United States), Distinctive unit insignia\nA Silver color metal and enamel device 1 1/16\u00a0inches (2.70\u00a0cm) in height consisting of a shield blazoned: Gules five closets wavy Argent, on a canton Or a bend sinister of the field.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 72], "content_span": [73, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013859-0020-0000", "contents": "15th Field Artillery Regiment (United States), Distinctive unit insignia\nThe regiment was organized in 1917 by transfer of men from the 4th Field Artillery. The old regiment is indicated by the canton. It was part of the Second Division overseas and took part in the heaviest of fighting. The extent of the operations is indicated by the five wavy bars on the shield representing the four historic French rivers, the Aisne, Marne, Meuse and finally the Rhine, which the regiment crossed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 72], "content_span": [73, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013859-0021-0000", "contents": "15th Field Artillery Regiment (United States), Distinctive unit insignia\nThe distinctive unit insignia was originally approved for the 15th Field Artillery Regiment on 14 September 1922. It was amended to correct the wear policy on 9 November 1926. It was further amended to correct the description on 9 November 1928. It was redesignated for the 15th Field Artillery Battalion on 20 October 1950. It was redesignated for the 15th Artillery Regiment on 10 February 1958. The insignia was redesignated effective 1 September 1971, for the 15th Field Artillery Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 72], "content_span": [73, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013859-0022-0000", "contents": "15th Field Artillery Regiment (United States), Heraldic Coat of Arms (according to the Grant of Arms)\nThe Coat of Arms redesignated for the 15th Field Artillery Regiment by letter AG 424.5 Coats-of-Arms (Misc.) MC 258-4 (5-14-21_, The Office of the Adjutant General, 21 January 1922; then again redesignated for the 15th Field Artillery Battalion by letter QMGHB 424.2 \u2013 15th F Bn, the Office of the Quartermaster General, 20 October 1950.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 101], "content_span": [102, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013859-0023-0000", "contents": "15th Field Artillery Regiment (United States), Heraldic Coat of Arms (according to the Grant of Arms)\nThe crest symbolizes the regiment's service in World War I as an artillery unit known as the \"Indianheads of the Fighting Fifteenth\" in the Second Division later known as the 2nd Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 101], "content_span": [102, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013859-0024-0000", "contents": "15th Field Artillery Regiment (United States), Heraldic Coat of Arms (according to the Grant of Arms)\nThe description given in the original approval cited in paragraph 1a is as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 101], "content_span": [102, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013859-0025-0000", "contents": "15th Field Artillery Regiment (United States), Current configuration\nMost of the eight battalions of the 15th Field Artillery originated from the 1st and 2nd Battalions. Below are their current status and origin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 68], "content_span": [69, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013859-0026-0000", "contents": "15th Field Artillery Regiment (United States), Campaign participation credit\nWorld War I: Aisne; Aisne-Marne; St. Mihiel; Meuse-Argonne; Lorraine 1918; Ile de France 1918", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 76], "content_span": [77, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013859-0027-0000", "contents": "15th Field Artillery Regiment (United States), Campaign participation credit\nWorld War II: Normandy; Northern France; Rhineland; Ardennes-Alsace; Central Europe", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 76], "content_span": [77, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013859-0028-0000", "contents": "15th Field Artillery Regiment (United States), Campaign participation credit\nKorean War: UN Defensive; UN Offensive; CCF Intervention; First UN Counteroffensive; CCF Spring Offensive; UN Summer-Fall Offensive; Second Korean Winter; Korea, Summer-Fall 1952; Third Korean Winter; Korea, Summer 1953", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 76], "content_span": [77, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013859-0029-0000", "contents": "15th Field Artillery Regiment (United States), Campaign participation credit\nVietnam: Counteroffensive, Phase II; Counteroffensive, Phase III; Tet Counteroffensive; Counteroffensive, Phase IV; Counteroffensive, Phase V; Counteroffensive, Phase VI; Tet 69/Counteroffensive; Summer-Fall 1969; Winter-Spring 1970; Sanctuary Counteroffensive; Counteroffensive, Phase VII; Consolidation I; Consolidation II; Cease-Fire", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 76], "content_span": [77, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013860-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Fighter Aviation Division (People's Liberation Army Air Force)\nThe 15th Fighter Aviation Division is a unit of the Chinese People's Liberation Army Air Force. It is headquartered at Huairen Air Base in the Beijing Military Region. The unit is equipped with J-7 fighters and Q-5 ground attack aircraft. PLA-AF fighter divisions generally consist of about 17,000 personnel and 70-120 aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 67], "section_span": [67, 67], "content_span": [68, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013861-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Filmfare Awards\nThe 15th Filmfare Awards were held in 1968, celebrating the best in Hindi cinema in 1967.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013861-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Filmfare Awards\nUpkar led the 10 nominations and Milan led the 9 nominations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 82]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013861-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Filmfare Awards\nUpkar won 6 awards, thus becoming the most-awarded film at the ceremony.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013862-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Filmfare Awards South\nThe 15th Filmfare Awards South Ceremony honoring the winners of the best of South Indian cinema in the year 1967 was an event held in 1968.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013863-0000-0000", "contents": "15th G-15 summit\nThe Fifteenth G15 summit was held in Colombo, Sri Lanka in 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 81]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013863-0001-0000", "contents": "15th G-15 summit\nThe bi-annual summit agenda of the Group of 15 (G-15) encompasses a range of issues.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013863-0002-0000", "contents": "15th G-15 summit\nThe gathering brings together leaders, representatives and policymakers from non-aligned nations. African G-15 nations are Algeria, Egypt, Kenya, Nigeria, Senegal, and Zimbabwe. Those from Asia are India, Indonesia, Iran, Malaysia, and Sri Lanka. Latin American G-15 nations include Argentina, Brazil, Chile,  Jamaica, Mexico, Peru and Venezuela.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013863-0003-0000", "contents": "15th G-15 summit, Overview\nThe Group of 15 was established at the Ninth Non-Aligned Movement summit in Belgrade, Yugoslavia in September 1989. The name of the group is unchanging, but its composition has expanded to 18 countries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 26], "content_span": [27, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013863-0004-0000", "contents": "15th G-15 summit, Overview\nThe G-15 is composed of countries from Africa, Asia, North America and South America. These non-aligned nations joined together to create a forum to foster cooperation and develop information which can be presented to other international groups, such as the World Trade Organization and the Group of Eight rich industrialized nations. The G-15 nations have a common goal of enhanced growth and prosperity. The group aims to encourage cooperation among developing countries in the areas of investment, trade, and technology.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 26], "content_span": [27, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013863-0005-0000", "contents": "15th G-15 summit, Leaders at the summit\nThose nations expected to be represented at the summit are Algeria, Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Egypt, India, Indonesia, Iran,  Jamaica, Kenya, Malaysia, Mexico, Nigeria, Peru, Senegal, Sri Lanka, Venezuela, and Zimbabwe. The G-15 membership has expanded to 18 countries, but the name has remained unchanged.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 39], "content_span": [40, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013863-0006-0000", "contents": "15th G-15 summit, Leaders at the summit\nThe leaders of G-15 nations are core contributors in summit meetings, but not all of the heads-of-state are expected to attend the Colombo event:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 39], "content_span": [40, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013863-0007-0000", "contents": "15th G-15 summit, Priorities\nThe G-15 nations perceive an ongoing need to expand dialogue with the G8 and with the G20. The G-15 want to help bridge the gap between developing countries and the more developed and industrialized nations. The fact that some of the G-15 are simultaneously members of these other forums is expected to be helpful. At the Tehran summit of 2010, the President of Sri Lankan emphasized the importance of cooperation with the G8 on all major aspects of development.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013863-0008-0000", "contents": "15th G-15 summit, Issues\nG-15 nations are united by shared perceptions of global economic issues; and the G-15 provides a structure for working out common strategies for dealing with these issues. For example, the G-15 opposes using the international economic and financial systems as political instruments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 24], "content_span": [25, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013863-0009-0000", "contents": "15th G-15 summit, Issues\nG-15 nations have joined together in hopes of escaping from the more polemical atmosphere in other multi-national groups and organizations, such as the Group of 77 (G-77). For example, the 14th G-15 summit called for reform of Bretton Woods institutions and examining alternate sources of financing for the developing world.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 24], "content_span": [25, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013863-0010-0000", "contents": "15th G-15 summit, Schedule and Agenda\nThe summit provides an opportunity to focus on the importance of cooperation in facing the current challenges of food, energy, climate change, health and trade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 37], "content_span": [38, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013863-0011-0000", "contents": "15th G-15 summit, Schedule and Agenda\nThe chairmanship of the G-15 passed to Sri Lanka at the end of the 14th G-15 summit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 37], "content_span": [38, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013864-0000-0000", "contents": "15th G7 summit\nThe 15th G7 Summit was held in the business district of La D\u00e9fense to the west of Paris, France between July 14 to 16, 1989. The venue for the summit meetings was the Grande Arche which was rushed to completion for celebrations marking the bicentennial of the French Revolution and for the world economic summit meeting that was held in the top of the Arche. This event was also called the \"Summit of the Arch.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013864-0001-0000", "contents": "15th G7 summit\nThe Group of Seven (G7) was an unofficial forum which brought together the heads of the richest industrialized countries: France, West Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada (since 1976) and the President of the European Commission (starting officially in 1981).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013864-0001-0001", "contents": "15th G7 summit\nThe summits were not meant to be linked formally with wider international institutions; and in fact, a mild rebellion against the stiff formality of other international meetings was a part of the genesis of cooperation between France's President Giscard d'Estaing and West Germany's Chancellor Helmut Schmidt as they conceived the first Group of Six (G6) summit in 1975.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013864-0002-0000", "contents": "15th G7 summit, Leaders at the summit\nThe G7 is an unofficial annual forum for the leaders of Canada, the European Commission, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 37], "content_span": [38, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013864-0003-0000", "contents": "15th G7 summit, Leaders at the summit\nThe 15th G7 summit was the first summit for U.S. President George H. W. Bush and was the last summit for Italian Prime Minister Ciriaco De Mita. It was also the first and only summit for Japanese Prime Minister S\u014dsuke Uno.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 37], "content_span": [38, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013864-0004-0000", "contents": "15th G7 summit, Leaders at the summit, Participants\nThese summit participants are the current \"core members\" of the international forum:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 51], "content_span": [52, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013864-0005-0000", "contents": "15th G7 summit, Leaders at the summit, Participants\nThe heads of state and government of over a dozen developing countries were also represented at this summit gathering in Paris.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 51], "content_span": [52, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013864-0006-0000", "contents": "15th G7 summit, Issues\nThe summit was intended as a venue for resolving differences among its members. As a practical matter, the summit was also conceived as an opportunity for its members to give each other mutual encouragement in the face of difficult economic decisions. Issues which were discussed at this summit included:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013864-0007-0000", "contents": "15th G7 summit, Accomplishments\nWhile the agenda-setting or parameter-setting functions of the summit are important, the associated action or inaction which comes afterwards is important as well. These remain conceptually distinct aspects of the G7 summits.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 31], "content_span": [32, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013864-0008-0000", "contents": "15th G7 summit, Accomplishments\nA symbol of the mixed legacy of this summit is the Grande Arche itself. The total expenditure on the building reached 3.74 billion francs, all but 5.7 percent of which was covered by private investors, with the state remaining owner of the roof area;and yet, in 2001, parts of the facade were falling off. A Frommer's review in 2010 characterizes it as a \"politician's folly.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 31], "content_span": [32, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013864-0009-0000", "contents": "15th G7 summit, Accomplishments\nIn 1989, the summit leaders called for \"adoption of sustainable forest management practices, with a view to preserving the scale of the world's forests,\" but there is little evidence of follow-up action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 31], "content_span": [32, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013865-0000-0000", "contents": "15th GLAAD Media Awards\n15th Annual GLAAD Media Awards (2004) were presented at three separate ceremonies: March 27 in Los Angeles; April 12 in New York City and June 5 in San Francisco. The awards were presented to honor \"fair, accurate and inclusive\" representations of gay individuals in the media.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013866-0000-0000", "contents": "15th GMA Dove Awards\nThe 15th Annual GMA Dove Awards were held on 1984 recognizing accomplishments of musicians for the year 1983. The show was held in Nashville, Tennessee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013867-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Gemini Awards\nThe 15th Gemini Awards were held on October 30, 2000, to honour achievements in Canadian television. It was hosted by Steve Smith, and was broadcast on CBC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013867-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Gemini Awards, Awards, Best Performance in a Comedy Program or Series\nPatrick McKenna, Jerry Schaefer, Wayne Robson, Steve Smith, Peter Keleghan, Bob Bainborough, Jeff Lumby, Joel Harris, Graham Greene", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 74], "content_span": [75, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013868-0000-0000", "contents": "15th General Assembly of Newfoundland\nThe members of the 15th General Assembly of Newfoundland were elected in the Newfoundland general election held in October 1885. The general assembly sat from 1886 to 1889.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013868-0001-0000", "contents": "15th General Assembly of Newfoundland\nThe Reform Party led by Robert Thorburn formed the government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013868-0002-0000", "contents": "15th General Assembly of Newfoundland\nSir William Des V\u0153ux served as colonial governor of Newfoundland until 1887. Sir Henry Arthur Blake succeeded Des V\u0153ux as governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013868-0003-0000", "contents": "15th General Assembly of Newfoundland\nIn 1887, the Ballot Act was passed which allowed voting by secret ballot as opposed to the previous system of public oral voting. In 1888, a new Elections Act was passed which defined the required qualifications for candidates for the House of Assembly. In 1889, a new Representation Act was passed which redefined the boundaries of electoral districts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013868-0004-0000", "contents": "15th General Assembly of Newfoundland, Members of the Assembly\nThe following members were elected to the assembly in 1885:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 62], "content_span": [63, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013869-0000-0000", "contents": "15th General Assembly of Nova Scotia\nThe 15th General Assembly of Nova Scotia represented Nova Scotia between 1836 and 1840. The assembly was dissolved on October 21, 1840.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013869-0001-0000", "contents": "15th General Assembly of Nova Scotia\nThe assembly sat at the pleasure of the Governor of Nova Scotia, Colin Campbell.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013869-0002-0000", "contents": "15th General Assembly of Nova Scotia\nSamuel George William Archibald was chosen as speaker for the house.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013870-0000-0000", "contents": "15th General Assembly of Prince Edward Island\nThe 15th General Assembly of Prince Edward Island represented the colony of Prince Edward Island between January 22, 1839, and 1843.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013870-0001-0000", "contents": "15th General Assembly of Prince Edward Island\nThe Assembly sat at the pleasure of the Governor of Prince Edward Island, Charles Augustus FitzRoy. William Cooper was elected speaker.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013870-0002-0000", "contents": "15th General Assembly of Prince Edward Island, Members\nThe members of the Prince Edward Island Legislature after the general election of 1839 were:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013871-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Genie Awards, Nominees and winners\nThe Genie Award nominees, with winners in each category shown in bold text:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 39], "content_span": [40, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013872-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Georgia Infantry Regiment\nThe 15th Georgia Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. It participated in most of the key battles of Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013872-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Georgia Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 15th Georgia was organized in the spring of 1861 in Athens, Georgia. It contained troops from eight counties in Northeastern Georgia: Hancock, Stephens, Elbert, Lamar, Warren, Wilkes, Taliaferro, and Oglethorpe counties. It was initially attached to General Robert Toombs' Brigade in David Jones' Division of the Army of Northern Virginia. Under Toombs, the 15th Georgia fought in the Seven Days Battles, the Battle of Thoroughfare Gap, the Second Battle of Manassas, and the Battle of Antietam. After this point, the brigade was under the command of Colonel (later General) Henry Benning.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013872-0001-0001", "contents": "15th Georgia Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 15th Georgia served with the Army of Northern Virginia for the remainder of the war, except when it detached with General Longstreet during the Tidewater Campaign, the Battle of Chickamauga, and the Knoxville Campaign of 1863. The 15th Georgia was present at the Battle of Appomattox Courthouse and the subsequent surrender. Twenty officers and 226 men of the 15th Georgia Infantry were present at the surrender.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013873-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Golden Globe Awards\nThe 15th Golden Globe Awards, honoring the best in film for 1957 films, were held on February 22, 1958.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013873-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Golden Globe Awards, Film, Best Foreign Language Film\nThe Confessions of Felix Krull (West Germany) Tizoc (Mexico) Woman in a Dressing Gown (United Kingdom) Yellow Crow (Kiiroi karasu) (Japan)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 58], "content_span": [59, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013874-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Golden Horse Awards\nThe 15th Golden Horse Awards (Mandarin:\u7b2c15\u5c46\u91d1\u99ac\u734e) took place on October 31, 1978, at Zhongshan Hall in Taipei, Taiwan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013875-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Golden Melody Awards\nThe 15th Golden Melody Awards were held on 8 May 2004 outside the Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall in Taipei, Taiwan. Overseas guests included Korean artists, BoA, Kangta and TVXQ of SM Entertainment, Tata Young and Tsubasa Imai.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013875-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Golden Melody Awards, Summary\nJay Chou's fourth album Yeh Hui-mei, named after his mother, was awarded Best Mandarin Album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013876-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Golden Raspberry Awards\nThe 15th Golden Raspberry Awards were held on March 26, 1995, at the El Rey Hotel in Los Angeles, California, to recognize the worst the movie industry had to offer in 1994. Erotic thriller Color of Night became the first (and so far only) Golden Raspberry Worst Picture \"winner\" to not receive a single other Razzie (out of eight other nominations). Thumbelina became the first animated film to be nominated for and win a Razzie, which it received for Worst Original Song. The Specialist, Wyatt Earp, The Flintstones and Naked Gun 33\u2153: The Final Insult each took home two awards, even though the latter two weren't nominated for Worst Picture.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013876-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Golden Raspberry Awards, Awards and nominations\nSharon Stone, Worst Actress winner and Worst Screen Couple co-winner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 52], "content_span": [53, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013877-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Golden Rooster Awards\nThe 15th Golden Rooster Awards, honoring the best in film, were given on 1995, Beijing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013877-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Golden Rooster Awards, Winners and nominees, Best Director\nHuang Jianxin/Yang Yazhou - Back to Back, Face to Face", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 63], "content_span": [64, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013877-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Golden Rooster Awards, Winners and nominees, Best Directorial Debut\nFan Yuan - The Accused Uncle ShangangNing Haiqiang - Traceless Ballistic Trajectory", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 72], "content_span": [73, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013878-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Goya Awards\nThe 15th Goya Awards were presented in Madrid, Spain on 3 February 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013879-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Grey Cup\nThe 15th Grey Cup was played on November 26, 1927, before 13,676 fans at the Varsity Stadium at Toronto.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013879-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Grey Cup\nThe Toronto Balmy Beach Beachers defeated the Hamilton Tigers 9 to 6.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 83]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013880-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Guards Rifle Division\nThe 15th Guards Rifle Division was reformed as an elite infantry division of the Red Army in February, 1942, based on the 1st formation of the 136th Rifle Division, and served in that role until well after the end of the Great Patriotic War. The division had already distinguished itself during the Winter War with Finland in 1940 and had been decorated with the Order of Lenin; soon after its redesignation it also received its first Order of the Red Banner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013880-0000-0001", "contents": "15th Guards Rifle Division\nIt was in Southern Front as this time but was soon moved to the Reserve of the Supreme High Command where it was assigned to 7th Reserve Army in May, then to 28th Army in Southwestern Front in June, then to 57th Army in Stalingrad Front in July. It remained in that Army for the rest of the year, with one brief exception, until it was transferred to Don Front's 64th Army in January, 1943 during the closing stages of the battle of Stalingrad.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013880-0000-0002", "contents": "15th Guards Rifle Division\nIn March this Army became 7th Guards Army and was railed to the northwest, joining Voronezh Front south of the Kursk salient. In the battle that followed the 15th Guards assisted in the defeat of Army Detachment Kempf, then took part in the summer offensive into Ukraine, winning one of the first battle honors at Kharkov. It remained in either 7th Guards or 37th Army into the spring of 1944. It saw action in the Nikopol-Krivoi Rog Offensive and was awarded the Order of Suvorov before being involved in the frustrating battles along the Dniestr River on the Romanian border.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013880-0000-0003", "contents": "15th Guards Rifle Division\nIn June the division became part of 34th Guards Rifle Corps in 5th Guards Army and was redeployed north becoming part of 1st Ukrainian Front and taking part in the Lvov\u2013Sandomierz Offensive into Poland. The 15th Guards made a spectacular advance across Poland during the Vistula-Oder Offensive and was further decorated with the Order of Kutuzov for forcing a crossing of the Oder River. It then saw action in the drive on Berlin in April and the Prague Offensive in May, winning a further battle honor and an unusual second Order of the Red Banner in the process.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013880-0000-0004", "contents": "15th Guards Rifle Division\nAfter the war the division did garrison duty in Austria, then in Ukraine, followed by a move in late 1947 to Crimea and the Kuban where its personnel assisted in rebuilding the local economy and infrastructure for nearly 20 years. It September 1965 it was renumbered as the \"51st\" and became the 2nd formation of the 51st Guards Motor Rifle Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013880-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Guards Rifle Division, Formation\nThe division was officially raised to Guards status on February 16, 1942 in recognition of its role in the first liberation of Rostov-on-Don on December 2, 1941 and its subsequent attacks across the Mius River. Its sub-units would not receive their Guards redesignations until some time later. It inherited the Order of Lenin the 136th had earned in March, 1940. Its order of battle, based on the last peacetime shtat (table of organization and equipment) for rifle divisions, was eventually as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 37], "content_span": [38, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013880-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Guards Rifle Division, Formation\nThe 136th had been under command of Col. Nikolai Porfirevich Raevsky but he was replaced on the day of redesignation by Lt. Col. Pyotr Dmitrievich Kondratev. At this time it was in the 18th Army of Southern Front. On March 27 the division was further recognized for its service in the Donbass and along the Mius with the award of its first Order of the Red Banner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 37], "content_span": [38, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013880-0003-0000", "contents": "15th Guards Rifle Division, Operation Blue\nIn April the 15th Guards was moved to the 58th Army in the Reserve of the Supreme High Command. By the start of the German summer offensive in the Caucasus in late June it had been assigned to 28th Army in Southwestern Front and was directly facing the 164 tanks fielded by 3rd Panzer Division of German 6th Army's XXXX Panzer Corps. The five rifle divisions of 28th Army were deployed in a single echelon with three tank brigades (numbering in total about 90 tanks) and the 244th Rifle Division near Valuyki on the Oskol River as Southwestern Front's reserve.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 42], "content_span": [43, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013880-0003-0001", "contents": "15th Guards Rifle Division, Operation Blue\nUnder the weight of the attack which began on June 30 the division, along with the 13th Guards and 169th Rifle Divisions, backed by 13th Tank Corps, managed to hold the advance of the XXXX Panzer to less than 10\u00a0km on the first day. However the German XXIX and VIII Army Corps to the north struck more than twice that distance, tearing a yawning gap between 28th and 21st Army. Over the coming days 28th was forced to fall back towards Valuyki, exposing the flank of the 21st to its north. By July 10 the situation had drastically deteriorated and the 28th Army headquarters was forced to report:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 42], "content_span": [43, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013880-0004-0000", "contents": "15th Guards Rifle Division, Operation Blue\nWe have no communications with the units of the army... By the day's end on 9 July... 15th Guards Rifle Division was fighting encircled in the Maliarov region (northeast of Rovenki)... At the present time , the exact locations of the divisions are unknown; but it is most likely that the divisions no longer exist as organized formations and their encircled remnants are fighting their way eastward toward the Don River crossings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 42], "content_span": [43, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013880-0005-0000", "contents": "15th Guards Rifle Division, Operation Blue\nOver the next three days the Army reported that elements of the divisions made it back safely. However by this time they mustered only 40 to 400 \"bayonets\" (riflemen and sappers) each, with only a handful of guns and mortars. Within days the 28th and its depleted units were transferred to the new Stalingrad Front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 42], "content_span": [43, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013880-0006-0000", "contents": "15th Guards Rifle Division, Operation Blue, Battle of Stalingrad\nLater that month the 15th Guards was transferred to the 57th Army, commanded by Maj. Gen. F. I. Tolbukhin, still in Stalingrad Front. This Army at the time was very small, consisting of the worn-down 15th, the 38th Rifle Division and the 13th Separate Destroyer (antitank) Brigade. It constituted the Front's reserve and was located in Stalingrad itself but on August 1 as 4th Panzer Army advanced from the southwest towards the city it was ordered to new defensive positions to the south with the division watching a line from Lake Sarpa to Raygorod on the Volga.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 64], "content_span": [65, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013880-0006-0001", "contents": "15th Guards Rifle Division, Operation Blue, Battle of Stalingrad\nThe following day Lt. Colonel Kondratev handed the command of the division over to his chief of staff, Lt. Col. Andrei Evtikhievich Ovsienko. Under the crisis conditions on August 5 the STAVKA ordered new command arrangements including assigning 15th Guards to 64th Army in the re-created Southwestern Front. On August 9 the division took part in counterattack against XXXXVIII Panzer Corps north and south of Tinguta which struck the 14th Panzer and 29th Panzergrenadier Divisions almost simultaneously from three sides, much to their surprise. During a two-day battle the panzer troops lost heavily and were forced to retreat towards Abganerovo, bringing 4th Panzer Army's advance to a halt and a near collapse.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 64], "content_span": [65, 778]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013880-0007-0000", "contents": "15th Guards Rifle Division, Operation Blue, Battle of Stalingrad\nWithin days the 15th Guards returned to 57th Army which was now substantially reinforced with four more rifle divisions (not including the 38th which remained in 64th Army) and several other units. The Army was assigned the task of defending a 70\u00a0km-wide sector from State Farm (Sovkhoz) No. 4 (4\u00a0km east of Tinguta) and State Farm \"Privolzhsky\" to Raygorod to prevent the Axis forces from penetrating to Stalingrad from the south. 4th Panzer Army renewed its advance on August 20; by now the substantially rebuilt division was in the Army's first echelon with the 36th Guards Rifle Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 64], "content_span": [65, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013880-0007-0001", "contents": "15th Guards Rifle Division, Operation Blue, Battle of Stalingrad\nInitially the main attack was against 64th Army which was forced back but was still putting up heavy resistance. As a result, on the next day the 14th Panzer shifted to the east the next day, crossed the Malaya Tinguta River and pushed about 4\u00a0km to the north, driving a wedge between 64th Army's 38th Division and the 15th Guards. At the same time the 24th Panzer Division struck the center of the division's defenses at the \"Privolzhsky\" State Farm and crossed the river farther east.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 64], "content_span": [65, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013880-0007-0002", "contents": "15th Guards Rifle Division, Operation Blue, Battle of Stalingrad\nWith the assistance of a rifle regiment of the Vinnitsa Infantry School the division managed to withdraw 10\u00a0km to take up new defenses stretching westward along the Dubovyi and Morozov ravines from the northwest bank of Lake Sarpa to 74\u00a0km Station. As 24th Panzer wheeled to the east towards Tundutovo Station, General Tolbukhin reinforced the division with the fresh 422nd Rifle Division. Between them they brought the German advance to a halt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 64], "content_span": [65, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013880-0007-0003", "contents": "15th Guards Rifle Division, Operation Blue, Battle of Stalingrad\nDespite this stout defense by the evening of August 21 the XXXXVIII Panzer Corps had carved a wedge 15\u00a0km wide and 20\u00a0km deep between 64th and 57th Armies and threatened to encircle the former from the east. Therefore Southwestern Front sent six antitank artillery regiments to the two Armies, with one to be allocated to each of the front-line divisions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 64], "content_span": [65, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013880-0008-0000", "contents": "15th Guards Rifle Division, Operation Blue, Battle of Stalingrad\nOn August 23\u201324, 4th Panzer Army again regrouped, lunging northwards early on the 25th along the boundary of the 422nd and the 244th Rifle Divisions and advancing 8\u00a0km to the Chervlennaia River. Once there, however, concentrated artillery and mortar fire of the two divisions, joined by 15th Guards coming up from second echelon, separated the German tanks from their infantry, while heavy antitank fire and counterattacks by 6th Tank Brigade destroyed or damaged many panzers. The remainder had no choice but to fall back to their jumping-off positions by the end of August 26.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 64], "content_span": [65, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013880-0008-0001", "contents": "15th Guards Rifle Division, Operation Blue, Battle of Stalingrad\nOn September 8 Lt. Colonel Ovsienko returned to his chief of staff duties and the division came under the command of Col. Nikolai Ivanovich Telegin. The German 6th and 4th Panzer Armies completed the isolation of 62nd Army in the city by September 12 at which time the 64th and 57th occupied the Beketovka \"bridgehead\" along the Volga directly to its south with the 57th southwest of Ivanovka - Tundutovo - the Dubovyi ravine, facing elements of Romanian VI Army Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 64], "content_span": [65, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013880-0009-0000", "contents": "15th Guards Rifle Division, Operation Blue, Battle of Stalingrad\nAs the battle raged within Stalingrad during late September and early October the STAVKA planned attacks to its north and south to divert German strength and possibly relieve the siege. A composite detachment made up of two detached rifle regiments (from 422nd and 75th Rifle Divisions) and the 155th Tank Brigade, supported by 1188th Antitank Artillery Regiment plus 18th and 76th Guards Mortar Regiments, was in the sector of the 15th Guards, which was also instructed to provide fire support. This detachment assaulted the positions of the Romanian 1st Infantry Division south of Lake Sarpa overnight on September 28/29.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 64], "content_span": [65, 688]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013880-0009-0001", "contents": "15th Guards Rifle Division, Operation Blue, Battle of Stalingrad\nThe attack achieved almost immediate success, penetrating the Romanian defenses, advancing roughly 5\u00a0km, and liberating the villages of Tsatsa and Semkin by 1400 hours on October 1. As a result of this attack, as well as a similar one by 51st Army, the Romanian VI Army Corps was badly damaged and forced back to even less defensible positions. 15th Guards exploited the victory by capturing the Dubovyi ravine region by the same hour and dug in.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 64], "content_span": [65, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013880-0010-0000", "contents": "15th Guards Rifle Division, Operation Blue, Battle of Stalingrad\nThrough October a sergeant of the 50th Guards Regiment, Nikolai Yakovlevich Ilyin, continued to build on his already established reputation as an effective sniper. On October 16, as a reward for his skills he was given the use of the sniper rifle that had been used by the late Hero of the Soviet Union Khusen Borezhevich Andrukhaev, who had served in the 733rd Regiment of the 136th Rifle Division. From October 18 to November 1, fighting mostly in the area of the Dubovyi ravine, Ilyin was credited with 95 kills of Axis soldiers and officers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 64], "content_span": [65, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013880-0010-0001", "contents": "15th Guards Rifle Division, Operation Blue, Battle of Stalingrad\nAs the battle continued he increased his count to 216 by February 1943 and was awarded the Order of the Red Banner and shortly thereafter was also made a Hero of the Soviet Union. Ilyin was killed by enemy machine gun fire on August 4 after accounting for a total of 494 enemy soldiers, making him the sixth-highest scoring Soviet sniper of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 64], "content_span": [65, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013880-0011-0000", "contents": "15th Guards Rifle Division, Operation Blue, Operation Uranus\nOn October 18 Colonel Telegin was replaced by Maj. Gen. Emelyan Ivanovich Vasilenko, who had previously commanded the 136th Rifle Division in 1941. In the buildup to the Soviet counteroffensive the division was transferred to the 51st Army just to the south of the 57th. It began its attack from the Shalimovo region south of Lake Sarpa promptly at 0830 hours on November 20 with tank support and easily penetrated the defenses of Romanian 18th Infantry Division's two defending battalions, sending the survivors scurrying westward and northwestward.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 60], "content_span": [61, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013880-0011-0001", "contents": "15th Guards Rifle Division, Operation Blue, Operation Uranus\nWheeling in the latter direction the guardsmen and tanks advanced up to 11\u00a0km by 1800 hours against virtually no opposition and linked up with 57th Army's 143rd Rifle Brigade near the village of Kamensky. This left much of the Romanian 2nd Infantry and about half of 18th Infantry Division encircled and the 15th Guards reported capturing 2,500 men, 500 rifles, 50 machine guns, 15 guns, 13 mortars and other equipment by the end of the day. The encircled force surrendered overnight and left the remainder of the two divisions in a shambles with no further effective combat power.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 60], "content_span": [61, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013880-0012-0000", "contents": "15th Guards Rifle Division, Operation Blue, Operation Uranus\nThe division spent the morning of November 21 mopping up the encirclement area then reassembled about 12\u00a0km southwest of Lake Sarpa before wheeling westward along the route of the 4th Mechanized Corps. This Corps had a shaky start the first day, but made spectacular progress on the second and by day's end had surrounded the remnants of the two Romanian divisions in cooperation with the 15th Guards and 143rd Brigade. This advance also overran most of the Romanian logistic installations north of the Aksai River.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 60], "content_span": [61, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013880-0012-0001", "contents": "15th Guards Rifle Division, Operation Blue, Operation Uranus\nOn November 23 one of the main tasks for 51st Army was to move the 4th Mechanized northwestward to the Sovetskii region to link up with Southwestern Front's mobile groups. A battalion of the Corps' 59th Mechanized Brigade became involved in heavy fighting on the outskirts of Karpovka which was resolved with the arrival of the division in the evening, as recorded in its history:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 60], "content_span": [61, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013880-0013-0000", "contents": "15th Guards Rifle Division, Operation Blue, Operation Uranus\nAt first light on 23 November, 15th Guards Rifle Division received the mission -- to cut the Stalingrad-Sovetskii railroad line, capture Karpovskaia Station and the villages of Karpovka and Novyi Rogachik, occupy a defense along the line of these points, and prevent an enemy penetration toward the south and southwest. The division fulfilled there [sic] missions brilliantly. Not a single Hitlerite penetrated through its combat formations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 60], "content_span": [61, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013880-0014-0000", "contents": "15th Guards Rifle Division, Operation Blue, Operation Uranus\nOther Soviet sources state that the division and the mechanized battalion were forced to abandon Karpovka and Karpovskaia Station due to counterattacks by elements of 29th Panzergrenadier Division during the evening and gradually fall back to positions south of the rail line by nightfall on the 24th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 60], "content_span": [61, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013880-0015-0000", "contents": "15th Guards Rifle Division, Operation Blue, Operation Uranus\nBy this time the encirclement of the German forces at Stalingrad had been completed. 51st Army was in the difficult position of conducting operations along both the inner and outer encirclement fronts. The division, on the inner front with 4th Mechanized, was fighting for the Marinovka and Voroshilov Camp regions southwest of the pocket. The 4th Mechanized was attempting to encircle and destroy Battlegroup \"Willig\" of the 3rd Panzergrenadier Division defending the fortified strongpoint at Marinovka.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 60], "content_span": [61, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013880-0015-0001", "contents": "15th Guards Rifle Division, Operation Blue, Operation Uranus\n15th Guards entered the battle by attacking the sector between Marinovka and Voroshilov but in two days of fighting the Soviet forces were unable to pry their opponents out of their positions. On November 25 the division was transferred back to 57th Army and continued to conduct probing attacks against the German battlegroups defending the rail line and the road between the two strongpoints, with no success. In the following days the situation stabilized.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 60], "content_span": [61, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013880-0016-0000", "contents": "15th Guards Rifle Division, Operation Blue, Operation Ring\nDuring the first half of December the situation around Stalingrad was dominated by Army Group Don's attempted relief offensive and a proposed effort, Operation Donnerschlag, by the trapped 6th Army to break out. Among the moves made by Don Front to counter the latter the 235th Separate Tank Brigade and 234th Separate Tank Regiment were brought up to support the 15th Guards' positions south of Karpovka on December 20.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 58], "content_span": [59, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013880-0017-0000", "contents": "15th Guards Rifle Division, Operation Blue, Operation Ring\nOperation Koltso began on January 10, 1943 and on that first day the division, deployed on 57th Army's left flank, seized the first line trenches of the German 376th Infantry Division and followed this on the 13th with a general assault with the 50th and 44th Guards Regiments in the 4\u00a0km-wide sector between Staryi Rogachik and Bereslavsky Farm. Attacking eastward the two regiments punched gaping holes through the 376th's defenses and advanced up to 6\u00a0km, capturing both positions and reaching the Chervlenaia River.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 58], "content_span": [59, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013880-0017-0001", "contents": "15th Guards Rifle Division, Operation Blue, Operation Ring\nIn the process one German battalion was encircled and destroyed in Staryi Rogachik and four more were forced across the river in considerable disorder. By the day's end the remnants of the German division were caught in a large pincer between the 422nd Rifle, 15th Guards and the 120th Rifle Division of the adjacent 21st Army. The attack continued on January 14 and the division, which was already over the Chervlenaia, advanced eastward, captured Peschanyi Karer and reached the railroad 2\u00a0km west-northwest of Basargino.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 58], "content_span": [59, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013880-0017-0002", "contents": "15th Guards Rifle Division, Operation Blue, Operation Ring\nBy the end of the day the three Soviet divisions had trapped the 376th in the region southwest of Basargino which prompted Army Group Don to note late that evening that \"376th ID seems to have been broken up.\" Overnight the remaining men of the division died in place, surrendered or disappeared into the darkness.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 58], "content_span": [59, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013880-0018-0000", "contents": "15th Guards Rifle Division, Operation Blue, Operation Ring\nAfter a pause, Operation Ring resumed on January 18. North of the railroad the 15th Guards shattered the defenses of the escaped remnants of the 376th, by now little more than a reinforced battalion, and took Hill 155.0, 2.5\u00a0km northwest of Alekseevka. On January 23 the 422nd and 38th Rifle and 15th Guards advanced east up to 6\u00a0km on both sides of the railway, further shattering the 297th Infantry Division and the Romanian 82nd Infantry Regiment. The Soviet force reached positions extending from Poliakovka on the upper Tsaritsa River southeastwards to the western outskirts of Verkhniaia Elshanka.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 58], "content_span": [59, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013880-0018-0001", "contents": "15th Guards Rifle Division, Operation Blue, Operation Ring\nTwo days later the three Soviet divisions continued to cooperate in thrusting eastward along the railway into the southern part of the city and seizing Railroad Station No. 2, then wheeling north in pursuit of the withdrawing remnants of IV Army Corps. This advance cut off most of the 297th Infantry leading its commander to seek terms of surrender and by nightfall the 38th Division had him and most of his men in custody.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 58], "content_span": [59, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013880-0019-0000", "contents": "15th Guards Rifle Division, Operation Blue, Operation Ring\nFrom January 28\u201331 the 15th Guards took part in the liquidation of the remaining Axis forces in downtown Stalingrad. On the first day it attacked northward across the Tsaritsa west of the railroad bridge with 38th Division and 143rd Rifle Brigade. In the process they captured the ruins of two hospitals forcing the defending 44th and 371st Infantry Divisions to withdraw up to 1,000m. 15th Guards encircled and seized Hospital No. 1 which included the headquarters of 44th Infantry and captured its commander, Lt. Gen. H.-A. Deboi with several hundred of his men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 58], "content_span": [59, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013880-0019-0001", "contents": "15th Guards Rifle Division, Operation Blue, Operation Ring\nAttacking abreast from positions from Novoriadskaia Street eastward along Golubinskaia Street to the railroad at Krasnoznamenskaia Street on January 29 along converging axes the 15th Guards, 38th and 422nd Divisions and 143rd Brigade advanced up to 800m and reached positions from Salskaia to the vicinity of Railroad Station No. 1. Collectively during the day the advances of 57th, 64th and 21st Armies broke the back of resistance in 6th Army's southern pocket. The STAVKA was confident enough of the outcome that it released the 57th's headquarters and attached forces to the Reserve to be redeployed to the northwest, while 15th Guards and the remaining units were reassigned to 64th Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 58], "content_span": [59, 752]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013880-0020-0000", "contents": "15th Guards Rifle Division, Operation Blue, Operation Ring\nDuring January 30 and 31 the division was involved in what was effectively mopping-up operations in the city's center. In the immediate wake of the6th Army's surrender on February 2 the 64th Army was ordered to begin moving north to the Livny region, but this was revoked the next day when the 65th Army was substituted for this deployment. 64th Army was retained at Stalingrad as part of Maj. Gen. N. I. Trufanov's operational group of forces and later the Stalingrad Group of Forces, rebuilding and retraining but also continuing to dig out German die-hards. At 1700 hours on February 28 the STAVKA ordered as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 58], "content_span": [59, 679]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013880-0021-0000", "contents": "15th Guards Rifle Division, Operation Blue, Operation Ring\n1. Re -station the 64th Army, consisting of six rifle divisions (the 15th Gds., 36th Gds., 29th, 38th, 204th and 422nd) [ and support units], to the Valuyki region at the disposition of the commander of Voronezh Front. 2 . Carry out the re-stationing by railroad. The beginning of the dispatch will be on 1 March of this year. Complete the transfer of the army to the new stationing region by 15 March of this year. 3. Carry out the filling out of all rifle divisions with personnel, horses, weapons, and equipment in the new stationing region... bringing the strength of each rifle division, including guards, up to 8,000 men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 58], "content_span": [59, 686]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013880-0022-0000", "contents": "15th Guards Rifle Division, Operation Blue, Operation Ring\nOn April 16, 64th Army became the 7th Guards Army. At that time the 15th Guards' personnel were noted as being about 50 percent Russian and 50 percent Tajik and other central Asian nationalities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 58], "content_span": [59, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013880-0023-0000", "contents": "15th Guards Rifle Division, Battle of Kursk\nBy the middle of May the division had been assigned to the new 24th Guards Rifle Corps with the 36th Guards and 72nd Guards (former 29th) Rifle Divisions. The left flank of 7th Guards Army was the boundary between Voronezh and Southwestern Fronts and 24th Guards Corps was on its Army's left (south) flank. As of July 5 the 15th Guards had a total of 8,684 personnel (832 officers, 2,462, NCOs and 5,390 enlisted) plus 996 horses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 43], "content_span": [44, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013880-0023-0001", "contents": "15th Guards Rifle Division, Battle of Kursk\nFor small arms it was armed with 3,778 bolt-action and semi-automatic rifles, 2,408 sub-machine guns, 420 light, 140 heavy and 5 antiaircraft machine guns and 252 antitank rifles. Mortars consisted of 14 50mm, 86 82mm and 27 120mm types. Its artillery equipment was 48 45mm antitank guns, 12 76mm regimental guns, 24 76mm field guns and 12 122mm howitzers. The division was in the Army's second echelon in its second belt of defenses and was acting as the Army's reserve on a frontage of 25\u00a0km.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 43], "content_span": [44, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013880-0023-0002", "contents": "15th Guards Rifle Division, Battle of Kursk\nIn order to reinforce unit boundaries it was ordered to strongly back up the 36th Guards. In late May the 43rd Guards Artillery Regiment was transferred to 36th Guards and that division's second echelon formations were moved closer to the front line, being replaced by the 44th Guards Rifle Regiment. On June 19 there was an extended discussion between Lt. Gen. M. S. Shumilov, commander of 7th Guards Army, and the chief of staff of Voronezh Front on the merits of redeploying a regiment of 213th Rifle Division to replace 44th Guards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 43], "content_span": [44, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013880-0024-0000", "contents": "15th Guards Rifle Division, Battle of Kursk\nWhen the battle began on July 5 the main attacks by Army Detachment Kempf focused on the Army's right flank where it held a bridgehead over the Northern Donets near Belgorod facing the 81st Guards Rifle Division and in the center where it aimed at the junction between the 24th and 25th Guards Rifle Corps. As a result General Shumilov decided to hedge his bets and leave 15th Guards in its reserve positions in case the German force might still strike the boundary between the two Fronts after creating a diversion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 43], "content_span": [44, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013880-0024-0001", "contents": "15th Guards Rifle Division, Battle of Kursk\nTowards the end of the day  the Front commander, Army Gen. N. F. Vatutin, ordered the 111th Rifle Division to come under command of 7th Guards Army and take over the positions of 15th Guards, thus freeing it and the 213th to act as Shumilov's reserve as part of an active defense. This handover was completed by 0100 hours on July 6; as part of it the division regained control of its 43rd Guards Artillery Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 43], "content_span": [44, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013880-0025-0000", "contents": "15th Guards Rifle Division, Battle of Kursk\nIn the afternoon Soviet reconnaissance determined that a significant amount of the armor of 7th Panzer Division had managed to cross the Donets at Solomino and threatened the 73rd and 78th Guards Rifle Divisions of 25th Guards Rifle Corps in the main defensive belt. As insurance against any breakthrough Shumilov moved up the 15th Guards to a line along the Koren River. As part of this move the division came under the command of the same Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 43], "content_span": [44, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013880-0025-0001", "contents": "15th Guards Rifle Division, Battle of Kursk\nOn the morning of July 7 the reconnaissance battalion of 7th Panzer reported to its headquarters that a strong defensive line along the Koren was being held by fresh troops, which forced that division to change its plans. Led by Tiger I tanks, during the day it gradually created a breach between \"Batratskaia Dacha\" State Farm and the village of Miasoedovo. Rather than commit 15th Guards piecemeal in response, Shumilov ordered General Vasilenko to complete a handover to the 270th Rifle Division from the rear, which was not fully accomplished until the evening of July 8.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 43], "content_span": [44, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013880-0026-0000", "contents": "15th Guards Rifle Division, Battle of Kursk, Battle for the Farms\nDespite this, during the night of July 7/8 Lt. Col . I. A. Usikov's 44th Guards Regiment was sent forward to engage the reinforced reconnaissance battalion of 7th Panzer. Confused fighting went on all night but by the end of it the 44th Guards Regiment had advanced about 1,000m and its headquarters reported knocking out or capturing two tanks, two halftracks, a 75mm gun and four machine guns as well as finding the bodies of 100 German men and officers. A truck loaded with uniforms and a motorcycle was also taken.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 65], "content_span": [66, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013880-0026-0001", "contents": "15th Guards Rifle Division, Battle of Kursk, Battle for the Farms\nDespite these apparent successes Usikov was later criticised for advancing hastily and without reconnaissance and adequate fire support. During July 8 he directed two further efforts to retake \"Batratskaia Dacha\" and the \"Solovev\" collective farm which failed due to dispersion of effort as well as the previous faults. At 1530 hours General Vasilenko wrote: \"I decided to halt the attack by the 44th Guards Rifle Regiment until 1920 or the onset of darkness, in order to bring up fire support and prepare concentrated fire from all guns on [the two farms].\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 65], "content_span": [66, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013880-0026-0002", "contents": "15th Guards Rifle Division, Battle of Kursk, Battle for the Farms\nFurthermore the Voronezh Front headquarters, and through it the STAVKA, believed the two farms were back in Soviet hands. However, as an indication of the pressure on 7th Panzer to regroup and continue its advance it had committed its 58th Panzer Pioneer Battalion into the fighting at \"Batratskaia Dacha\" Farm; one of its men was captured and revealed under interrogation at the 15th Guards' headquarters that \"[h]is company consisting of 120 men had been operating as an infantry unit. In the words of the prisoner, the company has suffered 50% losses.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 65], "content_span": [66, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013880-0027-0000", "contents": "15th Guards Rifle Division, Battle of Kursk, Battle for the Farms\nAs of the morning of July 9 the 25th Guards Corps had no fewer than six rifle divisions under command, although the 15th Guards and 270th Division were under operational control only and could not be used without permission from General Shumilov. By the next day Gen. W. Kempf was in a hard spot; he was being prodded by Field Marshal E. von Manstein for the slow pace of his advance and was tasked with, among many other objectives, to break through at the boundary of 15th and 94th Guards Rifle Divisions and finally reach the woods east of Miasoedovo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 65], "content_span": [66, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013880-0027-0001", "contents": "15th Guards Rifle Division, Battle of Kursk, Battle for the Farms\nAt this point his three panzer divisions had a combined  109 serviceable tanks and assault guns and the panzergrenadiers had also suffered heavy losses. The boundary between the two Soviet divisions was being covered by the 31st Separate Antitank Artillery Brigade, but this was now reduced to 17 45mm and 11 76mm guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 65], "content_span": [66, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013880-0028-0000", "contents": "15th Guards Rifle Division, Battle of Kursk, Battle for the Farms\nOvernight a serious mishap occurred along this boundary due to mistakes made by a number of officers of 94th Guards. 47th Guards Regiment was to replace that Division's 286th Guards Regiment in the northern portion of the Miasoedovo woods. Not only did reconnaissance patrols of 7th Panzer discover the handover was taking place they also discovered a gap left between the two divisions due to failure to follow procedures. Taking advantage, elements of 37th Panzer Reconnaissance Battalion entered the gap and seized three hills.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 65], "content_span": [66, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013880-0028-0001", "contents": "15th Guards Rifle Division, Battle of Kursk, Battle for the Farms\nUpon discovering the situation Lt. Col. P. I. Gremaiko, commander of 47th Guards, ordered counterattacks which restored the situation just before noon. Only about two platoons of German infantry were involved in this but they were supported by five medium tanks and one Tiger, all of which were destroyed or knocked out by Gremaiko's forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 65], "content_span": [66, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013880-0028-0002", "contents": "15th Guards Rifle Division, Battle of Kursk, Battle for the Farms\nBy the afternoon the 47th and 50th Guards Regiments had fully moved into the first echelon of 25th Guards Corps' defenses, tying into the 94th Guards Division (which was now under 35th Guards Rifle Corps of 69th Army) on the right and 73rd Guards Division on the left. At about the same time 78th Guards Division began a further effort to retake the two farms which soon ran into trouble due to heavy German fire. General Vasilenko ordered Lt. Colonel Usikov to leave one battalion of his 44th Guards Regiment on defense and attack towards the farms with the other two. Usikov now deployed his fire support effectively and the attack began well, catching units of the 7th Panzer during a redeployment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 65], "content_span": [66, 767]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013880-0029-0000", "contents": "15th Guards Rifle Division, Battle of Kursk, Battle for the Farms\nIn the course of an hour the Guardsmen pushed the German grenadiers back 300-500m into the depths of the State Farm before they began to offer strong fire resistance. To prevent the attack from bogging down it was reinforced with a regiment of 73rd Guards Division while the 25th Guards Corps commander ordered the 97th Guards Mortar Regiment to support it with rocket fire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 65], "content_span": [66, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013880-0029-0001", "contents": "15th Guards Rifle Division, Battle of Kursk, Battle for the Farms\nAt 1855 hours five launchers fired a salvo of 78 M-13 (4.9\u00a0kg of high explosive each) at a concentration of German infantry and armor in the area of the woods 1,000m west of \"Batratskaia Dacha\" Farm which \"blanketed\" the target. Following this Usikov's men returned to the attack. Almost immediately the left flank of his 2nd Battalion was counterattacked by a German company north of the State Farm. Usikov smoothly deployed the 8th and 9th Companies of the 3rd Battalion which overran the panzergrenadiers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 65], "content_span": [66, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013880-0029-0002", "contents": "15th Guards Rifle Division, Battle of Kursk, Battle for the Farms\nVasilenko reported: \"The units with a decisive charge burst into the enemy trenches and tied the Germans up in hand-to-hand combat. The Germans, unable to withstand [this], retreated...\" By day's end the 44th Guards Regiment had advanced 1.5\u00a0km and reached the western outskirts of the State Farm but was unable to take it completely. Usikov reported that in the course of the attack the Regiment had lost 20 men killed and 120 wounded. Two German guns, two vehicles and four machine guns were destroyed, while two machine guns, 12 sub-machine guns, 23 rifles and 500 81mm mortar rounds were captured intact.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 65], "content_span": [66, 674]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013880-0030-0000", "contents": "15th Guards Rifle Division, Battle of Kursk, Battle for the Farms\nWhile this was happening, between 1820 and 2100 hours the 47th Guards Regiment repulsed three armored attacks launched by 7th Panzer but after the fourth, under pressure of superior enemy strength, the battalion commanders began to withdraw their companies to reserve positions to the east. Although Lt. Colonel Grimailo's succeeded in tying up the panzers in the woods southeast of Miasoedovo it came at a cost. By dawn on July 11 Grimailo didn't know the location of his 2nd Battalion, which had taken 7th Panzer's main attack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 65], "content_span": [66, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013880-0030-0001", "contents": "15th Guards Rifle Division, Battle of Kursk, Battle for the Farms\nVasilenko was forced to move up reserve, the divisional training battalion, to the Regiment's right flank. By 0700 communications to the Battalion were restored and its commander reported a serious situation: the whereabouts of more than half the personnel was still unknown; panzers had crushed four 45mm antitank guns; and almost all the machine guns had been knocked out. During the previous day the 47th Guards Regiment had suffered about 400 casualties. Its limited retreat gave 7th Panzer just enough space to manoeuvre for a further advance against the left flank of 94th Guards Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 65], "content_span": [66, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013880-0031-0000", "contents": "15th Guards Rifle Division, Battle of Kursk, Battle for the Farms\nWith the training battalion and what remained of 31st Antitank Brigade forming the boundary with 94th Guards Division it was clear that reinforcements were required, so General Shumilov ordered six KV tanks of the 262nd Heavy Tank Regiment to move up for this purpose. Further tank support in the form of T-34s also arrived in the early afternoon, four of which would substantially strengthen the depleted 47th Guards. However it was the 29 gun crews of 31st Antitank that mainly attracted the attention of 7th Panzer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 65], "content_span": [66, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013880-0031-0001", "contents": "15th Guards Rifle Division, Battle of Kursk, Battle for the Farms\nThey were not adequately covered by the infantry of 94th Guards and near noon came under attack by 16 German tanks, most of which were Tigers, and by 1430 hours had been crushed, at the cost of between 20-34 armored vehicles. Once this was accomplished the German division moved a company of tanks to its right flank to contain the 15th Guards while its main forces launched an attack against the left-flank regiment of 94th Guards. The objective of Kempf's III Panzer Corps now was to get into the rear of 69th Army and link up with 4th Panzer Army at Prokhorovka.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 65], "content_span": [66, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013880-0032-0000", "contents": "15th Guards Rifle Division, Battle of Kursk, Battle for the Farms\nDuring July 12 General Shumilov sought to distract Kempf's forces from their mission by launching counterattacks towards his forward supply base at Krutoi Log. At this time the 15th Guards was still in good shape with a total of 8,440 men as of the previous morning, but most of the counterattack force was much weaker. According to the plan the division was to launch secondary attacks with 44th and 47th Rifle Regiments and the training battalion against the left flank of the 198th Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 65], "content_span": [66, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013880-0032-0001", "contents": "15th Guards Rifle Division, Battle of Kursk, Battle for the Farms\nHowever, mostly due to a lack of supporting artillery the attack was halted in its tracks within a few hundred metres. By noon the 44th Guards managed to renew its assault and took the \"Solovev\" collective farm by 1235 hours; this was especially noted at the headquarters of Army Detachment Kempf where von Manstein was located. At this point the attack stalled again  and the Regiment continued to engage in heavy fighting there until late in the evening. During the day the division lost 146 men killed and 881 wounded according to 7th Guards Army records. The same evening Hitler announced his decision to end the offensive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 65], "content_span": [66, 693]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013880-0033-0000", "contents": "15th Guards Rifle Division, Into Ukraine\nBy the beginning of August the 15th Guards had moved to Steppe Front with 7th Guards Army, but was now part of 49th Rifle Corps with 111th Rifle Division. Later that month both divisions were awarded one of the first honorifics granted by the STAVKA:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 40], "content_span": [41, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013880-0034-0000", "contents": "15th Guards Rifle Division, Into Ukraine\nKHARKOV... 15th Guards Rifle Division (Major General Vasilenko, Emelyan Ivanovich)... The troops who participated in the liberation of Kharkov, by the order of the Supreme High Command of 23 August 1943, and a commendation in Moscow, are given a salute of 20 artillery salvoes from 224 guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 40], "content_span": [41, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013880-0035-0000", "contents": "15th Guards Rifle Division, Into Ukraine\nIn October Steppe Front became the 2nd Ukrainian Front and the division was reassigned to the 68th Rifle Corps of 37th Army, before being moved to the 57th Rifle Corps of the same Army a month later. In January, 37th Army was shifted to 3rd Ukrainian Front and the 15th Guards joined the 82nd Rifle Corps. On January 26, 1944 General Vasilenko was wounded and hospitalized; he was replaced in command by Col. Pyotr Mikhailovich Chirkov. This officer would be promoted to the rank of major general on March 19 and held this position for the duration of the war. During the Nikopol-Krivoi Rog Offensive the division was recognized for its role in the liberation of the latter city with the award of the Order of Suvorov, 2nd degree, on February 26.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 40], "content_span": [41, 787]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013880-0036-0000", "contents": "15th Guards Rifle Division, Into Ukraine\nAt the beginning of April as the 37th Army was approaching the Dniestr River and the Romanian border the 15th Guards was the Army's reserve formation. Overnight on April 18/19 the Army was to make a second effort to cross the river and seize German positions near Bender that included the division committed from reserve. In the event the offensive was postponed until April 20 and in heavy fighting over the next five days the Army made no progress whatsoever. Despite this failure one soldier of the 44th Guards Regiment managed to burnish his reputation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 40], "content_span": [41, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013880-0036-0001", "contents": "15th Guards Rifle Division, Into Ukraine\nSergeant Mikhail Stepanovich Sokhin had begun the sniping \"movement\" in his regiment the previous year and had trained many other personnel in sniping tactics. During this battle he had led a party of four across the river without being observed, set up a good position near the front line, and personally accounted for two German officers and three machine gun crewmen, supporting the crossing of the rest of the regiment. By May his score stood at 202 enemy officers and men and on September 13 Sokhin, now a sergeant-major, was made a Hero of the Soviet Union. His final official total was 261 killed, making him the 53rd-highest-scoring Soviet sniper of the war. He survived the fighting and lived until September 17, 1987.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 40], "content_span": [41, 768]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013880-0037-0000", "contents": "15th Guards Rifle Division, Into Ukraine\nIn June the 15th Guards was removed to the Reserve of the Supreme High Command where it joined the 34th Guards Rifle Corps of 5th Guards Army. The division would remain under these commands for the duration of the war. In July the Army was assigned to 1st Ukrainian Front, where it would also remain for the duration.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 40], "content_span": [41, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013880-0038-0000", "contents": "15th Guards Rifle Division, Into Poland and Germany\nUnder 1st Ukrainian Front the division took part in the Lvov\u2013Sandomierz Offensive. In early August the 5th Guards Army entered the bridgehead over the Vistula that had been created by the 6th Guards Tank Corps near Baran\u00f3w Sandomierski. About the beginning of November the personnel of the division were noted as being 90 percent Ukrainian, but by the new year there had been an influx of replacements, changing the mix to about 66 percent Russian and 33 percent Ukrainian.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 51], "content_span": [52, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013880-0039-0000", "contents": "15th Guards Rifle Division, Into Poland and Germany\n1st Ukrainian Front launched its part of the Vistula-Oder Offensive on January 12, 1945. Following a 2-hour artillery preparation the 15th Guards broke through the entire depth of the German defenses west of Sandomierz, overrunning the German artillery positions as well as the fortifications along the Nitsa River. Over the following days it would also force crossings of the Pilica and the Warta.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 51], "content_span": [52, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013880-0039-0001", "contents": "15th Guards Rifle Division, Into Poland and Germany\nFor their roles in the victories around Sandomierz all three rifle regiments of the division as well as the 11th Guards Sapper Battalion would later be awarded the Order of the Red Banner, while the 43rd Guards Artillery Regiment received the Order of Suvorov, 3rd Degree. During the advance the 50th Guards Rifle Regiment was also awarded an honorific:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 51], "content_span": [52, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013880-0040-0000", "contents": "15th Guards Rifle Division, Into Poland and Germany\n\"CHESTOCHOWA\"... 50th Guards Rifle Regiment (Colonel Birin, Boris Ivanovich)... The troops who participated in the liberation of Chestochowa and several other towns, by the order of the Supreme High Command of 17 January 1945, and a commendation in Moscow, are given a salute of 20 artillery salvoes from 224 guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 51], "content_span": [52, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013880-0041-0000", "contents": "15th Guards Rifle Division, Into Poland and Germany\nThe 44th Guards Rifle Regiment would later receive the battle honor \"Silesia\" while the 43rd Guards Artillery was awarded \"Oder\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 51], "content_span": [52, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013880-0042-0000", "contents": "15th Guards Rifle Division, Into Poland and Germany\nOn January 23 units of the division reached that river in the area from Frauendorf to Zagred about 6\u00a0km north of Oppeln. Maj. Mikhail Efimovich Kolosov, commander of the 1st Battalion of the 50th Guards Regiment, ordered an assault team to cross the frozen river which it did almost without a fight, afterwards digging in at a dam. This group was hit by several German counterattacks but threw them back with little difficulty. Meanwhile, Kolosov took advantage of this distraction to get the rest of his Battalion over the river.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 51], "content_span": [52, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013880-0042-0001", "contents": "15th Guards Rifle Division, Into Poland and Germany\nBy the dawn of January 24 he had linked up with elements of 47th Guards Regiment to the south, helping to create a bridgehead 5\u00a0km wide and 3\u00a0km deep which was successfully held for the next two days. In recognition of his accomplishment Major Kolosov was made a Hero of the Soviet Union on June 27, along with two of his subordinates: Sr. Sgt . P. F. Torgunakov and Sr. Sgt . V. N. Plesinov. On February 19 the division would be awarded the Order of Kutuzov, 2nd Degree, as a reward for its successes in the fighting for Oppeln, Ravich and Trachenberg. On the same date the 47th Guards Regiment received the Order of Bogdan Khmelnitsky, 2nd Degree, for its operations in Silesia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 51], "content_span": [52, 732]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013880-0043-0000", "contents": "15th Guards Rifle Division, Into Poland and Germany, Lower Silesian Offensive\nOn the night of January 30/31 the 55th Rifle Corps of 21st Army relieved 34th Guards Corps in its bridgehead between Oppeln and Brieg. Beginning on February 8 the 5th Guards Army took part in the Front's Lower Silesian Offensive with its main objective of encircling the German garrison of Breslau. On its sector the offensive was based on the bridgehead seized by 14th Guards Rifle Division in January. The German defense was based on the 269th Infantry Division with several battlegroups, independent battalions, two panzer battalions and an NCO school.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 77], "content_span": [78, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013880-0043-0001", "contents": "15th Guards Rifle Division, Into Poland and Germany, Lower Silesian Offensive\nThe Army's attack was led by 32nd Guards Rifle Corps and developed slowly over the first three days. On February 11 the Front commander, Marshal I. S. Konev, shifted the 31st Tank Corps from 21st Army and committed it on the sector of 33rd Guards Rifle Corps the next day with the immediate objective of capturing the Bogenau area. Over the next two days the 34th Guards Corps was committed from second echelon and advanced steadily.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 77], "content_span": [78, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013880-0044-0000", "contents": "15th Guards Rifle Division, Into Poland and Germany, Lower Silesian Offensive\nOn February 13 German resistance did not abate and if anything increased as further forces entered the Breslau area but despite this the 4th Guards and 31st Tank Corps linked up with the 7th Guards Mechanized Corps of 6th Army to complete the encirclement. Konev chose to leave 6th Army and 34th Guards Corps to maintain the siege while the 32nd and 33rd Guards Corps of 5th Guards Army were ordered to make a decisive attack from the Magnitz area toward Koberwitz and then to the southwest. By the end of February 15 the cordon between the encircled forces and the main German forces had been widened to up to 13\u00a0km. By February 25 the 34th Guards Corps was taken out of the line in the Breslau area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 77], "content_span": [78, 779]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013880-0045-0000", "contents": "15th Guards Rifle Division, Into Poland and Germany, Upper Silesian Offensive\nFor this offensive the Corps was used to reinforce the 21st Army while remaining under 5th Guards Army command. The Corps would attack with 4th Guards Tank Corps in the direction of Priborn with the task of reaching a line from Strelen to Munsterberg by the end of the second day. The Corps was reinforced with the 116th Heavy Howitzer and 1st Howitzer Brigades, the 7th Mortar Brigade and the 1073rd Antitank Artillery Regiment. The 15th and 58th Guards Rifle Divisions were in first echelon with the 112th Rifle Division in second. The 15th and 58th each formed a forward detachment consisting of a reinforced rifle battalion. In addition the Corps detached a forward battalion, which went into the attack at 0600 hours on March 15.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 77], "content_span": [78, 812]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013880-0046-0000", "contents": "15th Guards Rifle Division, Into Poland and Germany, Upper Silesian Offensive\nThe preliminary attack began after a 10-minute artillery preparation and the infantry assault took the defenders off guard by following very close behind the artillery. The forward battalion, attacking on the left flank, captured the grove 1,000m north of Voigtsdorf. The main Corps attack began at 1120 hours following an additional 80 minutes of artillery fire. 4th Guards Tank was committed to the attack at the same time from the western outskirts of Grottkau.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 77], "content_span": [78, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013880-0046-0001", "contents": "15th Guards Rifle Division, Into Poland and Germany, Upper Silesian Offensive\nThe assault broke through along a 3km front and by the end of the day had widened the gap to 5km and captured the German second line of defenses along the left flank. The advance continued overnight and into the next day, gaining just 3km but also providing flank cover for the mobile forces of 21st and 4th Tank Army which were attacking in the direction of the Neisse River.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 77], "content_span": [78, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013880-0046-0002", "contents": "15th Guards Rifle Division, Into Poland and Germany, Upper Silesian Offensive\nBeginning from the latter half of March 20 the 34th Guards Rifle and 4th Guards Tank Corps continued to attack to the west, beating off numerous counterattacks and eventually reaching the east bank of the Krin River. The offensive officially ended on March 22, but from the 24th to the 27th the two Corps, joined by 32nd Guards Corps, engaged in a battle for the town of Strelen which was only partially successful before being halted on March 28.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 77], "content_span": [78, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013880-0047-0000", "contents": "15th Guards Rifle Division, Into Poland and Germany, Berlin Operation\nPrior to the start of the Berlin offensive the 112th Division was replaced by the 14th Guards Division in 34th Guards Corps. 5th Guards Army was deployed along the eastern bank of the Neisse on a 13km front and planned to launch its main attack with its right wing on the 8km sector from Gross Saerchen to Muskau. While the Corps had its divisions in a single echelon 15th and 58th Guards were in the attack sector while 14th Guards was holding along the river, which was about 50m wide and 2-3m deep at this point.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 69], "content_span": [70, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013880-0048-0000", "contents": "15th Guards Rifle Division, Into Poland and Germany, Berlin Operation\nWhen the offensive began on April 16 the 15th Guards was to break through the German defense on a sector from Kobeln to the farm, help to eliminate a German bridgehead on the eastern bank in the Muskau area, then cross the Neisse under the cover of massed artillery fire and capture the northern part of Berg before advancing into the German rear. For this mission the 50th Guards Regiment was supported with a company of tanks, a platoon of self-propelled guns, a sapper company and two batteries from a separate antitank battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 69], "content_span": [70, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013880-0048-0001", "contents": "15th Guards Rifle Division, Into Poland and Germany, Berlin Operation\nThe 47th Guards Regiment had the same supporting forces less one antitank battery while the 44th Guards Regiment was in the second echelon with orders to assault across the Neisse behind either the 50th Regiment or in the sector of the 58th Guards Division, depending on circumstances. For the crossing the division had gathered 33 boats, two 16-tonne ferries and two 3.5-tonne captured pontoons. In addition each first echelon battalion had one storming bridge and a large number of improvised crossing means had been prepared.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 69], "content_span": [70, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013880-0049-0000", "contents": "15th Guards Rifle Division, Into Poland and Germany, Berlin Operation\nThe attack was covered by a powerful artillery preparation under which the Muskau bridgehead was overrun and eliminated. The 50th Guards Regiment reached the river by 0800 hours and completed its crossing to the west bank two hours later. The right flank of the 47th Guards Regiment also reached the river by 0930 while its left flank was still fighting along the northern outskirts of Muskau; despite this at 1100 the Regiment began forcing the river in the area of the farm but was met with heavy German fire and failed to cross.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 69], "content_span": [70, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013880-0049-0001", "contents": "15th Guards Rifle Division, Into Poland and Germany, Berlin Operation\nGeneral Chirkov addressed this situation by committing the 44th Guards Regiment into the battle, using the crossings of the 50th Guards Regiment and one crossing of the 58th Guards Division. This Regiment crossed successfully and attacked to the southwest, carrying out the assignment of the 47th Guards Regiment and by noon had begun clearing the north of Berg in conjunction with the 50th Guards Regiment. The 47th Guards Regiment meanwhile detached a company to mop up the Muskau bridgehead while moving into the division's second echelon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 69], "content_span": [70, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013880-0049-0002", "contents": "15th Guards Rifle Division, Into Poland and Germany, Berlin Operation\nDuring the rest of the day the 15th and 58th Guards Divisions advanced as much as 6km into the German defenses on the west bank and continued to advance through the night, reaching the Wossinka area by 0100 hours on April 17. Later that morning the division crossed over its artillery and helped clear the passage of the 14th Guards by advancing into the rear of the German forces it was facing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 69], "content_span": [70, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013880-0050-0000", "contents": "15th Guards Rifle Division, Into Poland and Germany, Berlin Operation\nBy April 22 the 5th Guards Army was pursuing defeated German forces to the west, destroying rearguards and advancing 30km during the day. 14th Guards was left behind to help guard the south flank of the advance while the 15th and 58th Guards continued attacking towards the Elbe River. On April 25 the 58th Guards Division joined hands with the U.S. 69th Infantry Division at Torgau.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 69], "content_span": [70, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013880-0051-0000", "contents": "15th Guards Rifle Division, Postwar\nFrom May 6-11 the 15th Guards took part, with the rest of 1st Ukrainian Front, in the final offensive on Prague, in recognition of which it received its second honorific:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013880-0052-0000", "contents": "15th Guards Rifle Division, Postwar\nPRAGUE... 15th Guards Rifle Division (Major General Chirkov, Pyotr Mikhailovich)... The troops who participated in the liberation of Prague, by the order of the Supreme High Command of 9 May 1945, and a commendation in Moscow, are given a salute of 24 artillery salvoes from 324 guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013880-0053-0000", "contents": "15th Guards Rifle Division, Postwar\nOn May 28 the division was further distinguished with the award of its second Order of the Red Banner for its part in the capture of Cottbus and several nearby towns in Germany. Immediately after the war the division did garrison duty in Austria, followed by a move to the northwest Ukrainian cities of Volodymyr-Volynskyi and Liuboml. In late 1947 was moved to Crimea and the Kuban, being redesignated as the 15th Guards Motor Rifle Division in 1957. It September 1965 it was renumbered as the \"51st\" and became the 2nd formation of the 51st Guards Motor Rifle Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013881-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Guldbagge Awards\nThe 15th Guldbagge Awards ceremony, presented by the Swedish Film Institute, honored the best Swedish films of 1978 and 1979, and took place on 24 September 1979. A Respectable Life directed by Stefan Jarl was presented with the award for Best Film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013882-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Helpmann Awards\nThe 15th Annual Helpmann Awards for live performance in Australia were held on 27 July 2015 at the Capitol Theatre in Sydney. Best Musical and Best Play were both awarded to revival productions, of Les Mis\u00e9rables and The Glass Menagarie respectively. Opera for young audiences The Rabbits was named Best New Australian Work and Best Original Score. Singer-songwriter Paul Kelly received the JC Williamson Award for lifetime achievement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013882-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Helpmann Awards, Winners and nominees\nIn the following tables, winners are listed first and highlighted in boldface. The nominees are those which are listed below the winner and not in boldface.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 42], "content_span": [43, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013883-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Hollywood Film Awards\nThe 15th Hollywood Film Awards were held on October 24, 2011. The ceremony took place at The Beverly Hilton Hotel in Beverly Hills, California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013884-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Hong Kong Film Awards\nThe 15th Hong Kong Awards ceremony, honored the best films of 1995 and took place on 28 April 1996 at Hong Kong Academy for Performing Arts, Wan Chai, Hong Kong. The ceremony was hosted by Sandra Ng, Dayo Wong and Veronica Yip, during the ceremony awards are presented in 15 categories.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013884-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Hong Kong Film Awards, Awards\nWinners are listed first, highlighted in boldface, and indicated with a double dagger ().", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 34], "content_span": [35, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013885-0000-0000", "contents": "15th IIFA Awards\nThe 2014 IIFA Awards, officially known as the 15th International Indian Film Academy Awards ceremony, presented by the International Indian Film Academy honouring the best Hindi films of 2014, took place between 23\u201326 April 2014. The official ceremony took place on 26 April 2014 at the Raymond James Stadium in Tampa, Florida, in the United States for the very first time. The ceremony was televised in India and internationally on Star Plus for the tenth & last consecutive year. The ceremony was co-hosted by actors Shahid Kapoor and Farhan Akhtar, returning as hosts for the third and second time respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013885-0001-0000", "contents": "15th IIFA Awards\nIIFA Rocks, otherwise known as the IIFA Music and Fashion Extravaganza took place on 25 April 2014. During the event, the technical awards were presented by actor Saif Ali Khan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013886-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Illinois Cavalry Regiment\nThe 15th Regiment of the Illinois Volunteer Cavalry was a volunteer cavalry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013886-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Illinois Cavalry Regiment, History of service\nThe 15th Illinois Cavalry was organized at Aurora, Kane Co., Illinois on 2 Aug 1861 by Captain Albert Jenkins and was mustered in 23 September 1861 as Cavalry, attached to the Thirty-Sixth Illinois Volunteers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013886-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Illinois Cavalry Regiment, History of service\nOn 24 September 1861, moved from camp, and reported to the Regiment, at Rolla, Missouri. On 31 December 1861, reported to Colonel Carr, commanding Third Illinois Cavalry, and moved to Bennett's Mills.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013886-0003-0000", "contents": "15th Illinois Cavalry Regiment, History of service\nOn 10 February 1862, moved to Osage Springs, Missouri., arriving on 20th. On 2 March 1862, moved, with Siegel's Division, to near Bentonville, losing 4 men taken prisoners. Was engaged, 7 and 8 March, at Pea Ridge. Moved, with the army, to Salem. On 1 May 1862, ordered to White River. Returned to Batesville, on the 9th. Was engaged in the movements of Asboth's Division, and arrived at Cape Girardeau, Missouri., 24 May 1862. Moved to Hamburg Landing, Tennessee. Was escort for General Rosecrans, at Battle of Corinth, 3 and 4 October. 25 December 1862, was assigned to the Fifteenth Illinois Cavalry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013886-0004-0000", "contents": "15th Illinois Cavalry Regiment, History of service\nOn 9 June 1863, moved to Memphis. 20 May 1863, landed at Chickasaw Bayou, and was engaged in the operations against Vicksburg, with the Regiment. On 17 August 1862, moved to Carrollton, Louisiana. On 5 September 1862, moved, with Fourth Division, Thirteenth Army Corps, to Morganza, Louisiana and was engaged in the campaign, General Herron commanding. On 10 October 1863, returned to Carrollton. 15th, moved to Brashear, Louisiana., and, on 17th, to New Iberia, Louisiana.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013886-0005-0000", "contents": "15th Illinois Cavalry Regiment, History of service\nWas engaged in scouting, and various expeditions, reporting to Brigadier General A. L. Lee, as escort, 5 January 1864. On 11 February 1864, the company moved for Illinois, for veteran furlough, and, on 26th, the men were furloughed at Chicago, Illinois.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013886-0006-0000", "contents": "15th Illinois Cavalry Regiment, History of service\nThe non-veteran members of the regiment mustered out on 31 July 1865 and the recruits and veterans were transferred to the 10th Regiment Illinois Volunteer Cavalry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013886-0007-0000", "contents": "15th Illinois Cavalry Regiment, Battles and campaigns\nDuring their three years of service, the 15th Illinois Volunteer Cavalry Regiment saw action in Tennessee, Alabama, and Mississippi. A list of battle and campaigns they were engaged in include: Sherman's March to the Sea, Siege of Vicksburg, Siege of Corinth, Siege of Belmont, Battle of Chickamauga, Battle of Shiloh, Battle of Fort Henry and Fort Donelson, Battle of Resaca, Battle of Kenesaw Mountain, Battle of Perryville, Battle of Stones River, Tullahoma Campaign, Atlanta Campaign, Campaign of the Carolinas, Central Mississippi Campaign, New Madrid and Island #10 Campaign, and the Chattanooga Campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 53], "content_span": [54, 665]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013886-0008-0000", "contents": "15th Illinois Cavalry Regiment, Total strength and casualties\nThe regiment suffered 2 officers and 12 enlisted men who were killed in action or who died of their wounds  and 1 officer and 122 enlisted men who died of disease, for a total of 137 fatalities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 61], "content_span": [62, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013887-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Illinois Infantry Regiment\nThe 15th Illinois Infantry Regimenty was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013887-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 15th Illinois Infantry Volunteer Regiment was raised under the 10 Regiment Act. The 15th Illinois Infantry was mustered at Freeport, Illinois, on May 24, 1861.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013887-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nCompanies A, D, and F were made from volunteers from McHenry County, Company B was made by volunteers from Boone County, Company C was from Winnebago County, Company E hailed from Jo Daviess County, Company G came from Stephenson County, Company H was from Ogle County, Company I was from Lake County, and Company K was from Carroll County.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013887-0003-0000", "contents": "15th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 15 and 14th Illinois participated together in movements around Rolla Mo. ahead of the Fort Donelson Campaign. By the completion of the Donelson Campaign, with General US Grant in command, the 14th and 15th Illinois were part of General Steven A. Hurlbut's 4th 'Fighting Fourth' Division and assigned a camp near the Union left wing at Pittsburgh Landing. Both regiments were brigaded under the command of  Colonel James C. Veatch, and ordered to decamp and move out to support the heavily pressed General Sherman on the right wing. Anecdotal memoir by Sgt. Moses Gleason Montgomery describe heavy fighting at the Hornet's Nest before proceeding on to their defensive position supporting the retreat of the right wing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 762]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013887-0004-0000", "contents": "15th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nSgt Montgomery was shot in the chest during this engagement, and describes his survival that night by a 'Blessed rain'. On the second Day of battle at Shiloh, General Grant took direct command of the 14th and 15th Illinois in the counter attack against P.G.T. Beauregard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013887-0005-0000", "contents": "15th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nAfter the engagement, General Grant directed that the 14th and 15th Illinois volunteer regiments would remain together for the duration of the Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013887-0006-0000", "contents": "15th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nAs a result of combined losses to both regiments, and since both units refused to receive new recruits, the regiment was consolidated with the 14th Regiment Illinois Volunteer Infantry to form the 14th and 15th Illinois Battalion Infantry on July 1, 1864, and was finally  mustered out of service on September 16, 1865, at Fort Leavenworth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013887-0007-0000", "contents": "15th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Total strength and casualties\nThe regiment suffered 6 officers and 81 enlisted men who were killed in action or who died of their wounds and 5 officers and 135 enlisted men who died of disease, for a total of 227 fatalities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 62], "content_span": [63, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013888-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Independent Battery Indiana Light Artillery\n15th Indiana Battery Light Artillery was an artillery battery that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013888-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Independent Battery Indiana Light Artillery, Service\nThe battery was organized in Indianapolis, Indiana March 11, 1862 and mustered in July 5, 1862 for three years service under the command of Captain John C. H. Von Sehlen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 57], "content_span": [58, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013888-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Independent Battery Indiana Light Artillery, Service\nThe battery was attached to D'Utassy's Brigade, White's Division, Army of Virginia, to September 1862. Miles' Command, Harpers Ferry, September 1862. Camp Douglas, Illinois, and Indianapolis, Indiana, to April 1863. District of Central Kentucky, Department of the Ohio, to June 1863. 2nd Brigade, 4th Division, XXIII Corps, Army of the Ohio, to July 1863. 2nd Brigade, 1st Division, XXIII Corps, to August 1863. 1st Brigade, 4th Division, XXIII Corps, to October 1863. 2nd Brigade, 4th Division, XXIII Corps, to November 1863. 2nd Brigade, 1st Cavalry Division, Department of the Ohio, to December 1863. Artillery, 2nd Division, IX Corps, Department of the Ohio, to April 1864. Artillery, 3rd Division, XXIII Corps, to December 1864. Artillery, 2nd Division, XXIII Army Corps, Army of the Ohio, to February 1865, and Department of North Carolina to June 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 57], "content_span": [58, 917]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013888-0003-0000", "contents": "15th Independent Battery Indiana Light Artillery, Service\nThe 15th Indiana Battery Light Artillery mustered out June 30, 1865, in Indianapolis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 57], "content_span": [58, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013888-0004-0000", "contents": "15th Independent Battery Indiana Light Artillery, Detailed service\nLeft Indiana for Harpers Ferry, Virginia, July 5. Duty at Martinsburg and Harpers Ferry, until September 1862. Defense of Harpers Ferry September 13\u201315. Bolivar Heights September 14. Surrendered September 15. Paroled September 16 and sent to Annapolis, Maryland, then to Camp Douglas, Chicago, Illinois. Duty at Camp Douglas and Indianapolis until March 1863. Ordered to Louisville, Kentucky. Pursuit of Morgan in Kentucky April 1863. Action at Paris, Kentucky, April 16. Pursuit of Morgan through Indiana and Ohio July 1\u201326. New Lisbon, Ohio, July 26. Paris, Kentucky, July 29. Burnside's Campaign in eastern Tennessee August 16-October 17. Winter's Gap August 31.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 66], "content_span": [67, 732]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013888-0004-0001", "contents": "15th Independent Battery Indiana Light Artillery, Detailed service\nActions at Athens, Calhoun, and Charleston September 25. Philadelphia September 27 and October 24. Knoxville Campaign November 4-December 23. Loudon November 14. Lenoir November 14\u201315. Campbell's Station November 16. Siege of Knoxville November 17-December 5. Kingston November 24. Bean's Station December 10. Blain's Cross Roads December 16\u201319. Duty at Knoxville until January 19, 1864. March to Red Clay, Georgia. Atlanta Campaign May 1-September 8. Demonstration on Rocky Faced Ridge May 8\u201311. Battle of Resaca May 14\u201315. Cartersville May 20. Operations on line of Pumpkin Vine Creek and battles about Dallas, New Hope Church, and Allatoona Hills May 25-June 5.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 66], "content_span": [67, 731]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013888-0004-0002", "contents": "15th Independent Battery Indiana Light Artillery, Detailed service\nOperations about Marietta and against Kennesaw Mountain June 10-July 2. Lost Mountain June 15\u201317. Muddy Creek June 17. Noyes Creek June 19. Cheyney's Farm June 22. Olley's Farm June 26\u201327. Assault on Kennesaw June 27. Nickajack Creek July 2\u20135. Chattahoochie River July 5\u201317. Siege of Atlanta July 22-August 25. Utoy Creek August 5\u20137. Flank movement on Jonesboro August 25\u201330. Battle of Jonesboro August 31-September 1. Lovejoy's Station September 2\u20136. Pursuit of Hood into Alabama October 1\u201326. Nashville Campaign November\u2013December. Columbia, Duck River, November 24\u201327. Columbia Ford November 28\u201329. Battle of Franklin November 30. Battle of Nashville December 15\u201316.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 66], "content_span": [67, 735]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013888-0004-0003", "contents": "15th Independent Battery Indiana Light Artillery, Detailed service\nPursuit of Hood, to the Tennessee River, December 17\u201328. At Clifton, Tennessee, until January 16, 1865. Movement to Washington, D.C., then to Fort Fisher, North Carolina, January 16-February 9. Operations against Hoke February 11\u201314. Fort Anderson February 18\u201319. Town Creek February 19\u201320. Capture of Wilmington February 22. Campaign of the Carolinas March 1-April 26. Advance on Goldsboro March 6\u201321. Occupation of Goldsboro March 21. Advance on Raleigh April 10\u201314. Occupation of Raleigh April 14. Bennett's House April 26. Surrender of Johnston and his army. Duty at Greensboro, North Carolina, until June. Ordered to Indianapolis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 66], "content_span": [67, 702]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013888-0005-0000", "contents": "15th Independent Battery Indiana Light Artillery, Casualties\nThe battery lost a total of 14 men during service; 1 enlisted men killed, 1 officer and 12 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 60], "content_span": [61, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013889-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Independent Special Forces Brigade\nThe 15th Independent Special Forces Brigade (Russian: 15-\u044f \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0431\u0440\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0434\u0430 \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f) is an elite unit of the Uzbek Ground Forces, being the successor to its counterpart in the Soviet Army's GRU.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013889-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Independent Special Forces Brigade, Soviet history, Early existence\nOn the basis of the directive of the War Minister Marshal Aleksandr Vasilevsky October 24, 1950, \"separate special-purpose companies\" began to form in the military districts. On August 9, 1957, by the directive of the Chief of the General Staff, on the basis of the 91st company redeployed from the Far Eastern Military District to the Turkestan Military District, on October 1, 1957, the 61st Independent Special Forces Brigade was formed in Samarkand. In February 1962, on the basis of the 61st battalion, the formation of the 15th brigade in the village of Azadbash near the town of Chirchiq. The birthday of the military unit is January 1, 1963, by which the formation ended. Most of the officer corps came from the 105th Guards Vienna Airborne Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 72], "content_span": [73, 831]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013889-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Independent Special Forces Brigade, Soviet history, Early existence\nIn the first years, the personnel of the brigade made parachute jumps at the base of the 105th in Fergana, later jumps began to be performed at the training ground in the vicinity of Chirchiq.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 72], "content_span": [73, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013889-0003-0000", "contents": "15th Independent Special Forces Brigade, Soviet history, Initial usage\nDue to the absence at that historical stage of special units as part of the Internal Troops, special purpose units of the GRU were involved in cases of suppression of riots or acts of mass civil disobedience.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 70], "content_span": [71, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013889-0003-0001", "contents": "15th Independent Special Forces Brigade, Soviet history, Initial usage\nExamples of the involvement of the 15th Brigade military personnel for such purposes in the 1960s and 1970s are: ensuring the quarantine area during the epidemic of cholera in the Karakalpak Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in the late summer of 1965, blocking the streets of Tashkent affected by the 1966 Tashkent earthquake, suppression of riots in the city of Shymkent in 1967, providing a quarantine zone during a smallpox epidemic in the city of Aralsk in the fall of 1971.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 70], "content_span": [71, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013889-0004-0000", "contents": "15th Independent Special Forces Brigade, Soviet history, Initial usage\nFor performing its duties, in commemoration of the 50th anniversary of the Great October Socialist Revolution, the central committees of the Communist Parties of the Kazakh, Uzbek and Kyrgyz SSR awarded the unit with Honorary Red Banners.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 70], "content_span": [71, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013889-0005-0000", "contents": "15th Independent Special Forces Brigade, Soviet history, War in Afghanistan\nIn connection with the start of the Soviet\u2013Afghan War, the General Staff adopted directive No. 314/02/0061 of April 26, 1979 on the formation of 154th Separate Spetsnaz Detachment on the basis of the 15th brigade. The detachment was assigned a combat mission to support a special unit of the KGB of the USSR during an operation on the territory of Afghanistan. Only servicemen of three nationalities (Turkmens, Tajiks, and Uzbeks), which earned it the nickname of \"Muslim Battalion\". 520 men from the unit guarded the residence of Afghan General Secretary Hafizullah Amin as he could not rely on Afghan troops. During Operation Storm-333, during which the battalion stormed the Tajbeg Palace in Afghanistan, 7 troops from the \"Muslim Battalion\" were killed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 75], "content_span": [76, 833]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013889-0006-0000", "contents": "15th Independent Special Forces Brigade, Soviet history, War in Afghanistan\nIn December 1979, on the basis of the 15th brigade, the 459th Separate Special Forces Company was formed and was sent to Afghanistan on February 9, 1980. The company was stationed near the headquarters of the 40th Army in Kabul. It received air support from the 40th Army air assets in the form of the 239th Helicopter Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 75], "content_span": [76, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013889-0007-0000", "contents": "15th Independent Special Forces Brigade, Soviet history, War in Afghanistan\nOn August 15, 1988, the 459th company was withdrawn to the USSR and redeployed to Samarkand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 75], "content_span": [76, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013889-0008-0000", "contents": "15th Independent Special Forces Brigade, Soviet history, 1988\u20131991\nOn May 15 (at the beginning of the withdrawal of troops), the personnel of the brigade numbered 2,482 people, of which 302 were officers and 147 were warrant officers. On May 18, 1988, the brigade department, the 154th detachment and the 334th detachment were withdrawn to the city of Termez.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013889-0009-0000", "contents": "15th Independent Special Forces Brigade, Soviet history, 1988\u20131991\nOn the night of January 19, 1990, the brigade was alerted and, as part of two detachments, flew to the city of Baku, being assigned 10 units of the BTR-80. For three months, the detachments carried out operational tasks together with the Alpha Group both in Baku itself and in the western and southern regions of the Azerbaijan SSR.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013889-0010-0000", "contents": "15th Independent Special Forces Brigade, Independence, Early months under Uzbek control\nOn July 1, 1992, the 15th brigade became part of the Armed Forces of Uzbekistan. In August 1992, the brigade took part in the liberation of the Uzbek island of Aral-Paygambar on the Amu Darya, captured by the Mujahideen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 87], "content_span": [88, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013889-0011-0000", "contents": "15th Independent Special Forces Brigade, Independence, Tajikistan\nFrom September 1992 to the end of 1994, the 15th Brigade was actively involved in the Tajikistani Civil War on the orders of defence minister Rustam Akhmedov.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 65], "content_span": [66, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013889-0012-0000", "contents": "15th Independent Special Forces Brigade, Independence, Tajikistan\nTogether with the units of the Russian 201st Military Base, they participated in hostilities against the armed units of the United Tajik Opposition. The 15th brigade trained the fighters of the Popular Front of Tajikistan. In addition to direct participation in hostilities, the officers of the brigade participated in the formation of the Armed Forces of Tajikistan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 65], "content_span": [66, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013889-0013-0000", "contents": "15th Independent Special Forces Brigade, Independence, Later activities\nIn February 1996, the 15th brigade was reorganized into the 15th Independent Special Forces Brigade (military unit 64411). After the brigade became part of the 2nd Army Corps of the Mobile Forces of the Ministry of Defense of Uzbekistan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 71], "content_span": [72, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013889-0014-0000", "contents": "15th Independent Special Forces Brigade, Independence, Later activities\nThe 15th brigade remained in the 2nd corps until February 1999. The main tactical task was to cover the Tajikistan\u2013Uzbekistan border in the Angren-Olmaliq. In February 1999, the brigade was framed and transferred from the village of Azadbash to the city of Chirchik.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 71], "content_span": [72, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013890-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Independent Spirit Awards\nThe 15th Independent Spirit Awards, honoring the best in independent filmmaking for 1999, were announced on March 25, 2000. It was hosted by Jennifer Tilly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013891-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Indian Infantry Brigade\nThe 15th Indian Infantry Brigade was an infantry brigade formation of the Indian Army during World War II. It was formed in September 1940, at Secunderabad in India and assigned to the 9th Indian Infantry Division. Between February and March 1941, it was attached to the 10th Indian Infantry Division, before returning to the 9th in March 1941 and sailing for Malaya. Once in Malaya the brigade was assigned to the 11th Indian Infantry Division. During the Malayan Campaign after the Battle of Jitra and the Battle of Kampar it absorbed the remnants of the 6th Indian Infantry Brigade in December 1941. The brigade eventually surrendered with the rest of the III Indian Corps after the Battle of Singapore 15 February 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 752]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013892-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Indiana Infantry Regiment\nThe 15th Indiana Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013892-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 15th Indiana Infantry was organized at Lafayette, Indiana for a one-year enlistment in May 1861. It was subsequently reorganized and mustered in for a three-year enlistment on June 14, 1861, under the command of Colonel George Day Wagner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013892-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to 1st Brigade, Army of Occupation, Western Virginia, July to September 1861. Reynolds' Cheat Mountain District, Western Virginia, to November 1861. 15th Brigade, Army of the Ohio, to December 1861. 15th Brigade, 4th Division, Army of the Ohio, to March 1862. 15th Brigade, 6th Division, Army of the Ohio, March 1862. 21st Brigade, 6th Division, Army of the Ohio, to September 1862. 21st Brigade, 6th Division, IV Corps, Army of the Ohio, to November 1862, 2nd Brigade, 1st Division, Left Wing, XIV Corps, Army of the Cumberland, to January 1863. 2nd Brigade, 1st Division, XXI Corps, Army of the Cumberland, to October 1863. 2nd Brigade, 2nd Division, IV Corps, Army of the Cumberland, to February 1864. Garrison, Chattanooga, Tennessee, Department of the Cumberland, to June 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 848]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013892-0003-0000", "contents": "15th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 15th Indiana Infantry mustered out of service at Chattanooga, Tennessee on June 16, 1864. Veterans and recruits were transferred to the 17th Indiana Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013892-0004-0000", "contents": "15th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nMoved to Indianapolis, Indiana then to Clarksburg, Virginia, July 1\u20136. Western Virginia Campaign July 6\u201317, including the Battle of Rich Mountain on July 11. Duty in Elkwater Valley, Virginia, July to November 1861. Operations on Cheat Mountain September 11\u201317. Elkwater September 11. Battle of Cheat Mountain September 12. Battle of Greenbrier River October 3\u20134. Ordered to Louisville November 19. Duty at Bardstown and Lebanon, Kentucky, until February 1862. Marched to Nashville, Tennessee, February 17-March 13, and to Savannah, Tennessee, March 21-April 6. Battle of Shiloh April 6\u20137. Advance on and Siege of Corinth, April 29-May 30.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 48], "content_span": [49, 688]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013892-0004-0001", "contents": "15th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nPursuit to Booneville May 30-June 12. Buell's Campaign in northern Alabama and middle Tennessee June to August. March to Louisville, Kentucky, in pursuit of Bragg August 21-September 26. Pursuit of Bragg into Kentucky October 1\u201322. Battle of Perryville, October 8 (reserve). March to Nashville, Tennessee, October 22-November 7, and duty there until December 26. Lavergne December 11. Advance on Murfreesboro December 26\u201330. Battle of Stones River December 30\u201331, 1862 and January 1\u20133, 1863. Duty at Murfreesboro until June. Reconnaissance to Nolensville and Versailles January 13\u201315. Tullahoma Campaign June 23-July 7. Camp at Pelham until August 17.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 48], "content_span": [49, 700]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013892-0004-0002", "contents": "15th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nPassage of the Cumberland Mountains and Tennessee River and Chickamauga Campaign August 17-September 22. Occupation of Chattanooga September 9, and assigned to duty there as garrison. Siege of Chattanooga, September 24-November 23. Chattanooga-Ringgold Campaign November 23\u201327. Orchard Knob November 23\u201324. Battle of Missionary Ridge November 25. Pursuit to Graysville November 26\u201327. March to relief of Knoxville, November 28-December 8. Duty at Knoxville and vicinity until February 1864. Ordered to Chattanooga, and garrison duty there until June.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 48], "content_span": [49, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013892-0005-0000", "contents": "15th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 183 men during service; 4 officers and 103 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 76 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013893-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Brigade (Hungary)\nThe 15th Infantry Brigade was a formation of the Royal Hungarian Army that participated in the Axis invasion of Yugoslavia during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013894-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)\nThe 15th Infantry Brigade, later 15 (North East) Brigade, was an infantry brigade of the British Army. It was part of the regular 5th Infantry Division during the First World War and Second World War, and was subsequently part of the 2nd Infantry Division in the north of the United Kingdom, with specific responsibility for the areas of North East England and Yorkshire and the Humber.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013894-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), History, Formation\nThe 15th Infantry Brigade was first formed in 1905 at Fermoy and up to the outbreak of the First World War continued to serve in Ireland. The Brigade, which at that time consisted of 1st Battalion, Norfolk Regiment, 1st Battalion, Dorset Regiment, 1st Battalion, Cheshire Regiment and 2nd Battalion, Highland Light Infantry, was mobilized on 5 August 1914 and crossed to France as part the 5th Division with the British Expeditionary Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 58], "content_span": [59, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013894-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), History, First World War\nDuring the opening months of the War, the Brigade had its full share of fighting and saw action at Mons, Le Cateau, at the crossings of the Marne and Aisne and in the first battles in Flanders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 64], "content_span": [65, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013894-0003-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), History, First World War\nThe Brigade has chosen Ypres, November 1914, as the Brigade Battle and there is an annual Brigade Dinner to celebrate it. The Brigade fought in all four battles of Ypres.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 64], "content_span": [65, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013894-0004-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), History, First World War\nThe Brigade distinguished itself in various battles. One of the most notable was the attack on Hill 60 near Ypres in 1915. Hill 60 was the highest point on what was known as the \"Caterpillar Ridge\" and as such was an excellent post for observation of the ground area around Zillebeke and Ypres. The 5th Division, composed of 13th, 14th and 15th brigades, had the task of securing Hill 60 and the ridge line. The Hill was taken between 17 and 19 April 1915, with heavy losses, and the subsequent German counterattack in early May was particularly ferocious. The Germans, unable to obtain victory, eventually resorted to the use of chlorine gas and Brigade casualties during the first week in May 1915 were 33 officers and 1,553 men. However, the line was held until reliefs were brought forward and the Brigade withdrawn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 64], "content_span": [65, 885]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013894-0005-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), History, First World War\nThe last battle of the Great War in November 1918 found 15th Brigade in the forefront of the advance, east of the River Sambre.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 64], "content_span": [65, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013894-0006-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), History, The Inter-War Years\nFollowing the war the 15th Brigade returned to Belfast where it commanded 1st Battalion, Dorsetshire Regiment, 1st Battalion, Somerset Light Infantry, 1st Durham Light Infantry and 1st Battalion, King's Royal Rifle Corps. In 1924 the 15th Brigade moved to Germany as part of the British Army of the Rhine and was renamed 1st Rhine Brigade. The Brigade was reformed, as 15th Infantry Brigade in October.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 68], "content_span": [69, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013894-0007-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), History, Second World War\nThe brigade was formed from regular units on the outbreak of war on 3 September 1939. When the 5th Division was sent to France late 1939, the 15th Brigade was sent instead in May to Norway, as part of Sickleforce to participate in the unsuccessful Norwegian Campaign, under the command of Lieutenant-General H.R.S.Massey. The brigade was reunited with the 5th Division on 3 August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 65], "content_span": [66, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013894-0008-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), History, Second World War\nThe Brigade served with this formation for the rest of the war, seeing action in the Allied invasion of Sicily in July 1943 and Italian Campaign later in the year. After participating in the later stages of the Battle of Anzio, the brigade was deployed to garrison duties in the Middle East before being transferred to North-western Europe on 3 March 1945. The brigade was disbanded in Hanover on 31 March 1948.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 65], "content_span": [66, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013894-0009-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), History, Reformation\nThe Brigade was reformed in 1982, as a Territorial Army formation, which in turn was part of the 2nd Infantry Division. The Brigade's Headquarters were at Alanbrooke Barracks and its first commander in this new role was Brigadier Michael Aris. Its organisation and role were tested in Exercise Keystone in 1983, when it consisted of:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 60], "content_span": [61, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013894-0010-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), History, Reformation\nIn 1999, having been a territorial formation for many years, the brigade was made responsible for both regular and territorial units in the North East, when the Second Division became a \"Regenerative Division\", responsible for the north of England and Scotland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 60], "content_span": [61, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013894-0011-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), History, Reformation\nThis brigade was merged with the former 4th Mechanised Brigade to become the Headquarters North East section of 4th Infantry Brigade and Headquarters North East based in Catterick.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 60], "content_span": [61, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013894-0012-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Role and Structure\nIn 1989 the 15th Infantry Brigade, (at that time a Reserve Brigade), had the following structure", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 58], "content_span": [59, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013894-0013-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Role and Structure\n15th (North East) Brigade was a Regional Brigade responsible for the recruiting of soldiers and Officers for the Regular and Territorial Army. It trained the Territorial Army for operations, provided a command and control focus for all military support to civilian authorities during civil emergencies e.g. flooding and was responsible for providing the \"Firm Base\" to the Regular Army within its area. The brigade had its headquarters at Imphal Barracks in York and included the following units:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 58], "content_span": [59, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013894-0014-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Commanders\nThe following officers commanded the 15th Brigade during its existence:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 50], "content_span": [51, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013895-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Division \"Bergamo\"\nThe 15th Infantry Division \"Bergamo\" (Italian: 15\u00aa Divisione fanteria \"Bergamo\") was an infantry division of the Royal Italian Army during World War II. The Bergamo was formed on 24 May 1939 in Opatija and named for the city of Bergamo. After the Armistice of Cassibile the division initially resisted German Wehrmacht forces, but was soon forces to surrender.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013895-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Division \"Bergamo\", History, Initial deployment\nFrom 10 June 1940, the Bergamo division was assigned to border guard duty in Rijeka-Bre\u0161ca(near Matulji)-Klana sector. The Bergamo division was part of the Italian V Corps that took part in the Invasion of Yugoslavia. 6 April 1941, Bergamo division has received orders to advance. By 11 April 1941, it broken through Yugoslavian defences at Veli Vrh summit near Drenova, Rijeka, and captured the Kastav the same day. By 12 April 1941 it has reached the Bakar, continuing to advance to the south. 16 April 1941, the Bergamo division has captured \u017duta Lokva village. After the invasion it was stationed in Dalmatia, in particular in city of Makarska, towns of Livno, Sinj, Ljubu\u0161ki, Imotski and on the Bra\u010d island.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 61], "content_span": [62, 774]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013895-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Division \"Bergamo\", History, Fighting the partisans\nFrom 22 July 1941 to 25 July 1941, the Bergamo division has fought the Yugoslavian partisans near the town of Drvar. Another large surge of fighting with partisans trying to infiltrate Croatia has happened from 9 October 1941 to 9 November 1941, across Croatian-Yugoslavian border. Afterward, the main duties of Bergamo has become the coastal defence, protection of roads and peacekeeping between the Yugoslavian and Croatian communities. In June 1942, it has suppressed a major revolt in Lika region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 65], "content_span": [66, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013895-0002-0001", "contents": "15th Infantry Division \"Bergamo\", History, Fighting the partisans\nThe Bergamo Division took part in Operation Alba which was an anti Partisan operations in Croatia carried out on 12 August to 2 September 1942, to destroy partisan groups in the Biokovo area 40 to 50 kilometres east of Split. Italian forces burned down 10 villages and killed and arrested several hundred people. In 1943, increasingly bloody skirmishes with partisans were fought until 8 September 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 65], "content_span": [66, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013895-0003-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Division \"Bergamo\", History, The defeat\nAfter the Italian surrender in September 1943, it resisted the German forces but was defeated and some of the division's officers were executed by order of the German XV Mountain Corps, others evaded capture and joined the Yugoslav Partisans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 53], "content_span": [54, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013895-0004-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Division \"Bergamo\", History, C.R.O.W.C.A.S.S.\nThe names of three Italian commanders attached to the Bergamo Division can be found in the CROWCASS list established by the Anglo-American Allies of the individuals wanted by Yugoslavia for war crimes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 59], "content_span": [60, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013895-0005-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Division \"Bergamo\", XV Mountain Corps war diary\nDaily Report from Commander in Chief Southeast (Army Group F)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 61], "content_span": [62, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013896-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Division (Belgium)\nThe 15th Infantry Division (15de Infanterie Divisie) was an infantry division of the Belgian Army that fought in the Battle of Belgium against the Wehrmacht during the Second World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013896-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Division (Belgium), World War II\nAfter the Phony wars, the Germans have had enough time to gather a sufficient amount of their forces near the Rhineland and smashed into Belgium and the Netherlands. The 15th Division was one of the weaker formations in the Belgian army. It was made up entirely of older reserve regiments which was armed with antiquated weapons of world war one vintage. Moreover, its regiments lacked the fourth heavy weapons battalion that was customary in the regiments of the active army and those of newer reserves.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013896-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Division (Belgium), World War II\nThe division was stationed behind the Albert Canal line between Herentals and Massenhoven. To compensate for its weaker units, its lines were somewhat shorter then those of its neighbouring divisions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013896-0003-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Division (Belgium), World War II\nAs the Belgian front at the Canal collapsed near Li\u00e8ge, the 15th Division was withdrawn from its positions and was made to occupy the lines between the Antwerp Position and the K-W Line, covered by the forts of Kessel and Massenhoven. When the Germans broke through and the K-W Line was abandoned, the 15th Division's line was lenghtened as it was assigned a covering role for the retreat of the army. Only the 42nd regiment saw heavy fighting, successfully defending Lier from multiple German probes during May 17th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013896-0004-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Division (Belgium), World War II\nThe 15th Division withdrew all the way to the coast, where it was assigned a role in the rearguard. First, it was to prepare the north of Zeeuws Vlaanderen from a possible German attack across the Scheldt while the remaining troops of the French 7th Army withdrew from the region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013896-0005-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Division (Belgium), World War II\nAfter the Germans reached the English Channel and the Allied forces in Flanders were effectively cut off, the 15th Division was positioned along the Yser facing West against a possible German breakthrough over the British sector. As the Lys Battle unfolded and the Germans decisively punctured the Belgian defences at the river, the units of the 15th Division were called in to serious action for the first time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013896-0006-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Division (Belgium), World War II\nThe 31st line regiment was detached from the Division on 25 may to man a makeshift line over the Roeselare-Ypres railroad. It took position between Frezenberg and Passendale, on the old World War One battlefields. By the 26th of may the regiment found itself in the front line. After several preliminary bombardments, the Germans succeeded in destroying several companies at the first attack, successfully enveloping the remainder of two of its battalions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013896-0007-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Division (Belgium), World War II\nThe 42nd line regiment was the last to remain on the Yser. As the situation at the Lys became desperate, Army Command was throwing the last remaining reserves into the fray. On the 26th of may, the regiment was hastily transported towards Tielt. As the Belgians embarked on their buses, the Luftwaffe attacked, leaving 20 dead and 75 wounded. By the time the regiment arrived in Tielt, it's morale had taken a serious beating. On the 27th of May, its battalions were deployed under constant Luftwaffe strafing. In the afternoon, shortly after taking position, they found themselves  suddenly on the frontline. After a brief fight, they were quickly overwhelmed, either surrendering or retreating in disarray.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 755]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013896-0008-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Division (Belgium), World War II\nThe 43rd line regiment followed the 31st almost immediately to the position behind the railroad. It took position near Passendale, covering the flanks of the 31st and the 4th of the line. During the night of the 26th, it was gradually reinforced by cyclists, machine and AA gun companies from different units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013896-0009-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Division (Belgium), World War II\nAs the disaster in the area of the 31st unfolded, the 2nd battalion of the 43rd quickly became involved in the fighting, too. Although it attempted to contain the breach on its right, by noon the Germans struck the town of Passendale in force. One by one its companies were defeated, losing several officers as well as its Major Phillippart. By the end of the day only 2 battalions were more or less in fighting condition, conducting a successful fighting retreat inland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013896-0010-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Division (Belgium), World War II\nBy the Belgian surrender on the 28th of May, at least 215 officers, NCO and enlisted were killed in action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013896-0011-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Division (Belgium), Structure 1940\nStructure of the division at the eve of the Battle of Belgium:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 48], "content_span": [49, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013897-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Division (France)\nThe 15th Infantry Division (French: 15e division d'infanterie (15e DI)) was an infantry division of the French Army originally formed after the end of the Franco-Prussian War that fought in World War I. It fought in World War II as the 15th Motorized Infantry Division, under the command of Alphonse Juin, surrendering during the Battle of France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013897-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Division (France)\nReestablished on 1 March 1951, it was disbanded in 1962. The division was reformed again during the French Army reorganization of 1977. In the 1980s it was part of the 2nd Army Corps; it was shifted into the 3rd Army Corps after the 2nd Army Corps was disestablished, and finally disbanded in 1994.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013897-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Division (France), First World War\nIt was commanded by General L\u00e9on Bajolle upon mobilization. General Gaston d'Armau de Pouydraguin became commander on 14 October 1914. General Ferdinand Blazer was appointed commander on 24 March 1915, General Fran\u00e7ois Collas on 15 July of that year, and General Louis Achille Arbanere on 9 March 1917.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 48], "content_span": [49, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013897-0003-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Division (France), First World War\nThe division was assigned to the 8th Army Corps for the duration of the war. It included the 29th Brigade with the 56th and 134th Infantry Regiments and the 30th Brigade with the 10th and 27th Infantry Regiments. Organic artillery support was provided by the 48th Field Artillery Regiment with three groupes of 75mm guns, while reconnaissance was provided by a cavalry squadron of the 16th Chasseur Regiment; in November 1915 it transferred to the 73rd Infantry Division. In January 1917, the 27th Regiment was transferred to the 16th Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 48], "content_span": [49, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013897-0003-0001", "contents": "15th Infantry Division (France), First World War\nAt the same time the division was reorganized to form a triangular structure, eliminating the brigade headquarters to include the 10th, 56th, and 134th Infantry Regiments, and was again assigned two squadrons from the 16th Chasseurs. In August 1918, the pioneer battalion of the 106th Reserve Infantry Regiment was attached to the division after being transferred from the 20th Army Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 48], "content_span": [49, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013897-0004-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Division (France), Interwar period\nThe 15th Motorized Infantry Division, a unit of the Northeast type, was stationed at Dijon during the interwar period. It included the 4th, 27th, and 134th Infantry Regiments, the 4th Infantry Division Reconnaissance Group with armored cars (French: 4e Groupe de reconnaissance de division d'infanterie (4e GRDI)), the 1st Motorized Divisional Artillery Regiment, the 201st Motorized Divisional Light Artillery Regiment with two groups of 155mm howitzers, in addition to smaller support units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 48], "content_span": [49, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013897-0005-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Division (France), Second World War, Mobilization and Phoney War\nOn 23 August 1939, when the French Army began its mobilization for World War II, the division was at the disposal of the Minister of Defense and its first echelon was alerted in the 8th Military Region. Under the mobilization plan it was located in the area of Gray, under the command of G\u00e9n\u00e9ral de division Henri Parisot from 2 September. The second echelon arrived on 26 August, when the division was assigned to the covering reserve in the 8th Army sector. On 5 September it was transferred by road to the area southwest of Sarrebourg, with headquarters in Blamont as part of the 5th Army. Three days later the division headquarters relocated east to Lemberg when it became part of the 8th Army Corps of the 5th Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 78], "content_span": [79, 799]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013897-0006-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Division (France), Second World War, Mobilization and Phoney War\nBetween 9 and 12 September the division advanced into the Ohrenthal (part of Rolbing) salient with the 23rd Infantry Division of the 5th Army Corps of the 4th Army on the left and the 4th Colonial Infantry Division of its corps on the right in front of the Maginot Line as part of the Saar Offensive, with its headquarters at Schorbach. This advance, which became known as the Saar Offensive, resulted in the division occupying positions from the German border at Hornbach to the outskirts of Stausteinerwald, west of the Fortified Sector of Rohrbach, on 13 September. As the French units began retreating towards the Maginot Line, the division sector was modified to run from Height 326 west of Hornbach to Height 354 west of Riedelberg between 24 and 25 September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 78], "content_span": [79, 845]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013897-0007-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Division (France), Second World War, Mobilization and Phoney War\nRelieved by the 35th Infantry Division in its left sector and the 3rd Colonial Infantry Division in its right sector between 2 and 3 October, the division retreated behind the Maginot Line. It reconcentrated in the area of Baerenthal on 4 October. Transferred to the 5th Army reserve with headquarters at Bouxwiller on 9 October, the 15e DIM moved by road to the area of Sarrebourg and Cirey on the next day, where it became part of the reserve of the 2nd Army Group with headquarters at the latter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 78], "content_span": [79, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013897-0007-0001", "contents": "15th Infantry Division (France), Second World War, Mobilization and Phoney War\nIt was further moved by rail and road to the area of Chauny, Guiscard, Ham, and Coucy for rest, reorganization, and training on 23 October. There, it was placed in the reserve of the Grand Quartier G\u00e9n\u00e9ral while headquartered at Chauny, where it spent the rest of the Phoney War. G\u00e9n\u00e9ral de division Alphonse Juin became division commander on 1 December.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 78], "content_span": [79, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013897-0008-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Division (France), Second World War, Battle of Belgium\nWhen the German invasion of Belgium began on 10 May 1940, the division was alerted for movement into Belgium under the Dyle Plan. Assigned to the 4th Army Corps of the 1st Army, the 15e DIM recalled the 27th Infantry Regiment, which was at Sissonne on maneuvers. The 134th Infantry Regiment was sent ahead to Saint-Quentin, while the 4e GRDI was detached to the corps headquarters as part of Groupement Arlabosse, led by its commander.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 68], "content_span": [69, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013897-0008-0001", "contents": "15th Infantry Division (France), Second World War, Battle of Belgium\nOn the next day the division moved by road from Chauny to Gembloux through Tergnier, Saint-Quentin, Le Cateau, Binche, La Louvi\u00e8re, Gosselies, and Tongrinne, setting up its headquarters at Tongrinne. The 4th and 134th Infantry Regiments began moving into positions on 12 May, with a battalion from each regiment occupying the sector of the 1st Moroccan Division, which had not yet arrived, from Ernage to the northern part of Gembloux. Groupement Arlabosse was briefly transferred back to the division that day but again detached to the 1st Moroccan Division at noon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 68], "content_span": [69, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013897-0009-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Division (France), Second World War, Battle of Belgium\nThe 27th Infantry Regiment arrived at the division positions on 13 May and at the end of that day the division was relieved by the newly arrived 1st Moroccan Division. Its positions shifted to a sector between the 1st Moroccan Division on the southern edge of Gembloux and the 12th Motorized Infantry Division at Beuzet; the 134th Infantry held the northernmost part of the line, the 27th Infantry the middle, and the 4th Infantry the southernmost. At noon on the same day the 4e GRDI was placed under direct corps command between Geest and Noville to the north of Grande-Rosi\u00e9re.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 68], "content_span": [69, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013897-0010-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Division (France), Second World War, Battle of Belgium\nThe division engaged German forces along its front on 14 May, while being forced to retreat in what became known as the Battle of Gembloux. Its artillery targeted German tank concentrations in the area of Grandleez and Baudeset in support of the 1st Moroccan Division. German tank attacks were repulsed by the 27th Infantry Regiment to the south of Gembloux and the 4th Infantry Regiment at Beuzet on 15 May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 68], "content_span": [69, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013897-0010-0001", "contents": "15th Infantry Division (France), Second World War, Battle of Belgium\nOn that day the 13e Battalion de Chars de Combat with Hotchkiss H35 light tanks of 515e Groupe de battalions de Chars de Combat was attached to the division, while the 1st Battalion of the 27th Infantry Regiment was detached to Groupement Bougrain. During the night it retreated under orders by rail to Wavre and Charleroi. The division headquarters shifted to Thim\u00e9on on 16 May, when it held defensive positions on the line of Brye, Saint-Amand, and Fleurus. The 4th and 27th Infantry Regiments repulsed German tank attacks, and retreated under orders covered by the 134th Infantry Regiment to a bridgehead at Luttre on the Charleroi Canal from Seneffe to Godarville where it relieved elements of the corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 68], "content_span": [69, 777]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013897-0011-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Division (France), Second World War, Battle of Belgium\nJuin was captured with much of the division at Lille on 29 May 1940.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 68], "content_span": [69, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013897-0012-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Division (France), Cold War\nThe 15th Infantry Division was reestablished on 1 March 1951, and disbanded on 1 July 1962.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 41], "content_span": [42, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013897-0013-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Division (France), Cold War\nThe division was again reestablished during the 1977 reorganization of the French Army, with its headquarters at Limoges as part of the Strategic Reserve. In event of war, elements of it would be used as cadres for the reserve 115th Infantry Division. Under the 1983 reorganization of the French Army, the division was assigned to the 2nd Army Corps. It included the 92 RI (see fr:92e_r\u00e9giment_d'infanterie_(France); equipped with VAB armoured personnel carriers) at Clermont-Ferrand and the 99 RI (VAB) at Salhonay, both formerly part of the 14th Infantry Division, and the 126 RI (VAB) at Brive-la-Gaillarde. The AML-equipped 5 RCh at P\u00e9rigueux provided reconnaissance capability, the 20 RA (155mm towed) at Poitiers artillery, the 65 CG at Castelsarrasin engineers, and the 15 RCS at Limoges support.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 41], "content_span": [42, 845]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013897-0014-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Division (France), Cold War\nBefore its disbandment the division became part of the 3rd Army Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 41], "content_span": [42, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013897-0015-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Division (France), Cold War\nG\u00e9n\u00e9ral de brigade M. Zeisser (Michel, Maurice) was named commander of the division and of the 43e division militaire territoriale in 1991.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 41], "content_span": [42, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013897-0016-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Division (France), Cold War\nAs of a decree of 6 July 1992, M. le g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de division Genest (Claude, Jean, Maclou) was nam\u00e9d commander of the division and of the circonscription militaire de d\u00e9fense de Limoges as of 1 September 1992.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 41], "content_span": [42, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013897-0017-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Division (France), Cold War\nAs part of the reduction in the strength of the French Army during the 1990s after the end of the Cold War, the division was disbanded in a process concluding in 1994. Elements of the division were merged into the 27th Alpine Division to form the 27th Mountain Infantry Division on 1 July of that year. The division headquarters, the 15e RCS, and the 5th Chasseur Regiment were disbanded, while the V\u00e9hicule de l'Avant Blind\u00e9-equipped 92nd Infantry Regiment joined the 27th Mountain Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 41], "content_span": [42, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013898-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Division (Greece)\nThe 15th Infantry Division (Greek: XV \u039c\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03af\u03b1 \u03a0\u03b5\u03b6\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd (XV \u039c\u03a0), translit. XV Merarch\u00eda Peziko\u00fa) was an infantry division of the Hellenic Army. Established for the first time briefly in 1915\u20131916, it was re-established in 1940, during the Greco-Italian War. The division distinguished itself in the war, where it took part in some of the most significant battles of the conflict. It was disbanded after the Battle of Greece, re-established after liberation in 1945 and subsequently fought in the Greek Civil War. It remained active in the Kastoria, Grevena and Florina areas until 1998, when it was reorganized and renamed as the 15th Infantry Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 683]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013898-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Division (Greece), History, World War I\nThe 15th Infantry Division was formed for the first time in 1915, following the Greek mobilization on 10 September 1915, in response to the mobilization of Bulgaria. The new formation was headquartered at Thessaloniki, while its units were recruited and formed in the Aegean islands: the 43rd Infantry Regiment at Lesbos, the 44th Infantry Regiment at Chios, and the 45th Infantry Regiment at Samos. These units were shipped to the wider Thessaloniki area by the end of September, and the full division became part of the V Army Corps in October. The division was disbanded following the demobilization of the Greek Army in May 1916.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 53], "content_span": [54, 687]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013898-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Division (Greece), History, Greco-Italian War\nThe 15th Infantry Division was reformed on 6 November 1940 when the 4th Infantry Brigade was expanded and augmented by personnel conscripted from the Kastoria and Grevena regions, following the outbreak of the Greco-Italian War. Both the brigade and the newly formed division were commanded by Colonel Agamemnon Metaxas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 59], "content_span": [60, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013898-0003-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Division (Greece), History, Greco-Italian War\nThe newly formed division, now composed of three Infantry Regiments (28th, 33rd, and 90th) with artillery support (XV Mountain Artillery Regiment), was attached to the III Army Corps - which was, in turn, under the operational command of the Western Macedonia Army Section - and tasked with the defence of the northern flank of the Albanian front. On 14 November 1940, the 15th Infantry Division engaged and captured Italian positions on Hill 1480, also known as \"Ivan's Rampart\", as part of the Battle of Morava\u2013Ivan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 59], "content_span": [60, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013898-0003-0001", "contents": "15th Infantry Division (Greece), History, Greco-Italian War\nThe capture of the hill gave the 15th Infantry Division a strategic position overlooking the pass at the Devoll river crossing near the village of Cangonj. During the second phase of the battle (17\u201320 November 1940), the division secured the crossing. This success allowed Greek forces in the south to concentrate on the expulsion of Italian forces on the Morava heights, and eventually capture the town of Korytsa on 22 November 1940.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 59], "content_span": [60, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013898-0004-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Division (Greece), History, Greco-Italian War\nOn 7 December 1940, the 15th Infantry Division moved on towards Pogradec and relieved a reconnaissance force from the 13th Infantry Division, which had secured the village on 30 November 1940. As part of a major push to secure Greek positions (13 December 1940 - 6 January 1941), the division was subsequently placed under the command of the II Army Corps and moved to the P\u00ebrmet District, north of K\u00eblcyr\u00eb, where it encountered the Italian 7th Infantry Division. On 8 January 1941 Italian forces, who had control of many of the surrounding peaks, attacked units of the 15th Infantry Division that had taken-up positions around Taronine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 59], "content_span": [60, 697]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013898-0005-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Division (Greece), History, Greco-Italian War\nThe 90th Infantry Regiment engaged Italian forces on Mali i Taronit (also known as Mali Taronine) on 10 January 1941, near the K\u00eblcyr\u00eb-Tepelen\u00eb road. The success of the attack was strategically significant because it secured the northern flank of the Greek forces engaged in the Capture of Klisura Pass. Under the command of Colonel Christos Gerakinis, the regiment captured the hill with a bayonet charge, suffering 42 killed (including Major Dimitrios Kyriazis, one of its senior officers) and 161 wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 59], "content_span": [60, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013898-0005-0001", "contents": "15th Infantry Division (Greece), History, Greco-Italian War\nBetween 12 January 1941 and 17 January 1941, the 15th Infantry Division's attacks on positions of the Italian 7th Infantry Division inflicted such heavy casualties that it forced an Italian retreat. Significantly, the 90th Regiment's repeated attacks during heavy winter storms on the Dras-e-Kais hill, the village of Kaitsa, and Mali Nisitse, saw the capture of most of the Italian 77th Regiment, including its commander Colonel Menigetti and his command staff. On 2 February 1941, elements of the 15th Infantry Division under now-Major General Agamemnon Metaxas captured Height 802 and the nearby town of Bub\u00ebs, northwest of Klisura.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 59], "content_span": [60, 695]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013898-0006-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Division (Greece), History, Greco-Italian War\nDuring the Battle of Trebeshina, on 13 February 1941, the division supported the 5th Cretan Division during its capture of the 1,805-metre (5,921-ft) northern peak of Mal Sh\u00ebnd\u00eblli, before advancing their line a further 5\u00a0km (3 miles). Subsequent engagements saw the two divisions take heights 1647, 1260, and 1178. The 15th Infantry Division lost 2,000 killed, wounded or missing during the battle. Their advance was eventually stopped by strong Italian resistance at Tepelen\u00eb. By the end of the Greco-Italian War, the division had lost 1,363 soldiers killed, and nearly three times that number wounded or missing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 59], "content_span": [60, 675]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013898-0007-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Division (Greece), History, Greco-Italian War\nThe 15th Infantry Division was disbanded with the Greek capitulation following the German invasion of Greece in April 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 59], "content_span": [60, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013898-0008-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Division (Greece), History, Greek Civil War\nThe 15th Infantry Division was re-established on 15 May 1945, and participated in the Greek Civil War as part of the Royal Hellenic Army's II Army Corps. On 14 June 1948, the division took part in the failed Operation \"Crown\" (Greek: E\u03c0\u03b9\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u00ab\u039a\u03bf\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd\u03af\u03c2\u00bb, translit. Epihe\u00edrisi \"Koron\u00eds\"), a major offensive against Communist forces entrenched in the Grammos mountains. After 40 days of close fighting, the numerically outnumbered DSE forces managed to punch through the II Army Corps' lines and flee towards Vitsi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 57], "content_span": [58, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013898-0009-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Division (Greece), History, Greek Civil War\nOn 29 January 1949, the 15th Infantry Division, along with the A and B Raider Squadrons and the 39th Infantry Regiment, successfully recaptured the town of Karpenisi after bitter fighting against two DSE divisions, which suffered heavy losses. From 10 August 1949 to 30 August 1949, the division was involved in the second and third phases of Operation \"Torch\" (Greek: E\u03c0\u03b9\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u00ab\u03a0\u03c5\u03c1\u03c3\u03cc\u03c2\u00bb, translit. Epihe\u00edrisi \"Pyrs\u00f3s\"), the campaign to dislodge DSE forces from the Grammos-Vitsi mountains. These operations resulted in the defeat of DSE forces and the end of the Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 57], "content_span": [58, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013898-0010-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Division (Greece), History, Cold War and after\nFrom 1962, the division was placed under the command of the I Army Corps, and with its headquarters in Kastoria, the 15th Infantry Division - consisting of five Infantry Battalions, one Armoured Squadron and one Artillery Squadron - was tasked with the defence of the prefectures of Grevena, Florina and Kastoria, manning 24 border outposts from Lake Prespa to Grammos. By 1989, the division consisted of the following units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 60], "content_span": [61, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013898-0011-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Division (Greece), History, Cold War and after\nThe division was reduced to a brigade-level formation on 31 March 1998 and renamed as the 15th Infantry Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 60], "content_span": [61, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013898-0012-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Division (Greece), Emblem and Motto\nThe emblem of the 15th Infantry Division is a labrys-wielding griffin (Greek: \u03b3\u03c1\u03cd\u03c8, translit. gr\u00fdps), symbolizing strength (lion's body), speed (eagle's wings) and vigilant guard (labrys ready to strike).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013898-0013-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Division (Greece), Emblem and Motto\nThe division's motto was This Number Is Sufficient (Greek: \u039a\u03b1\u03b9 \u039f\u03cd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u039f \u0391\u03c1\u03b9\u03b8\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u0399\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2, translit. K\u00e9 O\u00fatos o Arithm\u00f3s Ikan\u00f3s). The phrase was attributed to Leonidas when he was in charge of guarding the narrow mountain pass at Thermopylae with just 7,000 Greek men in order to delay the invading Persian army. He was asked why he had come to fight such a huge host with so few men. Leonidas answered, \u201cIf numbers are what matters, all Greece cannot match a small part of that army; but if courage is what counts, this number is sufficient.\u201d (Greek: \u00ab\u03c4\u03c9 \u03c0\u03bb\u03ae\u03b8\u03b5\u03b9, \u03bf\u03c5\u03b4\u03ad \u03b7 \u03c0\u03ac\u03c3\u03b1 \u0395\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u00b7 \u03b2\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b1\u03c1 \u03bc\u03bf\u03af\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03bb\u03ae\u03b8\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03af\u03bd\u00b7 \u03b5\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b1\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03af\u03c2, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bf \u03b1\u03c1\u03b9\u03b8\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2\u00bb).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 729]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013899-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Division (India)\nThe 15th Indian Division was an infantry division of the British Indian Army that saw active service in the First World War. It served in the Mesopotamian Campaign on the Euphrates Front throughout its existence. It did not serve in the Second World War, but was reformed at Dehradun in 1964 as part of the post-independence Indian Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013899-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Division (India), History\nThe division was formed on 7 May 1916 to replace the 12th Indian Division on the Euphrates Front. It remained on the Euphrates Front until the end of the war. It took part in the action of As Sahilan (11 September 1916), the Capture of Ramadi (28 and 29 September 1917), the Occupation of H\u012bt (9 March 1918) and the action of Khan Baghdadi (26 and 27 March 1918). The division was not attached to either of the army corps operating in Mesopotamia, the I Corps and III Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013899-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Division (India), History\nThe division was commanded from formation on 7 May 1916 by Brigadier-General Harry T Brooking. Brooking was promoted to Major-General on 5 June 1916.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013899-0003-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Division (India), History\nAt the end of the war, the division was rapidly run down and it was disbanded in March 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013899-0004-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Division (India), History\nThe division was re-raised on 1 October 1964 at Clement Town, Dehradun under Major General Niranjan Prasad and assigned to XI Corps. The divisional headquarters has been located at Amritsar since 1965.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013899-0005-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Division (India), Order of battle, First World War\nThe division commanded the following units, although not all of them served at the same time:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 64], "content_span": [65, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013899-0006-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Division (India), Indo-Pakistani War of 1965\nThe division was fully operational on 31 March 1965 and moved to its headquarters in Amritsar by 1 April 1965. It took part in Operation Ablaze and the Battle of Dograi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 58], "content_span": [59, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013899-0007-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Division (India), Indo-Pakistani War of 1965\nThe division consisted of 38 Infantry Brigade, 54 Infantry Brigade and 15 Artillery Brigade. 38 Infantry Brigade consisted of 1 Jat, 1/3 Gorkha Rifles and 3 Garhwal Rifles. 54 Infantry Brigade consisted of 3 Jat, 15 Dogra, 13 Punjab. In addition to the two infantry brigades, the division consisted of 14 Horse (Scinde Horse), 60 Heavy Regiment and 71 Field Company. 96 Infantry Brigade, consisting of 6 Kumaon, 7 Punjab and 16 Dogra was initially part of the XI Corps reserve, but subsequently placed under the division's operational command. 50 (Independent) Parachute Brigade was placed under the division on 11 September. It was tasked to capture the road and rail bridges in Jallo area, but suffered heavy casualties during 16 and 17 September and had to be withdrawn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 58], "content_span": [59, 832]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013899-0008-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Division (India), Indo-Pakistani War of 1965\nThe division was given the task to advance on the Grand Trunk Road axis and capture the bridge on the Bambawali-Ravi-Bedian Canal (also called Ichhogil Canal) in Dograi east of Lahore. 3 Jat under Lieutenant Colonel Desmond Hayde captured Dograi on the eastern bank of the Canal on 6 September 1965. The same day, 3 Jat captured the Batapore and Attokeawan localities on the west bank of the Canal. Due to lack of support, the unit had to fall back.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 58], "content_span": [59, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013899-0008-0001", "contents": "15th Infantry Division (India), Indo-Pakistani War of 1965\n1 Jat managed to reach Bhaini Dhilwan bridge, but could not secure it due to armour and artillery fire and had to withdraw. This bridge was subsequently captured by 96 Infantry Brigade. Following the initial reverses faced by the division, Major General Niranjan Prasad was replaced by Major General Mohindar Singh on 9 September 1965. The period of 11 to 18 September was characterised by a series of unproductive actions. The division subsequently plunged in the battle for the Ichhogil canal with zeal and determination. On 21 and 22 September,  3 Jat of the 54 Brigade captured Dograi. The unit won 3 Maha Vir Chakras, 4 Vir Chakras, 7 Sena Medals, 12 Mention in Dispatches and 11 COAS Commendation Cards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 58], "content_span": [59, 768]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013899-0009-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Division (India), Indo-Pakistani War of 1965\nAt the end of the war, 15 Division saw 486 killed (26 Officers, 9 JCOs, 451 ORs), 1569 wounded (60 Officers, 57 JCOs, 1450 ORs, 2 NCEs) and 85 missing (3 Officers, 2 JCOs, 79 ORs, 1 NCE).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 58], "content_span": [59, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013899-0010-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Division (India), Indo-Pakistani War of 1971\nThe division was under Major General BM Bhattacharjee MVC during the 1971 war and was responsible for the area between Gurdaspur and the Grand Trunk road opposite Amritsar. It took part in the battles of Dera Baba Nanak and Fatehpur - Burj.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 58], "content_span": [59, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013899-0011-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Division (India), Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, Awards and honours\n15 Infantry Division won numerous gallantry awards during the war. Prominent among them are -", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 78], "content_span": [79, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013900-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Division (Iraq)\nThe 15th Infantry Division was established in November 2015, The troops were initially trained by Iraqi trainers for 6 months and then the troops entered in training sessions for a further 6 months under the coalition forces at Camp Taji. The division is considered one of the strongest divisions in the ground forces in terms of training, equipping and arming", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013900-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Division (Iraq), Organization\nThe brigade consists of three regiments with one commando regiment, each of which consists of four companies. The company consists of four platoons with a support platoon. The platoon consists to three squads. The squad consists to two fireteams. The Division also includes an artillery battalion (light and heavy) with the field engineering battalion. Each regiment has a sniper platoon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 43], "content_span": [44, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013900-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Division (Iraq), Reinforcement, Individual armament of fighters\nThey were initially equipped with AK-47 rifles, 7.62 mm PKC rifles, 7.62mm RPK rifles, RPG-7 launchers and 12.7 mm Dushka machine guns. After a period of time, their weapons were updated to the latest  weapons, which were M-16 rifles and S56 M-249 revolvers Mm, M-240 7.62 mm and AT-3 mortars with heavy M-2 Browning 12.7 mm machine guns and 40 mm MK-19 assault rifles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 77], "content_span": [78, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013900-0003-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Division (Iraq), Reinforcement, Individual armament of fighters\nThe division also operate 60mm, 81mm and 120mm mortars. It is demonstrated in every company in the division and there is also SPG-9. They are equipped with I-OTV shields and very modern helmets such as MICH-2000/2001 helmets, various helmets, combat bags and other individual equipment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 77], "content_span": [78, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013900-0004-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Division (Iraq), Reinforcement, Armored vehicles\nThe division equipped with the latest armor vehicles, such as the Armor MAXPRO, CAIMAN, and the latest version of the Humvee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 62], "content_span": [63, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013900-0005-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Division (Iraq), Combat history\nThe first battle the division participated in is the battle to liberate Al-Hamra camp in the Nabai area in 2015 and also the recent battles of Mosul and later participated in the liberation of Tal Afar and took part in Iraqi\u2013Kurdish conflict.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 45], "content_span": [46, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013901-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Division (Philippines)\nThe 15th Infantry Division (Ready Reserve), Philippine Army, known as the Defender & Builder Division, is one of the Army Reserve Command's ready reserve infantry divisions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013901-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Division (Philippines)\nThe unit specializes in Urban Warfare, Urban Search and Rescue, Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief, and Civil-Military Operations. It operates in the National Capital Region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013901-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Division (Philippines), History\nThe Philippine Army felt the need to re-organize its reserve units in the National Capital Region (NCR) when the 9th Infantry Division (Ready Reserve) was deactivated and the newly created regular infantry division (9ID) took its numerical designation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013901-0003-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Division (Philippines), History\nThe Commission on Appointments, confirmed the promotion of Colonel Javier Jr to brigadier general on 21 September 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013901-0004-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Division (Philippines), History\nOn 3 December 2012, Colonel Javier Jr was sworn in as a brigadier general by President Benigno S. Aquino III, together with other newly promoted generals of the AFP at the Rizal Hall of the Malaca\u00f1an Palace.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013901-0005-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Division (Philippines), History\nThe division, since its activation, has performed countless Civil-Military Operations, Search and Rescue Operations and directly assist then AFP National Capital Regional Command and now the AFP Joint Task Force-National Capital Region in fulfilling its mandate of ensuring peace and order within the National Capital Region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013901-0006-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Division (Philippines), Vision\nA well disciplined, organized, trained and non-partisan citizen army, able to augment the regular force and respond to national disasters and threats to national security, during peacetime, war or rebellion mandated to perform tasks of Military Operations Other Than War (MOOTW).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 44], "content_span": [45, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013901-0007-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Division (Philippines), Organization\nThe following are the Base/Brigade units that are under the 15th Infantry Division (RR).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 50], "content_span": [51, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013901-0008-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Division (Philippines), Trainings\nThe following are division-level special trainings undertaken by the unit soldiers:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 47], "content_span": [48, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013901-0009-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Division (Philippines), Trainings\nTraining is supervised and course-directed by reserve officers who are occupational specialty qualified, former active duty members, and already incorporated in the ready reserve force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 47], "content_span": [48, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013901-0010-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Division (Philippines), Trainings\nUnit soldiers also undertake regular courses from the AFP and regular Army TRADOC and special schools. There are reservists who are already authorized to don infantry, ordnance, civil military operations, psychological operations and airborne badges. The unit reservists also undertake specialized trainings from other government agencies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 47], "content_span": [48, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013901-0011-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Division (Philippines), Trainings\nMany unit officers and personnel have already served the fixed two-year called-to-active-duty tour in the regular force. As a modern reserve force, many possess advanced degrees, technical and professional certifications that fill skill gaps in the regular force. Most of the officers and personnel are also employed in local government administration and private and government security services. Reservists of the unit are considered excellent force multipliers in internal security and external defense operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 47], "content_span": [48, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013901-0012-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Division (Philippines), Gallery\nLTC HERBERT M BAUTISTA MNSA (GSC) RES PA together with LTC SAL G DUMABOK MNSA (RES) GSC PA, and then TSg Virgilio S Ferrer II (Res) PA inspect the troops prior to deployment for Rehabilitation Operations on areas affected by TS Ketsana.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013901-0013-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Division (Philippines), Gallery\nTSg Virgilio S Ferrer II (Res) PA; 20IB(RR) Sergeant Major, briefs the personnel assigned for deployment during Security Operations at Holy Cross Memorial Park, Quezon City (Undas 2009).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013901-0014-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Division (Philippines), Gallery\nReservists from the HHC, 1502IBDE(RR) and 201IB(RR) manned the Tactical Command Post at the Holy Cross Memorial Park in San Bartolome, Novaliches, Quezon City during (Undas 2010) Security Operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013901-0015-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Division (Philippines), Gallery\nReservists provide security and assist medical personnel during the conduct of Medical and Dental Civic-Action Program (MEDCAP) at Bgy Nagkaisang Nayon, QC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013901-0016-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Division (Philippines), Gallery\nArmy Reservists from the 201IB(RR) conduct Clean-up Drive (CMO) at Bgy Old Capitol Site, QC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013901-0017-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Division (Philippines), Gallery\nQC Reservists conduct rescue operations at Bgy Bagong Silangan, QC during the height of torrential rains brought by Southwest Monsoon in June 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013901-0018-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Division (Philippines), Gallery\nQC Reservists receive their certificates from COL Danilo P Gomez QMS (GSC) PA; 1302CDC Commanding Officer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013901-0019-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Division (Philippines), Gallery\nNewly promoted CPT ROMEO C MENDOZA (RES) PA is awarded by BGEN MARCELO B JAVIER JR (RES) AFP; commanding general.15th Infantry Division, ARESCOM with the Military Merit Medal for his contributions to TF Maring.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013901-0020-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Division (Philippines), Gallery\nMaj Guillermo \"Butch\" T Mabute (INF) PA; commanding officer, 1302CDC, NCRRCDG congratulates the awardees and thanks TF Maring for a job well done.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013901-0021-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Division (Philippines), Gallery\nDr Mary Ruby M Palma of the Quezon City, Gender and Development Resource and Coordinating Office is donned with rank of lieutenant colonel in the reserve force, Philippine Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013901-0022-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Division (Philippines), Gallery\nUP Village Bgy Captain and Lawyer Virgilio S Ferrer II is promoted to the rank of major in the reserve force, Philippine Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013901-0023-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Division (Philippines), Gallery\nDeputy J9, Commodore George F Cataneo AFP and 15ID(RR) Commander, Brigadier General Marcelo B Javier Jr (RES) AFP inspects the DRRM Units of Quezon City.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013902-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Division (Poland)\n15th \"Greater Poland\" Infantry Division (Polish: 15 Wielkopolska Dywizja Piechoty) was a unit of the Polish Army in the interbellum period. Founded on February 17, 1920, and based on the 2nd Greater Poland Rifles Division, it actively participated in the Polish-Soviet War, including the Kiev Offensive (1920), and the Battle of Warsaw. After Polish victory, the Division pushed the Red Army out of northern Mazovia. It then fought in the Battle of the Niemen River.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013902-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Division (Poland)\nDuring the Polish-Soviet War, the division consisted of three brigades:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013902-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Division (Poland)\nAfter the conflict, the Division was stationed in Bydgoszcz, with one regiment in nearby Inowroc\u0142aw. It was commanded by General Wladyslaw Jung (1920), General Wiktor Thommee (1924 - 1926 and 1928 - 1934), and General Zdzislaw Wincenty Przyjalkowski, during the Polish September Campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013902-0003-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Division (Poland)\nIn August 1939, with prospect of war growing, the division was ordered to defend southwestern sector of the Polish Corridor between Bydgoszcz and Naklo as part of the Pomorze Army. The division was composed of\u00a0:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013902-0004-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Division (Poland)\nBacked by some field fortifications and located along the Brda  rover, it successfully defended attacks of the 50th Infantry Division and the Netze Brigade of the Wehrmacht between September 1 and 2. Its rear units, remaining in Bydgoszcz, took part in the Bloody Sunday (1939), on September 3. On the same day, the division was ordered to retreat towards Toru\u0144, continually attacked by the Wehrmacht and the Luftwaffe. Between September 9 and 18, the unit took part in the Battle of the Bzura, covering rear areas of Polish troops. After Polish defeat, the division gathered around Palmiry, with 1500 soldiers still alive. Without heavy equipment, and after several skirmishes with the Germans, the remains managed to reach Warsaw on September 23 (see: Siege of Warsaw (1939)).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 810]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013902-0005-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Division (Poland), Postwar\nAfter the second World War, in 1945, the 15th Infantry Division was reformed as a unit of the Polish People's Army (see pl:15 Dywizja Piechoty (LWP)). In 1955, this division was reformed as the Polish 15th Mechanized Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013903-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Division (Russian Empire)\nThe 15th Infantry Division (Russian: 15-\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0442\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u0438\u044f, 15-ya Pekhotnaya Diviziya) was an infantry formation of the Russian Imperial Army that existed in various formations from the early 19th century until the end of World War I and the Russian Revolution. The division was based in Odessa in the years leading up to 1914. It fought in World War I and was demobilized in 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013903-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Division (Russian Empire), Organization\nThe 15th Infantry Division was part of the 8th Army Corps. Its order of battle in 1914 was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 53], "content_span": [54, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013904-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Division (Thailand)\nThe 15th Infantry Division (Thai: \u0e01\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e1e\u0e25\u0e17\u0e2b\u0e32\u0e23\u0e23\u0e32\u0e1a\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48 15) (\u0e1e\u0e25.\u0e23.\u0e51\u0e55.) is an infantry division of the Royal Thai Army, it is currently a part of the Fourth Army Area. The unit is composed of the 151st Infantry Regiment, 152nd Infantry Regiment and 153rd Infantry Regiment and Service Support Regiment. The division engaged in the South Thailand insurgency.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013904-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Division (Thailand), History, Southern insurgency (2001\u2013ongoing)\nThe ongoing southern insurgency had begun in response to Prime Minister Plaek Phibunsongkhram's 1944 National Cultural Act, which replaced the use of Malaya in the region's schools with the Thai language and also abolished the local Islamic courts in the three ethnic Malay and Muslim majority border provinces of Yala, Pattani, and Narathiwat. However, it had always been on a comparatively small scale. The insurgency intensified in 2001, during the government of Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra. Terrorist attacks were now extended to the ethnic Thai minority in the provinces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 78], "content_span": [79, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013904-0001-0001", "contents": "15th Infantry Division (Thailand), History, Southern insurgency (2001\u2013ongoing)\nThe Royal Thai Armed Forces also went beyond their orders and retaliated with strong armed tactics that only encouraged more violence. By the end of 2012 the conflict had claimed 3,380 lives, including 2,316 civilians, 372 soldiers, 278 police, 250 suspected insurgents, 157 education officials, and seven Buddhist monks. Many of the dead were Muslims themselves, but they had been targeted because of their presumed support of the Thai government. The creation of the 15th Infantry Division was announced in January 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 78], "content_span": [79, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013904-0001-0002", "contents": "15th Infantry Division (Thailand), History, Southern insurgency (2001\u2013ongoing)\nDefence Minister, General Samphan Boonyanan, was quoted as saying that the new unit, dubbed the \"Development Division\", would not be a combat unit for fighting Islamic militants, but rather its main mission would be to assist local citizens and develop the region. The military will not ignore its general function of providing safety for the citizens of the region, he added. He said that troops for the new division would undergo training to give them a good understanding of local residents, the vast majority of whom are ethnic Malay Muslims.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 78], "content_span": [79, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013904-0001-0003", "contents": "15th Infantry Division (Thailand), History, Southern insurgency (2001\u2013ongoing)\nThe division is in fact a transformation of the Pranburi-based 16th Infantry Division. It will now be headquartered at Fort Ingkhayutthaborihan in Pattani, complete with its battalions and companies of military police and communications and aviation personnel, he said. It will also have three separate infantry battalions, one each in Pattani, Yala, and Narathiwat. Each battalion will include three companies of medical, engineering, and psychological warfare personnel, he said. The government will allocate a budget of more than 18 billion baht for the division over the next four years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 78], "content_span": [79, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013904-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Division (Thailand), History, Southern insurgency (2001\u2013ongoing)\nThe 15th Infantry Division is being established as a permanent force to handle security problems in the Deep South. The division is based in Pattani and is expected to have a combined force of around 10,000. The establishment of this new division, approved by the government in 2005, has yet to be completed. As of this writing, some 7,000 troops deployed in the Deep South are affiliated to this division.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 78], "content_span": [79, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013905-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)\nThe 15th Infantry Division (German: 15. Infanterie-Division) was an infantry division of the German Army during the interwar period and World War II, active from 1934 to 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013905-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)\nThe division was formed on 1 October 1934 in W\u00fcrzburg under the cover name Artillerief\u00fchrer V. With the announcement of German rearmament, the division was renamed on 15 October 1935. Mobilized on 25 August 1939, the division took part in the Invasion of Poland in the same year and the Battle of France in 1940. On 21 November 1940 one third of its personnel was used to create the 113th Infantry Division. The division was one of the units taking part in the Second Battle of Kharkov from February till March 1943. The division was destroyed in August 1944 during the Soviet Second Jassy\u2013Kishinev Offensive. In October 1944 a new 15. Infanterie-Division was raised near Cluj-Napoca using the remainders of the old division and new recruits. On 5 May 1945 the division surrendered to the Red Army at Brod.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 841]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013905-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History\nThe division was formed on 2 October 1934 in W\u00fcrzburg under the cover designation of Artillerief\u00fchrer V to conceal the expansion of the German Army. With the announcement of  German rearmament, it was renamed the 15th Infantry Division on 15 October 1935 before being relocated to Frankfurt in Wehrkreis IX on 1 October 1936. The 15th included the 81st Infantry Regiment at Frankfurt, the 88th Infantry Regiment at Hanau, the 106th Infantry Regiment at Aschaffenburg, and the 51st Artillery Regiment at Fulda.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013905-0002-0001", "contents": "15th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History\nThe division was mobilized for World War II on 25 August 1939 with the 81st, 88th, and 106th Infantry Regiments, the 51st Artillery Regiment, and support troops. By mobilization, the 81st and 106th Regiments both gained an additional battalion. The 51st included the three battalions of the 15th Artillery Regiment and one battalion of the 51st Artillery Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013905-0003-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History\nAfter being mobilized, the 15th was assigned to XII Army Corps of the 1st Army of Army Group C, and covered the Franco-German border on the Saar. It was transferred to the reserve of the 16th Army of Army Group A in December. The divisional replacement battalion was used to form the 3rd Battalion of the 392nd Infantry Regiment of the 169th Infantry Division in January 1940, and a month later the 2nd Battalion of the 81st Infantry Regiment was used to form the 1st Battalion of the 530th Infantry Regiment of the 299th Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013905-0003-0001", "contents": "15th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History\nIn early 1940 the division moved forward to Trier before advancing into Luxembourg when the Battle of France began on 10 May. In June the division fought at Reims and Nevers during Case Red as part of the VI Army Corps of the 2nd Army. After France surrendered, the 15th remained there as part of the occupation force, assigned to the XXVII Army Corps of the 12th Army (transferred to 1st Army in September).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013905-0003-0002", "contents": "15th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History\nAfter a battalion from each infantry regiment went to the 134th Infantry Division at Grafenw\u00f6hr on 20 November, the division received new battalions to replace the transferred units, but these were soon used to form the 260th Infantry Regiment of the 113th Infantry Division. The headquarters of the 51st Artillery Regiment was renumbered as that of the 15th on 1 February 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013905-0004-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History\nTransferred to the Eastern Front in July, the division joined XXXV Army Corps, under the direct control of Army Group Centre, to reduce the encircled Soviet troops around Minsk and participated in the Siege of Mogilev. The 15th went on to fight in the Battle of Smolensk during August as part of the XXXXVI Army Corps of the 2nd Panzer Group. It became part of the IX Army Corps of the 4th Army, facing the Soviet Yelnya Offensive in September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013905-0004-0001", "contents": "15th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History\nThe division participated in the encirclement of Soviet forces around Vyazma when Operation Typhoon began the Battle of Moscow in October as part of the XX Army Corps of the army. The division was transferred to the XII Army Corps in November and December before returning to XX Corps in January 1942 for battles near Yukhnov. After fighting in the Gzhatsk sector from February as part of the XX, VII, and V Army Corps of the 4th Panzer Army, the division was withdrawn to France to rebuild in May after temporarily disbanded five battalions due to losses. In a propaganda move, the infantry regiments of the division were renamed grenadier regiments along with all German infantry regiments on 15 October 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 755]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013905-0005-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History\nIn France, the division was assigned to LXXX Army Corps of the 1st Army. After almost a year out of combat, the 15th returned to the Eastern Front during the Third Battle of Kharkov in March 1943, joining LVII Army Corps of the 4th Panzer Army of Army Group South. With LVII Army Corps, the division transferred to the 1st Panzer Army in April, fighting in the Donets and Izyum sectors for the next several months.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013905-0005-0001", "contents": "15th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History\nIt retreated from the Soviet advance beginning in August and was transferred to the XXX Army Corps of the army in October, fighting in the Krivoy Rog sector, returning to LVII Corps in December. As a result of losses, on 2 October the grenadier regiments were reduced to two battalions. The divisional alarm detachment also became its fusilier battalion. The division was shifted back to XXX Corps, now with the 6th Army, in January 1944, and retreated in the face of the Soviet Nikopol\u2013Krivoi Rog Offensive in February, when it returned to LVII Corps, which also transferred to 6th Army. While countering the Uman\u2013Boto\u0219ani Offensive, the division transferred to the army's XXIX Army Corps in March. Back with XXX Army Corps from April, the division fought in Romania and was destroyed in the Second Jassy\u2013Kishinev Offensive in August 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 884]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013905-0006-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History\nThe division was reformed on 4 October 1944 at Cluj-Napoca from the remnants of the division, which had fought as Kampfgruppe Winkler. Assigned to the Hungarian II Corps of 8th Army, the division fought in north Hungary for the rest of the year. It was in army reserve in November before returning to the XXIX Army Corps a month later. In December, the 1236th Grenadier (School) Regiment from Wiener Neustadt replaced the 81st Regiment, which was detached to the Hungarian 1st Army, and in March 1945 the 1236th was renumbered as the 81st.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013905-0006-0001", "contents": "15th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History\nRetreating into the Tatra Mountains of Slovakia in January, the division fought with the corps, transferred to 1st Panzer Army of the reformed Army Group Centre, in April near \u017dilina. It retreated into Moravia in May, now with XXIV Army Corps, and surrendered to Soviet troops at Brod at the end of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013906-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Regiment (Greece)\nThe 15th Infantry Regiment \"XV Inf. Div.\" (Greek: 15\u03bf \u03a3\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1 \u03a0\u03b5\u03b6\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd (15\u03bf \u03a3\u03a0), romanized:\u00a015o Syntagma Peziko\u00fa, 15o SP) is an infantry regiment of the Hellenic Army recently (2013) reduced in size from a brigade. The brigade was formed on 31 March 1998 when the 15th Infantry Division was reduced in size as part of a force restructuring in the Hellenic Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013906-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Regiment (Greece), History\nOn 31 March 1998, after a Hellenic Army force restructure, the 15th Infantry Division was reduced to a brigade-level formation and renamed as the 15th Infantry Brigade (Greek: 15\u03b7 \u03a4\u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03af\u03b1 \u03a0\u03b5\u03b6\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd, 15\u03b7 \u03a4\u0391\u039e\u03a0\u0396). It evolved into a motorized infantry role in 2011 and, as a result, was renamed the 15th Motorized Infantry Brigade \"PYXOS\" (Greek: 15\u03b7 \u039c\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03a4\u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03af\u03b1 \u03a0\u03b5\u03b6\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u00ab\u03a0\u03a5\u039e\u039f\u03a3\u00bb (15\u03b7 \u039c/\u03a0 \u03a4\u0391\u039e\u03a0\u0396), romanized:\u00a015 Mekhanopiim\u00e9ni Taxiarkh\u00eda Peziko\u00fa, 15 M/P TAXPZ). The honorific Pyx\u00f3s (Greek: \u03a0\u03c5\u03be\u03cc\u03c2), a Byzantine settlement on the western peninsula of Lake Prespa (near the town of Vrontero), was given to the brigade in recognition of its historic defense of the area as the 15th Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 744]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013906-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Regiment (Greece), History\nOn 6 November 2012, in anticipation of an upcoming defense review and its expected disbandment as a combat formation, the brigade commemorated its 72 years of service with a ceremony in Argos Orestiko. The occasion also included a remembrance ceremony for the 112 officers and 5812 enlisted soldiers who lost their lives in its (and, primarily, the 15th Infantry Division's) service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013906-0003-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Regiment (Greece), History\nIn April 2013 KYSEA decided the disbandment of the brigade as part of a new force structure for the Hellenic Army. However, within months, it was decided that the brigade would eventually be reduced to the level of a regiment. The brigade was officially reorganized and renamed the 15th Infantry Regiment \"XV Inf. Div.\" (Greek: 15\u03bf \u03a3\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1 \u03a0\u03b5\u03b6\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u00abXV \u039c\u03a0\u00bb (15\u03bf \u03a3\u03a0 \u00abXV \u039c\u03a0\u00bb), romanized:\u00a015 S\u00fdntagma Peziko\u00fa \"XV MP\"), on 13 November 2014 and placed under the command of the NDC-GR.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013906-0004-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Regiment (Greece), Emblem and Motto\nThe emblem of the original 15th Infantry Division - a labrys-wielding griffin (Greek: \u0393\u03c1\u03cd\u03c8), symbolizing strength, speed and vigilant guard - was carried-over to the 15th Infantry Brigade in 1998.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013906-0005-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Regiment (Greece), Emblem and Motto\nThe brigade's motto is This Number Is Sufficient (Greek: \u039a\u03b1\u03b9 \u039f\u03cd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u039f \u0391\u03c1\u03b9\u03b8\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u0399\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2, romanized:\u00a0K\u00e9 O\u00fatos o Arithm\u00f3s Ikan\u00f3s). The phrase was attributed to Leonidas when he was in charge of guarding the narrow mountain pass at Thermopylae with just 7,000 Greek men in order to delay the invading Persian army. He was asked why he had come to fight such a huge host with so few men. Leonidas answered, \"If numbers are what matters, all Greece cannot match a small part of that army; but if courage is what counts, this number is sufficient.\" (Greek: \u00ab\u03c4\u03c9 \u03c0\u03bb\u03ae\u03b8\u03b5\u03b9, \u03bf\u03c5\u03b4\u03ad \u03b7 \u03c0\u03ac\u03c3\u03b1 \u0395\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u00b7 \u03b2\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b1\u03c1 \u03bc\u03bf\u03af\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03bb\u03ae\u03b8\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03af\u03bd\u00b7 \u03b5\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b1\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03af\u03c2, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bf \u03b1\u03c1\u03b9\u03b8\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2\u00bb).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 728]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013907-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Regiment (Portugal)\nThe 15th Infantry Regiment (RI15) (Regimento de Infantaria n\u00ba 15) is a unit of the Base Structure of the Army, stationed in Tomar, currently with the operating charge of organizing, training and maintaining the 1st Parachute Battalion (1BIPara) Rapid Reaction Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013907-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Regiment (Portugal)\nThe RI15 is one of the oldest military units from Portugal and is the most decorated of the Portuguese Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013907-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Regiment (Portugal), History\nThe RI15 was created in 1762 under the name 2nd Infantry Regiment of Oliven\u00e7a, from the split into two units, from the Regiment of Oliven\u00e7a, created in 1641 as Ter\u00e7o of Oliven\u00e7a. In 1806, 2nd Infantry Regiment of Oliven\u00e7a was renamed to 15th Infantry Regiment. Since its inception, the regiment participated gloriously in all the campaigns of the Portuguese Army. After being installed in several locations, in 1901 the unit moved headquarter to Tomar which still remains today.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013908-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Regiment (United States)\nThe 15th United States Infantry Regiment is a parent regiment in the United States Army. It has a lineage tracing back to the American Civil War, having participated in many battles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013908-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Regiment (United States), Previous 15th Regiments\nThe official Army history and lineage does not credit the current 15th Infantry with the honors or lineage of these earlier regiments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 63], "content_span": [64, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013908-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Regiment (United States), Previous 15th Regiments\nThe first 15th Infantry in the U.S. Army was organized on 16 July 1798 for the \"Quasi-War\" with France. The regiment saw no war service and was inactivated in 1800. A second 15th Infantry was activated in 1812 in New Jersey for service in Canada during the War of 1812. The 15th fought in the capture of Toronto and Fort George in April and May 1813, and covered the retreat of militia troops from Fort George in December 1813. In this retreat, no member of the 15th was captured, despite taking heavy casualties. The 15th fought in the Champlain Valley campaign in autumn 1814 at Plattsburgh, and participated in General Dearborn's offensive in Ontario in October, and took part in many smaller battles that same year. The regiment was eliminated in the Army reorganization of 1815.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 63], "content_span": [64, 847]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013908-0003-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Regiment (United States), Previous 15th Regiments\nOn 11 February 1847, a new 15th Infantry was activated for service in Mexico. As companies of the 15th arrived at Vera Cruz, they moved inland to join General Winfield Scott's army advancing on Mexico City. The regiment fought in the battles of Contreras and Churubusco, as well as smaller engagements before storming the walls of Chapultepec in Mexico City. Following garrison duty in Mexico City and Cuernavaca, the regiment returned to the United States for inactivation in August 1848.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 63], "content_span": [64, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013908-0004-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Regiment (United States), American Civil War\nThe current 15th Infantry was activated during the Civil War on 3 May 1861 by General Order No. 33. It was one of nine new Regular Army regiments, numbered 11 through 19, which were organized into three 8 company battalions. The battalions often operated independently of each other.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 58], "content_span": [59, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013908-0005-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Regiment (United States), American Civil War\nIts headquarters first in Wheeling, West Virginia then Cleveland, Ohio, then on to Newport Barracks, Kentucky and finally ending up in Fort Adams, Rhode Island in September 1862. Fort Adams served as the regiment's training depot were new recruits were trained and organized into companies before being sent to the front lines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 58], "content_span": [59, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013908-0006-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Regiment (United States), American Civil War\nAt the Battle of Shiloh on 7 April 1862, the 15th Infantry was the first new infantry regiment to engage in battle in the Civil War. In April\u2013May 1862, the regiment marched toward and fought in the First Battle of Corinth, Mississippi. By the end of the Civil War, the regiment had fought in 22 major engagements, including Murfreesboro, Chickamauga, Chattanooga, and Atlanta as a part of Brigadier General John H. King's Brigade under Gen. Richard Johnson's Division, XIV Army Corps of the Army of the Cumberland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 58], "content_span": [59, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013908-0006-0001", "contents": "15th Infantry Regiment (United States), American Civil War\nThe regiment was a key element of the only regular brigade in Sherman's Army. The regiment's crest includes the acorn, the symbol of the Major General George Thomas's XIV Corps, and the mountains of stone to symbolize the corps' firm stand as the \"Rock of Chickamauga\". The four acorns represent the four major engagements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 58], "content_span": [59, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013908-0007-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Regiment (United States), American Civil War\nDuring the Civil War, the regiment was commanded by Colonel Fitz John Porter from May 1861 to January 1863. Porter spent little time in actual command of the regiment after its original organization, as he was promoted to brigadier general of volunteers in August 1861. Porter served as a division and corps commander in the Army of the Potomac until he was dismissed from service in January 1863. During Porter's absence, the regiment was commanded by Lieutenant Colonel James P. Sanderson. Porter was succeed as regimental commander by Colonel Oliver L. Shepherd who served as such from January 1863 to December 1870.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 58], "content_span": [59, 678]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013908-0008-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Regiment (United States), Reorganization\nIn September 1866 the regiment was reorganized. The first battalion continued as the 15th Infantry and was expanded from 8 to 10 companies. The 2nd Battalion became the 24th Infantry Regiment (consolidated with the 29th Infantry in 1869 to form the 11th Infantry) and the 3rd Battalion became the 33rd Infantry Regiment (consolidated in 1869 with the 8th Infantry). In 1869 the 35th Infantry Regiment was consolidated with the 15th Infantry. (Note that the 24th Infantry Regiment mentioned above should not be confused with the African-American 24th Infantry Regiment which was formed in 1869 by the consolidation of the 38th and 41st Infantry Regiments.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 54], "content_span": [55, 710]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013908-0009-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Regiment (United States), Reconstruction to Spanish\u2013American War\nFollowing the Civil War, the 15th Infantry served on occupation duty in Alabama until 1869. The regiment redeployed to the West, serving in Missouri, New Mexico, the Dakotas, and Colorado. The regiment remained in New Mexico for a little over 12 years. At the end of that time, the headquarters and six companies were sent to Ft. Lewis, Colorado; three companies to Fort Lyon, Colorado; with one company remaining in Santa Fe, New Mexico. In 1879 and 1880 the regiment was deeply involved in operations against the Mimbres Apaches under the warrior Victorio in New Mexico and received a campaign streamer for those operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 78], "content_span": [79, 705]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013908-0010-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Regiment (United States), Reconstruction to Spanish\u2013American War\nIn October and November 1882, the regiment was transferred to the Department of Dakota:  Headquarters, A, C, D, and H Companies took station at Fort Randall, South Dakota; B and I Companies at Pembina, North Dakota; G and K Companies at Fort Lincoln, North Dakota; E and F Companies at Fort Stevenson, North Dakota.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 78], "content_span": [79, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013908-0011-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Regiment (United States), Reconstruction to Spanish\u2013American War, Indian Wars\nThe 15th participated in campaigns against the Ute Tribe of Colorado and against the Mescalero Apaches. In May 1890, four companies proceeded to new posts in the Department of the East: A and G Companies moved to Mount Vernon Barracks, Alabama; D Company to Fort Barrancas, Florida; and K Company to Jackson Barracks, Louisiana. In July 1890 Companies I and K were skeletonized. Also in July, the headquarters and the five companies remaining in the Department of Dakota were assigned to Fort Sheridan, Illinois. In August, Companies E and H proceeded to Fort Sheridan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 91], "content_span": [92, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013908-0011-0001", "contents": "15th Infantry Regiment (United States), Reconstruction to Spanish\u2013American War, Indian Wars\nThe regimental headquarters moved to Fort Sheridan in January 1891. The remaining companies from Dakota and the companies serving in the South completed their moves in May 1891. The final reconsolidation of all 15th Infantry companies after 12 years of being scattered throughout the West and South was concluded on 29 May 1891. While at Fort Sheridan the regiment played a vital role in containing the Chicago Railway Riots in July 1894.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 91], "content_span": [92, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013908-0012-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Regiment (United States), Reconstruction to Spanish\u2013American War, Indian Wars\nThe regiment remained as part of the Department of the Missouri until 15 October 1896, then served in the Department of Colorado from 19 October 1896 to 6 October 1898.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 91], "content_span": [92, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013908-0013-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Regiment (United States), Reconstruction to Spanish\u2013American War, Spanish\u2013American War\nWith the outbreak of the Spanish\u2013American War in 1898, the regiment moved to Huntsville, Alabama, on 12 October for intensive training. On 27 November 1898, it sailed from Savannah, Georgia for Nuevitas, Cuba, for occupation duty. On 5 January 1900, the regiment sailed home to be posted throughout upper New York State and Vermont.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 100], "content_span": [101, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013908-0014-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Regiment (United States), Service in East Asia\nThe regimental headquarters, band, and First Battalion arrived in San Francisco on 16 July 1900. They immediately boarded the Transport Sumner and sailed for Nagasaki, Japan on 17 July. Later in July, Companies I, K, and L left their stations for San Francisco and went into camp at the Presidio. M Company also came from Fort McPherson at the same time. The First Battalion arrived at Nagasaki on 10 August. There they transferred to the Transport Indiana, and sailed for Tientsin via Taku on 13 August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 60], "content_span": [61, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013908-0014-0001", "contents": "15th Infantry Regiment (United States), Service in East Asia\nThe battalion arrived off of the Taku forts (already captured by the allies) on 16 August. During the latter part of the month, the Battalion reconnoitered and skirmished continuously over the same terrain where the 9th Infantry had lost 100 men killed in action (including their regimental commander, Colonel Liscum). Despite the fact that the Boxers had been dispersed several months before, numerous small bands of them were still operating in the country.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 60], "content_span": [61, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013908-0015-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Regiment (United States), Service in East Asia\nAbout 1 September, Companies A, B, and D were assigned the duty of escorting junks carrying supplies up the Pei Ho River to Peking. After completing this mission, Company C took station at Tientsin Arsenal on 6 September, while A Company occupied Tongku on 22 September. Through the latter part of November the battalion was engaged in almost daily expeditions against small bands of Boxers in nearby villages. On 25 November the First Battalion was relieved from duty with the China Relief Expedition and on 28 November arrived at Tongku. There it boarded the Transport Rosecrans and arrived at Nagasaki on 4 December, then continuing on to Manila, arriving on 13 December.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 60], "content_span": [61, 735]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013908-0016-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Regiment (United States), Service in East Asia\nAfter lying at anchor in Manila Bay for eight days, the regiment sailed for Legaspi in the Province of Albay. On 24 December, Headquarters, the Band, and C and D Companies disembarked and took station at Legaspi. The transport continued to Tobacco, Albay, where B Company disembarked. Company A continued on to arrive at Mauban on 29 December. From then until 7 November 1901, the company conducted patrols to track the movement of the insurgent General Cailles. On 7 November, A Company moved to Bulan, Sorsogon and remained there until 28 December. It then moved on to the town of Sorsogon, in Sorsogon Province. It departed there on 5 March 1902 and arrived at Santa Elena, Samar on 11 March.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 60], "content_span": [61, 756]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013908-0017-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Regiment (United States), Service in East Asia\nCompany B remained at Tobacco until 30 July 1901, conducting patrols throughout that period. On 30 July B Company proceeded to the Island of Catanduanes. After five months of heavy scout work the company left for San Jose de Lagamoy, where it was engaged in tracking down bands of headhunters. On 31 July 1902 B Company returned to the regiment. C Company remained at Legaspi until 28 January 1902, when it left for the Island of Catanduanes. During the period 18 April to 31 July the company successively garrisoned Tabaco, Gubat, Santa Rita, Tones Island, Quentigean Island, and Balangigo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 60], "content_span": [61, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013908-0017-0001", "contents": "15th Infantry Regiment (United States), Service in East Asia\nOn 31 July it proceeded to Catbalogan and joined the regiment which was preparing to return to the United States. D Company remained on duty at Legaspi. Between 14 April and 31 July 1902 the company occupied Nueva Cacera (now Naga), Sorsogon, Bulan, and Point Binatao. On 31 July it left for the regimental assembly point at Catbalogan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 60], "content_span": [61, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013908-0018-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Regiment (United States), Service in East Asia\nBy April 1902, the balance of the regiment joined the 3rd Battalion in the Philippines and saw considerable action against the insurgents. The 2nd Battalion, which had remained in New York, did not appear in the Philippines until February 1902, just in time to turn around and return with its outfit in September to the United States. In September 1902 the regiment sailed for Monterey, California, where it built the current Presidio.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 60], "content_span": [61, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013908-0019-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Regiment (United States), Service in East Asia\nThe next three years were uneventful. The unit placing seven men on the team of ten men from the Pacific Division in the Army's annual rifle competition in 1905.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 60], "content_span": [61, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013908-0020-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Regiment (United States), Service in East Asia\nIn November 1905, the regiment was posted to Mindanao in the Philippines. When the 15th returned to the U.S. in 1907, it was assigned to Fort Douglas, Utah. After 1907 the next change of station did not come for four years, but when it did come the 15th Infantry left the United States for twenty-six years. Before this removal, the regiment's entrants won first, second and fourth honors in the individual competition, and five of its six contestants made the ten-man Army Rifle Team. The enlistments of 500 men had expired during 1908, and green recruits had filled the regiment at its home station in Utah and took part in a banquet given in their honor by the officers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 60], "content_span": [61, 734]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013908-0021-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Regiment (United States), Service in East Asia\nElements of the regiment began to move to the Far East in November 1911. By mid-1912, Headquarters, the Band, and the 1st and 3rd Battalions were established at Tientsin in China as part of the international peace-keeping mission designed to protect civilians during the Boxer Rebellion; the 2nd in the Philippines. The latter never joined the rest, for the men were transferred from it to the 1st Battalion of the 31st Infantry in August 1916. The 2nd Battalion was reorganized in Tientsin by transfer of personnel from the other two battalions. The mission of the regiment became difficult to define, and in the course of time the unit itself was transferred to the control of the State Department.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 60], "content_span": [61, 761]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013908-0022-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Regiment (United States), Service in East Asia\nIn line with new doctrine on organization, three provisional companies, Headquarters, Supply, and Machine Gun, were formed during August 1914, and in 1916 they were made permanent. That same year, World War I broke out in Europe, and most of the European nations withdrew their troops from China. The old \"China Regiment\" took over their patrolling. As a result, the regiment missed the fight in Europe, but it was often close to conflict in China. Armies of warlords roamed the land and sometimes threatened the American quarter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 60], "content_span": [61, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013908-0022-0001", "contents": "15th Infantry Regiment (United States), Service in East Asia\nChristmas Day, 1925 was very tense, for 5,000 troops belonging to Feng Yuxiang, a warlord from the north, entered the area. Captain William \"Wild Bill\" Tuttle with nine men went out to warn off this force. As Tuttle's detachment approached, the advanced guard of the mass deployed and came on with fixed bayonets. The nine Americans blocked the road while Tuttle proceeded alone toward the Chinese and ordered them to make a detour, which they did. This incident is described in great detail in The Old China Hands (Doubleday 1961, chap. 8) by Charles G. Finney, who served in the 15th Infantry from 1925 to 1929.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 60], "content_span": [61, 674]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013908-0023-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Regiment (United States), Service in East Asia\nThe 1st Battalion went to the Philippines in August 1921, where eight years later, it was deactivated. In 1932, Companies G and L were also deactivated. This left six companies at their stations in Tientsin. George C. Marshall, later General of the Army, commanded it from 1924 to 1927.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 60], "content_span": [61, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013908-0024-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Regiment (United States), Service in East Asia\nMuch of the 15th Infantry's tradition comes from the 26 years in China. The regiment's activities and way of life in Tsientsin are described very colorfully in The Old China Hands. The dragon on the regimental crest and the pidgin English motto \"Can Do\" symbolize its China service. Also many of the ceremonial properties of the 15th are from China, for example, the grand silver punch bowl with 50 silver cups and a silver tray & ladle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 60], "content_span": [61, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013908-0024-0001", "contents": "15th Infantry Regiment (United States), Service in East Asia\nThese items are currently stored in two Regimental rooms, the Audie Murphy Room and General Marshall's Office at Fort Stewart 3rd Battalion 15th Regiment. As Finney mentions, The Chinese Memorial Gate now at Fort Benning was presented to the regiment in 1925 by local villagers in gratitude for being protected against the troops of warlord Feng's army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 60], "content_span": [61, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013908-0025-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, Korea and Cold War\nThe 15th Infantry left China for Fort Lewis, Washington, on 2 March 1938. On 12 January 1940, the regiment was assigned to the 3d Infantry Division. LTC Dwight D. Eisenhower served in the 15th from March to November 1940, as commander of 1st Battalion. On 24 October 1942, the 15th Infantry and the 3d Infantry Division sailed from Norfolk, Virginia, bound for French Morocco. For the next 31 months, the regiment fought through French North Africa, Sicily, Italy, France, and Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 72], "content_span": [73, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013908-0025-0001", "contents": "15th Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, Korea and Cold War\nOn 10 July the 15th Infantry starting in Sicily at Licata at h.2.57, the Allied invasion of Sicily, called Operation Husky, at Mollarella and Poliscia beaches. By the end of the war in Europe, the 15th Infantry had 16 Medal of Honor recipients including Audie Murphy, the most decorated combat soldier of World War II. 15th infantry casualties for World War II include, 1,633 killed, 5,812 wounded, and 419 missing in action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 72], "content_span": [73, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013908-0026-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, Korea and Cold War\nOn 1 December 1948, the 15th Infantry was transferred from occupation duty in Germany to Fort Benning, Georgia. As part of the 3d Infantry Division, the regiment sailed for Korea on 31 August 1950. The 15th Infantry covered the withdrawal of X Corps from Chosin Reservoir in 1950, fought north to the 38th parallel in 1951, and fought in the Kumsong sector until the armistice was signed in 1953.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 72], "content_span": [73, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013908-0026-0001", "contents": "15th Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, Korea and Cold War\nAt the time of the truce, the regiment had seen action in eight major campaigns and added three more Medal of Honor recipients, Emory L. Bennett (24 June 1951), Ola L. Mize (10 June and 11 June 1953) and Charles F. Pendleton (16 July and 17 July 1953). The Belgian Contingent that served alongside the 15th Infantry at the \"Iron Triangle\", borrowed its motto (\"Can Do\"), changing it to \"Belgians Can Do Too!\" for its own use.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 72], "content_span": [73, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013908-0027-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, Korea and Cold War\nOn 3 December 1954, the 15th infantry returned to Fort Benning. In 1957, the Army reorganized combat forces from regiments and battalions to battle groups. 1st and 2nd Battle Groups, 15th Infantry (bearing the lineages of the former Companies A and B) were assigned to Bamberg, West Germany as part of the 3d Infantry Division. These units maintained their \"battle skills\" by several deployments to Grafenwoehr and Hohenfels training centers as well as several REFORGER exercises. Another Army-wide force reorganization in 1963 eliminated battle groups in favor of brigades and battalions and the units were relocated to Kitzingen and Wildflicken, In December 1965, the 3rd and 4th Battalions were inactivated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 72], "content_span": [73, 783]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013908-0028-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, Korea and Cold War\nThe 15th Infantry regimental headquarters and the 3rd Battalion were reactivated at Fort Stewart, Georgia, on 25 August 1989, as part of the 24th Infantry Division. The 4th battalion was reactivated in May 1987 at Fort Knox, Kentucky, as part of the 194th Armored Brigade. The \"Can Do\" battalion, formerly the 4th Battalion, 54th Infantry, was the only infantry battalion at Fort Knox. The battalion served not only as a mechanized infantry battalion (equipped with M113A1/A2 armored personnel carriers, APCs), but also in support of the United States Army Armor School during various training missions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 72], "content_span": [73, 676]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013908-0029-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Regiment (United States), Post-Cold War\nFrom 20 August 1990 through 22 March 1991, the 3rd Battalion participated in Operation Desert Shield and Operation Desert Storm, to free Kuwait from Iraqi oppression. In 1993, the 3rd Battalion deployed three companies to Mogadishu, Somalia, to conduct combat operations in Operations Restore and Continue Hope. In 1994, the 2nd Battalion deployed to Macedonia to deter Serbian aggression. In 1994 the 3rd Battalion deployed one company to Haiti to support Operation Uphold Democracy. In 1995 1st Battalion deployed to Macedonia to deter Serbian aggression.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 53], "content_span": [54, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013908-0030-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Regiment (United States), Post-Cold War\nThe 1st Battalion colors were returned from Germany in 1996. The 1-18 IN was reflagged as 1-15 IN on 15 February 1996. The actual reflagging ceremony was held at Fort Stewart on 25 April 1996. The 2nd Battalion was inactivated in 1996.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 53], "content_span": [54, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013908-0031-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Regiment (United States), Post-Cold War\nFrom 2000 to 2001, 3rd Battalion, 15th Infantry deployed to Camp McGovern in Bosnia as an element of Task Force Eagle in support of Operation Joint Forge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 53], "content_span": [54, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013908-0032-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Regiment (United States), Post-Cold War, War on Terrorism\nThe 1st and 3rd Battalions deployed to Iraq with the 3d Infantry Division in 2003 and again in 2005\u201306, with one battalion falling under the 42nd Infantry Division. The 1st Battalion deployed to Iraq for the third time in March 2007. The 3rd Battalion was inactivated and reflagged the same year at Fort Stewart, Georgia. In 2009 the 3rd Battalion was reactivated at Fort Stewart. The 1st Battalion deployed to Iraq in 2009 assuming responsibility for operations in ad-Diwaniyah and an-Najaf for Operation Iraqi Freedom VII and Operation New Dawn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 71], "content_span": [72, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013908-0033-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Regiment (United States), Post-Cold War, War on Terrorism\nIn early 2013, nearly all of 3rd Battalion deployed to Wardak Province, Afghanistan operating from Combat Outpost Soltan Kheyl and FOB Airborne. The unit suffered five casualties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 71], "content_span": [72, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013908-0034-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Regiment (United States), Post-Cold War, War on Terrorism\nOn 15 December 2015, the 1st Battalion at Fort Benning was inactivated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 71], "content_span": [72, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013908-0035-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Regiment (United States), Post-Cold War, War on Terrorism\nThe last remaining unit is the 3rd Battalion located at Fort Stewart in 2nd Brigade, 3rd Infantry Division. 3rd Battalion was the home of one of a small number of Special Reconnaissance Platoons created to better bridge the gap between conventional forces and Special Forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 71], "content_span": [72, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013908-0036-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Regiment (United States), Insignia\nThe shield is of white and blue, the old and the new colors of the Infantry. The Red Acorn was the badge of XIV Army Corps under which the 15th Infantry fought during the Civil war. The acorn is repeated four times to commemorate the four major engagements in which the regiment participated: Murfreesboro, Chickamauga, Chattanooga, and Atlanta. The rock denotes the fact that the regiment was under the Command of General George Henry Thomas for the battle in which he earned his famous sobriquet: \"The Rock of Chickamauga\". The Chinese dragon, in gold metal, is indicative of the regiment's service in China during the Boxer Rebellion from 1900 to 1938, of which the period after 1912 was continuous. The sunburst, triangle, and devices atop the coat of arms is symbolic of the Katipunan flag of the Philippine Insurrection.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 48], "content_span": [49, 875]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013908-0037-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Regiment (United States), Insignia\nThe coat of arms was approved on 30 April 1923. It was amended to correct the blazon of the shield and crest on 14 July 1924.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 48], "content_span": [49, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013908-0038-0000", "contents": "15th Infantry Regiment (United States), Unit awards\nThe 15th Infantry didn't receive any separate Presidential Unit Citation for World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 51], "content_span": [52, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013909-0000-0000", "contents": "15th International Emmy Awards\nThe 15th International Emmy Awards took place on November 23, 1987, in New York City, United States. The award ceremony was given by the International Academy of Television Arts and Sciences to honor the best of worldwide television programming.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013909-0001-0000", "contents": "15th International Emmy Awards, Ceremony\nThe singer John Denver presented a special Founder's Award to Jacques-Yves Cousteau, who has produced more than 50 films for television based on his oceanographic studies. A special directorate award went to Jeremy Isaacs. He was founding chief executive of Channel 4 in 1981 after a long career as a program maker and executive with the BBC and ITV and as an independent producer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 40], "content_span": [41, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013909-0002-0000", "contents": "15th International Emmy Awards, Ceremony\nThe winner in the children's programming category was Degrassi Junior High. The best drama award went to Porterhouse Blue, an adaptation for television by Malcolm Bradbury for Channel 4 in four episodes. The best documentary award went to The Sworld of Islam, from ITV Granada.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 40], "content_span": [41, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013910-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Iowa Infantry Regiment\nThe 15th Iowa Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013910-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Iowa Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 15th Iowa Infantry was organized at Keokuk, Iowa, and mustered in for three years of Federal service on February 22, 1862.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013910-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Iowa Infantry Regiment, Iowa Brigade\nAfter the Battle of Shiloh, the Thirteenth Iowa was assigned to the Third Brigade of the Sixth Division. The Brigade was composed of the Eleventh, Thirteenth, 15th Iowa Volunteer Infantry Regiment and Sixteenth regiments of Iowa Infantry, and was under command of Colonel Crocker. This organization remained intact until the close of the war. Except when upon detached duty, the operations of each of the regiments were identified very largely with those of the brigade, and, therefore, the history of each of these four Iowa regiments is almost inseparably interwoven with that of the brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 41], "content_span": [42, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013910-0003-0000", "contents": "15th Iowa Infantry Regiment, Total strength and casualties\nThe 15th Iowa mustered a total of 1,926 men over the span of its existence. It suffered 8 officers and 118 enlisted men who were killed in action or who died of their wounds and 1 officer and 260 enlisted men who died of disease, for a total of 387 fatalities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 58], "content_span": [59, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013911-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Irish Film & Television Awards\nThe 15th Irish Film & Television Academy Awards took place at the Mansion House on 15 February 2018 in Dublin, honoured Irish film and television drama released in 2017. Deirdre O'Kane host the film awards ceremony.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013911-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Irish Film & Television Awards\nThe nominations for the IFTA Film & Drama Awards were announced by the Irish Film and Television Academy. Winners are denoted by bold letters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013912-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Japan Film Professional Awards\nThe 15th Japan Film Professional Awards (\u7b2c15\u56de\u65e5\u672c\u6620\u753b\u30d7\u30ed\u30d5\u30a7\u30c3\u30b7\u30e7\u30ca\u30eb\u5927\u8cde) is the 15th edition of the Japan Film Professional Awards. It awarded the best of 2005 in film. The ceremony did not take place in this year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013913-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Japan Record Awards\nThe 15th Annual Japan Record Awards took place at the Imperial Garden Theater in Chiyoda, Tokyo, on December 31, 1973, starting at 7:00PM JST. The primary ceremonies were televised in Japan on TBS.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013914-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Jutra Awards\nThe 15th Prix Jutra ceremony was held on March 17, 2013 at the Salle Pierre-Mercure theatre in Montreal, Quebec, to honour achievements in the Cinema of Quebec in 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013915-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Kansas Cavalry Regiment\nThe 15th Kansas Volunteer Cavalry Regiment was a cavalry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War and American Indian Wars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013915-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Kansas Cavalry Regiment, Service\nThe 15th Kansas Cavalry was organized at Leavenworth, Kansas on October 17, 1863. It mustered in for three years under the command of Colonel Charles R. Jennison. The regiment was attached to District of the Border, Department of Missouri, to January 1864. Department of Kansas to June 1864. Districts of North and South Kansas, Department of Missouri, to October 1865. The majority of the regiment mustered out of service on October 19, 1865. Company H mustered out of service on December 7, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013915-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Kansas Cavalry Regiment, Detailed service\nAssigned to duty at Leavenworth and in November 1863 went into winter quarters at Fort Riley, Kansas. In the Spring, they served at various points in southern Kansas and northern Missouri in frontier garrison duty with headquarters in Humboldt, Kansas. The locations are: Fort Leavenworth, Kansas (Companies A,B,G and H); Emporia, Kansas (Company M); Olathe, Kansas (Company K); Humboldt, Kansas (Company E); Topeka, Kansas (Company F); Paola, Kansas (Company C); along with Kansas City, Missouri (Companies I and L) and West Point, Missouri (Company D). Skirmish at Clear Creek, Missouri, May 16, 1864 (detachments of Companies D and L).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 685]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013915-0002-0001", "contents": "15th Kansas Cavalry Regiment, Detailed service\nScout from Fort Leavenworth to Weston, Missouri, June 13\u201316, 1864. Expedition into Missouri June 16\u201320 (Companies B, C, and G). Price's Raid in Missouri and Kansas September to November. Lexington October 19. Little Blue October 21. Independence, Big Blue, and State Line October 22. Westport October 23. Coldwater Grove, Osage, October 24. Mine Creek, Little Osage River, and battle of Charlot October 25. Newtonia October 28. Duty in the Department of Kansas and Department of the Missouri until October 1865. The majority of the regiment mustered out of service on October 19, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013915-0002-0002", "contents": "15th Kansas Cavalry Regiment, Detailed service\nCompany H joined the middle column of the Powder River Expedition under Lieutenant Colonel Samuel Walker in July, 1865 and marched from Fort Laramie, Dakota Territory to the Powder River then to Fort Connor, July 11 - September 20. Actions with Indians September 1\u201311 on Powder River, Montana Territory. Company H mustered out December 6, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013915-0003-0000", "contents": "15th Kansas Cavalry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 100 men during its service, 2 officers and 19 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, and 2 officers and 77 enlisted men who died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013916-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Kansas Militia Infantry Regiment\nThe 15th Kansas Militia Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013916-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Kansas Militia Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 15th Kansas Militia Infantry was called into service on October 9, 1864. It was disbanded on October 29, 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013916-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Kansas Militia Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nThe unit was called into service to defend Kansas against Maj. Gen. Sterling Price's raid. The regiment saw action at Byram's Ford, Big Blue, October 22. Westport October 23.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 55], "content_span": [56, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013917-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Karnataka Assembly\nThe 15th Karnataka Legislative Assembly was constituted after the Karnataka Legislative Assembly elections in 2018. Polling was held on 12 May for 222 constituencies out of the 224-member assembly, with counting of votes and results declared on 15 May. The term of the assembly is for five years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013917-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Karnataka Assembly, Members\nSources: Election Commission of India, Times of India, News 18, News Minute", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013918-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Kentucky Cavalry Regiment (Union)\nThe 15th Kentucky Cavalry Regiment was a cavalry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013918-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Kentucky Cavalry Regiment (Union), Service\nThe 15th Kentucky Cavalry Regiment was organized at Owensboro, Kentucky and mustered in for one year under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Gabriel Netter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013918-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Kentucky Cavalry Regiment (Union), Service\nThe regiment was attached to District of Columbus, Kentucky, Department of the Tennessee, to November 1862. District of Columbus, Kentucky, XIII Corps, Department of the Tennessee, to January 1863. District of Columbus, Kentucky, XVI Corps, to August 1863. Detached Brigade, District of Columbus, Kentucky, 6th Division, XVI Corps, to October 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013918-0003-0000", "contents": "15th Kentucky Cavalry Regiment (Union), Service\nThe 15th Kentucky Cavalry mustered out of service beginning October 6, 1863, and ending October 29, 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013918-0004-0000", "contents": "15th Kentucky Cavalry Regiment (Union), Detailed service\nGarrison duty at Paducah, Kentucky, and at various points in District of Columbus until October 1863. Scout from Fort Heiman into Tennessee May 26-June 2, 1863 (Companies A and D). Spring Creek, Tennessee, June 29. Lexington, Tennessee, June 29. Expedition from Clifton in pursuit of Biffle's, Forrest's and Newsome's Cavalry July 22\u201327. Expedition from Paducah, Kentucky, to McLemoresville, Tennessee, September 20\u201330.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 56], "content_span": [57, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013918-0005-0000", "contents": "15th Kentucky Cavalry Regiment (Union), Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 58 men during service; 1 officer and 2 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 1 officer and 54 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 50], "content_span": [51, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013919-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Kentucky Infantry Regiment\nThe 15th Kentucky Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013919-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Kentucky Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 15th Kentucky Infantry Regiment was organized at New Haven, Kentucky, and mustered in for a three-year enlistment on December 14, 1861, under the command of Colonel Curran Pope.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013919-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Kentucky Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to 16th Brigade, Army of the Ohio, to December 1861. 17th Brigade, Army of the Ohio, to January 1862. 17th Brigade, 3rd Division, Army of the Ohio, to September 1862. 17th Brigade, 3rd Division, I Corps, Army of the Ohio, to November 1862. 2nd Brigade, 1st Division, Center, XIV Corps, Army of the Cumberland, to January 1863. 2nd Brigade, 1st Division, XIV Corps, to April 1863. 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, XIV Corps, to October 1863. 1st Brigade, 1st Division, XIV Corps, to November 1863. Post of Chattanooga to April 1864. 1st Brigade, 1st Division, XIV Corps, to November 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013919-0003-0000", "contents": "15th Kentucky Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 15th Kentucky Infantry mustered out of service at Louisville, Kentucky, on January 14, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013919-0004-0000", "contents": "15th Kentucky Infantry Regiment, Detailed Service Timeline\nDuty at New Haven and Bacon Creek, Ky., until February 1862. Advance on Bowling Green, Ky., February 10\u201315. Occupation of Bowling Green February 15\u201322. Advance on Nashville, Tenn., February 22\u201325. Advance on Murfreesboro, Tenn., March 17\u201319. Occupation of Shelbyville, Fayetteville, and advance on Huntsville, Ala., March 18-April 11. Capture of Huntsville April 11. Advance on Decatur, Ala., April 11\u201314. Action at West Bridge, near Bridgeport, Ala., April 29. At Huntsville until August. Guntersville and Law's Landing July 28. Old Deposit Ferry July 29, March to Louisville, Ky., in pursuit of Bragg August 27-September 26.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 58], "content_span": [59, 685]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013919-0004-0001", "contents": "15th Kentucky Infantry Regiment, Detailed Service Timeline\nPursuit of Bragg into Kentucky October 1\u201315. Battle of Perryville October 8. March to Nashville, Tenn., October 16-November 7, and duty there until December 26. Bacon Creek, near Munfordville, Ky., December 26 (detachment). Advance on Murfreesboro December 26\u201330. Battle of Stones River December 30\u201331, 1862 and January 1\u20133, 1863. At Murfreesboro until June 1863. Tullahoma Campaign June 23-July 7. Hoover's Gap June 24\u201326. Occupation of Tullahoma July 1. Occupation of middle Tennessee until August 16. Passage of Cumberland Mountains and Tennessee River and Chickamauga Campaign August 16-September 22. Steven's Gap September 6. Davis Cross Roads or Dug Gap September 11.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 58], "content_span": [59, 732]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013919-0004-0002", "contents": "15th Kentucky Infantry Regiment, Detailed Service Timeline\nBattle of Chickamauga, September 19\u201321. Rossville Gap September 21. Siege of Chattanooga September 24-November 23. Chattanooga-Ringgold Campaign November 23\u201327. Missionary Ridge November 25. In reserve, post duty at Chattanooga, until April 1864. Atlanta Campaign May 1-September 8. Demonstration on Rocky Faced Ridge May 8\u201311. Buzzard's Roost Gap May 8\u20139. Battle of Resaca May 14\u201315. Advance on Dallas May 18\u201325. Operations on line of Pumpkin Vine Creek and battles about Dallas, New Hope Church and Allatoona Hills May 25-June 5. Operations about Marietta and against Kennesaw Mountain June 10-July 2. Pine Hill June 11\u201314. Lost Mountain June 15\u201317.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 58], "content_span": [59, 710]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013919-0004-0003", "contents": "15th Kentucky Infantry Regiment, Detailed Service Timeline\nAssault on Kennesaw June 27. Ruff's Station July 4. Chattahoochie River July 6\u201317. Buckhead, Nancy's Creek, July 18. Battle of Peachtree Creek July 19\u201320. Siege of Atlanta July 22-August 25. Flank movement on Jonesboro August 25\u201330. Red Oak August 29. Battle of Jonesboro August 31-September 1. Lovejoy's Station September 2\u20136. Operations in northern Georgia and northern Alabama against Hood October 1\u201326. Duty at Chattanooga, and Bridgeport, Ala., until December. Ordered to Louisville, Ky..", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 58], "content_span": [59, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013919-0005-0000", "contents": "15th Kentucky Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 251 men during service; 9 officers and 128 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 1 officer and 113 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013920-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Kisei\nThe 15th Kisei 15th iteration of the Kisei tournament, a tournament in the board game go. It was won by Kobayashi Koichi, the defending champion, and held in Japan in 1991. Kobayashi won 4 games to 3 over Kato Masao in the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013921-0000-0000", "contents": "15th LG Cup\nThe 15th LG Cup began on 7 June 2010 and concluded on 23 February 2011. Piao Wenyao won the title, defeating compatriot Kong Jie in the final. 32 players from four countries competed in the final knockout tournament:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013922-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Lambda Literary Awards\nThe 15th Lambda Literary Awards were held in 2003 to honour works of LGBT literature published in 2002.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013923-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Lancers\nThe 15th Lancers (Baloch) is an armoured regiment of the Pakistan Army. It was formed in 1922 by the amalgamation of the 17th Cavalry and the 37th Lancers (Baluch Horse).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013923-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Lancers, Predecessor regiments, 17th Cavalry\nThe 17th Cavalry was raised in 1857 at Muttra by Colonel CJ Robarts and was composed entirely of Afghans. Throughout its existence, the regiment remained an exclusively Muslim unit. In 1861, after several changes in nomenclature, it was designated the 17th Regiment of Bengal Cavalry. In 1865, it saw action as part of the Bhutan Field Force, while in 1879-80, the regiment operated on lines of communication during the Second Afghan War as part of the Kabul Field Force. During the First World War, it dispatched a squadron to Africa where it took part in the East African Campaign. In 1919, the regiment fought in the Third Afghan War. The regiment maintained a mounted pipe band from 1895 to 1902. The uniform of the 17th Cavalry was blue with white facings. The regimental badge consisted of a silver star and crescent over \"XVII\" with a title scroll below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 49], "content_span": [50, 911]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013923-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Lancers, Predecessor regiments, 37th Lancers (Baluch Horse)\nThe 37th Lancers (Baluch Horse) was raised in 1885 as the 7th Bombay Cavalry (Jacob-ka-Risallah) from the manpower of the 3rd Scinde Horse (Belooch Horse), which had been disbanded in 1882. This regiment was also an all-Muslim unit made up of Pathans and Baluchis. Their first chance of active service came in 1919, when they served in the Third Afghan War, although one of their squadrons operated in Persia during the First World War. Prior to 1914 the regiment's dress uniform was dark blue (khaki drill for hot-weather parade and field dress), with buff facings. The badge consisted of crossed lances and pennons with \"37\" over crossed lances.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 64], "content_span": [65, 712]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013923-0003-0000", "contents": "15th Lancers, 15th Lancers\nAfter the First World War, the number of Indian cavalry regiments was reduced from thirty-nine to twenty-one. However, instead of disbanding the surplus units, it was decided to amalgamate them in pairs. This resulted in renumbering and renaming of the entire cavalry line. The 17th Cavalry and 37th Lancers (Baluch Horse) were amalgamated at Lucknow in 1922 to form the 15th Lancers. Meanwhile, an existing 15th Lancers (Cureton's Multanis) joined the 14th Murray's Jat Lancers to form the 20th Lancers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 26], "content_span": [27, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013923-0004-0000", "contents": "15th Lancers, 15th Lancers\nThe uniform of the new 15th Lancers was dark blue with buff facings, while the badge consisted of crossed silver lances bearing pennons with \"XV\" at the crossing and a scroll below. The same uniform and badges are still in use by the regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 26], "content_span": [27, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013923-0005-0000", "contents": "15th Lancers, 15th Lancers\nIn 1937, the 15th Lancers became the training regiment of the 1st Indian Cavalry Group. It was converted into a training centre in 1940 by amalgamating it with the 12th Cavalry (Frontier Force). However, the next year, the Centre was disbanded. In 1955, the 15th Lancers was re-raised by the Pakistani Army as a Reconnaissance Regiment of the Pakistan Armoured Corps and equipped with M24 Chaffee light tanks. During the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, the regiment served with distinction in the Kasur Sector and was awarded the Battle Honour 'Khem Karan 1965.' In 1969, the 15th Lancers was affiliated with the Baluch Regiment (now called the Baloch Regiment) due to the old link with the 37th Lancers (Baluch Horse). It added the title of 'Baluch' to its designation in 1989.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 26], "content_span": [27, 801]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013924-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Lancers (Cureton's Multanis)\nThe 15th Lancers (Cureton's Multanis) was a cavalry regiment of the British Indian Army which existed from 1858 to 1921. Raised during the 1857 uprising, the regiment later saw service in the Second Afghan War of 1878\u201380 and the First World War. The regiment was one of the single class regiments, with all troops being recruited from the Punjab.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013924-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Lancers (Cureton's Multanis)\nCureton's Multanis had a blue uniform with scarlet facings. The badge comprised two crossed lances and a pennon with a star and crescent. The star was placed over the point of crossing of the lances and was inscribed with \"XV\". The crescent was placed lower down and had the words \"CURETON\"S MOOLTANEES\" inscribed upon it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013924-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Lancers (Cureton's Multanis)\nThe regiment had a tradition of giving a Muslim salute, i.e. salaam, a gesture of obeisance, instead of the regulation military salute. This departure from military regulations was permitted them by the Lord Napier of Magdala.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013924-0003-0000", "contents": "15th Lancers (Cureton's Multanis), Early history\nDuring the Second Anglo-Sikh War, risalas of 15th Lancers horsemen had served with Herbert Edwardes and had distinguished themselves in the battles. During the 1857 rebellion, Edwards requested for their service and Ghulam Hasan Khan with 300 horsemen reported for duty and were employed in Peshawar where they helped suppress the rebel sepoys in that district. When peace was restored on the West of the Indus, Khan petitioned for a regiment to be formed. The British agreed to the raising of a risala of 600 sabres and Captain Charles Cureton was placed in command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 48], "content_span": [49, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013924-0004-0000", "contents": "15th Lancers (Cureton's Multanis), Early history\nFormally instituted in Lahore in 1858 from six risalas from Punjab, it was originally raised in 1857 by Ghulam Hasan Khan as The Multani Regiment of Cavalry. The first native commandant Nawab Ghulam Hassan Khan also served as the British Political Agent to Afghanistan. In 1859 the regiment received men from Khan's Khakwani Risala, from Lind's Multani Horse and from Pathan Horse risalas of Sirdar Mohhamed Afzal Khan, Shahzadeh Sultan Jan Sadozai and Muhamad Tyfoor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 48], "content_span": [49, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013924-0005-0000", "contents": "15th Lancers (Cureton's Multanis), Early history\nThe Multanis saw much action during the 1857 Uprising, mostly vigorous skirmishes including the charge on the cavalry of Prince Firoz Shah, a skilled warrior and cousin of the Mughal Badshah, which has been described as \"one of the finest instances of shock action of cavalry which occurred during 1857\". However, they were not awarded any battle honour for this conflict.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 48], "content_span": [49, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013924-0006-0000", "contents": "15th Lancers (Cureton's Multanis), World War I\nAt the outset of World War I, 15th Lancers formed the divisional cavalry regiment of 3rd (Lahore) Division. The formation was mobilised on 9 August 1914 and embarked at Karachi and Bombay at the end of the month. The division had a short halt in Egypt following which it embarked for France, finally disembarking in Marseille on 26 September, thus becoming the first British Indian cavalry regiment to land in France. The regiment served at Neuve Chapelle, Aubers, Festubert, in the battle of Loos, at La Bassee, Messines Ridge, Givenchy and in the battle of St Julien.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 46], "content_span": [47, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013924-0007-0000", "contents": "15th Lancers (Cureton's Multanis), World War I\nIn 1915, Cureton's Multanis were detached from the Lahore Division and sent to the Middle East. On landing at Basra from Europe, 429 soldiers of Cureton's Multanis refused to fight fellow Muslims, i.e. the Turks, in the Holy Land of Islam but agreed to do so elsewhere. The regiment was later sent to Persia where they carried out patrolling duties in the rugged interiors, engaging in a number of clashes with local tribes. Their primary role was to patrol the East Persia Cordon, meant to prevent the infiltration of German and Turkish agent-provocateurs into Afghanistan. Of the soldiers who refused orders heavy penalties were awarded to 329, which were later commuted except in the case of the ring-leaders. This incident and shortage of suitable reinforcements led to the inclusion of two Jat squadrons in 1916.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 46], "content_span": [47, 864]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013924-0008-0000", "contents": "15th Lancers (Cureton's Multanis), Amalgamation\nIn the postwar reduction of cavalry, in 1921, the regiment was amalgamated with the 14th Murray's Jat Lancers at Sialkot to form 20th Lancers. The successor regiment, 20th Lancers, was de-listed in 1937 after being converted into the Indian Armoured Corps Training Centre at Lucknow, which subsequently was allotted to India. Both India and Pakistan re-raised successors to this regiment in 1956.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 47], "content_span": [48, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013924-0009-0000", "contents": "15th Lancers (Cureton's Multanis), Amalgamation\nIn 1921, a new 15th Lancers was raised by amalgamating the 17th Cavalry and 37th Lancers which was separate from Cureton's Multanis and did not bear that epithet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 47], "content_span": [48, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013925-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Landwehr Division (German Empire)\nThe 15th Landwehr Division (15. Landwehr-Division) was a unit of the Prussian Army, part of Imperial German Army in World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013925-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Landwehr Division (German Empire)\nThe 15th Landwehr Division was stranded in Mykolayiv until March 1919, and evacuated under pressure from Hryhoriev's partisans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013926-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico\nThe 15th Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico met from January 2, 2005, to January 1, 2009. All members of the House of Representatives and the Senate were elected in the General Elections of 2004. The House and the Senate both had a majority of members from the New Progressive Party. It was the second time in Puerto Rican history in which the majority of the Assembly was from a different party than of the Governor of Puerto Rico.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013926-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico\nMeetings were held regarding the political status of Puerto Rico.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013926-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico, Members\nMembers of the 15th Legislative Assembly as of June 2005:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013926-0003-0000", "contents": "15th Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico, Members, Senate\nThere are 17 NPP, 9 PDP, and 1 PIP in the higher chamber of the 15th Legislative Assembly", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 57], "content_span": [58, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013926-0004-0000", "contents": "15th Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico, Notes\nThis is not the first time that the majority of the Legislature has been of a party different from the governor. In 1969\u20131972, the NPP controlled the House, the PDP controlled the Senate and the Governor was the late Luis A. Ferr\u00e9 (NPP). Between 1981 and 1984 the Governor was Carlos Romero Barcel\u00f3 (NPP) and the Senate from 1981 to 1984, and the House from 1982 to 1984, were controlled by the PDP.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 47], "content_span": [48, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013927-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Light Horse Regiment (Australia)\nThe 15th Light Horse Regiment was a mounted infantry regiment of the Australian Army during the First World War. The regiment was raised in Palestine in 1918, from soldiers that had been serving with the Imperial Camel Corps Brigade, and assigned to the 5th Light Horse Brigade. During the war the regiment fought against the forces of the Ottoman Empire, in the Sinai and Palestine Campaign  and was awarded fourteen battle honours. During the inter-war years, the regiment was re-raised as a part-time unit based in the Northern Rivers region of New South Wales. It was later converted to a motor regiment during the Second World War but was disbanded in 1944 without having been deployed overseas. In the post war period, the regiment was briefly re-formed, before being amalgamated into the 1st/15th Royal New South Wales Lancers in 1956.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 880]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013927-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Light Horse Regiment (Australia), Formation\nThe 15th Light Horse Regiment was raised in Palestine in June 1918, from Australian soldiers serving in the disbanded Imperial Camel Corps Brigade, and comprised twenty-five officers and 497 other ranks serving in three squadrons, each of six troops. Each troop was divided into eight sections, of four men each. In action one man of each section, was nominated as a horse holder reducing the regiment's rifle strength by a quarter. The Camel Corps were all trained infantrymen, and some of them had previously served with the Australian Light Horse regiments, but all required a period of training in horsemanship. Once formed, the regiment was assigned to the 5th Light Horse Brigade, alongside a French regiment and the 14th Light Horse Regiment. All Australian Light Horse regiments used cavalry unit designations, but were mounted infantry armed with rifles, not swords or lances, and mounted exclusively on the Australian Waler horse.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 48], "content_span": [49, 989]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013927-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Light Horse Regiment (Australia), Operational history, Sinai and Palestine Campaign\nBy the time the regiment was ready for service, the war in the Middle East was almost over. The regiment fought in only one major battle at Megiddo in September 1918. Over ten days the 5th Light Horse Brigade advanced 600 kilometres (370\u00a0mi) destroying road and rail links, and pursuing the retreating Ottoman Army into Syria. They  entered Damascus on 1 October 1918. When the war ended the regiment was recalled to Egypt to assist in policing a riot that had broken out, before returning to Australia. The war cost the regiment sixteen killed and only three wounded, but for their service they were awarded fourteen battle honours, most of them inherited from the disbanded Imperial Camel Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 88], "content_span": [89, 786]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013927-0003-0000", "contents": "15th Light Horse Regiment (Australia), Perpetuation\nIn 1921, Australia's part-time military forces were re-organised to perpetuate the numerical designations of the AIF following its demobilisation. Through this process, the 15th Light Horse was re-raised as a Citizens Forces unit within the 2nd Military District in the Northern Rivers region of New South Wales, drawing lineage from the 5th Australian Light Horse Regiment (New South Wales Mounted Rifles), which had been formed in 1903. This unit remained in existence throughout the inter-war years, and in December 1941 it was converted into a motor regiment, adopting the designation of the \"15th Motor Regiment (Northern River Lancers).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 51], "content_span": [52, 694]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013927-0003-0001", "contents": "15th Light Horse Regiment (Australia), Perpetuation\nIn 1942, the regiment was re-designated the \"15th Australian Motor Regiment\" and was gazetted as an AIF unit,   meaning that it could be deployed outside of Australian territory to fight if necessary. Nevertheless, the regiment was deemed surplus to requirements and on 12 October 1944 it was disbanded without having seen operational service during World War II. During the war years, the regiment was variously assigned to the 1st Armoured and 2nd Motor Brigades.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 51], "content_span": [52, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013927-0004-0000", "contents": "15th Light Horse Regiment (Australia), Perpetuation\nIn the post war period, Australia's part-time force was re-raised and in July 1948 the regiment was reformed as a single squadron, with the designation of the \"A Squadron, 15th Amphibious Assault Regiment (Northern River Lancers)\". The following year it was re-designated the \"15th Northern River Lancers\". In 1952, the squadron was expanded into a full regiment due to the influx of national servicemen, but in 1956 the regiment was amalgamated with the 1st Royal New South Wales Lancers to form the 1st/15th Royal New South Wales Lancers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 51], "content_span": [52, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013927-0005-0000", "contents": "15th Light Horse Regiment (Australia), Battle honours\nThe 15th Light Horse Regiment was awarded the following battle honours:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 53], "content_span": [54, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013927-0006-0000", "contents": "15th Light Horse Regiment (Australia), Commanding officers\nDuring the First World War, the regiment was commanded by:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 58], "content_span": [59, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013928-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Lok Sabha\nMembers of the 15th Lok Sabha were elected during the 2009 general election in India. It was dissolved on 18 May 2014 by President Pranab Mukherjee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013928-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Lok Sabha\nIndian National Congress-led United Progressive Alliance won 44 more seats than the previous 14th Lok Sabha. The next 16th Lok Sabha was convened after 2014 Indian general election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013928-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Lok Sabha\nThe Second Manmohan Singh ministry introduced a total of 222 Bills (apart from Finance and Appropriations Bills) in the 15th Lok Sabha. A total of 165 Bills were passed by the House, including bills introduced in previous Lok Sabhas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013928-0003-0000", "contents": "15th Lok Sabha\n14 sitting members from Rajya Sabha, the Upper House of Indian Parliament, were elected to 15th Lok Sabha after the 2009 Indian general election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013928-0004-0000", "contents": "15th Lok Sabha, Number of members by the alliance in Lok Sabha\nMembers of the 15th Lok Sabha by political party and alliance:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 62], "content_span": [63, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013928-0005-0000", "contents": "15th Lok Sabha, List of members by political party\nMembers by political party in 15th Lok Sabha are given below-", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 50], "content_span": [51, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013928-0006-0000", "contents": "15th Lok Sabha, Cabinet\n2009 - 2012 (He was elected President of India in JULY 2012)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 84]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013928-0007-0000", "contents": "15th Lok Sabha, Cabinet, United Progressive Alliance Cabinet by party\nSource: Various news organisationsThe new United Progressive Alliance (UPA) included 79 members, 78 members in the cabinet plus Prime Minister Manmohan Singh. The first 20 cabinet ministers including Manmohan Singh, swore in on 22 May 2009, while the other 59 cabinet members swore in on 27 May 2009. The 5 non-Congress cabinet ministers, include M.K. Azhagiri from the DMK. Mukul Roy from Trinamool Congress, Sharad Pawar from Nationalist Congress Party, and Farooq Abdullah from National Conference represent the other non-Congress cabinet ministers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 69], "content_span": [70, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013929-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Ludhiana Sikhs\nThe 15th Ludhiana Sikhs was an infantry regiment in the British Indian Army. They could trace their origins to 1846, when they were known as the Regiment of Ludhiana (or the Loodiana Regiment). During the Indian Mutiny they were relied upon to hold Benares throughout the period of the Mutiny. In 1861, they became the 15th Bengal Native Infantry and shortly afterwards to the 15th (Ludhiana) Regiment of Bengal Native Infantry in 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013929-0000-0001", "contents": "15th Ludhiana Sikhs\nFurther changes in title followed they became the 15th Regiment of Bengal Native Infantry (Ludhiana Sikhs) in 1885, the 15th (Ludhiana) Sikh Infantry in 1901 and the 15th Ludhiana Sikhs following the Kitchener reforms of the Indian Army in 1903. To honour the visit of the Prince and Princess of Wales to Indian they took part in the Rawalpindi Parade 1905.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013929-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Ludhiana Sikhs\nDuring this time they took part in the Battle of Ahmed Khel and the Battle of Kandahar in the  Second Anglo-Afghan War. They then took part in the Battle of Tofrek and Suakin in the Mahdist War, the Chitral Expedition and the Tirah Campaign and World War I. During World War I they were part of the 8th (Jullundur) Brigade, 3rd (Lahore) Division they served on the Western Front in France, in Egypt as part of the Western Frontier Force, and in the Mesopotamia Campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013929-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Ludhiana Sikhs\nAfter World War I the Indian government reformed the army again moving from single battalion regiments to multi battalion regiments. The 15th Ludhiana Sikhs now became the 2nd Battalion, 2 Sikh Regiment. This regiment was allocated to the new Indian Army after independence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013929-0003-0000", "contents": "15th Ludhiana Sikhs, Victoria Cross\nLieutenant John Smyth 15th Ludhiana Sikhs, was awarded the Victoria Cross, the United Kingdom's highest award for bravery in combat. The citation for this award, published in the London Gazette read:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 35], "content_span": [36, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013929-0004-0000", "contents": "15th Ludhiana Sikhs, Victoria Cross\nFor most conspicuous bravery near Richebourg L'Avoue on 18th\u00a0May, 1915. With a bombing party of 10 men, who voluntarily undertook this duty, he conveyed a supply of 96 bombs to within 20 yards of the enemy's position over exceptionally dangerous ground, after the attempts of two other parties had failed. Lieutenant Smyth succeeded in taking the bombs to the desired position with the aid of two of his men (the other eight having been killed or wounded), and to effect his purpose he had to swim a stream, being exposed the whole time to howitzer, shrapnel, machine-gun and rifle fire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 35], "content_span": [36, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013929-0005-0000", "contents": "15th Ludhiana Sikhs, The 15th Ludhiana Sikhs and the Senussi\nIn 1914, during the World War I the 15th Ludhiana Sikhs operated as part of the 8th (Jullundur) Brigade, 3rd Lahore Division on the Western Front in France, but was moved to Egypt in the late 1915 to fight against the Senussi, a tribal sect of Muslims led by Sayed Ahmed, also known as the Senussi. The devout Muslims were trained in battle and assisted by several Turkish military officers. The support received from the influential Turkish leader Nuri Bey has brought the Senussi a considerable advantage while fighting off the Italian occupiers of Libya.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 60], "content_span": [61, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013929-0005-0001", "contents": "15th Ludhiana Sikhs, The 15th Ludhiana Sikhs and the Senussi\nWhen the German submarines started aiding Turkey and the Senussi by bringing weapons to Libya and attacking the coast of Egypt, Nuri Bey, half-brother of Enver Pasha, the Turkish War Minister at the moment, persuaded Sayed Ahmed to fight against Britain and join forces with Turkey to invade Egypt in the Turkish Holy War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 60], "content_span": [61, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013929-0006-0000", "contents": "15th Ludhiana Sikhs, The 15th Ludhiana Sikhs and the Senussi\nThe Senussi were given the first mission in Egypt after a German submarine sank two British ships in November 1915 at the western coast of Egypt. They were given the task of keeping the survivors of the attacks on Tara and Moorina in captivity. Two British outposts were afterwards attacked by the Senussi at Sidi el Barrani and Sollum, determining the British Headquarters located in Cairo to give orders of withdrawal. British troops posted west of Matruh withdrew leaving back in their haste the Egyptian Coastguards at Sollum most of whom deserted the British order and joined forces with the Senussi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 60], "content_span": [61, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013929-0007-0000", "contents": "15th Ludhiana Sikhs, The 15th Ludhiana Sikhs and the Senussi, Wadi Senab\nOn 20 November 1915 the Western Frontier Force was formed with Commander Major-General A. Wallace in the lead. The Western Frontier Force consisted of an infantry brigade containing partially trained battalions, the 2/7th and 2/8th Middlesex, the 15th Ludhiana Sikhs and the 6th Royal Scots, and the cavalry brigade containing three British Yeomanry regiments. The 15th Sikhs represented the regular major unit of the Western Frontier Force. The garrison placed at Matruh gathered more than 1,300 men by December, while the Senussi numbered with approximation over 2,000 men in that area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 72], "content_span": [73, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013929-0008-0000", "contents": "15th Ludhiana Sikhs, The 15th Ludhiana Sikhs and the Senussi, Wadi Senab\nThe 15th Ludhiana Sikhs were given the first mission against the Senussi on 11 December when General Wallace appointed Lieutenant-colonel J.L.R. Gordon leader of a column and gave him the task of breaking the ranks of the enemy at Duwwar Hussein. The column sent also consisted of the Notts Battery with guns, armoured cars and the 2nd Composite Yeomanry Regiment. The first clash with the enemy in the Wadi (valley) Senab turned favorably only when the squadron of Australian Light Horse intervened and helped the cavalry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 72], "content_span": [73, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013929-0008-0001", "contents": "15th Ludhiana Sikhs, The 15th Ludhiana Sikhs and the Senussi, Wadi Senab\nGordon left one company of the 15th Ludhiana Sikhs behind to protect the camp and planned to march towards Duwwar Hussein using two routes. While the British soldiers were driven back by the heavy trained Senussi without engaging in battle, No. 2 Company of the Sikhs, who were appointed as the advanced guard, started firing and fighting back winning some mounts. While the enemy's flank increased and the British cavalry couldn't reorganize in time, the advanced guard, the 15th Sikhs were ordered to withdraw.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 72], "content_span": [73, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013929-0008-0002", "contents": "15th Ludhiana Sikhs, The 15th Ludhiana Sikhs and the Senussi, Wadi Senab\nCaptain C.F.W. Hughes, the 15th Ludhiana Sikhs commander, decided to remain stationary in order to protect the wounded. With the combined help of the troops and the sloop, HMS\u00a0Clematis, which fired at the Senussi with two 4-inch weapons, the enemy was forced back and the 15th Sikhs gained the opportunity to regroup and take care of the dead and the wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 72], "content_span": [73, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013929-0009-0000", "contents": "15th Ludhiana Sikhs, The 15th Ludhiana Sikhs and the Senussi, Wadi Senab\n\u2018The enemy had been driven off, but had been able to retire unmolested, and must be given credit for the surprise and the vigour of his attack. Had the standard of training and the experience of the whole column been equal to those of the 15th Sikhs, the Senussi might have been heavily defeated.\u2019", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 72], "content_span": [73, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013929-0010-0000", "contents": "15th Ludhiana Sikhs, The 15th Ludhiana Sikhs and the Senussi, Conclusion\n15th Sikhs were involved in the action around Wadi Majid and Halazin as well until their orders were to proceed to India. The 15th Sikhs constituted a serious aiding force for the understaffed and untrained Western Frontier Force. The results obtained by this regiment were seen with distinction and 15th Sikhs were given the honour \u2018Egypt 1915-17.\u2019 After the Indian Army's post-war reforms, the regiment became known as the 2nd Battalion, 2 Sikh Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 72], "content_span": [73, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013930-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Lumi\u00e8res Awards\nThe 15th Lumi\u00e8res Awards ceremony, presented by the Acad\u00e9mie des Lumi\u00e8res, was held on 15 January 2010. The ceremony was presided by R\u00e9gis Wargnier. Welcome won the award for Best Film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013930-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Lumi\u00e8res Awards, Winners and nominees\nHand of the Headless Man \u2014 Guillaume Malandrin and St\u00e9phane Malandrin", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 42], "content_span": [43, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013931-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Lux Style Awards\nThe 15th Lux Style Awards ceremony, presented by Lux to honor the best in fashion, music, films and Pakistani television of 2015, took place on July 29, 2016 at Expo Center, Karachi, Sindh beginning at 7:30\u00a0p.m. PST. During the ceremony, LUX presented the Lux Style Awards (commonly referred as LSA) in four segments including Film, Fashion, Television, and Music. The ceremony was televised in Pakistan by Geo Entertainment (on 20 August 2016 at 7 pm) and produced by Lux Unilever Pakistan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013931-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Lux Style Awards, Winners and nominees\nThe nominees for the 15th Lux Style Awards were announced on May 30, 2016, at 9:30\u00a0p.m. PST (21:30 UTC), at the M\u00f6venpick Hotel Karachi in Karachi, Sindh, by actors Ahmed Ali Butt, Adnan Malik, Yasir Hussain and Mahira Khan. For the first time in Lux Style Awards history, Supporting Roles and Singing categories were introduced in Film section. Voting lines were set open in twelve categories on July 4, 2016 and were closed on July 26, announcing the ceremony date.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 43], "content_span": [44, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013931-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Lux Style Awards, Winners and nominees\nWhen the nominations were announced, actor Ahmed Ali Butt was nominated in Best Actor category, however Butt stated in a press release that his part in the film was of a supporting role and not main, with Lux also agreeing with his decision and later moved his nomination in Supporting Actor category. Actor Danish Taimoor, who was second in line behind Butt was replaced with his nominations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 43], "content_span": [44, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013932-0000-0000", "contents": "15th MMC \u2013 Pleven\n15th Multi-member Constituency \u2013 Pleven is a constituency whose borders are the same as Pleven Province in Bulgaria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013932-0001-0000", "contents": "15th MMC \u2013 Pleven, Background\nIn the 2009 Bulgarian parliamentary election the 15th Multi-member Constituency \u2013 Pleven elected 10 members to the Bulgarian National Assembly: 9 of which were through proportionality vote and 1 was through first-past-the-post voting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013933-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Maine Infantry Regiment\nThe 15th Maine Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013933-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Maine Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 15th Maine Infantry was organized in Augusta, Maine December 6\u201331, 1861 and mustered in January 23, 1862, for a three-year enlistment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013933-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Maine Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to Butler's New Orleans Expeditionary Corps January to March 1862. 3rd Brigade, Department of the Gulf, to September 1862, District of West Florida, Department of the Gulf, to June 1863. 2nd Brigade, 4th Division, XIX Corps, Department of the Gulf, to December 1863. 3rd Brigade, 2nd Division, XIII Corps, Department of the Gulf, to January 1864. 2nd Brigade, 4th Division, XIII Corps, Department of the Gulf, to February 1864. 2nd Brigade, 1st Division, XIX Corps, Department of the Gulf, to July 1864, and Army of the Shenandoah, Middle Military Division, to April 1865. 1st Brigade, 1st Division, Department of Washington, to June 1865. 2nd Separate Brigade, District of South Carolina, Department of the South, to July 1866.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 792]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013933-0003-0000", "contents": "15th Maine Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 15th Maine Infantry mustered out of service July 5, 1866.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013933-0004-0000", "contents": "15th Maine Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nMoved to Portland February 25, and there embarked for Ship Island, Miss., March 6. Duty at Ship Island, Miss., until May 1862, and at Camp Parapet and Carrollton May 19-September 8. Moved to Pensacola, Fla., September 8, and duty there until June 1863. Action at Fifteen Mile House, Fla., February 25, 1863, and at Arcadia March 6. Ordered to New Orleans June 21, then to La Fourche Landing. Expedition to Thibodeaux June 23\u201325. At Camp Parapet until August, and provost duty in New Orleans until October.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013933-0004-0001", "contents": "15th Maine Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nExpedition to the Rio Grande, Texas, October 27-December 2. Advance on Brownsville November 3\u20136. Occupation of Brownsville November 6. Expedition to Aransas November 14\u201321. Aransas Pass and capture of Mustang Island November 17. Fort Esperanza November 25\u201327. Cedar Bayou November 23 (detachment). Duty at Pass Cavallo  Matagorda Island, until February 28, 1864. Moved to Franklin, La., March 1\u20135. Red River Campaign March 10-May 22. Advance from Franklin to Alexandria March 14\u201326, then to Natchitoches March 26-April 2. Battle of Sabine Cross Roads April 8. Pleasant Hill April 9. Cane River Crossing April 23. At Alexandria April 26-May 13.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 690]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013933-0004-0002", "contents": "15th Maine Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nRetreat to Morganza May 13\u201322. Mansura May 16. Duty at Morganza until July. Moved to Fort Monroe, then to Bermuda Hundred, Va., July 1\u201317 (6 companies). Duty in trenches at Bermuda Hundred until July 28. Deep Bottom July 28\u201330. Moved to Washington, D.C., then to Monocacy, Md. (4 companies, under Murray and Drew, moved from Morganza to Washington, D.C., July 1\u201312. Pursuit of Early July 14\u201324. Rejoin regiment at Monocacy, Md., August 4.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013933-0004-0003", "contents": "15th Maine Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nVeterans on furlough August 5-October l. Non-veterans temporarily attached to 13th Maine Infantry, and duty at Harpers Ferry until October 5. Regiment moved to Martinsburg October 5, and duty there until January 7, 1865. Moved to Stevenson's Depot, and operations in the Shenandoah Valley until April. Moved to Washington, D.C., April 19\u201323, and duty there until May 31. On provost duty during the Grand Review of the Armies May 23\u201324. Moved to Savannah, Ga., May 31-June 4, then to Georgetown, S.C., June 13\u201314. Duty at Georgetown, Darlington, Cheraw, Chesterfield C. H., Bennettsville, Columbia and in Districts of Chester, Lancaster, York, Spartanburg and Union until July 1866.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 728]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013933-0005-0000", "contents": "15th Maine Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 348 men during service; 5 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 3 officers and 340 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013934-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Manitoba Legislature\nThe members of the 15th Manitoba Legislature were elected in the Manitoba general election held in August 1915. The legislature sat from January 6, 1916, to March 27, 1920.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013934-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Manitoba Legislature\nThe Liberal Party led by Tobias Norris formed the government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 87]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013934-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Manitoba Legislature\nAlbert Prefontaine of the Conservatives was Leader of the Opposition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013934-0003-0000", "contents": "15th Manitoba Legislature\nOn January 16, 1916, a bill was passed to amend the Manitoba Election Act to grant women the right to vote. Manitoba became the first Canadian province where women were allowed to vote and hold office.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013934-0004-0000", "contents": "15th Manitoba Legislature\nIn a referendum held on March 13, 1916, the province's voters supported prohibition. On June 1, the Manitoba Temperance Act came into effect, which banned the sale of liquor in the province, except by pharmacists for medical purposes. However, bringing alcohol into the province for personal use or for wholesale outside the province was still legal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013934-0005-0000", "contents": "15th Manitoba Legislature\nAlso in 1916, the Workers Compensation Act was passed, which established the Workers Compensation Board of Manitoba. The act established an employer-funded compensation system for work-related injuries or illness and, in exchange, employers were granted protection against lawsuits by workers for these occurrences.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013934-0006-0000", "contents": "15th Manitoba Legislature\nIn 1918, a Minimum Wage Act was passed. Manitoba and British Columbia were the first provinces in Canada to introduce minimum wage legislation. In 1921, the minimum hourly wage in Manitoba was $0.25. Up until 1931, the minimum wage only applied to female workers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013934-0007-0000", "contents": "15th Manitoba Legislature\nDouglas Colin Cameron was Lieutenant Governor of Manitoba until August 3, 1916, when James Albert Manning Aikins became lieutenant governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013934-0008-0000", "contents": "15th Manitoba Legislature, Members of the Assembly\nThe following members were elected to the assembly in 1915:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 50], "content_span": [51, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013935-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Marine Expeditionary Unit\nThe 15th Marine Expeditionary Unit (15th MEU) is one of seven such units currently in existence in the United States Marine Corps. The Marine Expeditionary Unit (MEU) is a Marine Air Ground Task Force (MAGTF) with a strength of about 2,200 personnel. The MEU consists of a command element, a reinforced infantry battalion, a composite helicopter squadron and a combat logistics battalion. The 15th MEU is currently based out of Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton, California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013935-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Marine Expeditionary Unit, Mission\nThe mission of the MEU is to provide geographic combatant commanders with a forward-deployed, rapid-response force capable of conducting conventional amphibious and selected maritime operations at night or under adverse weather conditions from the sea, by surface and/or by air while under communications and electronics restrictions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013935-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Marine Expeditionary Unit, History, Early years\nIn April 1983, the Commandant of the Marine Corps approved the original Marine Air-Ground Task Force (MAGTF) Headquarters concept, providing for the sourcing of two Marine Amphibious Unit (MAU) headquarters from each Marine Amphibious Brigade headquarters. The Commandant directed the establishment of two additional MAU headquarters in November 1985. As a result, the Headquarters, 15th Marine Amphibious Unit was activated 1 July 1987 at Camp Pendleton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 52], "content_span": [53, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013935-0003-0000", "contents": "15th Marine Expeditionary Unit, History, Early years\nThe Commandant directed the replacement of the title \"Headquarters\" with \"Command Element\" in the titles of the MAGTFs in August 1987. The 15th MAU's designation was further changed in February 1988 to the 15th Marine Expeditionary Unit. Both changes were made to more accurately reflect the operational and expeditionary nature of the MAGTF. Before World War II, and in the period between then and the Vietnam War, Marine units dispatched for overseas service were generally designated as \"expeditionary brigades.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 52], "content_span": [53, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013935-0004-0000", "contents": "15th Marine Expeditionary Unit, History, Early years\nSince its activation in July 1987, the 15th MEU has trained to meet its mission in the rotation with the 11th and 13th MEUs to provide a continuous presence in the Western Pacific, Indian Ocean, and Persian Gulf and as a ready MAGTF in the continental United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 52], "content_span": [53, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013935-0005-0000", "contents": "15th Marine Expeditionary Unit, History, Early years\nIn October 1989, the MEU assisted in relief efforts following the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake, performing their assigned missions and also taking on several volunteer projects to help the victims of the disaster.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 52], "content_span": [53, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013935-0006-0000", "contents": "15th Marine Expeditionary Unit, History, 1990s\nMarines of the 15th MEU relieved the 1st Battalion, 24th Marines (1/24, 4th Marine Division) to continue the evacuation of the Republic of the Philippines in August 1991 after the eruption of Mount Pinatubo that had occurred six weeks earlier. Assistance lasted over a month as the Marines distributed food and medical supplies, evacuated stranded villagers and provided security to other rescue personnel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 46], "content_span": [47, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013935-0007-0000", "contents": "15th Marine Expeditionary Unit, History, 1990s\nThe MEU spearheaded Operation Restore Hope on 9 December 1992, to provide humanitarian assistance to the civil war torn and famine-stricken country of Somalia. After a predawn landing, the Marines secured the capital city of Mogadishu, the international airport and maritime shipping port facilities, as well as the American Embassy, and quickly moved into other inland areas to protect food distribution convoys and patrol the streets to restore order. The MEU pushed into and secured the inland cities of Baidoa and Balidogle and the coastal town of Kismayo in order to establish relief efforts and maintain security. The span of operations for the Battalion Landing Team was over 150 miles (240\u00a0km).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 46], "content_span": [47, 749]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013935-0008-0000", "contents": "15th Marine Expeditionary Unit, History, 1990s\nDuring its deployment in 1994, the MEU provided a detachment of CH-53Es to assist in the Rwanda Relief Effort. The detachment, based in Entebbe, Uganda, provided the only heavy lift capability to the joint task force commander. A few weeks later the MEU assisted in the relocation of the United States Liaison Office from Mogadishu, Somalia, to Nairobi, Kenya.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 46], "content_span": [47, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013935-0009-0000", "contents": "15th Marine Expeditionary Unit, History, 1990s\nIn October 1994, the MEU was called on again to provide a quick reaction force to counter any possible Iraqi aggression against Kuwait. Within 48 hours, the MEU sent Marines ashore in Kuwait City to demonstrate U.S. resolve in maintaining peace and security in the area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 46], "content_span": [47, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013935-0010-0000", "contents": "15th Marine Expeditionary Unit, History, 1990s\nIn January 1996, July 1997, and October 1998, AV-8B Harriers from the 15th MEU (SOC) participated in Operation Southern Watch, patrolling the No-fly zone over southern Iraq maintaining continuous surveillance of the Kuwait-Iraq border, and to ensure the Iraqi military did not violate any United Nations resolutions passed since the Gulf War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 46], "content_span": [47, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013935-0011-0000", "contents": "15th Marine Expeditionary Unit, History, 1990s\nDuring its 2000 deployment, the 15th MEU (SOC) also participated in the Australian-led Operation Stabilise, providing desperately needed assistance to the people of East Timor, and again patrolled the skies over Southern Iraq in support of Operation Southern Watch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 46], "content_span": [47, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013935-0012-0000", "contents": "15th Marine Expeditionary Unit, History, Global War on Terrorism\nMarines of the Forward Command Element of the 15th MEU (SOC) were in East Timor readying for the arrival of the ARG to conduct Humanitarian Operations, while the ARG was in Darwin, Australia during the September 2001 terror attacks on the United States. Following the 11 September attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon, the 15th MEU (SOC) continued their plans of humanitarian operations to assist the war-torn country of East Timor, before sailing to the North Arabian Sea in support of Operation Enduring Freedom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 64], "content_span": [65, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013935-0013-0000", "contents": "15th Marine Expeditionary Unit, History, Global War on Terrorism\nOn 7 October 2001, the 15th MEU participated in the United States' new \"War on Terrorism\", sending Marines and Sailors into Northern Pakistan to establish a forward operating air base and logistical hub. These Marines provided security to USAF personnel who arrived on location shortly after the 15th MEU Marines of Battalion Landing Team 1/1 had established security.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 64], "content_span": [65, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013935-0014-0000", "contents": "15th Marine Expeditionary Unit, History, Global War on Terrorism\nOn 25 November 2001, the Marines and Sailors of the 15th MEU (SOC) conducted an Amphibious assault over 400 miles (640\u00a0km) into the land-locked country of Afghanistan. The Marines and Sailors set new standards for Marine Corps amphibious doctrine. Landing at a remote airbase, 90 miles (140\u00a0km) southwest of Kandahar, the Marines occupied Camp Rhino that had been secured by the U.S. Army special forces, America's first Forward Operating Base while maintaining the first significant conventional ground presence in Afghanistan. The Marines and coalition forces later moved north to Kandahar International Airport securing a new forward operating base. With the move, the Marines and coalition forces were able to continue with new missions and build a prison camp that housed numerous Taliban and Al-Qaeda fighters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 64], "content_span": [65, 881]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013935-0015-0000", "contents": "15th Marine Expeditionary Unit, History, Global War on Terrorism\nOn 6 January 2003, this time on board the USS\u00a0Tarawa ARG, the 15th MEU (SOC) departed once again for another deployment. In mid-February, elements of the MEU off-loaded and established a training camp in Northern Kuwait while other members of the MAGTF \u2013 primarily the helicopter squadron \u2013 remained on board the Tarawa ARG in the Persian Gulf.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 64], "content_span": [65, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013935-0016-0000", "contents": "15th Marine Expeditionary Unit, History, Global War on Terrorism\nDuring February and March 2003, tactical control (TACON) of the MEU was assigned to the United Kingdom's 3 Commando Brigade Royal Marines for Operation Iraqi Freedom. On 21 March 2003, Marines from the 15th MEU crossed the border into Southern Iraq and secured the ports of Umm Qasr and Az Zubayr in order to destroy Iraqi resistance and enable follow-on humanitarian assistance to begin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 64], "content_span": [65, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013935-0017-0000", "contents": "15th Marine Expeditionary Unit, History, Global War on Terrorism\nIn late-March 2003, the MEU again became part of the I Marine Expeditionary Force and moved to An Nasiriyah, Iraq to relieve the Marines of Task Force Tarawa. In An Nasiriyah, the 15th MEU secured the remaining sectors of the city, conducted a supporting attack during the rescue of American prisoner of war Jessica Lynch and continued to establish security throughout the greater An Nasiriyah area. The MEU provided humanitarian assistance to the local population that included purifying drinking water, and doctors and corpsmen assisted medical care. The MEU began helping establish the local government to include police and other local services in addition to continuing to conduct airborne surveillance and direct-action raids on the ground to seek out and capture any Ba\u2019ath Party or Fedayeen resistance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 64], "content_span": [65, 875]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013935-0018-0000", "contents": "15th Marine Expeditionary Unit, History, Global War on Terrorism\nIn January 2005, the 15th MEU participated in Operation Unified Assistance by providing disaster relief to survivors of the destructive tsunami in Sumatra, Indonesia and southern Sri Lanka. Immediately after wrapping up those operations, the 15th MEU proceeded south of Baghdad, Iraq to Forward Operating Base Falcon near Al-Mahmudiyah, Babil province, south of for security and stability operations in between rotations of army units. Their deployment into Iraq lasted about 30 days.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 64], "content_span": [65, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013935-0019-0000", "contents": "15th Marine Expeditionary Unit, History, Global War on Terrorism\nOn 13 September 2006, the 15th MEU was once again deployed to Iraq. It left San Diego on USS\u00a0Boxer, USS\u00a0Dubuque, and USS\u00a0Comstock and in mid November began operating in Al Anbar province as Task Force Bullrush, composed of elements of the 15th Marine Expeditionary Unit (Special Operations Capable); Bravo Company, 3rd Reconnaissance Battalion; C Company, 1st Light Armored Reconnaissance Battalion, and Alpha Company, 3rd Platoon, 1st Combat Engineer Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 64], "content_span": [65, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013935-0020-0000", "contents": "15th Marine Expeditionary Unit, History, Global War on Terrorism\nOn 11 February 2007, the unit received notice of its second extension of their deployment in support of President Bush's surge of additional forces into the critical areas of Iraq. While operating in Al Anbar, the MEU conducted combat operations in Rutbah, Barwana, Haditha, Haqlaniyah, Ramadi and Al Asad in support of Multinational Force-West. The unit returned to San Diego on 30 May 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 64], "content_span": [65, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013935-0021-0000", "contents": "15th Marine Expeditionary Unit, History, Global War on Terrorism\nOn 5 May 2008, the unit was deployed on a sea deployment to the Western Pacific & the Persian Gulf, aboard USS\u00a0Peleliu\u00a0(LHA-5), USS\u00a0Dubuque\u00a0(LPD-8), and USS\u00a0Pearl Harbor\u00a0(LSD-52).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 64], "content_span": [65, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013935-0022-0000", "contents": "15th Marine Expeditionary Unit, History, Global War on Terrorism\nOn 2010, the unit was deployed to the Gulf of Aden for anti-piracy operations against pirates along the Somali coast. With 1st Battalion, 4th Marines as detachment, they were responsible for the 9 September recapturing of MV Magellan Star", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 64], "content_span": [65, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013935-0023-0000", "contents": "15th Marine Expeditionary Unit, History, Global War on Terrorism\nOn 17 September 2012, the 15th MEU was deployed with the Peleliu Amphibious Ready Group (USS\u00a0Peleliu, USS\u00a0Green Bay, and USS\u00a0Rushmore as a theater reserve and crisis response force throughout the U.S. Central Command and the U.S. 5th Fleet area of responsibility. The unit returned to Camp Pendleton 13 May 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 64], "content_span": [65, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013935-0024-0000", "contents": "15th Marine Expeditionary Unit, Citations\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Marine Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 41], "content_span": [42, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013936-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Marine Regiment (United States)\nThe 15th Marine Regiment (15th Marines) is an inactive United States Marine Corps infantry and later artillery regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013936-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Marine Regiment (United States), History, Infantry regiment\nThe 15th Marines was first organized on November 26, 1918, as an infantry regiment. It was deployed to the Dominican Republic on February 26, 1919, and saw action against Dominican rebels during the American occupation of the Dominican Republic. Having been organized for possible deployment to Europe in the event that hostilities resumed, the 15th Marines remained on garrison duty in the Dominican Republic. It was deactivated on August 1, 1922 and its assets were absorbed into the 1st and 4th Regiments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 64], "content_span": [65, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013936-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Marine Regiment (United States), History, Artillery regiment\nThe 15th Marines was reactivated as an artillery regiment on October 23, 1944, on Guadalcanal, and assigned to the 6th Marine Division. It was formed by combining Pack Howitzer Battalions from the 4th, 22nd, and the 29th Marines. They were redesignated 1st, 2nd and 3rd Battalions, respectively. The 4th Battalion was activated on November 14, 1944. The regiment saw heavy action fighting on Okinawa and the 6th Division received the Presidential Unit Citation for their actions during the battle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 65], "content_span": [66, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013936-0003-0000", "contents": "15th Marine Regiment (United States), History, Artillery regiment\nThe Regiment was withdrawn from Okinawa after it was declared secure in July 1945 and was redeployed to Guam to prepare for the invasion of Japan. After the surrender of the Japanese, the Regiment was sent to Tsingtao, China to accept the surrender of the Japanese in that area. The 15th Marines remained in China until its deactivation on March 26, 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 65], "content_span": [66, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013937-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Massachusetts Battery\nThe 15th Massachusetts Battery (or 15th Battery Massachusetts Light Artillery) was an artillery battery that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. The unit was organized partly at Camp Chase in Lowell, Massachusetts and partly at Fort Warren during the winter of 1862-1863. The majority of its members were mustered into federal service on February 17, 1863. It was assigned to the Department of the Gulf commanded by Major General Nathaniel P. Banks and departed Massachusetts by steamship on March 9. During its term, the unit suffered from a large number of desertions and gained an unfortunate reputation despite the service of its many loyal members.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 700]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013937-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Massachusetts Battery\nThe unit arrived in New Orleans on April 9, 1863. Before being issued guns, they made a brief expedition on foot to Brashear City, Louisiana but soon returned to New Orleans. They were assigned to garrison two small forts just outside New Orleans, each armed with four 32-pounder guns mounted in barbettes. One of these was located at Bayou St. John and the other at Gentilly. They remained posted there from June 3 until December 29.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013937-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Massachusetts Battery\nIn February 1864, the 15th Massachusetts Battery took part in an uneventful expedition to Madisonville, Louisiana, returning to New Orleans at the end of that month. It was posted at Terrell's Cotton Press in New Orleans from May 5 to October 17. On the latter date, the battery boarded a steamship for an expedition into Arkansas. They reached the mouth of the White River where they remained until November 7, then moved again by steamship up the White River to DeValls Bluff, Arkansas. After 20 days, the unit moved to Memphis, Tennessee remaining there for the month of December 1864. On January 1, 1865, the battery returned to Louisiana.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013937-0003-0000", "contents": "15th Massachusetts Battery\nAt the end of February 1865, the battery was transferred to the Second Division of the XIII Corps and embarked for Pensacola, Florida. There it joined in preparations for the Mobile Campaign. The battery was engaged during the Battle of Fort Blakely from April 2 to 9 outside Mobile. After the fall of Mobile, their division was briefly posted in Selma, Alabama but soon returned to Mobile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013937-0004-0000", "contents": "15th Massachusetts Battery\nOn June 30, 1865 at Mobile, the battery turned in its horses and guns. On July 20, they were ordered home to Boston which was reached on August 1. The 15th Massachusetts Battery was mustered out on August 4, 1865. The unit lost one man killed in action and 27 by disease for a total of 28.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013938-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment\nThe 15th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment that served from the State of Massachusetts during the American Civil War from 1861\u20131864. A part of the II Corps of the Army of the Potomac, the regiment was engaged in many battles from Ball's Bluff to Petersburg, and suffered the tenth highest fatality rate amongst Federal regiments. The regiment was composed almost entirely of men from Worcester County, and was mustered in on July 12, 1861.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013938-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment, Brigade, Divisional and Corps attachments\nAttached to Gorman's Brigade, Stone's (Sedgwick's) Division, Army of the Potomac, to March, 1862. 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, 2nd Army Corps, Army of the Potomac, to July, 1864", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 79], "content_span": [80, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013938-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment, History\nThe regiment was mustered into Federal service on July 12, 1861, and left for the seat of war, arriving along the Potomac on August 25. On October 21, it was engaged with the heaviest loss among all Federal regiments at the Battle of Ball's Bluff. In the spring of 1862, it was made a part of the II Corps of the Army of the Potomac and accompanied it during the Peninsular Campaign, being engaged at the Battles of Seven Pines, Savage's Station, and Glendale with modest losses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013938-0002-0001", "contents": "15th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment, History\nIn April 1862, the 1st Company Massachusetts Sharpshooters was attached to the regiment, serving with it until the spring of 1863. Spending most of the summer at Harrison's Landing, it departed in August just in time to miss the Battle of Second Bull Run. The regiment then embarked upon the Maryland Campaign, where it was savagely flanked by the Confederates at the Battle of Antietam, losing over 50% of its 600 men. During the Battle of Fredericksburg, it was kept out of the main assault on Marye's Heights and suffered relatively few losses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013938-0002-0002", "contents": "15th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment, History\nThe Battle of Gettysburg found the regiment engaged against the assaults of the Army of Northern Virginia on July 2 and 3, 1863, with heavy loss. By 1864, the regiment's strength had dwindled, but it still faced rigorous campaigning with action at The Battle of the Wilderness, Spotsylvania, Cold Harbor, and the Siege of Petersburg. By June 22, the regiment could field only 75 officers and men. This small group was captured en masse that day when they were outflanked by a Confederate force on the Jerusalem Plank Road. The survivors and parolees mustered out of Federal service on July 26, 1864, with its recruits and re-enlistees being transferred to the 20th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 744]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013938-0003-0000", "contents": "15th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nDuring the war, the 15th Massachusetts Regiment sustained the 10th-highest number of men killed or fatally wounded in action among all 1,200 Federal regiments. Its losses at several engagements are as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013938-0004-0000", "contents": "15th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nIn sum, 14 officers and 227 enlisted men were killed or fatally wounded during the course of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013939-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Massachusetts Regiment\nThe 15th Massachusetts Regiment was raised on September 16, 1776, under Colonel Timothy Bigelow at Boston, Massachusetts, as part of Massachusetts contribution to the Resolve of 88 Regiments. The regiment would see action at the Battle of Saratoga, Battle of Monmouth and the Battle of Rhode Island. The regiment was disbanded on January 1, 1781, at West Point, New York.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013940-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Mechanized Brigade (Romania)\nThe 15th Mechanized Brigade \"Podu \u00cenalt\" (Romanian: Brigada 15 Mecanizat\u0103 \"Podu \u00cenalt\") is a mechanized brigade of the Romanian Land Forces. It was formed in July 1994 from the ex 15th Mechanized Regiment. The brigade is currently subordinated to the 4th Infantry Division, and its headquarters are located in Ia\u0219i.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013941-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Medical Battalion (German Army)\nThe 15th Medical Battalion (German: Sanit\u00e4tsabteilung 15) was a non-combat battalion of the German Army Medical Service during the First World War, the interwar period and the Second World War. It was based in Frankfurt and Kassel and consisted of personnel from Hesse.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013941-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Medical Battalion (German Army), History\nThe battalion was established during the German Empire as a battalion of the Royal Prussian Army and saw active service during the First World War. In 1919, its headquarters was moved to Kassel and it was merged with the 11th Medical Battalion. From the 1930s it was attached to the IX Army Corps and headquartered in Frankfurt. The battalion exclusively saw service in a medical capacity and thus held non-combatant status under the laws of war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013941-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Medical Battalion (German Army), Personnel\nMost of the personnel of the 15th Medical Battalion were conscripted officers and soldiers, and included military physicians and other medics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 47], "content_span": [48, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013942-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Meril-Prothom Alo Awards\nThe 15th Meril Prothom Alo Awards ceremony, presented by Prothom Alo took place on 26 April 2013, at the Bangabandhu International Conference Center in Dhaka, Bangladesh as a part of the 2012\u201313 film awards season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013942-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Meril-Prothom Alo Awards, Facts and figures\nThis was 15th instalment of Meril Prothom Alo Awards. Ghetuputra Komola got the best film awards along with 4 other awards of Critics Choice best director, best film actor, best film actress, and a special award. This was the last directed film of popular novelist Humayun Ahmed. He was awarded as the best film director for this film. Nazmun Munira Nancy got the award in best female singer category for the fourth time in a row from 2009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 48], "content_span": [49, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013942-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Meril-Prothom Alo Awards, Winners and nominations\nA total of 14 awards were given at the ceremony. Following is the list of the winners.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 54], "content_span": [55, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013942-0003-0000", "contents": "15th Meril-Prothom Alo Awards, Host and Jury Board\nThis program was anchored initially by Rumana Malik Munmun. Chanchal Chowdhury and Mosharraf Karim later host the event. The members of Jury Board for television critics were Mamunur Rashid, Tariq Anam Khan, Wahida Mollick Jolly, Zahidur Rahman Anjan and Gaosul Alam Shaon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013943-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Metro FM Music Awards\nThe 15th installment of the annual Metro FM Music Awards is an award ceremony that celebrates excellence in the South African music industry by honouring musicians who did exceedingly well in their field throughout 2015. The show first aired on SABC 1 on February 27, 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013943-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Metro FM Music Awards\nThe winner in each category will  receive a R100,000 prize for each category they win. Metro FM is investing in musicians; building wealth and benefiting financially from their trade over and above the artistic recognition that comes with the MMA's coveted statuette. This will be the first installment of the award show to include a new category, namely the Pan-African Category.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013943-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Metro FM Music Awards\nNathi and Sphectacular & DJ Naves led the nominations with five each, followed by Riky Rick and Emtee with four nominations each, and AKA, Fifi Cooper and Black Coffee with three nominations each.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013943-0003-0000", "contents": "15th Metro FM Music Awards\nEmtee is the biggest winner of the event, having won in four categories. AKA won three awards, one of which he shares with newcomer Emtee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013944-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Michigan Infantry Regiment\nThe 15th Michigan Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013944-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Michigan Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 15th Michigan Infantry was organized at Ypsilanti and Detroit, Michigan, between October 16, 1861, and March 13, 1862, and was mustered into Federal service for a three-year enlistment on March 20, 1862 .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013944-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Michigan Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was mustered out of service on August 18, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013944-0003-0000", "contents": "15th Michigan Infantry Regiment, Total strength and casualties\nThe regiment suffered 335 fatalities over the course of the war. 3 officers and 60 enlisted men were killed in action or from wounds sustained in combat. The other 4 officers and 268 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 62], "content_span": [63, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013945-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Military Division (Vichy France)\nThe 15th Military Division (French: 15e Division Militaire) also known as the 15th Military Region (French: 15e R\u00e9gion Militaire) was an infantry formation of division-size of the Armistice Army that was active during World War II. The division's headquarters was in Marseille. This division was subordinated to the 1st Group of Military Divisions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013945-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Military Division (Vichy France), History\nThe 15th Military Division was formed on 12 September 1940. On 8 November 1942 at 15:00, just before Case Anton, the 15th Military Division positioned themselves for battle. Like the rest of the Army of Vichy France, this division, except for the Garde, was demobilized on 27 November 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013945-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Military Division (Vichy France), Composition, Military Commands\nThe following Departemental Military Commands (French: Commandant Militaire du D\u00e9partement) were under the 15th Military Division:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 69], "content_span": [70, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013945-0003-0000", "contents": "15th Military Division (Vichy France), Composition, Military Commands\nNumerous Military District Commands (French: Commandement du District Militaire) of these places were subordinated to the 15th Military Division:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 69], "content_span": [70, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013945-0004-0000", "contents": "15th Military Division (Vichy France), Composition, Training grounds\nThe 15th Military Division had two training grounds, namely those at Carpiagne and Garrigues.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 68], "content_span": [69, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013946-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Military Police Brigade\nThe 15th Military Police Brigade, stationed at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, is an active duty United States Army corrections and detention brigade under the United States Army Corrections Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013946-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Military Police Brigade, History\nOriginally stationed in Germany, the 15th Military Police Brigade was the first military police brigade activated in the U.S. Army, only to be deactivated in 1976. On 28 Sept 2010, the United States Army Correctional Brigade was reflagged as the 15th Military Police Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013947-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Missouri Infantry Regiment\nThe 15th Missouri Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013947-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Missouri Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 15th Missouri Infantry Regiment was organized at St. Louis, Missouri August\u2013September 1861 and mustered in for three years on under the command of Colonel Francis J. Joliat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013947-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Missouri Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to Fremont's Army of the West to January 1862. 5th Brigade, Army of Southwest Missouri, to March 1862. 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, Army of Southwest Missouri, to May 1862. 1st Brigade, 5th Division, Army of the Mississippi, to September 1862. 35th Brigade, 11th Division, Army of the Ohio, to October 1862. 35th Brigade, 11th Division, III Corps, Army of the Ohio, to November 1862. 2nd Brigade, 3rd Division, Right Wing, XIV Corps, Army of the Cumberland, to January 1863. 2nd Brigade, 3rd Division, XX Corps, Army of the Cumberland, to October 1863, 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, IV Corps, to April 1864. 3rd Brigade, 2nd Division, IV Corps, to June 1865. 2nd Brigade, 2nd Division, IV Corps, to August 1865. Department of Texas to December 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 811]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013947-0003-0000", "contents": "15th Missouri Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 15th Missouri Infantry mustered out of service at Victoria, Texas on December 25, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013947-0004-0000", "contents": "15th Missouri Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nMoved to Jefferson City, Mo., September 1861. Fremont's Campaign against Springfield, Mo., October 4-November 8, 1861. Moved to Rolla, Mo., and duty there until February 1862. Curtis' Campaign in Missouri and Arkansas against Price February and March. Advance on Springfield February 2\u201311. Pursuit of Price into Arkansas February 14\u201329. Battles of Pea Ridge, Ark., March 6\u20138. March to Batesville April 5-May 3. Moved to Cape Girardeau, Mo., May 11\u201322; thence to Pittsburg Landing, Tenn., May 23\u201326. Siege of Corinth May 27\u201330. Pursuit to Booneville May 31-June 6. At Rienzi until August 26.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013947-0004-0001", "contents": "15th Missouri Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nMoved to Cincinnati, Ohio, August 26-September 14; thence to Louisville, Ky., September 17\u201319. Pursuit of Bragg into Kentucky October 1\u201316. Battle of Perryville, Ky., October 8. March to Nashville, Tenn., October 16-November 7. Duty at Nashville until December 26. Advance on Murfreesboro December 26\u201330. Battle of Stones River December 30\u201331, 1862 and January 1\u20133, 1863. Duty near Murfreesboro until June. Expedition toward Columbia March 4\u201314. Tullahoma Campaign June 23-July 7. Fairfield June 27\u201329. Estill Springs July 2. Reconnaissance to Anderson July 11\u201314. Occupation of middle Tennessee until August 16.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013947-0004-0002", "contents": "15th Missouri Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nPassage of Cumberland Mountains and Tennessee River and Chickamauga Campaign August 16-September 22. Battle of Chickamauga September 19\u201320. Siege of Chattanooga September 24-November 23. Chattanooga-Ringgold Campaign November 23\u201327. Orchard Knob November 23\u201324. Missionary Ridge November 25. Pursuit to Graysville November 26\u201327. March to relief of Knoxville, Tenn., November 28-December 8. Operations in eastern Tennessee December 1863 to February 1864. Dandridge January 16\u201317, 1864. Moved to Chattanooga, thence to Cleveland, Tenn., and duty there until May 1864. Atlanta Campaign May 1-September 8. Demonstration on Rocky Faced Ridge and Dalton May 8\u201313. Buzzard's Roost Gap May 8\u20139. Battle of Resaca May 14\u201315.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 765]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013947-0004-0003", "contents": "15th Missouri Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nAdairsville May 17. Near Kingston May 18\u201319. Near Cassville May 19. Advance on Dallas May 22\u201325, Operations on line of Pumpkin Vine Creek and battles about Dallas, New Hope Church and Allatoona Hills May 25-June 5. Operations about Marietta and against Kennesaw Mountain June 10-July 2. Pine Hill June 11\u201314. Lost Mountain June 15\u201317. Assault on Kennesaw June 27. Ruff's Station July 4. Chattahoochie River July 5\u201317. Buckhead, Nancy's Creek, July 18. Peachtree Creek July 19\u201320. Siege of Atlanta July 22-August 25. Flank movement on Jonesboro August 25\u201330. Battle of Jonesboro August 31-September 1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013947-0004-0004", "contents": "15th Missouri Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nLovejoy's Station September 2\u20136. Operations against Hood and Forest in northern Georgia and northern Alabama September 29-November 3. Nashville Campaign November and December. Columbia, Duck River, November 24\u201327. Spring Hill November 29. Battle of Franklin November 30. Battle of Nashville December 15\u201316. Pursuit of Hood to the Tennessee River December 17\u201328. Columbia December 19. Pulaski December 25. March from Pulaski to Decatur, Ala., and duty there until April 1865. Moved to Blue Springs April 1\u20135, thence to Nashville, Tenn., April 19, and duty there until June. Moved to New Orleans June 15\u201323, and to Port Lavaca, Texas, July 18\u201324. Duty there until October. Moved to Victoria October 27 and duty there until December.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 780]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013947-0005-0000", "contents": "15th Missouri Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 222 men during service; 8 officers and 107 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 1 officer and 106 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013948-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Moscow International Film Festival\nThe 15th Moscow International Film Festival was held from 6 to 17 July 1987. The Golden Prize was awarded to the Italian film Intervista directed by Federico Fellini.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013950-0000-0000", "contents": "15th National Assembly of Vietnam\nThe 15th National Assembly of Vietnam (Vietnamese: Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i Vi\u1ec7t Nam kh\u00f3a XV) is a parliamentary cycle that commenced in July 2021 following the legislative elections on 23 May 2021. The National Assembly has 499 members, formally confirmed at the 8th meeting of the National Election Council on 12 July 2021.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013950-0001-0000", "contents": "15th National Assembly of Vietnam\nThe 15th National Assembly first convened on 20 July 2021 to re-elect V\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00ecnh Hu\u1ec7 as its Chairman, Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Ph\u00fac as President of Vietnam and Ph\u1ea1m Minh Ch\u00ednh as Prime Minister of Vietnam.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013950-0002-0000", "contents": "15th National Assembly of Vietnam, Election\nLegislative elections were held on 23 May 2021 to elect members of the National Assembly and deputies of provincial, district and communical councils. About 69,243,604 people went to vote in 63 provinces and municipalities throughout the country. There were 868 candidates contested in 184 multi-member constituencies nationwide, with a maximum of 500 candidates elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 43], "content_span": [44, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013950-0003-0000", "contents": "15th National Assembly of Vietnam, Election\nOn 10 June 2021, the National Election Council refused to affirm the membership of Tr\u1ea7n V\u0103n Nam, CPV Secretary of B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng Province following investigations in his corruption. His seat in B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng Province was removed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 43], "content_span": [44, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013950-0004-0000", "contents": "15th National Assembly of Vietnam, Election\nAt the end 499 candidates were announced elected. The Communist party won 485 seats with the rest going to independent candidates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 43], "content_span": [44, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013950-0005-0000", "contents": "15th National Assembly of Vietnam, Sessions\nAlthough scheduled to take place between 20 July and 5 August 2021, the first meeting session was shortened due to severe COVID-19 outbreaks in the country.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 43], "content_span": [44, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013950-0006-0000", "contents": "15th National Assembly of Vietnam, Sessions\nDuring the nine days of meetings, the lawmakers elected leaders of the National Assembly, State and Government leaders, the Chief Justice and Prosecutore General and heads of National Assembly committees.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 43], "content_span": [44, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013950-0007-0000", "contents": "15th National Assembly of Vietnam, Sessions\nIt also ratified 29 resolutions, including 17 resolutions on organisation and personnel, 11 thematic resolutions, and one general resolution on the first session.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 43], "content_span": [44, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013950-0008-0000", "contents": "15th National Assembly of Vietnam, Sessions\nThe first session wrapped up on 28 July with calls to the state and governments of all levels for COVID-19 prevention.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 43], "content_span": [44, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013950-0009-0000", "contents": "15th National Assembly of Vietnam, Sessions, Results\nThe elections of the State President, Vice Presidents, the Chief Justice and the Prosecutor General took place on 26 July 2021.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 52], "content_span": [53, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013951-0000-0000", "contents": "15th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party\nThe 15th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party (Simplified Chinese:  \u4e2d\u56fd\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u7b2c\u5341\u4e94\u6b21\u5168\u56fd\u4ee3\u8868\u5927\u4f1a) was held in Beijing between September 12 and 18, 1997. It was preceded by the 14th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party. It was followed by the 16th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party. 2,048 delegates and 60 specially invited delegates elected a 344-member 15th CCP Central Committee, as well as a 115-member Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (CCDI). This change in membership made the new average age of the CCP 55 and percentage of members holding university or college level education 92.4%. Jiang Zemin was reappointed CCP General Secretary and Chairman of the Central Military Commission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 781]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013951-0001-0000", "contents": "15th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party, Changes to the constitution\nThe constitution was changed to make Deng Xiaoping Theory a guiding ideology of the Chinese Communist Party alongside Marxism-Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought. It was revealed in a presentation by Jiang Zemin that an All-Round Advancement would be adopted toward the Cause of Building Socialism with Chinese Characteristics well into the 21st Century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 82], "content_span": [83, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013952-0000-0000", "contents": "15th National Congress of the Kuomintang\nThe 15th National Congress of the Kuomintang (Chinese: \u4e2d\u570b\u570b\u6c11\u9ee8\u7b2c\u5341\u4e94\u6b21\u5168\u570b\u4ee3\u8868\u5927\u4f1a) was the fifteenth national congress of the Kuomintang, held in 24\u201328 August 1997 at Taipei International Convention Center, Taipei, Taiwan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013952-0001-0000", "contents": "15th National Congress of the Kuomintang, Details\nThe congress was attended by 2,300 of the party members elected in the July 1997 election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013952-0002-0000", "contents": "15th National Congress of the Kuomintang, Results\nThe new cabinet was appointed with Vincent Siew as the Premier and started to take office on 1 September 1997.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013953-0000-0000", "contents": "15th National Film Awards\nThe 15th National Film Awards, presented by Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, India to felicitate the best of Indian Cinema released in 1967. Ceremony took place at Vigyan Bhavan, New Delhi on 25 November 1968 and awards were given by then President of India, Zakir Hussain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013953-0001-0000", "contents": "15th National Film Awards\nWith 15th National Film Awards, format of awards has been changed, which includes introduction of new awards and categorisation. Unlike earlier, films then categorised into feature films and short films. Feature films awards were continued with All India Awards and Regional Awards but couple of more awards were introduced at the all India level to honour artists and technicians.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013953-0002-0000", "contents": "15th National Film Awards\nMajor awards introduced for feature films starting with 15th National Film Awards includes awards for Best Actor, Best Actress, Best Direction, Best Cinematography, Best Music Direction, Best Playback Singer of the Year and Best Screenplay.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013953-0003-0000", "contents": "15th National Film Awards\nStarting 15th National Film Awards, Short films had their own share of awards which introduced seven new awards for various types/genre of short films made in the country, including Best Promotional Film, Best Educational / Instructional Film, Best Film on Social Documentation etc.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013953-0004-0000", "contents": "15th National Film Awards\nCertificate of Merit in all the categories is discontinued with 15th National Film Awards, which also led to discontinuation of second and third film/documentary, again in all the categories, except Second Best Feature Film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013953-0005-0000", "contents": "15th National Film Awards, Juries\nSix different committees were formed based on the film making sectors in India, mainly based in Bombay, Calcutta and Madras along with the award categories. Another committee for all India level was also formed which included some of the members from regional committee. For 15th National Film Awards, central committee was headed by R. K. Nehru.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 33], "content_span": [34, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013953-0006-0000", "contents": "15th National Film Awards, Awards\nPresident's Gold Medal for the All India Best Feature Film is now better known as National Film Award for Best Feature Film, whereas President's Gold Medal for the Best Documentary Film is analogous to today's National Film Award for Best Non-Feature Film. For children's films, Prime Minister's Gold Medal is now given as National Film Award for Best Children's Film. At the regional level, President's Silver Medal for Best Feature Film is now given as National Film Award for Best Feature Film in a particular language. Certificate of Merit in all the categories is discontinued over the years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 33], "content_span": [34, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013953-0007-0000", "contents": "15th National Film Awards, Awards, Feature films\nFeature films were awarded at All India as well as regional level. For 15th National Film Awards, a Bengali film Hatey Bazarey won the President's Gold Medal for the All India Best Feature Film, whereas a Bengali film Chiriyakhana and two Hindi films, Hamraaz and Upkar won the maximum number of awards (two). Following were the awards given in each category:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 48], "content_span": [49, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013953-0008-0000", "contents": "15th National Film Awards, Awards, Feature films, Regional Award\nThe awards were given to the best films made in the regional languages of India. For feature films in Assamese, English, Gujarati, Kashmiri and Oriya language, President's Silver Medal for Best Feature Film was not given. The producer and director of the film were awarded with \u20b95,000 and a Silver medal, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 64], "content_span": [65, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013953-0009-0000", "contents": "15th National Film Awards, Awards, Awards not given\nFollowing were the awards not given as no film was found to be suitable for the award:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 51], "content_span": [52, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013954-0000-0000", "contents": "15th National Geographic Bee\nThe 15th National Geographic Bee was held in Washington, D.C. on May 21, 2003, sponsored by the National Geographic Society and ING. The final competition was moderated by Jeopardy! host Alex Trebek. The winner was James Williams, a homeschooled student from Vancouver, Washington, who won a $25,000 college scholarship, lifetime membership in the National Geographic Society, and a trip to a Busch Gardens/Sea World Adventure Camp. The 2nd-place winner, Dallas Simons of Martin Luther King Magnet School in Nashville, Tennessee, won a $15,000 scholarship. The 3rd-place winner, Sean Rao of St. Gabriel School in Hubertus, Wisconsin, won a $10,000 scholarship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 689]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013955-0000-0000", "contents": "15th National Hockey League All-Star Game\nThe 15th National Hockey League All-Star Game took place at Chicago Stadium on October 7, 1961. The NHL All-Stars defeated the hometown Chicago Black Hawks 3\u20131.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013955-0001-0000", "contents": "15th National Hockey League All-Star Game, Red Wing Line Leads Stars to Victory\nThe Detroit Red Wings' line of Gordie Howe, Alex Delvecchio and Norm Ullman opened and closed the scoring, as the NHL All-Stars toppled the Stanley Cup champion Chicago Black Hawks 3-1 before a record crowd of 14,534 spectators. Delvecchio opened the scoring twelve minutes into the first period on assists from Howe and Ullman, and Howe closed the scoring twelve minutes into the second period on assists from Delvecchio and Ullman. Don McKenney of the Boston Bruins also scored for the All-Stars, while Eric Nesterenko beat Toronto Maple Leafs' Johnny Bower for Chicago's only goal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 79], "content_span": [80, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013956-0000-0000", "contents": "15th National Television Awards\nThe 15th National Television Awards ceremony was held at The O2 Arena for the first time on 20 January 2010, and was the first to be hosted by Dermot O'Leary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013957-0000-0000", "contents": "15th New Brunswick Legislature\nThe 15th New Brunswick Legislative Assembly represented New Brunswick between February 6, 1851, and May 19, 1854.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013957-0001-0000", "contents": "15th New Brunswick Legislature\nThe assembly sat at the pleasure of the Governor of New Brunswick Edmund Walker Head.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013957-0002-0000", "contents": "15th New Brunswick Legislature\nCharles Simonds was chosen as speaker for the house. After Simonds resigned his seat, William Crane served as speaker from January 1852 to March 1853 when he resigned due to poor health. Daniel Hanington was chosen to replace Crane as speaker.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013959-0000-0000", "contents": "15th New Hampshire Infantry Regiment\nThe 15th New Hampshire Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013959-0001-0000", "contents": "15th New Hampshire Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 15th New Hampshire Infantry was organized in Concord, New Hampshire, October 6\u201316, 1862, and mustered in for nine months' service under the command of Colonel John W. Kingman.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013959-0002-0000", "contents": "15th New Hampshire Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment left New Hampshire for New York City November 13, 1862; then sailed for New Orleans, Louisiana, December 19, arriving December 26. It was attached to Sherman's Division, Department of the Gulf, to January 1863. 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, XIX Corps, Army of the Gulf, to July 1863. 2nd Brigade, 3rd Division, XIX Corps, to August 1863. Moved from Carrollton to Camp Parapet, Louisiana, January 28, 1863, and served duty there until May. Moved to Springfield Landing May 20\u201322. Siege of Port Hudson, La., May 27-July 9. Assaults on Port Hudson May 27 and June 14. Surrender of Port Hudson July 9. Moved to Concord, New Hampshire, July 26-August 8.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 704]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013959-0003-0000", "contents": "15th New Hampshire Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 15th New Hampshire Infantry mustered out of service August 13, 1863, at Concord, New Hampshire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013959-0004-0000", "contents": "15th New Hampshire Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 161 men during service; 27 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 134 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013960-0000-0000", "contents": "15th New Jersey Infantry Regiment\nThe 15th New Jersey Infantry Regiment was an American Civil War infantry regiment from New Jersey that served from September 1862 through 1865 in the Union Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013960-0001-0000", "contents": "15th New Jersey Infantry Regiment\nThe 15th New Jersey Infantry Regiment was organized at Flemington, New Jersey, in July and August 1862. Three companies were recruited in Sussex County (D, I & K), two in Warren (B & H), two in Hunterdon (A & G), two in Morris (C & F) and one in Somerset (E), and all were composed of men of superior physical strength and capacities of endurance. The regiment was mustered into the United States services on the 25th of August and on the 27th left for Washington, numbering nine hundred and twenty-five officers and men, Colonel Samuel Fowler commanding.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013960-0001-0001", "contents": "15th New Jersey Infantry Regiment\nReaching the Capital it encamped at Tennallytown, where it remained for about a month, engaged in drill and acquiring discipline for future service. While here, the men were also employed upon the defenses of Washington, slashing timber, making military roads, and throwing up earthworks - Fort Kearny being constructed entirely by their labor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013960-0002-0000", "contents": "15th New Jersey Infantry Regiment, Original regimental commanders\nThe following officers led the regiment at the outset. Staff officers, including the Colonel, were generally listed under Company S. Unassigned replacements were listed under Company U.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 65], "content_span": [66, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013960-0003-0000", "contents": "15th New Jersey Infantry Regiment, First enlistment\nBy the time the 15th was formed all regiments were created for 3 years service. Most would reenlist to become \"Veteran\" regiments when and if their time came.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 51], "content_span": [52, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013960-0004-0000", "contents": "15th New Jersey Infantry Regiment, Statistics\nThis regiment suffered higher casualties than any other infantry regiment from New Jersey. At Spotsylvania, the Jersey Brigade of Wright's Division was engaged in a deadly struggle, the percentage of killed in the 15th New Jersey being equaled in only one instance during the whole war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 45], "content_span": [46, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013960-0005-0000", "contents": "15th New Jersey Infantry Regiment, Personal Stories\nPersonal stories of individual officers or enlisted men should be added to this section in alphabetical order.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 51], "content_span": [52, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013960-0006-0000", "contents": "15th New Jersey Infantry Regiment, Personal Stories, Kelsey, William (PVT)\nWilliam Kelsey was born in Newton, Sussex County, NJ in December 1844, and was orphaned at a young age. He was working as a farm hand in Lafayette Township when he enlisted as a drummer boy in Company D in July 1862. On July 16, 1863, at Wolf Run, Virginia, he was shot in the neck, and the wound was assumed to be fatal. His fellow soldiers dug his grave, but he survived, and was sent to Washington to recover. He was mustered out on May 30, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 74], "content_span": [75, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013960-0006-0001", "contents": "15th New Jersey Infantry Regiment, Personal Stories, Kelsey, William (PVT)\nHe later moved to Brooklyn, NY, where he worked as a chemist (pharmacist), then to Sag Harbor, NY. He and his family eventually settled in Amagansett, NY, joining two fellow soldiers who were Amagansett natives: (Sgt) Lodowick H. King (Co. I) and Marcus Barnes Duvall (Co. E). King and Duvall had joined the 15th New Jersey along with Chaplain Alanson A. Haines, a New Jersey native who was a pastor in Amagansett at the start of the war. Kelsey died in Amagansett on December 6, 1916, and is buried in East End Cemetery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 74], "content_span": [75, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013960-0007-0000", "contents": "15th New Jersey Infantry Regiment, Personal Stories, Losey, Peter (PVT)\nPeter Losey was an unmarried farmer in Stillwater Township, Sussex County, New Jersey, when he enlisted at Newton. He served in Company I from first muster on August 11, 1862, until his capture on May 4, 1864, during the Battle of the Wilderness. By July 16 he was at Andersonville where he remained until he was released to the Union with others who were too ill matter. That is, he was too far gone to recover. He was exchanged on November 30 at Savannah, Georgia, and taken to Annapolis where he died of chronic diarrhea on December 20, 1864. Private Peter Losey (no. 287) was buried at U. S. Cemetery Annapolis in 259 Ash Grove.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 71], "content_span": [72, 704]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013961-0000-0000", "contents": "15th New York State Legislature\nThe 15th New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 5 to April 12, 1792, during the fifteenth year of George Clinton's governorship, in New York City.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013961-0001-0000", "contents": "15th New York State Legislature, Background\nUnder the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1777, the State Senators were elected on general tickets in the senatorial districts, and were then divided into four classes. Six senators each drew lots for a term of 1, 2, 3 or 4 years and, beginning at the election in April 1778, every year six Senate seats came up for election to a four-year term. Assemblymen were elected countywide on general tickets to a one-year term, the whole assembly being renewed annually.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013961-0002-0000", "contents": "15th New York State Legislature, Background\nIn March 1786, the Legislature enacted that future Legislatures meet on the first Tuesday of January of each year unless called earlier by the governor. No general meeting place was determined, leaving it to each Legislature to name the place where to reconvene, and if no place could be agreed upon, the Legislature should meet again where it adjourned.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013961-0003-0000", "contents": "15th New York State Legislature, Background\nOn February 7, 1791, the Legislature re-apportioned the Senate and Assembly districts, according to the figures of the United States Census of 1790. The area of Columbia and Rensselaer counties were transferred from the Western to the Eastern District; and the Southern and the Western districts lost one senator each, which were added to the Eastern District.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013961-0003-0001", "contents": "15th New York State Legislature, Background\nThe total number of assemblymen was again set at 70; but several new counties were established: Herkimer (1 seat), Ontario (1), Otsego (1), Rensselaer (5), Saratoga (4) and Tioga (1); Kings, Orange, Queens, Richmond, Suffolk, Ulster and Westchester lost 1 seat, and Montgomery and New York lost 2; and Columbia won 3 seats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013961-0004-0000", "contents": "15th New York State Legislature, Background\nAt this time the politicians were divided into two opposing political parties: the Federalists and the Democratic-Republicans. Party lines were not as distinctly drawn then as they became during the 19th century. Some politicians changed sides, for example the Livingston faction of the Federalist Party who felt betrayed after the election of Rufus King over their candidate James Duane in the United States Senate election in New York, 1789 and later voted down Schuyler for re-election in 1791.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013961-0005-0000", "contents": "15th New York State Legislature, Elections\nThe State election was held from April 26 to 28, 1791. Senators Samuel Jones (Southern D.), Thomas Tillotson and Jacobus Swartwout (both Middle D.) were re-elected; and Joshua Sands (Southern D.), William Powers (Eastern D.) and Ex-U.S. Senator Philip Schuyler (Western D.) were also elected to the Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 42], "content_span": [43, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013961-0006-0000", "contents": "15th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature was to meet for the regular session on January 3, 1792, at Federal Hall in New York City; both Houses assembled a quorum two days later; and adjourned on April 12.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 41], "content_span": [42, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013961-0007-0000", "contents": "15th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nOn April 12, 1792, they enacted that the Legislature should meet on the first Tuesday of November every four years, beginning in 1792, to choose presidential electors. The electors should then meet as electoral college at Poughkeepsie.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 41], "content_span": [42, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013961-0008-0000", "contents": "15th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Districts\nNote: There are now 62 counties in the State of New York. The counties which are not mentioned in this list had not yet been established, or sufficiently organized, the area being included in one or more of the abovementioned counties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 56], "content_span": [57, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013961-0009-0000", "contents": "15th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 54], "content_span": [55, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013961-0010-0000", "contents": "15th New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Districts\nNote: There are now 62 counties in the State of New York. The counties which are not mentioned in this list had not yet been established, or sufficiently organized, the area being included in one or more of the abovementioned counties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 58], "content_span": [59, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013961-0011-0000", "contents": "15th New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Assemblymen\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued as members of this Legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 60], "content_span": [61, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013962-0000-0000", "contents": "15th New Zealand Parliament\nThe 15th New Zealand Parliament was a term of the New Zealand Parliament. It was elected at the 1902 general election in November and December of that year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013962-0001-0000", "contents": "15th New Zealand Parliament, 1902 electoral redistribution\nThe Representation Act 1900 had increased the membership of the House of Representatives from general electorates 70 to 76, and this was implemented through the 1902 electoral redistribution. In 1902, changes to the country quota affected the three-member electorates in the four main centres. The tolerance between electorates was increased to \u00b11,250 so that the Representation Commissions (since 1896, there had been separate commissions for the North and South Islands) could take greater account of communities of interest. These changes proved very disruptive to existing boundaries. Six electorates were established for the first time: Courtenay, Newtown, Grey Lynn , Hurunui, Oroua, and Kaipara. Two electorates that previously existed were re-established: Mount Ida and Hutt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 58], "content_span": [59, 842]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013962-0002-0000", "contents": "15th New Zealand Parliament, 1902 electoral redistribution\nThis boundary redistribution resulted in the abolition of three electorates:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 58], "content_span": [59, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013962-0003-0000", "contents": "15th New Zealand Parliament, 1902 general election\nThe 1902 general election was held on Tuesday, 25 November in the general electorates and on Monday, 22 December in the M\u0101ori electorates, respectively. A total of 80 MPs were elected; 38 represented North Island electorates, 38 represented South Island electorates, and the remaining four represented M\u0101ori electorates. 415,789 voters were enrolled and the official turnout at the election was 76.7%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 50], "content_span": [51, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013962-0004-0000", "contents": "15th New Zealand Parliament, Sessions\nThe 15th Parliament sat for three sessions, and was prorogued on 15 November 1905.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013962-0005-0000", "contents": "15th New Zealand Parliament, Ministries\nThe Liberal Government of New Zealand had taken office on 24 January 1891. The Seddon Ministry under Richard Seddon had taken office in 1893 during the term of the 11th Parliament. The Seddon Ministry remained in power for the whole term of this Parliament and held power until Seddon's death on 10 June 1906.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013962-0006-0000", "contents": "15th New Zealand Parliament, Initial composition of the 15th Parliament\nThe following are the results of the 1902 general election:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 71], "content_span": [72, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013962-0007-0000", "contents": "15th New Zealand Parliament, Changes during 15th Parliament\nThere were a number of changes during the term of the 15th Parliament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 59], "content_span": [60, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013963-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Northwest Territories Legislative Assembly\nThe 15th Northwest Territories Legislative Assembly is the 23rd sitting legislature or council in Northwest Territories history. It lasted from 2003 until September 3, 2007. The primary membership was elected in the 2003 Northwest Territories general election. There were 2 by-elections conducted during the interim.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013963-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Northwest Territories Legislative Assembly\nJoe Handley was Premier and David Krutko, followed by Paul Delorey were Speakers during the sitting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013965-0000-0000", "contents": "15th OTO Awards\nThe 15th OTO Awards honoring the best in Slovak popular culture for the year 2014, took time and place on March 14, 2015 at the former Opera building of the Slovak National Theater in Bratislava. The ceremony broadcast live the channel Jednotka of RTVS, while the hosts of the show were Adela Ban\u00e1\u0161ov\u00e1 and Matej \"Sajfa\" Cifra, both for the third time in a row.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013965-0001-0000", "contents": "15th OTO Awards, Nominees, Main categories\n\u2605 B\u00farliv\u00e9 v\u00edno \u2013 Mark\u00edza Panel\u00e1k \u2013 JOJ Profesion\u00e1li \u2013 JOJ", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 42], "content_span": [43, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013965-0002-0000", "contents": "15th OTO Awards, Reception, TV ratings\nThe show has received a total audience of more than 601,000 viewers, making it the most watched television program within prime time in the region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 38], "content_span": [39, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013966-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Ohio Independent Light Artillery Battery\n15th Ohio Battery was an artillery battery that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013966-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Ohio Independent Light Artillery Battery, Service\nThe 15th Ohio Battery was organized at Camp Dennison near Cincinnati, Ohio, and mustered in February 1, 1862, for a three-year enlistment under Captain Edward Spear Jr..", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013966-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Ohio Independent Light Artillery Battery, Service\nThe battery was attached to Artillery, 4th Division, Army of the Tennessee, to July 1862. 4th Division, District of Memphis, Tennessee, to September 1862. 4th Division, District of Jackson, Tennessee, to November 1862. 4th Division, Right Wing, XIII Corps, Department of the Tennessee, to December 1862. Artillery, 4th Division, XVII Corps, to January 1863. Artillery, 4th Division, XVI Corps, to July 1863. Artillery, 4th Division, XIII Corps, to August 1863. Artillery, 4th Division, XVII Corps, to November 1864. Artillery Brigade, XVII Corps, to June 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013966-0003-0000", "contents": "15th Ohio Independent Light Artillery Battery, Service\nThe 15th Ohio Battery mustered out of service in Columbus, Ohio, on June 20, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013966-0004-0000", "contents": "15th Ohio Independent Light Artillery Battery, Detailed service\nOrdered to Cincinnati, Ohio, then to Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, February 16. While en route, disembarked at Paducah, Ky., and duty there until April 15. Ordered to Pittsburg Landing, Tenn., April 15. Whitehall Landing April 17. Advance on and siege of Corinth, Miss., April 29-May 30. March to Memphis, Tenn., via Grand Junction, LaGrange and Holly Springs June 1-July 21. Duty at Memphis until September 6. March to Bolivar and Hatchie River September 6\u201314. Expedition to Grand Junction September 20. Skirmish with Price and Van Dorn September 21.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 63], "content_span": [64, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013966-0004-0001", "contents": "15th Ohio Independent Light Artillery Battery, Detailed service\nBattle of Metamora October 5. Bolivar October 7. Expedition from LaGrange toward Lamar, Miss., November 5. Grant's Central Mississippi Campaign. Operations on the Mississippi Central Railroad November 1862 to January 1863. Action at Worsham's Creek November 6. At Calersville, Tenn., January to March 1863. Moved to Memphis, Tenn., March 9, and duty there until May. Expedition to the Coldwater April 18\u201324. Hernando April 18. Perry's Ferry, Coldwater River, April 19. Ordered to Vicksburg, Miss., May 11. Siege of Vicksburg May 18-July 4. Assaults on Vicksburg May 19 and 22. Advance on Jackson, Miss., July 5\u201310. Siege of Jackson July 10\u201317.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 63], "content_span": [64, 707]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013966-0004-0002", "contents": "15th Ohio Independent Light Artillery Battery, Detailed service\nAt Vicksburg until August 2. Ordered to Natchez, Miss., August 15. Expedition to Harrisonburg September 1\u20138. Near Harrisonburg and capture of Fort Beauregard September 4. At Natchez until December. Ordered to Vicksburg and camp at Clear Creek until February, 1864. Meridian Campaign February 3-March 2. Veterans on furlough March\u2013April. Moved to Clifton, Tenn., thence march via Huntsville and Decatur, Ala., to Kingston, Ga., and Ackworth, Ga., April 28-June 8. Atlanta Campaign June 8 to September 8. Operations about Marietta and against Kennesaw Mountain June 10-July 5. Assault on Kennesaw June 27. Nickajack Creek July 2\u20135. Chattahoochie River July 5\u201317.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 63], "content_span": [64, 724]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013966-0004-0003", "contents": "15th Ohio Independent Light Artillery Battery, Detailed service\nTurner's Ferry July 5. Leggett's or Bald Hill July 20\u201321. Battle of Atlanta July 22. Siege of Atlanta July 22-August 25. Flank movement on Jonesboro August 25\u201330. Battle of Jonesboro August 31-September 1. Lovejoy's Station September 2\u20136. Operations against Hood in northern Georgia and northern Alabama September 29-November 3. March to the sea November 15-December 10. Siege of Savannah December 10\u201321. Campaign of the Carolinas January to April 1865. Pocotaligo, S.C., January 14. Barker's Mills, Whippy Swamp, February 2. Salkehatchie Swamp February 2\u20135. Binnaker's Bridge February 9. Orangeburg February 12\u201313. Columbia February 15\u201317. Taylor's Hole Creek, Averysboro, N.C., March 16. Battle of Bentonville March 20\u201321. Occupation of Goldsboro March 24, and of Raleigh April 14. Bennett's House April 26. Surrender of Johnston and his army. March to Washington, D.C., via Richmond, Va., April 29-May 20. Grand Review of the Armies May 24 then moved to Columbus, Ohio.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 63], "content_span": [64, 1036]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013966-0005-0000", "contents": "15th Ohio Independent Light Artillery Battery, Casualties\nThe battery lost a total of 38 enlisted men during service; 8 killed or mortally wounded, 30 died due to disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 57], "content_span": [58, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013967-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Ohio Infantry Regiment\nThe 15th Ohio Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013967-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service, Three-months regiment\nThe 15th Ohio Infantry Regiment was organized in Columbus, Ohio, on April 27, 1861, in response to President Lincoln's call for 75,000 volunteers and mustered into service on May 4, 1861. The regiment moved to Zanesville, Ohio on May 8th and then to western Virginia. It performed duty on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad and operations in the vicinity of Philippi, Laurel Hill and Corrick's Ford from June 3rd to July 16th. They were involved in action at Bowman's Place on June 29th. Then they were ordered back to Columbus and mustered out on August 27\u201331, 1861.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 59], "content_span": [60, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013967-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service, Three-years regiment\nThe 15th Ohio Infantry was reorganized at Mansfield, Ohio, in September 1861 and mustered in for three years service under the command of Colonel Moses R. Dickey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 58], "content_span": [59, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013967-0003-0000", "contents": "15th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service, Three-years regiment\nThe regiment was attached to McCook's Command, October to November 1861. 6th Brigade, Army of the Ohio, to December 1861. 6th Brigade, 2nd Division, Army of the Ohio, to September 1862. 6th Brigade, 2nd Division, I Corps, Army of the Ohio, to November 1862. 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, Right Wing, XIV Corps, Army of the Cumberland, to January 1863. 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, XX Corps, Army of the Cumberland, to October 1863. 1st Brigade, 3rd Division, IV Corps, to August 1865. Department of Texas to November 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 58], "content_span": [59, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013967-0004-0000", "contents": "15th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service, Three-years regiment\nThe 15th Ohio Infantry mustered out of service at San Antonio, Texas, on November 21, 1865, and returned to Columbus where its members were discharged on December 27, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 58], "content_span": [59, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013967-0005-0000", "contents": "15th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 315 men during service; 7 officers and 172 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 1 officer and 135 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013968-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Oklahoma Legislature\nThe Fifteenth Oklahoma Legislature was a meeting of the legislative branch of the government of Oklahoma, composed of the Oklahoma Senate and the Oklahoma House of Representatives. The state legislature met from January 8 to April 30, 1935, during the term of Governor E.W. Marland. Marland influenced the selection of Leon C. Phillips for Speaker of the Oklahoma House of Representatives. Phillips had been an opponent of Governor William H. Murray's proposals. Phillips also opposed many of Marland's proposals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013968-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Oklahoma Legislature, Leadership, Senate\nAs Lieutenant Governor of Oklahoma, James E. Berry served as the President of the Senate, serving as the presiding officer in ceremonial instances. President Pro Tempore of the Oklahoma Senate Claud Briggs served as the member-elected leader of the state senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 45], "content_span": [46, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013968-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Oklahoma Legislature, Leadership, House of Representatives\nThe Oklahoma Democratic Party held 112 of the 120 seats in the Oklahoma House of Representatives in 1935, allowing them to select the Speaker of the Oklahoma House of Representatives. Leon C. Phillips served in the role in 1935 and Merton Munson served as Speaker Pro Tempore.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 63], "content_span": [64, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013969-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Open Russian Festival of Animated Film\nThe 15th Open Russian Festival of Animated Film was held from Mar. 10-14 2010 in Suzdal, Russia. Animated works from the years 2009-2010 produced by citizens of Russia and Belarus were accepted, as well as works from 2008 that didn't make it into previous festivals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013969-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Open Russian Festival of Animated Film\nThis year, film screenings were separated into the categories \"in competition\" and \"informational\". Animated commercial reels, music clips and television bumpers were automatically accepted into the competition, while student or amateur works could be accepted into the competition based on the decisions of the Selection and Organizing Committees.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013969-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Open Russian Festival of Animated Film\nAll films were shown in Betacam SP format (the standard format for festivals in Russia).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013969-0003-0000", "contents": "15th Open Russian Festival of Animated Film\nThe jury prizes were handed out by profession. Also, any member or guest of the festival was able to vote for their favorite films.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013969-0004-0000", "contents": "15th Open Russian Festival of Animated Film, Rating (by audience vote)\nEach member of the audience was asked to list their top 5 five films of the festival. 5 points were given for a 1st place vote and so on, down to 1 point for a 5th place vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 70], "content_span": [71, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013970-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Operational Weather Squadron\nThe 15th Operational Weather Squadron (15 OWS), based out of Scott Air Force Base, IL, is the largest Operational Weather Squadron in the Continental United States that does not have an overseas mission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013970-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Operational Weather Squadron, Mission statement\n\"Provide accurate, timely and relevant weather information to ensure safe, effective and efficient military operations and provide world-class training to build technical skills necessary to support the warfighter\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 52], "content_span": [53, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013970-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Operational Weather Squadron, Mission\nThe 15th Operational Weather Squadron is responsible for producing and disseminating mission planning and execution weather analysis, forecasts, and briefings for Air Force, Army, Navy, Marines, Guard, Reserve, United States Strategic Command, and United States Northern Command forces operating at 137 installations/sites in a 24 state region of the northeastern United States, totaling over $200 Billion of assets and over 270,000 personnel including presidential support.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013970-0003-0000", "contents": "15th Operational Weather Squadron, Mission\nThis weather squadron is responsible for base or post forecasting, developing weather products, briefing transient aircrews, and weather warnings for all of their geographical units. Using automatic observing systems located at all military installations and communicating with their combat weather flights, the squadron is able to 'watch' the weather in their entire area of responsibility from one central location.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013970-0004-0000", "contents": "15th Operational Weather Squadron, Mission\nThe Operational Weather Squadron is the first place a newly schooled weather apprentice will report. At the squadron, working alongside a seasoned weather professional, the forecaster is trained in all aspects of Air force meteorology, from forecasting to pilot briefing. The 15th Operational Weather Squadron is responsible for training 20% of all new Air Force enlisted forecasters and weather officers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013970-0005-0000", "contents": "15th Operational Weather Squadron, Mission\nThe weather squadron works closely with the combat weather flights they support to ensure a flawless exchange of weather information; to Andrews Air Force Base, Camp David, Dover Air Force Base, Ellsworth Air Force Base, Fort Belvoir, Fort Campbell, Fort Drum, Fort Eustis, Fort Knox, Grand Forks Air Force Base, Grissom Air Reserve Base, Langley Air Force Base, McGuire Air Force Base, Minot Air Force Base, Offutt Air Force Base, Scott Air Force Base, Selfridge Air National Guard Base, Westover ARB, and Wright-Patterson Air Force Base.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013970-0006-0000", "contents": "15th Operational Weather Squadron, Personnel and resources\n15th Operational Weather Squadron's manning consists of active duty, reserve, civilian and contract personnel and is located on Scott Air Force Base, IL., Under the 1st Weather Group, Offutt Air Force Base, NE.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 58], "content_span": [59, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013970-0007-0000", "contents": "15th Operational Weather Squadron, Organization\nThe 15th Operational Weather Squadron is divided into 5 different flights, Alpha, Bravo, Charlie, Sierra and Tango. These 5 flights correspond to a specific Area of Operation(AoR), A, B and C flights (WXA, WXB, WXC) are responsible for the Active, and Reserve air stations and specific Army installations. TO (WXTO) Flight is responsible for Briefing pilots using a common DD Form 175-1, and Air Crew Graphics produce graphic charts. T Flight (WXT) is responsible for training and communications within the 15OWS.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 47], "content_span": [48, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013970-0008-0000", "contents": "15th Operational Weather Squadron, Organization\nA, B, and C Flight are responsible for the 17 active/reserve bases and 230 Department of Defense units at 144 installations across 24 states. Operations continue 24hour, 7-day-a-week and are divided into 4 cells:  West, Central, East and PWW (Point Weather Warning).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 47], "content_span": [48, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013970-0009-0000", "contents": "15th Operational Weather Squadron, Organization\nX Flight is responsible for producing DD Form 175-1\u2019s that are faxed or e-mailed to 151 flying units across the 24 state AoR, that produces a total of 2500 briefings per month. The Air Crew Graphics section of WXX produce graphic charts or \"Forecaster in the loop\" charts (FITL charts). This section produce Thunderstorms, Turbulence, Icing, Horizontal Weather depiction (HWD) or Fog forecast, Clouds, and Surface Precipitation charts comparable to the National Weather Service's AIRMETS and SIGMETS.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 47], "content_span": [48, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013970-0010-0000", "contents": "15th Operational Weather Squadron, Organization\nS Flight (WXS), otherwise known as the Communications Shop, is responsible for maintaining all 39 servers and 196 workstations of the 15th OWS.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 47], "content_span": [48, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013970-0011-0000", "contents": "15th Operational Weather Squadron, Duty Assignments\nList of duty assignments and parent units from 1942 to present.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 51], "content_span": [52, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013970-0012-0000", "contents": "15th Operational Weather Squadron, Emblem\nBlue and yellow are the Air force colors. Blue alludes to the sky, the primary theater of Air force operations. Yellow refers to the sun and the excellence required of Air force personnel. The gauntlet gripping a lightning bolt from a thunderstorm cloud represents the unit's ability to maintain a firm forecasting grip on rapidly changing weather and assessment to the wing. The two background colors represent the day and night global capability and mobility of the unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 41], "content_span": [42, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013970-0013-0000", "contents": "15th Operational Weather Squadron, History\nIn the early months of World War II, weather support was unorganized and consisted of small groups of forecasters and observers attached to bombardment groups. In order to provide organization and centralization of Air Force Weather Agency, the 15th Weather Squadron was created. The 15th Weather Squadron was established 10 April 1942, and activated at McClellan Air Force Base, California, 22 April. With approximately 235 men, the squadron moved from McClellan Field to a staging area in the International Harvester Building in Oakland, California, 16 June. Where the Weather Squadron departed for Melbourne.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013970-0014-0000", "contents": "15th Operational Weather Squadron, History\nIn the later part of July and first part of August, the Headquarters in Melbourne were busy sending men to different weather locations in Australia stretching from Melbourne to Cape York Peninsula. About half went on a long rail trip north to Townsville, Queensland (approximately 1,000 miles). From their new headquarters location in Townsville, Queensland, the squadron could better support the network of stations located throughout Australia and New Guinea that were providing reliable weather information to the heavy bombardment groups then actively bombing Japanese installations in Papua and New Britain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013970-0015-0000", "contents": "15th Operational Weather Squadron, History\nBy the end of World War II, more than 719 weathermen were assigned to 21 units in Australia, 23 units in New Guinea, eight units in the Philippines, and 17 units in the East Indies. The weathermen of the 15th WS were daring, courageous, and brave in their attempts to record the weather for the United States Army Air Forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013970-0015-0001", "contents": "15th Operational Weather Squadron, History\nBesides the daily job of observing and forecasting the weather, the forecasters and observers attached to bombardment groups accompanied the planes on their missions adding in-flight weather information to the data and weather reports that were being transmitted over the network of weather and communications systems. Some came under attack by the Japanese, suffered the same routine of nerve-wracking bombing raids, ground attacks, disease, and discomfort that other ground and service forces endured.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013970-0015-0002", "contents": "15th Operational Weather Squadron, History\nWhen the Japanese Army's advance was stopped, the men in the 15th WS accompanied United States Army troops and services forces to set up new weather stations at each of the islands they took back. In addition, some of the weathermen of the 15th Weather Squadron were selected for special training in guerrilla warfare for duty in the Philippines and in other areas of the Southwest Pacific.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013970-0016-0000", "contents": "15th Operational Weather Squadron, Recent history\nThe 15th Operational Weather Squadron was formed as part of the Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force's weather reengineering effort and commenced operations on 19 February 1999. The 125-person regional forecast center reaches full operating capability in June 2001 and provides direct meteorological support to the Tanker Airlift Control Center and total force flying missions in the northeast United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 49], "content_span": [50, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013970-0017-0000", "contents": "15th Operational Weather Squadron, Recent history\nThe 15th Operational Weather Squadron was the recipient of the United States Air Force Fawbush-Miller Award recognizing the Outstanding Operational Weather Squadron performing the most outstanding weather support, operations, and training. During 2000, the squadron pioneered the use of database and web technologies to produce and disseminate over 3 million forecasts for 126 Air Force and Army active duty, guard and reserve flying units in a 22-state area of responsibility. Their total integration with mission planners re-routing weather restricted C-5 Galaxy and C-17 Globemaster III missions ensured pinpoint selection of favorable air refueling tracks and airfields resulting in cost avoidance in excess of $12M.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 49], "content_span": [50, 770]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013970-0018-0000", "contents": "15th Operational Weather Squadron, Recent history\nThe 15th Operational Weather Squadron, Scott Air Force Base, IL., was the first of the four OWS's to re-align under the newly formed 1st Weather Group during a ceremony 25 May 2006. The 26th OWS was realigned at Barksdale Air Force Base, 22 June 2006. Next, was the 25th Operational Weather Squadron at Davis-Monthan Air Force Base on 6 July 2006, and the last addition to the team was the 9th Operational Weather Squadron which was re-activated on 20 July 2006 at Shaw Air Force Base.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 49], "content_span": [50, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013971-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Operations Group\nThe 15th Operations Group (15 OG) is the flying component of the 15th Wing, assigned to the United States Air Force Thirteenth Air Force. The group is stationed at Hickam Air Force Base, Hawaii. It is also responsible for managing operational matters at Bellows Air Force Station, Hawaii and Wake Island Airfield.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013971-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Operations Group\nThe 15th Operations Group has three operational squadrons assigned flying C-17, KC-135, F-22, C-40B, and C-37A aircraft along with an operational support squadron supporting the Commander, U.S. Pacific Command and the Commander, Pacific Air Forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013971-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Operations Group, History\nOn 1 April 1992 the 15th Operations Group was activated when the USAF objective wing organization was implemented for the 15th Air Base Wing implementing the USAF objective wing organization. Upon activation, the 15th OG assumed responsibility from the 15th Air Base Wing for managing operational matters at Hickam AFB and Bellows AFS, Hawaii; and Wake Island Airfield. The group also provided command and control for the defense of the Hawaiian Islands and directed tactical control of Hawaii Air National Guard alert F-15 aircraft. It was assigned the flying squadrons previously assigned to the wing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013971-0003-0000", "contents": "15th Operations Group, History\nIts 25th Air Support Operations Squadron provided combat ready tactical air control parties ready to advise on the employment of air assets in training and combat and to deploy worldwide with each brigade and battalion of the U.S. Army's 25th Infantry Division and other designated ground components. Beginning in 1992, the group had one airlift squadron assigned and equipped with specially configured C-135 aircraft, which provided transportation for the Commander, US Pacific Command, Commander, Pacific Air Forces, and other high-ranking civilian, military, and foreign dignitaries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013971-0004-0000", "contents": "15th Operations Group, History\nAdded C-37 aircraft in 2002 and C-40 aircraft in 2003; retired C-135 aircraft in 2003. Assigned second airlift squadron in 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013971-0005-0000", "contents": "15th Operations Group, History\nThe 15th Operations Group is integrated with the 154th Operations Group of the Hawaii Air National Guard in the \"total force\" concept. Three of its four flying squadrons have associate units of the Guard integrated with them:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013971-0006-0000", "contents": "15th Operations Group, History\nIn 2010, the group added more aircraft to its inventory, when the 19th Fighter Squadron and 96th Air Refueling Squadron were activated. However, the air refueling squadron was inactivated in September 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013971-0007-0000", "contents": "15th Operations Group, History, Components in 2018\nThe 15th Operations Group (Tail Code: HH) consists of the following squadrons:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 50], "content_span": [51, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013972-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Orgburo of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)\nThe 15th Orgburo of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) was elected by the 1st Plenary Session of the  15th Central Committee, in the immediate aftermath of the 15th Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013973-0000-0000", "contents": "15th PMPC Star Awards for Television\nPMPC Star Awards for TV annually recognizes outstanding television programmes in the Philippines. In 2001, the winners were as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013973-0001-0000", "contents": "15th PMPC Star Awards for Television, Nominees and Winners\nBest Children Show Host: 5 and Up Kids (5 & Up/GMA 7)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013973-0002-0000", "contents": "15th PMPC Star Awards for Television, Nominees and Winners\nBest Lifestyle Show Host: Ricky Reyes (Beauty School Plus/RPN 9)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013973-0003-0000", "contents": "15th PMPC Star Awards for Television, Nominees and Winners\nBest News Program: Frontpage: Ulat ni Mel Tiangco (GMA 7)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013973-0004-0000", "contents": "15th PMPC Star Awards for Television, Nominees and Winners\nBest Female Newscaster: Mel Tiangco (Frontpage Ulat ni Mel Tinagco/GMA 7)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013973-0005-0000", "contents": "15th PMPC Star Awards for Television, Nominees and Winners\nBest Magazine Show Host: Che Che Lazaro and Co. (The Probe Team/GMA 7)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013973-0006-0000", "contents": "15th PMPC Star Awards for Television, Nominees and Winners\nBest Morning Show Host: Arnold Clavio, Lyn Ching, Miriam Quiambao, Suzie Entrata, Rhea Santos, Martin Andanar, Ivan Mayrina, Hans Montenegro and Co. (Unang Hirit/GMA 7)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013973-0007-0000", "contents": "15th PMPC Star Awards for Television, Nominees and Winners\nBest Public Affairs Program: Debate with Mare and Pare (GMA 7)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013973-0008-0000", "contents": "15th PMPC Star Awards for Television, Nominees and Winners\nBest Public Affairs Program Host: Winnie Monsod and Oscar Orbos (Debate with Mare & Pare/GMA 7)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013973-0009-0000", "contents": "15th PMPC Star Awards for Television, Nominees and Winners\nBest Celebrity Talk Show: Partners Mel and Jay (GMA 7)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013973-0010-0000", "contents": "15th PMPC Star Awards for Television, Nominees and Winners\nBest Celebrity Talk Show Host: Mel Tiangco and Jay Sonza (Partners Mel and Jay/GMA 7)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013973-0011-0000", "contents": "15th PMPC Star Awards for Television, Nominees and Winners\nBest Female Showbiz-Oriented Show Host: Kris Aquino (The Buzz/ABS-CBN 2)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013973-0012-0000", "contents": "15th PMPC Star Awards for Television, Nominees and Winners\nBest Game Show Host: Paolo Bediones and Regine Tolentino (Digital LG Quiz/GMA 7)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013973-0013-0000", "contents": "15th PMPC Star Awards for Television, Nominees and Winners\nBest New Female TV Personality: Yam Ledesma (Lunch Break/IBC 13) & Heart Evangelista (G-Mik/ABS-CBN 2)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013973-0014-0000", "contents": "15th PMPC Star Awards for Television, Nominees and Winners\nBest New Male TV Personality: Aljo Bendijo (TV Patrol/ABS-CBN 2)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013973-0015-0000", "contents": "15th PMPC Star Awards for Television, Nominees and Winners\nBest Comedy Actress: Ai Ai delas Alas (1 For 3/GMA 7)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013973-0016-0000", "contents": "15th PMPC Star Awards for Television, Nominees and Winners\nBest Comedy Actor: Ramon \"Bong\" Revilla, Jr. (Idol Ko Si Kap/GMA 7)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013973-0017-0000", "contents": "15th PMPC Star Awards for Television, Nominees and Winners\nBest Male TV Host: Joey de Leon (Eat Bulaga/GMA 7)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013973-0018-0000", "contents": "15th PMPC Star Awards for Television, Nominees and Winners\nBest Single Performance By An Actress: Mona Lisa (GMA Telesine: Pariwara/GMA 7) and Princess Ann Schuck (Pirapirasong Pangarap: Uling/GMA 7)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013973-0019-0000", "contents": "15th PMPC Star Awards for Television, Nominees and Winners\nBest Single Performance By An Actor: Michael de Mesa (Parol: Maalaala Mo Kaya/ABS-CBN 2)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013973-0020-0000", "contents": "15th PMPC Star Awards for Television, Nominees and Winners\nBest Movie For Television: Umaga, Tanghali, Gabi (GMA Telesine/GMA 7)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013974-0000-0000", "contents": "15th PP National Congress\nThe 2004 PP congress\u2014officially the 15th PP National Congress\u2014was held on 2 October 2004. Mariano Rajoy was elected in office with 98.4% of the delegate vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013975-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)\nThe 15th Panzer Division (German: 15. Panzer-Division) was an armoured division in the German Army, the Wehrmacht, during World War II, established in 1940.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013975-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)\nThe division, formed from the 33rd Infantry Division, fought exclusively in North Africa from 1941 to 1943, eventually ceasing to exist after surrendering in Tunisia in May 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013975-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht), History\nThe 33rd Infantry Division, forerunner of the 15th Panzer Division, was formed in April 1936 and part of the German defences in the Saarland during the early month of the war. It participated in the invasion of France and remained there after the French surrender as an occupation force. It returned to Germany in September 1940 to be converted to a tank division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013975-0003-0000", "contents": "15th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht), History\nThe division was transported to Libya in April 1941, joining General Erwin Rommel's Deutsches Afrikakorps (DAK) as one of two German tank divisions in North Africa at the time, the other having been the 21st Panzer Division. However, the Royal Navy intercepted and sank the ships carrying the division's Signal Reserve Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013975-0004-0000", "contents": "15th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht), History\nThe division took part in all major German operations in North Africa except the first, for which it arrived too late. It was part of the successful German defence against British attempts to relieve Tobruk, Operation Brevity and Operation Battleaxe. On 18 November British forces began Operation Crusader with the objective of relieving the besieged forces at Tobruk. The 15th Panzer Division was situated to the east of Tobruk, suffered severe losses and was forced to retreat west.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013975-0005-0000", "contents": "15th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht), History\nThe 15th Panzer Division was part of the German offensive in January 1942 that retook Benghazi. It participated in the battle of Gazala, the capture of Tobruk and the German invasion of Egypt which came to a stand-still at El Alamein. The division suffered severe loses at the Second battle of El Alamein in November 1942 and was forced to retreat along with the rest of the Afrikakorps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013975-0006-0000", "contents": "15th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht), History\nAfter the retreat of the Axis forces to Tunisia the 15th Panzer Division was part of the battle of Kasserine Pass against inexperienced US forces in February 1943. The division eventually surrendered alongside other Axis forces in Tunisia in May 1943 and was not reestablished.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013975-0007-0000", "contents": "15th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht), History\nSurvivors of the division who escaped the North African surrender by being in hospitals in Europe became part of the new 15th Panzergrenadier Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013976-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Panzergrenadier Division (Wehrmacht)\n15th Panzergrenadier Division was a mobile division of the German Army in World War II", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013976-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Panzergrenadier Division (Wehrmacht), Combat History, Sicily\nIn July 1943 a new 15th Panzergrenadier Division, commanded by Generalleutnant Eberhard Rodt, was formed by redesignating the Sicily Division and incorporated remnants of the former 15th Panzer Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 65], "content_span": [66, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013976-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Panzergrenadier Division (Wehrmacht), Combat History, Sicily\nIt was not long before it saw action again, this time in Sicily. As the Germans retreated from western Sicily (as a result of the Allied invasion, code-named Operation Husky), they halted and began setting up defences in the vicinity of the town of Troina along Highway 120, perched high on the hilltops. This was to become a linchpin of the Etna Line. In pursuit was the US 1st Infantry Division, nicknamed \"The Big Red One\", commanded by Major General Terry Allen. A six-day battle ensued from August 1\u20136, 1943, at the end of which, fearing encirclement, the 15th Panzergrenadier retreated down Highway 120 toward Cesaro and later Messina to be evacuated from the island.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 65], "content_span": [66, 739]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013976-0003-0000", "contents": "15th Panzergrenadier Division (Wehrmacht), Combat History, Italy\nBy August 17, 1943, the 15th Panzergrenadier along with the 29th Infantry, the 1st Parachute and the Hermann G\u00f6ring Divisions would escape across the Strait of Messina to the mainland and participate in the Italian Campaign. Beginning on September 9, 1943, the Allied invasion of mainland Italy, (code-named Operation Avalanche'), at Salerno and along the beaches to the southeast, found the 15th Panzergrenadiers among the principal defenders. On September 11, elements of the British 46th Infantry Division encountered stiff resistance from the 15th Panzergrenadier and  Hermann G\u00f6ring Divisions around Salerno itself and to the east.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 64], "content_span": [65, 701]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013976-0004-0000", "contents": "15th Panzergrenadier Division (Wehrmacht), Combat History, Italy\nBy mid-November 1943, the 15th Panzergrenadier Division had fallen back to help defend the Bernhardt Line in the vicinity of Mignano along Highway 6. On December 7, 1943, two battalions of the 15th Panzergrenadier, commanded by Captain Helmut Meitzel, held strong defensive positions in the town of San Pietro Infine and on the vitally important and strategic Monte Lungo to the southwest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 64], "content_span": [65, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013976-0004-0001", "contents": "15th Panzergrenadier Division (Wehrmacht), Combat History, Italy\nElements of the 71st Infantry Division, held the German left flank on the heights of Monte Sammucro to the north, while the 29th Panzergrenadier Division held the rear near the town of San Vittore, two miles to the northwest. The 36th Infantry Division, commanded by Major General Fred L. Walker, launched flanking attacks on their right, while the 1st Italian Motorized Group attacked the left up Monte Lungo. The Battle of San Pietro Infine ensued. After ten days of intense attack and counter-attack, the Allies finally succeeded in gaining the high ground on both flanks. With the advantage lost, the 15th Panzergrenadier and its supporting units fell back to defensive positions in the vicinity of San Vittore in the early hours of December 17; they would hold these positions for the next three weeks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 64], "content_span": [65, 872]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013976-0005-0000", "contents": "15th Panzergrenadier Division (Wehrmacht), Combat History, Italy\nBetween January 20 and 22 1944, two battalions of the 15th Panzergrenadiers repulsed an ill-conceived assault by the US 36th Infantry Division, when the Allies were attempting to establish a bridgehead in the vicinity of the town of Sant' Angelo, to launch attacks on the Gustav Line near Monte Cassino.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 64], "content_span": [65, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013976-0006-0000", "contents": "15th Panzergrenadier Division (Wehrmacht), Combat History, Italy\nOn May 11, 1944, the Allies launched Operation Diadem which finally resulted in the collapse of the Gustav Line and the capitulation of the German defences along the Winter Line. From May 15\u201319, the 15th Panzergrenadiers fought a retreating battle through the Aurunci Mountains against the 3rd Algerian Infantry and 4th Moroccan Mountain Divisions of the French Expeditionary Corps, commanded by General Alphonse Juin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 64], "content_span": [65, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013976-0007-0000", "contents": "15th Panzergrenadier Division (Wehrmacht), Combat History, North-west Europe\nThe 15th Panzergrenadiers fought the rest of the war on the Western Front. It fought in the Battle of the Bulge, where it participated in the Siege of Bastogne and in Operation Blockbuster, serving under the First Parachute Army. It surrendered to the British at war's end.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 76], "content_span": [77, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013976-0008-0000", "contents": "15th Panzergrenadier Division (Wehrmacht), War crimes\nThe division has been implicated in the Bellona massacre, Campania, carried out between 6 and 7 October 1943, when 54 civilians were executed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 53], "content_span": [54, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013977-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Parliament of British Columbia\nThe 15th Legislative Assembly of British Columbia sat from 1921 to 1924. The members were elected in the British Columbia general election held in December 1920. The British Columbia Liberal Party, led by John Oliver, formed the government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013977-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Parliament of British Columbia\nAlexander Malcolm Manson served as speaker until January, 1922, after which Frederick Arthur Pauline succeeded him as speaker.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013977-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Parliament of British Columbia, Members of the 15th General Assembly\nThe following members were elected to the assembly in 1920.:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 73], "content_span": [74, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013977-0003-0000", "contents": "15th Parliament of British Columbia, By-elections\nBy-elections were held for the following members appointed to the provincial cabinet, as was required at the time:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 49], "content_span": [50, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013977-0004-0000", "contents": "15th Parliament of British Columbia, By-elections\nBy-elections were held to replace members for various other reasons:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 49], "content_span": [50, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013978-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Parliament of Lower Canada\nThe 15th Parliament of Lower Canada was in session from March 21, 1835, to March 27, 1838. Elections to the Legislative Assembly in Lower Canada had been held in October 1834. The lower house was dissolved following the Lower Canada Rebellion and Lower Canada was administered by an appointed Special Council until the Act of Union in 1840 established a new lower chamber for the Province of Canada. All sessions were held at Quebec City.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013979-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Parliament of Ontario\nThe 15th Legislative Assembly of Ontario was in session from October 20, 1919, until May 10, 1923, just prior to the 1923 general election. The majority party was the newly formed United Farmers of Ontario; they formed a coalition government with the 11 Labour MLAs. The party approached Ernest Charles Drury, who had not run in the election, to serve as party leader and premier. Drury was elected in a by-election held in Halton in 1920.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013979-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Parliament of Ontario\nThe majority of the United Farmers seats were won at the expense of the Conservative party, who had formed the government in the preceding assembly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013979-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Parliament of Ontario\nIn 1924, the provincial treasurer was found guilty of conspiracy to defraud the government following a series of events known as the Ontario Bond Scandal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013980-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Parliament of Sri Lanka\nThe 15th Parliament of Sri Lanka was the meeting of the Parliament of Sri Lanka with its membership determined by the results of the 2015 parliamentary election, held on 17 August 2015. The parliament met for the first time on 1 September 2015 and was dissolved on 3 March 2020. According to the Constitution of Sri Lanka the maximum legislative term of the parliament is 5 years from the first meeting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013980-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Parliament of Sri Lanka, Election\nThe 15th parliamentary election was held on 17 August 2015. The incumbent United National Party (UNP) led United National Front for Good Governance (UNFGG) won 106 seats, an increase of 46 since the 2010 election, but failed to secure a majority in Parliament. The main opposition United People's Freedom Alliance (UPFA) won 95 seats, a decline of 49. The Tamil National Alliance (TNA), the largest party representing Sri Lankan Tamils, won 16 seats, an increase of two from 2010. The remaining eight seats were won by Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna (6), Sri Lanka Muslim Congress (1) and Eelam People's Democratic Party (1).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 38], "content_span": [39, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013980-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Parliament of Sri Lanka, Election, Results\nThe new parliament was sworn in on 1 September 2015. Karu Jayasuriya was elected Speaker, Thilanga Sumathipala as the Deputy Speaker and Selvam Adaikalanathan as the Deputy Chairman of Committees. Lakshman Kiriella was appointed Leader of the House and Gayantha Karunathilaka was appointed Chief Government Whip.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 47], "content_span": [48, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013980-0003-0000", "contents": "15th Parliament of Sri Lanka, Election, Results\nThe Speaker recognised TNA leader R. Sampanthan as Leader of the Opposition on 3 September 2015. JVP leader Anura Kumara Dissanayaka was nominated to be Chief Opposition Whip.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 47], "content_span": [48, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013980-0004-0000", "contents": "15th Parliament of Sri Lanka, Election, Results\nThe Parliament became a Constitutional Assembly on 9 March 2016 in order to formulate a new constitution for Sri Lanka.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 47], "content_span": [48, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013980-0005-0000", "contents": "15th Parliament of Sri Lanka, Election, Results\nThilanga Sumathipala resigned as Deputy Speaker on 25 May 2018. His replacement Ananda Kumarasiri was elected on 5 June 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 47], "content_span": [48, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013980-0006-0000", "contents": "15th Parliament of Sri Lanka, Election, Results\nFollowing the withdrawal of the UPFA from the national government, Mahinda Rajapaksa and Mahinda Amaraweera were recognised as Leader of the Opposition and Chief Opposition Whip on 18 December 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 47], "content_span": [48, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013980-0007-0000", "contents": "15th Parliament of Sri Lanka, Government\nOn 20 August 2015 the central committee of the Sri Lanka Freedom Party (SLFP), the main constituent of the UPFA, agreed to form a national government with the UNP for two years. Ranil Wickremesinghe, leader of the UNP, was sworn in as Prime Minister on 21 August 2015. Immediately afterwards a memorandum of understanding to work together in Parliament was signed by acting SLFP general secretary Duminda Dissanayake and UNP general secretary Kabir Hashim. On 3 September Parliament voted by 143 votes (101 UNFGG, 40 UPFA, 1 EPDP, 1 SLMC) to 16 votes (11 UPFA, 5 JVP), with 63 absent (43 UPFA, 16 TNA, 3 UNFGG, 1 JVP), to approve the formation of a national government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 710]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013980-0008-0000", "contents": "15th Parliament of Sri Lanka, Government\nThree UNFGG cabinet ministers were sworn in on 24 August 2015. A further 39 cabinet ministers, 28 from the UNFGG and 11 from the UPFA, were sworn in on 4 September 2015. Three more cabinet ministers, one from the UNFGG and two from the UPFA, were sworn in on 9 September 2015. 19 state ministers (11 UNFGG, 8 UPFA) and 21 deputy ministers (11 UNFGG, 10 UPFA) were also sworn in on 9 September 2015. Two more deputy ministers, both from the UPFA, were sworn in on 10 September 2015. A further cabinet minister from the UPFA was sworn in on 23 October 2015. A further cabinet minister from the UNFGG was sworn in on 25 February 2016. A UPFA state minister and two deputy ministers (one UNFGG, one UPFA) were sworn in on 6 April 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 772]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013980-0009-0000", "contents": "15th Parliament of Sri Lanka, Government, Constitutional crisis\nThe UPFA withdrew from the national government on 26 October 2018. President Maithripala Sirisena, leader of the UPFA, dismissed Prime Minister Wickremesinghe and replaced him with former President Mahinda Rajapaksa. The following day Sirisena prorogued Parliament. A constitutional crisis ensued as the UNP refused to accept changes, describing them as unconstitutional, illegal and a coup. Over the next few days Sirisena appointed a new cabinet consisting of MPs from the UPFA, EPDP and defections from the UNP.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 63], "content_span": [64, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013980-0009-0001", "contents": "15th Parliament of Sri Lanka, Government, Constitutional crisis\nDespite the defections the UPFA could not muster the support of a majority of MPs and with the TNA, which held the balance of power in Parliament, announcing that it would support a motion of no confidence against Prime Minister Rajapaksa, Sirisena dissolved parliament on 9 November 2018 and called fresh elections for 5 January 2019. The UNP, TNA, JVP and several others challenged the dissolution in the Supreme Court which on 13 November 2018 issued a stay on the dissolution until 7 December 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 63], "content_span": [64, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013980-0010-0000", "contents": "15th Parliament of Sri Lanka, Government, Constitutional crisis\nParliament re-convened on 14 November 2018 when 122 (100 UNFGG, 14 TNA, 6 JVP, 2 UPFA) out of 225 MPs supported the motion of no confidence against Prime Minister Rajapaksa. Sirisena and the UPFA refused to accept the motion of no confidence, saying that Speaker Karu Jayasuriya had not followed parliamentary procedures. On 16 November 2018 parliament passed an amended motion of no confidence against Prime Minister Rajapaksa with the support of 122 MPs. Sirisena rejected the second the motion of no confidence as well, saying that he would not re-appoint Wickremesinghe as prime minister.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 63], "content_span": [64, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013980-0011-0000", "contents": "15th Parliament of Sri Lanka, Government, Constitutional crisis\nOn 3 December 2018, following a quo warranto petition filed by 122 MPs, the Court of Appeal issued an interim order restraining Rajapaksa and 48 ministers from functioning. On 12 December 2018  117 MPs, including 14 from the TNA, supported a motion of confidence in Wickremesinghe. A seven-bench Supreme Court unanimously ruled on 13 December 2018 that Sirisena's dissolution of parliament on 9 November 2018 was unconstitutional and null, void ab initio and without force or effect in law.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 63], "content_span": [64, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013980-0011-0001", "contents": "15th Parliament of Sri Lanka, Government, Constitutional crisis\nThe following day a three-bench Supreme Court refused to vacate the Court of Appeal's interim order but allowed for a full appeal to be heard in mid January 2019. Rajapaksa resigned as Prime Minister on 15 December 2018. Wickremesinghe was sworn in as Prime Minister the following day, ending the crisis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 63], "content_span": [64, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013980-0012-0000", "contents": "15th Parliament of Sri Lanka, Composition\nThe following are the changes in party and alliance affiliations for the 15th parliament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 41], "content_span": [42, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013980-0013-0000", "contents": "15th Parliament of Sri Lanka, Composition\nLight shading indicates majority (113 seats or more); dark shading indicates two-thirds majority (150 seats or more); no shading indicates minority government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 41], "content_span": [42, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013980-0014-0000", "contents": "15th Parliament of Sri Lanka, Composition\nThe 15th parliament saw a number of defections and counter-defections:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 41], "content_span": [42, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013980-0015-0000", "contents": "15th Parliament of Sri Lanka, Members, Deaths, resignations and disqualifications\nThe 15th parliament saw the following deaths, resignations and disqualifications:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 81], "content_span": [82, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013981-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Parliament of Turkey\nThe 15th Grand National Assembly of Turkey existed from 14 October 1973 to 5 June 1977. There were 450 MPs in the lower house. Republican People\u2019s Party (CHP) held the plurality. Justice Party (AP) was the next party. National Salvation Party (MSP), Democratic Party (DP), Republican Reliance Party (CGP), Nationalist Movement Party (MHP) Turkey Unity Party (TBP) were the other parties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013981-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Parliament of Turkey, Main parliamentary milestones\nSome of the important events in the history of the parliament are the following:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 56], "content_span": [57, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013982-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment\nThe 15th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, known as the Anderson Cavalry and the 160th Volunteers, was a three-year cavalry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War. It was recruited and formed in the summer of 1862 by officers and men of the Anderson Troop, an independent company of the Pennsylvania Volunteers that had been mustered the previous November.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013982-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment\nUntil the last three months of the war the 15th Pennsylvania Cavalry was an independent unit reporting directly to the headquarters of the Army of the Cumberland, performing escort, scouting, courier and other details for the commanding general. Composed of hand-picked men most of whom were qualified to receive commissions, it became the favorite unit of both Generals William S. Rosecrans and George H. Thomas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013982-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, History\nThe regiment of 1100 men in ten companies was raised by officers of the Anderson Troop in July and August 1862 from more than 3,000 applicants representing 30 Pennsylvania counties. The average age of the recruits was 20 and all had been required to submit letters of recommendation from upstanding citizens of their local communities. After the first 200 men reported to \"Camp Alabama\" at Carlisle, Pennsylvania, six companies (B through G) were mustered into United States service by a captain of the regular 1st Cavalry on August 22. Anderson Troop was to have become Company A, but the consolidation never took place and Company A was raised from recruits in October 1862. The Anderson Cavalry, as the regiment was immediately known, was authorized to wear a distinctive dragoon-style shell jacket with orange trimming instead of cavalry yellow.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 893]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013982-0003-0000", "contents": "15th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, History, Antietam campaign\nPartially organized, without any commissioned officers except their prospective colonel Capt. William J. Palmer, and equipped only with sabers, half of the 900 soldiers then in camp were sent to help the Army of the Potomac resist the Confederate Invasion of Maryland. Approximately 400 men, provided horses and carbines, were scattered as pickets, skirmished with Confederates near Hagerstown and participated in the Battle of Antietam, where one trooper was killed. Palmer was captured after the battle while scouting for General George B. McClellan behind the lines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013982-0004-0000", "contents": "15th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, History, Army of the Cumberland\nThe 15th returned to Camp Alabama for drilling by non-commissioned regulars stationed there. On November 7, 1862, it left Carlisle by railroad for the Department of the Cumberland under its lieutenant colonel, William Spencer, traveling over a period of three days to Louisville, Kentucky, via Indianapolis, Indiana. There it drilled and was mounted and equipped on November 22.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 67], "content_span": [68, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013982-0004-0001", "contents": "15th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, History, Army of the Cumberland\nOnly 12 of 36 company officers had yet been appointed, all by Department Commanding General William Rosecrans upon their arrival in Louisville, and only two-thirds of the non-commissioned officers had been named, so that widespread discontent with the lack of leadership spread through the regiment when it was sent on December 8 to Nashville, Tennessee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 67], "content_span": [68, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013982-0005-0000", "contents": "15th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, History, Army of the Cumberland\nMaking its march mounted and in inclement weather, when it reached Bowling Green, Kentucky, it was sent on an all-night march to Glasgow, Kentucky, where Confederate General John Hunt Morgan was reported camped with part of his regiment, but when the Anderson Cavalry charged into the town at dawn Morgan had left an hour before. The 15th remained in Bowling Green until December 21, reaching Nashville and the Army of the Cumberland late on the afternoon of December 24.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 67], "content_span": [68, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013982-0005-0001", "contents": "15th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, History, Army of the Cumberland\nLt-Col. Spencer, who had been Palmer's first lieutenant in the Anderson Troop and had previously served 15 years as a sergeant in the regulars, became too ill to take to saddle and command of the still partially organized regiment devolved to the senior major (and former first sergeant), Adolph G. Rosengarten.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 67], "content_span": [68, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013982-0006-0000", "contents": "15th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, History, Stones River campaign, Mutiny at Nashville\nThe regiment was ordered to march with the army on December 26, 1862, towards the Confederate Army of Tennessee at Murfreesboro, but all but 300 of the enlisted men refused to leave camp. On December 28, Rosecrans took 23 more men from the Anderson Troop previously recommended for commissions and made them temporary officers to address the complaints of the disgruntled soldiers regarding lack of leadership. 200 troopers still refused a new order to march the next day, however.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 87], "content_span": [88, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013982-0007-0000", "contents": "15th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, History, Stones River campaign, Mutiny at Nashville\nRosecrans then ordered a show of force be made by the division of Gen. James D. Morgan, part of the garrison at Nashville, to compel obedience. 100 of the men in camp moved to the front of their own volition before a show of force could be made. Rather than apply duress with the insubordinate soldiers, Morgan used a promise that they would meet with Rosecrans to induce the remainder to leave camp under the command of the lieutenant colonel of the 10th Illinois Volunteers. That evening however, after encountering a brigade of Wheeler's Confederate cavalry and a battery of artillery blocking the road at La Vergne, they returned to their original camp in Nashville. On December 31 those in camp were ordered to perform wagon train escort duty but again refused.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 87], "content_span": [88, 854]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013982-0008-0000", "contents": "15th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, History, Stones River campaign, Mutiny at Nashville\n415 soldiers were arrested and confined for insubordination. They submitted a list of grievances as cause, alleging a failure to appoint a sufficient number of company officers (which was true; seven companies had no captain and four had no officers at all), being improperly mustered into federal service (or not at all), inadequate equipment and weapons, and enlistment inducements they claimed had not been honored. On January 19, 1863, Rosecrans offered to release from confinement those immediately willing to be restored to duty. 208 confined in the city workhouse still refused, but the others were returned to the ranks. Those returning to duty did so with recalcitrance and four were returned to confinement when they refused to perform picket duty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 87], "content_span": [88, 846]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013982-0009-0000", "contents": "15th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, History, Stones River campaign, Battle of Stones River\nThe 300 troopers who had marched with the army scouted the advance of the Union right wing, determining that the Confederate army was concentrating on Murfreesboro. It twice encountered Confederate forces, skirmishing with dismounted Texas cavalry units at Nolensville on December 27. In the second engagement, on December 29 at Wilkinson's Cross Roads west of Murfreesboro, its skirmishers were ambushed by Confederate pickets of the 10th South Carolina Infantry, leading to an impetuous mounted charge with carbines by the battalion under Rosengarten.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 90], "content_span": [91, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013982-0009-0001", "contents": "15th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, History, Stones River campaign, Battle of Stones River\nHowever two regiments of Confederates concealed in a corn field were drawn up in line of battle behind a fence paralleling the pike. Stopped by the fence and receiving aimed volleys of musket fire at point-blank range, the regiment quickly lost 11 men killed, 50 wounded and 9 missing. Rosengarten was killed and Major Frank B. Ward, another former sergeant in the Anderson Troop, was mortally wounded, dying on January 11, 1863. Ward was barely 20 at the time he was wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 90], "content_span": [91, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013982-0010-0000", "contents": "15th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, History, Stones River campaign, Battle of Stones River\nUnder the command of a captain, the survivors of the regiment deployed with Stanley's cavalry on the right of the Union position, taking part without loss in two mounted saber charges late on the first day of the Battle of Stones River that drove a brigade of Confederate cavalry from the field, with troopers of the Anderson Cavalry capturing the colors of the 3rd Alabama Cavalry. On New Year's Day it escorted the army's supply wagons back to Nashville, repulsing several attempts by the Confederate cavalry of Gen. Joseph Wheeler to destroy the train.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 90], "content_span": [91, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013982-0010-0001", "contents": "15th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, History, Stones River campaign, Battle of Stones River\nPrivates John Tweedale (Company B) and John Gregory Bourke (Company D, and just 16 years old), both of whom became officers in the regular army after the war, were later honored for gallantry at Stones River, two of the six troopers of the Anderson Cavalry who eventually received the Medal of Honor. In the week after it arrived in Nashville, total casualties of the 15th Pennsylvania Cavalry were 14 dead, 10 wounded, and 57 captured, many of whom had been wounded on December 29 and were in a hospital captured early on the first day of battle at Stones River.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 90], "content_span": [91, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013982-0011-0000", "contents": "15th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, History, Subsequent campaigning, 1863 reorganization\nColonel Palmer was exchanged in January 1863 and resumed command of the now dismounted regiment on February 7. It moved it into a new camp at Murfreesboro, Camp Garesch\u00e9, named for Rosecrans' chief of staff killed at Stones River, where Palmer assembled his command and promised it a complete reorganization by the end of the month. Nine of the 12 company officers originally appointed by Rosecrans resigned February 27 and were not re-appointed. The regiment was expanded to 12 companies with the old companies broken up and the men redistributed. Palmer chose permanent officers to fill all vacancies, the majority of whom came from the enlisted ranks of the Anderson Troop and had been serving as temporary officers since December 28.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 88], "content_span": [89, 826]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013982-0012-0000", "contents": "15th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, History, Subsequent campaigning, 1863 reorganization\nA new lieutenant colonel from outside the regiment, Charles B. Lamborn, arrived on March 7 to replace Spencer, who resigned in poor health on February 6. A few days later new equipment was issued and 200 horses received. Mounted drill resumed and by April the regiment was again conducting scouting operations for the Army of the Cumberland east of Murfreesboro. The remaining 212 confined men were returned to duty with charges against them suspended on condition of good behavior henceforth. A final organizational crisis occurred on May 8, 1863, when 13 officers appointed on March 1 resigned as a group because their commissions from Pennsylvania Governor A. G. Curtin had not yet been acted upon. Palmer accepted the resignations and promoted replacements from the ranks of the regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 88], "content_span": [89, 881]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013982-0013-0000", "contents": "15th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, History, Subsequent campaigning, Department of the Cumberland\nFor the remainder of the war, the 15th Pennsylvania remained in the Department of the Cumberland, with Companies B, H, and K tasked as escort for department headquarters. The remaining nine companies scouted, conducted periodic raids, and frequently engaged in skirmishes under Palmer. The regiment performed with distinction during the Tullahoma Campaign and at the Battle of Chickamauga, and then participated in the Chattanooga, Knoxville and Nashville Campaigns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 97], "content_span": [98, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013982-0013-0001", "contents": "15th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, History, Subsequent campaigning, Department of the Cumberland\nAt Chattanooga the Andersons were initially camped at Cameron Hill, but the loss of their wagons to Wheeler's cavalry while foraging for fodder on October 2 resulted in the 15th Pennsylvania moving to the Sequatchie Valley, where corn, cattle and pigs were plentiful. Camping near Dunlap in October and Pikeville for the remainder of the winter, the Andersons performed picket duties and gathered forage, particularly beef for the army and corn for its horses and mules.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 97], "content_span": [98, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013982-0014-0000", "contents": "15th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, History, Subsequent campaigning, Department of the Cumberland\nThe relief of Knoxville began a 70-day winter campaign in upper East Tennessee for Palmer, Lamborn and 175 men of the 15th Pennsylvania Cavalry, reinforced by a detachment of the 10th Ohio Cavalry and attached to the Cavalry Corps of the Army of the Ohio. On December 10 near Gatlinburg they surprised a similarly-sized force of Confederate cavalry, many of whom were Cherokee, in its camp and forced them back over the mountains into North Carolina.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 97], "content_span": [98, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013982-0014-0001", "contents": "15th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, History, Subsequent campaigning, Department of the Cumberland\nTwo weeks later on Christmas Eve the 15th Pennsylvania suffered a sharp reverse near Dandridge when the battalion was trapped momentarily in a fenced pocket during a skirmish. Ten troopers were captured and confined in Andersonville Prison, where half of them perished. Five days later, on nearly the same ground, the 15th Pennsylvania made two mounted charges during the Battle of Mossy Creek, contributing to the Union victory. The scouts made by the Anderson Cavalry were generally conducted at night and the regiment became known among the local, largely Unionist communities as \"Palmer's Owls.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 97], "content_span": [98, 697]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013982-0015-0000", "contents": "15th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, History, Subsequent campaigning, Department of the Cumberland\nWinter campaigning was harsh on the regiment's horses. When it went into camp at Rossville, Georgia, in March 1864, its remaining mounts were taken for Sherman's Atlanta Campaign. The 15th Pennsylvania was sent back to Nashville by foot and train for remount, arriving May 8, and was out of field service for three months, finally receiving new horses in July. The regiment also received and drilled new recruits and marched on August 1 for Chattanooga, where it arrived two weeks later. There it guarded the railroad lines between Chattanooga and Atlanta while also scouting for movements of Hood's army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 97], "content_span": [98, 703]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013982-0016-0000", "contents": "15th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, History, Subsequent campaigning, Department of the Cumberland\nOn September 13 while at Calhoun, Georgia, it received new orders to return to East Tennessee to locate and intercept the enemy cavalry brigade of John S. Williams. Unable to do so, the campaign ended in mid-October and the 15th Pennsylvania returned to Camp Lingle (named for 1st Lt . Harvey S. Lingle of Company G, killed at Mossy Creek) at Wauhatchie Station, where it camped until December 20. Between December 28, 1864, and March 2, 1865, the 15th Pennsylvania was encamped at Huntsville, Alabama. In the immediate aftermath of the Battle of Nashville, it pursued the supply trains of Hood's army, catching and destroying all his pontoons near Russellville, Alabama, on December 31, and more than 300 wagons that day and the first day of 1865, penetrating into Mississippi as far as Fulton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 97], "content_span": [98, 893]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013982-0017-0000", "contents": "15th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, History, Concluding operations\nIn mid-March 1865 the 15th Pennsylvania Cavalry was assigned to the 1st Brigade, Cavalry Division, District of East Tennessee, and moved back to Chattanooga. Col. Palmer was breveted a brigadier general to command the brigade. The brigade set out on March 21 as the vanguard of a division-sized raiding force under Major General George Stoneman sent into North Carolina and southwest Virginia to destroy as much railroad as they could to interrupt the flow of supplies to the beleaguered Army of Northern Virginia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 66], "content_span": [67, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013982-0017-0001", "contents": "15th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, History, Concluding operations\nThe 15th Pennsylvania split at Jacksonville, Virginia, on April 5, most accompanying Stoneman's force towards Salem, North Carolina, but a battalion of 230 under Major William Wagner was sent north to make a demonstration at Lynchburg, a key rail center, to give the impression that it was the vanguard of a much larger force threatening Lee's line of retreat. In four days Wagner's battalion destroyed numerous bridges and reached the outskirts of Lynchburg on the morning of April 8 before turning south to rejoin the main body of Stoneman's force at Salisbury, North Carolina. Lee surrendered at Appomattox Court House, 20 miles to the east, the day after the demonstration. The regiment subsequently captured General Braxton Bragg and his staff and pursued Confederate President Jefferson Davis through Georgia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 66], "content_span": [67, 882]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013982-0018-0000", "contents": "15th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, History, Concluding operations\nThe 15th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, numbering 627 officers and men, was mustered out at Nashville, Tennessee, on June 21, 1865. 162 recruits just received were held in service as \"Company A, Anderson Cavalry\" at department headquarters until mustered out on July 18.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 66], "content_span": [67, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013983-0000-0000", "contents": "15th People's Choice Awards\nThe 15th People's Choice Awards, honoring the best in popular culture for 1988, were held in 1989. They were broadcast on CBS.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013984-0000-0000", "contents": "15th People's Party of Kazakhstan Extraordinary Congress\nThe 15th People's Party of Kazakhstan Extraordinary Congress was held on 11 November 2020 in the city of Nur-Sultan. From there, the Communist People's Party of Kazakhstan renamed itself into the People's Party of Kazakhstan (QHP) and made several changes to the charters and programs of the party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013984-0001-0000", "contents": "15th People's Party of Kazakhstan Extraordinary Congress, Leadership election\nThe Extraordinary Congress held a quorum of 33 members from the Communist People's Party of Kazakhstan (QKHP). The QKHP voted to changed its name which was supported by every delegate except Honorary Secretary Vladislav Kosarev. Parliamentary leader of the party Aiqyn Qongyrov was though unanimously chosen to be Chairman of the QHP succeeding Kosarev who served as the QKHP's de facto leader since June 2013, while Jambyl Ahmetbekov, Turgyn Syzdyqov, Viktor Smirnov, and Gauhar Nugmanova were chosen to be Secretaries of the QHP.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [58, 77], "content_span": [78, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013985-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Politburo of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)\nThe 15th Politburo of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) was elected by the 15th Central Committee in the aftermath of the 15th Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [60, 60], "content_span": [61, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013986-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party\nThe 15th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party was elected by the 15th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party on September 19, 1997. It was preceded by the 14th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party. It served until 2002.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013987-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Pozna\u0144 Uhlan Regiment\n15th Pozna\u0144 Uhlan Regiment (Polish: 15 Pu\u0142k U\u0142an\u00f3w Pozna\u0144skich; 15 pu\u0142) \u2013 unit of Polish cavalry, part of Greater Polands Army, Polish Army of Second Republic and Polish Armed Forces in the West during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013987-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Pozna\u0144 Uhlan Regiment, Regimental colours\nThe Regimental colours were founded by females from the Pozna\u0144 society Ognisko \u017bo\u0142nierza Polskiego. The regiment received the colours from the hands of Gen. J\u00f3zef Dowbor-Mu\u015bnicki in Pozna\u0144 on 29 July 1919. Despite the fact that Colours were irregular to Polish Army military code, the standard was used for all the time of the regiment's existence during the interbellum. During the occupation, the standard was kept in the Visitationist Church in Warsaw. The nuns, after the assassination of Franz Kutschera, cut off the image of the Holy Mother and burned the rest of standard. The standard was reconstructed, with usage of parts of previous colours in 1960. Currently the Standard is kept in Greater Polands Military Museum in Pozna\u0144.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 46], "content_span": [47, 784]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013987-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Pozna\u0144 Uhlan Regiment, History and traditions\n15th Uhlans Regiment was first formed as a part of the Army of the Duchy of Warsaw. Later, during the November Uprising, volunteers from the Prussian partition created the Pozna\u0144 Cavalry Regiment (Polish: Pu\u0142k Jazdy Pozna\u0144skiej). Close to the west wall of the St Anthony of Padua's Church is a monument of the 15th Pozna\u0144 Uhlan Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 50], "content_span": [51, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013987-0003-0000", "contents": "15th Pozna\u0144 Uhlan Regiment, History and traditions, World War I and post-war period\nRegiment of uhlans that appeals to those units was created on 30 December 1918 during the Greater Poland Uprising (1918\u20131919) as Mounted Rifleman of Pozna\u0144 Guard (Polish: Konni Strzelcy Stra\u017cy Poznania) with 2nd Lt. Kazimierz Ci\u0105\u017cy\u0144ski as first commander. The national colours white and red were adopted as the colours for the unit pennants. On 14 January 1919, 2nd Lt. J\u00f3zef Lossow replaced Ci\u0105\u017cy\u0144ski as temporary commander. Soldiers took a military oath on 26 January 1919 as 1st Greater Poland Mounted Rifleman Regiment (Polish: 1 Pu\u0142k Strzelc\u00f3w Konnych Wielkopolskich).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 83], "content_span": [84, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013987-0004-0000", "contents": "15th Pozna\u0144 Uhlan Regiment, History and traditions, World War I and post-war period\nOn 29 January 1919, the regiment once again changed its name to 1st Greater Poland Uhlan Regiment (Polish: 1 Pu\u0142k U\u0142an\u00f3w Wielkopolskich). Two days later Col. Aleksander Pajewski became commander of the regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 83], "content_span": [84, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013987-0005-0000", "contents": "15th Pozna\u0144 Uhlan Regiment, History and traditions, World War I and post-war period\nIn January 1920, after unification of Greater Poland's army with the rest of the Polish Armed Forces, the unit was renamed to 15th Uhlans Regiment (Polish: 15 Pu\u0142k U\u0142an\u00f3w). In July 1920, the reserve squadron of 15th Reg. detached 1st Sqn. of newly created 115 Greater Poland Uhlan Regiment (Polish: 115 Pu\u0142k U\u0142an\u00f3w Wielkopolskich) and 215 Greater Poland Volunteer Cavalry Regiment (Polish: 215 Ochotniczy Pu\u0142k Jazdy Wielkopolskiej).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 83], "content_span": [84, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013987-0006-0000", "contents": "15th Pozna\u0144 Uhlan Regiment, History and traditions, World War I and post-war period\nOn 5 August 1920, on proposal of President of Pozna\u0144, Jarogniew Drw\u0119ski, the regiment was renamed to 15th Pozna\u0144 Uhlans Regiment (Polish: 15 Pu\u0142k U\u0142an\u00f3w Pozna\u0144skich). On 22 October 1927, the Pozna\u0144 City Council and the regiment's officers revealed a monument of the Pozna\u0144 Uhlans on Ludgarda Str. in Pozna\u0144. The statue, made by Mieczys\u0142aw Lubelski and Adam Ballenstaed, shows an Uhlan as Saint George attacking a dragon with his lance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 83], "content_span": [84, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013987-0007-0000", "contents": "15th Pozna\u0144 Uhlan Regiment, History and traditions, World War I and post-war period\nDuring the September Campaign, the regiment was part of the Greater Poland Cavalry Brigade (Polish: Wielkopolska Brygada Kawalerii) in frames of Pozna\u0144 Army (Polish: Armia \"Pozna\u0144\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 83], "content_span": [84, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013987-0008-0000", "contents": "15th Pozna\u0144 Uhlan Regiment, History and traditions, Western Polish Army\nIn 1942, the Regiment was recreated in the Anders Army as Battalion \"S\" (Polish: Batalion \"S\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 71], "content_span": [72, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013987-0009-0000", "contents": "15th Pozna\u0144 Uhlan Regiment, History and traditions, Western Polish Army\nThe battalion, along with other units of the Anders Army, left the Soviet Union and went to Iran, Iraq and later to the Middle East, where on 8 October 1942 it was transformed into an armoured reconnaissance unit named 15th Armoured Cavalry Regiment (Polish: 15 Pu\u0142k Kawalerii Pancernej). On 1 December 1943, the unit was named 15th Pozna\u0144 Uhlans Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 71], "content_span": [72, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013987-0010-0000", "contents": "15th Pozna\u0144 Uhlan Regiment, History and traditions, Western Polish Army\nLater, as part of the II Corps (Poland), the regiment took part in the Italian Campaign (World War II). At the end of December 1944, the regiment was moved to the south of Italy for rest. Their unit was split into the 15th Reg. and the 25th Greater Poland Uhlan Regiment (Polish: 25 Pu\u0142k U\u0142an\u00f3w Wielkopolskich). The new 15th Reg. was transformed into an armoured  unit and subordinated to the 14th Greater Poland Armoured Brig.. During this time, reinforcements for the regiment were trained in Egypt. After the end of the war, the regiment was moved to United Kingdom. After demobilization in 1947, remains of the regiment in July 1947 formed Basie Unit 340 of the Polish Resettlement Corps at Slinfold Camp. The unit was dissolved in 1948.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 71], "content_span": [72, 813]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013987-0011-0000", "contents": "15th Pozna\u0144 Uhlan Regiment, History and traditions, Modern regiment\nIn 1996 due to efforts of the Society of Former Soldiers and Friends of 15th Pozna\u0144 Uhlans Regiment (est. in 1991 in Pozna\u0144) and the Wheel of Pozna\u0144 Uhlans of LtGen. W\u0142adys\u0142aw Anders (est. in 1946 in Italy, later in London), a newly created armoured cavalry brigade in W\u0119drzyn was named 15th Greater Poland Armoured Cavalry Brigade (Polish: 15 Wielkopolska Brygada Kawalerii Pancernej), and its 1st Tank Battalion received the pennant colours of 15th Pozna\u0144 Uhlans Reg. After the dissolution of 15th Brigade, traditions of the 15th Reg. were passed on to the armoured battalion (since 2007 mechanized infantry battalion) of 17th Greater Poland Mechanized Brigade (Polish: 17 Wielkopolska Brygada Zmechanizowana) named 15th Pozna\u0144 Uhlans Battalion (Polish: 15 batalion U\u0142an\u00f3w Pozna\u0144skich).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 67], "content_span": [68, 856]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013987-0012-0000", "contents": "15th Pozna\u0144 Uhlan Regiment, History and traditions, Modern regiment\nPre -war uniforms of the 15th Regiment are used by the reenactment group Volunteer Representative Uhlans Unit of City of Pozna\u0144 (Polish: Ochotniczy Reprezentacyjny Oddzia\u0142 U\u0142an\u00f3w Miasta Poznania).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 67], "content_span": [68, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013987-0013-0000", "contents": "15th Pozna\u0144 Uhlan Regiment, History and traditions, Modern regiment\nDuring the interbellum the regiment was dislocated to Pozna\u0144. The regiment anniversary was held on 23 April, as commemoration of Virtuti Militari decoration in 1921.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 67], "content_span": [68, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013987-0014-0000", "contents": "15th Pozna\u0144 Uhlan Regiment, Operational history, Greater Poland Uprising 1918-1919\nDuring the night between 5 and 6 January 1919, a squadron of Mounted Rifleman under command of 2nd Lt. Kazimierz Ci\u0105\u017cy\u0144ski took part in the Battle of \u0141awica Airfield. At the night between 9 and 10 January 1919, the Squadron was moved to Gniezno, and on 11 January took part in fights near Szubin. In later days the whole regiment was used as mobile reserve on different parts of Polish-German front line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 82], "content_span": [83, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013987-0015-0000", "contents": "15th Pozna\u0144 Uhlan Regiment, Operational history, Polish\u2013Soviet War\nOn 1 August 1919, the regiment moved to the front line as a part of 14th Greater Poland Infantry Division (Polish: 14 Wielkopolska Dywizja Piechoty). The regiment campaigned through Maladzyechna, Ma\u0142e Gajany, Minsk, Ihumen, Bochuczewicze and Babruysk, which was captured on 28 August. Babruysk became the base of the regiment during the fights in the Berezina River valley and in Polesia until May 1920. In this period, Soviet soldiers nicknamed the regiment rogate, czerwone czorty (English: horned, red devils), due to the red colour on their rogatywkas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 66], "content_span": [67, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013987-0015-0001", "contents": "15th Pozna\u0144 Uhlan Regiment, Operational history, Polish\u2013Soviet War\nIn May 1920 the regiment took part in stopping the offensive of the Soviet 16th Army, taking many soldiers from the Soviet cavalry brigade as prisoners. In June 1920, due to next Soviet offensive, the regiment was forced to retreat. During fights near Ivachnoviche, on 29 July the regiment's CO, LtCol. W\u0142adys\u0142aw Anders, was wounded. As a part of the Polish counteroffensive the regiment broke through the Soviet lines on 16 August, near Maciejowice. Later the regiment took part in the Battle of the Niemen River.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 66], "content_span": [67, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013987-0015-0002", "contents": "15th Pozna\u0144 Uhlan Regiment, Operational history, Polish\u2013Soviet War\nIn the second half of September 1920 cavalryman took part in fights near Mezhiritch, Zelva and Snovy. The last city captured by the regiment was Minsk, from where the unit was withdrawn after the ceasefire. On 16 January 1921, the regiment returned to Pozna\u0144 under the command of W\u0142adys\u0142aw Anders. For their valor during the war, all regiments of the 14th Division received Virtuti Militari. The colours of the unit were decorated by Marsh. J\u00f3zef Pi\u0142sudski on 22 April 1921.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 66], "content_span": [67, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013987-0016-0000", "contents": "15th Pozna\u0144 Uhlan Regiment, Operational history, September Campaign\nOn 1 September 1939 the regiment, as a part of the Greater Poland Cavalry Brigade, was near Zaniemy\u015bl. After the outbreak of the war, the Regiment moved to Uniej\u00f3w and Bzura River. Between 9 and 18 September 1939 the regiment, located on the eastern flank of the \"Pozna\u0144\" Army, took part in heavy fighting near Broch\u00f3w and Walewice as a part of the Battle of Bzura. On 12 September in Ziewanice, the CO of regiment, LtCol. Tadeusz Mikke, was killed in action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 67], "content_span": [68, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013987-0016-0001", "contents": "15th Pozna\u0144 Uhlan Regiment, Operational history, September Campaign\nAfter the battle of Bzura, the regiment formed the rear guard during the retreat of the \"Pozna\u0144\" Army and remains of the \"Pomorze\" through Puszcza Kampinoska to Warsaw. The regiment arrived in the Polish capital on 20 September. The regiment subsequently took part in the defence. The unit was disbanded on the day of the city's capitulation on 28 September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 67], "content_span": [68, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013987-0017-0000", "contents": "15th Pozna\u0144 Uhlan Regiment, Operational history, Polish Armed Forces in the West\nOn 17 April 1942, Battalion \"S\" was formed in Yangiyo'l near Tashkent under command of Cpt. Zbigniew Kiedacz. On 8 October 1942, in Iraq, the unit was transformed into the 15 Regiment of Armoured Cavalry, reconnaissance unit of the 5th Kresowa Infantry Division. At the end of 1942, the regiment was renamed to 15th Pozna\u0144 Uhlans Regiment. In next months, the unit was trained in Iraq, Palestine, Liban and Egypt. During February and March 1944, the regiment was moved to Italy. Uhlans took part in fighting on 6 April 1944 near Capracotta, and during the following days reached Genoa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 80], "content_span": [81, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013987-0017-0001", "contents": "15th Pozna\u0144 Uhlan Regiment, Operational history, Polish Armed Forces in the West\nBetween 3 and 29 May 1944, the regiment took part in the Battle of Monte Cassino fighting on Castellone hill, and later broke through Hitler Line capturing Pizzo Corno and Monte Cairo. On 20 July, the unit ended its fights in the battle of Ancona. In October 1944, the regiment was fighting in the Emilian Apennines as a part of the breaking through the Gothic Line. On 23 October, the commanding officer of regiment, Col. Zbigniew Kiedacz, was killed in action. The regiment received the award Virtuti Militari for a second time for the Italian Campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 80], "content_span": [81, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013987-0017-0002", "contents": "15th Pozna\u0144 Uhlan Regiment, Operational history, Polish Armed Forces in the West\nIn the winter 1944 and 1945, the 25th Greater Poland Uhlan Regiment (Polish: 25 Pu\u0142k U\u0142an\u00f3w Wielkopolskich) was detached from the regiment. In January 1945, the 15th Reg. was moved to Egypt, where the unit, after receiving new tanks, was subordinated to the 14th Greater Polish Armoured Brig. (Polish: 14 Wielkopolska Brygada Pancerna). In October 1945, the brigade was moved to Giulianova in Italy and in June 1946 to Browning Camp near Horsham near London. In 1947, the regiment was disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 80], "content_span": [81, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013988-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Primetime Emmy Awards\nThe 15th Emmy Awards, later known as the 15th Primetime Emmy Awards, were handed out on May 26, 1963. The ceremony was hosted by Annette Funicello and Don Knotts. Winners are listed in bold and series' networks are in parentheses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013988-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Primetime Emmy Awards\nThe top shows of the night were The Defenders and The Dick Van Dyke Show. Each won for series, directing, and writing in their respective genres. The Defenders led the night in major wins (4) and nominations (7).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013989-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Producers Guild of America Awards\nThe 15th Producers Guild of America Awards (also known as 2004 Producers Guild Awards), honoring the best film and television producers of 2003, were held at The Century Plaza Hotel in Los Angeles, California on January 17, 2004. The ceremony was hosted by John Larroquette. The nominees were announced on January 5, 2004.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013990-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Punjab Assembly\nElection for the constitution of the Fifteenth Legislative Assembly was held in the Indian state of Punjab on 4 February 2017 to elect the 117 members of the Punjab Legislative Assembly. The counting of votes was done on 11 March 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013991-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Punjab Regiment\nThe 15th Punjab Regiment was a regiment of the British Indian Army from 1922 to 1947. It was transferred to Pakistan Army on independence in 1947, and amalgamated with the 1st, 14th and 16th Punjab Regiments in 1956 to form the Punjab Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013991-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Punjab Regiment, Early history\nThe 15th Punjab Regiment was formed in 1922 by the amalgamation of the 25th, 26th, 27th, 28th and 29th Punjabis. All five battalions were raised during the upheaval of the Indian Mutiny in 1857 by John Lawrence in the Punjab. The 27th Punjabis served in China during the Second Opium War in 1860\u201362, while the 26th and 29th Punjabis participated in the Bhutan War of 1864\u201366. All battalions saw service on the North West Frontier of India and took part in the Second Afghan War of 1878\u201380, while the 26th and 27th Punjabis also served in the Third Anglo-Burmese War of 1885\u201387. In 1901, the 27th Punjabis were dispatched to British Somaliland to suppress the resistance movement led by Diiriye Guure of the Dervish State.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 35], "content_span": [36, 757]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013991-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Punjab Regiment, Formation\nWhen the 15th Punjabs were formed in 1922, it was organised into 5 battalions (including additions till WW2):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013991-0003-0000", "contents": "15th Punjab Regiment, Second World War\nDuring the Second World War, the 15th Punjab Regiment raised ten new battalions. Most of the active battalions were engaged in fighting the Japanese in the Far East except the 3rd Battalion, which fought in Somaliland and Italy. The performance of the 4th Battalion in Burma in particular was outstanding. The battalion suffered 921 casualties and was awarded numerous gallantry awards including two Victoria Crosses to Lieutenant Karamjeet Singh Judge and Naik Gian Singh.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 38], "content_span": [39, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013991-0004-0000", "contents": "15th Punjab Regiment, Post Independence History\nOn the independence of Pakistan in 1947, the 15th Punjab Regiment was allotted to Pakistan Army. At the time, the active battalions were 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th. Sikhs and Jats were transferred to the Indian Army and the regiment's new class composition was fixed as Punjabis and Pathans. The 2nd Battalion was reformed as a Medium Machine Gun battalion, moving to Kohat in early 1946; by the time of Partition in August 1947 all the British and non-Muslim officers had left, except for one Indian officer, the Adjutant and he left once all Indian Army personnel moved to India. The unit helped to escort the 3rd Grenadiers from Kohat to Rawalpindi, after they had been ambushed twice by Pathan tribes. Other references are the books by Kaushik Roy and Frederick Llewellyn Freemantle (listed below).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 47], "content_span": [48, 845]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013991-0005-0000", "contents": "15th Punjab Regiment, Post Independence History\nThe regiment's badge was also modified and the Sikh quoit was replaced by an Islamic star. In 1948, the 2nd and 3rd Battalions fought in the war with India in Kashmir. In 1956, a major reorganization was undertaken in the Pakistan Army and larger infantry groups were created by amalgamating the existing infantry regiments. As a result, the 15th Punjab Regiment was amalgamated with the 1st, 14th and 16th Punjab Regiments to form one large Punjab Regiment. The four regimental centres were also merged and the combined centre moved to Mardan. The line up of the new regiment was:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 47], "content_span": [48, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013991-0006-0000", "contents": "15th Punjab Regiment, Battle Honours\nChina 1860\u201362, Ali Masjid, Peiwar Kotal, Charasiah, Kabul 1879, Ahmad Khel, Kandahar 1880, Afghanistan 1878\u201380, Burma 1885\u201387, Chitral, Somaliland 1901\u201304, Loos, France and Flanders 1915, Suez Canal, Egypt 1915, Megiddo, Sharon, Palestine 1918, Tigris 1916, Kut al Amara 1917, Baghdad, Mesopotamia 1915\u201318, Persia 1918, NW Frontier, India 1917, Kilimanjaro, East Africa 1914\u201317, Berbera, Assab, Abyssinia 1940\u201341, Tug Argan, British Somaliland 1940, The Sangro, The Moro, Cassino II, Gothic Line, The Senio, Italy 1943\u201345, West Borneo 1941\u201342, South East Asia 1941\u201342, Rathedaung, Donbaik, Jail Hill, Naga Village, Kyaukmyaung Bridgehead, Mandalay, Fort Dufferin, Meiktila, Nyaungu Bridgehead, Capture of Meiktila, Taungtha, Myingyan, The Irrawaddy, Yenaungyaung 1945, Kama, Pyawbwe, Toungoo, Pegu 1945, Sittang 1945, Burma 1942\u201345.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 36], "content_span": [37, 869]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013992-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Quebec Legislature\nThe 15th Legislative Assembly of Quebec is the provincial legislature in Quebec, Canada that existed from June 23, 1919, to February 5, 1923. The Quebec Liberal Party led by Lomer Gouin and Louis-Alexandre Taschereau was the governing party. Taschereau succeeded Gouin in 1920 as Premier of Quebec.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013992-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Quebec Legislature, Member list\nThis was the list of members of the Legislative Assembly of Quebec that were elected in the 1919 election:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 36], "content_span": [37, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013992-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Quebec Legislature, New or renamed electoral districts\nThe electoral map was reformed in 1922 prior to the elections that were held in the following year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 59], "content_span": [60, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013993-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Republican People's Party Extraordinary Convention\nThe 15th Extraordinary Convention of the Republican People's Party was held on 18 December 2010 to elect all 80 members of the Party Council of the Republican People's Party (CHP) of Turkey. It was the first Extraordinary Convention held by party leader Kemal K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7daro\u011flu, who was elected as the party's leader in May 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013993-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Republican People's Party Extraordinary Convention\nThe vote was seen as a broad endorsement of K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7daro\u011flu, who was half a year into his leadership. Most elected members of the Party Council were part of K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7daro\u011flu's list of candidates. However, the election was also a setback for Deputy Leader G\u00fcrsel Tekin, who received 762 votes and thus failed to make it into the Party Council. It was rumoured that Tekin had phoned K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7daro\u011flu at 03:00 in the morning before the convention. Left-wing actor Levent K\u0131rca was also present at the convention.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013993-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Republican People's Party Extraordinary Convention, Party council, Directly elected (68 members)\nMembers elected to the Party Council directly, along with the votes they received, are as follows.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 101], "content_span": [102, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013993-0003-0000", "contents": "15th Republican People's Party Extraordinary Convention, Party council, Culture, Science and Executive Quota (12 members)\nMembers elected to the Party Council through the Culture, Science and Executive Quota, along with the votes they received, are as follows.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 121], "content_span": [122, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013994-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Reserve Division (German Empire)\nThe 15th Reserve Division (15. Reserve-Division) was a unit of the Prussian Army within the Imperial German Army in World War I. The division was formed on mobilization of the German Army in August 1914 as part of VIII Reserve Corps. The division was disbanded in 1919 during the demobilization of the German Army after World War I. The division was recruited primarily in the Prussian Rhine Province. At the beginning of the war, it formed the VIII Reserve Corps with the 16th Reserve Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013994-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Reserve Division (German Empire), Combat chronicle\nThe 15th Reserve Division fought on the Western Front, participating in the opening German offensive which led to the Allied Great Retreat, fighting at Sedan in late August 1914. It fought in the First Battle of the Marne. Thereafter, it remained in the line in the Champagne region and fought in the Second Battle of Champagne in September\u2013October 1915. It fought on the Aisne until September 1916, and then joined the Battle of the Somme. Its next major engagement was the Battle of Arras in the Spring of 1917.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 55], "content_span": [56, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013994-0001-0001", "contents": "15th Reserve Division (German Empire), Combat chronicle\nIn May 1917, the division was transferred to the Eastern Front, where it resisted the Russian Summer Offensive known as the Kerensky Offensive. It remained on the Eastern Front until the armistice on that front, and then returned to the Western Front, arriving in the Verdun region at the beginning of January 1918. It went to the Flanders/Artois region in April 1918 and remained in that general area until the end of the war. Allied intelligence rated the division as third class.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 55], "content_span": [56, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013994-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Reserve Division (German Empire), Order of battle on mobilization\nThe order of battle of the 15th Reserve Division on mobilization was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 70], "content_span": [71, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013994-0003-0000", "contents": "15th Reserve Division (German Empire), Order of battle on January 1, 1918\nThe 15th Reserve Division was triangularized in late September 1916. Over the course of the war, other changes took place, including the formation of artillery and signals commands and a pioneer battalion. The order of battle on January 1, 1918, was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 73], "content_span": [74, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013995-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Rifle Corps\nThe 15th Rifle Corps (Russian: 15-\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043f\u0443\u0441) was a rifle corps of the Red Army, formed five times; each formation was a distinct unit unrelated to the others. It was part of the 5th Army. It took part in the Soviet invasion of Poland in 1939.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013995-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Rifle Corps, History, 1922\u20131924 formation\nThe corps was formed as part of the North Caucasus Military District by an order of 27 September 1922 with the 9th Don, 22nd, and 37th Rifle Divisions, headquartered at Krasnodar. The units of the corps participated in the suppression of anti-Soviet forces in the Kuban-Black Sea Oblast between November 1922 and February 1924. The corps headquarters was disbanded by an order of the district on 12 February 1924.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 46], "content_span": [47, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013995-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Rifle Corps, History, 1934\u20131941 formation\nThe corps was formed again as part of the Ukrainian Military District by an order of 12 May 1934, headquartered at Chernigov. The corps became part of the Kiev Military District when the Ukrainian Military District was split in June 1935. The corps participated in the Soviet invasion of Poland, under command of Vasily Repin and as part of the 6th Army, and in October returned to the district, renamed the Kiev Special Military District. As a result of the Soviet advance into former Polish territory, the corps headquarters moved west to Kovel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 46], "content_span": [47, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013995-0002-0001", "contents": "15th Rifle Corps, History, 1934\u20131941 formation\nIn January 1940 it was relocated to the 13th Army for the Winter War, fighting in the latter between February and March. After the end of the Winter War, the 15th Corps returned to Kiev Special Military District and during June and July was assigned to the 12th Army for the occupation of Bessarabia and northern Bukovina. In July the corps returned to district control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 46], "content_span": [47, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013995-0003-0000", "contents": "15th Rifle Corps, History, 1934\u20131941 formation\nCorps troops were the 58th Separate Communications Battalion and the 38th Separate Sapper Battalion. The corps headquarters was officially disbanded on 25 September 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 46], "content_span": [47, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013995-0004-0000", "contents": "15th Rifle Corps, History, 1942\u20131943 formation\nThe corps headquarters was reformed in Voronezh Oblast in November 1942, under the command of Major General Pyotr Privalov. The corps was assigned the 172nd, 267th, and 350th Rifle Divisions. After completing its formation, the corps joined the 6th Army of the Voronezh Front and entered battleon 11 December on the left bank of the Don River near Verkhny Mamon during Operation Little Saturn. It fought in the destruction of Italian and German forces on the Mid-Don and on 16 December crossed the Don, entering the Kantemirovka area on 22 December.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 46], "content_span": [47, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013995-0004-0001", "contents": "15th Rifle Corps, History, 1942\u20131943 formation\nThe corps then advanced into the Donbass towards Belokurakino, Balakleya, and Krasnograd. In January Privalov was replaced in command of Major General Afanasy Gryaznov. In the second half of February and early March the corps fought against the German counteroffensive in the Third Battle of Kharkov. On 16 April 1943 the 15th Rifle Corps headquarters was converted into that of the headquarters of the 28th Guards Rifle Corps. Corps troops were the 62nd Separate Communications Battalion, 1163rd Field Office of the State Bank, and 2634th Field Postal Station. The divisions of the 15th Rifle Corps were transferred to the control of the 34th Rifle Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 46], "content_span": [47, 703]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013995-0005-0000", "contents": "15th Rifle Corps, History, 1943\u20131945 formation\nThe corps headquarters was quickly reformed in Moscow beginning on 28 May 1943. Corps troops were the 387th Separate Communications Battalion and 3689th Field Postal Station. The 918th Separate Sapper Battalion and 441st Field Vehicle Repair Base was added in April and May 1944, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 46], "content_span": [47, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013995-0006-0000", "contents": "15th Rifle Corps, History, 1943\u20131945 formation\nAfter the end of the war, the corps headquarters was disbanded in mid-1945 as part of the 60th Army. Its divisions were simultaneously disbanded and their personnel used to reinforce divisions of the Northern Group of Forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 46], "content_span": [47, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013996-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Rifle Division\nThe 15th Rifle Division (Russian: 15-\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u0438\u044f) was a military formation of the Red Army formed by renaming the Red Army's Inza Revolutionary Division on 30 April 1919. The division was active during the Russian Civil War and World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013996-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Rifle Division\nThe 15th Rifle Division was awarded the Order of Lenin, two Orders of the Red Banner, the Order of Suvorov, and the Red Banner of Labour of the Ukrainian SSR, ultimately receiving the honorific designation 15th Sivash-Stettin Order of Lenin, Twice Order of the Red Banner, Order of Suvorov, Order of the Red Banner of Labour Division (15-\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0421\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0448\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u0428\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f, \u043e\u0440\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u041b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0430, \u0434\u0432\u0430\u0436\u0434\u044b \u041a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0451\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f, \u043e\u0440\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0421\u0443\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430, \u0422\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u041a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0417\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438  \u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u0438\u044f).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013996-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Rifle Division, Establishment and World War II\nThe 15th Rifle Division was formed by renaming the Red Army's Inza Revolutionary Division on 30 April 1919. In November 1920, the division crossed the Sivash into Crimea and fought against the White Army commanded by Pyotr Wrangel. Units from the disbanded 31st Turkestan Rifle Division joined the division on 2 December 1920.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 51], "content_span": [52, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013996-0003-0000", "contents": "15th Rifle Division, Establishment and World War II\nOn 29 February 1928, in honor of the tenth anniversary of the Red Army, the division was awarded the Honorary Revolutionary Red Banner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 51], "content_span": [52, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013996-0004-0000", "contents": "15th Rifle Division, Establishment and World War II\nOn 10 January 1936, in honor of the fifteenth anniversary of the Sivash battles, the division was awarded the Order of Lenin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 51], "content_span": [52, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013996-0005-0000", "contents": "15th Rifle Division, Establishment and World War II\nIt was renamed as the 15th Motorized  Division in September 1939 and took part in the Red Army's march into Romanian-ceded Bessarabia in 1940. On 22 June 1941, the division was stationed in Bender and Tiraspol as part of the 2nd Mechanized Corps, 9th Army, Odessa Military District.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 51], "content_span": [52, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013996-0006-0000", "contents": "15th Rifle Division, Establishment and World War II\nIts first battle after the start of Operation Barbarossa occurred in the Skulyan raion (part of Kalarash) on 24 June 1941, after which it pulled back and departed for the Dniester. In July 1941, the 15th Motorized Rifle Division was caught in the encirclement around Uman, and was largely destroyed. Rkkaww2 states that 'The entire headquarters of the 15th Motorised Division was captured. However, later, the divisional commander, Colonel Laskin, managed to escape from captivity.'", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 51], "content_span": [52, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013996-0007-0000", "contents": "15th Rifle Division, Establishment and World War II\nIts name was reverted to 15th Rifle Division, with the 676th Mountain Rifle Regiment of the 192nd Mountain Rifle Division added as its third regiment. The division's commander during the Uman encirclement, Major-General Nikolay Nikanorovich Belov was killed on 9 August 1941. Some of its members escaped from the encirclement by the end of September 1941. It remained on the Southern Front and took part in defending the Donbass in the area near Artemovsk until being transferred to the Bryansk Front's 13th Army in May 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 51], "content_span": [52, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013996-0008-0000", "contents": "15th Rifle Division, Establishment and World War II\nThe 15th Rifle Division took part in the defensive battle at Voronezh in the summer of 1942 and in the subsequent battle to liberate the city in 1943. On the night of 5 July 1943, reconnaissance units of the division captured a prisoner who showed that the German troops would launch an attack on Kursk during the same day, and the division fought in the Battle of Kursk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 51], "content_span": [52, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013996-0009-0000", "contents": "15th Rifle Division, Establishment and World War II\nIts subsequent operations included the Chernigov-Pripyat and Gomel-Rechitsa Offensives in 1943, the Kalinkovichi-Mozyr Operation, Operation Bagration and the liberation of Baranovichi in 1944, the M\u0142awa-Elbing Operation, the East Pomeranian Offensive, and the Battle of Berlin in 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 51], "content_span": [52, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013996-0010-0000", "contents": "15th Rifle Division, Establishment and World War II, Composition\nAs the 15th Rifle Division (renamed on 6 August 1941):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 64], "content_span": [65, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013996-0011-0000", "contents": "15th Rifle Division, Postwar\nAfter the Second World War the division briefly became the 26th Mechanised Division in 1945, then in 1957 the 100th Motor Rifle Division. In 1965 it regained its Second World War number and became the 15th Motor Rifle Division. Through much of the postwar period it was part of 7th Guards Army in the Transcaucasus Military District. During this period it was stationed at Kirovakan. The division was maintained at 20% strength during the Cold War. In June 1992, it was disbanded and much of its equipment was taken over by Armenia. The divisional banner was given to the 5209th Weapons and Equipment Storage Base (BHVT), formed from the disbanded 91st Motor Rifle Division in Nizhneudinsk. The 5209th BHVT  was renamed the 6063rd BHVT. In June 2009, the 6063rd BHVT became the 187th Weapons and Equipment Storage Repair Base (BHiRVT).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 864]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013996-0012-0000", "contents": "15th Rifle Division, Postwar\nThe 15th Motor Rifle Division included the following units in 1988:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 96]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013997-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Robert Awards\nThe 15th Robert Awards ceremony was held in 1998 in Copenhagen, Denmark. Organized by the Danish Film Academy, the awards honoured the best in Danish and foreign film of 1997.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013998-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Rome Quadriennale\nThe 15th Rome Quadriennale or XV Rome Quadriennale (Italian pronunciation: Quindicesima Quadriennale di Roma) is an Italian art exhibition (the 15th edition of the Rome Quadrennial) held between 19 June and 14 September 2008 at its historical site, the Palazzo delle Esposizioni of Rome, Italy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013998-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Rome Quadriennale\nThe exhibition has no thematic restrictions  and originates with the aim of documenting a situation in evolution, by mapping out a panorama of contemporary Italian art of the two decades preceding 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013998-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Rome Quadriennale\nThe 15\u00aa Q, as it is called on the cover of the catalogue  and on the publicity materials connected to the manifestation, cost about two million euro  and had some 30,000 visitors during the 76 days that it was open.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013998-0003-0000", "contents": "15th Rome Quadriennale, The exhibition\nThe aim of the exhibition is to trace out a map of the main results of the artistic research conducted in Italy during the two decades prior to 2008 as well as of the experiences considered representative of that period, devoting particular attention to the artists in the middle of their careers and the younger ones, indicative of the possible future evolution of the Italian artistic panorama. The exhibition registers the different tendencies of contemporary art in which conceptual art, minimalism, and the various tendencies of the pictorial and photographic image are confronted in a further attempt to identify the possible singularities of the Italian situation in the international system of art.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 38], "content_span": [39, 745]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013998-0004-0000", "contents": "15th Rome Quadriennale, The exhibition\nNinety-nine artists have been invited, each with a single recent work, in many cases created for the occasion. Painting, photography, video art, sculpture, installations and net art are the expressions that have been adopted in the exhibition in proportions that are not homogeneous. The artists participating have an average age of forty-five years, one-quarter of them are under thirty-five and a third are women.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 38], "content_span": [39, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013998-0005-0000", "contents": "15th Rome Quadriennale, The exhibition\nThe XV Rome Quadrennial has been dedicated to the memory of Luciano Fabro: his sculpture Autunno (Autumn), exhibited here for the first time, opens the exhibition in the Sala della Rotonda of Palazzo delle Esposizioni.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 38], "content_span": [39, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013998-0006-0000", "contents": "15th Rome Quadriennale, The exhibition\nDuring the exhibition period, the educational services of the Palazzo delle Esposizioni, in collaboration with the Faculty of Letters and Philosophy of the Sapienza University of Rome, have organized meetings between the artists and the public in the sphere of thematic visits.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 38], "content_span": [39, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013998-0007-0000", "contents": "15th Rome Quadriennale, Committee members and installation\nA committee of curators and art historians, composed of Chiara Bertola, Lorenzo Canova, Bruno Cor\u00e0, Daniela Lancioni and Claudio Spadoni, is responsible for the critical installation of the exhibition as well as the choice of artists to invite to participate. The itinerary of the exhibition extends over 3,000 square metres on the three levels of Palazzo delle Esposizioni, Giulio Turchetta has organized the installation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 58], "content_span": [59, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013998-0008-0000", "contents": "15th Rome Quadriennale, Artists\nMario Air\u00f2, Carolina Raquel Antich, Andrea Aquilanti, Stefano Arienti, Sergia Avveduti, Massimo Bartolini, Matteo Basil\u00e9, Alessandro Bazan, Vanessa Beecroft, Angelo Bellobono, Elisabetta Benassi, Manfredi Beninati, Stefano Boccalini, Francesco Bocchini, Stefano Bonacci, Giuseppe Caccavale, Alessandro Cannistr\u00e0, Gea Casolaro, Antonio Catelani, Alice Cattaneo, Loris Cecchini, Francesco Cervelli, Paolo Chiasera, Claudio Citterio, Marco Colazzo, Luca Costantini, Francesco De Grandi, Daniela De Lorenzo, Giulio De Mitri, Fabrice de Nola, Alberto Di Fabio, Anna Di Febo, Elisabetta Di Maggio, Andrea Di Marco, R\u00e4 di Martino, Fulvio Di Piazza, Mauro Di Silvestre, Valentino Diego, Bruna Esposito, Stefania Fabrizi, Luciano Fabro, David Fagioli, Lara Favaretto, Flavio Favelli, Danilo Fiorucci, Simona Frillici, Paolo Grassino, Alice Guareschi, Debora Hirsch, Irena Kalo\u0111era, Karp\u00fcseeler, Deborah Logorio, Federico Lombardo, Claudia Losi, Serenella Lupparelli, Andrea Mastrovito, Vittoria Mazzoni, Sabrina Mezzaqui, Matteo Montani, Diego Morandini, Maria Morganti, Liliana Moro, Adriano Nardi, Marco Neri, Davide Nido, Adrian Paci, Luca Pancrazzi, Marina Paris, Luana Perilli, Perino & Vele, Diego Perrone, Paola Pivi, Piero Pompili, Franco Pozzi, Luisa Protti, Daniele Puppi, Luisa Rabbia, Antonio Riello, Giovanni Rizzoli, Bernhard R\u00fcdiger, Andrea Salvino, Mariateresa Sartori, Maurizio Savini, Francesco Simeti, Sissi, Federico Solmi, Vittorio Sopracase, Donatella Spaziani, Stalker/ON, Giuseppe Stampone, Giovanni Termini, Alessandra Tesi, Silvano Tessarollo, Grazia Toderi, Stefano Tondo, Luca Trevisani, Erich Turroni, Nico Vascellari, Nicola Verlato, Marco Verrelli.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 1702]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013998-0009-0000", "contents": "15th Rome Quadriennale, Jury and Prizes\nFor the first time in the history of the Rome Quadrennial, the jury, composed of Suzanne Pag\u00e9, Director of the Foundation Louis-Vuitton, Gerald Matt, Director of the Kunsthalle of Vienna and Vicente Todol\u00ed, Director of the Tate Modern of London, is not Italian. On 12 September 2008 2008, the Prize Jury of the XV Quadrennial awarded the Quadrennial Prize (20,000 euro) to Adrian Paci, and the Prize for Young Art (10,000 euro) to Deborah Ligorio. Both Adrian Paci and Deborah Ligorio have participated with video art works.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 39], "content_span": [40, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013998-0010-0000", "contents": "15th Rome Quadriennale, Jury and Prizes\nA career prize (a gold medal) was awarded to Maurizio Cattelan. On 24 March 2009, at the MAXXI of Rome,  the singer Elio of the Elio e le Storie Tese, who announced that he was the real Cattelan, came to receive the prize, making witty remarks and answering questions from Francesco Prosperetti, Anna Mattirolo, Gino Agnese, Stefano Chiodi, Andrea Cortellessa, Cornelia Lauf and the public that was present.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 39], "content_span": [40, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013998-0011-0000", "contents": "15th Rome Quadriennale, Catalogue\nThe exhibition is documented by a catalogue of the works of 320 pages published by Marsilio. The volume opens with critical essays by Chiara Bertola, Lorenzo Canova, Bruno Cor\u00e0, Daniela Lancioni and Claudio Spadoni.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013998-0012-0000", "contents": "15th Rome Quadriennale, Catalogue\nAlong the itinerary of the exhibition, it is possible to consult a tactile screen with images of the works and entries about the artists edited by Paola Bonani for the Quadriennale Foundation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013998-0013-0000", "contents": "15th Rome Quadriennale, Related exhibitions\nDuring the 15th Quadriennale, a documentary exhibition of the history of the Quadrennial of Rome has been installed in the Spazio Fontana of Palazzo delle Esposizioni. This exhibition has been organized by the Archive of the Quadriennale Foundation in collaboration with the Istituto Luce and RAI Teche.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 43], "content_span": [44, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013999-0000-0000", "contents": "15th SATMA\nThe 15th Annually South African Traditional Music Awards will took place on November 27, 2021. The awards celebrated achievements in music and entertainment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00013999-0001-0000", "contents": "15th SATMA, Nominees\nDeejay Avesh \u2013 Pritisha M \u2013 Meri MaaMbuzeni Mkhize \u2013 Mbuzeni Mkhize \u2013 Ishoba LenkonkoniDlayani Patrick Hlongwane (Dj Patmesh) \u2013 Venda Boy \u2013 Ndavhuko", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 20], "content_span": [21, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014000-0000-0000", "contents": "15th SS Police Regiment\nThe 15th SS Police Regiment (German: SS-Polizei-Regiment 15) was initially named the 15th Police Regiment (Polizei-Regiment 15) when it was formed in 1942 from existing Order Police units (Ordnungspolizei) to conduct security warfare behind the Eastern Front. The regiment was destroyed in January 1943 and its personnel was used to reconstitute it in Norway several months later from existing police units. The regiment was transferred to Italy in late 1943 and remained there for the rest of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014000-0001-0000", "contents": "15th SS Police Regiment, Operational history\nThe regiment was formed in July 1942 in Russia from Police Battalion 305, Police Battalion 306 and Police Battalion 310 which were redesignated as the regiment's first through third battalions, respectively. Between 29 October and 1 November, 10 Company of the Third Battalion helped to liquidate the ghetto in Pinsk, Belarus, killing an estimated 20,000 Jews. I Battalion was redesignated as III Battalion of the 16th Police Regiment later in the year and was later replaced by II Battalion of the 28th Police Regiment from Norway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 44], "content_span": [45, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014000-0001-0001", "contents": "15th SS Police Regiment, Operational history\nThe regiment was ordered to be rebuilt in Norway on 29 March 1943 with the survivors consolidated into I and II Battalions. III Battalion was intended to be the redesignated IV Battalion of the 27th SS Police Regiment, but I Battalion of the 27th Regiment was ultimately used instead. In July the headquarters and I Battalion were garrisoned in Sarpsborg, II Battalion was in Mysen and III Battalion was stationed in Bergen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 44], "content_span": [45, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014000-0002-0000", "contents": "15th SS Police Regiment, Operational history\nThe regiment was transferred to Italy in late 1943 with the headquarters stationed in Vercelli, I Battalion in Turin, II Battalion garrisoned in Milan and III Battalion located in Trieste. It was later reinforced by an anti-tank company and a rocket-launcher battery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 44], "content_span": [45, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014000-0003-0000", "contents": "15th SS Police Regiment, Operational history\nThe unit controlled two ethnic SS Police units, the SS Police Regiment Bozen and the SS Police Regiment Brixen engaged in security warfare in Italy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 44], "content_span": [45, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014000-0004-0000", "contents": "15th SS Police Regiment, War crimes\nThe regiment has been implicated in twenty-six incidents of war crimes in Italy from December 1943 to February 1945 with almost 200 civilians killed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014001-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Santosham Film Awards\nThe 15th Santosham Film Awards is an awards ceremony held at Hyderabad, India on 12 August 2017 recognized the best films and performances from the Tollywood films and music released in 2016, along with special honors for lifetime contributions and a few special awards. The awards are annually presented by Santosham magazine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014002-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Sarasaviya Awards\nThe 15th Sarasaviya Awards festival (Sinhala: 15\u0dc0\u0dd0\u0db1\u0dd2 \u0dc3\u0dbb\u0dc3\u0dc0\u0dd2\u0dba \u0dc3\u0db8\u0dca\u0db8\u0dcf\u0db1 \u0d8b\u0dbd\u0dd9\u0dc5), presented by the Associated Newspapers of Ceylon Limited, was held to honor the best films of 1986 Sinhala cinema on July 25, 1987, at the Bandaranaike Memorial International Conference Hall, Colombo 07, Sri Lanka. Minister of Lands and Land Development Gamini Dissanayake was the chief guest at the awards night.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014002-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Sarasaviya Awards\nEven though the film Maldeniye Simieon won seven awards including Best Film, Best Director, Best Actor and Best Actress, most number of awards were received to the film Koti Waligaya which included eleven awards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014003-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Saskatchewan Legislature\nThe 15th Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan was elected in the Saskatchewan general election held in April 1964. The assembly sat from February 4, 1965, to September 8, 1967. The Liberal Party led by Ross Thatcher formed the government. The Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) led by Woodrow Lloyd formed the official opposition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014003-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Saskatchewan Legislature, Members of the Assembly\nThe following members were elected to the assembly in 1964:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 54], "content_span": [55, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014004-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Satellite Awards\nThe 15th Satellite Awards is an award ceremony honoring the year's outstanding performers, films, television shows, home videos and interactive media, presented by the International Press Academy at the Hyatt Regency Century Plaza in Century City, Los Angeles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014004-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Satellite Awards\nThe nominations were announced on December 1, 2010. The winners were announced on December 19, 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014004-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Satellite Awards, Special achievement awards\nAuteur Award (for his work as a documentary film director and producer) \u2013 Alex Gibney", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 49], "content_span": [50, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014004-0003-0000", "contents": "15th Satellite Awards, Special achievement awards\nHumanitarian Award (for community involvement and work on social causes) \u2013 Connie Stevens", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 49], "content_span": [50, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014004-0004-0000", "contents": "15th Satellite Awards, Special achievement awards\nMary Pickford Award (for outstanding contribution to the entertainment industry) \u2013 Vanessa Williams", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 49], "content_span": [50, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014004-0005-0000", "contents": "15th Satellite Awards, Special achievement awards\nNikola Tesla Award (for his work as film preservationist and historian) \u2013 Robert A. Harris", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 49], "content_span": [50, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014005-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Saturn Awards\nThe 15th Saturn Awards, honoring the best in science fiction, fantasy and horror film in 1987, were held on August 23, 1988.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014005-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Saturn Awards, Winners and nominees\nBelow is a complete list of nominees and winners. Winners are highlighted in bold.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 40], "content_span": [41, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014006-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Screen Actors Guild Awards\nThe 15th Annual Screen Actors Guild Award, honoring the best achievements in film and television performances for the year 2008, were presented on January 25, 2009. The ceremony was held at the Shrine Exposition Center in Los Angeles, California for the thirteenth consecutive year. It was broadcast live simultaneously by TNT and TBS.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014006-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Screen Actors Guild Awards\nThe nominees were announced on December 18, 2008 by Angela Bassett and Eric McCormack at Los Angeles' Pacific Design Center's Silver Screen Theater.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014006-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Screen Actors Guild Awards\nDoubt received the highest number of nominations among the film categories with five, four for individual performances and one for ensemble performance. In the television categories, Boston Legal, 30 Rock, John Adams, Mad Men and The Closer had the most nominations with three each.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014006-0003-0000", "contents": "15th Screen Actors Guild Awards\nThe biggest winner of the evening was 30 Rock, which won in all three categories in which it was nominated. The Dark Knight won the most film awards, winning in both categories in which it was nominated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014006-0004-0000", "contents": "15th Screen Actors Guild Awards, In Memoriam\nSusan Sarandon introduced a previously recorded \"In Memoriam\" segment which pay tribute to the actors who died last year:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 44], "content_span": [45, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014007-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Scripps National Spelling Bee\nThe 15th National Spelling Bee was held in Washington, D.C. on May 29, 1939. Scripps-Howard would not sponsor the Bee until 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014007-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Scripps National Spelling Bee\nThe winner was 12-year-old Elizabeth Ann Rice of Auburn, Massachusetts and sponsored by the Worcester Telegram & Gazette, correctly spelling the word canonical. Humphrey Cook, age 13 of Virginia, took second after misspelling homogeneity. 14-year-old Mildred Kariher of Ohio took third after missing farcial [ sic].", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014007-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Scripps National Spelling Bee\nThere were 21 contestants this year, all in the fifth through eight grades, with the westernmost entrant from Colorado.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014007-0003-0000", "contents": "15th Scripps National Spelling Bee\nA banquet was held the night before the Bee at the Ambassador Hotel. The winner of the first bee in 1925, Frank Neuhauser, now a law student, was in attendance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014007-0004-0000", "contents": "15th Scripps National Spelling Bee\nThe first place prize was $500, second was $300, and third was $100. Fourth through 16th place received $50, and 17th through 21st received $40. Winner Rice (married name Riza) later worked as an office manager and business manager until retiring in 1996. She took up running in her 50s and ran the Boston Marathon three times. She died in Worcester, Massachusetts on April 18, 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014008-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Secretariat of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)\nThe 15th Secretariat of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) was elected by the 1st Plenary Session of the 15th Central Committee, in the aftermath of the 15th Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014009-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Seiyu Awards\nThe 15th Seiyu Awards was held on March 6, 2021 at the JOQR Media Plus Hall in Minato, Tokyo. The winners of the Merit Awards, the Kei Tomiyama Award, the Kazue Takahashi Award, and the Synergy Award were announced on February 16, 2021. The rest of the winners were announced on the ceremony day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014010-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Separate Motor Rifle Brigade\nThe 15th Separate Motorized Rifle Aleksandriyskaya (Peacekeeping) Brigade (Russian: 15-\u044f \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0431\u0440\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0434\u0430 (\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f)), Military Unit Number 90600, is a unit in the Russian Ground Forces. It is the only peacekeeping brigade in the Russian Armed Forces. The formation is part of the 2nd Guards Combined Arms Army of the Central Military District. It is permanently deployed in Roshchinsky village in the Samara Oblast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014010-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Separate Motor Rifle Brigade, Pre-history\nThe predecessor of the brigade is the 76th Guards Rifle Regiment, which was repeatedly renamed and reorganized.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 46], "content_span": [47, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014010-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Separate Motor Rifle Brigade, Pre-history\nThe regiment traces its history back to the 75th Naval Rifle Brigade, formed during the Great Patriotic War from 29 October 1941  to December 1941, in Novokazalinsk in the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 46], "content_span": [47, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014010-0003-0000", "contents": "15th Separate Motor Rifle Brigade, Pre-history\nOn 17 March 1942, by order of the People's Commissar of Defence (NKO USSR) No . 78, the 75th Naval Rifle Brigade was awarded a Guards title, and on 18 March 1942 converted into the 3rd Guards Rifle Brigade. However, two months later, in May 1942, the brigade was reorganized into the 27th Guards Rifle Division, and all the units, formed as part of this military formation, as well as the division itself, inherit the Guards honorary name of their \"ancestor\" - the 3rd Guards Rifle Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 46], "content_span": [47, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014010-0004-0000", "contents": "15th Separate Motor Rifle Brigade, Pre-history\nOne of these guards military units was the 76th Guards Rifle Regiment, formed in the same period as part of the 27th Guards Rifle Division, on the basis of one of the rifle battalions of the former 3rd Guards Rifle Brigade. Subsequently, for the courage and heroism shown by its personnel during the Battle of Berlin, (11 June 1945) the regiment was awarded the honorary title \"Berlin.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 46], "content_span": [47, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014010-0005-0000", "contents": "15th Separate Motor Rifle Brigade, Pre-history\nOn 5 October 1945 it is transformed into the 69th Guards Mechanised Berlin Red Banner Order of Kutuzov Regiment; and in 1957 into the 243rd Guards Motor Rifle Berlin Red Banner Order of Kutuzov Regiment (Military Unit Number 47290). With the 27th Guards Rifle Division, from 1957 the 27th Guards Motor Rifle Division, it served for decades in East Germany as part of the 8th Guards Army, Group of Soviet Forces in Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 46], "content_span": [47, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014010-0006-0000", "contents": "15th Separate Motor Rifle Brigade, Pre-history\nIn 1991, the 27th Guards Motor Rifle Division was withdrawn from the Western Group of Forces and redeployed to Totskoye in the Volga-Ural Military District. On 17 June 1991 the 243rd Guards Motor Rifle Regiment was renamed as the 589th Guards Motor Rifle Berlin Red Banner Order of Kutuzov Regiment (Military Unit Number 32056), as part of the same 27th Guards Motor Rifle Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 46], "content_span": [47, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014010-0007-0000", "contents": "15th Separate Motor Rifle Brigade, Twenty-first century\nThe current brigade was formed on 1 February 2005 by redesignation of the 589th Guards MRR, in accordance with a directive of Minister of Defence Sergei Ivanov given on 30 December 2004. It was designed to participate in international peace and security missions under the auspices of the United Nations. From December 2005 to November 2008, the peacekeeping brigade carried out tasks of maintaining peace in the zone of the Abkhaz\u2013Georgian conflict.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 55], "content_span": [56, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014010-0007-0001", "contents": "15th Separate Motor Rifle Brigade, Twenty-first century\nServicemen of the brigade have also been part of the peacekeeping contingents by decision of the President of Russia under the Commonwealth of Independent States, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, and the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation. In 2011, the brigade was presented with a new type of battle banner. On 4 November 2019, the brigade was given the honorary title Aleksandriyskaya, and a copy of the regimental standard of the Alexandrian 5th Hussar Regiment of the 5th Cavalry Division of the Imperial Russian Army was awarded to the brigade. The title makes it one of several Armed Forces formations that honor formations of the Imperial era.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 55], "content_span": [56, 730]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014010-0008-0000", "contents": "15th Separate Motor Rifle Brigade, Twenty-first century, Alleged actions in Ukraine\nIn 2014, reports from open sources claimed the presence of servicemen from the brigade in the Donbass during the Russo-Ukrainian War and the War in Donbass. In August, units of the brigade reportedly took part in the battles near Georgiyivka in the Lutuhyne Raion. At a briefing on 11 March 2015, the ATO headquarters stated that units 15 of the brigade were operating in the Luhansk Oblast, and on 17 April, the Chief of the Ukrainian General Staff Viktor Muzhenko, stated that units of the 15th brigade remained in the oblast. In October 2016, reports from open sources claimed the presence of servicemen from the brigade in the Donbass.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 83], "content_span": [84, 723]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014010-0009-0000", "contents": "15th Separate Motor Rifle Brigade, Twenty-first century, Karabakh conflict\nIn November 2020, after a peace agreement ending the war over the region, servicemen from the brigade were deployed to Nagorno-Karabakh to keep the peace. In the agreement, 1,960 servicemen of the brigade were to be sent to the region, leaving from Ulyanovsk Vostochny Airport on a Il-76 military transport aircraft. Outside of the servicemen, 90 armored personnel carriers and 380 units of automobile and special equipment were sent with the brigade. The command of the Russian peacekeeping forces was also established in the Karabakh capital of Stepanakert. On 11 November 2020, Lieutenant General Rustam Muradov was appointed the commander of the peacekeeping forces. On 13 December, the brigade's peacekeeping contingent took control of Hin Tagher.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 74], "content_span": [75, 827]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014010-0010-0000", "contents": "15th Separate Motor Rifle Brigade, Twenty-first century, Karabakh conflict\nIn early 2021, Azerbaijani authorities accused the unit of \"a pro-Armenia attitude, instead of taking the required neutral stance for the implementation of the peace agreement.\" Particularly, General Muradov's meeting with senior Artsakh figures, and the presence of the Artsakh flag at Muradov's meetings had resulted in negative reactions from the Azerbaijanis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 74], "content_span": [75, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014010-0011-0000", "contents": "15th Separate Motor Rifle Brigade, Gallery\nThe ceremony of presenting the banner of the Alexandrian 5th Regiment of Hussars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014010-0012-0000", "contents": "15th Separate Motor Rifle Brigade, Gallery\nThe Russian flag and the flag of the peacekeeping forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014010-0013-0000", "contents": "15th Separate Motor Rifle Brigade, Gallery\nA convoy of Russian peacekeepers driving past an Azerbaijani checkpoint at the northern entrance to Shusha.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014011-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Signal Brigade (United States)\nThe 15th Signal Brigade (TEAM 15)  is an active duty unit of the United States Army, based at Fort Gordon. The 15th Signal Brigade trains and develops professional Signal and Cyber Soldiers and Leaders and supports the execution of academic Professional Military Education, Initial Entry Training, and Functional Training in order to develop adaptive Cyberspace operators committed to the Profession of Arms, who embrace the Warrior Ethos, and live the Army values; capable of effectively supporting and defending the cyber domain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014011-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Signal Brigade (United States), History\nLINEAGE (active)Constituted 30 November 1940 in the Army of the United States as the 15th Signal Service Battalion. Activated 1 December 1940 at Fort Monmouth, New Jersey. Redesignated 15 September 1941 as the 15th Signal Service Regiment. Redesignated 14 December 1942 as the 15th Signal Training Regiment. Disbanded 31 May 1945 at Fort Monmouth, New Jersey. Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 15th Signal Training Regiment, reconstituted 23 September 1986 in the Regular Army as Headquarters and Headquarters Detachment, 15th Signal Brigade, transferred to the United States Army Training and Doctrine Command, and activated at Fort Gordon, Georgia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 700]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014012-0000-0000", "contents": "15th South Carolina Infantry Regiment\nThe 15th South Carolina Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014012-0001-0000", "contents": "15th South Carolina Infantry Regiment, History, Initial battle\nThe 15th South Carolina's initial trial-by-fire occurred on Hilton Head Island during the Battle of Port Royal Sound on November 7, 1861.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 62], "content_span": [63, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014012-0002-0000", "contents": "15th South Carolina Infantry Regiment, History, Transfer to Virginia\nFollowing the Regiment's service on the coast of South Carolina, the unit was transferred to Robert E. Lee\u2019s Army of Northern Virginia (ANV) in July 1862. As part of Lee's Army, the 15th SC served in James Longstreet's corps in all of the ANV battles from Second Manassas onward, including Sharpsburg and South Mountain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 68], "content_span": [69, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014012-0003-0000", "contents": "15th South Carolina Infantry Regiment, History, Battles in Kershaw's brigade\nIn November 1862, the 15th South Carolina joined Brigadier General Joseph B. Kershaw\u2019s famous South Carolina brigade where the regiment remained for the rest of the War. As part of Kershaw's brigade, the 15th SC fought in the battles of Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville and Gettysburg. Following the battle of Gettysburg in July 1863, Kershaw's brigade were sent by General Lee, along with two divisions of Longstreet\u2019s corps, to the Western Army where they fought in the battles of Chickamauga, Knoxville and Bean's Station.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 76], "content_span": [77, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014012-0004-0000", "contents": "15th South Carolina Infantry Regiment, History, Return to the ANV\nIn April 1864, the 15th SC and the rest of Kershaw's brigade returned to Lee's Army of Northern Virginia command and fought in the battles of the Wilderness, Spotsylvania, North Anna, Cold Harbour and the siege of Petersburg. In August 1864, Lee ordered Kershaw's brigade to the Shenandoah Valley where the men fought in the battles at Charlestown, Strasburg's Hupp's Hill and Cedar Creek. In January 1865, General Lee ordered Kershaw's brigade to return to South Carolina to oppose Major General William Tecumseh Sherman\u2019s army during his march through the Carolinas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 65], "content_span": [66, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014012-0005-0000", "contents": "15th South Carolina Infantry Regiment, History, Charleston and surrender\nFollowing the evacuation of Charleston, where the 15th South Carolina was one of the last Confederate fighting units to leave the city, and the battles of Averasboro and Bentonville in North Carolina, the Regiment was surrendered, along with the remaining men of Kershaw's brigade, to General Sherman as part of General Joseph E. Johnston\u2019s Army of Tennessee in Greensboro, North Carolina on April 26, 1865. Kershaw's brigade and the 15th South Carolina Infantry served as the last Confederate provost guard protecting food and ordnance stores in Greensboro before finally returning to their homes in South Carolina.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 72], "content_span": [73, 689]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014013-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Special Forces Division\nThe 15th Special Forces Division is a division of the Syrian Armed Forces specializing in light infantry operations, based in the As-Suwayda Governorate, and headed by Major General Ghassan Al Yasmina.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014013-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Special Forces Division, Role\nSyrians use the term 'Special Forces' to describe the 14th, 15th divisions, as well as the independent 'special forces' regiments, but they more closely resemble conventional light infantry units, than Western Special Forces in both mission and composition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 34], "content_span": [35, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014013-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Special Forces Division, Role\nThe term Special Forces has been applied ostensibly because of their specialized training in airborne and air assaultoperations, but they should be regarded as light infantry forces and elite only in relation to the conventional armored and mechanized brigades of the Syrian Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 34], "content_span": [35, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014013-0003-0000", "contents": "15th Special Forces Division, History\nHolliday wrote in 2013 that \"the 15th Special Forces Division is a relatively recent formation, established between the mid-1990s restructuring of Ali Haidar\u2019s former Special Forces Command\" and the beginning of the Syrian Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014013-0004-0000", "contents": "15th Special Forces Division, History\nSince it was founded, the division comprises four regiments under the leadership of Major General, Jihad Jaber, the commander of First Corps, and its leader, former Major General, Fuad Hamoudeh Brigadier General Esber Abboud, Brigadier General Ahmed Younis al Oukda commander of the 404th Tank Regiment, and Dean, Ahmed el Kousa 405 artillery commander of the regiment, and Brigadier Hassan Aizora commander of the regiment 44 special forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014013-0005-0000", "contents": "15th Special Forces Division, Syrian Civil War\nConsistent reporting in mid-February 2012 showed that all three regiments of the 15th Special Forces Division had left their bases near the Jordanian border to join the fight in Homs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014013-0006-0000", "contents": "15th Special Forces Division, Syrian Civil War\nThe Syrian Government committed at least one Special Forces regiment to Idlib in 2011 and strongly reinforced the region with three additional Special Forces regiments, an armored brigade, and a detachment of 4th Armored Division troops by the spring of 2012. The 76th Armored Brigade and 41st Special Forces Regiment arrived in Idilb by late February 2012, establishing positions in the north and south of Idlib Governorate respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014013-0006-0001", "contents": "15th Special Forces Division, Syrian Civil War\nTwo of the Special Forces regiments that participated in the February 2012 siege of Homs also moved to Idilb, namely, the 15th Division\u2019s 35th Special Forces Regiment, which moved to Jisr al-Shughour, where it secured the key line of communication to coastal Latakia, and the 14th Division\u2019s 556th Special Forces Regiment, which occupied positions south of Maarrat al-Nu'man. Elements of the 4th Armored Division also moved to northern Syria after the siege of Homs, but it is unclear how long those elite forces remained. Most of the Division\u2019s reported activity in the north took place that spring, and it is difficult to see whether activity or reporting tapered off.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 717]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014013-0007-0000", "contents": "15th Special Forces Division, Syrian Civil War\nIn mid-March 2012, troops from the 4th Armored Division, 76th Armored Brigade, and 35th Special Forces Regiment quickly cleared rebels out of Idlib city, but pushed rebels into the surrounding countryside in the process. The operation represented a relatively modest force commitment. Imagery released by the U.S. State Department showed between thirty and thirty-five armored vehicles encircling Idilb in the operation, which represents far less than one brigade\u2019s worth of vehicles according to Syrian Army doctrine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014013-0008-0000", "contents": "15th Special Forces Division, Loyalty to the government\nHuman Rights Watch and Washington Institute reports seem to confirm the existence of the 15th Special Forces Division, which appears to have remained steadfastly loyal to the government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 55], "content_span": [56, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014014-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Special Operations Squadron\nThe 15th Special Operations Squadron is part of the 1st Special Operations Wing at Hurlburt Field, Florida. It operates Lockheed MC-130H Combat Talon II aircraft in support of special operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014014-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Special Operations Squadron\nThe squadron was first activated in 1942 as the 520th Bombardment Squadron. It engaged in antisubmarine warfare operations as the 15th Antisubmarine Squadron off the Atlantic coast of the United States until 1943 when the Navy assumed responsibility for the mission. It was disbanded in the fall of that year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014014-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Special Operations Squadron\nIn 1944, the 15th Bombardment Squadron, Very Heavy was activated as a Boeing B-29 Superfortress unit. It participated in combat operations against Japan in 1945, receiving a Distinguished Unit Citation. The squadron was inactivated on Guam in 1946. It was again briefly active in the Air Force Reserve from 1947 to 1949.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014014-0003-0000", "contents": "15th Special Operations Squadron\nThe 15th Special Operations Squadron was activated in Vietnam as a Lockheed C-130 Hercules gunship squadron. It participated in combat until it was inactivated in 1970, earning a Presidential Unit Citation, Air Force Outstanding Unit Award with Combat V device and Republic of Vietnam Gallantry Cross with Palm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014014-0004-0000", "contents": "15th Special Operations Squadron\nThe 15th Antisubmarine Squadron and 15th Bombardment Squadron were consolidated with the 15th Special Operations Squadron in September 1985, but remained inactive until 1992, when the squadron again activated as a special operations C-130 unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014014-0005-0000", "contents": "15th Special Operations Squadron, Mission\nGlobal, day and night, adverse weather capability to insert, extract, and resupply special operations forces by low or high altitude airdrop or airland operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014014-0006-0000", "contents": "15th Special Operations Squadron, History, World War II, Antisubmarine warfare\nThe first predecessor of the squadron was activated at Jacksonville Municipal Airport in late 1942 as the 520th Bombardment Squadron, one of the four original squadrons of the 378th Bombardment Group. The squadron apparently drew its cadre from the 18th Observation Squadron, which moved on paper from Jacksonville to Birmingham Army Air Field, Alabama the same day. It was originally equipped with a mixture of observation aircraft and medium bombers. Using these aircraft, the squadron began flying antisubmarine patrols off the Atlantic Coast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 78], "content_span": [79, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014014-0007-0000", "contents": "15th Special Operations Squadron, History, World War II, Antisubmarine warfare\nAAF Antisubmarine Command soon reorganized, eliminating its groups and assigning its squadrons directly to its two wings. As a result, the squadron became the 15th Antisubmarine Squadron and was assigned to the 26th Antisubmarine Wing. Although assigned to the 25th Wing, the squadron flew most missions in the area north of its station, moving its operations to Langley Field, Virginia in 1943, so it was attached to the 25th Antisubmarine Wing until July 1943, when it moved its operations to Drew Field, Florida.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 78], "content_span": [79, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014014-0008-0000", "contents": "15th Special Operations Squadron, History, World War II, Antisubmarine warfare\nIn July 1943, the AAF and Navy reached an agreement to transfer the coastal antisubmarine mission to the Navy. This mission transfer also included an exchange of AAF long-range bombers equipped for antisubmarine warfare for Navy Consolidated B-24 Liberators without such equipment. The squadron continued operations from Batista Field, Cuba until it was disbanded on 2 November 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 78], "content_span": [79, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014014-0009-0000", "contents": "15th Special Operations Squadron, History, World War II, B-29 bombardment operations\nThe second predecessor of the squadron is the 15th Bombardment Squadron, Very Heavy, which was activated as part of the 16th Bombardment Group on 1 April 1944 at Dalhart Army Air Field, Texas as a Boeing B-29 Superfortress unit. It moved to Fairmont Army Air Field, Nebraska for training in August 1944 and received Bell B-29B Superfortresses designed for fast low-level bomb runs. The squadron deployed to the Pacific Theater of Operations, where it was stationed at Northwest Field, Guam under XXI Bomber Command's 315th Bombardment Wing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 84], "content_span": [85, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014014-0009-0001", "contents": "15th Special Operations Squadron, History, World War II, B-29 bombardment operations\nIt flew very long range strategic bombardment missions over the Japanese Home Islands concentrating on oil industry targets, particularly refineries and coal liquification facilities (26 June \u2013 14 August 1945). No B-29s from the squadron were lost during combat operations over Japan. The squadron was inactivated on Guam 15 April 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 84], "content_span": [85, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014014-0010-0000", "contents": "15th Special Operations Squadron, History, Reserve operations\nThe 15th Bombardment Squadron was reactivated as a reserve unit at Hill Field, Utah on 1 August 1947, where it trained under the supervision of Air Defense Command (ADC)'s 402d AAF Base Unit (later 2344th Air Force Reserve Flying Training Center). Although the squadron was nominally a B-29 unit, it is not clear whether the squadron was fully staffed or equipped with operational aircraft. In 1948, Continental Air Command (ConAC) assumed responsibility for managing reserve and Air National Guard units from ADC. The 15th was inactivated when President Truman\u2019s reduced 1949 defense budget required reductions in the number of units in the Air Force, as reserve flying operations at Hill ceased.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 61], "content_span": [62, 759]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014014-0011-0000", "contents": "15th Special Operations Squadron, History, Combat Talon\nThe 15th Air Commando Squadron was activated for the Vietnam War at Nha Trang Air Base, South Vietnam, flying the C-130E (I) Combat Talon as part of the 14th Air Commando Wing. Combat Talon was first operational as Detachment 1, 314th Troop Carrier Wing beginning 1 September 1966, as a support unit for MACV-SOG. On 15 March 1968, the detachment was discontinued and replaced by the squadron, which became the 15th Special Operations Squadron on 1 August 1968.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014014-0011-0001", "contents": "15th Special Operations Squadron, History, Combat Talon\nIn Vietnam, the aircraft was used to drop leaflets over North Vietnam Army positions, and to insert and resupply special forces and indigenous units into hostile territory throughout Southeast Asia. Combat Talon crews operated unescorted at low altitudes and at night. It saw combat and performed special operations missions until 31 October 1970, when it was inactivated. The unit was consolidated with the 15th Antisubmarine Squadron and the 15th Bombardment Squadron in September 1985.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014014-0012-0000", "contents": "15th Special Operations Squadron, History, Combat Talon\nThe 15th was reactivated on 1 October 1992, to operate the MC-130H Combat Talon II as part of the 1st Special Operations Wing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014014-0013-0000", "contents": "15th Special Operations Squadron, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 58], "content_span": [59, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014015-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection\nThe 15th Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (CCDI) was elected at the 1st Plenary Session of the 15th CCDI and then endorsed by the 1st Plenary Session of the 15th Central Committee on 18 September 1997.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 75], "section_span": [75, 75], "content_span": [76, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014016-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Street station (DC Streetcar)\n15th Street is a streetcar station located east of the intersection of  H Street NE and Benning Road. It is located on the H Street/Benning Road Line of the DC Streetcar system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014016-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Street station (DC Streetcar), History\n15th Street station opened to the public as one of the original stations on February 27, 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014016-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Street station (DC Streetcar), Station layout\nThe station consists of one island platform in the center of Benning Road.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 50], "content_span": [51, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014017-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Street station (SEPTA)\n15th Street station is a subway station in Philadelphia. It is served by SEPTA's Market\u2013Frankford Line and all routes of the subway\u2013surface trolley lines. A free interchange also provides access to the Broad Street Line at City Hall station, which is connected to 15th Street by the Downtown Link underground concourse. The concourse also connects to Regional Rail lines at Suburban Station. It is the busiest station on the Market\u2013Frankford Line, with 29,905 boardings on an average weekday.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014017-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Street station (SEPTA)\nThe station is in the very heart of Center City Philadelphia. City Hall lies across the street from the station, and attractions as Love Park, the Penn Center area, and the Comcast Center are within walking distance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014017-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Street station (SEPTA), History\n15th Street was the original eastern terminus of the Market\u2013Frankford subway\u2013elevated, which was opened by the Philadelphia Rapid Transit Company on August 3, 1907, and ran west to 69th Street in Upper Darby. The line was eventually extended eastward to 2nd Street station in 1908.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014017-0003-0000", "contents": "15th Street station (SEPTA), History\nIn 2003, SEPTA rebuilt the station escalators, for which a lawsuit was filed by the Disabled in Action of Pennsylvania, citing that renovating one critical component would require the rest of the station complex (including the City Hall station on the Broad Street Line) to be renovated for ADA accessibity as per building code requirements. As such, SEPTA would be required to make the station ADA accessible. SEPTA and the City of Philadelphia had been proposing a $100 million refurbishment of City Hall station, which included structural repairs, improvements in lighting and ventilation, aesthetic improvements, as well as ADA improvements; however, this project's progression had stalled due to lack of available funding.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 764]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014017-0004-0000", "contents": "15th Street station (SEPTA), History\nIn November 2011, the Central Philadelphia Development Corporation awarded construction contracts totaling $50 million for the restoration of Dilworth Park above the station, following the eviction of the Occupy Philly protesters occupying the area; this contract includes the accessibility improvements for the station. SEPTA awarded construction contracts for the improvements in January 2012. Phase 1 of project consisted of a restoration of the Dilworth Park plaza, creating a \"gateway\" to the SEPTA transit station and installing elevators connecting to the street and Market\u2013Frankford platforms at 15th Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014017-0004-0001", "contents": "15th Street station (SEPTA), History\nLater phases would upgrade 15th Street station, City Hall station, and inter-station connections, as well as bringing them up to ADA-accessibility. The total cost of the project has risen to $55 million, with most of the money coming from a federal grant, with additional contributions by the City of Philadelphia, and non-profit organizations including the William Penn Foundation. The project was originally scheduled to have been completed July 2014, but was delayed due stairways, duct banks, and pipes encountered by construction crews that did not appear in any blueprints. The renovated Dilworth Park opened on September 4, 2014. In 2013, the passage of PA Act 89 (Transportation Funding Law) has allowed SEPTA to move forward with the $147 million BLT Architects-designed renovation of the 15th Street/City Hall station complex.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 873]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014017-0005-0000", "contents": "15th Street station (SEPTA), History\nConstruction at 15th Street station began in 2016 and was expected to be complete in 2018, with reconstruction of City Hall station began in 2019. Construction at 15th Street station concluded on October 21, 2019. In addition to new elevators and other infrastructure upgrades, the Market\u2013Frankford platforms received new LED-illuminated artwork by Ray King. The remaining two phases of the project, which will upgrade City Hall station and the corridors between the two stations, is yet to be completed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014017-0006-0000", "contents": "15th Street station (SEPTA), Market\u2013Frankford Line platforms\nThe Market\u2013Frankford Line platforms are attached to the Downtown Link concourse, a series of underground pedestrian walkways that provide access to SEPTA Regional Rail's Suburban Station, the Broad Street Line's Walnut\u2013Locust stations, the PATCO Speedline's 12\u201313th & Locust and 15\u201316th & Locust stations, as well as the Market\u2013Frankford Line's own 13th Street, 11th Street, and 8th Street stations. However, no free interchange is available to any of these stations, only the City Hall station on the Broad Street Line can be accessed inside fare control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 60], "content_span": [61, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014017-0007-0000", "contents": "15th Street station (SEPTA), Subway\u2013surface trolley platforms\nAll five subway\u2013surface trolley lines stop at 15th Street station. The trolley platforms are located on either side of the Market\u2013Frankford Line tracks, with the inbound platform south of the MFL and the outbound platform north of it. Because the platforms are located within fare control, riders do not need to tap SEPTA Key cards upon boarding the trolleys like some of the other underground trolley stations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 61], "content_span": [62, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014017-0008-0000", "contents": "15th Street station (SEPTA), Station layout\nThere are four side platforms, two high-level for the Market\u2013Frankford Line and two low-level for the subway\u2013surface trolley lines. The trolley tracks are located slightly below the grade of the Market\u2013Frankford Line tracks, as trolleys loop underneath the MFL at 13th Street station.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 43], "content_span": [44, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014017-0009-0000", "contents": "15th Street station (SEPTA), Image gallery\nA BSL station entrance inside City Hall, which also shows MFL signage on entrance", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 42], "content_span": [43, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014018-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Street\u2013Prospect Park station\n15th Street\u2013Prospect Park is a local station on the IND Culver Line of the New York City Subway. Located at 15th Street east of Prospect Park West in the Windsor Terrace and Park Slope neighborhoods in Brooklyn, it is served by the F and G trains at all times.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014018-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Street\u2013Prospect Park station\nThis underground station, opened on October 7, 1933, has two tracks and one island platform. The Culver Line's express tracks run via a separate routing underneath  Prospect Park and are not visible from the platforms. Due to the alignment of the street grid, the station and tunnel were constructed about 100 feet (30\u00a0m) east of Prospect Park West, rather than directly under any street. This station was added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places in 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014018-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Street\u2013Prospect Park station, History\nOne of the goals of Mayor John Hylan's Independent Subway System (IND), proposed in the 1920s, was a line to Coney Island, reached by a recapture of the BMT Culver Line. As originally designed, service to and from Manhattan would have been exclusively provided by Culver express trains, while all local service would have fed into the IND Crosstown Line. The line was extended from Bergen Street to Church Avenue on October 7, 1933, including the 15th Street\u2013Prospect Park station.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014018-0003-0000", "contents": "15th Street\u2013Prospect Park station, History\nUpon the station's completion, it served Windsor Terrace, a mostly residential area with brownstones and row houses occupied by European immigrants. It was also directly adjacent to Prospect Park and close to Green-Wood Cemetery. This station was added to the National Register of Historic Places on July 27, 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014018-0004-0000", "contents": "15th Street\u2013Prospect Park station, History, Service patterns\nThe station was originally served by the A train. In 1936, the A was rerouted to the IND Fulton Street Line and was replaced by E trains from the Queens Boulevard Line. In 1937, the connection to the IND Crosstown Line opened and GG (later renamed the G) trains were extended to Church Avenue, complementing the E. In December 1940, after the IND Sixth Avenue Line opened, E trains were replaced by the F, and the GG was cut back to Smith\u2013Ninth Streets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 60], "content_span": [61, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014018-0004-0001", "contents": "15th Street\u2013Prospect Park station, History, Service patterns\nFollowing the completion of the Culver Ramp in 1954, D Concourse Express trains replaced F service to Coney Island. In November 1967, the Chrystie Street Connection opened and D trains were rerouted via the Manhattan Bridge and the BMT Brighton Line to Coney Island. F trains were extended once again via the Culver Line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 60], "content_span": [61, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014018-0005-0000", "contents": "15th Street\u2013Prospect Park station, History, Service patterns\nThe station acted as a local-only station from 1968 to 1976, when F trains ran express in both directions between Bergen Street and Church Avenue during rush hours. G trains were extended from Smith\u2013Ninth Streets to Church Avenue to provide local service. Express service between Bergen and Church ended in 1976 due to budgetary concerns and passenger complaints, and the GG, later renamed the G, was again terminated at the Smith\u2013Ninth Streets station.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 60], "content_span": [61, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014018-0006-0000", "contents": "15th Street\u2013Prospect Park station, History, Service patterns\nIn July 2009, the G was extended from its long-time terminus at Smith\u2013Ninth Streets to a more efficient terminus at Church Avenue to accommodate the rehabilitation of the Culver Viaduct. The G extension was made permanent in July 2012. In July 2019, the MTA revealed plans to restore express service on the Culver Line between Jay Street and Church Avenue. Express service started on September 16, 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 60], "content_span": [61, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014018-0007-0000", "contents": "15th Street\u2013Prospect Park station, Station layout\nThis underground station has two tracks and an island platform. The two express tracks of the line run along a more direct alignment under Prospect Park, and are not visible from this station. The station is approximately 662 feet (202\u00a0m) long and 50 feet (15\u00a0m) wide, excluding exits and passageways. The station and tunnel were constructed about 100 feet (30\u00a0m) east of Prospect Park West. Therefore, the station is not located underneath a street. Some portions of the tunnel are directly underneath Prospect Park, while others are between Prospect Park West and 10th Avenue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 49], "content_span": [50, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014018-0008-0000", "contents": "15th Street\u2013Prospect Park station, Station layout\nBoth trackside walls have an orange-yellow trim line with a medium red-brown border with small black and white \"15TH ST\" tile captions below it at regular intervals. The tile band is set in a three-high course, a pattern usually reserved for express stations. The tile color was part of a color-coded tile system for the entire Independent Subway System. Ventilation grates are located along the trackside walls. A row of large, white tiled columns runs along either side of the platform and the mezzanine above at 15-foot (4.6\u00a0m) intervals. Alternating columns carry the standard black-and-white station name plate. The ceiling of the platform level is held up by H-shaped piers located every 15 feet (4.6\u00a0m), which support girders underneath the mezzanine. The roof girders are also connected to columns in the trackside walls.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 49], "content_span": [50, 879]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014018-0009-0000", "contents": "15th Street\u2013Prospect Park station, Station layout\nThe tunnel is covered by a \"U\"-shaped trough that contains utility pipes and wires. The outer walls of this trough are composed of columns, spaced approximately every 5 feet (1.5\u00a0m) with concrete infill between them. There is a 1-inch (25\u00a0mm) gap between the tunnel wall and the trackside wall, which is made of 4-inch (100\u00a0mm)-thick brick covered over by a tiled finish.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 49], "content_span": [50, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014018-0010-0000", "contents": "15th Street\u2013Prospect Park station, Station layout\nThe narrow mezzanine is full-length, sparsely decorated with plain tiling typical of the IND, and allows out-of-system walking from one end to the other. Six staircases lead from the platform to the mezzanine. The area inside the fare control area is split into two sections, one considerably smaller than the other.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 49], "content_span": [50, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014018-0011-0000", "contents": "15th Street\u2013Prospect Park station, Station layout, Exits\nThere are six entrances to the station in total. The northern end has four exit stairs. Two of them are reached only by a long passageway extending west; one stair goes to the northwest corner of Bartel-Pritchard Square while another goes to the east side of Prospect Park West between 15th Street and Bartel-Pritchard Square. The other two staircases go to the northern and southern sides of Prospect Park Southwest, east of Bartel-Pritchard Square.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 56], "content_span": [57, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014018-0011-0001", "contents": "15th Street\u2013Prospect Park station, Station layout, Exits\nThe eastern staircase on Prospect Park West, as well as the northern staircase on Prospect Park South, are located within the boundaries of Prospect Park and contain stone banisters. The other staircases contain metal banisters, typical of other New York City Subway stations. Communications rooms are also located near the Prospect Park West staircase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 56], "content_span": [57, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014018-0012-0000", "contents": "15th Street\u2013Prospect Park station, Station layout, Exits\nThe center of the mezzanine has one staircase going up to the north side of 16th Street while the south end has one staircase going up to the north side of Windsor Place near the intersection of Howard Place. Both stairs contain typical metal banisters. Full height turnstiles provide access to and from the fare control areas near these entrances. The station's only token booth and bank of regular turnstiles is located between the south and center fare control areas, and there are additional communications rooms on the southern end of the mezzanine. Evidence of at least two former booths exist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 56], "content_span": [57, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014018-0013-0000", "contents": "15th Street\u2013Prospect Park station, In popular culture\nSeveral dream sequences in the film Pi, which take place in an empty generic-looking New York City Subway station, were shot at 15th Street\u2013Prospect Park.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 53], "content_span": [54, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014019-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Strike Wing, Philippine Air Force\nThe 15th Strike Wing is a wing unit of the Philippine Air Force, responsible for overall tactical and ground air support operations in support of Armed Forces of the Philippines units. The unit is headquartered at Danilo Atienza Air Base, Sangley Point, Cavite, just outside the capital Manila. The Wing, as of 2009, was organized with Personal, Coordinating and Technical Staff. Under the Wing's command were units broken up into 3 major groups: Tactical, Maintenance and Supply, and Air Base.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014019-0000-0001", "contents": "15th Strike Wing, Philippine Air Force\nThe Wing's tactical elements included the 16th, 17th, 18th, and 20th Attack Squadrons, the 19th Composite Tactical Training Squadron, and the 25th Composite Attack Squadron. Many of these units were forward deployed under the operational control of the Philippine Air Force's numerous Tactical Operations Groups. The 460th Maintenance and Supply Group and the 590th Air Base Group filled the other roles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014019-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Strike Wing, Philippine Air Force, History, Beginnings\nThe 15th Strike Wing was organized and activated as a provisional unit on 26 November 1973, at Sangley Point, Cavite City, with a mission statement: To conduct counter-insurgency and special warfare operations. The appointed Acting Wing Commander then was Colonel Emerito P Surio PAF (GSC), with Colonel Pompeyo P Vasquez PAF (GSC), the Deputy Commander, and a complement of two officers and ten airmen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 59], "content_span": [60, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014019-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Strike Wing, Philippine Air Force, History, Beginnings\nInitially, the Wing had six (6) Beechcraft T-34 Mentors and six (6) North American T-28 Trojans, mostly from 100th Training Wing and 5th Fighter Wing. Ten (10) airmen were sent to the 410th Air Materiel Wing to undergo maintenance on-the-job training (OJT), in February 1974. Then, additional personnel were reassigned to the Wing such that, by the end of the year, the unit had 27 officers and 288 airmen, who became the nucleus of 15th Strike Wing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 59], "content_span": [60, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014019-0003-0000", "contents": "15th Strike Wing, Philippine Air Force, History, Beginnings, 18th Maintenance and Supply Squadron\nOn 1 July 1974, the 18th Maintenance and Supply Squadron (forerunner of 461st Field Maintenance Squadron), was activated and manned under the leadership of Major Salvador Cereno PAF. A month later, 16th Attack Squadron was organized in anticipation of the delivery of T-28D aircraft from Vietnam. This unit was activated and manned on 1 August 1974, with LT Colonel Santiago O Pitpitan JR PAF as Squadron Commander. Following this, the 17th Attack Squadron was activated on 1 October 1974 and was projected to man the SIAI-FRAT-260 Warriors (SF-260W). However, for several months after the unit's activation, the squadron only manned one (1) T-34A Mentor. The first batch of the Italian-made, locally assembled SF-260W Marchetti aircraft, arrived in late February 1975.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 97], "content_span": [98, 867]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014019-0004-0000", "contents": "15th Strike Wing, Philippine Air Force, History, Beginnings, 302nd Special Operations Squadron\nOn 16 October 1974, the  302nd Special Operations Squadron of HPAF was placed under the command and control of the 15th Strike Wing Commander. Two days later, the Wing received the first batch of T-28D aircraft, fresh from the Vietnam War. Trained under Captain Hamilton of the US Air Force and eventually checked out as instructor pilots were: COL Barroga, LT COL PITPITAN JR, LT COL SAMSON, LT COL DAVID and MAJ Billones. These pilots made a smooth transition to the T-28D, bringing forth a new generation of PAF pilots \u2013 THE ATTACK PILOTS. Conceptualized mainly to fight insurgency in the country, this new breed of pilots has come to specialize in Close Air Support and Air Interdiction against the enemies of the state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 94], "content_span": [95, 819]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014019-0005-0000", "contents": "15th Strike Wing, Philippine Air Force, History, Operational history\nOn 18 February 1975, after training a handful of Combat-Ready Pilots, the Wing deployed four (4) T-28D aircraft to Edwin Andrews Air Base, Zamboanga City, in support of SOWESCOM operations. Barely three days later, had the first air strike in 15th Strike Wing's history taken place in Kandiis, Province of Basilan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 68], "content_span": [69, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014019-0006-0000", "contents": "15th Strike Wing, Philippine Air Force, History, Operational history\nOn 17 March 1975, three (3) SF-260W aircraft were deployed at the 15th SW Advance Command Post at Francisco Bangoy Airport, Davao City. On 15 April of the same year, the SF-260 Marchettis, piloted by Lt Col Lana and Lt Abaday, wreaked havoc to rebel encampments in Balabagan, Sapakan and Reina Regente, in Central Mindanao.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 68], "content_span": [69, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014019-0007-0000", "contents": "15th Strike Wing, Philippine Air Force, History, Operational history, 25th Attack Squadron\nWith the acquisition of additional T-28D aircraft from Udorn AFB in Thailand, another unit, the 25th Attack Squadron, was activated on 29 March 1976. It was given the task to provide Close Air Support to ground and naval forces in the newly organized Western Command, which was then under the concurrent command of the 15th Strike Wing Commander. LT COL TERESO J ISLETA first commanded the 25th Attack Squadron with 71 officers and 36 enlisted personnel. On 13 April of that year, three (3) aircraft of the 15th Strike Wing landed at Puerto Princesa. Following this, they also made a historic landing at Kalayaan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 90], "content_span": [91, 704]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014019-0008-0000", "contents": "15th Strike Wing, Philippine Air Force, History, Operational history, Addition of the HU-16 Albatross and Douglas C-47 Skytrain\nIn May 1976, the Grumman HU-16 Albatross was transferred to 15th Strike Wing from 530th Air Base Group in Zamboanga and was employed as a search and rescue aircraft, thus giving birth to 27th Search, Rescue and Reconnaissance Squadron. Armed with rockets, the Grumann HU-16 Albatross was utilized as Forward Air Controller and SAR aircraft with limited close air support capability. The Wing also had the C-47 Gooney Bird, which was used to ferry personnel, supplies and equipment, and performed other expeditious missions to ensure rapid deployment effectiveness of 15th Strike Wing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 127], "content_span": [128, 712]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014019-0009-0000", "contents": "15th Strike Wing, Philippine Air Force, History, Operational history, 1979 Oil Crisis\nTowards the end of the 1970s, the oil prices doubled, thus resulting to decrease in flying operations. A crippling shortage of spares was felt in 1979, and a drastic reorganization move was put in place to increase the operational rate of the assigned aircraft. A provisional unit was then established to consolidate all support units. This was the 20th Combat Support Group headed by LT COL NORBERTO P FERRERAS, who was also the wing's chief of maintenance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 85], "content_span": [86, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014019-0010-0000", "contents": "15th Strike Wing, Philippine Air Force, History, Operational history, Arrival of helicopters\nFor the 15th Strike Wing, the 1980s also ushered in major changes. In anticipation of the AUH-76's arrival, the 20th Air Commando Squadron was activated on 1 October 1983. In 1984, President Ferdinand Marcos facilitated the acquisition of Sikorsky AUH-76 helicopters, which the Philippine Air Force configured as a platform for rockets and machine guns, from its original design as a VIP passenger aircraft. Two (2) S-70A Blackhawks also arrived together with the three AUH-76.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 92], "content_span": [93, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014019-0010-0001", "contents": "15th Strike Wing, Philippine Air Force, History, Operational history, Arrival of helicopters\nTwo of the AUH-76 helicopters were configured as rescue helicopters, thus placing the 505th Air Rescue Squadron of the 205th Helicopter Wing under 15th Strike Wing control, on 1 April 1984. As an attack helicopter, the AUH-76 saw action not only in Mindanao but also in the Visayas and Northern Luzon as well.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 92], "content_span": [93, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014019-0011-0000", "contents": "15th Strike Wing, Philippine Air Force, History, Operational history, Arrival of helicopters\nPreceding the arrival of the AUH-76 was the transfer of the SF-260s, during the early part of 1983, to 100th Training Wing. Consequently, the 25th Attack Squadron was unmanned on 1 October 1983.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 92], "content_span": [93, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014019-0012-0000", "contents": "15th Strike Wing, Philippine Air Force, History, Political and financial tensions\nWith the political tension that pervaded the country after the assassination of Benigno Aquino Jr., economic instability spelled budgetary cuts for the government. Maintenance cost increased while some pilots opted to leave the service to seek for \u201cgreener pastures.\u201d Because of this drain in personnel and equipment, the 17th Attack Squadron was unmanned on 1 August 1985, leaving the 16th Attack Squadron as the only tactical squadron under 15th Strike Wing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 81], "content_span": [82, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014019-0013-0000", "contents": "15th Strike Wing, Philippine Air Force, History, Political and financial tensions, 1986 EDSA 'People Power' Revolution\nThe finest hour of the 15th Strike Wing came during the 1986 EDSA People Power Revolution. The Wing Commander, then COLONEL ANTONIO E SOTELO, led a flight of Sikorsky gun ships to join forces with rebel forces at Camp Crame. The \u201cSotelo Landing\u201d tilted the balance in favor of the Enrile-Ramos faction and inspired other military commanders as well. This eventually led to the end of the 20-year Marcos Regime. Following this, Corazon Aquino, the widow of Benigno Aquino Jr., assumed as President of the Republic. Consequently, the military enjoyed renewed respect and confidence from the populace.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 118], "content_span": [119, 717]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014019-0014-0000", "contents": "15th Strike Wing, Philippine Air Force, History, Political and financial tensions, 1986\u20131987 Coup Attempts\nBetween 1986 and 1987 several coup d\u2019etats were launched against the Aquino Administration.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 106], "content_span": [107, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014019-0015-0000", "contents": "15th Strike Wing, Philippine Air Force, History, Political and financial tensions, 1986\u20131987 Coup Attempts\nIn January 1987, Marcos loyalists simultaneously held a so-called \u201cMilitary Exercise\u201d at Villamor Air Base and Sangley Air Base. Several officers of the Wing were held at gunpoint at the Wing Operations Center, some were held hostage elsewhere. The coup attempt failed, before the day's end command and control of the Wing was restored.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 106], "content_span": [107, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014019-0016-0000", "contents": "15th Strike Wing, Philippine Air Force, History, Political and financial tensions, 1986\u20131987 Coup Attempts\nOn 28 August 1987, another attempt to overthrow the Aquino Government was mounted. Again, 15th Strike Wing stood its ground to protect our national interests and integrity. At the height of the tension, at the time when rebel forces had control over TV 13 and GHQ building, two T-28Ds took off from Sangley Point and proceeded to Balara Relay Station and released deadly warnings at the vicinity of the area occupied by rebel soldiers. Then, later in the afternoon, the Tora-Toras struck with precision identified targets at Camp Aguinaldo. These events eventually led the rebels to raise the white flag, thus ending the coup attempt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 106], "content_span": [107, 741]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014019-0017-0000", "contents": "15th Strike Wing, Philippine Air Force, History, Political and financial tensions, 1986\u20131987 Coup Attempts\nIn December 1989, 15th Strike Wing was one of the focal points of another coup attempt, which turned out to be the bloodiest. On 30 November 1989, coup plotters began occupying the Sangley Air Base, which was considered as their ace. By midnight, all aircraft were already under the control of the rebel soldiers. Other base facilities and vital installations also fell into their hands. By early morning of December 1, rebel pilots were already set to launch air strikes. In the first seven days of December, T-28Ds piloted by rebel pilots strafed Malaca\u00f1ang Palace grounds; they were in control of the skies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 106], "content_span": [107, 717]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014019-0018-0000", "contents": "15th Strike Wing, Philippine Air Force, History, Political and financial tensions, 1986\u20131987 Coup Attempts\nWith Sangley Air Base under their control, the rebels had the upper hand. The government, on the other hand, realized the implications of this situation; so, 5th Fighter Wing was tasked to conduct persuasion flights. By the following morning, a flight of F-5 Freedom Fighters led by Major Danilo Atienza, conducted a persuasion flight over Sangley Air Base. But because the rebels were firm on holding their ground, the F-5 pilots were later directed to retake Sangley at all costs. And so air strikes were conducted, inflicting heavy damage on aircraft and facilities controlled by the enemy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 106], "content_span": [107, 700]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014019-0018-0001", "contents": "15th Strike Wing, Philippine Air Force, History, Political and financial tensions, 1986\u20131987 Coup Attempts\nUnfortunately, Major Atienza crashed after flames from the explosion of a fuel depot engulfed his F-5, killing him in the process. More than two years later, on 5 May 1992, the airfield of Sangley was renamed Major Danilo S Atienza Airfield pursuant to Republic Act 7429 in recognition of his gallantry and intrepidity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 106], "content_span": [107, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014019-0019-0000", "contents": "15th Strike Wing, Philippine Air Force, History, Merger of 240th Composite Wing and 15th Strike Wing\nThe most drastic change in Sangley was the merging of the 240th Composite Wing and the 15th Strike Wing, in 1987. The 240th Composite Wing was unmanned on 16 January 1987; subsequently, on 24 February 1987, Sangley Air Base was recognized as a single-wing base. 15th Strike Wing then absorbed 240th CW and, from then on, functioned both as a tactical unit and as a base keeper of Sangley Air Base. Due to the increase in manpower and equipment that was brought upon by the merging of the two units, the 505th Air Rescue Squadron was transferred to the 205th Helicopter Wing on 16 July 1987.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 100], "content_span": [101, 691]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014019-0020-0000", "contents": "15th Strike Wing, Philippine Air Force, History, Merger of 240th Composite Wing and 15th Strike Wing\nChanges occurred in 15th Strike Wing even towards the end of the decade. On 15 July 1990, 17th Air Commando Squadron and the 25th Air Commando Training Squadron were re-manned. The 601st Liaison Squadron, the only squadron from the 240th CW to have survived the merger with 15th SW, was unmanned on the same date.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 100], "content_span": [101, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014019-0021-0000", "contents": "15th Strike Wing, Philippine Air Force, History, Reactivation of the 17th Attack Squadron\nAnother significant development in the 15th Strike Wing was the reactivation of the 17th Attack Squadron. It was deactivated in March 1998 due to dwindling air assets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 89], "content_span": [90, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014019-0022-0000", "contents": "15th Strike Wing, Philippine Air Force, History, Reactivation of the 17th Attack Squadron\nThe 17th Attack Squadron was reactivated on July 16, 2001. This time with a fleet of reconfigured SF-260TPs. On November 27, 2001, a few months after the squadron's reactivation, the 17th AS conducted several missions against the secessionist Misuari Renegade Group in Zamboanga City.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 89], "content_span": [90, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014019-0023-0000", "contents": "15th Strike Wing, Philippine Air Force, History, Reactivation of the 25th Composite Attack Squadron\nLt . Gen. Jose L. Reyes, during his term as Wing Commander of the 15th Strike Wing, thought of reactivating the 25th Composite Attack Squadron. On July 19, 2004, the 25th Attack Squadron or \u201cLOBOS\u201d, was reactivated and is based at Edwin Andrews Air Base, Zamboanga City. This unit will manage, operate and maintain the Wing's assets in Mindanao such as the OV-10 Bronco, MD-520 MG and SF-260 TP aircraft. Thirty-four (34) able officers and enlisted personnel composed the reactivated 25th CAS.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 99], "content_span": [100, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014019-0024-0000", "contents": "15th Strike Wing, Philippine Air Force, Organization\nThe Wing is organized in the line and staff structure with Personal, Coordinating and Technical Staff. Under the Command and control of the Wing Commander are three (3) Major Groups. Namely; Tactical Group, Maintenance and Supply Group and Air Base Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 52], "content_span": [53, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014020-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Sustainment Brigade\nThe 15th Sustainment Brigade was a sustainment brigade of the United States Army based at Fort Bliss, Texas. It provided logistics support to other units of the United States Army, and was subordinate to the 13th Sustainment Command (Expeditionary). It previously had provided support to the 1st Cavalry Division, but now did so for the 1st Armored Division until 12 May 2015 when the 15th Sustainment Brigade became part of the 1st Armored Division and was renamed 1st Armored Division Sustainment Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014020-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Sustainment Brigade\nThe brigade's lineage dates back to 1919, and it had a long and decorated history when designated as the supply command of the 1st Cavalry Division. Having seen service in every major conflict of the 20th century in support of its parent division, the unit was not designated as the 15th Sustainment Brigade permanently until 2005. In February 2008, the brigade was reassigned to the 13th Sustainment Command (Expeditionary), ending almost a century of association with the 1st Cavalry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014020-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Sustainment Brigade\nThe 15th Sustainment Brigade's extensive lineage also carries many honors for the unit. What is now the 15th Sustainment Brigade, and its previous incarnations, have earned 17 campaign streamers, as well as numerous awards, mostly for service during the Vietnam War. These decorations include the Presidential Unit Citation, the Valorous Unit Award, and five Meritorious Unit Commendations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014020-0003-0000", "contents": "15th Sustainment Brigade, Organization\nThe 15th Sustainment Brigade was permanently attached to the 1st Cavalry Division, though it could operate independently when needed. Currently, it falls under the organization of the 1st Armored Division, having relocated as part of the Base Realignment and Closure 2005. This assignment allows the unit maximum flexibility when deployed, as it can provide any support function needed, without being permanently attached to any particular unit or area of operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 38], "content_span": [39, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014020-0004-0000", "contents": "15th Sustainment Brigade, Organization\nThe unit has two permanently assigned battalions along with its Headquarters and Headquarters Company (HHC). They consist of the 15th Special Troops Battalion, and the 142nd Combat Sustainment Support Battalion which are also headquartered at Fort Bliss, Texas. 72nd Brigade Support Battalion inactivated in November 2014, in conjunction with inactivation of 212th Fires Brigade (United States) in July 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 38], "content_span": [39, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014020-0004-0001", "contents": "15th Sustainment Brigade, Organization\nIn addition, Company A, 125th Brigade Support Battalion (formerly with 3rd BCT), in conjunction with the inactivation of 3rd BCT, completed a high-visibility project: Company A produced the first Redistribution Property Accountability Team  (RPAT) yard in the continental US, which gives commanders a clear picture of property redistribution, especially during a unit's closure. The brigade command is modular in design, allowing it to assume command of additional units when deployed. The command is preparing for deployment to Southwest Asia in 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 38], "content_span": [39, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014020-0005-0000", "contents": "15th Sustainment Brigade, History, Origins\nThe 15th Sustainment Brigade was originally constituted on 4 May 1966 in the Regular Army as a Headquarters and Headquarters Company. It was first activated on 1 July 1966.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 42], "content_span": [43, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014020-0006-0000", "contents": "15th Sustainment Brigade, History, Origins\nOn 20 October 1967, the Brigade was inactivated after providing support to units in Vietnam, only to be reactivated on 21 September 1968 at Fort Lewis, Washington. The Brigade later inactivated at Fort Lewis on 21 March 1973 having received campaign credits for its support for Counteroffensive Operations (Phase II and III) in Vietnam.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 42], "content_span": [43, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014020-0007-0000", "contents": "15th Sustainment Brigade, History, Origins\nAs mentioned above, the 15th Sustainment Brigade replaced the \"Division Support Command\" of the 1st Cavalry Division. The history of the organization can be traced back to 1919 when one of its present units, the 15th Forward Support Battalion, existed as the 615th Motor Transport Company. The Division Support Command (DISCOM) thus predated the 1st Cavalry Division itself, which was not established until 1921.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 42], "content_span": [43, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014020-0008-0000", "contents": "15th Sustainment Brigade, History, Origins\nIn the years before World War II, most of the units of the 1st Cavalry Division that were not assigned to larger unit commands were under the control of the Headquarters, Division Special Troops of the division; an independent unit for various supporting units for a division. These included the service and support elements of the division. After World War II, however, the Special Troops Headquarters was reorganized into Headquarters, Division Trains. This designation immediately predates the \"Division Support Command\" (DISCOM) designation. The division trains were activated 1 November 1957 in Korea. Although a new organization, 1st Cavalry Division's Division Trains employed concepts and tactics similar to those of U.S. armored division trains that were originated in World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 42], "content_span": [43, 833]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014020-0009-0000", "contents": "15th Sustainment Brigade, History, Vietnam War\nOn 1 September 1963, Headquarters, Division Trains was reorganized under the \"R.O.A.D.\" (Reorganization of the Army Divisions) plan and redesignated as Headquarters, Headquarters Company and Band, 1st Cavalry Division, 1st Cavalry Division Support Command. Accompanying the division to Vietnam in August 1965, the Support Command participated in all of the same campaigns that the division did, providing logistics support for the 1st Cavalry Division throughout the entire conflict.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 46], "content_span": [47, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014020-0010-0000", "contents": "15th Sustainment Brigade, History, Vietnam War\nThe unit's first major operation was the Pleiku Campaign. During this action, the command supported the division during 35 days of continuous airmobile operations. The opening battle of the campaign, the Battle of Ia Drang Valley, was described in the book We Were Soldiers Once... And Young which was also the basis of the subsequent Mel Gibson film We Were Soldiers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 46], "content_span": [47, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014020-0011-0000", "contents": "15th Sustainment Brigade, History, Vietnam War\nFor most of 1967 and early 1968, the formation supported the 1st Cavalry Division through Operation Pershing. This was a large scale search of areas under the jurisdiction of the US II Corps which, according to the US Army, saw 5,400 enemy killed and 2,000 captured. The division re-deployed to Camp Evans, north of Hue in the I Corps Tactical Zone, during the 1968 Tet Offensive It was involved in recapturing Quang Tri and Hue regions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 46], "content_span": [47, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014020-0011-0001", "contents": "15th Sustainment Brigade, History, Vietnam War\nAfter intense fighting in Hue, the division then moved to relieve US Marine Corps units besieged at the Khe Sanh combat base in Operation Pegasus through March 1968. The 1st Cavalry Division next conducted major clearing operations in the Ashau Valley from mid-April through mid-May 1968. From May until September 1968, the division participated in local pacification missions, as well as Medical outreach programs intended to offer medical support to the Vietnamese local population. During this time, the division and support command were assigned to I Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 46], "content_span": [47, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014020-0012-0000", "contents": "15th Sustainment Brigade, History, Vietnam War\nIn the autumn of 1968, the 1st Cavalry Division relocated south to the III Corps Tactical Zone northwest of Saigon, adjacent to a Cambodian region commonly referred to as the \"Parrots Beak\", due to its shape. In May 1970, the division was among U.S. units participating in the Cambodian Incursion, withdrawing from Cambodia on 29 June. The division thereafter took a defensive posture while the withdrawal of U.S. troops from Vietnam continued. The bulk of the division was withdrawn on 29 April 1971.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 46], "content_span": [47, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014020-0013-0000", "contents": "15th Sustainment Brigade, History, Vietnam War\nThe Division Support Command received all of the same honors as the division headquarters throughout the conflict. These awards included the Presidential Unit Citation for the actions in Pleiku Province and the Valorous Unit Award for action in the \"Parrots Beak\" area of Cambodia (referred to as the \"Fish Hook\" area in the unit's award streamer). In addition, Support Command received three Meritorious Unit Commendations and four Republic of Vietnam Cross of Gallantry awards throughout the deployments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 46], "content_span": [47, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014020-0014-0000", "contents": "15th Sustainment Brigade, History, Vietnam War\nOn 15 May 1971, the DISCOM was reorganized and designated as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 1st Cavalry Division Support Command. Most major subordinate units of the DISCOM had returned from Vietnam in 1971 and were stationed at Fort Hood. By the end of June 1971, the DISCOM was a large command composed of HHC, Support Command, 15th Adjutant General Company/Band, 15th Medical Battalion, 15th Supply and Transport Battalion, 27th Maintenance Battalion, 8th Engineer Battalion, 315th Composite Support Battalion, 15th Finance Company (the latter two units had been transferred from the 1st Armored Division), and the 15th Data Processing Unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 46], "content_span": [47, 699]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014020-0015-0000", "contents": "15th Sustainment Brigade, History, Reorganizations & The Gulf War\nDuring the early 1980s, the DISCOM consisted of a Headquarters Company, a Division Materiel Management Center, a Division Data Center, the 15th Medical Battalion, 15th Adjutant General Battalion, 15th Finance Company, 15th Supply and Transport Battalion, 27th Maintenance Battalion and the 68th Chemical Company. In October 1984, the 1st and 2nd Forward Support Battalions were activated from elements of the three functional battalions attached to the unit. The following year saw the Army of Excellence Reorganization (AOE) transform the remaining elements of the three functional battalions (maintenance, medical, and supply and transport) into the 4th Main Support Battalion. The AOE reorganization also added the 493rd Transportation Company (Aircraft Maintenance) to the Division Support Command. The forward and main support battalions, along with the Aviation Maintenance Company, were redesignated in 1987, becoming the 15th and 115th Forward Support Battalions, 27th Main Support Battalion, and 227th Transportation Company (Aviation Maintenance).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 65], "content_span": [66, 1123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014020-0016-0000", "contents": "15th Sustainment Brigade, History, Reorganizations & The Gulf War\nOn 28 September 1990, the Division Support Command deployed to the Middle East in support of Operation Desert Shield. In January 1991, Division Support Command provided support to the 1st Cavalry Division throughout Operation Desert Storm, leading to a quick liberation of Kuwait. On 16 December 1991, the 215th Forward Support Battalion was activated at Fort Hood bringing the number of active duty forward support battalions to three. On 8 July 1996, the 615th Support Battalion (Aviation) was provisionally organized. The battalion was formally activated on 17 September 1996.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 65], "content_span": [66, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014020-0017-0000", "contents": "15th Sustainment Brigade, History, Activation & Operation Iraqi Freedom\nOn 6 July 2005, the Division Support Command (DISCOM) of the 1st Cavalry Division was inactivated and redesignated the 15th Sustainment Brigade. DISCOM\u2019s previously subordinate Forward Support Battalions were redesignated Brigade Support Battalions and task organized under their supported maneuver brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 71], "content_span": [72, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014020-0018-0000", "contents": "15th Sustainment Brigade, History, Activation & Operation Iraqi Freedom\nThe 15th Sustainment Brigade was the first element of the 1st Cavalry Division to return to Iraq and assumed control for logistics in the Baghdad area of operations in July 2006. The Brigade provided command and control for numerous units not normally associated with the 1st Cavalry Division. It had sustained several casualties during its tour in the country, including a mortar attack that killed two soldiers and injured five more in October 2007. Tasks the unit completed during its 2006\u20132007 tour in Iraq included construction and maintenance of sustainment facilities, and maintaining vehicles, including adding additional armor to Humvee vehicles for other US units operating in the country.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 71], "content_span": [72, 771]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014020-0019-0000", "contents": "15th Sustainment Brigade, History, Activation & Operation Iraqi Freedom\nThe Brigade changed its higher command for the first time in its history on 15 February 2008. It was reassigned from the 1st Cavalry Division to the 13th Sustainment Command (Expeditionary), holding a mock cavalry charge to celebrate the occasion. This would also mark the first time that the brigade served independently from the 1st Cavalry Division. Since returning from Iraq, the brigade has undertaken a number of duties around Fort Hood. These activities include testing new systems for use during deployments, remodeling infrastructure around the fort, and training on personal safety.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 71], "content_span": [72, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014020-0020-0000", "contents": "15th Sustainment Brigade, Legacy\nThe Sustainment Brigade and its soldiers have been the subject of numerous army publications during its tours in Iraq, most of which having to do with the culture and lifestyle of soldiers serving the unit. Among these have been feature stories by the Multi-National Force: Iraq public affairs office, on married soldiers who deploy together. The Army Logistician, an Army publication for soldiers serving in support units, published a feature story on the stories of soldiers serving in Iraq for their September\u2013October 2007 issue. This story was intended to display the versatility of sustainment brigades overall. Another story was written for defenselink.mil, the press service for the United States Armed Forces in March 2007 about soldiers of the brigade and how they react to the desert climate of the country, having to cope with sandstorms and other issues.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 32], "content_span": [33, 899]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014021-0000-0000", "contents": "15th TCA Awards\nThe 15th TCA Awards were presented by the Television Critics Association in a ceremony hosted by Craig Kilborn that was held on July 23, 1999, at the Ritz-Carlton Huntington Hotel and Spa in Pasadena, Calif.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014022-0000-0000", "contents": "15th TVyNovelas Awards\nThe 15th TVyNovelas Awards, is an Academy of special awards to the best of soap operas and TV shows. The awards ceremony took place on May 15, 1997 in the Teatro Alameda, San \u00c1ngel, M\u00e9xico D.F.. The ceremony was televised in the Mexico by Canal de las estrellas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014022-0001-0000", "contents": "15th TVyNovelas Awards\nRa\u00fal Velasco, Marco Antonio Regil, Julissa and Liza Echeverr\u00eda hosted the show. Ca\u00f1averal de Pasiones won 10 awards including Best Telenovela of the Year, the most for the evening. Other winners La antorcha encendida won 9 awards, Luz Clarita, Bendita mentira, Sentimientos ajenos won 2 awards and T\u00fa y yo won 1 award.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014022-0002-0000", "contents": "15th TVyNovelas Awards, Winners and nominees, Missing\nPeople who did not attend ceremony wing and were nominated in the shortlist in each category:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 53], "content_span": [54, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014023-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Tamil Nadu Assembly\nThe Fifteenth Assembly of Tamil Nadu succeeded the Fourteenth Assembly of Tamil Nadu and was constituted after the victory of All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK) and allies in the 2016 state assembly election held on 16 May. J. Jayalalitha assumed office as Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu for the fourth time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014023-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Tamil Nadu Assembly, Council of Ministers\nThe council of Ministers in the Cabinet of Chief Minister Edappadi K. Palaniswamy as follows", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 46], "content_span": [47, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014023-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Tamil Nadu Assembly, Party positions\nThe 123 AIADMK members include three independents who contested and won under the AIADMK symbol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 41], "content_span": [42, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014023-0003-0000", "contents": "15th Tamil Nadu Assembly, List of members\nInformation derived from data produced by the Election Commission of India (ECI) except where noted. The results for two constituencies \u2013 Aravakurichi and Thanjavur \u2013 were undeclared at the time that the ECI published its list. Reserved constituencies for candidates from the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (SC / ST) were defined in 2007 by the Delimitation Commission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 41], "content_span": [42, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014023-0004-0000", "contents": "15th Tamil Nadu Assembly, Important events\nOn 18 September 2017, the Speaker of the Assembly disqualified 18 dissident AIADMK MLAs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 42], "content_span": [43, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014023-0005-0000", "contents": "15th Tamil Nadu Assembly, Important events\nT. T. V. Dhinakaran was elected as an independent candidate from Dr. Radhakrishnan Nagar constituency in the bye-election held on 21 December 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 42], "content_span": [43, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014023-0006-0000", "contents": "15th Tamil Nadu Assembly, Important events\nOn 7 January 2019, Tamil Nadu sports minister P Balakrishna Reddy sentenced to three years in 1998 riot case, steps down.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 42], "content_span": [43, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014024-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Tank Corps\nThe 15th Tank Corps (Russian: 15-\u0439 \u0442\u0430\u043d\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043f\u0443\u0441, 15-y tankoviy korpus) was a tank corps of the Soviet Union's Red Army. It formed in 1938 from a mechanized corps and fought in the Soviet invasion of Poland, during which it participated in the capture of the Grodno and August\u00f3w Forest from Poland. The corps was disbanded in January 1940 at  Wilno and Soleczniki.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014024-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Tank Corps\nIn 1942, the corps was reformed under the command of Major General Vasily Koptsov and became part of the 3rd Tank Army. It first saw combat in the unsuccessful Kozelsk Offensive of late August and early September, a relatively small operation to encircle a German salient, which resulted in the corps taking heavy losses in proportion to the territory gained.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014024-0001-0001", "contents": "15th Tank Corps\nAfter spending the rest of the year in reserve, receiving new supplies and equipment, the corps was transferred to the southern front in southwestern Russia to fight in the Ostrogozhsk\u2013Rossosh Offensive during January 1943, in which it played a major role by forming part of the forces that encircled thousands of Axis troops on the middle reaches of the Don River.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014024-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Tank Corps\nIn February 1943, the unit fought in Operation Star, achieving its objective of recapturing the key city of Kharkov in eastern Ukraine. As the Soviet advance outran its supply lines, the corps was slowly worn down and was virtually destroyed after being surrounded by a German counteroffensive in the Third Battle of Kharkov during late February and early March. Koptsov was among those killed in the fighting. The corps was rebuilt in the following months and became part of the newly created 3rd Guards Tank Army, fighting in Operation Kutuzov, the Soviet counteroffensive during the Battle of Kursk, in late July. For its actions in the offensive, the corps was converted into the 7th Guards Tank Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 722]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014024-0003-0000", "contents": "15th Tank Corps, First formation\nThe 15th Tank Corps formed in 1938 from the 5th Mechanized Corps at Naro-Fominsk in the Moscow Military District, inheriting the honorific \"named for (Konstantin) Kalinovsky\", a Soviet military theorist. Commanded by Komdiv (equivalent to Lieutenant General) Mikhail Petrovich Petrov, the corps included the 2nd Light Tank Brigade (previously the 5th Mechanized Brigade), the 27th Light Tank Brigade (formerly 10th Mechanized Brigade), the 20th Motor Rifle and Machine Gun Brigade (formerly 50th Rifle and Machine Gun Brigade), and the 401st Separate Communications Battalion, a support unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 32], "content_span": [33, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014024-0003-0001", "contents": "15th Tank Corps, First formation\nSoon after its formation, the corps was transferred to the Belorussian Special Military District, its headquarters located in Borisov. The 2nd and 27th Light Tank Brigades were based in Borisov, and the 20th Motor Rifle and Machine Gun Brigade was based in Mogilev. The 89th Separate Air Liaison Flight formed as part of the corps at Borisov on 4 August, operating Polikarpov R-5 and U-2 biplanes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 32], "content_span": [33, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014024-0004-0000", "contents": "15th Tank Corps, First formation, Soviet invasion of Poland, Initial advance\nThe corps fought in the Soviet invasion of Poland in September 1939, as part of Ivan Boldin's Dzerzhinsky Cavalry-Mechanized Group (KMG). The invasion was conducted under the terms of the Molotov\u2013Ribbentrop Pact, which divided Poland between the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany and guaranteed that neither country would attack the other. At the beginning of the campaign, the 2nd Brigade had 234 BT-7 light tanks and 30 BA armored cars, the 27th Brigade had 223 BT-7s and 31 BAs, and the 20th Brigade had 61 BAs; the corps thus fielded 461 tanks and 122 armored cars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 76], "content_span": [77, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014024-0004-0001", "contents": "15th Tank Corps, First formation, Soviet invasion of Poland, Initial advance\nOn 17 September, at 05:00, the corps, advancing on the KMG's southern flank, crossed the state border, overran the Polish border guards, and began a rapid advance without resistance; most of the Polish troops in the east had been transferred west to fight against the German invasion of Poland earlier in the month. By 12:00, the 27th Brigade had reached Mir and Ajucavi\u010dy, overrunning the practically undefended Nowosi\u00f3\u0142ki\u2013Kajsz\u00f3wki sector of the Baranovichi Fortified Region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 76], "content_span": [77, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014024-0004-0002", "contents": "15th Tank Corps, First formation, Soviet invasion of Poland, Initial advance\nBy the end of the day, the 27th Brigade had crossed the Servach River in the Lubanichi area, the 2nd Brigade had crossed the Usza River, and the 20th Brigade had advanced to the border at Losha. During the day, the corps suffered casualties of one killed and two wounded. On 18 September, the 27th Brigade advanced from the line of Ruda\u0161y and Zaberdowo, but was bogged down for several hours while moving through the area near Golewicze.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 76], "content_span": [77, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014024-0004-0003", "contents": "15th Tank Corps, First formation, Soviet invasion of Poland, Initial advance\nAs a result, it did not reach the Jarniewo area, 2 kilometers (1.2\u00a0mi) west of Slonim, until the morning of 19 September. After the retreating Polish garrison burned one of the two bridges over the Shchara River, the 2nd Brigade entered Slonim and disarmed 80 policemen. On 19 September, the brigade reached Vawkavysk, and the corps was ordered to take Grodno and Sok\u00f3\u0142ka by the end of the day, in conjunction with the motorcycle units of the 4th and 13th Rifle Divisions. At the same time the 27th Brigade captured Dvorets, disarming 400 people and capturing 300 rifles, but fuel shortages kept the corps stretched out along the Slonim\u2013Vawkavysk road awaiting refueling. The 20th Brigade approached Slonim from the east, further clogging the roads and delaying the arrival of supply units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 76], "content_span": [77, 867]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014024-0005-0000", "contents": "15th Tank Corps, First formation, Soviet invasion of Poland, Battle of Grodno\nAfter receiving fuel from 07:00 on 20 September, the units of the corps began to advance on Grodno in multiple waves. At 13:00, 50 tanks from the 27th Brigade reached the southern outskirts of the city, beginning the Battle of Grodno. By 14:00, the 2nd Brigade had taken Sok\u00f3\u0142ka, and its advance units had reached D\u0105browa. At the end of the day, motorcycle units of the 4th Rifle Division and battalions of the 20th Motor Rifle and Machine Gun Brigade, which had all been delayed by fuel shortages, had reached the city.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 77], "content_span": [78, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014024-0005-0001", "contents": "15th Tank Corps, First formation, Soviet invasion of Poland, Battle of Grodno\nGrodno was defended by an understrength force of up to 3,000 Polish officers, gendarmes, and volunteers who had burned the bridges across the Neman. The 27th Brigade's reconnaissance battalion launched the first attack with 12 tanks and an armored car, and was later joined by two tank battalions with a total of 36 tanks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 77], "content_span": [78, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014024-0005-0002", "contents": "15th Tank Corps, First formation, Soviet invasion of Poland, Battle of Grodno\nBy 19:00, two battalions of the 13th Rifle Division's 119th Rifle Regiment had arrived at Grodno, and on the morning of 21 September they were reinforced by two battalions of the 4th Rifle Division's 101st Rifle Regiment and the motorized detachment of the 16th Rifle Corps, the latter of which was subordinated to the corps for the duration of the battle. By the end of 20 September, the combined forces had captured the southern part of Grodno.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 77], "content_span": [78, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014024-0006-0000", "contents": "15th Tank Corps, First formation, Soviet invasion of Poland, Battle of Grodno\nAt 07:00 on 21 September, the artillery batteries of the two rifle regiments and the 20th Brigade commenced firing from the southern bank of the Niemen, demolishing the main Polish strongpoints\u2014barracks, churches, and trenches\u2014on the northern bank of the Niemen. The 119th Regiment then crossed to the north bank and rebuilt a bridge for the tanks to use. After defeating a group of Polish officers in the Poniemu\u0144 district, the regiment captured the eastern part of the city.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 77], "content_span": [78, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014024-0006-0001", "contents": "15th Tank Corps, First formation, Soviet invasion of Poland, Battle of Grodno\nMeanwhile, the 101st Regiment and a tank company from the 27th Brigade, which crossed the river behind the 119th, destroyed a group of about 250 officers defending the wooded hills 1.5 kilometers (0.93\u00a0mi) east of the city, then advanced northeast and captured the railway station by the end of the day. The 20th Brigade captured the southwestern part of the city, but was unable to advance northward because of strong Polish resistance in the houses and trenches near the bridge and the tobacco factory. The Soviet advances on 21 September resulted in the suppression of large pockets of resistance, and during the night, remnants of the Polish defenders retreated in the direction of Sapotskin and Suwa\u0142ki.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 77], "content_span": [78, 786]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014024-0007-0000", "contents": "15th Tank Corps, First formation, Soviet invasion of Poland, Battle of Grodno\nGrodno was cleared of Polish troops on 22 September. The 27th Brigade lost two burned and 12 damaged BT-7 light tanks in the battle, some to Molotov cocktails thrown by the defenders from attics and trenches, and its casualties totaled 19 killed and 26 wounded. The 20th Brigade lost a BA-10 to Molotov cocktails, suffering casualties of 3 killed and 20 wounded. The 16th Rifle Corps' motorized detachment lost 25 killed, 110 wounded, and a burned tank.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 77], "content_span": [78, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014024-0007-0001", "contents": "15th Tank Corps, First formation, Soviet invasion of Poland, Battle of Grodno\nDuring the battle, the corps killed 320 officers, 20 non-commissioned officers, and 194 soldiers, many of whom were crushed by tanks in the eastern part of the city. Between 20 and 21 September, they had captured 38 Polish officers, 20 non-commissioned officers, and 1,477 enlisted men, as well as 514 rifles, 146 machine guns, a mortar, and an anti-aircraft gun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 77], "content_span": [78, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014024-0008-0000", "contents": "15th Tank Corps, First formation, Soviet invasion of Poland, Mopping up operations and disbandment\nOne detachment from the 2nd Brigade, under the command of Major F.P. Chuvakin, was composed of a machine gun and rifle battalion and 45 tanks, 37 of which were from the brigade and the rest from the KMG. It was attached to the KMG to mop up remaining resistance in the August\u00f3w Forest and to prevent the Poles fleeing to Lithuania. On 22 September, in the area of Sapotskin, the detachment engaged units of the Polish 101st and 102nd Uhlan Regiments, as well as the 110th Reserve Uhlan Regiment, and other units retreating from Grodno.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 98], "content_span": [99, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014024-0008-0001", "contents": "15th Tank Corps, First formation, Soviet invasion of Poland, Mopping up operations and disbandment\nMost of the Polish troops escaped into the forest because of the slow advance of the detachment. Around three companies of Polish troops were dispersed and several officers were killed, among them the Grodno defense commander, J\u00f3zef Olszyna-Wilczy\u0144ski. The retreating Polish forces left mines, which blew up four BT-7 tanks. Chuvakin's troops also lost 11 killed and 14 wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 98], "content_span": [99, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014024-0009-0000", "contents": "15th Tank Corps, First formation, Soviet invasion of Poland, Mopping up operations and disbandment\nThe detachment advanced to Sejny and on 23 September reached the August\u00f3w Canal at Vulka, where it was stopped by Polish troops on the left bank, who had burned the bridge over the canal. A tank company forded the canal and forced the defenders to retreat, leaving nine dead. In the fighting of 22 and 23 September, the detachment killed about 40 officers and many soldiers, and captured more than 500 troops, 300 rifles, and 12 machine guns. On 23 September, the 20th Brigade moved to D\u0105browa, where it eliminated remnants of Polish units in the August\u00f3w Forest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 98], "content_span": [99, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014024-0009-0001", "contents": "15th Tank Corps, First formation, Soviet invasion of Poland, Mopping up operations and disbandment\nTwo days later, 15 armored cars were detached from the brigade to relieve German troops garrisoning the Osowiec Fortress, which fell in the Soviet sphere of influence under the Molotov\u2013Ribbentrop Pact. Between 23 and 26 September, a detachment of 20 tanks and armored cars from the 27th Brigade and a rifle battalion moved along the road from Grodno to August\u00f3w, and back again, capturing 300 prisoners along the way. During the campaign, the corps killed 78 officers, 133 non-commissioned officers, and 2,337 soldiers. It captured 322 officers, 30 non-commissioned officers, and 352 soldiers, as well as 814 rifles, 153 machine guns, a mortar, two cannons, and 15 cars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 98], "content_span": [99, 769]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014024-0010-0000", "contents": "15th Tank Corps, First formation, Soviet invasion of Poland, Mopping up operations and disbandment\nBy 2 October, the KMG was disbanded and the corps was subordinated to the 3rd Army. On 10 October, the corps headquarters and the tank brigades were stationed at Wilno, and the 20th Brigade was at Soleczniki. The 15th was disbanded along with the other tank corps in January 1940; the Main Military Council considered the tank corps' performance in Poland unsatisfactory, believing them to be unwieldy and difficult to control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 98], "content_span": [99, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014024-0011-0000", "contents": "15th Tank Corps, Second formation\nThe corps was re-formed in May 1942 at the Moscow Armored Training Center, nearly a year after Germany had abandoned the Molotov\u2013Ribbentrop Pact and invaded the Soviet Union. Major General Vasily Koptsov took command of the formation, which included the 96th and 113th Tank Brigades, the 105th Heavy Tank Brigade, the 17th Motor Rifle Brigade, and the 5th Reconnaissance Battalion. The corps was assigned to the 3rd Tank Army on 25\u00a0May, and as of 2 June included 150 tanks, comprising 30 KV tanks, 60 T-34 tanks, and 60 T-60 light tanks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 33], "content_span": [34, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014024-0011-0001", "contents": "15th Tank Corps, Second formation\nThe corps concentrated in the Tula area with the rest of the army, conducting intensive training exercises. After Axis forces launched the Case Blue summer offensive in southern Russia in late June, Stavka believed that an attack by Army Group Centre on the Oryol axis was possible, and ordered the army to concentrate in the Yefremov area. On 6 July, the army was ordered to concentrate to the west in the Chern area, moving closer to the front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 33], "content_span": [34, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014024-0011-0002", "contents": "15th Tank Corps, Second formation\nThe relocation was completed by 9 July, and the 15th Tank Corps was positioned in the area of the Agnichnoye State Farm, Dupny, Bolshoy Kon, Gremyachevo, Yasnyy Lug, and Korotky, where it engaged in combat training and created a defensive line in readiness to repulse a German attack. Late that month, the 96th Brigade was transferred to the Bryansk Front, and it was replaced by the 195th Tank Brigade between 10 and 12 August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 33], "content_span": [34, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014024-0012-0000", "contents": "15th Tank Corps, Second formation, Kozelsk Offensive\nIn early August, the 2nd Panzer Army launched a limited offensive towards Sukhinichi in an attempt to eliminate a Soviet salient. The attack was initially successful, but soon bogged down in the face of determined Soviet resistance. To eliminate the penetration and encircle the lead forces of the 2nd Panzer Army, the Kozelsk Offensive was launched by the 3rd Tank Army on the eastern flank of the salient. On 14 August, the order was given to relocate to the Kozelsk area in preparation for the attack; the army began moving the following night, the tanks being transported by rail.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 52], "content_span": [53, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014024-0012-0001", "contents": "15th Tank Corps, Second formation, Kozelsk Offensive\nThe offensive was scheduled to begin on 19 August, but was postponed to 22 August after rains turned the roads to mud, delaying the arrival of the motorized infantry and vehicles from the morning of 16 August to late on 17 August. Railway logistical difficulties resulted in the transfer of personnel and equipment being completed only on 21 August, and cargo only by the end of 24 August. Soviet preparations for the attack were detected by German intelligence, and the German troops in the salient were reinforced and began preparing strong defensive lines. At the beginning of the offensive, the corps was at full strength, with 24 KV tanks, 87 T-34s, and 48 T-60 and 21 T-70 light tanks, a total of 180 tanks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 52], "content_span": [53, 766]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014024-0013-0000", "contents": "15th Tank Corps, Second formation, Kozelsk Offensive\nFor the attack, Koptsov was placed in command of a group consisting of the 15th Tank Corps and the 154th Rifle Division, reinforced by support units. The group's immediate objective was to advance towards Meshalkino, Myzin, Marino, and Belyi Verkh, then cross the Vytebet River and establish a bridgehead on its west bank. It was afterwards to surround and destroy German troops in the area of Trostyapka, Perestryazh, and Belyi Verkh, operating in conjunction with the 16th and the 61st Armies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 52], "content_span": [53, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014024-0013-0001", "contents": "15th Tank Corps, Second formation, Kozelsk Offensive\nOn the first day of the attack, the 154th and 264th Rifle Divisions were sent into the attack first, but could not break through. The 12th Tank Corps was committed to the fight, but came under heavy German air attack and was stopped. At 12:00, a report was received that the 3rd Tank Corps had seized Smetskiye Vyselkami and advanced westwards. Considering that the main advance was halted by German resistance, Western Front commander Georgy Zhukov ordered the relocation of the 15th Tank Corps to that sector.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 52], "content_span": [53, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014024-0013-0002", "contents": "15th Tank Corps, Second formation, Kozelsk Offensive\nThe corps was to advance towards Slobodka and Belyi Verkh, but the report of Smetskiye Vyselkami's capture proved to be false, and the 15th's vanguard suffered heavy losses approaching the village. The 105th Heavy Tank Brigade and 17th Motor Rifle Brigade captured Smetskiye Vyselkami from the 56th Infantry Division's 192nd Infantry Regiment in fierce fighting by 17:00, but the corps was unable to make a breakthrough, becoming delayed by difficulties in traversing swampy terrain, getting lost while moving through forest trails, and running into minefields.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 52], "content_span": [53, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014024-0014-0000", "contents": "15th Tank Corps, Second formation, Kozelsk Offensive\nThe delays in the advance caused the armor to lag behind the infantry, and the tank columns came under heavy German air attack before reaching the fight on 23 August. For the next two days, the corps advanced slowly alongside other units, overcoming stubborn German resistance, before finally clearing the forests east of the Vytebet River of German troops on 25 August. The corps was unable to cross the river due to the firm German defenses on the other side.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 52], "content_span": [53, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014024-0014-0001", "contents": "15th Tank Corps, Second formation, Kozelsk Offensive\nThe next day, to end German resistance on the left flank, where the attacks of the 12th Tank Corps and 154th Rifle Division were unsuccessful, the corps was ordered to withdraw from the front in the Zhukovo area and reconcentrate in the forest 3 kilometers (1.9\u00a0mi) west of Myzin. It was then to capture Sorokino in conjunction with the 12th Tank Corps and 154th Rifle Division. After moving 15 kilometers (9.3\u00a0mi) to its new starting positions, the corps attacked at dawn on 26 August, but was again stymied by the forest terrain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 52], "content_span": [53, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014024-0015-0000", "contents": "15th Tank Corps, Second formation, Kozelsk Offensive\nThe same day, the 12th Tank Corps and 264th Rifle Division came under heavy pressure from German tank counterattacks. On 27 August, army commander Prokofy Romanenko, fearing a breakthrough from the south, ordered the 15th Corps to concentrate in the forests north of Novogryn, in readiness to counterattack if a German breakthrough took place. In the event, by the end of the day, the Soviet lines had held and the 15th was not needed in that sector.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 52], "content_span": [53, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014024-0015-0001", "contents": "15th Tank Corps, Second formation, Kozelsk Offensive\nThat night, it was relocated from the Myzin area to the Pakom area, where, together with the 61st Army's 12th Guards Rifle Division, it was to break German resistance near Leonovo, then develop the breakthrough towards Ukolitsa into the rear of the German troops defending against the 154th and 264th Rifle Divisions and the 12th Corps at Bogdanovsky and Goskovo. On the afternoon of 28 August, the corps attacked after a 30-minute artillery bombardment and airstrikes, but was immediately stalled by an anti-tank ditch protected by minefields and artillery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 52], "content_span": [53, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014024-0015-0002", "contents": "15th Tank Corps, Second formation, Kozelsk Offensive\nDuring the night, sappers and motorized infantry managed to create passages through the ditch, but when the offensive was resumed the next morning, the 15th had advanced only 200\u2013300 meters (660\u2013980\u00a0ft) before it was stopped by a second anti-tank ditch. It tried to break through during the day, but could not cross the ditch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 52], "content_span": [53, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014024-0016-0000", "contents": "15th Tank Corps, Second formation, Kozelsk Offensive\nOn the night of 29/30 August, the corps was pulled out of the line and concentrated in the forest a kilometer south of Meshalkino to carry out an attack on Sorokino in conjunction with the 154th Rifle Division and 12th Tank Corps. The attack was cancelled due to the heavy losses suffered by both the 12th Tank Corps and 154th Rifle Division in the previous fighting, and the 15th also required time to reorganize.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 52], "content_span": [53, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014024-0016-0001", "contents": "15th Tank Corps, Second formation, Kozelsk Offensive\nDuring the day the corps' 195th Tank Brigade conducted the only combat action, a successful operation to relieve two encircled battalions of the 61st Army's 156th Rifle Division. While the main forces of the 3rd Tank Army had been fighting at Sorokino, the 3rd Tank Corps had achieved a measure of success, crossed the Vytebet River, and begun fighting to capture Volosovo. As a result, the 15th Corps and the 154th were relocated to the Kumovo area on the right flank, and the 15th was tasked with exploiting the breakthrough to capture Perestryazh.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 52], "content_span": [53, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014024-0017-0000", "contents": "15th Tank Corps, Second formation, Kozelsk Offensive\nThe renewed attack began on 2 September but was delayed by German air attacks. Meanwhile, a regiment from the 264th Rifle Division proved unable to cross the Vytebet River and capture the village of Ozhigovo, which was necessary for the 15th Corps to exploit the breakthrough. This forced Koptsov to commit the 17th Motor Rifle Brigade and the 113th and 195th Brigades' motor rifle battalions to the battle. The motor rifle units crossed the Vytebet River after a short artillery barrage and captured Ozhigovo by the end of the day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 52], "content_span": [53, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014024-0017-0001", "contents": "15th Tank Corps, Second formation, Kozelsk Offensive\nThe 195th Brigade's tank battalions moved across the Vytebet River and attacked Perestryazh the next day, but were unable to capture the village because they were first halted by a ravine covered by German artillery, and were then counterattacked on their left flank by 40 German tanks. Although they repulsed the counterattack and destroyed 13 tanks, the 195th's advance was stopped.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 52], "content_span": [53, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014024-0017-0002", "contents": "15th Tank Corps, Second formation, Kozelsk Offensive\nOn 4 September, after the 3rd Tank Corps was pulled out of the line due to losses and the main forces of the 264th arrived to hold Ozhigovo, the 15th's 17th and 113th Brigades were moved to the Volosovo area, having received orders to advance on Trostyanka alongside the 342nd Rifle Division. From 5 to 9 September, the corps attempted to advance, but was repeatedly repulsed, sustaining casualties and suffering fuel and ammunition shortages. The Kozelsk Offensive ended on 9 September with the combined Soviet tank units from all three armies left with only 200 tanks out of the 700 they originally fielded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 52], "content_span": [53, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014024-0018-0000", "contents": "15th Tank Corps, Second formation, Interlude\nThe corps was relocated to the forests west of Kaluga beginning on 20\u00a0September 1942 after the 3rd Tank Army became part of the Reserve of the Supreme High Command. Around this time, the 17th Motor Rifle Brigade was transferred to another unit, and the 105th Brigade became part of the 5th Tank Army. A few days after arriving in the Kaluga area, Major General Pavel Rybalko replaced Romanenko, who became commander of the 5th Tank Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 44], "content_span": [45, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014024-0018-0001", "contents": "15th Tank Corps, Second formation, Interlude\nThe 15th rested and conducted training while refitting with supplies and equipment for the next several months, and was relocated to the Plavsk region on 22\u00a0October, remaining there until 26\u00a0December. The 88th Tank Brigade joined the corps at the end of November and the 52nd Motor Rifle Brigade joined in mid-December, bringing the corps back up to strength.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 44], "content_span": [45, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014024-0018-0002", "contents": "15th Tank Corps, Second formation, Interlude\nOn 22\u00a0December, the corps and the army began relocation to the Kalach and then the Kantemirovka areas, part of the Voronezh Front, to participate in the upcoming Ostrogozhsk\u2013Rossosh Offensive, which was aimed to defeat Axis forces on the Upper Don. From 29 December to 13 January 1943, the corps was unloaded at the Kalach railway station. The relocation of the entire army was completed only on 15\u00a0January, due to a shortage of trains and railway congestion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 44], "content_span": [45, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014024-0019-0000", "contents": "15th Tank Corps, Second formation, Ostrogozhsk\u2013Rossosh Offensive\nFor the offensive, the corps was reinforced by the 368th Fighter Anti-Tank Artillery Regiment, the 71st Anti - Aircraft Artillery Regiment, and the 47th Engineer Battalion. They were to make a breakthrough on the first day in the area between the advance of the 48th Guards and 184th Rifle Divisions, seizing Yekaterinovka and advancing on Varvarovka and Alexeyevka by the end of the day. The attack was scheduled to begin on 12 January 1943, but was moved back two days owing to railroad delays.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 64], "content_span": [65, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014024-0019-0001", "contents": "15th Tank Corps, Second formation, Ostrogozhsk\u2013Rossosh Offensive\nBy 13 January, 122 tanks from the army\u2014most belonging to the corps' 113th and 195th Brigades\u2014were still delayed by maintenance issues. This was because the Voronezh Front's initial offensive planning mandating that only the 12th Tank Corps would fight in the first attack, which resulted in the new tanks of the 15th being transferred to the 12th and the 12th's worn-out tanks to the 15th, although it was later decided that the entire army would fight in the operation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 64], "content_span": [65, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014024-0019-0002", "contents": "15th Tank Corps, Second formation, Ostrogozhsk\u2013Rossosh Offensive\nThe 15th therefore had much less time to reorganize in preparation for the assault, and as a result of the 113th and 195th Brigades arriving in the concentration areas on 13 January with only 10 to 12 tanks due to the delays, all of the serviceable tanks were transferred to the 88th Tank Brigade, which was brought up to a strength of 74 tanks. This single brigade constituted the entirety of the corps' armored troops involved in the first day's attack, as the 113th and 195th were placed in army reserve until their tanks arrived.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 64], "content_span": [65, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014024-0020-0000", "contents": "15th Tank Corps, Second formation, Ostrogozhsk\u2013Rossosh Offensive\nThe corps fought in the offensive from 14 January, tasked with advancing into the Axis rear and linking up with the 40th Army attacking from the north. On the first day, the corps attacked the XXIV Panzer Corps, overrunning its command post and killing its commander during a 20-kilometer (12\u00a0mi) advance. After taking Alexandrovka, the corps cut the Rossosh\u2013Alexandrovka\u2013Rovenki highway on 15\u00a0January by capturing Yeremovka.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 64], "content_span": [65, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014024-0020-0001", "contents": "15th Tank Corps, Second formation, Ostrogozhsk\u2013Rossosh Offensive\nAccording to the 15th Tank Corps' reports, it had killed up to 600 Axis troops, captured 98 prisoners, 17 guns, 10 mortars, and 279 motor vehicles, and disabled five guns and 14 machine guns. This came at a cost of eight killed, 38 wounded, and one tank and three motor vehicles destroyed. The 15th then fought in the area of Olkhovatka and Sheliakino, during which it reported killing up to 950 German troops, capturing 2,100 prisoners, 1,200 motor vehicles, 1,856 rifles, 75 machine guns, 20 guns, and eight tanks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 64], "content_span": [65, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014024-0020-0002", "contents": "15th Tank Corps, Second formation, Ostrogozhsk\u2013Rossosh Offensive\nThe 15th suffered losses during this period of 11 killed, 41 wounded, and one tank and one armored vehicle disabled. Operating in conjunction with the 12th Tank Corps, the 15th broke through German defenses and on 17\u00a0January closed the encirclement ring, linking up with troops from the 40th Army's 305th Rifle Division at Alexeyevka. This cut off the retreat for the Italian Alpini Corps and thousands of Hungarian and German troops.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 64], "content_span": [65, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014024-0020-0003", "contents": "15th Tank Corps, Second formation, Ostrogozhsk\u2013Rossosh Offensive\nDuring the action, it reported killing 6,506 Axis troops, capturing 11,168, and capturing or destroying large amounts of artillery, weapons, equipment and transport, while losing 132 killed, 212 wounded, 39 missing, 14 tanks, six guns, two mortars, three armored vehicles, 10 motor vehicles, and six machine guns. Until the end of 25 January, the corps fought in the reduction of the Axis pocket north of Alexeyevka and began reconcentrating on the morning of 29 January. After marching 120 kilometers (75\u00a0mi) in two days, it concentrated in the Valuyki area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 64], "content_span": [65, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014024-0021-0000", "contents": "15th Tank Corps, Second formation, Operation Star\nThe corps continued its advance towards Kharkov after the end of the Ostrogozhsk\u2013Rossosh Offensive, against increasingly stiffening resistance from the SS-Panzer Corps. On 2\u00a0February, Operation Star began, the corps in the second echelon of the army as it needed refitting. The 15th went into action on 3\u00a0February, a day earlier than planned, without its refitting completed, as army commander Lieutenant General Pavel Rybalko quickened the pace of the offensive to prevent German reinforcements establishing a defensive line on the Donets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 49], "content_span": [50, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014024-0021-0001", "contents": "15th Tank Corps, Second formation, Operation Star\nThe 15th Tank Corps advanced with the 160th Rifle Division towards Veliky Burluk and the Donets crossings at Pechengi. The corps crossed the Burlik River on 3\u00a0February and the next day captured Veliky Burluk from the 2nd SS Panzer Division Das Reich. At the same time the lead force of the 195th Tank Brigade, advancing 25 kilometers (16\u00a0mi) ahead of the remainder of the corps, reached German positions held by the 1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler (LSSAH) opposite Pechengi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 49], "content_span": [50, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014024-0021-0002", "contents": "15th Tank Corps, Second formation, Operation Star\nThe brigade attempted to capture a crossing over the Pechengi with support from the 160th during the evening, but was repulsed with heavy losses. The rest of the 15th Corps and 160th Division arrived there during 5\u00a0February, and at first light on 6\u00a0February, they attacked after a short artillery bombardment, but were again repulsed. On the night of 9/10\u00a0February, the corps and the 160th Division secured the crossing sites and captured Pechengi. The corps reported 650 German soldiers killed during the fighting, at a cost of 350 killed and wounded. The 15th then pursued the retreating units of the LSSAH but the advance was stopped by German defenses at Rogan only 10 kilometers (6.2\u00a0mi) east of Kharkov.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 49], "content_span": [50, 759]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014024-0022-0000", "contents": "15th Tank Corps, Second formation, Operation Star\nOn 12\u00a0February, Rybalko began a new attack with the 15th Corps, 48th Guards Rifle Division, and the 160th attacking the eastern part of Kharkov. They pushed the LSSAH back to the inner defensive line of the city and reached the factory district in the city's eastern suburbs. Two days later, front commander Colonel General Filipp Golikov ordered a final assault, and the corps together with the 160th renewed the attack from the east. They entered eastern Kharkov itself late on 15\u00a0February, participating in heavy street fighting with the forces of the Das Reich Division. The city was recaptured the next day, the 88th Tank Brigade taking Dzerzhinsky Square and linking up with the 40th Army's 183rd Rifle Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 49], "content_span": [50, 768]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014024-0023-0000", "contents": "15th Tank Corps, Second formation, Operation Star\nThe 15th then pursued retreating German forces in the direction of Poltava. Late on 16\u00a0February, it captured Zalyutino and engaged German troops at Pesochnya on the road to Liubotyn. After capturing Pesochnya two days later, the 15th began the battle for Liubotyn against troops of the Grossdeutschland Division, but became bogged down in heavy fighting for the city. The corps' 195th Tank Brigade and the 160th Division were ordered to bypass the city and attempt to capture Staryi Merchik.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 49], "content_span": [50, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014024-0023-0001", "contents": "15th Tank Corps, Second formation, Operation Star\nOn 21\u00a0February, they advanced on Liubotyn from the west, and the Grossdeutschland Division began its retreat from the city on the next day. In the battle for Liubotyn between 21\u00a0and 22\u00a0February, the corps reported killing 400 German soldiers and destroying 12 tanks, while suffering losses of 360 killed and wounded and six tanks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 49], "content_span": [50, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014024-0024-0000", "contents": "15th Tank Corps, Second formation, Third Battle of Kharkov\nOn 23 February 1943, German troops from the 4th Panzer Army counterattacked the Southwestern Front troops exploiting the breakthrough to the south of Kharkov, encircling many and forcing the remainder to retreat towards the Donets, beginning the Third Battle of Kharkov. The 3rd Tank Army was ordered to relieve the encircled troops, and the 15th Tank Corps changed direction, advancing towards Krasnograd. During the last days of February, the corps fought in a fierce meeting engagement with the LSSAH and 320th Infantry Division. Operating alongside the 111th Rifle Division, the 15th captured Novaya Vodolaga and on 26\u00a0February resumed its advance south, leaving the 195th Brigade to hold Novaya Vodolaga.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 58], "content_span": [59, 768]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014024-0025-0000", "contents": "15th Tank Corps, Second formation, Third Battle of Kharkov\nBy the end of 28\u00a0February, in conjunction with the 219th Rifle Division, the corps had captured Kegichevka, at the cost of heavy losses for the 88th Tank Brigade. The 88th was left with three T-34 tanks and two T-70s, and the other brigades were down to similar strength, leaving the entire corps with 19 tanks. Koptsov was severely wounded during the fighting on 28\u00a0February, and corps chief of staff Lieutenant Colonel Alexander Lozovsky became acting commander.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 58], "content_span": [59, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014024-0025-0001", "contents": "15th Tank Corps, Second formation, Third Battle of Kharkov\nBy 2 March, the corps had been surrounded by the SS Panzer Corps east of Krasnograd and German tanks were in its rear at Lozovaya. Koptsov ordered the corps to defend the area around Kegichevka, the location of its headquarters. The 3rd Tank Army was completely surrounded and could not be relieved as it comprised most of the front's troops. Koptsov ordered a breakout, and a small number of troops with light weapons escaped the encirclement, all of the corps' 25 remaining tanks being lost. Koptsov himself was briefly captured on 2\u00a0March before dying of the wound he had received four days earlier.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 58], "content_span": [59, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014024-0026-0000", "contents": "15th Tank Corps, Second formation, Third Battle of Kharkov\nMeanwhile, the 195th Tank Brigade's commander took command of 32 repaired and recovered tanks from the 12th and 15th Corps at Novaya Vodolaga, defending the town alongside the 253rd Rifle Brigade. There, they withstood three days of attacks from LSSAH until 6 March, when their positions began to be encircled by LSSAH and the SS-Totenkopf Division. During the next few days the brigade retreated north of the Mzha River to Rakitnoye, which was given up on 9 March. The 195th then took up defensive positions in the Ozeryanka area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 58], "content_span": [59, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014024-0027-0000", "contents": "15th Tank Corps, Second formation, Operation Kutuzov\nAccording to a report by the 3rd Tank Army's headquarters, the 15th Tanks Corps' strength on 14 March 1943 was only 1,000 men. By the following day, the remnants of the 15th had been concentrated in the Belyi Kholodets area, and on 21 March were moved to the Nikitovka, Samarino, and Chepukhino region for rest and refitting. On 31\u00a0March the corps was ordered to become part of the Reserve of the Supreme High Command in the Tambov area by 4 April. Instead, by the beginning of May it had been transferred to the Moscow Military District. The corps became part of the new 3rd Guards Tank Army within the month, and Major General Filipp Rudkin took command on 11 June. By 1\u00a0July, the corps had been rebuilt to a strength of 209 tanks and 16 self-propelled guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 52], "content_span": [53, 813]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014024-0028-0000", "contents": "15th Tank Corps, Second formation, Operation Kutuzov\nOn 13\u00a0July, the corps became part of the Bryansk Front along with its army, and was ordered to concentrate in the Novosil area by the end of 15 July, in preparation for Operation Kutuzov, the Soviet counteroffensive after the Battle of Kursk. After completing a march to its jumping-off point, the corps attacked on the morning of 19\u00a0July. The 12th and 15th Tank Corps crossed the Oleshen River in the first echelon of the assault and advanced 12 kilometers (7.5\u00a0mi) by the end of the day, aided by artillery and air support.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 52], "content_span": [53, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014024-0028-0001", "contents": "15th Tank Corps, Second formation, Operation Kutuzov\nIn the evening, the 15th's advance was stopped by the 8th Panzer Division. During the fighting on 19\u00a0July, the commander of the 113th Tank Brigade, Leonid Chigin, was killed in action. The strong German resistance during the day reduced the corps to 32 T-34 and 42 T-70 tanks from a strength of 129 T-34s and 68 T-70s at the start of the day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 52], "content_span": [53, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014024-0029-0000", "contents": "15th Tank Corps, Second formation, Operation Kutuzov\nThe following day, the corps shifted northwest to capture Otrada, cutting the Mtsensk\u2013Oryol highway in the Vysokoye area. In the evening, the 52nd Motor Rifle Brigade crossed the Oka River, capturing a bridgehead near Novaya Slobodka. By the end of 21 July, the corps arrived to assist the 12th Tank Corps and the 91st Separate Tank Brigade in the crossing of the Optushka River, delayed by intense German air attacks and tank counterattacks. The next morning, all three units began crossing the river. The 195th Tank Brigade's commander, Vasily Lomakin, was killed in action leading his unit on 22\u00a0July. Both Chigin and Lomakin were posthumously awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union. On 23 July, the German defenses on the Optushka were broken, and the pursuit began. By the end of the day, the corps had reached the line of Semendyaevsky, Karpovsky, Aleksandrovka, Safonovo, and Neplyuevo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 52], "content_span": [53, 950]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014024-0030-0000", "contents": "15th Tank Corps, Second formation, Operation Kutuzov\nThe actions of the offensive had still failed to produce a decisive breakthrough for the army, and on 23 July the attack was shifted south, the 15th being ordered to march to concentration points at Zarya and in the Petrovo area. The march took place on the night of 23/24 July, the troops arriving on the morning of 24 July. The advance was renewed the next day, the 15th in the second echelon behind the 12th Corps. On 26\u00a0July 1943, the corps was converted into the 7th Guards Tank Corps simultaneously with the 12th Tank Corps, becoming part of the elite Soviet Guards, in recognition of the \"courage and bravery\" of its actions in the offensive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 52], "content_span": [53, 702]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014024-0031-0000", "contents": "15th Tank Corps, Commanders\nThe corps' first formation was commanded by the following officer:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 27], "content_span": [28, 94]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014024-0032-0000", "contents": "15th Tank Corps, Commanders\nThe corps' second formation was commanded by the following officers:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 27], "content_span": [28, 96]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014025-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Tennessee Infantry Regiment\nThe 15th Regiment, Tennessee Infantry was an infantry regiment from Tennessee that served with the Confederate States Army in the American Civil War. Among its notable battles were the Battle of Shiloh and the Battle of Chickamauga.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014025-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Tennessee Infantry Regiment\nCompany G, of the regiment was composed largely of residents of states outside Tennessee. Besides men from Tennessee, Missouri, and Kentucky, the company (originally named the \"Illinois Company\") included soldiers from the consistently Union states of Illinois, Minnesota, and Pennsylvania.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014026-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Test Squadron\nThe 15th Test Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force unit. Its last assignment was with the Air Force Materiel Command at Hill Air Force Base, Utah, where it was inactivated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014026-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Test Squadron, History, World War II\nThe squadron was activated as the 15th Pursuit Squadron in early 1941 as part of the Southeast Air District. It was equipped with a series of pursuit aircraft with a mission of air defense of Florida. After the Pearl Harbor Attack, the squadron was assigned to the Caribbean Air Force in Panama where it operated in defense of the Panama Canal. It returned to the United States in early 1943 where it became a Republic P-47 Thunderbolt (later North American P-51 Mustang) replacement training unit  for III Fighter Command. It was disbanded on 1 May 1944 as part of a reorganization of training units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 41], "content_span": [42, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014026-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Test Squadron, History, Air Defense\nThe squadron was reactivated in 1953 as the 15th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron, part of Air Defense Command. It was equipped with North American F-86A Sabre day fighters at Davis-Monthan Air Force Base, Arizona with a mission of air defense of the Southwest United States. It Re-equipped in 1954 with North American F-86D Sabres. In 1957 it began re-equipping with the F-86L, an improved version of the F-86D which incorporated the Semi Automatic Ground Environment, or SAGE computer-controlled direction system for intercepts. The service of the F-86L destined to be quite brief, since by the time the last F-86L conversion was delivered, the type was already being phased out in favor of supersonic interceptors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 40], "content_span": [41, 754]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014026-0003-0000", "contents": "15th Test Squadron, History, Air Defense\nIn 1960 the squadron received the new McDonnell F-101B Voodoo supersonic interceptor, and the F-101F operational and conversion trainer. The two-seat trainer version was equipped with dual controls, but carried the same armament as the F-101B and were fully combat-capable. On 22 October 1962, before President John F. Kennedy told Americans that missiles were in place in Cuba, the squadron dispersed one third of its force, equipped with nuclear tipped missiles to Williams Air Force Base at the start of the Cuban Missile Crisis. These planes returned to Davis-Monthan after the crisis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 40], "content_span": [41, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014026-0004-0000", "contents": "15th Test Squadron, History, Air Defense\nIn the early 1960s, the Air Force implemented Project Clearwater, an initiative to withdraw Convair F-102 Delta Daggers from overseas bases in order to reduce \"gold flow\" (negative foreign currency transactions). By 1963, part of this plan called for the 16th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron at Naha Air Base to move to Davis-Monthan, permitting the 15th's F-101s to be distributed to other ADC squadrons. Because there would be a gap between the transfer of the 15th's F-101s and the arrival of the 16th's F-102s, eight F-102s from Perrin Air Force Base would maintain alert at Davis-Monthan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 40], "content_span": [41, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014026-0004-0001", "contents": "15th Test Squadron, History, Air Defense\nAs another cost saving move, planning called for the 16th to be inactivated upon arrival at Davis-Monthan and the 15th to assume its aircraft. However, the Gulf of Tonkin Incident intervened and the 16th was kept in the Pacific to maintain an air defense capability there. Headquarters, USAF directed ADC to simply inactivate the 15th with no replacement. The squadron degraded to a marginally combat ready status by October 1964 and was inactivated in December.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 40], "content_span": [41, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014026-0005-0000", "contents": "15th Test Squadron, History, Flight test operations\nThe 2872d Test Squadron was activated at Hill Air Force Base, Utah to perform flight tests on General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcons that had undergone major overhaul or modification. In 1992 the squadron was consolidated with the 15th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron as the 15th Test Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 51], "content_span": [52, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014026-0006-0000", "contents": "15th Test Squadron, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014027-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Texas Cavalry Regiment\nThe 15th Texas Cavalry Regiment was a unit of cavalry volunteers mustered into the Confederate States Army in March 1862 and fought during the American Civil War. In July 1862 the unit was dismounted and served the remainder of the war as infantry. The regiment was captured at Arkansas Post in January 1863. After being exchanged three months later, the much-reduced 15th Texas was consolidated with two other regiments and assigned to Patrick Cleburne's division in the Army of Tennessee. The consolidated regiment fought at Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge, and Ringgold Gap in 1863. After a re-consolidation, the regiment fought in the Atlanta Campaign, and at Franklin and Nashville in 1864. After a final consolidation the troops fought at Averasborough and Bentonville in 1865. The regiment's 43 surviving soldiers surrendered to Federal forces on 26 April 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 894]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014027-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Texas Cavalry Regiment, History, Formation\nGeorge H. Sweet briefly served as a private in the Texas Brigade in the Eastern Theater of the American Civil War. A newspaperman from San Antonio, Sweet obtained an officer's commission and authority to raise his own regiment before returning to Texas. Starting in January 1862, he had little trouble raising ten companies of soldiers. The volunteers equipped themselves with their own horses and gear. As they drilled on courthouse squares, the recruits presented a rather motley appearance. On 10 March 1862, the 15th Texas Cavalry Regiment was accepted into Confederate service at McKinney, Texas. One volunteer recalled that many of the soldiers were middle aged men and boys.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 47], "content_span": [48, 729]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014027-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Texas Cavalry Regiment, History, 1862\u20131863\nAfter the regiment moved into Arkansas, it became subject to the First Conscription Act and was reorganized on 20 May 1862. Due to the Act, about 100 soldiers were discharged for being too young or too old. The Act also specified that the soldiers could elect their own officers. Sweet was reelected colonel, George Bibb Pickett became lieutenant colonel, and William Henry Cathey became major. Soon afterward, Pickett of Wise County was sent home to Decatur, Texas to recruit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 47], "content_span": [48, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014027-0002-0001", "contents": "15th Texas Cavalry Regiment, History, 1862\u20131863\nOn 8 July 1862, the regiment was involved in a skirmish with Federal forces at Batesville, Arkansas in which eight men were killed and seven wounded. Sweet commended Captain Valerius P. Sanders of A Company for \"coolness and bravery\" under fire. A Union force under Samuel Ryan Curtis numbering 6,000 infantry, 3,000 cavalry, and 1,000 artillerymen occupied Batesville by 1 June. Hoping to cut off Curtis's troops from supplies, Thomas C. Hindman ordered Sweet's regiment to cross the White River above Batesville.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 47], "content_span": [48, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014027-0002-0002", "contents": "15th Texas Cavalry Regiment, History, 1862\u20131863\nHindman claimed 200 Union troops were captured and a number of wagons were captured before Cadwallader C. Washburn's Union cavalry brigade compelled the Texans to retreat. Soon after, on 24 July, the regiment was dismounted and the men's horses sent home. The soldiers were never remounted and served through the rest of the war as infantry. Cathey resigned for health reasons on 21 October 1862 and was replaced as major by Sanders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 47], "content_span": [48, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014027-0003-0000", "contents": "15th Texas Cavalry Regiment, History, 1862\u20131863\nThe 15th Texas Cavalry was ordered to garrison Arkansas Post in the late fall of 1862. The place proved to be a very unhealthy campsite and over 100 men from the regiment died from disease while others were sent home as unfit for duty. About this time, Colonel Sweet left the regiment on detached duty and ended the war as superintendent of Camp Ford, a prisoner-of-war camp. The 15th Texas Cavalry under Major Sanders was assigned to James Deshler's brigade along with the 10th Texas Infantry, and the 17th and 18th Texas Cavalry Regiments, fighting dismounted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 47], "content_span": [48, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014027-0003-0001", "contents": "15th Texas Cavalry Regiment, History, 1862\u20131863\nIn the Battle of Arkansas Post, 30,000 Federal troops led by John Alexander McClernand and 13 gunboats under David Dixon Porter attacked the 5,000 Confederate defenders under Thomas James Churchill. The Union expedition steamed up the Arkansas River in 50 transports and on 9 January 1863 landed the soldiers downstream from the post. The next day, the Federal troops began to envelop the Confederate defenses. That night Churchill received orders to hold Arkansas Post at all costs. On 11 January 1863, a joint land and naval assault silenced Fort Hindman's guns and overwhelmed the defenders, forcing 4,791 Confederates to surrender. Federal casualties numbered 1,061.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 47], "content_span": [48, 718]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014027-0004-0000", "contents": "15th Texas Cavalry Regiment, History, 1862\u20131863\nIn the 15th Texas Cavalry 27 officers and 436 rank and file became prisoners of war. The regiment's number of killed and wounded is unknown, but Assistant Surgeon Nathan Wyncoope was fatally wounded during the fighting. The officers were sent to Camp Chase in Ohio, while the enlisted men traveled to Camp Douglas in Chicago. About 700 of the captured Texans died in only two months of captivity, including approximately 100 men from the 15th Texas Cavalry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 47], "content_span": [48, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014027-0004-0001", "contents": "15th Texas Cavalry Regiment, History, 1862\u20131863\nThe death toll was made worse because a number of the men caught pneumonia and other illnesses on the trip up the river and because few of the men had blankets. On 3 April 1863, the surviving rank and file were sent to City Point, Virginia for prisoner exchange and on 29 April the officers were sent to Fort Delaware. The ordeal of the enlisted men was worse than that of the officers. Many of the survivors were so ill that they subsequently died or were discharged sick. Because this resulted in a surplus of officers, about two-thirds of the officers were sent back to Texas. The remaining soldiers of the 15th Texas Cavalry were consolidated into a single regiment together with the 6th Texas and 10th Texas Infantry. Major Sanders stayed with the new formation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 47], "content_span": [48, 815]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014027-0005-0000", "contents": "15th Texas Cavalry Regiment, History, 1863\u20131865\nPatrick Cleburne decided that the Texans were, \"a fine body of men out of which good soldiers are made\", and accepted them into his division. The consolidated 6th-10th-15th Texas was sent to Wartrace, Tennessee for training. During the Battle of Chickamauga on 19\u201320 September 1863, the consolidated regiment was led by Colonel Roger Q. Mills and the brigade was led by Deshler. Brigade losses were 52 killed and 366 wounded, a total of 418 casualties. Deshler was killed, so Mills assumed command of the brigade and Lieutenant Colonel T. Scott Anderson took command of the 6th-10th-15th Texas. The other units in the brigade were the 19th and 24th Consolidated Arkansas Infantry Regiment and the 17th-18th-24th-25th Consolidated Texas Cavalry Regiment (dismounted).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 47], "content_span": [48, 814]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014027-0006-0000", "contents": "15th Texas Cavalry Regiment, History, 1863\u20131865\nDeshler's brigade was ordered to advance at nightfall on the first day of Chickamauga. The brigade's skirmish line, moving ahead of the battle line, stumbled into one of Richard W. Johnson's Union brigades in the dark woods and most of the skirmishers were captured. In very confused fighting, Deshler's brigade drifted to the left of its intended track. However, one of its regiments helped capture the colonel and 82 men of the 77th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment. Some of the captured skirmishers escaped in a highly fluid situation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 47], "content_span": [48, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014027-0006-0001", "contents": "15th Texas Cavalry Regiment, History, 1863\u20131865\nOn the second day, Cleburne ordered Deshler's brigade forward to cover the retreat of two brigades that had been driven off. As the brigade reached the crest of a rise, it was struck by a blast of Federal bullets. Cleburne sent orders to Deshler to hold out as long as possible, so the soldiers dropped to the ground and returned fire. For two hours and 30 minutes, Deshler's men held the line, but they suffered hundreds of casualties. Deshler was struck in the chest by an artillery projectile and killed instantly. At 2:00 pm Mills ordered most of the brigade to pull back 20\u00a0yd (18\u00a0m) and assigned a few sharpshooters to hold the crest. At Chickamauga, the 15th Texas lost five killed, 16 wounded, and 14 captured or missing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 47], "content_span": [48, 777]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014027-0007-0000", "contents": "15th Texas Cavalry Regiment, History, 1863\u20131865\nThe 6th-10th-15th Texas fought with distinction at the Battle of Missionary Ridge on 24\u201325 November 1863. The regiment formed part of a brigade under James Argyle Smith together with the 17th-18th-24th-25th Texas Cavalry (dismounted) and the 7th Texas Infantry Regiment. Early on 24 November, William T. Sherman's Union troops crossed the Tennessee River and advanced toward the northern end of Missionary Ridge. The commander of the Confederate Army of Tennessee, Braxton Bragg reacted slowly, but he finally ordered Cleburne to halt Sherman's forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 47], "content_span": [48, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014027-0007-0001", "contents": "15th Texas Cavalry Regiment, History, 1863\u20131865\nIn the late afternoon, Cleburne deployed Smith's brigade on Tunnel Hill just in time to block Union soldiers from occupying it. Following some skirmishing, Sherman sent John M. Corse's brigade to attack Smith's Texans about 10:30 am on 25 November. A brief counterattack threw the Union troops back, but Smith and Colonel Mills were seriously wounded and Hiram B. Granbury of the 7th Texas took command of the Texas brigade. After Mills fell, Captain John R. Kennard assumed command of the 6th-10th-15th Texas. Major Sanders was shot and had to have his right arm amputated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 47], "content_span": [48, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014027-0007-0002", "contents": "15th Texas Cavalry Regiment, History, 1863\u20131865\nThe initial fighting was followed by uncoordinated and unsuccessful assaults by several Federal brigades. Confederate reinforcements soon arrived, but, as related by another Southern soldier, the Texans were reluctant to give up their position in the front line because, \"it was the first time they ever had a chance to fight the Yankees from behind breastworks and that they were rather enjoying it\". At 4:00 pm, Cleburne launched a major counterattack by striking the Federals' foothold with Alfred Cumming's brigade in front and the 6th-10th-15th Texas on the right flank. The effort proved entirely successful and chased the Union troops off Tunnel Hill, capturing many prisoners. The 15th Texas sustained losses of one killed, seven wounded, and two missing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 47], "content_span": [48, 811]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014027-0008-0000", "contents": "15th Texas Cavalry Regiment, History, 1863\u20131865\nThe 6th-10th-15th Texas fought at the Battle of Ringgold Gap on 27 November 1863. Cleburne deployed Granbury's brigade just to the north of the gap. Attacked by Charles R. Woods's Federal brigade, the Texans opened fire and routed the three leading Missouri regiments. At Ringgold Gap, the 15th Texas lost four men wounded and one captured. During the Atlanta Campaign in 1864, the 15th Texas Cavalry remained consolidated with the 6th Texas Infantry, but the 10th Texas became an independent regiment again.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 47], "content_span": [48, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014027-0008-0001", "contents": "15th Texas Cavalry Regiment, History, 1863\u20131865\nAt different times during the campaign, the 6th-15th Texas was commanded by Captains R. Fisher, Matthew M. Houston, J. W. Terrill, R. B. Tyus, S. E. Rice, and Lieutenant T. L. Flint. The Texas brigade, which consisted of the 7th and 10th Infantry, and the 17th-18th and 24th-25th Dismounted Cavalry, was led by Smith, Granbury, and Robert B. Young at various times.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 47], "content_span": [48, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014027-0008-0002", "contents": "15th Texas Cavalry Regiment, History, 1863\u20131865\nThe 6th-15th Texas fought at the Battle of Rocky Face Ridge, the Battle of Resaca, the Battle of Pickett's Mill, the Battle of Dallas, the Battle of Kennesaw Mountain, the Battle of Peachtree Creek, the Battle of Atlanta, and the Battle of Jonesborough. In these actions, the 15th Texas lost 13 killed, 58 wounded, and three captured.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 47], "content_span": [48, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014027-0009-0000", "contents": "15th Texas Cavalry Regiment, History, 1863\u20131865\nAfter the fall of Atlanta, John Bell Hood mounted an invasion of Tennessee in the Franklin\u2013Nashville Campaign. On 30 November, Hood launched a 3:30 pm assault with 38,000 men against 32,000 entrenched Federals under John Schofield. In the Battle of Franklin, the divisions of Cleburne and John C. Brown overran the Union rearguard and broke into the enemy position but were finally driven out by reserve formations. Nevertheless, repeated assaults continued until 9:00 pm when Hood called a halt. The Confederates suffered 6,252 casualties while Union losses were 2,326 of whom half were prisoners.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 47], "content_span": [48, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014027-0009-0001", "contents": "15th Texas Cavalry Regiment, History, 1863\u20131865\nCleburne, Granbury, and three other Confederate generals were killed. Granbury's brigade started the battle with 1,100 soldiers but ended it with only 450. The 15th Texas lost seven killed including Captain Houston, 10 wounded, and 13 missing. At the Battle of Nashville on 15\u201316 December, the division was led by Smith while the Granbury's former brigade was led by Captain E. T. Broughton and the 6th-15th Texas was commanded by Captain Tyus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 47], "content_span": [48, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014027-0010-0000", "contents": "15th Texas Cavalry Regiment, History, 1863\u20131865\nIn the Campaign of the Carolinas, the survivors of the Texas brigade were consolidated into a single unit, the 1st Texas under Lieutenant Colonel W. A. Ryan. The 1st Texas was part of Daniel Govan's brigade in Brown's division. Sherman's 60,000 Federal troops marched from Savannah, Georgia, through South Carolina, and into North Carolina before encountering significant resistance from 21,000 Confederate troops at the Battle of Averasborough on 16 March 1865 and the Battle of Bentonville on 19\u201321 March. Confederate army commander Joseph E. Johnston surrendered to Sherman on 26 April 1865. At the surrender, the 15th Texas Cavalry counted three officers, eight non-commissioned officers, 30 enlisted men, and two teamsters. Altogether, 1,200 men served in the regiment during the war. The last survivor of the 15th Cavalry, Alonzo L. Steele of Company F died on 6 December 1936 at Baytown, Texas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 47], "content_span": [48, 949]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014028-0000-0000", "contents": "15th The King's Hussars\nThe 15th The King's Hussars was a cavalry regiment in the British Army. First raised in 1759, it saw service over two centuries, including the First World War, before being amalgamated with the 19th Royal Hussars into the 15th/19th The King's Royal Hussars in 1922.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014028-0001-0000", "contents": "15th The King's Hussars, History, Early wars\nThe regiment was raised in the London area by George Augustus Eliott, 1st Baron Heathfield as Elliots Light Horse as the first of the new regiments of light dragoons in 1759. It was renamed the 15th Regiment of (Light) Dragoons in 1760. The regiment landed in Bremen in June 1760 for service in the Seven Years' War. The regiment were largely responsible for the victory, suffering 125 of the 186 allied casualties at the Battle of Emsdorf in July 1760.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 44], "content_span": [45, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014028-0001-0001", "contents": "15th The King's Hussars, History, Early wars\nLieutenant Colonel William Erskine, commanding the regiment, presented King George III with 16 colours captured by his regiment after the battle. During the battle the French commander, Major-General Christian-Sigismund von Glaubitz, was taken prisoner. The regiment charged the French rear guard twice at the Battle of Wilhelmsthal in June 1762 and then returned home in July 1763. In 1766 it was renamed for King George III as the 1st (or The King's Royal) Regiment of Light Dragoons, the number being an attempt to create a new numbering system for the light dragoon regiments. However, the old system was quickly re-established, with the regiment returning as the 15th (The King's) Regiment of (Light) Dragoons in 1769.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 44], "content_span": [45, 768]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014028-0002-0000", "contents": "15th The King's Hussars, History, Early wars\nThe regiment landed at Ostend in May 1793 for service in the Flanders Campaign and fought at the Battle of Famars in May 1793. It formed part of the besieging force at the Siege of Valenciennes in June 1793 and formed part of the covering force at the Siege of Dunkirk in August 1793 and at the Siege of Landrecies in April 1794. It undertook successful charges at the Battle of Villers-en-Cauchies in April 1794 and at the Battle of Willems in May 1794 and was present, but not actively engaged, at the Battle of Tournay later in May 1794. The regiment returned to England in December 1795 and was next in action at the Battle of Alkmaar in October 1799 during the Anglo-Russian invasion of Holland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 44], "content_span": [45, 745]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014028-0003-0000", "contents": "15th The King's Hussars, History, Napoleonic Wars\nThe regiment was reconstituted as a hussar regiment in 1807 as the 15th (The King's) Regiment of (Light) Dragoons (Hussars). It landed at Corunna in November 1808 for service in the Peninsular War and defeated two regiments of French cavalry at the Battle of Sahag\u00fan in December 1808. At the battle two French lieutenant colonels were captured and the French 1st Provisional Chasseurs \u00e0 cheval, who lost many men captured, ceased to exist as a viable regiment. However, the commanding officer of the 15th Hussars, Colonel Colquhoun Grant, was wounded in the battle. The regiment embarked at Corunna for their journey home in January 1809.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 49], "content_span": [50, 688]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014028-0004-0000", "contents": "15th The King's Hussars, History, Napoleonic Wars\nThe regiment were ordered to support Sir Arthur Wellesley's Army on the Iberian Peninsula and landed at Lisbon in February 1813. It took part in the Battle of Morales in June 1813 and the Battle of Vitoria later in the month. It then pursued the French Army into France and supported the infantry at the Battle of Orthez in February 1814 and at the Battle of Toulouse in April 1814. It returned to England in July 1814. The regiment was recalled for the Hundred Days and landed at Ostend in May 1815: it took part in a charge at the Battle of Waterloo in June 1815 and returned to England in May 1816.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 49], "content_span": [50, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014028-0005-0000", "contents": "15th The King's Hussars, History, Peterloo\nThe regiment played a pivotal role in the notorious Peterloo Massacre in August 1819, when a 60,000 strong crowd calling for democratic reform were charged by the Yeomanry. Panic from the crowd was interpreted as an attack on the Yeomanry and the Hussars (led by Lieutenant Colonel Guy L'Estrange) were ordered in. The charge resulted in 15 fatalities and as many as 600 injured.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 42], "content_span": [43, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014028-0006-0000", "contents": "15th The King's Hussars, History, Victorian era\nThe title of the regiment was simplified in 1861 to the 15th (The King's) Hussars. It was stationed in Ireland between July 1824 and May 1827 and between April 1834 and May 1837. It was then stationed in India between spring 1840 and 1854. The regiment returned to India in 1867 and moved on to Afghanistan in 1878 for service in the Second Anglo-Afghan War before being deployed to South Africa in January 1881 for service in the First Boer War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 47], "content_span": [48, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014028-0007-0000", "contents": "15th The King's Hussars, History, First World War\nThe regiment, which was stationed at Longmoor at the start of the First World War, landed at Rouen in France on 18 August 1914: the squadrons were attached to different infantry divisions to form the divisional reconnaissance element: A Squadron was attached to 3rd Division, B Squadron was attached to 2nd Division and C Squadron was attached to 1st Division. On 14 April 1915, the squadrons returned to regimental control and the regiment was placed under the command of the 9th Cavalry Brigade in the 1st Cavalry Division. The regiment remained on the Western Front throughout the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 49], "content_span": [50, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014028-0007-0001", "contents": "15th The King's Hussars, History, First World War\nIt participated in most of the major actions where cavalry were used as a mounted mobile force. They were also used as dismounted troops and served effectively as infantry. On 11 November 1918, orders were received that the 1st Cavalry Division would lead the advance of the Second Army into Germany, by 6 December 1918, having passed through Namur, the division secured the Rhine bridgehead at Cologne.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 49], "content_span": [50, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014028-0008-0000", "contents": "15th The King's Hussars, History, Post war\nAfter service in the First World War, the regiment, retitled as the 15th The King's Hussars in 1921 was amalgamated with the 19th Royal Hussars into the 15th/19th The King's Royal Hussars in 1922.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 42], "content_span": [43, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014028-0009-0000", "contents": "15th The King's Hussars, Regimental museum\nThe regimental collection is held by the Discovery Museum in Newcastle upon Tyne.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 42], "content_span": [43, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014029-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Tony Awards\nThe 15th Annual Tony Awards took place on April 16, 1961, in the Waldorf-Astoria Grand Ballroom in New York City. The ceremony was broadcast on local television station WCBS-TV (Channel 2) in New York City. The Master of Ceremonies was Phil Silvers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014029-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Tony Awards, The ceremony\nPresenters: Anna Maria Alberghetti, Anne Bancroft, Ray Bolger, Carol Channing, Henry Fonda, Joan Fontaine, Robert Goulet, Helen Hayes, Celeste Holm, Fredric March, Mary Martin, Helen Menken, Patricia Neal, Paul Newman, Geraldine Page, Sidney Poitier, Robert Preston, Jason Robards, Gig Young.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 30], "content_span": [31, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014030-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Transport Aviation Brigade (Ukraine)\nThe 15th Transport Aviation Brigade \"Aircraft Designer Oleg Antonov\" is a formation of the Ukrainian Air Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014030-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Transport Aviation Brigade (Ukraine), History\nIn 1995, the regiment received Antonov An-30B aircraft and personnel from the disbanded 86th Independent Long-Range Reconnaissance Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 50], "content_span": [51, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014030-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Transport Aviation Brigade (Ukraine), History\nOn February 17, 1997, the 1st ATR was reformed as the 15th Transport Aviation Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 50], "content_span": [51, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014030-0003-0000", "contents": "15th Transport Aviation Brigade (Ukraine), History\nIn 2001 the Brigade was known as 15th Aviation Special Purpose Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 50], "content_span": [51, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014030-0004-0000", "contents": "15th Transport Aviation Brigade (Ukraine), History\nIn 2008, officers of the unit restored the children's aircraft modeling laboratory from scratch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 50], "content_span": [51, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014030-0005-0000", "contents": "15th Transport Aviation Brigade (Ukraine), History, Russo-Ukrainian war\nSince the spring of 2014, the unit's servicemen have taken part in the war in eastern Ukraine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 71], "content_span": [72, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014030-0006-0000", "contents": "15th Transport Aviation Brigade (Ukraine), History, Russo-Ukrainian war\nOn August 22, 2018, by the Decree of the President of Ukraine, the 15th Transport Aviation Brigade was awarded the honorary title \"after the aircraft designer Oleg Antonov\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 71], "content_span": [72, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014031-0000-0000", "contents": "15th United States Colored Infantry Regiment\nThe 15th United States Colored Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. The regiment was composed of African American enlisted men commanded by white officers and was authorized by the Bureau of Colored Troops which was created by the United States War Department on May 22, 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014031-0001-0000", "contents": "15th United States Colored Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 15th U.S. Colored Infantry was organized in Nashville, Tennessee beginning December 2, 1863 and mustered in for three-year service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 53], "content_span": [54, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014031-0002-0000", "contents": "15th United States Colored Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to Post and District of Nashville, Department of the Cumberland, to August 1864. Post of Springfield, District of Nashville, Department of the Cumberland, to March 1865. 5th Sub-District, District of Middle Tennessee, Department of the Cumberland, to April 1866.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 53], "content_span": [54, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014031-0003-0000", "contents": "15th United States Colored Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 15th U.S. Colored Infantry mustered out of service April 7, 1866.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 53], "content_span": [54, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014031-0004-0000", "contents": "15th United States Colored Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nGarrison and guard duty at Nashville, Columbia, and Pulaski, Tennessee, until June 1864. Post duty at Springfield, Tennessee, and in District of Middle Tennessee until April 1866.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 62], "content_span": [63, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014032-0000-0000", "contents": "15th United States Congress\nThe 15th United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, consisting of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in the Old Brick Capitol in Washington, D.C. from March 4, 1817, to March 4, 1819, during the first two years of James Monroe's presidency. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the Third Census of the United States in 1810. Both chambers had a Democratic-Republican majority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014032-0001-0000", "contents": "15th United States Congress, Letter of December 1818\nTwo major treaties with the United Kingdom were approved, finalized and signed during the 15th Congress, both the Rush\u2013Bagot Treaty and the Treaty of 1818, both of which pertained to the United States-Canada border, and both of which were overwhelmingly popular in the United States. President James Monroe and Secretary of State John Quincy Adams were credited with the accomplishments. A letter signed by many members of congress expressing \"Gratitude, amity and brotherhood with Great Britain\" was addressed to British Prime Minister Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool, British Secretary of State for War and the Colonies Henry Bathurst, 3rd", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 52], "content_span": [53, 702]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014032-0001-0001", "contents": "15th United States Congress, Letter of December 1818\nEarl Bathurst, British foreign secretary Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh and Britain's minister plenipotentiary and envoy extraordinaire to the United States Charles Bagot. The letter also attacked King Louis XVIII of France for insulting remarks he had made towards American diplomats and about the United States, as well as his refusal to pay reparations owed to the United States from damages incurred during the Quasi-War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 52], "content_span": [53, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014032-0001-0002", "contents": "15th United States Congress, Letter of December 1818\nThe letter was signed in December of 1818 by Joel Abbot, Thomas W. Cobb, Zadock Cook, Joel Crawford, John Forsyth, William Terrell, Charles Tait, William Smith, John Gaillard, Henry Middleton, William Lowndes, James Ervin, Joseph Bellinger, Starling Tucker, Eldred Simkins, Elias Earle, Wilson Nesbitt, Stephen Decatur Miller, Montfort Stokes, Nathaniel Macon, Lemuel Sawyer, Joseph Hunter Bryan, Thomas H. Hall, Jesse Slocumb, James Owen, Weldon Nathaniel Edwards, James Stewart, James Strudwick Smith, Thomas Settle, George Mumford, Daniel Munroe Forney, Felix Walker, Lewis Williams, John J. Crittenden, Isham Talbot, David Trimble, Henry Clay, Richard Mentor Johnson, Joseph Desha, Anthony New, David Walker, George Robertson, Richard Clough Anderson Jr., Tunstall Quarles, Thomas Speed, William Hendricks, James Noble, Waller Taylor, John Eaton, John Williams, John Rhea, William Grainger Blount, Francis Jones, Samuel E. Hogg, Thomas Claiborne, George W.L. Marr, George Poindexter, Prentiss Mellen, Harrison Gray Otis, Enoch Lincoln, Jonathan Mason, Nathaniel Silsbee, Jeremiah Nelson, Timothy Fuller, Elijah H. Mills, Samuel Clesson Allen, Henry Shaw, Zabdiel Sampson, Walter Folger Jr., Marcus Morton, Benjamin Adams, Solomon Strong, Nathaniel Ruggles, John Holmes, Ezekiel Whitman, Benjamin Orr, John Wilson, Thomas Rice, Joshua Gage and Albion Parris, all of whom also voted to ratify both of the aforementioned treaties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 52], "content_span": [53, 1484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014032-0001-0003", "contents": "15th United States Congress, Letter of December 1818\nSeveral governors also signed the letter, which was entirely symbolic and intended as a gesture of goodwill, including Gabriel Slaughter, William Rabun, John Geddes, John Branch, John Brooks, James Patton Preston and David Holmes. This was significant because the governors and the members of congress were from different regions (both Massachusetts and several southern states were represented), and because signers came from both the Whig Party and the Democratic-Republicans. Many members of congress and Washington DC had a very hostile relationship with France's notoriously combative ambassador Jean-Guillaume, baron Hyde de Neuville, which contributed to the letters contents as per France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 52], "content_span": [53, 750]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014032-0002-0000", "contents": "15th United States Congress, Party summary\nThe count below identifies party affiliations at the beginning of the first session of this congress. Changes resulting from subsequent replacements are shown below in the \"Changes in membership\" section.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 42], "content_span": [43, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014032-0003-0000", "contents": "15th United States Congress, Party summary, Senate\nDuring this congress, two Senate seats were added for each of the new states of Mississippi and Illinois.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 50], "content_span": [51, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014032-0004-0000", "contents": "15th United States Congress, Party summary, House of Representatives\nDuring this congress, one House seat was added for each of the new states of Mississippi and Illinois.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 68], "content_span": [69, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014032-0005-0000", "contents": "15th United States Congress, Members\nThis list is arranged by chamber, then by state. Senators are listed by class and representatives are listed by district.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014032-0006-0000", "contents": "15th United States Congress, Members, Senate\nSenators were elected by the state legislatures every two years, with one-third beginning new six-year terms with each Congress. Preceding the names in the list below are Senate class numbers, which indicate the cycle of their election. In this Congress, Class 1 meant their term began in the last Congress, requiring re-election in 1820; Class 2 meant their term began with this Congress, requiring re-election in 1822; and Class 3 meant their term ended with this Congress, requiring re-election in 1818.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 44], "content_span": [45, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014032-0007-0000", "contents": "15th United States Congress, Members, House of Representatives\nThe names of members of the House of Representatives are preceded by their district numbers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 62], "content_span": [63, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014032-0008-0000", "contents": "15th United States Congress, Members, House of Representatives, Maryland\nThe 5th district was a plural district with two representatives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 72], "content_span": [73, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014032-0009-0000", "contents": "15th United States Congress, Members, House of Representatives, New York\nThere were six plural districts, the 1st, 2nd, 12th, 15th, 20th & 21st, each had two representatives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 72], "content_span": [73, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014032-0010-0000", "contents": "15th United States Congress, Members, House of Representatives, Pennsylvania\nThere were six plural districts, the 2nd, 3rd, 5th, 6th & 10th had two representatives each, the 1st had four representatives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 76], "content_span": [77, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014032-0011-0000", "contents": "15th United States Congress, Changes in membership\nThe count below reflects changes from the beginning of the first session of this Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 50], "content_span": [51, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014033-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Vanier Cup\nThe 15th Vanier Cup was played on November 17, 1979, at Varsity Stadium in Toronto, Ontario, and decided the CIAU football champion for the 1979 season. The Acadia Axemen won their first ever championship by defeating the Western Mustangs by a score of 34-12.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014034-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Venice International Film Festival\nThe 15th Venice International Film Festival was held from 22 August to 7 September 1954. Writer Ignazio Silone was appointed as president of the jury. The Golden Lion was awarded to Romeo and Juliet, directed by Renato Castellani.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014034-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Venice International Film Festival, Official selection, In Competition\nThe following films were selected for the main international competition:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 75], "content_span": [76, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014034-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Venice International Film Festival, Awards, Official selection\nThe following official awards were presented at the 15th edition:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 67], "content_span": [68, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014035-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Vermont Infantry Regiment\nThe 15th Vermont Infantry Regiment was a nine months' infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War. It served in the eastern theater, predominantly in the Defenses of Washington, from October 1862 to August 1863. It was a member of the 2nd Vermont Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014035-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Vermont Infantry Regiment, History\nThe 15th Vermont Infantry, a nine months regiment, raised as a result of President Lincoln's call on August 4, 1862, for additional troops due to the disastrous results of the Peninsula Campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014035-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Vermont Infantry Regiment, History\nIt was composed of volunteers from Caledonia, Orleans, Orange and Windsor counties, as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014035-0003-0000", "contents": "15th Vermont Infantry Regiment, History\nColonel Redfield Proctor, previously of the 3rd and 5th Vermont regiments, was selected to command the regiment. He would later serve as Governor of Vermont. William W. Grout, the regiment's lieutenant colonel, would later serve in the U.S. Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014035-0004-0000", "contents": "15th Vermont Infantry Regiment, History\nThe regiment went into camp at Brattleboro on October 8, 1862, occupying barracks just vacated the day before by the 12th Vermont Infantry, and was mustered into United States service on October 22. It left Vermont on October 23, and arrived in Washington, D.C. on October 26; the next day it joined the 14th Vermont Infantry and some Maine regiments in Camp Chase, in Arlington, Virginia, then returned to camp on East Capitol Hill, and on October 30 became part of the 2nd Vermont Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014035-0005-0000", "contents": "15th Vermont Infantry Regiment, History\nThe regiment marched to Munson's Hill on October 30, and Hunting Creek the next day, where it stayed until November 26. It performed picket duty at Occoquan Creek from November 26, to December 4, when it moved to \"Camp Vermont\" until December 12. It engaged in further picket duty near Fairfax Courthouse until December 20, then moved to Fairfax Station until March 24. From March 24 to May 7 it was at Union Mills, followed by nearly two weeks at Bealeton. It returned to Union Mills until mid-June, then for ten days elements of the regiment were stations at Bristoe Station, Catlett's Station and Manassas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014035-0006-0000", "contents": "15th Vermont Infantry Regiment, History\nOn June 25, the brigade was assigned as the 3rd Brigade, 3rd Division, I Corps, and ordered to form the rear guard of the Army of the Potomac as it marched north after Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia. The 15th marched with the brigade from Wolf Run Shoals on June 25, crossed the Potomac River on June 27, at Edward's Ferry, and moved north through Frederick and Creagerstown, Maryland. It was drawing near Gettysburg on July 1, when the 12th and 15th regiments were detached to guard the corps trains. The two regiments accompanied the corps trains to Rock Creek Church, near the battlefield.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014035-0007-0000", "contents": "15th Vermont Infantry Regiment, History\nAfter the battle, regiment participated in the pursuit of Lee's Army of Northern Virginia across the Catoctin mountains to Middletown, Maryland, then back over South Mountain, through Boonsboro, to Williamsport by July 14. The regiment marched to Harper's Ferry, across South Mountain again, and camped near Petersville, near Berlin (present-day Brunswick). On July 18, the regiment was released, taking a train from Berlin to Baltimore. It reached New York City on July 20, spent two uneventful days there during the Draft riots, then continued on to Brattleboro, where it mustered out on August 5.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014035-0008-0000", "contents": "15th Vermont Infantry Regiment, History\nLike the other regiments in the 2nd Vermont Brigade, dozens of newly discharged members from the 15th regiment enlisted again, predominantly in the regiments of the 1st Vermont Brigade, and the 17th Vermont Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014036-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Vietnam Film Festival\nThe 15th Vietnam Film Festival was held from November 20 to November 24, 2007 in Nam \u0110\u1ecbnh City, Nam \u0110\u1ecbnh Province, Vietnam, with the slogan \"For a reformed and integrated Vietnam cinema\" (Vietnamese: \"V\u00ec m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n \u0111i\u1ec7n \u1ea3nh Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi v\u00e0 h\u1ed9i nh\u1eadp\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014036-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Vietnam Film Festival, Event\nThis is the first Film Festival with the participation of overseas Vietnamese filmmakers and foreign collaborative films. There were 113 films in attendance at the Film Festival: 25 feature films, 9 direct-to-video feature film, 53 documentary films, 9 science films v\u00e0 17 animated films. The jury only awarded 2 Golden Lotus, one for the feature film: \"H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i\" and the other for the science film \"S\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng \u1edf r\u1eebng C\u00fac Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 33], "content_span": [34, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014036-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Vietnam Film Festival, Event, Participation\nThis is the first film festival where the feature film section has a very high diversity: foreign elements, privately funded films, films by young directors, high-budget films, etc. The participation of 25 feature films comes from 9 units, of which 5 are state owned and 4 are private.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 48], "content_span": [49, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014036-0003-0000", "contents": "15th Vietnam Film Festival, Event, Participation\nWithin the prescribed time limit (from August 16, 2004 to August 16, 2007), a total of private film studios produced more than 15 feature films, 4-5 times more than at the time of the 14th festival.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 48], "content_span": [49, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014036-0004-0000", "contents": "15th Vietnam Film Festival, Event, Participation\nAs expected by the Organizing Committee, September 6, 2007 is the deadline to register to attend the 15th National Film Festival. But after this date, there are only 18 feature films, of which only the film \"D\u00f2ng m\u00e1u anh h\u00f9ng\" of Ch\u00e1nh Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Film, registering to participate. According to Mr. L\u00ea Ng\u1ecdc Minh - Deputy Director of the Vietnam Cinema Department, some studios mistook the deadline for September 30, 2007, so the organizers postponed the deadline to this date, so after September 6, the Private film studios continue to receive invitations from the Cinema Department.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 48], "content_span": [49, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014036-0005-0000", "contents": "15th Vietnam Film Festival, Event, Participation\nThe 15th National Film Festival Organizing Committee also sent invitations to foreign film delegations such as the US, Russia, China, Japan, Korea, Laos, Cambodia (including managers, film artists) to attend. Foreign delegations brought films to screen in the outer circle with the nature of welcome, exchange and discussion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 48], "content_span": [49, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014036-0006-0000", "contents": "15th Vietnam Film Festival, Event, Jury\nThe judges were divided into 4 panels with 4 heads including: \u0110\u1eb7ng Nh\u1eadt Minh (feature film), V\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u1ee9c (direct-to-video feature film), Tr\u1ea7n Th\u1ebf D\u00e2n (documentary and science film), Mai Long (animated film). According to the new regulations of this year's Film Festival, the Head of Jury is also the official spokesman before the mouthpieces about the contents of the Film Festival.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 39], "content_span": [40, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014036-0007-0000", "contents": "15th Vietnam Film Festival, Event, Jury\nThis year, documentaries and scientific films are separated to award the Golden and Silver Lotus Awards, not together as every year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 39], "content_span": [40, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014036-0008-0000", "contents": "15th Vietnam Film Festival, Event, Jury\nFor feature films, before the first screening of each film, the Organizing Committee will distribute votes to the audience to choose their favorite movies. This is considered an award voted by film festival audiences.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 39], "content_span": [40, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014036-0009-0000", "contents": "15th Vietnam Film Festival, Event, Activities\nInstead of holding the opening ceremony in the hall as usual, the opening ceremony of the 15th Film Festival was held in the square, in front of the Tr\u1ea7n H\u01b0ng \u0110\u1ea1o monument with the participation of thousands of guests and the people of Nam \u0110\u1ecbnh city. After the opening ceremony, there will be three large audience interactions with movie artists held at 3 locations: Nam \u0110\u1ecbnh City Sports Arena, the square in front of B\u00f9i Chu Church and the square of Phu Day cultural tourist area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 45], "content_span": [46, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014036-0010-0000", "contents": "15th Vietnam Film Festival, Event, Activities\nFilms participating in the festival will be released in turn at cinemas in Nam \u0110\u1ecbnh city: Th\u00e1ng 8, Kim \u0110\u1ed3ng, Minh Khai, Student Cinema Center. Movie screenings in the evening will feature artists interacting with the audience. On this occasion, a talk and professional exchange at V\u1ecb Ho\u00e0ng Hotel on the morning of November 22 was held to discuss the direction for Vietnamese cinema in the trend of integration and development, with the participation of many experts. face of international guests.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 45], "content_span": [46, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014036-0011-0000", "contents": "15th Vietnam Film Festival, Event, Inadequacy\nAt this festival, the organizers distribute tickets to each agency and organization. This leads to the situation when the movie is shown, in one place the audience is all soldiers, in other places it is all workers or students. Thus, if there are lucky movies, they will find their right audience, and if there are unlucky movies, they will have to suffer from the wrong audience.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 45], "content_span": [46, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014036-0012-0000", "contents": "15th Vietnam Film Festival, Event, Inadequacy\nThe film festival also received a series of criticisms about the organization, the lack of respect for the artists, the inadequacy in the judging criteria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 45], "content_span": [46, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014036-0013-0000", "contents": "15th Vietnam Film Festival, Event, Inadequacy\nAccording to the information that the press present in Nam \u0110\u1ecbnh received before the closing ceremony, most of the members of the Jury gave their votes to \"M\u00f9a len tr\u00e2u\". The belief that \"M\u00f9a len tr\u00e2u\" won the award was further strengthened when director Nguy\u1ec5n V\u00f5 Nghi\u00eam Minh won the Best Director award. The result of the Golden Lotus given to \"H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i\" surprised everyone present in the final night, apart from the judges. Before that, \"H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i\" was never on the list of strong candidates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 45], "content_span": [46, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014037-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Virginia Cavalry Regiment\nThe 15th Virginia Volunteer Cavalry Regiment was a cavalry regiment raised in Virginia for service in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. It fought mostly with the Army of Northern Virginia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014037-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Virginia Cavalry Regiment\nVirginia's 15th Cavalry Regiment was formed in September 1862, by consolidating the 14th and 15th Battalions, Virginia Cavalry. The 14th Battalion, Virginia Cavalry (also called the Chesapeake Battalion) was organized in May 1862, with four companies. It included three companies from the 5th Regiment Virginia Cavalry in the Provisional Confederate Army. The unit served under General Daniel at Malvern Hill, then was assigned to Robert Ransom's Brigade. Major Edgar Burroughs was in command when it was consolidated. The 15th Battalion, Virginia Cavalry (also called the Northern Neck Rangers) was also organized during the spring of 1862 with four companies. Attached to the Army of Northern Virginia, the unit served under J.E.B. Stuart. Major John Critcher was in command when it was consolidated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 833]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014037-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Virginia Cavalry Regiment\nThe consolidated unit served in W.H.F. Lee's, Lomax's, and Payne's Brigade, Army of Northern Virginia. It was active in the Chancellorsville Campaign and later reported 2 killed and 14 wounded during the operations around Bristoe. The regiment continued the fight at Mine Run and The Wilderness, then saw action about Cold Harbor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014037-0003-0000", "contents": "15th Virginia Cavalry Regiment\nIt moved with Early to the Shenandoah Valley and on November 8, 1864, was absorbed by the 5th Virginia Cavalry. The field officers were Colonels William B. Ball and Charles R. Collins, Lieutenant Colonel John Critcher, and Major Edgar Burroughs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014038-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Virginia Infantry Regiment\nThe 15th Virginia Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment raised in Virginia for service in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. It fought mostly with the Army of Northern Virginia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014038-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Virginia Infantry Regiment\n15th Virginia was organized in May 1861, with men from Richmond and Henrico and Hanover counties. The regiment was brigaded under McLaws, Semmes, and Corse, Army of Northern Virginia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014038-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Virginia Infantry Regiment\nIt fought with the army from the Seven Days' Battles to Fredericksburg, then was involved in Longstreet's Suffolk Expedition. During the Gettysburg Campaign, the 15th was on detached duty, and after serving in Tennessee and North Carolina participated in the battles at Drewry's Bluff and Cold Harbor. Later it took its place in the Petersburg trenches north and south of the James River and ended the war at Appomattox.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014038-0003-0000", "contents": "15th Virginia Infantry Regiment\nThis unit contained 476 effectives in April, 1862, reported 1 killed and 8 wounded at Malvern Hill, and lost fifty-nine percent of the 128 engaged at Sharpsburg. Many were captured at Sayler's Creek, and on April 9, 1865, it surrendered with 69 officers and men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014038-0004-0000", "contents": "15th Virginia Infantry Regiment\nThe field officers were Colonel Thomas P. August; Lieutenant Colonels James R. Crenshaw, Emmett M. Morrison, Thomas G. Peyton, and St. George Tucker; and Majors C.H. Clarke and John S. Walker.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014039-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Virginia Regiment\nThe 15th Virginia Regiment was authorized on September 16, 1776, as a part of the Virginia Line for service with the Continental Army under the command of David Mason. All or part of the regiment saw action at Brandywine, Germantown, Monmouth, and the Siege of Charleston where all of the Regiment was captured in the last. The regiment was disbanded on January 1, 1781.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014040-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Visual Effects Society Awards\nThe 15th Visual Effects Society Awards was held in Los Angeles on February 7, 2017, in honor to the best visual effects in film and television of 2016. The nominations were announced on January 10, 2017. The Jungle Book took five awards at the ceremony.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014040-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Film\nThe Jungle Book \u2013 Robert Legato, Joyce Cox, Andrew R. Jones, Adam Valdez, JD Schwalm", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014040-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Film\nDeepwater Horizon \u2013 Craig Hammack, Petra Holtorf-Stratton, Jason Snell, John Galloway, Burt Dalton", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014040-0003-0000", "contents": "15th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Film\nKubo and the Two Strings \u2013 Travis Knight, Arianne Sutner, Steve Emerson, Brad Schiff", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014040-0004-0000", "contents": "15th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Film\nThe Jungle Book  \u2013 King Louie \u2013 Paul Story, Dennis Yoo, Jack Tema, Andrei Coval", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014040-0005-0000", "contents": "15th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Film\nFinding Dory \u2013 Hank \u2013 Jonathan Hoffman, Steven Clay Hunter, Mark Piretti, Audrey Wong", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014040-0006-0000", "contents": "15th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Film\nDoctor Strange \u2013 New York City \u2013 Adam Watkins, Martinjn van Herk, Tim Belsher, Jon Mitchell", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014040-0007-0000", "contents": "15th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Film\nMoana \u2013 Motonui Island \u2013 Rob Dressel, Andy Harkness, Brien Hindman, Larry Wu", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014040-0008-0000", "contents": "15th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Film\nThe Jungle Book \u2013 Bill Pope, Robert Legato, Gary Roberts, John Brennan", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014040-0009-0000", "contents": "15th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Film\nDeepwater Horizon \u2013 Deepwater Horizon Rig \u2013 Kelvin Lau, Jean Bolte, Kevin Sprout, Kim Vongbunyong", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014040-0010-0000", "contents": "15th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Film\nThe Jungle Book \u2013 Nature Effects \u2013 Oliver Winwood, Fabian Nowak, David Schneider, Ludovic Ramisandraina", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014040-0011-0000", "contents": "15th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Film\nMoana \u2013 Marc Henry Bryant, David Hutchins, John M. Kosnik, Dale Mayeda", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014040-0012-0000", "contents": "15th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Film\nThe Jungle Book \u2013 Christoph Salzmann, Masaki Mitchell, Matthew Adams, Max Stummer", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014040-0013-0000", "contents": "15th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Television\nGame of Thrones \u2013 \"Battle of the Bastards\" \u2013 Joe Bauer, Steve Kullback, Glenn Melenhorst, Matthew Rouleau, Sam Conway", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 68], "content_span": [69, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014040-0014-0000", "contents": "15th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Television\nBlack Sails \u2013 \"XX\" \u2013 Erik Henry, Terron Pratt, Aladino Debert, Yafei Wu, Paul Stephenson", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 68], "content_span": [69, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014040-0015-0000", "contents": "15th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Television\nJohn Lewis \u2013 Buster the Boxer \u2013 Diarmid Harrison-Murray, Hannah Ruddleston, Fabian Frank, William Laban", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 68], "content_span": [69, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014040-0016-0000", "contents": "15th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Television\nGame of Thrones \u2013 \"Battle of the Bastards\" \u2013 Drogon \u2013 James Kinnings, Michael Holzi, Matt Derksen, Joeseph Hoback", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 68], "content_span": [69, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014040-0017-0000", "contents": "15th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Television\nJohn Lewis \u2013 Buster the Boxer \u2013 Tim van Hussen, David Bryan, Chloe Dawe, Maximillian Mallman", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 68], "content_span": [69, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014040-0018-0000", "contents": "15th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Television\nGame of Thrones \u2013 \"Battle of the Bastards\" \u2013 Meereen City \u2013 Deak Ferrand, Dominic Daigle, Francois Croteau, Alexandru Banuta", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 68], "content_span": [69, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014040-0019-0000", "contents": "15th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Television\nGame of Thrones \u2013 \"Battle of the Bastards\" \u2013 Meereen City \u2013 Thomas Hullin, Dominik Kirouac, James Dong, Xavier Fourmond", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 68], "content_span": [69, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014040-0020-0000", "contents": "15th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Television\nGame of Thrones \u2013 \"Battle of the Bastards\" \u2013 Retaking Winterfell \u2013 Dominic Hellier, Morgan Jones, Thijs Noij, Caleb Thompson", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 68], "content_span": [69, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014040-0021-0000", "contents": "15th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Television\nJohn Lewis \u2013 Buster the Boxer \u2013 Tom Harding, Alex Snookes, David Filipe, Andreas Feix", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 68], "content_span": [69, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014040-0022-0000", "contents": "15th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Other categories\nPirates of the Caribbean \u2013 Battle for the Sunken Treasure \u2013 Bill George, Amy Jupiter, Hayden Landis, David Lester", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 74], "content_span": [75, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014040-0023-0000", "contents": "15th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Other categories\nBreaking Point \u2013 Johannes Franz, Nicole Rothermel, Thomas Sali, Alexander Richter", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 74], "content_span": [75, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014041-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Latvian)\nThe 15th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Latvian) (German: 15. Waffen-Grenadier-Division der SS (lettische Nr. 1)), Latvian: 15. iero\u010du SS grenadieru div\u012bzija (latvie\u0161u Nr. 1)) was an Infantry Division of the Waffen-SS during World War II. It was formed in February 1943, and together with its sister unit, the 19th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (2nd Latvian) formed the Latvian Legion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [54, 54], "content_span": [55, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014041-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Latvian), World War II\nAfter forming of Latvian Police Battalions in Reichskommissariat Ostland, Heinrich Himmler formed Latvian legion (Lettische SS-Freiwilligen-Legion) in January 1943. In February 1943 Lettische SS-Freiwilligen-Division was formed which later received the numerical designation 15. The Legion was renamed the Lettische SS-Freiwilligen-Brigade, with the numerical designation added soon after.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 68], "content_span": [69, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014041-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Latvian), World War II\nUnlawful conscription of Latvians for military service by the Germans was based on Alfred Rosenberg's compulsory labor decree of 19 December 1941. It was carried out by Department of Labor of the Latvian Self Administration, commencing in early 1943 with the compulsory recruitment of Latvian citizens born between 1919 and 1924. The 15th Waffen SS, together with the 19th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (2nd Latvian) formed the Latvian Legion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 68], "content_span": [69, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014041-0003-0000", "contents": "15th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Latvian), World War II\nThe 15th Waffen SS was swept up in the chaos of the collapse of the Eastern Front and lost much of its manpower fighting in districts surrounding Leningrad (Ostrov, Novosokolniki and Novgorod Oblast). In September 1944 the surviving elements of the division were sent by boat to Danzig. The division fought on the Pomeranian Wall defences and then retreated through Pomerania and Germany to Berlin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 68], "content_span": [69, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014041-0004-0000", "contents": "15th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Latvian), World War II\nPart of the division with a total of 824 men under Waffen-Standartenf\u00fchrer Vilis Janums, surrendered 27 April 1945 to the advancing Americans at G\u00fctergl\u00fcck near the Elbe River. Other elements of the Division, amounting to approximately 4,500 men, surrendered to the Americans south of Schwerin on 2 May 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 68], "content_span": [69, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014042-0000-0000", "contents": "15th West Virginia Infantry Regiment\nThe 15th West Virginia Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014042-0001-0000", "contents": "15th West Virginia Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 15th West Virginia Infantry Regiment was organized at Wheeling in western Virginia between August and October 1862, and was mustered out on June 14, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014042-0002-0000", "contents": "15th West Virginia Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe 15th West Virginia Infantry Regiment suffered 3 officers and 50 enlisted men killed in battle or died from wounds, and 1 officer and 99 enlisted men dead from disease for a total of 153 fatalities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014043-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Wing\nThe 15th Wing is a wing of the United States Air Force at Joint Base Pearl Harbor-Hickam, Hawaii. The wing reports to 11th Air Force, Headquartered at Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson, Alaska.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014043-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Wing\nIts history goes back to just before World War II, when the 15th Pursuit Group was organized at Wheeler Field, Hawaii from elements of the 18th Pursuit Group. The group's combat effectiveness was largely destroyed during the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941. Remanned and re-equipped as the 15th Fighter Group, it remained in the Hawaiian islands to provide for the air defense of the islands, although it deployed squadrons and detachments to the Central and Western Pacific areas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014043-0001-0001", "contents": "15th Wing\nIt later became a Twentieth Air Force very long range fighter group on Iwo Jima, escorting Boeing B-29 Superfortress bombers that attacked the Japanese home Islands. In April 1945 the group earned a Distinguished Unit Citation for combat action over Japan. Following the end of the war, the group returned to Hawaii, where it was inactivated in 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014043-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Wing\nThe group was again activated in 1955 to replace the 518th Air Defense Group as part of Air Defense Command's Project Arrow, which replaced units formed during the Cold War with those that had a distinguished history in the two world wars. It performed the air defense mission at Niagara Falls Municipal Airport, New York until it was discontinued in 1960 and its mission assumed by the New York Air National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014043-0003-0000", "contents": "15th Wing\nIn July 1962, Tactical Air Command organized the 15th Tactical Fighter Wing as the second McDonnell F-4 Phantom II wing at MacDill Air Force Base, Florida. Although its companion 12th Tactical Fighter Wing was one of the first wings deployed during the Vietnam War, the 15th acted as an F-4 combat crew training unit during this era, although it assumed a tactical role during the Cuban Missile Crisis and the Pueblo crisis. In 1970 the wing was inactivated and its mission, personnel and equipment were transferred to the 1st Tactical Fighter Wing, which moved on paper to MacDill from Hamilton Air Force Base, California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014043-0004-0000", "contents": "15th Wing\nLittle more than a year later, the wing returned to Hawaii as the 15th Air Base Wing, when it replaced the 6486th Air Base Wing as the host organization at Hickam Air Force Base. The wing has been stationed at Hickam (now Joint Base Pearl Harbor-Hickam) since then. In 1984, the 15th group and 15th wing were consolidated into a single unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014043-0005-0000", "contents": "15th Wing, Mission\nThe mission of the 15th Wing is to develop and sustain combat-ready airmen, in partnership with the total force, to provide global mobility, global reach, precision engagement, and agile combat support anytime, anywhere. The 15th Wing partners with the 154th Wing of the Hawaii Air National Guard to provide strategic and tactical airlift capability to Pacific Air Forces and Air Mobility Command and to support local and worldwide missions of combat support and humanitarian or disaster relief.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 18], "content_span": [19, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014043-0006-0000", "contents": "15th Wing, Mission\nTo execute its mission, the wing has established priorities: First, execute the mission; second ensure readiness; third develop the wing's airmen; fourth, grow resilient airmen and families; and fifth, strengthen partnerships.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 18], "content_span": [19, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014043-0007-0000", "contents": "15th Wing, Units\nThe 15 Wing is composed of three groups and one direct reporting squadron each with specific functions. The operations group controls all flying and airfield operations. The maintenance group performs aircraft and aircraft support equipment maintenance. The medical group provides medical and dental care. The 15th Comptroller Squadron performs financial management for the wing. The remaining functions of the wing are staff agencies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 16], "content_span": [17, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014043-0008-0000", "contents": "15th Wing, Units\nJoint Base Pearl Harbor-Hickam is also host to numerous tenant organizations. The Air Force side of the installation supports 140 tenant and associate units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 16], "content_span": [17, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014043-0009-0000", "contents": "15th Wing, History, World War II\nThe unit was originally constituted as the 15th Pursuit Group (Fighter) and was activated at Wheeler Field, Hawaii, on 1 December 1940 as part of the defense force for the Hawaiian Islands. The original squadrons of the group were the 45th,46th, and 47th Pursuit Squadrons. The group drew its cadre from the 18th Pursuit Group, which had been stationed at Wheeler since 1927. In addition to its primary combat aircraft the group flew the Curtiss A-12 Shrike, Grumman OA-9 Goose, Martin B-12 and Boeing P-26 Peashooter during the prewar period.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 32], "content_span": [33, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014043-0010-0000", "contents": "15th Wing, History, World War II\nA little more than a year later, on 7 December 1941, the group engaged in combat action during the Japanese attack on military installations in Hawaii. Bombing and strafing attacks that morning by carrier-based planes of the Japanese strike force destroyed many assigned aircraft and caused heavy casualties. However, twelve of the group's pilots succeeded in launching their Curtiss P-36 Hawk and Curtiss P-40 Warhawk aircraft from Wheeler and Haleiwa Fighter Strip, and flew 16 sorties, destroying 10 Japanese planes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 32], "content_span": [33, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014043-0010-0001", "contents": "15th Wing, History, World War II\nSecond Lieutenants George S. Welch and Kenneth M. Taylor, P-40 pilots assigned to the 47th Pursuit Squadron, shot down four and two Japanese aircraft, respectively, and were later cited for extraordinary heroism during the attack. Both received the Distinguished Service Cross. Because of the heavy casualties suffered by the group in the attack, it was remanned and reorganized.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 32], "content_span": [33, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014043-0011-0000", "contents": "15th Wing, History, World War II\nOn 12 February 1942, the unit was redesignated the 15th Pursuit Group (Interceptor). Several months later, the unit was redesignated the 15th Fighter Group. That summer, the group's mission changed. Although defense of the islands continued to be an important responsibility, continuing to provide combat training for fighter pilots with the Bell P-39 Airacobra, Curtiss P-40 Warhawk and the Republic P-47D Thunderbolt became the primary mission of the elements of the group remaining in Hawaii for the next two years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 32], "content_span": [33, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014043-0011-0001", "contents": "15th Wing, History, World War II\nIn August 1942, the 12th Fighter Squadron, which had deployed to the Southwest Pacific Theater and been attached to VII Fighter Command, was assigned to the group, although the squadron remained at Christmas Island during its assignment. The group also deployed other squadrons to the Central and South Pacific for operations against Japanese forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 32], "content_span": [33, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014043-0012-0000", "contents": "15th Wing, History, World War II\nThe following March, the 6th Night Fighter Squadron was assigned to the group. During this assignment, which lasted a little more than a year, the 6th kept detachments of its Douglas P-70 Havocs and Northrop P-61 Black Widows on Guadalcanal and New Guinea. In March 1943, the 78th Fighter Squadron was assigned to the group. The 78th in effect replaced the 46th Fighter Squadron, which moved to Makin Island and Canton Island for operations against the Japanese, although the 46th remained assigned to the group until June 1944. In September, the 45th squadron also deployed to the western Pacific for combat operations, leaving the 47th and 78th with group headquarters in Hawaii.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 32], "content_span": [33, 714]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014043-0013-0000", "contents": "15th Wing, History, World War II\nThen, in April 1944, the deployed elements of the 15th Fighter Group returned to Hawaii and began training for very long range bomber escort missions, obtaining North American P-51 Mustangs later in the year. In January 1945, ordered into combat, the group left Hawaii for Saipan in the Marianas Islands, remaining there until a landing strip could be secured by the Marines on Iwo Jima. The first fighter aircraft to arrive at Iwo Jima were P-51s of the 15th's 47th Fighter Squadron the morning of 6 March, with the 45th and 78th Squadrons following the next day. They supported Marine ground units by bombing and strafing cave entrances, trenches, troop concentrations, and storage areas. By the middle of March, the group also began strikes against enemy airfields, shipping, and military installations in the Bonin Islands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 32], "content_span": [33, 860]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014043-0014-0000", "contents": "15th Wing, History, World War II\nOn 7 April 1945, the 15th flew its first Very Long Range (VLR) mission to Japan, providing fighter escort for the Boeing B-29 Superfortress bombers that attacked the Nakajima aircraft plant near Tokyo, and was awarded the Distinguished Unit Citation. In late April and early May that year, the 15th struck Japanese airfields on Ky\u016bsh\u016b to curtail the enemy's suicide attacks against the invasion force on Okinawa and also hit enemy troop trains, small factories, gun positions, and hangars in the Bonins and Japan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 32], "content_span": [33, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014043-0015-0000", "contents": "15th Wing, History, World War II\nDuring the summer of 1945, the 15th Fighter Group (along with the 21st Fighter Group and the VII Fighter Command) were reassigned to Twentieth Air Force. The group continued its fighter sweeps against Japanese airfields and other targets, in addition to flying long-range B-29 Superfortress escort missions to Japanese cities, until the end of the war. After the war, the group remained on lwo Jima until 25 November 1945, when it transferred (without personnel and equipment) to Bellows Field, Hawaii. There it absorbed the personnel and equipment of the 508th Fighter Group. On 8 February 1946, the unit moved to Wheeler Field, where it remained until inactivated on 15 October 1946. Its personnel and equipment were transferred to the 81st Fighter Group, which assumed its mission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 32], "content_span": [33, 817]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014043-0016-0000", "contents": "15th Wing, History, Air Defense Command\nThe 15th was again activated on 18 August 1955 as the 15th Fighter Group (Air Defense) at Niagara Falls Municipal Airport, New York, where it replaced the 518th Air Defense Group as a result of Air Defense Command (ADC)'s Project Arrow, which was designed to bring back on the active list fighter units which had compiled memorable records during the two World Wars. There it was responsible for the air defense of an area that included Western and Northern New York and parts of Ontario, Canada.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 39], "content_span": [40, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014043-0016-0001", "contents": "15th Wing, History, Air Defense Command\nIt was reunited with one of its former units, now designated the 47th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron (FIS), which was already at Niagara Falls, where it had been assigned to the 518th. The group was also assigned several support squadrons to perform its mission as USAF host unit for the active duty portions of Niagara Falls Airport. (later 15th USAF Dispensary)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 39], "content_span": [40, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014043-0017-0000", "contents": "15th Wing, History, Air Defense Command\nThe 47th FIS was equipped with radar equipped and rocket armed North American F-86D Sabres. In the fall of 1957, the squadron upgraded to data link equipped F-86Ls and later, by the summer of 1958 to Convair F-102 Delta Dagger aircraft The group performed air defense operations for the 4707th Air Defense Wing and Syracuse Air Defense Sector until July 1960, when it was discontinued. Its mission was assumed by units of ADC's Air National Guard augmentation program.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 39], "content_span": [40, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014043-0018-0000", "contents": "15th Wing, History, Vietnam War Era\nOn 1 July 1962, the 15th Tactical Fighter Wing (TFW) was organized by Tactical Air Command at MacDill Air Force Base, Florida and assigned to the 836th Air Division. Operational squadrons of the wing and squadron tail codes were:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 35], "content_span": [36, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014043-0019-0000", "contents": "15th Wing, History, Vietnam War Era\nThe wing was initially equipped with the obsolescent Republic F-84F Thunderstreak which were obtained from Air National Guard units. In 1964 the wing upgraded to the McDonnell-Douglas F-4C Phantom II. The 15 TFW was the second wing to be equipped with the F-4.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 35], "content_span": [36, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014043-0020-0000", "contents": "15th Wing, History, Vietnam War Era\nThe mission of the 15 TFW was to conduct tactical fighter combat crew training. The wing participated in a variety of exercises, operations and readiness tests of Tactical Air Command. The wing traine pilots and provided logistical support for the 12th Tactical Fighter Wing. It was reorganized as a mission-capable unit at the time of the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962, returning afterwards to a training mission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 35], "content_span": [36, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014043-0021-0000", "contents": "15th Wing, History, Vietnam War Era\nWith the departure of the 12 TFW in 1965, the 15 TFW's mission became acting as a replacement training unit for F-4 aircrews prior to their deployment to Southeast Asia. The wing deployed 16\u00a0F-4s at Seymour Johnson Air Force Base, North Carolina, during the Pueblo crisis in 1968.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 35], "content_span": [36, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014043-0022-0000", "contents": "15th Wing, History, Vietnam War Era\nIn 1965, the wing deployed its 43d, 45th, 46th and 47th Tactical Fighter Squadrons to SEA, where they participated in the air defense commitment for the Philippines from Clark AB and flew combat missions from Cam Rahn Bay Air Base in South Vietnam and Ubon Royal Thai Air Force Base in Thailand. Members of the 45 TFS achieved the first U.S. Air Force aerial victories of the Vietnam War when they destroyed two MIGs on 10 July 1965. Captains Thomas S. Roberts, Ronald C. Anderson, Kenneth E. Holcombe, and Arthur C. Clark received credit for these kills. The 43d TFS was reassigned to Elmendorf AFB, Alaska on 4 January 1970.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 35], "content_span": [36, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014043-0023-0000", "contents": "15th Wing, History, Vietnam War Era\nBeginning in October 1968, when the 4424th Combat Crew Training Squadron (CCTS) was organized, the wing began Martin B-57G Canberra night intruder tactical bomber aircrew training. On 8 February 1969, the 13th Bombardment Squadron, was organized as a tactical B-57 squadron (Tail Code: FK) Night Intruder tactical bomber aircrew training. The squadron and eleven aircraft deployed to Ubon RTAFB, Thailand on 1 October 1970. Three B-57Gs were left behind at MacDill with the 4424th CCTS as trainers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 35], "content_span": [36, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014043-0024-0000", "contents": "15th Wing, History, Vietnam War Era\nIn 1969, the wing assumed host USAF responsibility for MacDill from the 836th AD and was assigned the 15th Combat Support Group to carry out this mission. The 15th was inactivated on 1 October 1970, and was replaced by the 1st Tactical Fighter Wing when the 1st TFW was reassigned from ADC to Tactical Air Command and moved from Hamilton AFB, CA to MacDill. The 4424th CCTS remained at MacDill, coming under the 1st TFW and finally discontinuing on 30 June 1972 with the return of the B-57Gs to the United States (to Kansas ANG).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 35], "content_span": [36, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014043-0025-0000", "contents": "15th Wing, History, Pacific Air Forces\nOne year later, on 20 October 1971, the 15th Tactical Fighter Wing was redesignated the 15th Air Base Wing and activated at Hickam AFB, Hawaii on 1 November 1971. Assigned to Pacific Air Forces (PACAF), the 15th assumed the personnel, equipment, mission, and duties previously performed by the 6486th Air Base Wing, which was simultaneously discontinued. This reactivation reestablished the organization in Hawaii, where the 15th Pursuit Group was formed in 1940, and the lineage, history and honors of the 15th Fighter Group were bestowed on the Wing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 38], "content_span": [39, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014043-0026-0000", "contents": "15th Wing, History, Pacific Air Forces\nThe 15th Air Base Wing managed Hickam, Wheeler, Dillingham, and Johnston Island Air Force Bases, Bellows Air Force Station, and several smaller subsidiary bases. It provided base level support for headquarters PACAF and more than 100 tenant organizations. Its 15th Operations Squadron provided special airlift for the Commander in Chief, Pacific (CINCPAC), and the USAF and US Army components of Pacific Command, initially with VC-118 aircraft until inactivating in 1975, when the wing absorbed its assets. Its 9th Airborne Command and Control Squadron provided airborne command and control support for CINCPAC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 38], "content_span": [39, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014043-0026-0001", "contents": "15th Wing, History, Pacific Air Forces\nResponsibility for Johnston Island subsequently transferred to the Defense Nuclear Agency on 1 July 1973; but on that same date, the 15th ABW assumed operational responsibility for Wake Island. Dillingham later transferred to Army control on 27 February 1975, as did Wheeler AFB on 1 November 1991. In 1999, the 15th ABW once again assumed responsibility for Johnston Island. Operational control of Wake Island transferred to the 36th Air Base Wing (13th Air Force), Andersen Air Force Base, Guam, on 1 October 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 38], "content_span": [39, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014043-0027-0000", "contents": "15th Wing, History, Pacific Air Forces\nFrom April to September 1975, the wing sheltered over 93,000 orphans, evacuees, and refugees from Southeast Asia as part of Operation Babylift and Operation New Life. In 1980 the wing participated in Project Lagoon, a program to remove radioactive waste from Enewetak Atoll.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 38], "content_span": [39, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014043-0028-0000", "contents": "15th Wing, History, Pacific Air Forces\nOn 13 April 1992 the 15th Operations Group was activated as the wing implemented the USAF objective wing organization. Upon activation, the group assumed was reassigned the wing's operational squadrons and the newly activated 15th Operations Support Squadron. It also managed operational matters at Hickam and Bellows in Hawaii and Wake Island Airfield. Its two flying squadrons provided airborne command and control and airlift for high-ranking officials. The group also provided command and control for the defense of the Hawaiian Islands, including tactical control of Hawaii Air National Guard alert F-15 aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 38], "content_span": [39, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014043-0029-0000", "contents": "15th Wing, History, Pacific Air Forces\nOn 28 April 2003, the wing was redesignated the 15th Airlift Wing and begun preparation to stand up a first-of-its-kind active duty/associate Air National Guard C-17 Globemaster III organization. Almost three years later, on 8 February 2006 the wing welcomed in the first of eight C-17 Globemaster III cargo jets changing Hickam's identity and mission from strictly en route support to include performing local and worldwide airlift operations in support of combat and humanitarian missions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 38], "content_span": [39, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014043-0030-0000", "contents": "15th Wing, History, Pacific Air Forces\nOn 18 May 2010, the wing was redesignated the 15th Wing in anticipation of the addition of air refueling and fighters to its airlift mission, which occurred on 23 July, when the 96th Air Refueling Squadron was assigned to the wing's operations group. Four days earlier, its 15th Mission Support Group was inactivated as Hickam Air Force Base became part of Joint Base Pearl Harbor-Hickam and the US Navy assumed most support responsibility for the installation. In October, the wing added Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptors to the aircraft it flies when the 19th Fighter Squadron moved from Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson, Alaska to become an active duty associate unit of the Hawaiian Air National Guard's 199th Fighter Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 38], "content_span": [39, 764]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014043-0031-0000", "contents": "15th Wing, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 35], "content_span": [36, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014044-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment\nThe 15th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. It was popularly known as the Norwegian Regiment or the Scandinavian Regiment, due to its composition of mostly Norwegian American, Swedish American, and Danish American immigrants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014044-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 15th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment was originally formed by Col. Hans Christian Heg at Camp Randall, near Madison, Wisconsin. The majority of its members were Norwegian immigrants with the rest being mainly Swedish and Danish immigrants. The regiment was organized at Madison, Wisconsin, and mustered into federal service January 31, 1862. The regiment was mustered out of service by company between December 1, 1864, and February 13, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014044-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment, Major campaigns\nThe 15th Wisconsin Volunteer Regiment was a participant in a number of major battles conducted by the Union Army during the Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 49], "content_span": [50, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014044-0003-0000", "contents": "15th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe 15th Wisconsin suffered eight officers and 86 enlisted men who were killed in action or who later died of their wounds, plus another one officer and 241 enlisted men who died of disease, for a total of 336 fatalities. Colonel Hans Christian Heg was killed in action in the Battle of Chickamauga on September 20, 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014045-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Wisconsin Legislature\nThe Fifteenth Wisconsin Legislature convened from January 8, 1862, to April 7, 1862, in regular session, and re-convened from June 3, 1862, through June 17, 1862. The legislature further convened in a special session from September 10, 1862, through September 26, 1862.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014045-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Wisconsin Legislature\nThis was the first legislative session after the expansion and redistricting of the Senate and Assembly according to an act of the previous session. The Senate grew from 30 to 33 seats; the Assembly grew from 97 to 100 seats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014045-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Wisconsin Legislature\nSenators representing even-numbered districts were newly elected for this session and were serving the first year of a two-year term. Assembly members were elected to a one-year term. Assembly members and odd-numbered senators were elected in the general election of November 8, 1861. Senators representing odd-numbered districts were serving the second year of their two-year term, having been elected in the general election held on November 6, 1860, or were elected in the 1861 election for a newly created district and were serving a one-year term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014045-0003-0000", "contents": "15th Wisconsin Legislature, Members, Members of the Senate\nMembers of the Wisconsin Senate for the Fifteenth Wisconsin Legislature:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 58], "content_span": [59, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014045-0004-0000", "contents": "15th Wisconsin Legislature, Changes from the 14th Legislature\nNew districts for the 15th Legislature were defined in , passed into law in the 14th Wisconsin Legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 61], "content_span": [62, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014046-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Wolves Infantry Regiment (Poland)\n15th Wolves Infantry Regiment (Polish language: 15 Pulk Piechoty Wilkow, 15 pp) was an infantry regiment of the Polish Army. It existed from January 1919 until September 1939. Garrisoned first in Bochnia and Ostrow Mazowiecka, and finally in D\u0119blin (1921\u20131939), the unit belonged to the 28th Infantry Division from Warsaw.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014046-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Wolves Infantry Regiment (Poland), Beginnings\nIn December 1918 in Bochnia, Colonel Ludwik Piatkowski, together with Major Jozef Wolf, formed the Infantry Regiment of the Land of Bochnia. On January 1, 1919, Colonel Wilhelm Frys became first commandant of the new unit. Soon afterwards, its name was changed into the 15th Infantry Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 50], "content_span": [51, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014046-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Wolves Infantry Regiment (Poland), Beginnings\nOn March 13, 1919, 1st Battalion of the Regiment (16 officers and 436 soldiers), which consisted mostly of volunteers from the counties of Bochnia, Grybow and Gorlice, left for the Ukrainian front. At the same time, two additional battalions were formed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 50], "content_span": [51, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014046-0003-0000", "contents": "15th Wolves Infantry Regiment (Poland), Beginnings\nOn June 1, 1919, new commandant, Colonel Rudolf Tarnawski, completed all battalions, and in mid-August the whole regiment was sent to the Soviet front. On July 3, 1920, Major Boleslaw Zaleski, in honour of the ferocity of its soldiers facing the enemy, nicknamed the unit the \u201cWolf Regiment\u201d.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 50], "content_span": [51, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014046-0004-0000", "contents": "15th Wolves Infantry Regiment (Poland), Beginnings\nThe 15th Wolves Infantry Regiment fought with distinction in the Polish-Ukrainian War and the Polish-Soviet War. It captured 5 cannons, 100 machine guns, 1500 POWs, 100 horses and stocks of enemy equipment, together with a Soviet flag.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 50], "content_span": [51, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014046-0005-0000", "contents": "15th Wolves Infantry Regiment (Poland), Second Polish Republic\nFollowing the Polish-Soviet War, the regiment remained for a year in eastern Poland, guarding the newly established border between the two countries. Finally, in mid-August 1921, it was transported to D\u0119blin, where it stayed until September 1939.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 62], "content_span": [63, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014046-0006-0000", "contents": "15th Wolves Infantry Regiment (Poland), Second Polish Republic\nDuring the 1939 Invasion of Poland, the 15th Wolves Infantry Regiment belonged to the 28th Infantry Division from Warsaw.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 62], "content_span": [63, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014046-0007-0000", "contents": "15th Wolves Infantry Regiment (Poland), Symbols\nThe flag of the regiment, purchased by the residents of Bochnia, was handed to its soldiers in Molodeczno, on August 6, 1921.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014046-0008-0000", "contents": "15th Wolves Infantry Regiment (Poland), Symbols\nThe badge, approved in June 1932, was in the shape of the Knight's Cross, with four heads of wolves on the wings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014046-0009-0000", "contents": "15th Wolves Infantry Regiment (Poland), Symbols\nOn December 4, 1920 near Lida, Marshall Jozef Pilsudski decorated the flags of the 9th Infantry Division (together with the 15th Wolves Infantry Regiment, which belonged to that division) with the Virtuti Militari.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014046-0010-0000", "contents": "15th Wolves Infantry Regiment (Poland), Symbols\nThe regiment celebrated its holiday on September 5, the anniversary of the 1920 Battle of Stefankowice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014047-0000-0000", "contents": "15th World Festival of Youth and Students\nThe 15th World Festival of Youth and Students (WFYS) was organized by the World Federation of Democratic Youth (WFDY) in Algiers, Algeria, from 8 to 16 August 2001 for nine days, under the slogan \"Let's globalize the struggle for Peace, Solidarity, Development, against Imperialism\". The festival was the first organized in an Arab country, as well as the first in Africa and brought together 11,000 delegates from over 100 countries from around the world. International preparatory meetings took place in Cuba, India, Cyprus and Algeria itself. The event came after the successful revival of the festival movement at the 14th World Festival of Youth and Students in Havana, Cuba, and marked a continuation of the internationalist and anti-imperialist youth festival spirit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 816]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014047-0001-0000", "contents": "15th World Festival of Youth and Students, From the call to the festival\nThe international festival\u2019s movement initiated in the beginning of 1947 offered to the youth of the world a space of free expression around their preoccupations and a forum of solidarity with people searching for independence, for self determination and for development. Humanity is entering the 21st century with hopes and new aspirations, but it has to face at the same time great challenges, being aware that not all of the last centuries changes changed our lives for the better; rather, it depends on our youthful, common and joint struggle as an active power of peoples.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 72], "content_span": [73, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014047-0001-0001", "contents": "15th World Festival of Youth and Students, From the call to the festival\nThe 15th edition of the World Festival of Youth and Students comes to strengthen the work of the last festivals, and will take place in a new millennium marked by disastrous effects of globalisation and the new restructuring of the international relations, under the slogan adopted by a consensus \u201cLet us globalise the struggle for peace, solidarity, development, against imperialism\u201d.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 72], "content_span": [73, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014047-0001-0002", "contents": "15th World Festival of Youth and Students, From the call to the festival\nThis 15th WFYS also plays a great role in an era where the civil society at the international level has become an undeniable partner in taking decisions thanks to multi-form struggles led by Non Governmental Organisations which lay down them selves as a real ways and means of claiming and expressing the preoccupations of the different stratum of peoples.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 72], "content_span": [73, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014047-0002-0000", "contents": "15th World Festival of Youth and Students, Political unrest\nThe festival took place at the conclusion of the decade-long Algerian Civil War. In the months leading up to the festival there were sustained street actions by hundreds of thousands of working people and youth in Algeria protesting repression by national police forces and supporting the struggle by the indigenous Berber people, an ethnic nationality in Algeria and throughout North Africa, for the right to be taught in their native language in school. This led to some groups to call to boycott the festival from those communities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 59], "content_span": [60, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014047-0003-0000", "contents": "15th World Festival of Youth and Students, Delegations\nOver 1,000 youth from Algeria itself attended the festival including 50 students of Berber origin and whose families live in Kabylia, a region to the east of Algiers where Berbers comprise the overwhelming majority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 54], "content_span": [55, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014047-0004-0000", "contents": "15th World Festival of Youth and Students, Delegations\nA number of other countries from Africa sent significant delegations, including Syria, Iraq, Lebanon, Yemen, Sudan, Egypt, and Tunisia, a first time in the history of the WFYS. A large delegation of over 400 people came with the Polisario Front from Western Sahara who raised the issue of their ongoing conflict with Morocco, organizing solidarity tents, dinners, rallies, workshops, and cultural activities about the issue which created thousands of refugees in that country.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 54], "content_span": [55, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014047-0005-0000", "contents": "15th World Festival of Youth and Students, Delegations\nAlmost 1,000 youth were expected from the Americas with Cuba sending a delegation of 600, the largest from the region. This included 250 international students who were then going to school in Cuba, especially from Latin America, the Caribbean, and Africa; the other 350 were Cuban students and young workers. Several hundred came from Venezuela, Haiti, the Dominican Republic, the United States and Puerto Rico.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 54], "content_span": [55, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014047-0006-0000", "contents": "15th World Festival of Youth and Students, Delegations\nThe final count for the festival was 11,000 although other sources put the event at 6,500 people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 54], "content_span": [55, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014047-0007-0000", "contents": "15th World Festival of Youth and Students, Stamp\nTo honour the festival, Algeria released a special stamp by artist and painter Djazia Cherrih featuring the logo of the youth festival.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 48], "content_span": [49, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014047-0008-0000", "contents": "15th World Festival of Youth and Students, Activities\nMost of the events were held at the Universit\u00e9 des sciences et de la technologie Houari-Boumediene. Political themes of the conferences included peace, security, international co-operation; self-determination, sovereignty, national liberation, solidarity; democracy; development and the environment; employment; education, science, and technology; childhood; women; health; communication and culture; racism, neo-fascism and discrimination; youth's movements; the students' movement; human and peoples' rights.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 53], "content_span": [54, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014047-0009-0000", "contents": "15th World Festival of Youth and Students, Activities\nThe Festival aimed to be an open forum for young people to exchange experiences, work together for alternative solutions, and establish joint programs of action on a wide range issues. Topics of discussion and themes of debates included disarmament and building a nuclear-free world, the \"New World Order\" and NATO, as well as neo-liberal globalisation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 53], "content_span": [54, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014047-0010-0000", "contents": "15th World Festival of Youth and Students, Activities\nOne day of the festival was devoted to solidarity with the people of Puerto Rico, especially the fight to get the U.S. Navy out of the island of Vieques, which was then being used as a bombing range and testing ground by the navy and United States Navy in Vieques, Puerto Rico.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 53], "content_span": [54, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014047-0011-0000", "contents": "15th World Festival of Youth and Students, Activities\nA combined forum in solidarity with the struggles of the people of Cuba, Puerto Rico, Venezuela, and Colombia also took place. The panel included Mar\u00eda Pili Hern\u00e1ndez, representing the youth of the Fifth Republic Movement of Venezuela, the party founded by Hugo Ch\u00e1vez. She described changes in Venezuela's constitution and other measures by the Ch\u00e1vez government as an alternative example, a \"third road,\" in the fight against imperialism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 53], "content_span": [54, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014047-0012-0000", "contents": "15th World Festival of Youth and Students, Activities\nAlso discussed were questions like the eradication of racism, gender equality, HIV/AIDS and drug abuse. For example, the event featured a joint WFDY - UNESCO Conference on \"the Role of Young Women in promoting culture of peace in Africa\". The festival also took place on the occasion of the 35th anniversary of the founding of the Organization of Caribbean and Latin American Students (OCLAE), who noted that the student federations represented in OCLAE and at the 15th world youth festival are part of an emerging anti-imperialist youth movement that is revitalizing the organization.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 53], "content_span": [54, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014047-0013-0000", "contents": "15th World Festival of Youth and Students, Activities\nCultural activities at the festival included a series of amateur tournaments, including football, basketball, handball, a wheelchair competition, a chess match, tennis and table tennis. A series of festivals were also held including of political song, modern music, dance and mime, traditional folklore, and of film-makers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 53], "content_span": [54, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014048-0000-0000", "contents": "15th World Science Fiction Convention\nThe 15th World Science Fiction Convention, also known as Loncon I, was held 6\u20139 September 1957 at the King's Court Hotel in London, England. It was the first Worldcon held outside North America.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014048-0001-0000", "contents": "15th World Science Fiction Convention\nThe chairman was Ted Carnell. The guest of honor was John W. Campbell, Jr., the editor of Astounding magazine. Total attendance was 268. Events included a \"fancy dress ball\" on the evening of Friday, September 6.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014048-0002-0000", "contents": "15th World Science Fiction Convention, Awards\nThe Hugo Awards, named after Hugo Gernsback, are presented every year for the best science fiction or fantasy works and achievements of the previous year. The results are based on the ballots submitted by members of the World Science Fiction Society. Other awards, including the Astounding Award for Best New Writer (since 1973; named \"John W. Campbell Award for Best New Writer\" until 2019), are also presented at each year's Worldcon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 45], "content_span": [46, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014048-0003-0000", "contents": "15th World Science Fiction Convention, Awards, Hugo Awards\nBecause the 1957 International Fantasy Award was being given out in London at the same time, Loncon I chose not to compete with this similar literary award, which was given to J.R.R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings. As a result, only the three Hugo Awards (above) for Best Professional Magazine and Best Fanzine were given out at the 1957 Worldcon. Both the International Fantasy Award and the Hugo Award shared the very same Chesley Bonestell-influenced finned rocketship design that year, the only time this has happened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 58], "content_span": [59, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014049-0000-0000", "contents": "15th World Scout Jamboree\nThe 15th World Scout Jamboree was held in 1983 and was hosted by Canada at Kananaskis, Alberta, an area of Provincial Park 4,000 feet in the foothills of the Rocky Mountains, 80 miles west of Calgary, Alberta. The Spirit Lives On was the theme of the World Jamboree, with a total attendance of over 15,000 Scouts from nearly 100 countries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014049-0001-0000", "contents": "15th World Scout Jamboree\nThe name of the Jamboree refers to the idea that Scouting, and its spirit of international brotherhood, could overcome difficulties such as those which caused the cancellation of the 1979 Jamboree four years earlier.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014049-0002-0000", "contents": "15th World Scout Jamboree\nThe wild feel of the camp was enhanced by regular visits from bears and moose, which would wander in and out of the area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014050-0000-0000", "contents": "15th World Scout Jamboree (cancelled)\nThe 15th World Scout Jamboree was scheduled to be held 15\u201323 July 1979 and was to be hosted by Iran at Nishapur, but was cancelled due to the Iranian Revolution which took place in 1979.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014050-0001-0000", "contents": "15th World Scout Jamboree (cancelled)\nThe 15th World Jamboree was to be held at the 10 square kilometre Omar Khayy\u00e1m Scout Park, near the Afghanistan and Soviet Turkmanistan borders. The Second Asia-Pacific Jamboree was held at the site in preparation, in the summer of 1977.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014050-0002-0000", "contents": "15th World Scout Jamboree (cancelled)\nHowever, the destabilizing events of the Islamic Revolution caused the 15th World Jamboree to be cancelled near the end of 1978. Instead, the World Organization of the Scout Movement announced the \"World Jamboree Year\" by holding several international World Jamboree Year camps in Australia, Canada, Sweden, Switzerland and the United States that took up the momentum. However, a number of commemorative items had already been made for the event, the demand for which and the value of which was greatly inflated by the Jamboree's cancellation. The few items of memorabilia in existence are of huge value to collectors when they, albeit rarely, come on the market.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 701]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014050-0003-0000", "contents": "15th World Scout Jamboree (cancelled)\nThe next Jamboree, hosted by Canada in 1983, was named The Spirit Lives On to show how Scouting's spirit of international brotherhood could overcome the setback of cancelling the 1979 Jamboree.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014051-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Writers Guild of America Awards\nThe 15th Writers Guild of America Awards honored the best film writers and television writers of 1962. Winners were announced in 1963.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014052-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Yokohama Film Festival\nThe 15th Yokohama Film Festival (\u7b2c15\u56de\u30e8\u30b3\u30cf\u30de\u6620\u753b\u796d) was held on 13 February 1994 in Kannai Hall, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014053-0000-0000", "contents": "15th Youth in Film Awards\nThe 15th Youth in Film Awards ceremony (now known as the Young Artist Awards), presented by the Youth in Film Association, honored outstanding youth performers under the age of 21 in the fields of film, television and theatre for the 1992-1993 season, and took place on February 5, 1994, at the Sportsmen's Lodge in Studio City, California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014053-0001-0000", "contents": "15th Youth in Film Awards\nEstablished in 1978 by long-standing Hollywood Foreign Press Association member, Maureen Dragone, the Youth in Film Association was the first organization to establish an awards ceremony specifically set to recognize and award the contributions of performers under the age of 21 in the fields of film, television, theater and music.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014053-0002-0000", "contents": "15th Youth in Film Awards, Best Young Performer in a Motion Picture, Best Youth Actor Leading Role in a Motion Picture: Drama\n\u2605  (tie) Edward Furlong - A Home of Our Own (Gramercy Pictures)\u2605  (tie) Jason James Richter - Free Willy (Warner Bros)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 125], "content_span": [126, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014053-0003-0000", "contents": "15th Youth in Film Awards, Best Young Performer in a Motion Picture, Best Youth Actress Leading Role in a Motion Picture: Comedy\n\u2605  (tie) Thora Birch - Hocus Pocus (Walt Disney Pictures)\u2605  (tie) Christina Vidal - Life with Mikey (Touchstone Pictures)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 128], "content_span": [129, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014053-0004-0000", "contents": "15th Youth in Film Awards, Best Young Performer in a Motion Picture, Best Youth Actress Co-Starring in a Motion Picture: Drama\n\u2605 Reese Witherspoon - Jack the Bear (20th Century Fox)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 126], "content_span": [127, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014053-0005-0000", "contents": "15th Youth in Film Awards, Best Young Performer in a Motion Picture, Best Youth Actress Under 10 in a Motion Picture\n\u2605 Melanie Chang - The Joy Luck Club (Hollywood Pictures)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 116], "content_span": [117, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014053-0006-0000", "contents": "15th Youth in Film Awards, Best Young Performer in a TV Movie, Mini-Series or Special, Best Youth Actress in a TV Mini-Series, Movie of the Week, or Special\n\u2605 Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen - Double, Double, Toil and Trouble (ABC)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 156], "content_span": [157, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014053-0007-0000", "contents": "15th Youth in Film Awards, Best Young Performer in a Television Series, Best Youth Actor Guest-Starring in a Television Show\n\u2605 Adam Wylie - The Adventures of Brisco County, Jr. (FOX)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 124], "content_span": [125, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014053-0008-0000", "contents": "15th Youth in Film Awards, Best Young Performer in a Television Series, Best Youth Actress Guest-Starring in a Television Show\n\u2605 Courtney Peldon - Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman (ABC)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 126], "content_span": [127, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014053-0009-0000", "contents": "15th Youth in Film Awards, Best Young Performer in a Television Series, Best Youth Actor Under 10 in a Television Series or Show\n\u2605  (tie) Jonathan Hernandez - General Hospital (ABC)\u2605  (tie) Shawn Toovey - Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman (CBS)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 128], "content_span": [129, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014053-0010-0000", "contents": "15th Youth in Film Awards, Best Young Performer in a Television Series, Best Youth Actress Under 10 in a Television Series or Show\n\u2605  (tie) Ashley Johnson - Phenom (ABC)\u2605  (tie) Ashley Peldon - Shameful Secrets (ABC)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 130], "content_span": [131, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014053-0011-0000", "contents": "15th Youth in Film Awards, Best Young Performer in a Voice Over Role, Best Youth Actress in a Voice-Over Role: TV or Movie\n\u2605 Anndi McAfee - Tom and Jerry: The Movie (Miramax)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 122], "content_span": [123, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014053-0012-0000", "contents": "15th Youth in Film Awards, Best Young Ensemble Performance, Outstanding Youth Ensemble in a Television Series\n\u2605 Home Improvement (ABC) - Zachery Ty Bryan, Taran Noah Smith, and Jonathan Taylor Thomas", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 109], "content_span": [110, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014053-0013-0000", "contents": "15th Youth in Film Awards, Best Young Ensemble Performance, Outstanding Youth Ensemble in a Cable or Off-Prime Time Series\n\u2605 Kids Incorporated (Disney Channel) - Eric Balfour Nicole Brown, Jared Delgin, Kenny Ford, Love Hewitt, Anastasia Horne, and Haylie Johnson", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 122], "content_span": [123, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014053-0014-0000", "contents": "15th Youth in Film Awards, Best Young Ensemble Performance, Outstanding Youth Ensemble in a Motion Picture\n\u2605 The Sandlot (20th Century Fox) - Brandon Quintin Adams, Victor DiMattia, Grant Gelt, Tom Guiry, Chauncey Leopardi, Shane Obedzinski, Patrick Renna, Mike Vitar, and Marty York", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 106], "content_span": [107, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014053-0015-0000", "contents": "15th Youth in Film Awards, Best Young Performer in Live Theatre, Best Youth Actor in Live Theatre\n\u2605 J. D. Daniels - Conversations with My Father (Los Angeles)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 97], "content_span": [98, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014053-0016-0000", "contents": "15th Youth in Film Awards, Best Family Entertainment, Outstanding Youth Mini-Video Series\n\u2605 Karate for Kids (Bright Ideas Productions) - Brandon Gaines, Erika Nenekervis, Terri Tseng, Niven Shan, and Joshua Walker", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 89], "content_span": [90, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014053-0017-0000", "contents": "15th Youth in Film Awards, Youth In Film's Special Awards, Former Child Star - Life Achievement Award\n\u2605 Shelley Fabares - The Donna Reed Show\u2605 Jimmy Hawkins - It's A Wonderful Life", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 101], "content_span": [102, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014053-0018-0000", "contents": "15th Youth in Film Awards, Youth In Film's Special Awards, The Music Award of Merit\n\u2605 Gail Purse - Producer for Disney's Young Musicians Symphony Orchestra", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 83], "content_span": [84, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014053-0019-0000", "contents": "15th Youth in Film Awards, Youth In Film's Special Awards, Family Classic Award\n\u2605 Al Burton - Producer of The New Lassie Series", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 79], "content_span": [80, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014053-0020-0000", "contents": "15th Youth in Film Awards, Youth In Film's Special Awards, Outstanding Youth Actors in a Family Foreign Film\n\u2605 Ruaidhri Conroy and Ciar\u00e1n Fitzgerald (Ireland) - Into the West", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 108], "content_span": [109, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014053-0021-0000", "contents": "15th Youth in Film Awards, Youth In Film's Special Awards, Outstanding Family Foreign Film\n\u2605 Into the West (Ireland) - Directed by Mike Newell", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 90], "content_span": [91, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014054-0000-0000", "contents": "15th arrondissement of Marseille\nThe 15th arrondissement of Marseille is one of the 16 arrondissements of Marseille. It is governed locally together with the 16th arrondissement, with which it forms the 8th sector of Marseille.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014055-0000-0000", "contents": "15th arrondissement of Paris\nThe 15th arrondissement of Paris (XVe arrondissement) is one of the 20 arrondissements of the capital city of France. In spoken French, this arrondissement is referred to as quinzi\u00e8me.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014055-0001-0000", "contents": "15th arrondissement of Paris\nThe arrondissement, called Vaugirard, is situated on the left bank of the River Seine. Sharing the Montparnasse district with the 6th and 14th arrondissements, it is the city's most populous arrondissement. The Tour Montparnasse \u2013 the tallest skyscraper in Paris \u2013 and the neighbouring Gare Montparnasse are both located in the 15th arrondissement, at its border with the 14th. It is also home to the convention center Paris expo Porte de Versailles and the high-rise district of the Front de Seine (or Beaugrenelle). In 2020, the 180 meters high Tour Triangle will house a 120-room hotel and 70,000 square metres of office space.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014055-0002-0000", "contents": "15th arrondissement of Paris, History\nThe loi du 16 juin 1859 decreed the annexation to Paris of the area between the old Wall of the Ferme g\u00e9n\u00e9rale and the wall of Thiers. The communes of Grenelle, Vaugirard, and Javel were incorporated into Paris in 1860.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014055-0003-0000", "contents": "15th arrondissement of Paris, History\nCharles Michels (b. 1903), was elected D\u00e9put\u00e9 for the 15th arrondissement by the Popular Front; He was taken hostage and shot by the Nazis in 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014055-0004-0000", "contents": "15th arrondissement of Paris, Quarters\nAs in all the Parisian arrondissements, the fifteenth is made up of four administrative quarters (quartiers).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 38], "content_span": [39, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014055-0005-0000", "contents": "15th arrondissement of Paris, Quarters\nThe early airfield here has been encroached upon by urban development and a sports centre, but the residual area, mainly laid to grass, continues to serve Paris as a heliport. The S\u00e9curit\u00e9 Civile has a detachment there close to maintenance facilities. Customs facilities are available and especially busy during the Salon d'Aeronautique airshows held at Le Bourget on the other side of the city.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 38], "content_span": [39, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014055-0006-0000", "contents": "15th arrondissement of Paris, Geography\nThe 15th arrondissement is located in the south-western part of Paris, on the left bank of the Seine. It includes one of the three islands in Paris, the \u00cele aux Cygnes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 39], "content_span": [40, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014055-0007-0000", "contents": "15th arrondissement of Paris, Geography\nAt 8.5 km2 (3.28 sq. miles, or 2,100 acres), it is the third largest arrondissement in Paris, and would be the largest if the large parks Bois de Boulogne and Bois de Vincennes were not counted as part of the 16th and 12th arrondissements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 39], "content_span": [40, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014055-0008-0000", "contents": "15th arrondissement of Paris, Demography\nThe peak of population of Paris's 15th arrondissement occurred in 1962, when it had 250,551 inhabitants. Since then it has lost approximately one-tenth of its population, but it remains the most populous arrondissement of Paris, with 225,362 inhabitants at the last census in 1999. With 144,667 jobs at the same census, the 15th is also very dense in business activities. This arrondissement is home to many families and is known in Paris as one of the quietest sections in Paris. The majority of the arrondissement is relatively unfrequented by tourists, a rarity for one of the world's most visited cities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014055-0009-0000", "contents": "15th arrondissement of Paris, Demography, Immigration\n2 An immigrant is a person born in a foreign country not having French citizenship at birth. Note that an immigrant may have acquired French citizenship since moving to France, but is still considered an immigrant in French statistics. On the other hand, persons born in France with foreign citizenship (the children of immigrants) are not listed as immigrants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 53], "content_span": [54, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014056-0000-0000", "contents": "15th century\nThe 15th century was the century which spans the Julian dates from January 1, 1401 (MCDI) to December 31, 1500 (MD).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014056-0001-0000", "contents": "15th century\nIn Europe, the 15th century includes parts of the Late Middle Ages, the Early Renaissance, and the early modern period. Many technological, social and cultural developments of the 15th century can in retrospect be seen as heralding the \"European miracle\" of the following centuries. The architectural perspective, and the modern fields which are known today as banking and accounting were founded in Italy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014056-0002-0000", "contents": "15th century\nConstantinople, known as the Capital of the World and the Capital of the Byzantine Empire (today's Turkey), fell to the emerging Muslim Ottoman Turks, marking the end of the tremendously influential Byzantine Empire and, for some historians, the end of the Middle Ages. This led to the migration of Greek scholars and texts to Italy, while Johannes Gutenberg's invention of the mechanical movable type began the printing press. These two events played key roles in the development of the Renaissance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014056-0002-0001", "contents": "15th century\nThe Roman Papacy was split in two parts in Europe for decades (the so-called Western Schism), until the Council of Constance. The division of the Catholic Church and the unrest associated with the Hussite movement would become factors in the rise of the Protestant Reformation in the following century. Islamic Spain (Al-Andalus) became dissolved through the Christian Reconquista, followed by the forced conversions and the Muslim rebellion, ending over seven centuries of Islamic rule and returning Spain, Portugal and Southern France to Christian rulers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014056-0003-0000", "contents": "15th century\nThe search for the wealth and prosperity of India's Bengal Sultanate led to the colonization of the Americas by Christopher Columbus in 1492 and the Portuguese voyages by Vasco da Gama, which linked Europe with the Indian subcontinent, ushering the period of Iberian empires.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014056-0004-0000", "contents": "15th century\nThe Hundred Years' War ended with a decisive French victory over the English in the Battle of Castillon. Financial troubles in England following the conflict resulted in the Wars of the Roses, a series of dynastic wars for the throne of England. The conflicts ended with the defeat of Richard III by Henry VII at the Battle of Bosworth Field, establishing the Tudor dynasty in the later part of the century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014056-0005-0000", "contents": "15th century\nIn Asia, the Timurid Empire collapsed, and the Afghan Pashtun Lodi dynasty was founded under the Delhi Sultanate. Under the rule of the Yongle Emperor, who built the Forbidden City and commanded Zheng He to explore the world overseas, the Ming Dynasty's territory reached its pinnacle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014056-0006-0000", "contents": "15th century\nIn Africa, the spread of Islam lead to the destruction of the Christian kingdoms of Nubia, by the end of the century, leaving only Alodia (which was to collapse in 1504). The formerly vast Mali Empire teetered on the brink of collapse, under pressure from the rising Songhai Empire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014056-0007-0000", "contents": "15th century\nIn the Americas, both the Inca Empire and the Aztec Empire reached the peak of their influence, but the European colonization of the Americas changed the course of modern history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014057-0000-0000", "contents": "15th century BC\nThe 15th century BC is a century which lasted from 1500 BC to 1401 BC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 86]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014057-0001-0000", "contents": "15th century BC, Events\nc. 1460 BC: The Kassites overrun Babylonia and found a dynasty there that lasts for 576 years and nine months.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014057-0002-0000", "contents": "15th century BC, Sovereign states\nSee : List of sovereign states in the 15th century BC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 33], "content_span": [34, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014059-0000-0000", "contents": "15th century in South Africa, Events, 1480s\nIn 1487-87, Bartolomeu Dias (or Bartholomew Dias) a Portuguese navigator sailed south along the coast of Southern Africa as far as the Orange River, was blown out to sea and made landfall at Mossel Bay and Algoa Bay. But at the Fish River his men refused to go any further. He sailed round the Cape of Good Hope, named by either Dias or his patron, King John II of Portugal for the \u201cgreat hope it gave of discovering the Indies\u201d.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 43], "content_span": [44, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014059-0001-0000", "contents": "15th century in South Africa, Events, 1490s\nIn 1497-99, Vasco da Gama a Portuguese navigator sighted land at St. Helena Bay, doubled the Cape, passed up the coast of Natal at Christmastide and named it, and reached Arab Mozambique. He had discovered a route to India. His patron was the successor to John II, Manuel the Fortunate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 43], "content_span": [44, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014060-0000-0000", "contents": "15th century in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the century 1401\u20131500 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014061-0000-0000", "contents": "15th century in literature\nThis article presents lists of the literary events and publications in the 15th century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014062-0000-0000", "contents": "15th century in philosophy\nThis is a list of philosophy-related events in the 15th century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 91]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014062-0001-0000", "contents": "15th century in philosophy, Bibliography\nThis philosophy-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 40], "content_span": [41, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014063-0000-0000", "contents": "15th district of Budapest\nR\u00e1kospalota, \u00dajpalota, Pest\u00fajhely,  15th District the 15th district of Budapest, Hungary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014063-0001-0000", "contents": "15th district of Budapest, Sport\nThe association football club, R\u00e1kospalotai EAC, is based in R\u00e1kospalota.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 32], "content_span": [33, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014064-0000-0000", "contents": "15th edition of Mawazine Festival\nThe 15th edition of Mawazine Festival, an international music festival held annually in the Moroccan capital of Rabat, took place from 20 May to 28 May 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014064-0001-0000", "contents": "15th edition of Mawazine Festival, OLM Souissi stage\nThe R&B singer Chris Brown opened the festival in OLM Souissi stage, May 20. Followed by, the next day, the Australian rapper Iggy Azalea who performed for 90 000 fans. The French pop star Ma\u00eetre Gims, Wyclef Jean, Shaggy, Pitbull, and Kendji Girac have also performed on the stage. But the most attended shows in OLM Souissi stage were: Hardwell's and Christina Aguilera's, with 180 000 and 250 000 people attending respectively. Also, Christina Aguilera's show happened to be the most attended show of a female western entertainer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 52], "content_span": [53, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014064-0002-0000", "contents": "15th edition of Mawazine Festival, Nahda stage\nDiana Haddad opened the festival in the Nahda stage, in front of thousands of fans. Melhem Barakat, Hatem Al-Iraqi, Yara, and Saber Reba\u00ef have all performed later on the stage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 46], "content_span": [47, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014064-0003-0000", "contents": "15th edition of Mawazine Festival, Nahda stage\nMyriam Fares gave her first performance in the festival on the Nahda stage after giving birth to her son. Sherine also gave a performance after announcing earlier that she would retire. Assi El Helani performed in front of 80 000 fans in the same stage, and Saad Lamjarred also performed, Friday, May 27 for 140 000 fans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 46], "content_span": [47, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014064-0004-0000", "contents": "15th edition of Mawazine Festival, Bouragrag stage\nRokia Traor\u00e9, Marcus Miller, Bombino, Faiz Ali Faiz, Ernest Ranglin & Friends, The Afrobeat Experience, Omar Sosa & Friends, National Orchestra of Barbes all performed in the Bouragrag stage. Mokhtar Samba closed the festival Saturday, May 28.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 50], "content_span": [51, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014064-0005-0000", "contents": "15th edition of Mawazine Festival, Sal\u00e9 stage\nThe stage welcomed mostly Moroccan artists, with live performances from Hatim Idar, Mohammed Reda, Zinab Oussama, DJ K-Rim, Rhany, Sa\u00efda Fikri, Ahouzar, the Amazigh diva Fatima Tachtoukt, Najat Tazi, the Tangaoui pop singer Aminux, Sami Ray, Kader Japonais, the Moroccan band Hoba Hoba Spirit, Gabacho Maroc, Darga, Alamri, Chaabi singers Hajib and Abdelaziz Stati, Moroccan rappers Muslim, H-Kayne and H-name, Douzi, Rachid Berriah, Rachid Casta, Bilal El Maghribi and Hamid El Mardi. But the highlight of the stage was the Moroccan Cha\u00e2bi singer Najat Aatabou, who set a record for the most attended show of a female entertainer ever, with more than 300 000 people attending.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 45], "content_span": [46, 723]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014064-0006-0000", "contents": "15th edition of Mawazine Festival, Chellah stage\nAlireza Ghorbani, No\u00ebmie Waysfeld, Kakushin Nishihara and Gaspar Claus, The Musicians of Cairo, Souffles Quartet, Antonio Castrignan\u00f2, Ines Bac\u00e1n, Majid Bekkas, and Pedro Soler have all performed in the Chellah stage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 48], "content_span": [49, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014064-0007-0000", "contents": "15th edition of Mawazine Festival, Th\u00e9atre Mohammed V\nKadhim Al-Sahir opened the Mawazine festival in Th\u00e9atre Mohammed V with a sold-out show. Alma de Tango, Le Trio Joubran, Natacha Atlas, Qawwali Flamenco, Imany, Paco Renteria, El Gusto, and Safwan Bahlawan also performed in the stage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 53], "content_span": [54, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014065-0000-0000", "contents": "15th government of Turkey\nThe 15th government of Turkey (7 August 1946 \u2013 10 September 1947) was a government in the history of Turkey. It is also called the Peker government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014065-0001-0000", "contents": "15th government of Turkey, Background\nAlthough Republican People's Party (CHP) won the elections held on 21 July, prime minister \u015e\u00fckr\u00fc Saraco\u011flu of CHP announced that he would not continue for another term of premiership due to health problems. Recep Peker, who was the Minister of Interior in Saraco\u011flu government, was assigned to form the government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014065-0002-0000", "contents": "15th government of Turkey, The government\nIn the list below, the  cabinet members who served only a part of the cabinet's lifespan are shown in the column \"Notes\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 41], "content_span": [42, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014065-0003-0000", "contents": "15th government of Turkey, Aftermath\nFollowing a harsh discussions in the parliament between Recep Peker and Adnan Menderes of the Democrat Party, Recep Peker resigned.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 36], "content_span": [37, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014066-0000-0000", "contents": "15th legislature of the French Fifth Republic\nThe 15th legislature of the French Fifth Republic (French: XVe l\u00e9gislature de la Cinqui\u00e8me R\u00e9publique fran\u00e7aise) is a parliamentary cycle that commenced on 21 June 2017 following the legislative elections on 11 and 18 June 2017. The party of the president Emmanuel Macron, La R\u00e9publique En Marche! (LREM), obtained an absolute majority of 308 deputies, alongside its ally, the Democratic Movement (MoDem), which secured 42 seats. The new deputies elected Fran\u00e7ois de Rugy the President of the National Assembly when it first convened on 27 June. The legislative elections saw a record level of renewal, with only a quarter of deputies elected in 2012 also elected in 2017, and a significant increase in the representation of women and youth. With 7 planned parliamentary groups, it would be the most fragmented assembly since 1958.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 877]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014066-0001-0000", "contents": "15th legislature of the French Fifth Republic, Composition of the National Assembly\nA record number and proportion of women were elected in the legislative elections, with 224 in total representing 38.8% of the National Assembly. This was an 11.9 percentage point increase over the previous legislature in which 155 women were elected deputies, representing 26.9% of the composition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 83], "content_span": [84, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014066-0002-0000", "contents": "15th legislature of the French Fifth Republic, Composition of the National Assembly\nThe average age of deputies in the 15th legislature was also significantly lower than that of the previous, at 48 years and 240 days compared to the previous legislature at 53 years and 195 days. The number of deputies under 30 years old soared from 4 to 29, while the number from 30 to 49 years old increased from 197 to 271, and the number of deputies between 60 and 69 years old was halved from 171 to 87.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 83], "content_span": [84, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014066-0003-0000", "contents": "15th legislature of the French Fifth Republic, Composition of the National Assembly\nHigher professions continued to remain dominant in the assembly despite these changes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 83], "content_span": [84, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014066-0004-0000", "contents": "15th legislature of the French Fifth Republic, Composition of the National Assembly\nThe legislative elections also saw a massive degree of renewal, with only a quarter of deputies elected in 2012 being re-elected in 2017; of the 354 outgoing deputies who stood for re-election, only 148 won. A total of 429 deputies elected to the 15th legislature were not elected in 2012. The renewal can be explained in part by the large number of outgoing deputies who did not seek to retain their seat: 223 deputies, representing 39% of the assembly. Of the 354 who did present themselves, 125 were eliminated in the first round on 11 June, 81 were defeated in the second round, and 148 were re-elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 83], "content_span": [84, 691]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014066-0005-0000", "contents": "15th legislature of the French Fifth Republic, Composition of the National Assembly, Changes in composition\nMembers of the National Assembly who join the government are required to give up their seats to their substitutes (suppl\u00e9ants) a month after their appointment, as stipulated in the constitution. Should ministers quit the government, they recover their seat in the National Assembly from their substitute a month after their resignation. By-elections are held in the event of the annulation of electoral results or vacancies caused by resignations (in most circumstances not those related to the death of a deputy, in which case the substitute takes the seat if possible), except within the year before legislative elections.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 107], "content_span": [108, 732]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014066-0006-0000", "contents": "15th legislature of the French Fifth Republic, Composition of the National Assembly, Changes in composition\nThe appointment of the Philippe I government obligated several appointed ministers to give up their seats in the National Assembly to their substitutes: specifically, Minister of Economy and Finance Bruno Le Maire (Eure's 1st constituency) in favor of S\u00e9verine Gipson; Secretary of State for the Digital Sector Mounir Mahjoubi (Paris's 16th constituency) in favor of Delphine O; Minister for Europe and Foreign Affairs Marielle de Sarnez (Paris's 11th constituency) in favor of Maud Gatel; Minister of Territorial Cohesion Richard Ferrand (Finist\u00e8re's 6th constituency) in favor of L\u00e6titia Dolliou; Minister for Overseas France Annick Girardin (Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon's 1st constituency) in favor of St\u00e9phane Claireaux; and Secretary of State for Relations with Parliament and Government Spokesman Christophe Castaner (Alpes-de-Haute-Provence's 2nd constituency) in favor of Emmanuelle Fontaine-Domeizel. Following a reshuffle and the formation of the Philippe II government, Ferrand took his seat after his ephemeral ministerial tenure, as did de Sarnez after her departure from the government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 107], "content_span": [108, 1205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014066-0007-0000", "contents": "15th legislature of the French Fifth Republic, Composition of the National Assembly, Election of the President of the National Assembly\nThe election of the President of the National Assembly occurred on 27 June at 15:00\u00a0CEST at the Palais Bourbon. The election, conducted by secret ballot, was presided over by the oldest member of the National Assembly (Bernard Brochant, LR), assisted by the six youngest deputies in the National Assembly, who serve as secretaries, namely, Ludovic Pajot, Typhanie Degois, L\u00e9na\u00efck Adam, Pierre Henriet, Robin Reda, and B\u00e9n\u00e9dicte Peyrol. If, after two rounds, no candidate receives an absolute majority of votes, only a relative majority is required for election in the third ballot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 135], "content_span": [136, 717]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014066-0007-0001", "contents": "15th legislature of the French Fifth Republic, Composition of the National Assembly, Election of the President of the National Assembly\nThough the government indicated its preference for a politician from the right to take the position, a number of members of La R\u00e9publique En Marche! voiced support for electing a president from among their ranks. Emmanuel Macron has also indicated a preference for a woman to become president of the assembly. Deputies named as ministers may not participate in the election of the president of the assembly, and their substitutes are only seated a month after the formation of the government (21 July).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 135], "content_span": [136, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014066-0008-0000", "contents": "15th legislature of the French Fifth Republic, Composition of the National Assembly, Election of the President of the National Assembly\nThree deputies under the LREM label sought to seek the election as President of the National Assembly. After his re-election in Loire-Atlantique's 1st constituency on 18 June, the ecologist Fran\u00e7ois de Rugy announced his intention to seek the presidency of the assembly, having made known his intentions to Macron. The candidacies of Sophie Errante and Brigitte Bourguignon were revealed discreetly on 23 June; both women served a single term after elected under the Socialist label in the 2012 legislative elections.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 135], "content_span": [136, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014066-0008-0001", "contents": "15th legislature of the French Fifth Republic, Composition of the National Assembly, Election of the President of the National Assembly\nLR deputy Jean-Charles Taugourdeau also presented himself as a candidate \"for the form\", according to the entourage of the Christian Jacob, the president of The Republicans group, in addition to Laure de la Raudi\u00e8re for the \"constructives\" group, Laurence Dumont for the \"New Left\" (former socialist) group, and Caroline Fiat for the FI group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 135], "content_span": [136, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014066-0008-0002", "contents": "15th legislature of the French Fifth Republic, Composition of the National Assembly, Election of the President of the National Assembly\nThe LREM candidate Fran\u00e7ois de Rugy was designated by a vote of members; with 301 votes, a total of 153 votes were cast for de Rugy, 59 for Errante, 54 for Bourguignon, 32 for Philippe Folliot (whose candidacy was announced on 27 June by government spokesman Christophe Castaner), 2 blank votes, and 1 null vote. De Rugy was ultimately elected president of the assembly with 353 votes, against 94 for Taugourdeau, 34 for de La Raudi\u00e8re, 32 for Dumont, and 30 for Fiat, with 567 votes of which 543 were expressed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 135], "content_span": [136, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014066-0009-0000", "contents": "15th legislature of the French Fifth Republic, Composition of the National Assembly, Parliamentary groups\nParliamentary groups had until 26 June to elect their presidents, and on 27 June political groups were officially registered within the National Assembly through the rendering of a political declaration signed by each of its members. With 7 parliamentary groups, this National Assembly would be the most fragmented since 1958.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 105], "content_span": [106, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014066-0010-0000", "contents": "15th legislature of the French Fifth Republic, Composition of the National Assembly, Parliamentary groups\nThe Democratic Movement (MoDem) sought to form its own group in the National Assembly independent of that of La R\u00e9publique En Marche!, with more than the 15 seats required to form a parliamentary group. The French Communist Party and la France Insoumise, which failed to secure an alliance during the preceding legislative elections, also chose to form independent groups in the National Assembly, with Andr\u00e9 Chassaigne of the PCF announcing the continuation of the previous group on 21 June, including 11 of its own deputies and 4 from overseas France, but without opposition to the FI group. Jean-Luc M\u00e9lenchon's demand to impose voting discipline and an obligation to respect the program of his movement prevented the creation of a common group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 105], "content_span": [106, 854]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014066-0011-0000", "contents": "15th legislature of the French Fifth Republic, Composition of the National Assembly, Parliamentary groups\nIn the aftermath of the legislative elections, the split between Macron-compatible \"constructives\" within the Republicans (LR) and the rest of the party re-emerged. On 21 June, Thierry Sol\u00e8re announced the creation of a new common group in the National Assembly with the Union of Democrats and Independents (UDI) likely to contain 18 UDI and about 15 LR deputies. The formation of two parliamentary groups on the right represented a symbolic divorce to the two threads on the right (the moderates and the hardliners) and the end of the old Union for a Popular Movement (UMP) which had been created in 2002 to unite the right and centre.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 105], "content_span": [106, 742]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014066-0012-0000", "contents": "15th legislature of the French Fifth Republic, Composition of the National Assembly, Parliamentary groups\nOn 21 June, Christian Jacob was re-elected to lead the Republicans group with 62 votes against Damien Abad with 32 votes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 105], "content_span": [106, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014066-0012-0001", "contents": "15th legislature of the French Fifth Republic, Composition of the National Assembly, Parliamentary groups\nOlivier Faure was re-elected as president of the New Left group on 22 June with 28 votes against Delphine Batho with 3 votes, Richard Ferrand was elected president of the La R\u00e9publique En Marche group on 24 June with 306 votes and 2 abstentions, Marc Fesneau was unanimously elected president of the Democratic Movement group on 25 June with 42 votes, M\u00e9lenchon was unanimously elected president of la France insoumise group on 27 June, the \"constructives\" group selected Franck Riester (LR) and St\u00e9phane Demilly (UDI) as co-chairs, and the GDR will continue to be presided over by Andr\u00e9 Chassaigne.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 105], "content_span": [106, 705]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014066-0013-0000", "contents": "15th legislature of the French Fifth Republic, Composition of the National Assembly, Bureau of the National Assembly\nThe National Assembly elected six vice presidents, three quaestors, and twelve secretaries on 30 October 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 116], "content_span": [117, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014066-0014-0000", "contents": "15th legislature of the French Fifth Republic, Composition of the National Assembly, Presidencies of committees\nThe presidencies of the eight standing committees was divided between the political groups on 29 June.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 111], "content_span": [112, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014066-0015-0000", "contents": "15th legislature of the French Fifth Republic, Composition of the National Assembly, Vote of confidence\nIn the vote of confidence in the new government on 4 July 2017, 370 voted in favor, 67 opposed, and 129 abstained, representing a record level of abstention and the lowest level of opposition since 1959.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 103], "content_span": [104, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014067-0000-0000", "contents": "15th meridian east\nThe meridian 15\u00b0 east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Europe, Africa, the Atlantic Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014067-0001-0000", "contents": "15th meridian east\nThe 15th meridian east forms a great circle with the 165th meridian west.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 92]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014067-0002-0000", "contents": "15th meridian east\nThe meridian is the central axis of Central European Time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 77]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014067-0003-0000", "contents": "15th meridian east, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 15th meridian east passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 37], "content_span": [38, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014068-0000-0000", "contents": "15th meridian west\nThe meridian 15\u00b0 west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Greenland, Iceland, the Atlantic Ocean, Africa, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014068-0001-0000", "contents": "15th meridian west\nThe 15th meridian west forms a great circle with the 165th meridian east.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 92]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014068-0002-0000", "contents": "15th meridian west, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 15th meridian west passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 37], "content_span": [38, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014069-0000-0000", "contents": "15th of May (city)\n15th of May City (Arabic: \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 15 \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648\u200e) is a city of eastern Helwan, Egypt, and is part of Greater Cairo. It was established in 1978, and is located south of the Nile Delta and east of central Helwan City. It was constructed to solve the problem of insufficient accommodation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014069-0001-0000", "contents": "15th of May (city), Name\nThe name was chosen to immortalize the memory of the Corrective Revolution (launched as the \"Corrective Movement\"), a reform program (officially just a change in policy) launched on 15 May 1971 by President Anwar Sadat. It involved purging Nasserist members of the government and security forces, often considered pro-Soviet and left-wing, and drumming up popular support by presenting the takeover as a continuation of the Egyptian Revolution of 1952, while at the same time radically changing track on issues of foreign policy, economy, and ideology. Sadat's Corrective Revolution also included the imprisonment of other political forces in Egypt, including liberals and Islamists.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 24], "content_span": [25, 708]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014069-0002-0000", "contents": "15th of May (city), Geography\nThe City of 15th of May is located in the south east of the city of Helwan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 29], "content_span": [30, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014069-0003-0000", "contents": "15th of May (city), Geography, Climate\nK\u00f6ppen-Geiger climate classification system classifies its climate as hot desert (BWh), as the rest of Egypt. Due to its closeness to Helwan, it has very similar averages.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 38], "content_span": [39, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014069-0004-0000", "contents": "15th of May (city), Economy, Industry\nThe city of 15th of May has a group of factories for many products.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 37], "content_span": [38, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014069-0005-0000", "contents": "15th of May (city), Economy, Trading\n15th of May city has several shopping malls, supermarkets and shops.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 36], "content_span": [37, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014069-0006-0000", "contents": "15th of May (city), Education\nThe city has a group of schools such as the El Mostaqbal school.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 29], "content_span": [30, 94]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014069-0007-0000", "contents": "15th of May (city), Education, Higher Education\nThe Higher Institute of Engineering is the most important educational foundation in the city.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 47], "content_span": [48, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014070-0000-0000", "contents": "15th parallel north\nThe 15th parallel north is a circle of latitude that is 15 degrees north of the Earth's equatorial plane. It crosses the Saharan fringe (the Sahel) in Africa, three key peninsulars of Asia (between which parts of the Indian Ocean), the Pacific Ocean, an isthmus of Central America, the southern Caribbean and the Atlantic Ocean.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014070-0001-0000", "contents": "15th parallel north\nIn the Chadian-Libyan conflict of 1978 to 1987, its intra-Chad part came to be known as the \"Red Line\", separating opposing combatants, above all in Operation Manta.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014070-0002-0000", "contents": "15th parallel north\nAt this latitude the sun is visible for 13 hours, 1 minute during the summer solstice and 11 hours, 14 minutes during the winter solstice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014070-0003-0000", "contents": "15th parallel north, Around the world\nStarting at the Prime Meridian and heading eastwards, the parallel 15\u00b0 north passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 37], "content_span": [38, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014071-0000-0000", "contents": "15th parallel south\nThe 15th parallel south is a circle of latitude that is 15 degrees south of the Earth's equatorial plane. It crosses the Atlantic Ocean, Africa, the Indian Ocean, Australasia, the Pacific Ocean and South America.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014071-0001-0000", "contents": "15th parallel south, Around the world\nStarting at the Prime Meridian and heading eastwards, the parallel 15\u00b0 south passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 37], "content_span": [38, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014072-0000-0000", "contents": "15th/19th The King's Royal Hussars\nThe 15th/19th The King's Royal Hussars was a cavalry regiment of the British Army. The regiment was formed by the amalgamation of the 15th The King's Hussars and the 19th Royal Hussars in 1922 and, after service in the Second World War, it was amalgamated with the 13th/18th Royal Hussars to form the Light Dragoons in 1992.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014072-0001-0000", "contents": "15th/19th The King's Royal Hussars, History, Second World War\nThe regiment was created, as part of the reduction in cavalry in the aftermath of the First World War, by the amalgamation of the 15th The King's Hussars and the 19th Royal Hussars on 11 April 1922 to form the 15th/19th Hussars. It briefly dropped the 19th numeral from its title in October 1932, becoming the 15th The King's Royal Hussars, before regaining it in December 1933.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 61], "content_span": [62, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014072-0002-0000", "contents": "15th/19th The King's Royal Hussars, History, Second World War\nAt the outbreak of the Second World War, the regiment was based at York, serving as the divisional reconnaissance regiment for the 3rd Infantry Division. The regiment was deployed with the division as part of the British Expeditionary Force, and fought in the Battle of France: it suffered heavy losses during the German advance and, having left all its armour and vehicles behind, took part in the Dunkirk evacuation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 61], "content_span": [62, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014072-0003-0000", "contents": "15th/19th The King's Royal Hussars, History, Second World War\nFollowing the withdrawal, the regiment was assigned to the 3rd Motor Machine Gun Brigade, which was redesignated as the 28th Armoured Brigade and assigned to the 9th Armoured Division. A cadre was detached to form the 23rd Hussars in December 1940. The regiment remained in the United Kingdom until August 1944, when it was dispatched to France to serve as the divisional reconnaissance regiment for the 11th Armoured Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 61], "content_span": [62, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014072-0004-0000", "contents": "15th/19th The King's Royal Hussars, History, Post war\nThe Regiment was deployed to Palestine in December 1945 and then to Sudan in November 1947. It moved to Knightsbridge Barracks in L\u00fcbeck in October 1949 and to McLeod Barracks in Neum\u00fcnster in November 1951. It became the recce regiment for 7th Armoured Division and relocated to Combermere Barracks in Wesendorf in March 1953. In June 1954, it deployed to Malaya, with regimental headquarters and one squadron based at Ipoh and the other squadrons at Taiping and Raub, during the Malayan Emergency. In June 1957, a troop was deployed to Muscat during the Jebel Akhdar War. The regiment then joined 39th Infantry Brigade, moving to Lisanelly Camp in Omagh in August 1957 and then became an armoured car training regiment based at Deerbolt Camp near Barnard Castle in May 1959.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 53], "content_span": [54, 830]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014072-0005-0000", "contents": "15th/19th The King's Royal Hussars, History, Post war\nThe regiment re-roled as a nuclear escort regiment based at Swinton Barracks in Munster in September 1961 and then moved to Bhurtpore Barracks at Tidworth Camp in January 1968. It returned to West Germany, where it joined 11th Infantry Brigade and moved to Wessex Barracks in Bad Fallingbostel in November 1969. It became the garrisoned regiment at Long Kesh in August 1971, following the introduction of internment of Provisional Irish Republican Army suspects. It transferred to Lisanelly Camp in Omagh in November 1974.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 53], "content_span": [54, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014072-0005-0001", "contents": "15th/19th The King's Royal Hussars, History, Post war\nIt then moved to a recce role, equipped with Scorpion and Fox, for 5th Infantry Brigade based at Aliwal Barracks in Tidworth Camp in May 1976; from there it deployed squadrons for the United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus. During this period, one squadron was deployed to Cyprus, equipped with Ferret Scout Cars, to serve as the resident armoured car squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 53], "content_span": [54, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014072-0006-0000", "contents": "15th/19th The King's Royal Hussars, History, Post war\nIn September 1977, the regiment was deployed back to Germany, where it was assigned to the 3rd Armoured Division and based at Alanbrooke Barracks in Paderborn: from there it continued to send units to Northern Ireland as part of Operation Banner and undertook guarding duties at the Maze Prison. In November 1984, the main body of the Regiment returned to England as the Royal Armoured Corps Training Regiment at Bovington Camp in Dorset, although a squadron was again deployed to Cyprus, equipped with Ferret Scout Cars, to serve as the resident armoured car squadron. As part of the post-Cold War defence reforms, the regiment was amalgamated with the 13th/18th Royal Hussars to form the Light Dragoons on 1 December 1992.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 53], "content_span": [54, 778]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014072-0007-0000", "contents": "15th/19th The King's Royal Hussars, Regimental museum\nThe regimental collection is held by the Discovery Museum in Newcastle upon Tyne.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 53], "content_span": [54, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014072-0008-0000", "contents": "15th/19th The King's Royal Hussars, Battle honours\nThe regiment's battle honours were those of its predecessor regiments plus:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 50], "content_span": [51, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014072-0009-0000", "contents": "15th/19th The King's Royal Hussars, In popular culture\n\"A\" Squadron of the 15th/19th Hussars appears in Episode 4 \"Replacements\" of the TV miniseries Band of Brothers during the assault on Nuenen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 54], "content_span": [55, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014073-0000-0000", "contents": "15th\u201316th century Moscow\u2013Constantinople schism\nAutocephaly recognized universally de facto,  by some Autocephalous Churches de jure:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014073-0001-0000", "contents": "15th\u201316th century Moscow\u2013Constantinople schism\nA schism between the Ecumenical Patriarchate and part of its Metropolis of Kiev and all Rus' (which later became the Moscow Patriarchate) occurred between approximately 1467 and 1560. This schism de facto ended supposedly around 1560.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014073-0002-0000", "contents": "15th\u201316th century Moscow\u2013Constantinople schism\nOn 15 December 1448, Jonah became Metropolitan of Kiev and All Rus' without the agreement of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople, which made the Metropolis of Kiev and all Rus' de facto independent. In 1467, Metropolitan Gregory the Bulgarian, which had been appointed by the Pope as the Uniate Metropolitan of Kiev and all Rus', severed the Union with the Catholic Church, and recognized the jurisdiction of the Eastern Orthodox Patriarch Dionysius I of Constantinople. Dionysius demanded that all the Eastern Orthodox hierarchs of Muscovy submit to Gregory, but Moscow peremptorily refused. On the same year, Grand Prince Ivan III of Moscow declared a complete rupture of relations with the Patriarchate of Constantinople.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 781]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014073-0003-0000", "contents": "15th\u201316th century Moscow\u2013Constantinople schism\nRelations were gradually restored and in 1560 the Patriarch of Constantinople considered the Metropolitan of Moscow to be his exarch. In 1589\u20131591, the Church of Moscow was recognized as autocephalous, and the Patriarch of Moscow later became the fifth Patriarch of the Eastern Orthodox Church.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014073-0004-0000", "contents": "15th\u201316th century Moscow\u2013Constantinople schism, Background, Metropolis of Kiev and all Rus'\nThe Metropolis of Kiev and all Rus had always been a metropolis under the jurisdiction of the Ecumenical Patriarchate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 91], "content_span": [92, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014073-0005-0000", "contents": "15th\u201316th century Moscow\u2013Constantinople schism, Background, Metropolis of Kiev and all Rus'\nIn 1299, Maximus, Metropolitan of Kiev and all Rus', \"moved his official seat from Kiev to Vladimir, demonstrating the shift of the centre of Rus from the south-west to the north-east. The title though remained Metropolitan of Kiev and All Rus and the metropolitan was supposed to be responsible for all Orthodox Christians in Rus, including those in Galicia, which became a kingdom in 1253, and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania which had gained control of the former Polotsk Principality after the Mongol Invasion.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 91], "content_span": [92, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014073-0006-0000", "contents": "15th\u201316th century Moscow\u2013Constantinople schism, Background, Metropolis of Kiev and all Rus'\nIn 1325, the seat was moved from Vladimir to Moscow by the Metropolitan of Kiev and all Rus' Peter of Moscow at the invitation of Ivan of Moscow.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 91], "content_span": [92, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014073-0007-0000", "contents": "15th\u201316th century Moscow\u2013Constantinople schism, Premises of the schism, Council of Florence, union with the Catholic Church\nAfter the death of Metropolitan Photios in 1431, Bishop Jonah of Ryazan and Murom was chosen by the grand prince and the council of bishops as the new Metropolitan of Kiev and all Rus' at the end of 1432. However, due to internal strifes in Muscovy, he did not hurry to Constantinople to receive his ordination and did not decide to go to Constantinople until the middle of 1435. Meanwhile, at the request of the Lithuanian Grand Duke \u0160vitrigaila, bishop Gerasim of Smolensk was appointed Metropolitan of Kiev and all Rus', but the latter did not come to Moscow and remained Metropolitan only in Lithuania. Soon, \u0160vitrigaila suspected Gerasim of treason and executed him in 1435.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 123], "content_span": [124, 803]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014073-0008-0000", "contents": "15th\u201316th century Moscow\u2013Constantinople schism, Premises of the schism, Council of Florence, union with the Catholic Church\nWhen Jonah finally arrived to Constantinople in 1436, the Ecumenical Patriarch had already chosen the Greek bishop Isidore and appointed the latter as the new Metropolitan of Kiev and All Rus'. Isidore came to Moscow in 1437 and made a good impression there with his diplomatic skills and knowledge of the Slavonic language. However, only 5 months later, in September 1437, he left Moscow to participate to the Council of Florence, where the unification of the Churches of Rome and Constantinople should be adopted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 123], "content_span": [124, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014073-0009-0000", "contents": "15th\u201316th century Moscow\u2013Constantinople schism, Premises of the schism, Council of Florence, union with the Catholic Church\nThe Church of Constantinople officially accepted the union with the Catholic Church in July 1439 at the council of Florence and was therefore at that time in full communion with the pope. Metropolitan of Kiev and all Rus', Isidore of Kiev, had also accepted the union in the name of the whole Metropolis of Kiev, which included Moscow. Abraham of Suzdal and others who had come from Moscow with Isidore refused to accept the union. Both pro-union priests of the Church of Constantinople and Isidor of Kiev were met with an important backlash by their respective Churches for having accepted the union and the filioque.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 123], "content_span": [124, 742]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014073-0010-0000", "contents": "15th\u201316th century Moscow\u2013Constantinople schism, Premises of the schism, Council of Florence, union with the Catholic Church\nIsidore was an ardent supporter of the union, and after its adoption in July 1439, Pope Eugene IV bestowed on him the title of apostolic legate in all the Eastern lands of Lithuania, Livonia, Galicia and all Rus'; in December 1439 Isidore also received the title of cardinal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 123], "content_span": [124, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014073-0011-0000", "contents": "15th\u201316th century Moscow\u2013Constantinople schism, Premises of the schism, Metropolitan Isidore and his mission in Eastern Europe and Moscow\nIsidor was sent as a papal legate for all Russia and Lithuania and went to Moscow to announce the decision of the Council of Florence. However, in Moscow, bishops and the nobility did not accept the union with the Catholic Church and Isidor was deposed by bishops of the Metropolis of Kiev and sent to prison.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 137], "content_span": [138, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014073-0012-0000", "contents": "15th\u201316th century Moscow\u2013Constantinople schism, Premises of the schism, Metropolitan Isidore and his mission in Eastern Europe and Moscow\nOn the way back, through the Rus' lands belonging to the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania, Isidor announced the Union and conducted services of Eastern Orthodox priests in Catholic churches and vice versa, commemorated the Pope and claimed that the rites performed by Eastern Orthodox have the same power as the Catholic ones. This caused discontent among both Catholics and Orthodox, but the Eastern Orthodox nobles of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania favored Isidore. Some researchers believe that they recognized him only as an Eastern Orthodox metropolitan, not as the cardinal and legate of the Pope, but others doubt it. The situation was complicated by the fact that Poland and Lithuania were leaning on the side of the Council of Basel, which soon put forward his anti-Pope; the Grand Duchy of Lithuania rejected the Council of Florence and the position of Isidore as the legate of Pope Eugene IV.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 137], "content_span": [138, 1038]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014073-0013-0000", "contents": "15th\u201316th century Moscow\u2013Constantinople schism, Premises of the schism, Metropolitan Isidore and his mission in Eastern Europe and Moscow\nOn March 19, 1441, Isidore came to Moscow. Three days later he held a mass in the Dormition Cathedral. During this mass, he commemorated the Pope and read the papal bull of the Union, which listed all the concessions, including dogmatic, made in Florence by the Eastern Orthodox; while he was reading the bull, he was arrested by the Grand Duke Vasily II of Moscow \"who arrested him and tried him as an apostate to the Orthodox faith.\" Then, at Grand Duke Vasily II's command, \"six Russian bishops met in a synod, deposed Isidore, and shut him up in prison.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 137], "content_span": [138, 696]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014073-0014-0000", "contents": "15th\u201316th century Moscow\u2013Constantinople schism, Premises of the schism, Metropolitan Isidore and his mission in Eastern Europe and Moscow\nPrior to that event in Dormition Cathedral, in Moscow, they had not understood well the conditions under which the Union was concluded, but when the details became clear, the Council of Bishops of Moscow condemned Isidor and imprisoned him in the monastery. Later, a letter to the Patriarch of Constantinople was drawn up, in which Isidore's faults were listed and a request was made to consider his case.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 137], "content_span": [138, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014073-0014-0001", "contents": "15th\u201316th century Moscow\u2013Constantinople schism, Premises of the schism, Metropolitan Isidore and his mission in Eastern Europe and Moscow\nThen the authors of the message asked to allow the bishops in Russia to ordain a Metropolitan of Kiev and all Rus' by themselves; apparently, they had no doubt that Isidore would be deprived of his dignity. This letter has been interpreted in two ways. According to the historian Golubinsky, Moscow offered Constantinople a kind of compromise: Moscow gets the opportunity to ordain a Metropolitan and in return it does not raise the issue of the Union, while remaining in formal dependence on the uniate Patriarch of Constantinople. According to the historian Florya, the Eastern Orthodox of Moscow were sure of the imminent failure of the Union supporters, and were hoping for this failure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 137], "content_span": [138, 829]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014073-0015-0000", "contents": "15th\u201316th century Moscow\u2013Constantinople schism, Premises of the schism, Metropolitan Isidore and his mission in Eastern Europe and Moscow\nHowever, the situation was different, and the new Patriarch of Constantinople was the uniate Metrophanes II, who continued to follow the decisions of the Council of Florence. The Eastern Orthodox of Moscow did not dare to judge Isidore themselves, so he was expelled from Moscow (it was officially announced that he had escaped); then, he was also expelled from Tver. He was also poorly met in Lithuanian Navahrudak, because Lithuanian Prince Casimir recognized the anti-pope Felix V who had been previously elected by the Council of Basel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 137], "content_span": [138, 678]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014073-0015-0001", "contents": "15th\u201316th century Moscow\u2013Constantinople schism, Premises of the schism, Metropolitan Isidore and his mission in Eastern Europe and Moscow\nIn March 1443, Isidore had moved in Buda, possession of the new king of Poland and Hungary Vladislav III, and contributed to the publication of the privilege, which formally equated the rights of Catholic and Eastern Orthodox clergy in kings' lands. Then he went to Rome. It is known that at least one of the Eastern Orthodox bishops of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania accepted the ordination from Isidor, and repented of it, but other information on the situation in Lithuania is extremely rare.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 137], "content_span": [138, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014073-0016-0000", "contents": "15th\u201316th century Moscow\u2013Constantinople schism, Premises of the schism, Question of the subordination of the Metropolis of Kiev and all Rus' and the union\nAfter the exile of Isidore from Moscow in 1441, the question of the subordination of the Metropolitan of Kiev and all Rus' to the Church of Constantinople remained unclear for a long time. In Constantinople itself, there was a fierce struggle between pro- and anti-unionists. In fact, the Union was supported by a narrow group of elite from the capital of the dying Empire. Russian Grand Prince Vasiliy II supported the anti-unionists (those information are preserved his correspondence with the monks of Mount Athos). After the death of the pro-unionist Metrophanes II in 1443, in Constantinople for a long time they did not manage to elect a new Patriarch. In 1444\u20131445 there were 15 public disputes between supporters and opponents of the Union.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 154], "content_span": [155, 903]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014073-0017-0000", "contents": "15th\u201316th century Moscow\u2013Constantinople schism, Premises of the schism, Question of the subordination of the Metropolis of Kiev and all Rus' and the union\nGradually, the ranks of the pro-unionists were reduced and ten years after the Council of Florence, only four of the members of the Greek delegation remained faithful to the Union. Despite this, the firm supporter of the Union Gregory Mammas became the new Patriarch (in 1444 or 1445). His position remained fragile and he fled Constantinople in 1451 after the death of Byzantine emperor John VIII Palaiologos (one of the initiators of the Union). Information about relations between Moscow and Constantinople during this period is extremely scarce and unreliable.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 154], "content_span": [155, 719]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014073-0018-0000", "contents": "15th\u201316th century Moscow\u2013Constantinople schism, Premises of the schism, Election of Metropolitan Jonah of Kiev and all Rus'\nMeanwhile, there was a long civil war between Vasily II and his cousins in the Moscow Principality, during which both sides sought support from Jonah. In 1446 Dmitry Shemyaka seized power in Moscow, and in exchange for help he promised Jonah that he (Johah) would become Metropolitan of Kiev and All Rus' and let him take the Palace of the Metropolitan in Moscow. However, after Vasily II regained his throne in 1447, Jonah was still officially only the bishop of Ryazan and his name was only in third place. It is only in 1448 that the Council of bishops of North-Eastern Rus' proclaimed Jonas Metropolitan of Kiev and All Rus'. This decision was not unanimous \u2013 the bishops of Tver and Novgorod (both cities were semi-independent from Moscow) did not sign the Charter of his election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 123], "content_span": [124, 910]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014073-0019-0000", "contents": "15th\u201316th century Moscow\u2013Constantinople schism, Premises of the schism, Election of Metropolitan Jonah of Kiev and all Rus'\nIn support of Jonah's claims, Moscow claimed that the previous Metropolitan of Kiev and All Rus', Photios, had proclaimed Jonah as his successor, and that a Patriarch of Constantinople which they did not name had once promised Jonah that he would become Metropolitan of Kiev and All Rus' after Isidore. Some modern researchers doubt the validity of these claims.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 123], "content_span": [124, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014073-0020-0000", "contents": "15th\u201316th century Moscow\u2013Constantinople schism, Premises of the schism, Election of Metropolitan Jonah of Kiev and all Rus'\nThe election of Jonah was not accompanied by a clear break with Constantinople. For example, Vasily II composed a letter to the new Emperor Constantine XI Palaiologos (whom he wrongly considered an opponent of the Union). Vasily justified the unauthorized election of Jonah by extreme circumstances and asked for communion and blessings, but only if there would be an Eastern Orthodox Patriarch in Constantinople:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 123], "content_span": [124, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014073-0021-0000", "contents": "15th\u201316th century Moscow\u2013Constantinople schism, Premises of the schism, Election of Metropolitan Jonah of Kiev and all Rus'\nWe have done this from necessity, not from pride or insolence. Till the end of time we shall abide in the Orthodoxy that was given to us; our Church will always seek the blessing of the Church of Tsarigrad and will be obedient in all things to the ancient piety.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 123], "content_span": [124, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014073-0022-0000", "contents": "15th\u201316th century Moscow\u2013Constantinople schism, Premises of the schism, Election of Metropolitan Jonah of Kiev and all Rus'\nHowever Constantine XI, in a desperate search for allies against the Turks, agreed to the Union. Soon, in 1453, Constantinople fell and the question of recognizing Jonah remained uncertain until his death.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 123], "content_span": [124, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014073-0023-0000", "contents": "15th\u201316th century Moscow\u2013Constantinople schism, Premises of the schism, Election of Metropolitan Jonah of Kiev and all Rus'\nThe Ecumenical Patriarchate wrote in an official letter in 2018: \"the Holy Metropolitanate of Kiev has always belonged to the jurisdiction of the Mother Church of Constantinople, founded by it as a separate Metropolitanate, occupying the 60th position in the list of the eparchies of the Ecumenical Throne.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 123], "content_span": [124, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014073-0023-0001", "contents": "15th\u201316th century Moscow\u2013Constantinople schism, Premises of the schism, Election of Metropolitan Jonah of Kiev and all Rus'\nLater on, the local Synod in the state of Great Russia \u2014 upon an unfounded pretext \u2014 unilaterally cut itself off from its canonical authority, i.e. the Holy Great Church of Christ (1448), but in the city of Kiev other Metropolitans, authentic and canonical, were continually and unceasingly ordained by the Ecumenical Patriarchate, since the Kievan clergy and laity did not accept their subjection to the center of Moscovy.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 123], "content_span": [124, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014073-0024-0000", "contents": "15th\u201316th century Moscow\u2013Constantinople schism, Schism, Gregory the Bulgarian, division of the Metropolis of Kiev, and beginning of the schism\nAfter his election, Metropolitan Jonah tried to assert his jurisdiction over the Eastern Orthodox of Lithuania. He succeeded because the Grand Duke of Lithuania Casimir, who was recently (in 1447) elected king of Poland, and Vasily II (his brother-in-law) were able to agree on this. In 1451, Casimir IV sent a charter to the Eastern Orthodox of Lithuania in which he called them to obey Jonah as Metropolitan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 142], "content_span": [143, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014073-0025-0000", "contents": "15th\u201316th century Moscow\u2013Constantinople schism, Schism, Gregory the Bulgarian, division of the Metropolis of Kiev, and beginning of the schism\nIn 1454, after they conquered Constantinople, the Ottomans removed Ecumenical Patriarch Athanasius II and imposed a new Ecumenical Patriarch, Gennadios, \"who promptly renounced the Filioque.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 142], "content_span": [143, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014073-0026-0000", "contents": "15th\u201316th century Moscow\u2013Constantinople schism, Schism, Gregory the Bulgarian, division of the Metropolis of Kiev, and beginning of the schism\nHowever, in 1458 the Patriarch-Uniate Gregory Mammas, who had fled from Constantinople to Rome, ordained Gregory the Bulgarian as new Metropolitan of Kiev and All Rus'. Previously, also in 1458, Pope Calixtus III had divided the Metropolis of Kiev into two parts: \"Superior Russia\" centered about Moscow and \"Inner Russia\" centered about Kiev.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 142], "content_span": [143, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014073-0027-0000", "contents": "15th\u201316th century Moscow\u2013Constantinople schism, Schism, Gregory the Bulgarian, division of the Metropolis of Kiev, and beginning of the schism\nCasimir IV was forced to cede to the demands of Pope Calixtus III and to recognize Gregory as Metropolitan, restoring the Union in Lithuania. Jonah resisted this decision, and in 1459 he assembled the Council and demanded that its members swear allegiance to him or to his successor, as well as to sever relations with the Uniate Metropolitan Gregory. In case of any persecution by the authorities, Jonah promised the bishops refuge in the Moscow Principality, but only one Bishop, Evfimy of Bryansk and Chernigov, took advantage of this offer (he became Bishop of Suzdal). In 1461, Jonah died. Despite the victory of Gregory the Bulgarian over the Eastern Orthodox bishops, he faced resistance to the Union at the grassroots level (at this time the first Orthodox \"brotherhoods\" were formed).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 142], "content_span": [143, 936]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014073-0028-0000", "contents": "15th\u201316th century Moscow\u2013Constantinople schism, Schism, Gregory the Bulgarian, division of the Metropolis of Kiev, and beginning of the schism\nAt the same time, in Constantinople, which was ruled by the Turks, the Union was finally rejected. As a result, Gregory decided to leave the Catholic Church, and returned to the jurisdiction of Patriarch Dionysius I of Constantinople. In February 1467 Dionysius sent a letter to Moscow, in which he called all the Russian lands, and especially Great Novgorod, to accept Gregory as the only legitimate Metropolitan recognized by Constantinople.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 142], "content_span": [143, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014073-0028-0001", "contents": "15th\u201316th century Moscow\u2013Constantinople schism, Schism, Gregory the Bulgarian, division of the Metropolis of Kiev, and beginning of the schism\nIn addition, in the same letter Dionysius claimed that his Holy Catholic Church \"did not accept, does not hold, and does not name as metropolitans\" Jonah and other metropolitans, ordained in Moscow after him. At this time, Philip I was the metropolitan in Moscow, since 1464; he replaced Theodosius, whom Jonah had appointed as his successor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 142], "content_span": [143, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014073-0029-0000", "contents": "15th\u201316th century Moscow\u2013Constantinople schism, Schism, Complete rupture with the Ecumencal Patriarch by Ivan III\nGrand Prince Ivan III of Russia refused to recognize Gregory the Bulgarian, which led to a rupture of relations between Moscow and Constantinople. In 1470, Ivan III wrote to the Archbishop of Novgorod that he did not recognize Gregory as a Metropolitan; Ivan added concerning the Patriarch of Constantinople: \"we do not demand him, nor his blessing, nor his disregard, we consider him, the very patriarch, alien and renounced\". These words were a clear confirmation of the formal break with Constantinople, which arose because of the autocephaly of the church of Moscow. Soon the Novgorod Republic tried to get out from the influence of Moscow, recognizing Casimir of Poland and Lithuania as their liege, and Gregory as their Metropolitan. But Ivan III suppressed this attempt by military force, executing leaders of the opposition (1471).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 113], "content_span": [114, 953]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014073-0030-0000", "contents": "15th\u201316th century Moscow\u2013Constantinople schism, Schism, Consequences of the fall of Constantinople, Role of the Byzantine emperor in the Eastern Orthodox Church\nIn Eastern Orthodox Christianity, the role of the Roman emperor as the sole secular head of all Eastern Orthodox was very prominent. Thus, in 1393 Patriarch Anthony IV of Constantinople wrote to Grand Prince Vasily I of Moscow:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 160], "content_span": [161, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014073-0031-0000", "contents": "15th\u201316th century Moscow\u2013Constantinople schism, Schism, Consequences of the fall of Constantinople, Role of the Byzantine emperor in the Eastern Orthodox Church\nThe holy emperor has a great place in the church, for he is not like other rulers or governors of other regions. This s [sic] so because from the beginning the emperors established and confirmed the [true] faith in all the inhabited world. They convoked the ecumenical councils and confirmed and decreed the acceptance of the pronouncements of the divine and holy canons regarding the correct doctrines and the government of Christians. [", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 160], "content_span": [161, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014073-0031-0001", "contents": "15th\u201316th century Moscow\u2013Constantinople schism, Schism, Consequences of the fall of Constantinople, Role of the Byzantine emperor in the Eastern Orthodox Church\n...] The basileus [note: the Greek term for emperor] is anointed with the great myrrh and is appointed basileus and autokrator of the Romans, and indeed of all Christians. Everywhere the name of the emperor is commemorated by all patriarchs and metropolitans and bishops wherever men are called Christians, [a thing] which no other ruler or governor ever received. Indeed he enjoys such great authority over all that even the Latins themselves, who are not in communion with our church, render him the same honor and submission which they did in the old days when they were united with us.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 160], "content_span": [161, 750]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014073-0031-0002", "contents": "15th\u201316th century Moscow\u2013Constantinople schism, Schism, Consequences of the fall of Constantinople, Role of the Byzantine emperor in the Eastern Orthodox Church\nSo much more do Orthodox Christians owe such recognition to him.... Therefore, my son, you are wrong to affirm that we have the church without an Emperors for it is impossible for Christians to have a church and no empire. The Baslleia [empire] and the church have a great unity and community - indeed they cannot be separated. Christians can repudiate only emperors who are heretics who attack the church, or who introduce doctrines irreconcilable with the teachings of the Apostles and the Fathers. [ ...] Of whom, then, do the Fathers, councils, and canons speak? Always and everywhere they speak loudly of' the one rightful basileus, whose laws, decrees, and charters are in force throughout the world and who alone, only he, is mentioned in all places by Christians in the liturgy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 160], "content_span": [161, 947]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014073-0032-0000", "contents": "15th\u201316th century Moscow\u2013Constantinople schism, Schism, Consequences of the fall of Constantinople, Role of the Byzantine emperor in the Eastern Orthodox Church\nThe basileus gave the Patriarchate of Constantinople an enormous prestige, although this position of Eastern Orthodox emperor was challenged; indeed, the rivalry for primacy with the basileus of the Byzantine empire was especially strong among the Eastern Orthodox Slavs in the Balkans, who sought autocephaly for their churches and gave their rulers the title of tsar (emperor). The capital of the Bulgarian Tsardome, Tarnovo, was even called \"New Rome\". The Patriarchs of Constantinople, however, did not recognize these rulers as equal to a basileus of the Byzantine Empire. Muscovy also shared this feeling of rivalry with the Byzantine empire over the secular primacy in the Eastern Orthodox Church.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 160], "content_span": [161, 865]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014073-0033-0000", "contents": "15th\u201316th century Moscow\u2013Constantinople schism, Schism, Consequences of the fall of Constantinople, Moscow, third Rome\nThe expulsion of Metropolitan Isidore and the independent ordination of Jonah were the response of Moscow to the Union. However, even after the Patriarchate of Constantinople officially rejected the Union in 1484, its jurisdiction over Moscow was not restored because there was no Eastern Roman emperor anymore.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 118], "content_span": [119, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014073-0034-0000", "contents": "15th\u201316th century Moscow\u2013Constantinople schism, Schism, Consequences of the fall of Constantinople, Moscow, third Rome\nIn 1453, Constantinople was captured by the Turks, and the last fragment of the Byzantine Empire, Trebizond, fell in 1461 to the Turks. Even before the fall of Constantinople, the Orthodox Slavic states in the Balkans had fallen under Turkish rule. The fall of Constantinople caused tremendous fears, many considered the fall of Constantinople as a sign the End time was near (in 1492 it was 7000 Anno Mundi); others believed that the emperors of the Holy Roman Empire (although he was a Roman Catholic) now took the place of the emperors of Constantinople.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 118], "content_span": [119, 676]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014073-0034-0001", "contents": "15th\u201316th century Moscow\u2013Constantinople schism, Schism, Consequences of the fall of Constantinople, Moscow, third Rome\nThere were also hopes that Constantinople would be liberated soon. Moreover, the Orthodox Church was left without its Eastern Orthodox Basileus. Therefore, the question arose of who would become the new basileus. At the end of the various \"Tales\" about the fall of Constantinople, which gained great popularity in Moscow Russia, it was directly stated that the Rus' people would defeat the Ishmaelites (Muslims) and their king would become the basileus in the City of Seven Hills (Constantinople).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 118], "content_span": [119, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014073-0034-0002", "contents": "15th\u201316th century Moscow\u2013Constantinople schism, Schism, Consequences of the fall of Constantinople, Moscow, third Rome\nThe Grand Prince of Moscow remained the strongest of the Eastern Orthodox rulers; Ivan III married Sophia Paleologue, broke his formal subordination to the Golden Horde (already divided into several Tatar kingdoms) and became an independent ruler. All of this strengthened Moscow's claims to primacy in the Eastern Orthodox world. However, the liberation of Constantinople was still far away \u2014 the Moscow State had no opportunity to fight the Ottoman Empire. At the end of the 15th century, the emergence of the idea that Moscow is a truly a new Rome can be found. Metropolitan Zosima, in 1492, quite clearly expressed it, calling Ivan III \"the new Tsar Constantine of the new city of Constantine \u2014 Moscow.\" This idea is best known in the presentation of the monk Philotheus of the early 16th century:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 118], "content_span": [119, 920]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014073-0035-0000", "contents": "15th\u201316th century Moscow\u2013Constantinople schism, Schism, Consequences of the fall of Constantinople, Moscow, third Rome\nSo know, pious king, that all the Christian kingdoms came to an end and came together in a single kingdom of yours, two Romes have fallen, the third stands, and there will be no fourth [emphasis added]. No one shall replace your Christian Tsardom according to the great Theologian [cf. Revelation 17:10] [...].", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 118], "content_span": [119, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014073-0036-0000", "contents": "15th\u201316th century Moscow\u2013Constantinople schism, Schism, Consequences of the fall of Constantinople, Moscow, third Rome\nThe Moscow scholars explained the fall of Constantinople as the divine punishment for the sin of the Union with the Catholic Church, but they did not want to obey the Patriarch of Constantinople, although there were no unionist patriarchs since the Turkish conquest in 1453 and the first Patriarch since then, Gennadius Scholarius, was the leader of the anti-unionists. At the next synod, held in Constantinople in 1484, the Union was finally declared invalid. Having lost its Christian basileus after the Turkish conquest, Constantinople as a center of power lost a significant part of its authority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 118], "content_span": [119, 720]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014073-0036-0001", "contents": "15th\u201316th century Moscow\u2013Constantinople schism, Schism, Consequences of the fall of Constantinople, Moscow, third Rome\nOn the contrary, the Moscow rulers soon began to consider themselves real Tsars (this title was already used by Ivan III), and therefore according to them the center of the Eastern Orthodox Church should have been located in Moscow, and thus the bishop of Moscow should become the head of the Orthodoxy. The text of the bishop's oath in Muscovy, edited in 1505\u20131511, condemned the ordination of metropolitans in Constantinople, calling it \"the ordination in the area of godless Turks, by the pagan tsar.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 118], "content_span": [119, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014073-0037-0000", "contents": "15th\u201316th century Moscow\u2013Constantinople schism, Schism, Consequences of the fall of Constantinople, Moscow, third Rome\n\"The liturgical privileges that the Byzantine emperor enjoyed carried over to the Muscovite tsar. In 1547, for instance, when Ivan IV was crowned tsar, not only was he anointed as the Byzantine emperor had been after the late twelfth century, but he was also allowed to communicate in the sanctuary with the clergy.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 118], "content_span": [119, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014073-0038-0000", "contents": "15th\u201316th century Moscow\u2013Constantinople schism, Schism, Consequences of the fall of Constantinople, Moscow, third Rome\n\"The Russian Orthodox Church declared itself autocephalous in 1448, on the basis of explicit rejection of the Filioque, and the doctrine of \"Moscow as the Third and Final Rome\" was born. This rejection of the Idea of Progress embodied in the Council of Florence is the cultural root of subsequent Russian imperial designs on the West.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 118], "content_span": [119, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014073-0039-0000", "contents": "15th\u201316th century Moscow\u2013Constantinople schism, Schism, Attempts to restore relations\nWhen breaking off relations with Constantinople in 1467\u20131470, ambassadors of the Ecumenical Patriarch were forbidden to enter the possession of the Moscow Grand Prince Ivan III. As a result, direct contacts were completely interrupted for almost half a century. However, Moscow continued to intensively communicate with the monks of Mount Athos and in 1517 Patriarch Theoleptus I of Constantinople used this channel of communication. Together with the elders of Athos, among whom was the famous Maximus the Greek, he sent his ambassadors, Gregory (Metropolitan of Zichnai) and the patriarchal deacon, to the Grand Prince Vasily III.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 85], "content_span": [86, 718]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014073-0040-0000", "contents": "15th\u201316th century Moscow\u2013Constantinople schism, Schism, Attempts to restore relations\nThe question of who initiated this contact remains unresolved. It is known that Vasily III was childless for a long time in his first marriage, and many attempts were made to beg for an heir from the Higher powers. The monks of Athos who accompanied the ambassadors reported that they fulfilled the request to pray for the childbearing of Princess Solomonia in the monasteries of the Holy Mountain. Modern researchers (Dm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 85], "content_span": [86, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014073-0040-0001", "contents": "15th\u201316th century Moscow\u2013Constantinople schism, Schism, Attempts to restore relations\nKryvtsov, V. Lurie) believe that the initiative came from the Patriarch of Constantinople, and the real goal (in addition to the request for financial assistance) was to restore the canonical jurisdiction of Constantinople over Moscow. The story of this embassy in the Moscow chronicles was seriously reworked, and some documents were withdrawn, but the original evidence is preserved in the materials of the trial of Maximus the Greek. It follows from them that the Patriarch's ambassadors were met extremely coldly; the Grand Prince and Metropolitan Varlaam did not accept the blessing from the Patriarch's envoy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 85], "content_span": [86, 701]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014073-0041-0000", "contents": "15th\u201316th century Moscow\u2013Constantinople schism, Schism, Attempts to restore relations\nIn the ensuing controversy about the right to autocephaly, Moscow had no serious canonical arguments. However, Muscovites believed that if God was dissatisfied with the ordination of Jonas in 1448, He would somehow have showed it. In particular, afterlife miracles of former Metropolitans of Moscow, saint Alexius and saint Peter - saint Alexius having been canonized by Jonah in 1448 -, were cited to prove that those saints were in favor of the ordination of Metropolitan Jonah.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 85], "content_span": [86, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014073-0041-0001", "contents": "15th\u201316th century Moscow\u2013Constantinople schism, Schism, Attempts to restore relations\nIn addition, Muscovites recalled precedents \u2013 the proclamation of autocephaly of the Serbian and Bulgarian churches and similar miracles performed by the relics of the Patriarch of Bulgaria. According to the Moscow scholars, those miracles could not have been possible if God did not want the Bulgarians to have their own independent primate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 85], "content_span": [86, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014073-0041-0002", "contents": "15th\u201316th century Moscow\u2013Constantinople schism, Schism, Attempts to restore relations\nThe embassy of the Patriarch of Constantinople was in Moscow for a year and a half, and at this time (1518-1519) sources record a series of miraculous healings from the relics of Metropolitan Alexius (his canonization was the first act of Metropolitan Jonah after his ordination in 1448). In honor of these healings, magnificent celebrations were arranged with the participation of the Grand Duke, Metropolitans, bishops and other members of the clergy, who had to show the \"Greeks\" the legitimacy of the Moscow autocephaly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 85], "content_span": [86, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014073-0041-0003", "contents": "15th\u201316th century Moscow\u2013Constantinople schism, Schism, Attempts to restore relations\nThe possession of ancient Byzantine icons as a symbol of continuity and preservation of \"pure\" Orthodox traditions was also demonstrated to the \"Greeks\". In 1518, Metropolitan of Moscow Varlaam made a public prayer for the ending of prolonged rains. When the rains came to an end, it was also regarded as an approval of the legitimacy of Varlaam's ordination.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 85], "content_span": [86, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014073-0042-0000", "contents": "15th\u201316th century Moscow\u2013Constantinople schism, Schism, Attempts to restore relations\nThe Greeks could not do anything against such arguments. Even if they were not directly expressed, the very atmosphere of the continuous triumph of \"Russian Orthodoxy\" made useless any attempt to officially raise the question of the subordination of the Moscow autocephalous church to the Patriarch of Constantinople. So the envoys of the Ecumenical Patriarch returned with nothing. The next envoy of the Patriarch of Constantinople appeared in Moscow only 37 years later, in 1556.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 85], "content_span": [86, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014073-0042-0001", "contents": "15th\u201316th century Moscow\u2013Constantinople schism, Schism, Attempts to restore relations\nMaximus the Greek stayed in Moscow and tried to debate, explaining the uncanonical character of the Moscow autocephaly and the fact that the Metropolitan of Moscow was ordinated \"not according to divine scripture, nor according to the rules of the Saints Fathers\". This ended for him with a trial and a very long imprisonment, despite the sympathetic attitude of a part of the clergy who, to the best of their strength, facilitated his fate and made it possible for him to continue his writings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 85], "content_span": [86, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014073-0043-0000", "contents": "15th\u201316th century Moscow\u2013Constantinople schism, Schism, Attempts to restore relations\nIn 1539, Grand Prince Vasily III died. As a result of court intrigues, Metropolitan Daniel was dismissed, and Joasaph (Skripitsyn), abbot of the Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius, was put in his place. Joasaph was a famous book lover and patron of scribes and calligraphers; he opposed to Josephites and was a friend of Maximus the Greek. Ascending the post, Joasaph did not renounce the patriarch of Constantinople, as his predecessors Moscow metropolitans did and as his successors would; Joasaph did not declare Moscow's Orthodoxy as being the only true one. Historian Vladimir Lurie believes that the actions of Joasaph can be considered as an attempt to bring Moscow out of the schism. However, Joasaph's rule was short-lived, in 1542 he was removed from the See of Moscow.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 85], "content_span": [86, 859]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014073-0044-0000", "contents": "15th\u201316th century Moscow\u2013Constantinople schism, End of the schism and recognition of Moscow's autocephaly\nThe exact time of the end of the schism is not known for sure. The Church historian Anton Kartashev believed that the excommunication imposed by Constantinople for the rejection of Isidore \"was never lifted from the Russian Church in formal and documented way. It gradually melted in the course of history, and at the time the Moscow Patriarchate was approved in 1589, it was not even remembered\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 105], "content_span": [106, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014073-0044-0001", "contents": "15th\u201316th century Moscow\u2013Constantinople schism, End of the schism and recognition of Moscow's autocephaly\nOn the other hand, the modern historian of the Church, Vladimir Lurie, believes that in 1560-1561 the Metropolis of Moscow returned to the jurisdiction of the Patriarch of Constantinople, while losing its self-proclaimed autocephaly. This conclusion was made as a result of a detailed analysis of a set of documents relating to the Embassy of Archimandrite Theodorite of 1557 and the Embassy of Archimandrite Joasaph of 1560\u20131561. The main issue of negotiations was to confirm the coronation of Ivan the Terrible as a real Eastern Orthodox tsar (emperor).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 105], "content_span": [106, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014073-0044-0002", "contents": "15th\u201316th century Moscow\u2013Constantinople schism, End of the schism and recognition of Moscow's autocephaly\nIn one letter, the patriarch of Constantinople Joasaph calls the metropolitan of Moscow \"the exarch of the catholic patriarch\" (Greek: \u03ce\u03c2 \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b9\u03cc\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2). Such a title meant administrative subordination, and beyond that it was specially noted in this letter that \"he has power from us\" (that is, from the Patriarch of Constantinople) and only in this way could he act as a hierarch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 105], "content_span": [106, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014073-0045-0000", "contents": "15th\u201316th century Moscow\u2013Constantinople schism, End of the schism and recognition of Moscow's autocephaly\nThe Russian Orthodox Church considers that it became de facto autocephalous in 1448, yet the other Eastern Orthodox Patriarchs recognized its autocephaly only in 1589\u20131593. \"This was done by means of two letters signed, not by the Ecumenical Patriarch alone, but also by other Patriarchs of the East. In these letters the Patriarchal rank of the primate of the Russian Church was recognized and the Patriarch of Moscow was placed fifth in diptych after the four Patriarchs of the East.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 105], "content_span": [106, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014074-0000-0000", "contents": "15\u00b0 Off Cool\n15\u00b0 Off Cool is a 2007 comedy special by Bill Engvall, which premiered on Comedy Central on Sunday, March 25, 2007. It was made available on DVD and CD, the latter version of which debuted on the Billboard 200 albums chart in March 2007 with sales of 9,000 copies. The special was recorded at The Paramount Theatre in Austin, Texas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014075-0000-0000", "contents": "15\u03b1-Hydroxy-DHEA\n15\u03b1-Hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone, abbreviated as 15\u03b1-hydroxy-DHEA or 15\u03b1-OH-DHEA, is an endogenous metabolite of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA). Both 15\u03b1-OH-DHEA and its 3\u03b2-sulfate ester, 15\u03b1-OH-DHEA-S, are intermediates in the biosynthesis of estetrol from dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014076-0000-0000", "contents": "15\u03b1-Hydroxy-DHEA sulfate\n15\u03b1-Hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, abbreviated as 15\u03b1-hydroxy-DHEA sulfate or 15\u03b1-OH-DHEA-S, also known as 15\u03b1-hydroxy-17-oxoandrost-5-en-3\u03b2-yl sulfate, is an endogenous, naturally occurring steroid and a metabolic intermediate in the production of estetrol from dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) during pregnancy. It is the C3\u03b2 sulfate ester of 15\u03b1-hydroxy-DHEA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014077-0000-0000", "contents": "15\u03b1-Hydroxyestradiol\n15\u03b1-Hydroxyestradiol (15\u03b1-OH-E2) is an endogenous estrogen which occurs during pregnancy. It is structurally related to estriol (16\u03b1-hydroxyestradiol) and estetrol (15\u03b1-hydroxyestriol or 15\u03b1,16\u03b1-dihydroxyestradiol).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014078-0000-0000", "contents": "15\u03b2-Hydroxycyproterone acetate\n15\u03b2-Hydroxycyproterone acetate (15\u03b2-OH-CPA) is a steroidal antiandrogen and the major metabolite of cyproterone acetate (CPA). It is formed from CPA in the liver by hydroxylation via the cytochrome P450 enzyme CYP3A4. During therapy with CPA, 15\u03b2-OH-CPA circulates at concentrations that are approximately twice those of CPA. 15\u03b2-OH-CPA has similar or even greater antiandrogen activity compared to CPA. However, it has only about one-tenth of the activity of CPA as a progestogen. 15\u03b2-OH-CPA also shows some glucocorticoid activity, similarly to CPA and unesterified cyproterone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014079-0000-0000", "contents": "15\u201316th & Locust station\n15\u201316th & Locust station is the western terminus of the PATCO Lindenwold Line in the Rittenhouse Square neighborhood of Philadelphia. The station has a single island platform, with a fare mezzanine above. The mezzanine level connects to the Center City Pedestrian Concourse, which connects subway and regional rail stations in the Center City area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014080-0000-0000", "contents": "16 & 1\n16 & 1 is the seventh studio album by Canadian country music group Doc Walker. It was released on August 29, 2011 by Open Road Recordings. The album includes covers of Bob Seger's \"Get Out of Denver\" and the Crash Test Dummies' \"I Think I'll Disappear Now.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014080-0001-0000", "contents": "16 & 1\n16 & 1 was nominated for Country Album of the Year at the 2012 Juno Awards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 82]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014081-0000-0000", "contents": "16 (Regina) Field Ambulance\n16 (Regina) Field Ambulance is a Canadian Forces Primary Reserve medical unit in Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014081-0001-0000", "contents": "16 (Regina) Field Ambulance, History\nThis unit has a long and distinguished history that lives up to the medical corps tradition of being faithful in adversity. It is the latest in a line of Saskatchewan army medical units dating back to 21 Field Ambulance of World War I and 10 Field Ambulance of World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014081-0002-0000", "contents": "16 (Regina) Field Ambulance, History, World War II\nFrom 1940 to 1941, the unit trained at Camp Dundurn, in preparation for deployment to England. Once deployed, the unit provided medical services, as well as successfully evacuating thousands of Canadian and Allied units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 50], "content_span": [51, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014081-0003-0000", "contents": "16 (Regina) Field Ambulance, History, Post-World War II to 1990\nIn the early 1970s, the unit was disbanded along with all militia medical units across Canada, but was reformed as a Medical Company, as part of 16 Service Battalion, a combat service support unit, based out of Regina Garrison in Regina, Saskatchewan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 63], "content_span": [64, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014081-0004-0000", "contents": "16 (Regina) Field Ambulance, History, 1990\u2013present\nIn the early 1990s, the unit received official detachment status for its detachment operating in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, out of Sgt. Hugh Cairns VC Armoury. In 2004, the Canadian Forces Medical Service underwent a reorganization, and 16 Medical Company became its own unit again, and was renamed 16 (Regina) Field Ambulance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 50], "content_span": [51, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014081-0005-0000", "contents": "16 (Regina) Field Ambulance, Royal Canadian Army Cadets\n16 (Regina) Field Ambulance is affiliated with 328 Royal Canadian Army Medical Cadet Corps, based in Saskatoon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 55], "content_span": [56, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014082-0000-0000", "contents": "16 (Robin album)\n16 is the fourth studio album by Finnish singer Robin, released on 22 September 2014. Two singles preceded the release; \"Kes\u00e4renkaat\" and \"Parasta just nyt\". The album peaked at number one on the Finnish Albums Chart in October 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014083-0000-0000", "contents": "16 (Sneaky Sound System song)\n\"16\" is the third single by Australian dance group Sneaky Sound System, taken from their second studio album 2. It was released on 14 February 2009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014083-0001-0000", "contents": "16 (Sneaky Sound System song)\nThey performed the song on Australian television show Rove on 8 February 2009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014084-0000-0000", "contents": "16 (band)\n16, stylized as -(16)-, is an American sludge metal band from Los Angeles, California. The band is currently signed to Relapse Records. -(16)- has been cited, along with fellow pioneering acts such as Eyehategod, Crowbar and Acid Bath, as one of the subgenre's seminal outfits. In June 2020, the band released their eighth full-length album, Dream Squasher.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014084-0001-0000", "contents": "16 (band), History, Formation and Curves That Kick (1992\u20131994)\n16 was formed in Santa Ana, California by Bobby Ferry (guitar), Cris Jerue (vocals), and Jason Corley (drums) in 1992. According to Ferry, he and Jerue bonded as part of the Southern California skate scene. Ferry has stated band was originally called 15, but changed their name when they were made aware of a previously existing group called Fifteen, who had been signed to Lookout Records. Ferry also named some of the band's early influences, including 7 Seconds, Bad Brains, and Metallica, as well as the \"wave of [Amphetamine Reptile] bands, Helmet, Jesus Lizard, Unsane and Tar.\" The band's first full-length album, Curves That Kick, was released in 1993 on Bacteria Sour, an independent label owned by renowned artist, Pushead. Following the album's release, -(16)- toured Japan in 1994.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 62], "content_span": [63, 856]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014084-0002-0000", "contents": "16 (band), History, Drop Out and Blaze of Incompetence (1995\u20131998)\nThe band's next record, Drop Out, was released by Pessimiser/Theologian records in 1996 (after being shelved for nearly two years). In spite of Drop Out's critical acclaim, -(16)- did not tour heavily, opting instead to focus on performing locally. Jason Corley was ejected from the band at the end of 1994, and replaced by Andy Hassler. Phil Vera was also added as a second guitarist. The band released Blaze of Incompetence in 1997 (again on Pessimiser/Theologian), and did a US tour with Grief in 1998. Andy Hassler was fired shortly after the tour. R.D. Davies replaced Andy, and then he was replaced by Mark Sanger 6 months later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 66], "content_span": [67, 702]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014084-0003-0000", "contents": "16 (band), History, Zoloft Smile and hiatus (1999\u20132004)\n16's next album, Zoloft Smile, was recorded in 1999/2000, but was not released until 2002 by At A Loss Recordings. By the time the album was released, Bobby and Tony had both quit the band. The rest of the guys carried on with Phil being the lone guitar player. Nial McGaughey and later, Rafa Martinez handled bass duties. Phil took over vocal duties in 2003, after Cris was forced to go to rehab for alcohol and drug dependency.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 55], "content_span": [56, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014084-0003-0001", "contents": "16 (band), History, Zoloft Smile and hiatus (1999\u20132004)\nAddiction issues have plagued the band throughout their career, with Jerue remarking in a 2012 interview with Invisible Oranges, \"there have been 14 dudes in this band and not one has been stable mentally or chemically.\" The band then toured the US and Japan as a three-piece (Phil, Mark, Rafa), until calling it quits in 2004.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 55], "content_span": [56, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014084-0004-0000", "contents": "16 (band), History, Reformation, Bridges to Burn, and Deep Cuts from Dark Clouds (2007\u20132014)\nFerry, Jerue, Corley and Tony Baumeister reformed -(16)- in 2007, subsequently securing a deal with Relapse Records. Their Relapse debut, Bridges to Burn, was released in January 2009. The band parted ways with Corley again, and recruited Mateo Pinkerton as their new drummer. In 2010, Relapse Records released The First Trimester, a compilation of non-album material. Deep Cuts from Dark Clouds followed in 2012. In 2012, Last Hurrah Records also released Lost Tracts of Time, a compilation featuring b-sides from the Zoloft Smile era.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 92], "content_span": [93, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014084-0005-0000", "contents": "16 (band), History, The Lifespan of a Moth and Dream Squasher (2015\u2013present)\nOn May 18, 2016, Stereogum premiered a new track from Lifespan of a Moth, \"The Absolute Center of a Pitch Black Heart\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 76], "content_span": [77, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014084-0006-0000", "contents": "16 (band), History, The Lifespan of a Moth and Dream Squasher (2015\u2013present)\nOn June 9, 2016, Decibel premiered 16's video for \"Peaches, Cream and The Placenta\". Guitarist Bobby Ferry said of the track, \"The song is a stressed-out walk down a well-trodden trail that we have been prancing down since the early '90s. The lyrics delicately touch with all thumbs on the subject of addictive personality sorcery that creates unintended helpless victims.\" The video was directed by longtime 16 collaborator and producer, Jeff Forrest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 76], "content_span": [77, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014084-0007-0000", "contents": "16 (band), History, The Lifespan of a Moth and Dream Squasher (2015\u2013present)\nIn June 2016, it was announced that \"Landloper\" was the opening track from Lifespan of a Moth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 76], "content_span": [77, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014084-0008-0000", "contents": "16 (band), History, The Lifespan of a Moth and Dream Squasher (2015\u2013present)\nOn August 15, 2016, guitarist Bobby Ferry discussed Lifespan of a Moth on the Everything Went Black podcast, hosted by Tombs frontman Mike Hill.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 76], "content_span": [77, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014084-0009-0000", "contents": "16 (band), History, The Lifespan of a Moth and Dream Squasher (2015\u2013present)\nIn 2020, a brand new album, entitled Dream Squasher was announced for release on June 5. Ferry undertook the vocal duties, as Cris Jerue retired from the music industry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 76], "content_span": [77, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014085-0000-0000", "contents": "16 (magazine)\n16 was a fan magazine published in New York City.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 63]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014085-0001-0000", "contents": "16 (magazine), Origins\nFounded in 1956, the first issue of 16 hit the newsstands in May 1957, with Elvis Presley on the cover.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014085-0002-0000", "contents": "16 (magazine), Origins\nHowever, its longtime editor-in-chief, former fashion model and subscriptions clerk Gloria Stavers, transformed 16 from a standard general-interest movie magazine into a major fan magazine focused on the preteen female as its primary reader base. Stavers was editor from 1958 until 1975. She chose to cater to that particular demographic because of the many fan letters she had read from girls aged nine through 12 writing to popular celebrities in care of the magazine, and she remembered how she felt at that age and developed a formula to increase readership in that demographic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014085-0003-0000", "contents": "16 (magazine), Content\n16's covers attracted readers by featuring sensational and hyperbole-laden headlines such as \"The Day He Almost DIED! \", head shots of various male entertainers, and very whimsical artwork. Although the articles were printed on newsprint, 16 featured colorful, glossy pin-up poster art.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014085-0004-0000", "contents": "16 (magazine), Content\nPrior to the 1970s, most of the pin-ups of the celebrities were kept clean-cut, but 16 began to increasingly sexualize the posters they featured, in keeping with the more permissive times. 16 Magazine also often offered contests that would award the winner an opportunity to have a \"meet and greet\" with their favorite performer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014085-0005-0000", "contents": "16 (magazine), Content\nMost of the articles and features tended to lean on the lighter side. Rather than asking the artist serious questions about musical influences and social issues, it would offer the readers interviews asking a celebrity about his favorite color or meal, or would have him describe his \"ideal girl\" or dream date. If he was married, in a long term relationship, or not heterosexual in orientation, that information was kept out of the magazine, as was any news about the celebrity that even hinted at scandal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014085-0006-0000", "contents": "16 (magazine), Content\nStavers also attempted to expand the perception of teen idols by featuring such unlikely candidates as Star Trek actor Leonard Nimoy and shock rock pioneer Alice Cooper.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014085-0007-0000", "contents": "16 (magazine), Content\nIn 1997, in honor of its 40th year of publication, former 16 Magazine editors Randi Reisfeld and music critic Danny Fields published the commemorative book \"Who's Your Fave Rave? \", a retrospective of 16 and a biography on its long-time editor styled to resemble an issue of the magazine. There was also an accompanying CD of the same name, featuring many of the pop acts promoted in the magazine throughout the years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014085-0008-0000", "contents": "16 (magazine), No-advertising policy\nDespite the lack of serious journalistic content and fierce competition from Tiger Beat and other celebrity magazines, 16 remained the top-selling teen celebrity magazine for many years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 36], "content_span": [37, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014085-0009-0000", "contents": "16 (magazine), No-advertising policy\nFor at least 30 years of its publication, 16 Magazine was entirely self-supporting. In 2001, 16 became part of Primedia's Teen Magazines groups and is considered a monthly \"specials\" issue focusing on a specific topic or act.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 36], "content_span": [37, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014085-0010-0000", "contents": "16 (magazine), No-advertising policy\nDespite this, no regular or special issue of 16 Magazine was seen or published since, including online. By this time, newer teen magazines had taken over, such as J14, M Magazine, Popstar! Magazine, and the resurrected Tiger Beat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 36], "content_span": [37, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014085-0011-0000", "contents": "16 (magazine), Celebrities featured and promoted in 16 Magazine, 1950s\nIn the 1950s, some of the teen idols featured in the pages of 16 Magazine included Elvis Presley, Paul Anka, Dion, and Mousketeer Annette Funicello.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 70], "content_span": [71, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014085-0012-0000", "contents": "16 (magazine), Celebrities featured and promoted in 16 Magazine, 1960s\nDuring the 1960s, 16 Magazine introduced its readers to a variety of rock and roll/pop music acts, referred to by the editor and readers as \"Faves\". Some of those acts include The Beatles, Herman's Hermits, Paul Revere and the Raiders, The Monkees, The Cowsills, Jim Morrison, and The Doors. The appearance of the \"faves\" was highly selective. Some acts such as The Rolling Stones and The Beach Boys received very little coverage in comparison to other bands, and many of the popular Motown acts were virtually ignored.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 70], "content_span": [71, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014085-0013-0000", "contents": "16 (magazine), Celebrities featured and promoted in 16 Magazine, 1970s\nIn the 1970s, 16 began focusing primarily on bubblegum and pop acts, such as the Osmond Brothers (with particular emphasis on Donny Osmond), David Cassidy, Bobby Sherman, The Bay City Rollers, Rick Springfield, Jack Wild, Kiss and others. Female celebrities on its covers was also rare, but from time to time, a female star such as Susan Dey, Peggy Lipton, Maureen McCormick, or Karen Carpenter might write the occasional beauty or dating advice column.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 70], "content_span": [71, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014085-0014-0000", "contents": "16 (magazine), Celebrities featured and promoted in 16 Magazine, 1980s and beyond\nDuring the 1980s and well into the 1990s, 16 continued to serve up one \"boy band\" after another, from new wave artists like Duran Duran to N'Sync. However, Destiny's Child broke the racial and gender barrier when they appeared on the cover.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 81], "content_span": [82, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014086-0000-0000", "contents": "16 (number)\n16 (sixteen) is the natural number following 15 and preceding 17. 16 is a composite number, and a square number, being 42 = 4 \u00d7 4. It is the smallest number with exactly five divisors, its proper divisors being 1, 2, 4 and 8.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014086-0001-0000", "contents": "16 (number)\nIn English speech, the numbers 16 and 60 are sometimes confused, as they sound very similar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014086-0002-0000", "contents": "16 (number)\nSixteen is the fourth power of two. For this reason, 16 was used in weighing light objects in several cultures. The British have 16 ounces in one pound; the Chinese used to have 16 liangs in one jin. In old days, weighing was done with a beam balance to make equal splits. It would be easier to split a heap of grains into sixteen equal parts through successive divisions than to split into ten parts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014086-0002-0001", "contents": "16 (number)\nChinese Taoists did finger computation on the trigrams and hexagrams by counting the finger tips and joints of the fingers with the tip of the thumb. Each hand can count up to 16 in such manner. The Chinese abacus uses two upper beads to represent the 5s and 5 lower beads to represent the 1s, the 7 beads can represent a hexadecimal digit from 0 to 15 in each column.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014086-0003-0000", "contents": "16 (number), Mathematics\nSixteen is an even number and a square of four.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 24], "content_span": [25, 72]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014086-0004-0000", "contents": "16 (number), Mathematics\nSixteen is the only integer that equals mn and nm, for some unequal integers m and n (m\u00a0=\u00a04, n\u00a0=\u00a02, or vice versa). It has this property because 22\u00a0=\u00a02\u00a0\u00d7\u00a02. It is also equal to 32 (see tetration).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 24], "content_span": [25, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014086-0005-0000", "contents": "16 (number), Mathematics\nSixteen is the base of the hexadecimal number system, which is used extensively in computer science.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 24], "content_span": [25, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014086-0006-0000", "contents": "16 (number), Mathematics\nSixteen is the largest known integer n for which 2n+1 is prime.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 24], "content_span": [25, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014086-0007-0000", "contents": "16 (number), Languages, Grammar\nIn Spanish and Portuguese, 16 is the first compound number (Spanish: diecis\u00e9is, European Portuguese: dezasseis, Brazilian Portuguese: dezesseis); the numbers 11 (Spanish: once, Portuguese: onze) through 15 (Spanish: quince, Portuguese: quinze) have their own names.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 31], "content_span": [32, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014086-0008-0000", "contents": "16 (number), In sports\nMany leagues and tournaments have 16 teams or individual participants, for example:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014086-0009-0000", "contents": "16 (number), In sports\nIn both the NBA and NHL, 16 teams qualify for the respective league playoffs; it is also the number of wins needed to win the title (both leagues have four playoff rounds, with four wins in seven games needed to win each round).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014086-0010-0000", "contents": "16 (number), In sports\nIn AFL Women's, the top-level league of women's Australian rules football, each team has 16 players on the field at any given time (as opposed to the 18 of almost all other competitions in the sport, most notably the parent Australian Football League for men).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014087-0000-0000", "contents": "16 @ War\n\"16 @ War\" is the debut single from Karina from her debut album First Love. It is produced by Tricky Stewart and The-Dream, and written by them. It has spent 8 weeks on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs and peaked at #51. It debuted at #93. The song expresses hardships of life from a sixteen-year-old girl's point of view.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014088-0000-0000", "contents": "16 Acres\n16 Acres is a 2012 documentary film directed by Richard Hankin which provides an account of the recovery effort following the September 11 attack, specifically the reconstruction process of the World Trade Center site. The name of the documentary refers to the 16 acres of land that the aforementioned site is situated on.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014088-0001-0000", "contents": "16 Acres\nIt features interviews with Michael Bloomberg, George Pataki, Chris Ward, Larry Silverstein, Daniel Libeskind, David Childs, Michael Arad, Janno Lieber, Roland Betts, Rosaleen Tallon, and Scott Raab.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014089-0000-0000", "contents": "16 Altamont Terrace\n16 Altamont Terrace is a historic home in Cumberland, Allegany County, Maryland, United States. Built circa 1851, it is an example of Greek Revival architecture, with an Ionic portico above a stone foundation and cast iron balconies. The house served as the Allegany County hospital from 1889 to 1890. The building was converted into apartments in about 1905.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014089-0001-0000", "contents": "16 Altamont Terrace\n16 Altamont Terrace was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014090-0000-0000", "contents": "16 Aquarii\n16 Aquarii, abbreviated 16 Aqr, is a star in the constellation of Aquarius. 16 Aquarii is the Flamsteed designation. It is a faint star, just visible to the naked eye, with an apparent visual magnitude of 5.869. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 9.5\u00a0mas, it is located about 342\u00a0light years away. It is moving closer to the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of \u22126\u00a0km/s, and is predicted to come within 220 light-years in 6.8\u00a0million years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014090-0001-0000", "contents": "16 Aquarii\nAt the estimated age of 740\u00a0million years, this is an aging giant star currently on the red giant branch with a stellar classification of G7\u00a0III. This indicates it has exhausted the supply of hydrogen at its core and is generating energy via hydrogen fusion along a shell surrounding a hot core of inert helium. The star has 2.3 times the mass of the Sun and has expanded to 8 times the Sun's radius. It is radiating 37 times the Sun's luminosity from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of 5,096\u00a0K.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014091-0000-0000", "contents": "16 Arietis\n16 Arietis (abbreviated 16 Ari) is a star in the northern constellation of Aries. 16 Arietis is the Flamsteed designation. Its apparent magnitude is 6.01. Based upon the annual parallax shift of 6.27 \u00b1 0.07 mas, this star is approximately 520 light-years (160 parsecs) distant from Earth. The brightness of this star is diminished by 0.40 in magnitude from extinction caused by interstellar gas and dust. This is an evolved giant star with a stellar classification of K3\u00a0III.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014092-0000-0000", "contents": "16 August 2012 Iraq attacks\nA series of bombings and shootings occurred in Iraq on 16 August 2012, in one of the most violent attacks since post-US withdrawal insurgency has begun. At least 128 people were killed and more than 400 wounded in coordinated attacks across Iraq, making them the deadliest attacks in the country since October 2009, when 155 were killed in twin bombings near the Justice Ministry in Baghdad.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014092-0001-0000", "contents": "16 August 2012 Iraq attacks, Background\nThe attacks occurred about eight months following the withdrawal of the United States military forces from the area, leaving the security of the country in the hands of the Iraqi security forces. Several major attacks took place in the months of June and July, following a statement released by Islamic State of Iraq to announce the start of a new \"offensive\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014092-0002-0000", "contents": "16 August 2012 Iraq attacks, Attacks\nNumerous attacks were conducted within hours of each other on 16 August 2012 across Baghdad and several central and northern provinces in Iraq.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014092-0003-0000", "contents": "16 August 2012 Iraq attacks, Attacks\nAt least 52 people were killed and 177 injured in attacks across Baghdad, with most casualties from two car bombings in the predominantly Shi'ite districts of Zaafaraniya and Sadr City. The deadliest blast happened near an amusement park in Zaafaraniya, claiming 27 lives and injuring 75, most of them women and children. An earlier attack near the park had killed 2 and left 11 injured. Two car bombs exploded next to a government building in the Husseiniya district, killing 7 and injuring 42. In the evening, a car bomb was detonated close to a military checkpoint in Sadr City, killing at least 16 and leaving 49 wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014092-0004-0000", "contents": "16 August 2012 Iraq attacks, Attacks\nGunmen using silencers shot 10 soldiers dead at a checkpoint in Mushada, northwest of Baghdad, injuring at least 10 others. At least seven explosions and several shootings killed 8 and wounded 29 in Kirkuk, while a suicide car bombing killed 11 officers and injured 31 others at an anti-terrorism office in Daquq. A suicide bombing at a tea shop in Tal Afar killed 7 and injured 25. Attacks in Mosul killed another nine people and injured 27.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014092-0004-0001", "contents": "16 August 2012 Iraq attacks, Attacks\nTen people were killed and 9 injured in three separate incidents in Diyala Governorate near Baqubah, most of them members of the security forces. A car bomb in Kut killed at least 7 and injured more than 70 others. Four police officers were killed and six injured in attacks around Fallujah. Gunmen killed two civilians at a market in Baaj, and a bomb in Tuz Khurmatu killed a woman and injured 4 others. Bombings also took place in Badush, Abu Ghraib, Al Wajehiya, Hawija, Ramadi and Iskandariya, killing 4 and leaving 24 injured. Unidentified gunmen killed three and injured 5 others in several attacks in Dhouib, al-Rasul and Aswad.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014092-0005-0000", "contents": "16 August 2012 Iraq attacks, Perpetrators\nThough no group has claimed responsibility, the attacks are believed to be orchestrated by al-Qaeda, seeking to regain control of the country following the departure of the American forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 41], "content_span": [42, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014092-0006-0000", "contents": "16 August 2012 Iraq attacks, Reactions, Domestic\nAn unnamed official for the current Iraqi government believed the attacks were made by al-Qaeda and their allies, as part of a larger scheme to ignite \"a bloody sectarian war\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 48], "content_span": [49, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014093-0000-0000", "contents": "16 Aurigae\n16 Aurigae is a triple star system located 232\u00a0light years away from the Sun in the northern constellation of Auriga. It is visible to the naked eye as a faint, orange-hued star with an apparent visual magnitude of 4.547, and is located about 2/3 of the way from Capella toward Beta Tauri. It also lies in the midst of the Melotte 31 cluster, but is merely a line-of-sight interloper. The system has a relatively high proper motion, advancing across the celestial sphere at the rate of 0.166\u00a0arc seconds per annum, and is moving closer to the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of \u221228\u00a0km/s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014093-0001-0000", "contents": "16 Aurigae\nThe primary component is a single-lined spectroscopic binary with an orbital period of 1.19 years and an eccentricity of 0.1189. The visible member is an aging K-type giant star with a stellar classification of K2.5 IIIb CN-0.5; sometimes just given as K3\u00a0III. The notation of the former class indicates weak lines of CN in the spectrum. This star is an estimated five billion years old with 1.30 times the mass of the Sun. As a consequence of exhausting the hydrogen at its core, it has expanded to 18.8 times the Sun's radius. The star is radiating 112 times the luminosity of the Sun from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of 4,264\u00a0K.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 667]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014093-0002-0000", "contents": "16 Aurigae\nA third component is an magnitude 10.6 star at an angular separation of 4.2\u2033. It shows a common proper motion with the primary and thus is a likely third member of the system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014094-0000-0000", "contents": "16 Avenue N\n16\u00a0Avenue\u00a0N is a major road in Calgary, Alberta, that forms a 26.5-kilometre (16.5\u00a0mi) segment of Highway\u00a01 (Trans-Canada Highway) and connects Calgary to Banff and Medicine Hat. It is a four to six-lane principal arterial expressway at its extremities, but is an urban arterial road between the Bow River and Bowness Road, and also between Crowchild Trail and Deerfoot Trail. Due to Calgary's quadrant system, it is known as 16\u00a0Avenue\u00a0NW west of Centre Street and 16\u00a0Avenue\u00a0NE to the east.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014094-0001-0000", "contents": "16 Avenue N, Route description, 16 Avenue NW\nThe Trans-Canada Highway in Alberta originates at the British Columbia border, where it proceeds east through Banff National Park to Calgary and becomes 16\u00a0Avenue\u00a0NW. It first intersects Valley Ridge Boulevard / Crestmont Boulevard before a major interchange at Stoney Trail (Highway\u00a0201), a partial ring road the borders Calgary to the north and east. Signage recommending that traffic en route to the International Airport, Edmonton, and Medicine Hat use Stoney Trail as a bypass.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 44], "content_span": [45, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014094-0001-0001", "contents": "16 Avenue N, Route description, 16 Avenue NW\nIt continues past Canada Olympic Park to an intersection at Bowfort Road, where construction of a single point urban interchange was completed on August 31, 2017. It passes along the southern boundary of the former town of Bowness and begins to descend into the Bow River valley where it intersects Sarcee Trail, an expressway providing a bypass option to Highway 2 south. 16\u00a0Avenue\u00a0NW begins to transition to a four lane, arterial road and crosses the Bow River. Between the city limits and Sarcee Trail, 16\u00a0Avenue\u00a0NW separates the northwest and southwest quadrants of Calgary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 44], "content_span": [45, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014094-0002-0000", "contents": "16 Avenue N, Route description, 16 Avenue NW\nAfter crossing the Bow River, 16\u00a0Avenue\u00a0NW passes through the former village of Montgomery after which it becomes a short expressway that crosses Bowness Road (signed as Memorial Drive for eastbound traffic), Shaganappi Trail, and exits the Bow River valley. It passes the Alberta Children's Hospital and Foothills Medical Centre before crossing University Drive, which provides access to the University of Calgary, McMahon Stadium, and access to southbound Crowchild Trail. After crossing Crowchild Trail, it becomes a six lane arterial road with numerous signalized intersections and extensive commercial development.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 44], "content_span": [45, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014094-0002-0001", "contents": "16 Avenue N, Route description, 16 Avenue NW\nIt passes Motel Village, a cluster of motels which were constructed due to its proximity to the Trans-Canada Highway, which is accessible via a signalized service road and Banff Trail, which also doubles as the access road northbound Crowchild Trail. It passes by North Hill Centre (Calgary's first shopping mall), 14 Street NW, and Southern Alberta Institute of Technology (SAIT) continuing east and intersects Centre Street, leaving the northwest quadrant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 44], "content_span": [45, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014094-0003-0000", "contents": "16 Avenue N, Route description, 16 Avenue NE\nAt Centre Street, 16\u00a0Avenue\u00a0NE enters the northeast quadrant and continues east, and intersects Edmonton Trail before descending the Nose Creek valley and intersects Deerfoot Trail (Highway\u00a02) through a split-diamond interchange before it leaves the valley and intersects 19 Street NE. East of 19\u00a0Street\u00a0NE, it becomes a short freeway, beginning with a cloverleaf interchange at Barlow Trail; the area is formerly known as Crossroads since it used to be the former alignment of Highway\u00a02 - while neighbourhood has since been renamed to Mayland Heights, some of the areas businesses still utilized the Crossroads name.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 44], "content_span": [45, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014094-0003-0001", "contents": "16 Avenue N, Route description, 16 Avenue NE\n16\u00a0Avenue continues east with interchanges at 36\u00a0Street\u00a0NE and 52\u00a0Street\u00a0NE before intersecting 68 Street NE. It again intersects Stoney Trail, where westbound signage recommends that traffic en route to Banff, Edmonton, and Lethbridge use Stoney Trail as a bypass, before leaving Calgary and heading east towards Chestermere, Medicine Hat, and the Saskatchewan border.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 44], "content_span": [45, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014094-0004-0000", "contents": "16 Avenue N, History\nSixteenth Avenue North was part of the village of Crescent Heights until annexed by The City of Calgary in the early 1900s. An electric trolley ran down the artery connecting the area with downtown from 1911 to the mid-1900s. The electric trolley was slowly phased out and replaced with buses. In fact, Calgary's first park and ride was on the Tuxedo bus loop in 1956 and one of three trial express buses started on October\u00a021, 1957\u2014the Yellow Pennant Express from Capitol Hill.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014094-0005-0000", "contents": "16 Avenue N, History\nIn the 1950s, Highway\u00a01 was rerouted from 17\u00a0Avenue\u00a0SE and a series of streets through downtown Calgary to follow 16\u00a0Avenue\u00a0N as part of the Trans-Canada Highway construction; however shortly afterwards the City of Calgary began to study alternate routes in an effort to relieve congestion. In 1970, the City of Calgary a proposed freeway that would run north of 16\u00a0Avenue\u00a0N between 23 and 24\u00a0Avenue\u00a0N, but the plans were cancelled.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014094-0005-0001", "contents": "16 Avenue N, History\nIn the following years, different bypass options were studied in conjunction with plans for a Calgary ring road, including the possibility of the Trans-Canada Highway following Sarcee Trail (including an extension through the Tsuu T'ina Nation), Highway\u00a022X, and Highway\u00a0901 before rejoining Highway 1 near Gleichen that was proposed by Alberta Transportation in 1989; this plan was rejected as Calgary is considered a major destination city and was opposed by business owners along the 16\u00a0Avenue\u00a0N.  On November\u00a02, 2009, the northeast section of Stoney Trail was opened, providing a 41\u00a0km (25\u00a0mi) bypass option for the Trans-Canada Highway around north Calgary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 683]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014094-0006-0000", "contents": "16 Avenue N, History\nThe inner city section of 16\u00a0Avenue\u00a0N was a four lane, undivided street. From 2002\u20132010, the City of Calgary widened it to a six lane urban boulevard between removing buildings along south side of 16\u00a0Avenue\u00a0N between 10\u00a0Street\u00a0NW and 6\u00a0Street\u00a0NE.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014094-0007-0000", "contents": "16 Avenue N, Future\nThe City of Calgary considers 16\u00a0Avenue\u00a0N as part of the skeletal road network, however the sections through Montgomery (between the Bow River and Bowness Road) and between Banff Trail and Deerfoot Trail as Main Streets - streets that would be mixed use residential and commercial corridors. The City of Calgary have long-term plans in converting 16 Avenue N to a freeway in the outlying areas, which includes converting the Deerfoot Trail interchange into a three-level diamond interchange, and interchanges at 19 Street NE and 68\u00a0Street\u00a0NE. With the projected completion of the Bowfort Road interchange in summer 2017, 16\u00a0Avenue\u00a0NW will be a freeway west of Sarcee Trail to its western terminus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 717]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014094-0008-0000", "contents": "16 Avenue N, Major intersections\nFrom west to east. The entire route is in Calgary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 32], "content_span": [33, 83]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014095-0000-0000", "contents": "16 Avenue North station\n16 Avenue North is a planned and approved CTrain light rail station in Calgary, Alberta, Canada part of the Green Line. Construction is expected to begin in 2024 and complete in 2027 as part of construction stage one, segment 2B. The station serves as the northern terminus station for stage one of construction and is expected to be one of the busiest stations on opening day. It will serve as a transfer point between the Green Line and MAX Orange BRT, connecting riders to the city's northwest, northeast, the Southern Alberta Institute of Technology, the Foothills Medical Centre, the Alberta Children's Hospital and future Calgary Cancer Centre.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 674]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014095-0001-0000", "contents": "16 Avenue North station\nThe station will be directly south of 16 Avenue North in the community of Crescent Heights. It is planned to be a low-profile urban station with curb height platforms, at-grade boarding, and will be in the median of Centre Street. The station will not include a park and ride. The area surrounding the station is instead expected to be redeveloped with high-density transit oriented development. As of 2015, there were 6,250 residents and 3,250 jobs within walking distance of the station. That number is expected to increase to 13,400 residents and 5,050 jobs after the station opens for service in 2027.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014095-0002-0000", "contents": "16 Avenue North station\nThe station was planned as an underground station in the city's 2017 recommendations, but was modified to an at-grade station with the city's 2020 alignment update.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014096-0000-0000", "contents": "16 BC\nYear 16 BC was either a common year starting on Monday, Tuesday or Wednesday or a leap year starting on Monday or Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar (the sources differ, see leap year error for further information) and a common year starting on Sunday of the Proleptic Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Ahenobarbus and Scipio (or, less frequently, year 738 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 16 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014097-0000-0000", "contents": "16 Biggest Hits\n16 Biggest Hits is a series of albums issued by Legacy Recordings, a division of Sony Music.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014098-0000-0000", "contents": "16 Biggest Hits (Alabama album)\n16 Biggest Hits is a 2007 Alabama compilation album. It is part of a series of similar 16 Biggest Hits albums released by Legacy Recordings. It has sold 384,000 copies in the US as of May 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014098-0001-0000", "contents": "16 Biggest Hits (Alabama album), Chart performance\n16 Biggest Hits peaked at #40 on the U.S. Billboard Top Country Albums chart the week of August 16, 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 50], "content_span": [51, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014099-0000-0000", "contents": "16 Biggest Hits (Alan Jackson album)\n16 Biggest Hits is the fifth greatest hits compilation album by American country music artist Alan Jackson. It is part of a series of similar 16 Biggest Hits albums released by Legacy Recordings. It has sold 446,000 copies in the United States as of May 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014099-0001-0000", "contents": "16 Biggest Hits (Alan Jackson album), Chart performance\n16 Biggest Hits peaked at #22 on the U.S. Billboard Top Country Albums chart the week of August 25, 2007. It also peaked at #141 on the Billboard 200 the week of March 22, 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 55], "content_span": [56, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014100-0000-0000", "contents": "16 Biggest Hits (Charlie Daniels album)\n16 Biggest Hits is a 2006 Charlie Daniels compilation album. It is part of a series of similar 16 Biggest Hits albums released by Legacy Recordings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014100-0001-0000", "contents": "16 Biggest Hits (Charlie Daniels album), Chart performance\n16 Biggest Hits first reached #68 on the U.S. Billboard Top Country Albums chart in 2007. It later peaked at #12 following Daniels' passing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 58], "content_span": [59, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014101-0000-0000", "contents": "16 Biggest Hits (Clint Black album)\n16 Biggest Hits is a 2006 Clint Black compilation album. It is part of a series of similar 16 Biggest Hits albums released by Legacy Recordings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014101-0001-0000", "contents": "16 Biggest Hits (Clint Black album), Chart performance\n16 Biggest Hits peaked at #72 on the U.S. Billboard Top Country Albums chart the week of February 24, 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 54], "content_span": [55, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014102-0000-0000", "contents": "16 Biggest Hits (Diamond Rio album)\n16 Biggest Hits is a compilation album from the country music band Diamond Rio. It was released on February 23, 2008 by Arista Nashville after the group left the label.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014102-0001-0000", "contents": "16 Biggest Hits (Diamond Rio album), Chart performance\n16 Biggest Hits peaked at #63 on the U.S. Billboard Top Country Albums chart the week of August 25, 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 54], "content_span": [55, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014103-0000-0000", "contents": "16 Biggest Hits (George Jones album)\n16 Biggest Hits is a compilation album American country music artist George Jones. This album was released on July 14, 1998, on the Legacy Recordings and Epic Records labels. It was certified Gold on November 5, 2002, by the RIAA. It has sold 1,188,000 copies in the US as of April 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014104-0000-0000", "contents": "16 Biggest Hits (John Denver album)\n16 Biggest Hits is a 2006 John Denver compilation album. It is part of a series of similar 16 Biggest Hits albums released by Legacy Recordings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014104-0001-0000", "contents": "16 Biggest Hits (John Denver album), Chart performance\n16 Biggest Hits peaked at #61 on the U.S. Billboard Top Country Albums chart the week of February 24, 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 54], "content_span": [55, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014105-0000-0000", "contents": "16 Biggest Hits (Johnny Cash album)\n16 Biggest Hits is a compilation album by country singer Johnny Cash released in 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014105-0001-0000", "contents": "16 Biggest Hits (Johnny Cash album)\nThe album is made of the biggest hits of Cash's career like \"Ring of Fire\", \"Understand Your Man\", and \"A Boy Named Sue\". The album also contains several songs which were not hits such as \"I Still Miss Someone\", and \"The Legend of John Henry's Hammer\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014105-0002-0000", "contents": "16 Biggest Hits (Johnny Cash album)\nCash had 13 US #1 country hits between the years 1956 and 1976, with this album containing only 8 of them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014105-0003-0000", "contents": "16 Biggest Hits (Johnny Cash album)\nThe album was certified 2\u00d7 Platinum in 2005 by the RIAA. It has sold 3,203,000 copies in the US as of May 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014105-0004-0000", "contents": "16 Biggest Hits (Johnny Cash album), Track listing\nAll tracks are written by Johnny Cash, except where noted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 50], "content_span": [51, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014106-0000-0000", "contents": "16 Biggest Hits (Johnny Cash and June Carter Cash album)\n16 Biggest Hits is a 2006 Johnny Cash and June Carter Cash compilation album. It is part of a series of similar 16 Biggest Hits albums released by Legacy Recordings. It has sold 333,000 copies in the US as of May 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014106-0001-0000", "contents": "16 Biggest Hits (Johnny Cash and June Carter Cash album), Chart performance\n16 Biggest Hits peaked at #26 on the U.S. Billboard Top Country Albums chart in 2006 and #126 on the Billboard 200.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [58, 75], "content_span": [76, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014107-0000-0000", "contents": "16 Biggest Hits (Merle Haggard album)\n16 Biggest Hits is a 1998 Merle Haggard compilation album. It is part of a series of similar 16 Biggest Hits albums released by Legacy Recordings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014107-0001-0000", "contents": "16 Biggest Hits (Merle Haggard album)\nAll songs except \"Big City\", \"Are the Good Times Really Over (I Wish a Buck Was Still Silver)\" and \"Going Where the Lonely Go\" are re-recordings from October 1994.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014107-0002-0000", "contents": "16 Biggest Hits (Merle Haggard album)\nThe album was certified Gold in 2002 by the RIAA. It has sold 955,000 copies in the US as of May 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014107-0003-0000", "contents": "16 Biggest Hits (Merle Haggard album), Chart performance\n16 Biggest Hits peaked at number 55 on the U.S. Billboard Top Country Albums chart in 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 56], "content_span": [57, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014108-0000-0000", "contents": "16 Biggest Hits (Ricky Van Shelton album)\n16 Biggest Hits is a budget priced compilation album from country music artist Ricky Van Shelton. This is one of many similar compilations released by various record labels to capitalize on its catalogue and especially Ricky Van Shelton. This was his last overall album for Columbia Records. It was re-released on March 24, 2009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014109-0000-0000", "contents": "16 Biggest Hits (Roy Orbison album)\n16 Biggest Hits is a 1999 Roy Orbison compilation album. It is part of a series of similar 16 Biggest Hits albums released by Legacy Recordings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014109-0001-0000", "contents": "16 Biggest Hits (Roy Orbison album)\nThe album was certified Gold in 2005 by the RIAA. It has sold 830,000 copies in the US as of May 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014109-0002-0000", "contents": "16 Biggest Hits (Roy Orbison album), Chart performance\n16 Biggest Hits peaked at #47 on the U.S. Billboard Top Country Albums chart the week of February 10, 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 54], "content_span": [55, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014110-0000-0000", "contents": "16 Biggest Hits (Waylon Jennings album)\n16 Biggest Hits is a 2005 Waylon Jennings compilation album. It is part of a series of similar 16 Biggest Hits albums released by Legacy Recordings. It has sold 747,000 copies in the US as of May 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014111-0000-0000", "contents": "16 Biggest Hits (Willie Nelson album)\n16 Biggest Hits is a compilation album by country singer Willie Nelson. It was released on July 14, 1998.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014111-0001-0000", "contents": "16 Biggest Hits (Willie Nelson album)\nThe album was certified Platinum in 2002 by the RIAA. It has sold 1,852,000 copies in the US as of May 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014111-0002-0000", "contents": "16 Biggest Hits (Willie Nelson album), Track listing\nAll tracks are written by Willie Nelson, unless otherwise noted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 52], "content_span": [53, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014111-0003-0000", "contents": "16 Biggest Hits (Willie Nelson album), Chart performance\n16 Biggest Hits peaked at #29 on the U.S. Billboard Top Country Albums chart the week of July 3, 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 56], "content_span": [57, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014112-0000-0000", "contents": "16 Biggest Hits, Volume II\n16 Biggest Hits, Volume II is a 2007 compilation album by country singer Willie Nelson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014113-0000-0000", "contents": "16 Bit (Italian band)\n16 Bit was an Italian rock band founded in the town of Caserta in 2004. The group was founded by Fabio Verzillo, Dario Licciardi, Nando Brunetti, Roberto Celentano, and Antonio De Francesco. The band's 2010 album grew out of the soundtrack for the 2008 police-horror film Animanera directed by Raffaele Verzillo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014114-0000-0000", "contents": "16 Blocks\n16 Blocks is a 2006 American action thriller film directed by Richard Donner and starring Bruce Willis, Mos Def, and David Morse. The film unfolds in the real time narration method. It was Donner's last film as a director before his death in 2021.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014114-0001-0000", "contents": "16 Blocks, Plot\nJack Mosley (Bruce Willis) is an alcoholic, burned-out NYPD detective. Despite a late shift the night before, his lieutenant orders him to escort a witness, Eddie Bunker (Mos Def), from local custody to the courthouse 16 blocks away to testify on a police corruption case before a grand jury at 10 a.m. Bunker tries to be friendly with Mosley, telling him of his aspirations to move to Seattle to become a cake baker with his sister who he has never met, but Mosley is uninterested, and stops at a liquor store.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 15], "content_span": [16, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014114-0001-0001", "contents": "16 Blocks, Plot\nThey are suddenly ambushed by a gunman, and Mosley drags Bunker to a local bar to take shelter and call for backup. Mosley's former partner, Frank Nugent (David Morse), and several other officers arrive. Nugent and his men are part of the corruption scheme, and he tells Mosley that Bunker is not worth defending as his testimony will likely expose several corrupt officers, including Nugent. The corrupt cops try to frame Bunker for firing at an officer before they try to kill him. Mosley intervenes, rescuing Bunker and fleeing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 15], "content_span": [16, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014114-0002-0000", "contents": "16 Blocks, Plot\nMosley briefly stops at his sister Diane's (Jenna Stern) apartment to retrieve guns and ammo, and learns the police have already approached her about his activities earlier that day. He and Bunker take steps to further elude the police, and Mosley is wounded in the process. They become cornered in a run-down apartment building as Nugent and his men search floor by floor. Mosley calls the district attorney to arrange for help, but purposely gives the wrong apartment number, suspecting there is a mole involved.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 15], "content_span": [16, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014114-0002-0001", "contents": "16 Blocks, Plot\nMosley and Bunker are able to escape onto a passenger bus, and as the police follow them, Mosley is forced to treat the passengers as hostages. The bus crashes into a construction site and is soon surrounded by the ESU. Aware that Nugent will likely order the ESU to raid the bus, risking the safety of the passengers, Mosley allows the passengers to go free, using their cover to allow Bunker to sneak off the bus in the confusion. Mosley finds a tape recorder in the discarded possessions on the bus, and prepares a farewell message to Diane.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 15], "content_span": [16, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014114-0003-0000", "contents": "16 Blocks, Plot\nTo his surprise, Bunker returns to the bus; while Nugent is ready to fire on him, Nugent is made to stand down by a superior officer. Bunker has come to see Mosley as his friend and wants to be there for him to see this through. Bunker's tenacity convinces Mosley to get to the courthouse, and he manages to drive the bus into an alley, temporarily blocking the police from following them. He finds that Bunker has been wounded, and calls Diane, a paramedic, to bring an ambulance around to help, despite knowing she will be followed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 15], "content_span": [16, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014114-0003-0001", "contents": "16 Blocks, Plot\nDiane cares for Mosley and Bunker's wounds, though Bunker still needs further treatment at a hospital. As Diane's ambulance drives away, the police stop her but discover the ambulance is empty; she had a second ambulance pick up Mosley and Bunker that would not be under similar surveillance. Meanwhile, Mosley reveals to Bunker that should he testify, not only will Nugent be convicted but so would Mosley as one of the corrupt cops. Mosley gets off a block from the courthouse and wishes Bunker luck with his bakery, instructing the paramedic to take Bunker to the Port Authority and put him on a bus for Seattle. Bunker promises to send him a cake on his birthday.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 15], "content_span": [16, 683]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014114-0004-0000", "contents": "16 Blocks, Plot\nMosley continues to the courthouse, where the police and ESU are waiting for him, as well as the district attorney. Mosley enters the courthouse building through the underground garage, encountering Nugent alone, who tries unsuccessfully to dissuade him from testifying in Bunker's place. Mosley enters the courthouse proper, where one of Nugent's men (David Zayas) tries to shoot Mosley but is killed by one of the ESU snipers. Mosley informs the district attorney that he will testify in exchange for Bunker having his record expunged, also revealing that he had recorded the conversation with Nugent in the garage on the tape recorder, which he submits as evidence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 15], "content_span": [16, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014114-0005-0000", "contents": "16 Blocks, Plot\nTwo years later, Mosley is freed from prison. He celebrates his birthday with Diane and other friends, and is surprised to find that the cake had indeed come from Bunker, who has been successful in starting \"Eddie & Jack's Good Sign Bakery\" in Seattle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 15], "content_span": [16, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014114-0006-0000", "contents": "16 Blocks, Cast\nWillis originally wanted rapper Ludacris to play the part of Eddie Bunker. 16 Blocks is the second film in which David Morse plays the villain to Bruce Willis as the protagonist; the first was 12 Monkeys, in which Morse plays Dr. Peters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 15], "content_span": [16, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014114-0007-0000", "contents": "16 Blocks, Release, Theatrical\nThe film, released by Warner Bros., opened in the United States on March 3, 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 30], "content_span": [31, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014114-0008-0000", "contents": "16 Blocks, Release, Theatrical, Alternate ending\nThe film was shot with the ending written for the screenplay (as described by Donner and writer Richard Wenk), but they realized during filming that there was \"a better opportunity to have a little more empathy and wrap the picture up in a different way.\" The ending written for the film changed the scenario in which Frank after watching Jack get in the elevator, he instructs Bobby to stand down, saying it's over. But Bobby's radio is off and he is still planning on ambushing Jack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 48], "content_span": [49, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014114-0008-0001", "contents": "16 Blocks, Release, Theatrical, Alternate ending\nIn the lobby Jack is approached by the District Attorney McDonald and says he will testify in Eddie's place in return for Eddie's record being expunged. As Jack reaches into his pocket, Bobby appears and Frank, having run upstairs to stop Bobby, leaps in front of Jack to protect him and gets shot, causing them both to fall down the stairs. When they land at the bottom it's discovered the bullet went through Frank and fatally hit Jack. The tape recorder with Jack and Frank's conversation on it is heard playing in Jack's pocket.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 48], "content_span": [49, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014114-0008-0002", "contents": "16 Blocks, Release, Theatrical, Alternate ending\nFrank tearfully listens and looks at Jack with sorrow. The tape is taken to the jury, Frank and Bobby are led away and a blanket is placed over Jack's body. Sometime later Diane receives a cake from Eddie, supposed to be for Jack's birthday along with a letter saying he sent the cake, hoping to hear from Jack but never did. He was then informed of what happened, he acknowledges Jack and wishes him a happy birthday.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 48], "content_span": [49, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014114-0009-0000", "contents": "16 Blocks, Reception, Box office\nIn its opening weekend, the film grossed $12.7 million, which was the second-highest grossing film of the weekend. As of its May 15, 2006 closing date, the film grossed a total of $36.895 million in the U.S. box office. It made $65.6 million worldwide. According to Box Office Mojo, production costs were around $55 million. The film made $51.53 million on rentals, and remained on the DVD top 50 charts for 17 consecutive weeks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 32], "content_span": [33, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014114-0010-0000", "contents": "16 Blocks, Reception, Critical response\nOn Rotten Tomatoes, the film received an approval rating of 56% approval rating from 162 critics, with an average rating of 5.9/10. The site's consensus reads: \"Despite strong performances from Bruce Willis and Mos Def, 16 Blocks barely rises above being a shopworn entry in the buddy-action genre.\" On Metacritic, it has a weighted average score of 63 out of 100, based on 34 reviews, which indicates \"generally favorable reviews\". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of \"B+\" on an A+ to F scale.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 39], "content_span": [40, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014114-0011-0000", "contents": "16 Blocks, Reception, Critical response\nMichael Atkinson of The Village Voice commented that \"the clich\u00e9s come thick on the ground\" and called it \"a small movie trying to seem epic, or a bloated monster trying to seem lean.\" Peter Travers of Rolling Stone gave the film two-and-a-half out of four stars and called Willis and Mos Def \"a terrific team,\" concluding that \"Until Richard Wenk's script drives the characters into a brick wall of pukey sentiment, it's a wild ride.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 39], "content_span": [40, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014114-0011-0001", "contents": "16 Blocks, Reception, Critical response\nChicago Sun-Times critic Roger Ebert gave it three out of four stars and commended Mos Def for his \"character performance that's completely unexpected in an action movie,\" while calling the film \"a chase picture conducted at a velocity that is just about right for a middle-age alcoholic.\" Wesley Morris of The Boston Globe described the film as admirably old fashioned, praising Donner for his direction, but criticized the film for lacking originality, saying it feels like a remake of The Gauntlet directed by Clint Eastwood.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 39], "content_span": [40, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014114-0012-0000", "contents": "16 Blocks, Remake\nIn May 2013, Original Entertainment confirmed to have sealed a five-picture deal with Millennium Films to produce Bollywood remakes of Rambo, The Expendables, 16 Blocks, 88 Minutes, and Brooklyn's Finest, with the productions for Rambo and The Expendables expected to start at the end of that year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 17], "content_span": [18, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014115-0000-0000", "contents": "16 Camelopardalis\n16 Camelopardalis is a single star in the northern circumpolar constellation Camelopardalis, located 348\u00a0light years away from the Sun as determined from parallax measurements. It is visible to the naked eye as a faint, white-hued star with an apparent visual magnitude of 5.28. This object is moving further from the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of around 12\u00a0km/s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014115-0001-0000", "contents": "16 Camelopardalis\nThis is an A-type main-sequence star with a stellar classification of A0\u00a0Vn, where the 'n' notation indicates \"nebulous\" lines due to rapid rotation. In the past it was misidentified as a Lambda Bo\u00f6tis star. It is around 400\u00a0million years old and is spinning with a projected rotational velocity of 217\u00a0km/s. The star has 2.8 times the mass of the Sun and 3.3 times the Sun's radius. It is radiating 97 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 9,748\u00a0K.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014115-0002-0000", "contents": "16 Camelopardalis\nAn infrared excess indicates it has a dusty debris disk with a mean temperature of 120\u00a0K orbiting at a distance of 52\u00a0AU from the star. This disk has a combined mass equal to 2.1% the mass of the Earth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014116-0000-0000", "contents": "16 Candles (song)\n\"16 Candles\" is a 1958 song performed by The Crests and written by Luther Dixon and Allyson R. Khent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014117-0000-0000", "contents": "16 Cephei\n16 Cephei is a single star located about 119\u00a0light years away from the Sun in the constellation of Cepheus. It is visible to the naked eye as a faint, yellow-white hued star with an apparent visual magnitude of 5.036. The star has a relatively high proper motion, traversing the celestial sphere at the rate of 0.174\u00a0arc seconds per annum. It is moving closer to the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of \u221221\u00a0km/s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014117-0001-0000", "contents": "16 Cephei\nThis is an ordinary F-type main-sequence star, somewhat hotter than the sun, with a stellar classification of F5\u00a0V. It is around two billion years old with a projected rotational velocity of 26.4\u00a0km/s. The star has 1.38 times the mass of the Sun and 2.77 times the Sun's radius. It is radiating 11 times the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 6,238\u00a0K. The star is a source of X-ray emission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014117-0002-0000", "contents": "16 Cephei\nThere are several 11th and 12th magnitude stars within a few arc-minutes of 16 Cephei, all of them distant background objects. Only one of these is listed in the Washington Double Star Catalog and Catalog of Components of Double and Multiple Stars as a companion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014118-0000-0000", "contents": "16 Collyer Quay\n16 Collyer Quay, formerly Hitachi Tower is a 37-storey, 166\u00a0m (545\u00a0ft), skyscraper in the central business district of Singapore. It is located on 16 Collyer Quay, in the zone of Raffles Place, near Chevron House, Change Alley, Tung Centre, and The Arcade, all of which are roughly 100 metres away. Facing Clifford Pier, the building commands a panoramic view of Marina Bay. It has an underground linkage to Raffles Place MRT station.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014118-0001-0000", "contents": "16 Collyer Quay\nThe skyscraper has a spire that is 13\u00a0m (43\u00a0ft), which increases the tower overall height from 166 to 179\u00a0m (545 to 587\u00a0ft) It is on a 999-year leasehold.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014118-0002-0000", "contents": "16 Collyer Quay\n16 Collyer Quay has a net lettable area of approximately 25,980\u00a0m2 (279,600\u00a0sq\u00a0ft). The building had close to 100% occupancy as of December 31, 2007, and key tenants include Hitachi and American Express.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014118-0003-0000", "contents": "16 Collyer Quay, History\nHitachi Tower was designed by Murphy/Jahn, Inc. Architects, and local firm Architects 61 Pte Ltd. It was completed in 1992. Other firms involved in the development include Hitachi, CapitaLand Commercial Limited, Savu Investments Private Limited, CapitaLand Limited, Obayashi Gumi Corporation, Sendai Eversendai Engineering Group, Steen Consultants Private Limited, PCR Engineers Private Limited, and Rider Hunt Levett & Bailey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014118-0004-0000", "contents": "16 Collyer Quay, History, Selling of stake\nOn January 16, 2008, CapitaLand sold its 50% stake in Hitachi Tower for S$403.5 million, which it had earlier bought in 2000. The National University of Singapore, which owns the remaining  50% of the office building, also sold its stake. Upon the deal\u2019s completion, CapitaLand will recognise a gain of S$110.1 million.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 42], "content_span": [43, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014118-0005-0000", "contents": "16 Collyer Quay, History, Selling of stake\nAccording to CapitaLand, the deal took into consideration the agreed value of the development at $811 million, or about $2,900 per square foot of net lettable area. It also claimed the consideration was arrived at on a willing-buyer willing-seller basis. However, the company did not state the buyer, but sources said that the building was bought by a fund linked to Goldman Sachs. This is based on the fact that Goldman Sachs bought the next-door Chevron House a year earlier.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 42], "content_span": [43, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014118-0006-0000", "contents": "16 Collyer Quay, History, Selling of stake\nIn January 2011, NTUC Income acquired a 49 percent stake in Savu Investments, the holding company which owns the asset, from Goldman Sachs. In January 2013, NTUC Income bought over Goldman Sach's remaining 51% stake in Savu Investments, the acquisition valuing the property at around $660 million, or less than $2,400 per square foot, on a net lettable space of over 278,000 square feet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 42], "content_span": [43, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014118-0007-0000", "contents": "16 Collyer Quay, Architecture\n16 Collyer Quay is linked to the 33-storey Chevron House by a four-storey glass galleria. According to the Urban Redevelopment Authority (URA), the two buildings are designed and planned in parallel, with each tower takes on different architectural expressions, while complementing each other to \"strengthen the urban quality\" of Raffles Place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 29], "content_span": [30, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014118-0008-0000", "contents": "16 Collyer Quay, Architecture\nThe building is topped off by a two-storey navigating beacon. URA claims it recalls the maritime history of the Collyer Quay area. Its facade is expressed in three parts, which breaks the verticality of the 37-storey tower and creates a stepping down effect that matches with the height of its shorter neighbour, Tung Centre.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 29], "content_span": [30, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014118-0009-0000", "contents": "16 Collyer Quay, Architecture\nAt the urban level, the two buildings respect and are designed around established patterns of pedestrian movement and urban use. The bank lobby is lifted to the upper floors to create Change Alley on the first storey, a pedestrian thoroughfare lined with retail activities that is today, a well-used and vibrant space linking Raffles Place to Collyer Quay.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 29], "content_span": [30, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014119-0000-0000", "contents": "16 Comae Berenices\n16 Comae Berenices is a single star in the northern constellation of Coma Berenices. 16 Comae Berenices is the Flamsteed designation. It is a member of the Coma Star Cluster and is visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of 4.96. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 11.7\u00a0mas, it is located about 279\u00a0light years away.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014119-0001-0000", "contents": "16 Comae Berenices\nThis is a chemically-peculiar A-type main-sequence star with a stellar classification of A4\u00a0V. It displays an infrared excess, suggesting the presence of an orbiting debris disk at a mean distance of 18.2\u00a0AU with a temperature of 1870\u00a0K. 16 Com has 2.54 times the mass of the Sun and 3.71 times the Sun's radius. The star is 310\u00a0million years old with a projected rotational velocity of 80\u00a0km/s. It is radiating 67 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 8,299\u00a0K.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014120-0000-0000", "contents": "16 Cook Street\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by Rich Farmbrough (talk | contribs) at 19:09, 28 March 2020 (Add short description). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014120-0001-0000", "contents": "16 Cook Street\n16 Cook Street, Liverpool is the world's second glass curtain walled building. Designed by Peter Ellis in 1866, it is a Grade II* Listed Building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014120-0002-0000", "contents": "16 Cook Street\nBuilt two years after Oriel Chambers on Water Street, the architect's best-known work, it shows the development of Ellis' style. Its floor to ceiling glass allows light to penetrate deep into the building, contrasting strongly with the adjacent structures. It has been suggested that American architect John Root was influenced by the construction of both buildings, having studied in Liverpool at the time of their construction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014120-0003-0000", "contents": "16 Cook Street\nBoth 16 Cook Street and Oriel Chambers were featured in the ITV (Granada / Tyne Tees) television programme Grundy's Northern Pride, looking at John Grundy's favourite buildings in the north of England, aired on 9 January 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014121-0000-0000", "contents": "16 Cygni\n16 Cygni or 16 Cyg is the Flamsteed designation of a triple star system approximately 69 light-years away from Earth in the constellation of Cygnus. It consists of two Sun-like yellow dwarf stars, 16 Cygni A and 16 Cygni B, together with a red dwarf, 16 Cygni C. In 1996 an extrasolar planet was discovered in an eccentric orbit around 16 Cygni B.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014121-0001-0000", "contents": "16 Cygni, Distance\nThe parallax of the two brightest stars were measured as part of the Hipparcos astrometry mission. This yielded a parallax of 47.44 milliarcseconds for 16 Cygni A and 47.14 milliarcseconds for 16 Cygni B. Since the two components are associated, it is reasonable to assume they lie at the same distance, so the different parallaxes are a result of experimental error (indeed, when the associated parallax errors are taken into account, the ranges of the parallaxes overlap). Using the parallax of the A component, the distance is 21.1 parsecs. The parallax of the B component corresponds to a distance of 21.2 parsecs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 18], "content_span": [19, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014121-0002-0000", "contents": "16 Cygni, Stellar components\n16 Cygni is a hierarchical triple system. Stars A and C form a close binary with a projected separation of 73 AU. The orbital elements of the A\u2013C binary are currently unknown. At a distance of 860 AU from A is a third component designated 16 Cygni B. The orbit of B relative to the A\u2013C pair was determined in 1999 and not updated since (as of June 2007): plausible orbits range in period from 18,200 to 1.3 million years, with a semimajor axis ranging from 877 to 15,180 AU. In addition B orbits between 100 and 160 degrees inclination, that is against the A\u2013C pole such that 90 degrees would be ecliptical.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 28], "content_span": [29, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014121-0003-0000", "contents": "16 Cygni, Stellar components\nBoth 16 Cygni A and 16 Cygni B are yellow dwarf stars similar to the Sun. Their spectral types have been given as G1.5V and G3V, with A being a little hotter than the Sun, and B somewhat cooler. The system was within the field of view of the original mission of the Kepler spacecraft, which collected extremely precise photometric data of the stars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 28], "content_span": [29, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014121-0003-0001", "contents": "16 Cygni, Stellar components\nFrom these measurements, asteroseismology models have calculated precise masses of 1.08 and 1.04 times the solar mass for 16 Cygni A and 16 Cygni B respectively, and independent ages of around 7 billion years for each star. The system has also been observed through interferometry, which allowed the determination of the angular diameter of each star. The angular diameters together with the asteroseismology models were used to calculate radii of 1.229 and 1.116 times the solar radius for components A and B respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 28], "content_span": [29, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014121-0004-0000", "contents": "16 Cygni, Stellar components, Abundances\nDespite having the same age and presumably the same primordial composition, observations show a small difference in the metallicity of the two 16 Cygni stars. The primary star has an iron abundance of 1.26 times the solar value, compared to 1.13 for the secondary star.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 40], "content_span": [41, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014121-0004-0001", "contents": "16 Cygni, Stellar components, Abundances\nA similar trend has been found for all other metals, with the primary component having an average of 10% more metals than B. One possibility is that this difference is linked to the planet 16 Cygni Bb, since its formation may have removed metals from the protoplanetary disk around 16 Cygni B. However, another study found no difference in heavy element abundances between 16 Cygni A and B.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 40], "content_span": [41, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014121-0005-0000", "contents": "16 Cygni, Stellar components, Abundances\nAnother chemical peculiarity between the stars is in their lithium abundance. Measurements of the lithium abundance in the system show a 4 times higher abundance in component A than in 16 Cygni B. Compared to the Sun, 16 Cygni A has 1.66 as much lithium, while 16 Cygni B has only 0.35. It has been hypothesized that the accretion of about 1 Earth mass of metals by 16 Cygni B soon after the system's formation may have destroyed the lithium in the star's atmosphere. Another proposed scenario is the engulfment of a Jupiter-mass planet by 16 Cygni A, which increased the amount of lithium in the star's outer atmosphere.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 40], "content_span": [41, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014121-0006-0000", "contents": "16 Cygni, Planetary system\nIn 1996 an extrasolar planet in an eccentric orbit was announced around the star 16 Cygni B. The discovery by the radial velocity method was made from independent observations from the McDonald Observatory and Lick Observatory. The planet's orbit takes 799.5 days to complete, with a semimajor axis of 1.69 AU. It has a very high eccentricity of 0.69, which might be the result of gravitational perturbations from 16 Cygni A. In particular, simulations show the planet's eccentricity oscillates between low and high values in timescales of tens of millions of years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 26], "content_span": [27, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014121-0007-0000", "contents": "16 Cygni, Planetary system\nLike the majority of extrasolar planets detectable from Earth, 16 Cygni Bb was deduced from the radial velocity of its parent star. At the time that only gave a lower limit on the mass: in this case, about 1.68 times that of Jupiter. In 2012, two astronomers, E. Plavalova and N.A. Solovaya, showed that the stable orbit would demand about 2.38 Jupiter masses, such that its orbit was inclined at either 45\u00b0 or 135\u00b0.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 26], "content_span": [27, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014121-0008-0000", "contents": "16 Cygni, Planetary system\nThe eccentric orbit and mass of 16 Cygni Bb makes it extremely unlikely that a terrestrial sized planet will be found orbiting within the star's habitable zone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 26], "content_span": [27, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014121-0009-0000", "contents": "16 Cygni, Planetary system\nFor the 16 Cyg B system, only particles inside approximately 0.3 AU remained stable within a million years of formation, leaving open the possibility of short-period planets. For them, observation rules out any such planet of over a Neptune mass.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 26], "content_span": [27, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014121-0010-0000", "contents": "16 Cygni, Planetary system\nThere was a METI message sent to the 16 Cygni system. It was transmitted from Eurasia's largest radar\u2014the 70-meter (230-foot) Eupatoria Planetary Radar. The message was named Cosmic Call 1; it was sent on May 24, 1999, and it will reach 16 Cygni in November 2069.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 26], "content_span": [27, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014122-0000-0000", "contents": "16 Cygni Bb\n16 Cygni Bb or HD 186427 b is an extrasolar planet approximately 69 light-years away in the constellation of Cygnus. The planet was discovered orbiting the Sun-like star 16 Cygni B, one of two solar-mass (M\u2609) components of the triple star system 16 Cygni in 1996. It orbits its star once every 799 days and was the first eccentric Jupiter and planet in a double star system to be discovered. The planet is abundant in Lithium.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014122-0001-0000", "contents": "16 Cygni Bb, Discovery\nIn October 1996 the discovery of a planetary-mass companion to the star 16 Cygni B was announced, with a mass at least 1.68 times that of Jupiter (MJ). At the time, it had the highest orbital eccentricity of any known planet. The discovery was made by measuring the star's radial velocity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014122-0002-0000", "contents": "16 Cygni Bb, Discovery\nAs the inclination of the orbit cannot be directly measured and as no dynamic model of the system was then published, only a lower limit on the mass could then be determined.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014122-0003-0000", "contents": "16 Cygni Bb, Orbit\nUnlike the planets in the Solar System, the planet's orbit is highly elliptical, and its distance varies from 0.54 AU at periastron to 2.8 AU at apastron. This high eccentricity may have been caused by tidal interactions in the binary star system, and the planet's orbit may vary chaotically between low and high-eccentricity states over a period of tens of millions of years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 18], "content_span": [19, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014122-0004-0000", "contents": "16 Cygni Bb, Orbit\nPreliminary astrometric measurements in 2001 suggested the orbit of 16 Cygni Bb may be highly inclined with respect to our line of sight (at around 173\u00b0). This would mean the object's mass may be around 14\u00a0MJ; the dividing line between planets and brown dwarfs is at 13\u00a0MJ. However these measurements were later proved useful only for upper limits.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 18], "content_span": [19, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014122-0005-0000", "contents": "16 Cygni Bb, Physical characteristics\nBecause the planet has only been detected indirectly by measurements of its parent star, properties such as its radius, composition and temperature are unknown. A mathematical study in 2012 showed that a mass of about 2.4\u00a0MJ would be most stable in this system. This would make the body a true planet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014122-0006-0000", "contents": "16 Cygni Bb, Physical characteristics\nThe planet's highly eccentric orbit means the planet would experience extreme seasonal effects. Despite this, simulations suggest that an Earth-like moon, should it have formed in an orbit so close to the parent star, would be able to support liquid water at its surface for part of the year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014123-0000-0000", "contents": "16 Days (song)\n\"16 Days\" is a song by alternative country band Whiskeytown and written by Ryan Adams. It first appeared on Whiskeytown's Strangers Almanac album in 1997, and was released that same year as a CD single. An earlier version of the song \u2013 recorded during the band's \"Baseball Park\" sessions \u2013 was released on the 1998 reissue of the band's first album Faithless Street. And an alternate, acoustic version of the song \u2013 also recorded during the \"Baseball Park\" sessions \u2013 was released on the 2008 deluxe edition of Strangers Almanac.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014123-0001-0000", "contents": "16 Days (song)\nAccording to Ryan Adams, the song was released as a single and was getting significant radio airplay until, in a fit of anger, he dared a powerful West Coast radio programmer to take the song off the air. The programmer obliged, and the song soon disappeared from radio playlists.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014123-0002-0000", "contents": "16 Days (song), Cover versions\nThe song has been covered by The Clarks on their album Songs in G.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 30], "content_span": [31, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014123-0003-0000", "contents": "16 Days (song), Cover versions\nThe song has also been covered by Wade Bowen as a hidden track on his \"Blue Light Live\" album", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 30], "content_span": [31, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014124-0000-0000", "contents": "16 Days in Afghanistan\n16 Days in Afghanistan is a 2007 documentary film about the journey of Afghan-American Anwar Hajher, also the director, traveling to his homeland Afghanistan after 25 years to rediscover his country. The film is produced by Mithaq Kazimi and is the first documentary since the fall of Taliban to be shot in those provinces which remain under the heavy influence of the Taliban. The film become a reference film on Afghanistan, including Penguin Books's study guides about Afghan-related books.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014124-0001-0000", "contents": "16 Days in Afghanistan\nIt was selected as part of the first Afghan art exhibit show in the British Museum opened by president Hamid Karzai.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014124-0002-0000", "contents": "16 Days in Afghanistan, Plot\nThe film is divided into 16 days in which the director discusses a different issue with the Afghan people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 28], "content_span": [29, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014124-0003-0000", "contents": "16 Days in Afghanistan, Plot\nDay 1: He arrives in Kabul Airport and meets the family. A short introduction of the history of Afghanistan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 28], "content_span": [29, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014124-0004-0000", "contents": "16 Days in Afghanistan, Plot\nDay 2: He visits the Blue Mosque of Mazar-e Sharif and discusses the situation with the caretakers, guards, and the ulemas who are there. An inside look into the historical artifacts of the mosque. An interview with a westerner who visited Afghanistan in the 1970s and discusses Islam and the Taliban.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 28], "content_span": [29, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014124-0005-0000", "contents": "16 Days in Afghanistan, Plot\nDay 3: Interview with the colonel of the Afghan National Army about the status of women in Afghanistan. Interview with a businesswoman who sells mantu on the street. Interview with street children testing their education and questioning them about school. Interview with a traffic police on how the economy has effected the number of cars and drivers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 28], "content_span": [29, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014124-0006-0000", "contents": "16 Days in Afghanistan, Plot\nDay 4: Interviews with a kebab seller and an electronic seller about their business. Interview with a street woman and her view about the government and president Hamid Karzai. Interview with a blind street singer. He has his fortune read by a woman fortune teller.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 28], "content_span": [29, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014124-0007-0000", "contents": "16 Days in Afghanistan, Plot\nDay 5: Interview with a doctor and pharmacist about medicine and foreign medical aid in Afghanistan. Interview with a sickle-maker about his business and what he thinks of life.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 28], "content_span": [29, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014124-0008-0000", "contents": "16 Days in Afghanistan, Plot\nDay 6: Interview with a former representative of Iranian cinema about her perception of the people. Interview with a street photographer, comparing standard film to digital photography. Interview with a butcher and his customer about business and health.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 28], "content_span": [29, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014124-0009-0000", "contents": "16 Days in Afghanistan, Plot\nDay 7: On the way to Kabul, he eats and introduces Afghan cuisine. Interview with a UN representative and employee about UN activities in Afghanistan. The representative discusses land mines and how they affect people's lives. Hajher recalls his last days in Afghanistan during the Cold War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 28], "content_span": [29, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014124-0010-0000", "contents": "16 Days in Afghanistan, Plot\nDay 8: Interviews with many day laborers and how the current political and economic system affects their lives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 28], "content_span": [29, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014124-0011-0000", "contents": "16 Days in Afghanistan, Plot\nDay 9:Interview with the founder of Afghan Human Rights Committee about the involvement of United States and western powers in Afghanistan and terrorism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 28], "content_span": [29, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014124-0012-0000", "contents": "16 Days in Afghanistan, Plot\nDay 10: Hajher visits an illegal local hashish bar to interview hashish sellers, users and addicts. People discuss why they smoke, how it affects their lives and why they don't drink alcohol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 28], "content_span": [29, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014124-0013-0000", "contents": "16 Days in Afghanistan, Plot\nDay 11: Visiting the businesses in the popular Chicken Street and how it has changed or remain the same over the years. Interview with the sellers and western visitors who speak about the culture of Afghanistan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 28], "content_span": [29, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014124-0014-0000", "contents": "16 Days in Afghanistan, Plot\nDay 12: Hajher visits his village to meet his extended family. Greetings and interviews with the family about religion, politics and the way of life in the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 28], "content_span": [29, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014124-0015-0000", "contents": "16 Days in Afghanistan, Plot\nDay 13: Hajher faces death for a moment when he thinks that his village barber is going to cut his neck. The head of the village, the religious figure and other known figures come to meet and question him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 28], "content_span": [29, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014124-0016-0000", "contents": "16 Days in Afghanistan, Plot\nDay 14: He visits his dad's enemy to make peace and visit his old house which was taken over by the enemies of his father.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 28], "content_span": [29, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014124-0017-0000", "contents": "16 Days in Afghanistan, Plot\nDay 16: Landing in the United States Augusta, Georgia airport. A montage of his recollections of the people he met and the places he visited.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 28], "content_span": [29, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014124-0018-0000", "contents": "16 Days in Afghanistan, Cast and crew\nThe film is directed by Anwar Hajher, an Afghan-American anthropologist and current Afghan cultural advisor and professor in Georgia. Mithaq Kazimi has produced the film. The score is composed by Ahmad Shah Hassan and Larry Porter with additional music by Hariprasad Chaurasia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 37], "content_span": [38, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014124-0019-0000", "contents": "16 Days in Afghanistan, Cast and crew\nCast include Peace Corps volunteers, spokesperson for the Afghan National Army, former representative of Iranian cinema in Afghanistan and former western photographers and professional working in Afghanistan. The film also includes interviewees with the Afghan people from bread sellers to fortune tellers to heroin users to doctors to Mullahs to UN officials and ordinary school children.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 37], "content_span": [38, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014124-0020-0000", "contents": "16 Days in Afghanistan, Cultural heritage\nIn 2011, the film was selected by the National Museum of Afghanistan in partnership with the National Geographic as an object of cultural heritage and will be showcased alongside other cultural artifacts in exhibitions around the world. The first of such exhibition was the Afghanistan: Crossroads of the Ancient World in the British Museum March\u2013May, 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 41], "content_span": [42, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014124-0021-0000", "contents": "16 Days in Afghanistan, Impact\n16 Days in Afghanistan has also been shown in many television stations, film festivals and non-profit events around the world. It is in circulation in many public school and university libraries. It has become one of the major and key documentaries about Afghanistan and is used by many people and organizations as a resource. Some include the official study guide from Penguin Group for Khaled Hosseini's novel, A Thousand Splendid Suns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014124-0022-0000", "contents": "16 Days in Afghanistan, Impact\nThe China International Television Corporation have used the documentary to explore and better understand the culture of Afghanistan to conduct their videoconferencing on Afghanistan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014124-0023-0000", "contents": "16 Days in Afghanistan, Impact\nThe Center for Afghanistan Studies and Academy of International Studies of the Jamia Millia Islamia university held screenings and discussions on the film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014124-0024-0000", "contents": "16 Days in Afghanistan, Impact\nAfghan critics and scholars have hailed the film for being neutral to the political and tribal issues while other documentaries often take sides. Wasef Bakhtari, renowned poet and historian has commented on the ability of the director to speak both Pashtu and Dari natively, while also communicating perfectly in English. Other publications covering the film and the filmmakers include a through interview in Peyk magazine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014124-0025-0000", "contents": "16 Days in Afghanistan, Impact\nMany publications have reviewed and discussed the film thoroughly, mostly in Afghanistan, but also some in the west. Cine Source mentions 16 Days in Afghanistan as one of the two distinguished documentaries made in Afghanistan after the Taliban era. Another states that the film has something for everyone. One publication discusses the film in comparison to more recent film, the Raindance-selected Where My Heart Beats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014124-0026-0000", "contents": "16 Days in Afghanistan, Impact\nIn 2009, 16 Days in Afghanistan opened a two-day film festival on Afghanistan in India sponsored by the Embassy of Afghanistan, India Habitat Centre and Nelson Mandela Centre for Peace and Conflict Resolution. Other films in the series were The Beauty Academy of Kabul, The Afghan Chronicles, Beyond Belief and the recent Sundance selection, Afghan Star.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014124-0027-0000", "contents": "16 Days in Afghanistan, Impact\nIn 2011, the film was shown in the British Museum in the United Kingdom in partnership with the National Museum of Afghanistan and the National Geographic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014125-0000-0000", "contents": "16 Days of Activism against Gender-based Violence\n16 Days of Activism Against Gender-Based Violence is an international campaign to challenge violence against women and girls. The campaign runs every year from 25 November, the International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women, to 10 December, Human Rights Day. It was initiated in 1991 by the first Women's Global Leadership Institute, held by the Center for Women's Global Leadership (CWGL) at Rutgers University.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014125-0001-0000", "contents": "16 Days of Activism against Gender-based Violence\nSince 1991, more than 6,000 organizations from approximately 187 countries have participated in the campaign. The theme for 2020 international Human rights day was \"recover better\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014125-0002-0000", "contents": "16 Days of Activism against Gender-based Violence, Themes\nEvery year, the 16 Days of Activism Against Gender-Based Violence Campaign either introduces a new theme, or continues an old theme. The theme focuses on one particular area of gender inequality and works to bring attention to these issues and make changes that will have an impact. The Center for Women's Global Leadership sends out a \"Take Action Kit\" every year, detailing how participants can get involved and campaign in order to make a change.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 57], "content_span": [58, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014126-0000-0000", "contents": "16 Days of Glory\n16 Days of Glory is a 1985 documentary film about the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, California, United States directed by Bud Greenspan. Among the athletes it profiles are Mary Lou Retton, Greg Louganis and Michael Gro\u00df.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014126-0001-0000", "contents": "16 Days of Glory\nThere are multiple versions of the film, including a theatrical version running almost 2.5 hours, and a six-hour TV version that was shown on PBS as a six-part mini-series in July 1988.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014126-0002-0000", "contents": "16 Days of Glory\nThe film premiered at the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences' Samuel Goldwyn Theater in Beverly Hills, California on July 29, 1985. It had a two-week Oscar qualifying run in Santa Monica, California beginning October 23, 1985, and opened in New York City on March 7, 1986, grossing $84,000. Its television premiere was on The Disney Channel on January 24, 1987.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014127-0000-0000", "contents": "16 December (film)\n16 December is a 2002 Indian Hindi-language action thriller film directed by Mani Shankar, based on a plot to destroy the capital city of India, New Delhi with a nuclear bomb on 16 December 2001 \u2013 30 years after the surrender of Pakistan at the end of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971. The film's title comes from the historical date of 16 December 1971 (which is also Bangladesh's Victory Day), commemorating the day Pakistan signed the document of Liberation of Bangladesh.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014127-0001-0000", "contents": "16 December (film), Plot\nMajor General Vir Vijay Singh (Danny Denzongpa), Vikram (Milind Soman), Sheeba (Dipannita Sharma), and Victor (Sushant Singh), who are Indian Revenue Service officers belonging to the Department of Revenue Intelligence, and have been wrongly implicated in the killing of their corrupt superior officer and removed from service, are hired by the Chief of the same agency to investigate a series of large Money Launderings. Vikram and Sheeba share some romance between them. The team is equipped with hi-tech equipment such as mini spy cameras, computers, the internet and other communication devices.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 24], "content_span": [25, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014127-0001-0001", "contents": "16 December (film), Plot\nThrough various encounters, they discover that the money is being transferred to a Swiss Bank account. By means of an Indian employee, Sonal Joshi (Aditi Govitrikar) working in the Auckland, New Zealand branch of the same bank, they investigate the account in New Zealand and, with her help, find that the money is being transferred to an international terrorist organization named KAALA KHANJAR. This organization, working in conjunction with terrorist Dost Khan (Gulshan Grover), manages to smuggle a Russian-made nuclear bomb into India. Dost Khan plans to explode the nuclear uvva on the same day, '16 December'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 24], "content_span": [25, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014127-0002-0000", "contents": "16 December (film), Plot\nAlthough the ruling dictator of Pakistan surrendered unconditionally to India during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, some of the hard-lined Pakistani soldiers were bitter and angry at the surrender, as they wanted to continue fighting the Indians until their last breath. They retreated in silence and later came together to form their own groups of communal soldiers to carry out terrorists attacks against neighboring India.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 24], "content_span": [25, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014127-0003-0000", "contents": "16 December (film), Plot\nLed by Dost Khan, a hardliner Pakistani army officer, who, against his wishes, had to surrender after the end of the 1971 war, the terrorists planned to take an act of revenge by having a nuclear explosion in the heart of New Delhi. They transport it into a music competition disguised as a musical instrument. When Vir Vijay Singh comes to know about the plan, he plans to find out the location of the nuclear bomb as soon as possible by taking the help of Remote Radiation Sensors in satellites and innumerable beggars in the city. This helps the team zero in on the location.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 24], "content_span": [25, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014127-0004-0000", "contents": "16 December (film), Plot\nAfter they overpower most of the terrorists in a commando operation, Dost Khan comes to know about it and sets the nuclear bomb to explode in a few minutes. This creates a lot of problem for Vijay Vir Singh, as the bomb can be defused only by the exclusive voice command of Dost Khan saying: Dulhan Ki Vidaai Ka Waqt Badalna Hai. They adopt a novel way to do it by speaking to Dost Khan and making him say fragments of this sentence without making him realize that it was being done to defuse the bomb. After the conversation is over, they synthesize the sentence to defuse the bomb just in time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 24], "content_span": [25, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014127-0005-0000", "contents": "16 December (film), Critical reception\n16 December received mostly positive reviews from critics in India and abroad. Ronjita Kulkarni of Rediff.com gave the movie 5/5 stars and wrote, \"For a first-timer, director Mani Shankar does a valiant job with 16 December. It has four songs, three of which appear in the background, but it certainly does not follow the routine song-and-dance formula. 16 December entertains as well makes you think\". Taran Adarsh of Bollywood Hungama gave the movie 4/5 stars and wrote, \"The film does have a love angle though there is no undue focus on the romantic couple. Now for the film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 38], "content_span": [39, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014127-0005-0001", "contents": "16 December (film), Critical reception\nIn 16 December, Mani Shankar has tried to explore white-collar crime. The premise being, millions of rupees leave the Indian shores daily to Swiss bank accounts. The account holders always remain a secret. What the director tries to do is trace this movement of money from the grass-roots level\". Rachit Gupta of Filmfare rated the movie \u22124/5 stars, stating, \"16 December moves at a brisk pace. Mani Shankar does not waste time on unnecessary details. The film requires a fair amount of concentration to understand the chain of events\". DNA gave the movie 5/5 stars and said that, one of the best Hindi spy films that had ever come out, it is India's equivalent to Brian De Palma's Mission: Impossible.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 38], "content_span": [39, 741]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014127-0006-0000", "contents": "16 December (film), Critical reception, Overseas\nRachel Saltz of The New York Times wrote, \"16 December may not be a box office hit. But it is definitely different from the usual love stories that we are subjected to.\" Sneha May Francis of Emirates 24/7 wrote, \"After his debut in Tarkieb, Milind Soman gives a composed and good performance in this film. Debutante Dipannita Sharma lends some freshness to the film. There is no helplessness at any point of time.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 48], "content_span": [49, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014127-0006-0001", "contents": "16 December (film), Critical reception, Overseas\nSimon Foster of the Special Broadcasting Service gave the film 4 out of 5 stars and described it as \"thrilling, fast-paced and loud a movie that catches Hollywood standard\". Robert Abele of Los Angeles Times \"16 December has all merits to strike a chord with the youth\", praising Danny's 'bravura' performance, the film's 'Hollywood style' look and action sequences, as well as the music.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 48], "content_span": [49, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014128-0000-0000", "contents": "16 Divisions\nThe 16 Divisions of construction, as defined by the Construction Specifications Institute (CSI)'s MasterFormat, is the most widely used standard for organizing specifications and other written information for commercial and institutional building projects in the U.S. and Canada. In 2004, MasterFormat was updated and expanded to 50 Divisions. It provides a master list of divisions, and section numbers and titles within each division, to follow in organizing information about a facility\u2019s construction requirements and associated activities. Standardizing the presentation of such information improves communication among all parties involved in construction projects.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014128-0001-0000", "contents": "16 Divisions, Divisions\nThe following are the sixteen divisions listed in the Master Format 1995 Edition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014128-0002-0000", "contents": "16 Divisions, Divisions\nAll spec divisions higher than 16 are placed  in Division 17 - Others. Also use  Division 17-Others for any spec-shaped material not easily classified (e.g.,  geotechnical, pre-bid notes, etc.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014129-0000-0000", "contents": "16 Down\n16 Down (sometimes stylized as 16Down) is an alternative pop rock band from Zwolle, Netherlands founded in 1997. The band has released three albums and had three charting singles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014129-0001-0000", "contents": "16 Down, History\nAfter Erwin Nyhoff, the only original member left in the Dutch band Prodigal Sons, decided to go solo under the name Prodigal Son in late 1996, the remaining members Jeroen Hobert, Marco Hovius and Arjan Pronk formed the band After Dust, later renaming themselves 16 Down.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014129-0002-0000", "contents": "16 Down, History\nIn March 2001, the release of the single \"Subtle Movements\" earned the band media attention and chart success in The Netherlands and a spot at Lowlands 2001, a 3-day festival with over 57,000 tickets sold. Their debut album Headrush and its second single \"Heaven Still Cries\" followed, garnering more chart success for the band. The album's third single \"If The Money's Right\" featured guest vocals by Rudeboy of Urban Dance Squad and was used by Pepsi in a television commercial.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014129-0003-0000", "contents": "16 Down, History\nIn 2002, 16 Down participated in the Marlboro Flashback Tour series, performing a full set of Radiohead songs in a number of cities across the Netherlands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014129-0004-0000", "contents": "16 Down, History\nIn the spring of 2003, 16 Down joined Anouk on her sold-out 17-date tour for her album Graduated Fool, followed by performances at the Parkpop and Bospop festivals that summer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014129-0005-0000", "contents": "16 Down, History\nBefore the release of the band's sophomore album, founding members Hobert (\"for personal reasons\") and Pronk left the band, both later performing with The Horse Company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014129-0006-0000", "contents": "16 Down, History\nLife in a Fishbowl was preceded by the release of its lead single \"The Day That I Met You\" before being released in October 2003.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014129-0007-0000", "contents": "16 Down, History\n16 Down's third album F.L.O. was released at Paradiso in Amsterdam in 2007. A tour of 60 concerts followed in 2008 and 2009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014129-0008-0000", "contents": "16 Down, History\nIn 2011, frontman Marco Hovius built his own studio using money he made re-singing a Beck's Beer advertising song. There, he records and produces his own and other bands' music.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014129-0009-0000", "contents": "16 Down, History\nIn recent years, Marco Hovius has fronted a Pearl Jam tribute band and performed solo acoustic cover song nights across The Netherlands. Despite previous mentions of plans for a fourth 16 Down album on the band's social media, it has yet to materialize.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014130-0000-0000", "contents": "16 East Broad Street\n16 East Broad Street is a building on Capitol Square in Downtown Columbus, Ohio. Completed in 1901, the building stands at a height of 168 feet (51\u00a0m), with 13 floors. It stood as the tallest building in the city until being surpassed by 8 East Broad Street in 1906.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014130-0001-0000", "contents": "16 East Broad Street\nFrom 1927 to 1939, the eleventh floor of the building served as the office for the National Football League. Joseph F. Carr, a Columbus native, was president of the NFL at the time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014131-0000-0000", "contents": "16 Fathoms Deep\nSixteen Fathoms Deep (also written as 16 Fathoms Deep) is a 1948 American adventure film directed by Irving Allen and starring Lloyd Bridges, Lon Chaney Jr. and Arthur Lake. It was a remake of the 1934 film of the same title in which Chaney had also starred.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014131-0001-0000", "contents": "16 Fathoms Deep, Plot\nLloyd Douglas turns up to a town in Florida and gets work as a diver. He works for Captain Briacos.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014131-0002-0000", "contents": "16 Fathoms Deep, Production\nThe film was shot on location in Tarpon Springs, Florida. It was to be shot in Ansco, a form of color stock. It was intended to film only some footage in Florida and the rest in California but the footage would not match so it had to be shot entirely in Florida.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 27], "content_span": [28, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014132-0000-0000", "contents": "16 Grandes e Inolvidables de Anselmo L\u00f3pez Vol. 2\n16 Grandes e Inolvidables de Anselmo L\u00f3pez Vol. 2, is a Venezuelan Compilation album of 1999, made by Anselmo L\u00f3pez on the record label Music House. He performs Venezuelan folk bandola music.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014133-0000-0000", "contents": "16 Great Turkic Empires\nThe 16 Great Turkic Empires (Turkish: 16 B\u00fcy\u00fck T\u00fcrk Devleti, which translates as \"16 Great Turkish States\") is a concept in Turkish ethnic nationalism, introduced in 1969 by Akib \u00d6zbek, map officer and widely invoked by Turkish authorities during the 1980s, under the government of Kenan Evren. Prior to this assertion, the 16 stars had been taken as representing sixteen medieval beyliks which succeeded the Seljuk Empire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014133-0001-0000", "contents": "16 Great Turkic Empires, The list\nList of the \"16 Great Turkic Empires\" are the following:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014133-0002-0000", "contents": "16 Great Turkic Empires, Reception\nTurkish nationalist writer, novelist, poet and philosopher, H\u00fcseyin Nih\u00e2l Ats\u0131z, supporter of the pan-Turkist or Turanism ideology, had noted that while some states with questionable Turkic identity were included in the list (like Mungal), some ostensibly Turkic states (such as Akkoyunlu) were left out, and labeled the list a \"fabrication.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014133-0003-0000", "contents": "16 Great Turkic Empires, Reception\nIn spite of Ats\u0131z' criticism, the concept was made a mainstream topos in Turkish national symbolism in the wake of the 1980 Turkish coup d'\u00e9tat, under the presidency of Kenan Evren, when \"Turkish-Islamic synthesis\" was declared the official nature of Turkish national identity. The Turkish Postal administration issued a series of stamps dedicated to the 16 Empires in 1984, showing portraits of their respective founders as well as attributed flags. In 1985, \u00d6zbek's 16 Empires were invoked as a retrospective explanation of the 16 stars in the presidential seal of Turkey (introduced in 1936).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014133-0004-0000", "contents": "16 Great Turkic Empires, Reception\nSeveral municipal buildings and public parks in Turkey have collections of busts or statues of the founders of the \"16 Empires\" alongside a statue of Kemal Atat\u00fcrk, including the municipal buildings of Ke\u00e7i\u00f6ren (Ankara), Mamak, Ankara, Etimesgut, Ni\u011fde, Nev\u015fehir, P\u0131narba\u015f\u0131, Kayseri, etc.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014133-0005-0000", "contents": "16 Great Turkic Empires, Reception\nIn 2000, T\u00fcrk Telekom produced a series of smart cards dedicated to the topic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014133-0006-0000", "contents": "16 Great Turkic Empires, Reception\nIn January 2015, Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdo\u011fan received Palestinian president Mahmoud Abbas in the Turkish Presidential Palace with a guard of 16 \"warriors\", actors wearing loosely historical armour and costume, intended to symbolise the 16 empires. The costumes were ridiculed in secular Turkish media outlets, and one of the costumes in particular was mocked as a \"bathrobe\", becoming a trend on social media under the name of Du\u015fakabino\u011fullar\u0131 (as it were \"sons of the shower cabin\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014134-0000-0000", "contents": "16 Greatest Hits\n16 Greatest Hits is a compilation album by Steppenwolf, released in 1973. It features some of their most famous songs, including \"Born to Be Wild\", \"The Pusher\", and \"Magic Carpet Ride\", and \"Hey Lawdy Mama.\" The album consisted of the 11 tracks from the previous Gold: Their Great Hits album, in the same order as on the two sides of that earlier album, with the addition of the final two tracks on side 1, and the final three tracks on side 2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014134-0001-0000", "contents": "16 Greatest Hits\nThis album was originally issued as Dunhill 50135, and later as ABC/Dunhill with the same number, on LP, 8-track cartridge, and cassette. Following MCA's assimilation of the ABC family of labels, the album was reissued as MCA 1599 (some vinyl copies using previously-pressed LPs with an ABC-Dunhill label), then as budget-label MCA 37049. The album was made available in all formats through several U. S. record clubs, each bearing notes as to their club origin. The album was also issued (under various titles) in Canada, England, Germany, Greece, and the Benelux countries, and was issued on CD in 1985.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014134-0002-0000", "contents": "16 Greatest Hits, Track listing\nNote: The version of \"Magic Carpet Ride\" is not the original single version, but rather, the album version edited down to the length of the single version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 31], "content_span": [32, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014135-0000-0000", "contents": "16 Horsepower\n16 Horsepower was an American alternative country music group based in Denver, Colorado, United States. Their music often invoked religious imagery dealing with conflict, redemption, punishment, and guilt through David Eugene Edwards's lyrics and the heavy use of traditional bluegrass, gospel, and Appalachian instrumentation cross-bred with rock. For the bulk of its career, the band consisted of Edwards, Jean-Yves Tola, and Pascal Humbert, the latter two formerly of the French band Passion Fodder. After releasing four studio albums and touring extensively, the group broke up in 2005, citing \"mostly political and spiritual\" differences. The members remain active in the groups Woven Hand and Lilium.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 720]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014135-0001-0000", "contents": "16 Horsepower, Band history\nDavid Eugene Edwards and Pascal Humbert formed 16 Horsepower in 1992 in Los Angeles, California, where they had met building movie sets for Roger Corman's Hollywood Studios. Friend, co-worker and trained jazz drummer Jean-Yves Tola joined shortly after. The trio performed once as Horsepower before they parted ways with Humbert as Edwards and Tola relocated to Denver, Colorado.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 27], "content_span": [28, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014135-0002-0000", "contents": "16 Horsepower, Band history\nIn Edwards's hometown of Denver, the band once again became a trio with the addition of Keven Soll, a luthier and accomplished double bass player. Frustrated by misconceptions about the name Horsepower being related to heroin and inspired by a traditional American folk song about sixteen horses pulling the coffin of a beloved to the graveyard, the name was changed to 16 Horsepower. The band spent the following years rehearsing and gaining a reputation for their intense live performances while touring extensively across North America and eventually they released a seven-inch single, \"Shametown\", in 1994 on Ricochet Records.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 27], "content_span": [28, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014135-0002-0001", "contents": "16 Horsepower, Band history\nBy this time they had gained the attention of A&M Records, and recording of Sackcloth 'n' Ashes began in 1995. For various reasons A&M decided to postpone the release of the album, and so the band returned to the studio and recorded their eponymous debut EP which was released the same year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 27], "content_span": [28, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014135-0003-0000", "contents": "16 Horsepower, Band history\nThe debut full-length studio album Sackcloth 'n' Ashes was eventually released in 1996, garnering praise from the international music press. Pascal Humbert had relocated to Denver and joined the band as a second guitarist, although his primary instrument is the bass. Following differences about the musical direction, Soll was asked to leave and was replaced by Rob Redick, later known as the bassist for Candlebox. Redick did not last long because of what the band has referred to as \"kind of a mutual unhappiness\", and Humbert took over the bass duties. Jeffrey-Paul Norlander joined on second guitar shortly before recording began on the second album, Low Estate, with John Parish as producer. Edwards and Norlander had previously been in several bands together, most notably The Denver Gentlemen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 27], "content_span": [28, 829]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014135-0004-0000", "contents": "16 Horsepower, Band history\nNorlander departed in 1998 and was replaced by Steve Taylor, the band's guitar technician, who had already been performing on a handful of songs on the bands European tour in 1996.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 27], "content_span": [28, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014135-0005-0000", "contents": "16 Horsepower, Band history\nSpending two years touring and writing new material, 16 Horsepower's third full-length album Secret South was not recorded and released until 2000. The album marked a distinct change in sound and tone from earlier releases as the up-tempo rock influences had all but vanished completely and left room for a more melodic folk-inspired sound. The band toured in Europe in 2000 with the new album, and rumours of a break-up began to circulate shortly after. This rumour was further fueled by the fact that the band members had begun to focus on solo and side-projects. Humbert had released his solo-debut with his project Lilium the previous year and Edwards had begun recording and performing live with his new project Woven Hand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 27], "content_span": [28, 756]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014135-0006-0000", "contents": "16 Horsepower, Band history\n16 Horsepower, short of Steve Taylor, returned in 2002 with Folklore. As hinted by the title, this fourth studio album took the band further into traditional folk territory and featured only four original 16 Horsepower compositions. While the band went on several tours in support of the album, their creative output was focused on Woven Hand and Lilium, Tola having also joined the latter. Olden, a compilation of previously unreleased versions of early material was released in 2003.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 27], "content_span": [28, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014135-0006-0001", "contents": "16 Horsepower, Band history\nThis release was supported by a tour in early 2004, including their first US dates in three years, featuring a set split between early material and Folklore-era songs. In April 2005 the band announced their official break-up, as a result of personal, political and spiritual differences as well as finding the constant touring incompatible with their daily lives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 27], "content_span": [28, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014135-0007-0000", "contents": "16 Horsepower, Band history\nAlternative Tentacles, a San Francisco-based record label run by former Dead Kennedys frontman Jello Biafra absorbed American distribution of the band's latter records shortly before their breakup. Since the band's demise, the label has released two DVD-format retrospectives, and in 2008 released a two-CD set Live March 2001. Humbert joined Woven Hand in 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 27], "content_span": [28, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014135-0008-0000", "contents": "16 Horsepower, Styles and themes\nIt has always been difficult to describe the band's music in simple terms as it borrowed just as heavily from folk music, country, bluegrass, and traditional as it did from rock music. 16 Horsepower and Edwards' later project Woven Hand were described by one critic as \"incendiary gospel, hallowed folk and mordant tones infused with a high, dark theatricality worthy of Nick Cave.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 32], "content_span": [33, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014135-0009-0000", "contents": "16 Horsepower, Styles and themes\nEdwards' grandfather was a Nazarene preacher and young Edwards often went along as his elder preached the gospel to various peoples. This experience colored his approach to songwriting as well as the instrumentation employed to develop the band's unique sound. On several tracks over the course of the band's career, Edwards evoked decisive Christian imagery, particularly that of the redemptive capacity of Jesus Christ.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 32], "content_span": [33, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014135-0010-0000", "contents": "16 Horsepower, Styles and themes\n16 Horsepower, especially in their early days, saw themselves first and foremost as a rock band. David Eugene Edwards, however, had an interest in all things from past times, including musical instruments. One instrument that was paramount during the nascent days of 16 Horsepower was the Chemnitzer concertina. It was erroneously credited as a bandoneon (a closely related instrument) on Sackcloth 'n' Ashes. The antique instrument used on the early tours and recordings was falling apart and quite cumbersome to tour with; some time before the sessions for Low Estate, it was replaced with the more modern American-made Patek brand instrument.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 32], "content_span": [33, 678]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014135-0011-0000", "contents": "16 Horsepower, Influences\nAcknowledged influences on the band included Joy Division, the Gun Club, Nick Cave and the Birthday Party. 16 Horsepower would eventually share the same management as Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds and tour with them. They also collaborated with Bertrand Cantat from French band Noir D\u00e9sir on a cover of The Gun Club's \"Fire Spirit\" for the 1998 EP The Partisan and on \"The Partisan\" itself.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 25], "content_span": [26, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014135-0012-0000", "contents": "16 Horsepower, Legacy\n16 Horsepower are among the Denver-based bands credited for laying the foundation for what today has become known as \"Gothic Americana\". American metal band DevilDriver paid homage to 16 Horsepower with a cover of \"Black Soul Choir\" on their 2011 release, Beast. A post-rock interpretation of \"Black Soul Choir\" sung by Brandy Bones became a live staple of Canadian band Big John Bates during their 2012 Battered Bones tour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014135-0013-0000", "contents": "16 Horsepower, Legacy\nTheir 2000 cover of \"Wayfaring Stranger\" was featured at the end of Bart Layton's 2012 documentary The Imposter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014136-0000-0000", "contents": "16 Horsepower (EP)\n16 Horsepower is the first EP by the band of the same name. It was released on November 7, 1995. It is often referred to simply as the Haw EP amongst fans, noting to the title of the first track. It is the group's second release, following the \"Shametown\" 7\" vinyl record of 1994, the A-side of which was re-recorded here.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014136-0001-0000", "contents": "16 Horsepower (EP), References\nThis 1990s country music album-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014137-0000-0000", "contents": "16 Hudson\n16 Hudson is a Canadian animated series. It is developed by Big Bad Boo based on the miniseries Lili and Lola and it has been broadcast by TVOKids since August 21, 2018 and Knowledge Kids since September 3, 2018. It has 39 episodes which are each 7 minutes long.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014138-0000-0000", "contents": "16 June 2013 Iraq attacks\nOn 16 June 2013, a series of coordinated bombings and shootings struck across several cities in Iraq, killing at least 54 people and injuring more than 170 others.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014138-0001-0000", "contents": "16 June 2013 Iraq attacks, Background\nFrom a peak of 3,000 deaths per month in 2006\u201307, violence in Iraq decreased steadily for several years before beginning to rise again in 2012. In December 2012, Sunnis began to protest perceived mistreatment by the Shia-led government. The protests had been largely peaceful, but insurgents, emboldened by the war in neighboring Syria, stepped up attacks in the initial months of 2013. The number of attacks rose sharply after the Iraqi army raided a protest camp in Hawija on 23 April 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014138-0001-0001", "contents": "16 June 2013 Iraq attacks, Background\nOverall, 712 people were killed in April according to UN figures, making it the nation's deadliest month in five years. Conditions continued to deteriorate in May when UNAMI reported at least 1,045 Iraqis were killed and another 2,397 wounded in acts of terrorism and acts of violence, making it the deadliest month in the country since April 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014138-0002-0000", "contents": "16 June 2013 Iraq attacks, Background\nThe attacks on 16 June occurred about a month after Iraq's deadliest week in almost 5 years, as a series of deadly bombings and shootings across the country killed at least 449 people and left 732 others injured between 15 May and 21 May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014138-0003-0000", "contents": "16 June 2013 Iraq attacks, Attacks\nUnlike most of the violence in Iraq during previous months, the majority of deadly attacks took place in southern cities, where such incidents are relatively rare. In the city of Kut, a car bomb exploded in an industrial area early in the morning, killing 6 people and injuring 15 others. A second bombing outside the city killed 5 civilians and wounded another 12. In Najaf, at least 8 were killed and 29 injured after a bomb exploded at a local market. Other cities in the south were targeted as well - twin car bombs in the central area of Basra killed 6 and wounded 9, while similar attacks in Nasiriyah killed 2 and left 35 injured. A roadside blast in Hillah killed a civilian and wounded nine others.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 742]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014138-0004-0000", "contents": "16 June 2013 Iraq attacks, Attacks\nOther attacks were reported from the central and northern parts of the country, in addition to the bombings in the south. A suicide bomber detonated his explosive vest at a coffee shop in Baghdad's Amin neighborhood, leaving 11 dead and at least 25 others injured. Gunmen attacked an oil pipeline in Hatra, south of Mosul, killing 6 Iraqi Army soldiers and wounding five more. In Mosul itself, two separate blasts injured 9 people, including 6 soldiers. A roadside bomb and a subsequent car bombing left 5 civilians dead and 12 others injured in Madain, near Salman Pak. Two civilians were killed and nine injured in a bombing in Mahmoudiyah, while a blast in Tuz Khormato killed two police officers and injured another, and four people were injured in an attack near Mahaweel. Two government employees were abducted near Riyadh.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 864]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014139-0000-0000", "contents": "16 Lacertae\n16 Lacertae is a triple star system in the northern constellation of Lacerta, located about 1,580\u00a0light years from the Sun. It has the variable star designation EN Lacertae; 16 Lacertae is the Flamsteed designation. This system is visible to the naked eye as a faint blue-white hued star with a maximum apparent visual magnitude of +5.587. It is moving closer to the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of \u221212\u00a0km/s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014139-0001-0000", "contents": "16 Lacertae\nThe binary nature of the brighter component was discovered in 1910 by astronomer Oliver J. Lee at Yerkes Observatory. The first orbital elements were published by Otto Struve and Nicholay T. Bobrovnikov in 1925. This is a single-lined spectroscopic binary with an orbital period of 12.1\u00a0days and a small eccentricity of 0.05. It forms an eclipsing binary variable, although only the eclipse of the primary component has been detected. This component is a Beta Cephei variable star with three dominant pulsation modes having frequencies of around six per day. It has a stellar classification of B2\u00a0IV, matching a B-type subgiant star with 9.5 times the mass of the Sun and 5.6 times the Sun's radius.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 711]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014139-0002-0000", "contents": "16 Lacertae\nThe unseen secondary is an F-type star of class F6\u20137. The tertiary component is a magnitude 11.4 star with a class of F0. As of 2008, it was located at an angular separation of 27.6\u2033 from the primary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014140-0000-0000", "contents": "16 Librae\n16 Librae is a star in the constellation Libra. It is a faint star but visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of 4.49. An annual parallax shift of 37.17\u00a0mas yields a distance estimate of 87.7\u00a0light years. It is moving further from the Sun with a radial velocity of +26\u00a0km/s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014140-0001-0000", "contents": "16 Librae\nThis is an ordinary F-type main-sequence star with a stellar classification of F2\u00a0V. It is an estimated 660\u00a0million years old and is spinning rapidly with a projected rotational velocity of 113\u00a0km/s. The star has 1.47 times the mass of the Sun and is radiating nearly 10 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of about 7,187\u00a0K.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014140-0002-0000", "contents": "16 Librae\n16 Librae has a common proper motion companion located at an angular separation of 22.8\u00a0arc seconds along a position angle of 297\u00b0, as of 1999. Designated component B, this is a red dwarf star with a class of about M6 and an infrared J-band magnitude of 12.19.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014141-0000-0000", "contents": "16 Lovers Lane\n16 Lovers Lane is the sixth album by Australian indie rock group The Go-Betweens, released in 1988 by Beggars Banquet Records. Prior to the recording of the album, longtime bassist Robert Vickers left the band when the other group members decided to return to Australia after having spent several years in London, England; he was replaced by John Willsteed. The album was recorded at Studios 301 in Sydney, between Christmas 1987 and Autumn 1988.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014141-0001-0000", "contents": "16 Lovers Lane\n16 Lovers Lane was the final release from the original version of the band. The Go-Betweens broke up in 1989 and would produce no other material until Grant McLennan and Robert Forster reformed the band, with a completely different line-up of personnel, in 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014141-0002-0000", "contents": "16 Lovers Lane, Details\nIn late 1987, the band relocated from the UK to Sydney. The relationship between guitarist Robert Forster and drummer Lindy Morrison had ended, whilst singer Grant McLennan and violinist Amanda Brown became more involved. Upon their return to Australia, the band added John Willsteed on bass and began preparing their sixth album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014141-0003-0000", "contents": "16 Lovers Lane, Details\nThe recording process for 16 Lovers Lane was different to previous releases. Between December 1987 and January 1988, McLennan and Forster began an intense songwriting process. They demoed all the songs in advance and then presented them to the producer and their bandmates, leaving less room for improvisation. McLennan stated: \"We really sat down for the first time in years and wrote together in the sense that anything new we'd come up with the night before we'd go through and rearrange and discard or put it into something else. Our normal method was to write separately and the spend two weeks together, familiarising ourselves with each others songs and suggesting things. So this way was a completely different process and it was due to trying to get back to what started the band - closeness.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 826]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014141-0004-0000", "contents": "16 Lovers Lane, Details\nMcLennan said the band was also affected by moving back to Australia. \"We'd spent five years in London\u2014blackness, darkness, greyness and poverty\u2014and suddenly for some reason we seemed to have more money in Sydney, and we all had places to live and being in a city where after five years we can go to the beach in ten minutes.\" Forster agreed saying it brought on \"a burst of energy, a burst of songs\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014141-0005-0000", "contents": "16 Lovers Lane, Details\nMcLennan said, \"I had a vision for this record. It was, in some way, just sitting down with acoustic guitars in sunlight, writing songs, and then making a record. It was as simple as that. And I get that vibe from the record, a summer feeling\". Forster described the album as, \"the perfect combination between London melancholy and Sydney sunshine\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014141-0006-0000", "contents": "16 Lovers Lane, Details\nThe songwriting duo demoed sixteen tunes acoustically and sent them to English producer, Mark Wallis, prior to his arrival in Australia. The book, 100 Best Australian Albums, states that Wallis' production maintained the acoustic feel, embellishing them sparingly and \"affording them a sparkle and crispness that suggested the summer that was their inspiration\". Drummer Lindy Morrison was said to have \"hated\" Wallis, which may be a reflection of the fact that Wallis replaced Morrison with a drum machine on five of the songs on the album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014141-0006-0001", "contents": "16 Lovers Lane, Details\nBoth Morrison and Brown were unhappy with the pre-production process, which limited their contribution, but Forster defended it, saying: \"The pre-production to every album can't always been the same. You can't keep doing the same things over and over\". Still, in a documentary about the album, Wallis says that the drumming on all of the tracks are a mix of programmed and real drums, and Morrison \u2013 not available all the time for family reasons \u2013 says that you can tell that the machine beats are still hers from the fact that \"everything is so \"simple\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014141-0007-0000", "contents": "16 Lovers Lane, Details\n\"Unbelievably brilliant, I think the whole album was incredible. Normally if you have an album with two singers and two writers, there's always one that you like better. Not in the case of The Go-Betweens, two equally talented guys, just like Lennon and McCartney.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014141-0008-0000", "contents": "16 Lovers Lane, Details\nElsewhere, Forster blamed others for the synthetic nature of the recordings. He said: \"I wanted to make the kind of record I ended up making on Danger in the Past. I just wanted the band to be playing live, get us into a really big studio. Instead, it was one person in the studio with the rest of them playing pool. Lindy would be talking about drum machines, and her and Amanda were talking about triggering the violin to make synthesizer keyboard sounds. The only two live tracks on that album are both my songs, and I insisted on those.\" In 2016, Forster wrote, \"I had trouble with 16 Lovers Lane for a long time. It wasn't until the late nineties that I recognised it for what it was - a pop record\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 729]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014141-0009-0000", "contents": "16 Lovers Lane, Details\nThe original release of the album contained ten songs. Most of McLennan's lyrics were written about Amanda Brown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014141-0010-0000", "contents": "16 Lovers Lane, Details\nIn 2004, LO-MAX Records issued a greatly expanded CD, which included a second disc of ten bonus tracks, and music videos for the songs \"Streets of Your Town\" (two versions) and \"Was There Anything I Could Do? \", which were filmed to promote 16 Lovers Lane at the time of its initial release.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014141-0011-0000", "contents": "16 Lovers Lane, Reception\nIn October 2010, 16 Lovers Lane was listed at No. 12 in the book, 100 Best Australian Albums. The authors describe the album as being \"the band's high-water mark and Forster and McLennan knew they'd nailed it\" and that the songs were \"their most direct, accessible and heartfelt ever\", with \"Forster, particularly, having learnt a new restraint. Gone was the bravado and archness that had informed much of his earlier work and in its place was an openness and honesty.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014141-0012-0000", "contents": "16 Lovers Lane, Reception\nReviewing the album in Spin, Evelyn McDonnell said the Go-Betweens reminded her of, \"whooping cranes: great gangling creatures capable of heights of gracefulness when in flight and passionate spasms when in heat. Similarly, the Go-Betweens infuse portentious poetry into giddy pop structures, then throw the uncertain songs in the air, whispering 'Fly or fuck.'\" While praising the album, McDonnell blamed most of the album's occasional \"putrid moments\" on producer Mark Wallis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014141-0013-0000", "contents": "16 Lovers Lane, Reception\nThe album was included in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014141-0014-0000", "contents": "16 Lovers Lane, Track listing\nAll tracks are written by Grant McLennan and Robert Forster.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 29], "content_span": [30, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014141-0015-0000", "contents": "16 Lovers Lane, Track listing\nAll tracks are written by G. McLennan, R. Forster, except where noted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 29], "content_span": [30, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014142-0000-0000", "contents": "16 Lovin' Ounces to the Pound\n16 Lovin' Ounces to the Pound was a hit on the Country charts for musician Don Lee in 1982.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014142-0001-0000", "contents": "16 Lovin' Ounces to the Pound, Background\nBy July 1982 \"16 Lovin' Ounces To The Pound\" bw \"All I Ever Wanted Was You (Here Lovin' Me)\" was released on Crescent 103. It was produced by Lee himself and co-written with B. Duncan, B. R. Jones and J. R. Halper. Lee had previously made the Cash Box Top 100 Country Singles chart that year with the single, \"I'm In Love With A Memory\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 41], "content_span": [42, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014142-0002-0000", "contents": "16 Lovin' Ounces to the Pound, Chart performance, Billboard\nThe single stayed on the Billboard country chart for a total of three weeks, reaching a peak position of 86 on September 18, 1982.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 59], "content_span": [60, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014142-0003-0000", "contents": "16 Lovin' Ounces to the Pound, Chart performance, Cash Box\nOn September 25, 1982, the single had been on the Cash Box Top 100 Country Singles chart for five weeks, moving to No. 66 on the chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 58], "content_span": [59, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014143-0000-0000", "contents": "16 Lyncis\n16 Lyncis is a star in the constellation Lynx. It is positioned next to the western constellation border with Auriga, and is also known as Psi10 Aurigae, which is Latinized from \u03c810 Auriga. The star has a white hue and is visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of 4.90. The distance to this object is approximately 241\u00a0light years based on parallax, but it is drifting closer to the Sun with a radial velocity of \u221212\u00a0km/s. It has an absolute magnitude of 0.56.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014143-0001-0000", "contents": "16 Lyncis\nThis object is a solitary A-type main-sequence star with a stellar classification of A0Vn, a star that is currently fusing its core hydrogen. The 'n' suffix indicates \"nebulous\" absorption lines due to rapid rotation. It is around 181\u00a0million years old with a projected rotational velocity of 229\u00a0km/s. This spin rate is giving the star an oblate shape with an equatorial bulge that is an estimated 10% larger than the polar radius. 16 Lyncis has 2.38 times the mass of the Sun and is radiating 56 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 10,395\u00a0K.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014143-0002-0000", "contents": "16 Lyncis\n16 Lyncis is suspected of being slightly variable, but this has not been confirmed. It was noted when 16 Lyncis was used as a comparison star for observing another variable, the peculiar HD 51418 (NY Aurigae).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014144-0000-0000", "contents": "16 Lyrae\n16 Lyrae is a suspected astrometric binary star system in the constellation Lyra, located 126\u00a0light years away from the Sun based on parallax. It is visible to the naked eye as a dim, white-hued star with a combined apparent visual magnitude of 5.00. The system is moving further away from the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of +5\u00a0km/s. It is a suspected member of the Ursa Major Moving Group stream.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014144-0001-0000", "contents": "16 Lyrae\nCowley et al. (1969) found a stellar classification of A7\u00a0V for the visible component, matching an A-type main-sequence star that is generating energy through hydrogen fusion at its core. Abt and Morrell (1995) instead listed a class of A6\u00a0IV, suggesting it has left the main sequence and become a subgiant star. It is 791\u00a0million years old with a high rate of spin, showing a projected rotational velocity of 124\u00a0km/s. This system is a source for X-ray emission with a luminosity of 105.3\u00d71020\u00a0W, which is most likely coming from the unseen companion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014145-0000-0000", "contents": "16 Martyrs of Japan\nThe Martyrs of Japan (\u65e5\u672c\u306e\u6b89\u6559\u8005, Nihon no junky\u014dsha) were Christians who were persecuted for their faith in Japan, mostly during the 17th century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014145-0001-0000", "contents": "16 Martyrs of Japan, Early Christianity in Japan\nChristian missionaries arrived with Francis Xavier and the Jesuits in the 1540s and briefly flourished, with over 100,000 converts, including many daimy\u014ds in Kyushu. The shogunate and imperial government at first supported the Catholic mission and the missionaries, thinking that they would reduce the power of the Buddhist monks, and help trade with Spain and Portugal. However, the Shogunate was also wary of colonialism, seeing that the Spanish had taken power in the Philippines, after converting the population. It soon met resistance from the highest office holders of Japan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 48], "content_span": [49, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014145-0001-0001", "contents": "16 Martyrs of Japan, Early Christianity in Japan\nEmperor Ogimachi issued edicts to ban Catholicism in 1565 and 1568, but to little effect. Beginning in 1587 with imperial regent Toyotomi Hideyoshi\u2019s ban on Jesuit missionaries, Christianity was repressed as a threat to national unity. After the Tokugawa shogunate banned Christianity in 1620, it ceased to exist publicly. Many Catholics went underground, becoming hidden Christians (\u96a0\u308c\u30ad\u30ea\u30b7\u30bf\u30f3, kakure kirishitan), while others lost their lives. Only after the Meiji Restoration, was Christianity re-established in Japan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 48], "content_span": [49, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014145-0002-0000", "contents": "16 Martyrs of Japan, Early Christianity in Japan\nThe first group of martyrs, known as the Twenty-Six Martyrs of Japan (1597), were canonized by the Church in 1862 by Pope Pius IX. The same pope beatified the second group, known as the 205 Martyrs of Japan (1598\u20131632), in 1867.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 48], "content_span": [49, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014145-0003-0000", "contents": "16 Martyrs of Japan, 16 Martyrs of Japan (1633\u20131637)\nAnother group of martyrs were investigated by the Vatican Curia's Congregation for the Causes of Saints (CCS) in 1980 and were beatified on 18 February 1981. Pope John Paul II canonized these 16 Martyrs of Japan as saints on 18 October 1987. This group is also known as Lorenzo Ruiz, Dominic Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez de Erquicia P\u00e9rez de Lete, Iacobus Tomonaga Gor\u014dby\u014de, and 13 companions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 52], "content_span": [53, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014146-0000-0000", "contents": "16 May 1877 crisis\nThe 16 May 1877 crisis (French: Crise du seize mai) was a constitutional crisis in the French Third Republic concerning the distribution of power between the president and the legislature. When the royalist president Patrice MacMahon dismissed the Opportunist Republican prime minister Jules Simon, the parliament on 16 May 1877 refused to support the new government and was dissolved by the president. New elections resulted in the royalists increasing their seat totals, but nonetheless resulted in a majority for the Republicans. Thus, the interpretation of the 1875 Constitution as a parliamentary system prevailed over a presidential system. The crisis ultimately sealed the defeat of the royalist movement, and was instrumental in creating the conditions of the longevity of the Third Republic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 819]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014146-0001-0000", "contents": "16 May 1877 crisis, Background\nFollowing the Franco-Prussian War, the elections for the National Assembly had brought about a monarchist majority, divided into Legitimists and Orleanists, which conceived the republican institutions created by the fall of Napoleon III in 1870 as a transitory state while they negotiated who would be king. Until the 1876 elections, the royalist movement dominated the legislature, thus creating the paradox of a Republic led by anti-republicans. The royalist deputies supported Marshal MacMahon, a declared monarchist of the legitimist party, as president of the Republic. His term was set to seven years \u2013 the time to find a compromise between the two rival royalist factions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 710]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014146-0002-0000", "contents": "16 May 1877 crisis, Background\nIn 1873, a plan to place Henri, comte de Chambord, the head of the Bourbon branch supported by Legitimists, back on the throne had failed over the comte's intransigence. President MacMahon was supposed to lead him to the National Assembly and have him acclaimed as king. However, the Comte de Chambord rejected this plan in the white flag manifesto of 5 July 1871, reiterated by a 23 October 1873 letter, in which he explained that in no case would he abandon the white flag, symbol of the monarchy (with its fleur-de-lis), in exchange for the republican tricolor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014146-0002-0001", "contents": "16 May 1877 crisis, Background\nChambord believed the restored monarchy had to eliminate all traces of the Revolution, especially the Tricolor flag, in order to restore the unity between the monarchy and the nation, which the revolution had sundered. Compromise on this was impossible if the nation were to be made whole again. The general population, however, was unwilling to abandon the Tricolor flag. Chambord's decision thus ruined the hopes of a quick restoration of the monarchy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014146-0002-0002", "contents": "16 May 1877 crisis, Background\nMonarchists therefore resigned themselves to wait for the death of the ageing, childless Chambord, when the throne could be offered to his more liberal heir, the Comte de Paris. A \"temporary\" republican government was therefore established. Chambord lived on until 1883, but by that time, enthusiasm for a monarchy had faded, and the Comte de Paris was never offered the French throne.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014146-0003-0000", "contents": "16 May 1877 crisis, Background\nIn 1875, Adolphe Thiers joined with the initiative of moderate Republicans Jules Ferry and L\u00e9on Gambetta to vote for the constitutional laws of the Republic. The next year, the elections were won by the Republicans, although the end result was contradictory:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014146-0004-0000", "contents": "16 May 1877 crisis, Background\nPolitical crisis was thus inevitable. It involved a struggle for supremacy between the monarchist President of the Republic and the republican Chamber of Deputies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014146-0005-0000", "contents": "16 May 1877 crisis, The crisis\nThe crisis was triggered by President MacMahon, who dismissed the moderate republican Jules Simon, head of the government, and substituted him with a new \"Ordre moral\" government led by the Orleanist Albert, duc de Broglie. MacMahon favoured a presidential government, while the Republicans in the chamber considered the parliament as the predominant political organ, which decided the policies of the nation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014146-0006-0000", "contents": "16 May 1877 crisis, The crisis\nThe Chamber refused to accord its trust to the new government. On 16 May 1877, 363 French deputies \u2013 among them Georges Clemenceau, Jean Casimir-Perier and \u00c9mile Loubet \u2013 passed a vote of no confidence (Manifeste des 363).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014146-0007-0000", "contents": "16 May 1877 crisis, The crisis\nMacMahon dissolved the parliament and called for new elections, which brought 323 Republicans and 209 royalists to the Chamber, marking a clear rejection of the President's move. MacMahon had either to submit himself or to resign, as had L\u00e9on Gambetta famously called for: \"When France will have let its sovereign voice heard, then one will have to submit himself or resign\" (se soumettre ou se d\u00e9mettre) MacMahon thus appointed a moderate republican, Jules Armand Dufaure as president of the Council, and accepted Dufaure's interpretation of the constitution:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014146-0008-0000", "contents": "16 May 1877 crisis, Aftermath\nThe crisis sealed the defeat of the royalists. President MacMahon accepted his defeat and resigned in January 1879. The Comte de Chambord, whose intransigence had resulted in the breakdown of the alliance between Legitimists and Orleanists, died in 1883, after which several Orleanists rallied to the Republic, quoting Adolphe Thiers' words that \"the Republic is the form of government which divides [the French] the least\". These newly rallied became the first right-wing republicans of France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 29], "content_span": [30, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014146-0008-0001", "contents": "16 May 1877 crisis, Aftermath\nAfter World War I (1914\u201318), some of the independent radicals and members of the right-wing of the late Radical-Socialist Party allied themselves with these pragmatic republicans, although anticlericalism remained a gap between these long-time rivals (and indeed continues, to be a main criterion of distinction between the French left-wing and its right-wing).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 29], "content_span": [30, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014146-0009-0000", "contents": "16 May 1877 crisis, Aftermath\nIn the constitutional field, the presidential system was definitely rejected in favor of a parliamentary system, and the right of dissolution of parliament severely restricted, so much that it was never used again under the Third Republic. After the Vichy regime, the Fourth Republic (1946\u20131958) was again founded on this parliamentary system, something which Charles de Gaulle despised and rejected (le r\u00e9gime des partis). Thus, when de Gaulle had the opportunity to come back to power in the crisis of May 1958, he designed a constitution that strengthened the President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 29], "content_span": [30, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014146-0009-0001", "contents": "16 May 1877 crisis, Aftermath\nHis 1962 reform to have the president elected by direct universal suffrage (instead of being elected by deputies and senators) further increased his authority. The constitution designed by de Gaulle for the Fifth Republic (since 1958) specifically tailored his needs, but this specificity was also rested on the President's personal charisma.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 29], "content_span": [30, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014146-0010-0000", "contents": "16 May 1877 crisis, Aftermath\nEven with de Gaulle's disappearance from the political scene a year after the May 1968 crisis, little changed until the 1980s, when the various cohabitations under President Fran\u00e7ois Mitterrand renewed the conflict between the presidency and the prime minister. Subsequently President Jacques Chirac proposed to reduce the term of the presidency from seven to five years (the quinquennat) to avoid any further \"cohabitation\" and thus conflict between the executive and legislative branches. This change was accepted by referendum in 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 29], "content_span": [30, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014147-0000-0000", "contents": "16 Most Requested Songs (Bobby Vinton album)\n16 Most Requested Songs is a compilation album of 16 Top 40 hits that Bobby Vinton had for Epic Records. It is the last of 29 collections in the 16 Most Requested Songs series that was released by Epic. Unlike most collections of Vinton's music, the song \"Roses Are Red (My Love)\" is the last track on this album, rather than the first. Inside the album cover is a biographical essay about Vinton's life and career that was written by Will Friedwald (the author of Jazz Singing). Although this album was released in 1991, it did not enter the charts until five years later. It was the first compilation of Vinton's music in the charts since the release of Bobby Vinton Sings the Golden Decade of Love 21 years before.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 762]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014148-0000-0000", "contents": "16 Most Requested Songs (Jo Stafford album)\n16 Most Requested Songs is a 1995 compilation album of songs recorded by American female singer Jo Stafford.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014149-0000-0000", "contents": "16 Most Requested Songs (Johnny Mathis album)\n16 Most Requested Songs is a compilation album by American pop singer Johnny Mathis that was released in 1986 by Columbia Records and features 12 tracks representing his time with the label from 1956 to 1963, including his Billboard top 10 hits \"Chances Are\", \"It's Not for Me to Say\", \"The Twelfth of Never\", \"Gina\", and \"What Will Mary Say\" as well as his signature song, \"Misty\". The remaining four selections (\"Evergreen (Love Theme from A Star Is Born)\", \"Love Theme from Romeo and Juliet (A Time for Us)\", \"(Where Do I Begin) Love Story\", and \"Didn't We\") were recorded with Columbia between 1969 and 1977.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014149-0001-0000", "contents": "16 Most Requested Songs (Johnny Mathis album)\nOn August 4, 2000, the album received Gold certification from the Recording Industry Association of America for sales of 500,000 copies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014149-0002-0000", "contents": "16 Most Requested Songs (Johnny Mathis album), Reception\nStephen Thomas Erlewine of Allmusic retrospectively gave the collection a good review. \"Although other sets may have a few more tracks, this is a very entertaining sampler. \"<allmusic/>", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 56], "content_span": [57, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014150-0000-0000", "contents": "16 Most Requested Songs: Encore!\n16 Most Requested Songs: Encore! is a compilation album by American pop singer Andy Williams that was released by Columbia Records on May 16, 1995.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014150-0001-0000", "contents": "16 Most Requested Songs: Encore!\nThe album did not chart in Billboard magazine until after Williams's death in 2012 when it spent its sole week on the Billboard 200 at number 152 in the issue dated October 13 of that year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014151-0000-0000", "contents": "16 Persei\n16 Persei is a single, suspected variable star in the northern constellation of Perseus, located approximately 121 light years away based on parallax. It is visible to the naked eye as a yellow-white hued star with an apparent visual magnitude of 4.22. This object is moving further from the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of +14\u00a0km/s. It displays a relatively high proper motion, traversing the celestial sphere at the rate of 0.224\u2033 per year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014151-0001-0000", "contents": "16 Persei\nBased upon a stellar classification of F2\u00a0III, this matches an aging giant star that has exhausted the hydrogen at its core and is evolving away from the main sequence. It is a possible pulsating Delta Scuti variable, although there is some uncertainty about this classification. However, Kunzli and North (1998) found no variation. The star is 1.44\u00a0billion years old with 1.8 times the mass of the Sun and 3.2 times the Sun's radius. It shows a high rotation rate with a projected rotational velocity of 149\u00a0km/s, which is causing an equatorial bulge that is an estimated 24% larger than the polar radius. 16 Persei is radiating 23 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 7,004\u00a0K.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 730]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014151-0002-0000", "contents": "16 Persei\nIt has two reported visual companions: B, with magnitude 12.8 and separation 76.7\", and C, with magnitude 10.43 and separation 234\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014152-0000-0000", "contents": "16 Prince Street, Peterhead\n16 Prince Street is a Category B listed building in Peterhead, Aberdeenshire, Scotland. It dates from 1838. It was formerly Peterhead's infant school, colloquially known as the Chuckney School. Today it is an office building for Aberdeenshire Council.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014152-0001-0000", "contents": "16 Prince Street, Peterhead\nDescribed by architectural historians David Walker and Matthew Woodworth as \"a temple to education\", the building's front elevation presents a single symmetrical storey, made of granite ashlar and with a central portico in the Roman Doric style, the pediment of which is surmounted by a bellcote. Extending to either side of this are wings of three bays. It was originally T-plan in shape, with a third wing extending back from the entrance, but has been greatly extended since its construction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014153-0000-0000", "contents": "16 Psyche\n16 Psyche (/\u02c8sa\u026aki\u02d0/) is a large asteroid discovered by the Italian astronomer Annibale de Gasparis, working in Naples, on 17\u00a0March 1852 and named after the Greek mythological figure Psyche. The prefix \"16\" signifies that it was the sixteenth minor planet in order of discovery. It is one of the dozen most massive asteroids, containing about one percent of the mass of the asteroid belt, and is over 200 kilometres (120\u00a0mi) in diameter. Psyche is hypothesized to be the exposed core of a protoplanet, and is the most massive of the metal-rich M-type asteroids. Its composition and density match mesosiderite meteorites and it is likely their parent body. Psyche is scheduled for space exploration, with a spacecraft launch planned in 2022, arrival in 2026, and orbital exploration in 2026\u20132027.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 805]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014153-0001-0000", "contents": "16 Psyche, Symbol\nAstronomers created icon-like symbols for the first fifteen asteroids to be discovered, as a type of shorthand notation consistent with older notation for the classical planets. Psyche was given an iconic symbol, as were a few other asteroids discovered after 16\u00a0Psyche. The symbol , a semicircle topped by a star, represents a butterfly's wing, symbol of the soul (psyche is the Greek word for \"soul\"), and a star.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 17], "content_span": [18, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014153-0002-0000", "contents": "16 Psyche, Symbol\nHowever the iconic symbols for all asteroids were superseded before Psyche's symbol ever came into use. With more than a dozen asteroids discovered, remembering all their individual emblems became increasingly cumbersome, and in 1851, German astronomer J.F. Encke suggested using a circled number instead: \u246f. The first asteroid designated with the new scheme was \u246f\u00a0Psyche, when American astronomer J. Ferguson published his observations in 1852.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 17], "content_span": [18, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014153-0003-0000", "contents": "16 Psyche, Characteristics, Mass, size and shape\nPsyche is massive enough that its gravitational perturbations on other asteroids can be observed, which enables a mass measurement. The values for the mass of (3.38\u00b10.28)\u00d710\u221211\u00a0M\u2609 and the density of 6.98\u00b10.58\u00a0g/cm3 obtained from a 2002 analysis by Kuzmanoski and Kova\u010devi\u0107, of a close encounter with asteroid . The new, high density estimate suggests that 16\u00a0Psyche must be composed mostly of metals. As of 2019, the best mass estimate is (2.41\u00b10.32)\u00d71019\u00a0kg, with a derived bulk density of 3.99\u00b10.26\u00a0g/cm3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 48], "content_span": [49, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014153-0004-0000", "contents": "16 Psyche, Characteristics, Mass, size and shape\nThe first size estimate of Psyche came from IRAS thermal infrared emission observations. They showed that it had a diameter of about 253 kilometres (157\u00a0mi), although it was likely an overestimate as Psyche was viewed pole-on at that time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 48], "content_span": [49, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014153-0005-0000", "contents": "16 Psyche, Characteristics, Mass, size and shape\nLight curve analysis indicates Psyche appears somewhat irregular in shape. There is a pronounced mass deficit near the equator at about 90\u00b0 longitude comparable to Rheasilvia basin on 4 Vesta. There are also two additional smaller (50\u201370\u00a0km in diameter) crater-like depressions near the south pole. Psyche's north pole points towards the ecliptic coordinates \u03b2 = 28\u00b0, \u03bb = \u22126\u00b0, with a 4\u00b0 uncertainty. This gives an axial tilt of 95\u00b0.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 48], "content_span": [49, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014153-0006-0000", "contents": "16 Psyche, Characteristics, Mass, size and shape\nObservations of two multi-chord stellar occultations of 2010 and 2014 allow the matching of light curve inversions DAMIT model\u00a01806 that give an equivalent-volume mean diameter of 216\u00b112\u00a0km, and an equivalent surface mean diameter of 227\u00b113\u00a0km. The density of Psyche derived from these estimates, 3.7\u00b10.6\u00a0g/cm3, is consistent with that of other metallic asteroids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 48], "content_span": [49, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014153-0007-0000", "contents": "16 Psyche, Characteristics, Features\nObservations of Psyche with Very Large Telescope's adaptive optics SPHERE imager revealed two large craters, on the order of 90\u00a0km across, which were provisionally named Meroe /\u02c8m\u025bro\u028ai\u02d0/ and Panthia /\u02c8p\u00e6n\u03b8i\u0259/, after the twin witches in the Roman novel Metamorphoses by Apuleius.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 36], "content_span": [37, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014153-0008-0000", "contents": "16 Psyche, Characteristics, Composition and origin\nObservations indicate that Psyche has a metal-pyroxene composition, consistent with it having one of the brightest radar albedos in the asteroid belt (0.37\u00b10.09). Its density, 4.0\u00b10.3\u00a0g/cm3, is compatible with mesosiderite meteorites (\u2248 4.25\u00a0g/cm3) and the Steinbach meteorite (\u2248 4.1\u00a0g/cm3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 50], "content_span": [51, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014153-0009-0000", "contents": "16 Psyche, Characteristics, Composition and origin\nPsyche seems to have a surface that is 90% metallic and 10% silicate rock, with 6\u00b11% of orthopyroxene. Scientists think that these metals may be mostly iron and nickel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 50], "content_span": [51, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014153-0010-0000", "contents": "16 Psyche, Characteristics, Composition and origin\nThe NASA Infrared Telescope Facility at the Mauna Kea Observatories reported evidence (~3\u00a0\u03bcm absorption feature) of hydroxyl ions on the asteroid in October\u00a02016 that may suggest water ice. Since Psyche is thought to have formed under dry conditions without the presence of water, the hydroxyl may have reached Psyche via past impacts from smaller carbonaceous asteroids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 50], "content_span": [51, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014153-0011-0000", "contents": "16 Psyche, Characteristics, Composition and origin\nPsyche appears to be an exposed metallic core or a fragment of a metallic core from a larger differentiated parent body some 500\u00a0kilometers in diameter. The surface has about 20% of metallic contents, although reflection spectra are anomalous and difficult to match with theoretical composition models as in 2021. If Psyche is indeed a remnant metallic core, there could be other asteroids on similar orbits. However, Psyche is not part of any identified asteroid family.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 50], "content_span": [51, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014153-0011-0001", "contents": "16 Psyche, Characteristics, Composition and origin\nOne hypothesis is that the collision that formed Psyche occurred very early in the Solar System's history, and all the other remnants have since been ground into fragments by subsequent collisions or had their orbits perturbed beyond recognition. However, this scenario is considered to have a probability of just 1%. An alternative is that Psyche was broken by impacts, but not catastrophically torn apart. In this case, it may be a candidate for the parent body of the mesosiderites, a class of stony\u2013iron meteorites.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 50], "content_span": [51, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014153-0012-0000", "contents": "16 Psyche, Characteristics, Composition and origin\nAnother possibility is that Psyche may be an endmember of diverse relic bodies left by the inner planet formation. The asteroid's mantle may have been stripped away not by a single collision but by multiple (more than three) relatively slow sideswipe collisions with bodies of comparable or larger size. What is left is a metallic core covered by a thin layer of silicates, which reveals itself spectrally. In such a case, Psyche would be analogous to Mercury but much less massive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 50], "content_span": [51, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014153-0013-0000", "contents": "16 Psyche, Exploration\nNo spacecraft has visited Psyche, but in 2014 a mission to Psyche was proposed to NASA. A team led by Lindy Elkins-Tanton, the director of the School for Earth and Space Exploration at Arizona State University, presented a concept for a robotic Psyche orbiter. This team argued that 16 Psyche would be a valuable object for study because it is the only metallic core-like body discovered so far.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 22], "content_span": [23, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014153-0014-0000", "contents": "16 Psyche, Exploration\nThe spacecraft would orbit Psyche for 20\u00a0months, studying its topography, surface features, gravity, magnetism, and other characteristics and would be based on current technology, avoiding high cost and the necessity to develop new technologies. On 30\u00a0September 2015, the Psyche orbiter mission was one of five Discovery Program semifinalist proposals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 22], "content_span": [23, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014153-0015-0000", "contents": "16 Psyche, Exploration\nThe mission was approved by NASA on 4\u00a0January 2017 and was originally targeted to launch in October\u00a02023, with an Earth gravity assist maneuver in 2024, a Mars flyby in 2025, and arriving at the asteroid in 2030. In May\u00a02017, the launch date was moved up to target a more efficient trajectory, launching in 2022, with a Mars gravity assist in 2023 and arriving in 2026.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 22], "content_span": [23, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014153-0016-0000", "contents": "16 Psyche, Exploration\nOn 28\u00a0February 2020, NASA awarded SpaceX a US$117\u00a0million contract to launch the Psyche spacecraft, and two smallsat secondary missions, on a Falcon Heavy rocket in July\u00a02022.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 22], "content_span": [23, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014154-0000-0000", "contents": "16 Puppis\n16 Puppis is a suspected astrometric binary star system in the southern constellation of Puppis, and is located in the northernmost part of its constellation, almost due north of the bright star Rho Puppis, and east of Canis Major. It is visible to the naked eye as a faint, blue-white hued star with an apparent visual magnitude of 4.40. The star is located is approximately 465\u00a0light years away from the Sun based on parallax. It was the brightest star in Officina Typographica, an obsolete constellation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014154-0001-0000", "contents": "16 Puppis\nThe visible member is a B-type main-sequence star with a stellar classification of B5\u00a0V, according to N. Houk and M. Smith-Moore (1978). Earlier, Hoffleit et al. (1964) had listed a class of B5\u00a0IV, suggesting a more evolved subgiant star. It is spinning rapidly, which is creating an equatorial bulge that is 6% larger than the polar radius. The star is radiating 836 times the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 16,680\u00a0K.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014155-0000-0000", "contents": "16 Reception Depot\n16 Reception Depot was an administrative unit of the Personnel Service Corps of the South African Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014155-0001-0000", "contents": "16 Reception Depot, History, Origin\n16 Reception Depot was activated as the reception depot to service the then Western Cape Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 35], "content_span": [36, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014155-0002-0000", "contents": "16 Reception Depot, History, SADF era and the Bush War\nThe unit was used to mobilize white troops in the greater Western Cape area. This involved:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 54], "content_span": [55, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014155-0003-0000", "contents": "16 Reception Depot, History, SANDF era\nBy the early 2000s, Commands were no longer responsible for individual recruitment, making Reception Depots essentially redundant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 38], "content_span": [39, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014156-0000-0000", "contents": "16 Sagittarii\n16 Sagittarii is a multiple star system in the southern zodiac constellation of Sagittarius. It is near the lower limit of brightness for stars that can be seen with the naked eye, having an apparent visual magnitude of 6.02. The estimated distance to this system is about 4,600\u00a0light years. It is a member of the Sgr OB7 cluster. Along with the O-type star 15 Sgr, it is ionizing an H II region along the western edge of the molecular cloud L291.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014156-0001-0000", "contents": "16 Sagittarii\nMason et al. (1998) found this to be a member of a speckle binary with an estimated orbital period of roughly 130\u00a0years and a magnitude difference of 0.4. Both components show indications of a variable radial velocity, suggesting that they are spectroscopic binaries \u2013 making it a candidate quadruple star system. However, Tokovinin (2008) considers it a triple star system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014156-0002-0000", "contents": "16 Sagittarii\nOrbital elements for the main spectroscopic binary, components Aa and Ab, were published by Mayer et al. (2014), giving an orbital period of 12.76\u00a0days and an eccentricity of 0.18. This system displays a merged stellar classification of O9.5\u00a0III, matching a blue-hued O-type giant star. It shows a longitudinal magnetic field strength of \u221274\u00b144\u00a0G and a projected rotational velocity of 51\u00a0km/s. Tokovinin (2008) gives an estimated mass of 50 times the mass of the Sun for the primary, and 3.72 for the secondary. The tertiary member, component B, has 2.54 times the Sun's mass.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014157-0000-0000", "contents": "16 Serpentis\n16 Serpentis is a binary star system in the Serpens Caput portion of the equatorial constellation of Serpens, located 228\u00a0light years from the Sun. It is visible to the naked eye as a fain, orange-hued star with an apparent visual magnitude of 5.261. The system is moving further from the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of +3\u00a0km/s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014157-0001-0000", "contents": "16 Serpentis\nThe variable radial velocity of this star was discovered at Lick Observatory and was announced by J. H. Moore in 1924. It is a single-lined spectroscopic binary with an orbital period of 14.58 years and an eccentricity of 0.345. The visible component is an evolved giant star with a stellar classification of K0III: CN1 Ba0.7 Sr2. This is a mild barium star with the suffix notation above indicating associated abundance anomalies. The companion is a presumed white dwarf star that has already passed through its giant stage, during which time it enhanced the envelope of the companion with s-process elements. The pair form one of the widest barium star binaries known, which may account for the mildness of the barium anomaly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 741]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014158-0000-0000", "contents": "16 Shells From a Thirty-Ought-Six\n16 Shells From a Thirty-Ought-Six is a song by Tom Waits appearing on his 1983 album Swordfishtrombones. In 1988, it was released as a single in support of his live performance album Big Time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014158-0001-0000", "contents": "16 Shells From a Thirty-Ought-Six, Personnel\nAdapted from the 16 Shells From a Thirty-Ought-Six liner notes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 44], "content_span": [45, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014159-0000-0000", "contents": "16 Shots\n16 Shots is a documentary film about the shooting of Laquan McDonald. Written and directed by Richard Rowley, it is an updated and expanded version of the 2018 movie The Blue Wall. It had a limited theatrical release on June 7, 2019, and started  streaming on Showtime on June 14, 2019. It was released on DVD on August 4, 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014159-0001-0000", "contents": "16 Shots\n16 Shots won a News & Documentary Emmy Award for Outstanding Investigative Documentary and a Television Academy Honor and was nominated for a Peabody Award.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014159-0002-0000", "contents": "16 Shots, Synopsis\n16 Shots uses extensive interviews, combined with news reports and scenes of Chicago, to depict the shooting of Laquan McDonald and subsequent events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 18], "content_span": [19, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014159-0003-0000", "contents": "16 Shots, Synopsis\nOn October 20, 2014, McDonald, a 17-year-old African-American youth, was shot and killed by a Chicago Police officer. The police department ruled that the shooting was justifiable self-defense. More than a year later, police dashcam videos were released to the public, showing that McDonald was walking away from police officers when he was shot 16 times. There had been a cover-up of the actual events by members of the police department and various government officials. This caused widespread outrage at a time of national reexamination of the relations between police departments and minority communities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 18], "content_span": [19, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014159-0003-0001", "contents": "16 Shots, Synopsis\nChicago mayor Rahm Emanuel fired police commissioner Garry McCarthy, Cook County state's attorney Anita Alvarez was voted out of office, and Emmanuel himself decided not to run for reelection. Jason Van Dyke, the police officer who shot McDonald, was found guilty of second degree murder and aggravated battery. These events also led to an investigation by the U.S. Department of Justice, and a consent decree for a federal judge to oversee numerous reforms of the Chicago Police Department.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 18], "content_span": [19, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014159-0004-0000", "contents": "16 Shots, Production\n16 Shots is an updated and expanded version of the documentary The Blue Wall. The earlier film, with a running time of 76 minutes, premiered at the Hot Docs film festival in Toronto on May 1, 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 20], "content_span": [21, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014159-0005-0000", "contents": "16 Shots, Critical reception\nFrank Scheck wrote in The Hollywood Reporter, \"The film delivers its gripping account in clear, suspenseful fashion and includes news footage from the time and contemporary interviews with many of the principal figures involved... Freelance journalist Jamie Kalven, who covered the story extensively and is one of the film's producers, figures prominently, as do several activists and community leaders.... The filmmaker's intent was obviously to concentrate on the specific incident and its aftermath, but personal details would probably have enhanced the overall emotional impact. Nonetheless, 16 Shots is a worthy addition to what has sadly become a proliferating documentary subgenre.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 28], "content_span": [29, 718]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014159-0006-0000", "contents": "16 Shots, Critical reception\nIn RogerEbert.com Brian Tallerico said, \"16 Shots isn't as much about the actual shooting of Laquan McDonald as one might expect. We don't hear from his family and friends. Instead, it's about the ripple effect that transformed a city that night.... 16 Shots is a very deliberate, ominous documentary, filled with views of the Chicago skyline and a pulsing score, but Rowley makes several smart decisions as a storyteller. First, he presents both sides. McCarthy, Van Dyke's attorney, Alvarez, and a few spokespeople for the FOP are on-hand to defend their actions...\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 28], "content_span": [29, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014159-0007-0000", "contents": "16 Shots, Critical reception\nIn The New York Times Ken Jaworowski wrote, \"Rowley interviews activists, witnesses, jurors and police representatives. Their frustrations would be easy to inflame, yet the director and his crew listen closely to what is being said, and allow time for those interviewed to work through their thoughts.... To be sure, the case has been extensively covered in the media, leaving this film to function largely as a summary of the shooting and the trial.... Still, 16 Shots remains valuable as a record of past events that hold sway over the present.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 28], "content_span": [29, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014159-0008-0000", "contents": "16 Shots, Critical reception\nEric Zorn said in the Chicago Tribune, \"... the film shortchanges viewers when it comes to... the cover-up \u2013 the brazen, outrageous, wide-ranging and still unpunished official effort to conceal, minimize and outright lie about what happened.... Much of this story will be new for viewers outside the Chicago area, and they'll be riveted by how it unfolded from a seemingly routine news event into a crushing scandal. They'll be justifiably impressed by the range of interview subjects and the effort that director Richard Rowley and producers Jacqueline Soohen and Jamie Kalven made to give both sides of the story time on camera.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 28], "content_span": [29, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014159-0009-0000", "contents": "16 Shots, Critical reception\nIn the Chicago Reader Andrea Gronvall wrote, \"... by focusing primarily on the crime and its explosive aftermath and very little on McDonald himself, the filmmaker doesn't go far enough in his indictment of the CPD's so-termed \"code of silence\" because the problem doesn't stop with cover-ups... The fact that the circumstances of [McDonald's] upbringing match those of so many other young Black men in Chicago adds to, not detracts from, a forthright conversation about race.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 28], "content_span": [29, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014160-0000-0000", "contents": "16 Sierra station\nThe 16 Sierra MRT station is a mass rapid transit (MRT) station under construction that will serve the suburbs of 16 Sierra and Pulau Meranti in Puchong, Selangor, Malaysia. It is one of the stations being built as part of the Klang Valley Mass Rapid Transit (KVMRT) project on the Sungai Buloh-Serdang-Putrajaya Line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014161-0000-0000", "contents": "16 Squadron SAAF\n16 Squadron SAAF is an attack helicopter squadron of the South African Air Force (SAAF). It was originally formed in World War II as a maritime patrol squadron, however, over the course of the war it was disbanded and reformed a number of times, operating a number of different types of aircraft. It was finally disbanded in June 1945 and was not re-raised until 1968 as a helicopter squadron. In the late 1980s the squadron took part in the conflict in Angola before being disbanded again in 1990. It was raised once more in 1999 and it is currently operating the Rooivalk attack helicopter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014161-0001-0000", "contents": "16 Squadron SAAF, History\nThe squadron was formed on 18 September 1939 as a Coastal Command squadron based at Walvis Bay (station), equipped with three ex-South African Airways Junkers Ju 86Z aircraft in the role of a maritime patrol squadron. However, it was short-lived, and by December of that year it had become B Flight of 32 Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014161-0002-0000", "contents": "16 Squadron SAAF, History\nThe squadron was re-formed at Addis Ababa on 1 May 1941, flying eight Ju-86Z taken over from 12 Squadron plus two Martin Marylands. It was disbanded that August following the Italian surrender.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014161-0003-0000", "contents": "16 Squadron SAAF, History\nThe third chapter of the squadron's World War II history began when 20 Squadron, equipped with Martin Maryland and Bristol Beaufort aircraft and taking part in the invasion of Madagascar, was renumbered. Following the successful invasion of Madagascar, the squadron moved to Kenya, where it was equipped with the Bristol Blenheim V for use in the maritime patrol role, thus returning to its original purpose.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014161-0004-0000", "contents": "16 Squadron SAAF, History\nIn April 1943 the squadron moved to Egypt, and was equipped with Bristol Beaufighters for use in anti-submarine duties. It continued to perform this role until it was again disbanded on 15 June 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014161-0005-0000", "contents": "16 Squadron SAAF, History\n16th SAAF Squadron, stationed in then Italy, made dozens of air strikes against German forces and collaborators in then Croatia, Serbia, Slovenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, etc. during 1944 and 1945. On 6 September 1944, the 16th Squadron bombed Zenica, focusing on bridges.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014161-0006-0000", "contents": "16 Squadron SAAF, History\nIt would be 23 years before the squadron was once again re-formed, this time at AFB Ysterplaat on 1 February 1968, and equipped with the A\u00e9rospatiale Alouette III. A year later it moved to AFB Durban, though did not stay long, and finally moved to AFB Bloemspruit during 1972. The squadron's A Flight was transferred to AFS Port Elizabeth in 1973, with its B Flight moving first to AFB Ysterplaat, and then to AFS Port Elizabeth in 1980 to join A Flight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014161-0007-0000", "contents": "16 Squadron SAAF, History\nIn 1986, the squadron received an additional type, the A\u00e9rospatiale SA 330 Puma. Throughout this period the squadron played a vital role in the South-West Africa/Angola Border War, and following the cessation of hostilities was disbanded in October 1990.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014161-0008-0000", "contents": "16 Squadron SAAF, History\nThe latest chapter in 16 Squadron's history began on 28 October 1999 when it was reformed at AFB Bloemspruit and equipped with the new Denel Rooivalk attack helicopter, receiving all 12 ordered. Due to the complexities of integrating a new type and the creation and modification of tactics for the use of the SAAF's first attack helicopter, the squadron was only expected to reach complete operational readiness in 2008. It is however still a functioning squadron, and regularly carries out joint exercises with the South African Army and other elements of the Air Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014161-0009-0000", "contents": "16 Squadron SAAF, History\nThe Rooivalk saw its first combat in support of the United Nations Force Intervention Brigade in the Democratic Republic of the Congo during 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014162-0000-0000", "contents": "16 Stones\n16 Stones is a 2014 American film that takes place in 1830s Missouri. It concerns the 16 stones of the Jaredites in the tradition of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014162-0001-0000", "contents": "16 Stones\nThe film was directed by Brian Brough. It stars Brad Johnson as Joseph Smith, Mason D. Davis as blacksmith James, Ilene Wood as James's mother, Ben Isaacs as missionary Thomas, and Nathan Norman as the villain Mobber. Norman says the film had a profound effect on his spirituality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014163-0000-0000", "contents": "16 Tales\n16 Tales is a series of educational video games developed by The Lightspan Partnership starting in 1996. Each game consists of four 15-minute video programs detailing various cultures' stories and lore.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014164-0000-0000", "contents": "16 Vayathinile\n16 Vayathinile (transl. At Age 16; read as Pathinaaru Vayathinile) is a 1977 Indian Tamil-language romantic drama film co-written and directed by Bharathirajaa in his directorial debut. The film stars Kamal Haasan, Sridevi, and Rajinikanth, with Ganthimathi, Sathyajith and Goundamani in supporting roles. It focuses on the strengths and vulnerabilities of Mayil (Sridevi), a 16-year-old schoolgirl, and the challenges she faces and overcomes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014164-0001-0000", "contents": "16 Vayathinile\nThe film was originally titled Mayil, and set to be funded by the National Film Development Corporation of India. When they backed out, it was picked up by S. A. Rajkannu who produced it under his banner Shri Amman Creations, and eventually retitled. 16 Vayathinile became the first Tamil film to be shot predominantly outdoors; Tamil films were primarily filmed in Madras studios. Its soundtrack album and background score were composed by Ilaiyaraaja, with cinematography by P. S. Nivas. P. Kalaimani wrote the film's dialogue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014164-0002-0000", "contents": "16 Vayathinile\n16 Vayathinile was released on 15 September 1977, and was distributed by Rajkannu himself since no distributor was willing to buy it. Although written off by the media as an experimental film that would fail, the film received critical praise for Bharathiraja's script, Ilaiyaraaja's music and the performances of Haasan, Sridevi and Rajinikanth. It was commercially successful, with a 175-day theatrical run. It won numerous awards, including the National Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer for S. Janaki; the Filmfare Award for Best Actor (Tamil) for Haasan and Special Commendation Award for Performance for Sridevi; and four State Awards, including Best Director for Bharathiraja and Best Actor for Haasan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 733]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014164-0003-0000", "contents": "16 Vayathinile\n16 Vayathinile attained cult status in Tamil cinema and is considered to be the bellwether of films depicting realistic portrayals of rural life. Making stars of its director and lead actors, it was remade in Telugu as Padaharella Vayasu (1978), in Hindi as Solva Sawan (1979), and in Malay as Melati Putih (1984).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014164-0004-0000", "contents": "16 Vayathinile, Plot\nMayil is a 16-year old schoolgirl who lives in a village with Guruvammal, her mother. Guruvammal also takes care of a limping orphan who is dismissively called \"Chappani\" (Lame) by the villagers and does whatever he can to earn a living. Mayil's ambition is to become a teacher, and she hopes to marry a sophisticated, educated man; although Chappani is in love with her, she does not reciprocate his love.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014164-0005-0000", "contents": "16 Vayathinile, Plot\nSathyajith, an urban veterinarian, arrives in the village to work and falls in love with Mayil. Believing that Sathyajith is the right person for her, Mayil falls in love with him, to the point of refusing an opportunity to attend a teacher-training course in Madras to remain with him. Despite loving Sathyajith, she does not allow him to exploit her sexually, which disappoints him. Never intending a serious relationship with Mayil, he proceeds to his native place to marry another woman. When Mayil begs Sathyajith not to leave her, he says he befriended her for pleasure\u2014not marriage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014164-0006-0000", "contents": "16 Vayathinile, Plot\nA dejected Mayil confesses about her relationship with Sathyajith to Guruvammal, who quickly plans to betroth her to someone else. The village ruffian Parattaiyan\u2014who lusts for Mayil\u2014spreads rumours about her relationship with Sathyajith. Because of this, Mayil's engagement plans are halted and the village becomes hostile to her. Unable to bear the shame, Guruvammal dies and leaves Chappani to take care of Mayil.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014164-0007-0000", "contents": "16 Vayathinile, Plot\nChappani takes good care of Mayil, cheering her up when she needs it. She warms to Chappani, making him more confident and assertive and grooming him and his manners, to the surprise of many in the village. Mayil tells him to slap anyone calling him \"Chappani\" and to respond only to those addressing him by his name, Gopalakrishnan. When Sathyajith and Parattaiyan dismissively call him \"Chappani\", Gopalakrishnan slaps them. Mayil and Gopalakrishnan celebrate his newfound courage. An insulted Parattaiyan later beats Gopalakrishnan badly. Mayil saves him and spits on Parattaiyan in revenge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014164-0008-0000", "contents": "16 Vayathinile, Plot\nMayil decides to marry Gopalakrishnan, and sends him to the nearby town for buying wedding supplies. Learning of Gopalakrishnan's absence, Parattai goes to Mayil's house and tries to rape her. Gopalakrishnan returns to Mayil's house and pleads with Parattaiyan to leave her. When Parattaiyan refuses, Gopalakrishnan kills him with a rock and is arrested. He promises Mayil that he will return, and she waits every day for him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014164-0009-0000", "contents": "16 Vayathinile, Production, Development\nBharathirajaa planned to write and direct a black-and-white film titled Mayil that would be funded by the National Film Development Corporation of India (NDFC), but according to him, the NFDC withdrew \"at the last minute\" without specifying a reason. The project was eventually picked up by S. A. Rajkannu who produced it under his banner Shri Amman Creations. Mayil was eventually re-titled 16 Vayathinile, and marked Bharathirajaa's screenwriting and directorial debut. Its dialogue was written by P. Kalaimani. P. S. Nivas was signed as cinematographer and R. Bhaskaran as editor. Chithra Lakshmanan and K. Bhagyaraj worked as assistant directors. The latter provided suggestions for scenes and dialogues.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 39], "content_span": [40, 748]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014164-0010-0000", "contents": "16 Vayathinile, Production, Casting\nWhen the film was in development in black-and-white, Bharathiraja envisioned Nagesh in the role of Chappani. After it was changed to colour, he wanted Lakshmanan to sign Kamal Haasan for the role of Chappani, expecting to pay Haasan \u20b915,000 since the actor had received \u20b917,000 for Aayirathil Oruthi (1975). When Haasan asked for \u20b930,000, Lakshmanan suggested that Bharathiraja offer the role to Sivakumar since the production unit could not afford Haasan's request; however, Bharathiraja saw Haasan as the ideal choice and agreed to pay him \u20b927,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 35], "content_span": [36, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014164-0010-0001", "contents": "16 Vayathinile, Production, Casting\nIn 2017, Haasan recalled, \"Years ago, a man sporting a soiled dhoti and shirt came to my office to narrate a script. Had I turned the offer down on the basis of his dirty clothes, I wouldn't have been here talking to you. After listening to the script, I realised that he was such a genius and the movie was the cult classic [16 Vayathinile], and he was none other than ace Bharathiraja sir\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 35], "content_span": [36, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014164-0011-0000", "contents": "16 Vayathinile, Production, Casting\nRajinikanth was cast as the village ruffian Parattaiyan. Bharathiraja stated in 2013 that although had finalised \u20b93,000 as the salary for Rajinikanth after the latter initially charged \u20b95,000, he ultimately paid \u20b92,500 to him. Some years later, he stated that Rajinikanth's salary was lower than Haasan's due to the former not being an established star then, but added that he was uncertain about the exact salary details. 16 Vayathinile marked Rajinikanth's first appearance in a colour film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 35], "content_span": [36, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014164-0011-0001", "contents": "16 Vayathinile, Production, Casting\nSince the actor was not fluent in Tamil at the time, Bhagyaraj read him his lines and Rajinikanth repeated them until he mastered them. For the role of Mayil, Bharathiraja initially wanted a 16-year old girl, but after meeting 14-year old Sridevi, offered her the role, which he said would be down-to-earth and de-glamourised; to his surprise, Sridevi readily accepted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 35], "content_span": [36, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014164-0012-0000", "contents": "16 Vayathinile, Production, Casting\nFor the role of Mayil's mother Kuruvammal, Bharathiraja wanted someone who could speak the village dialect fluently and chose Ganthimathi for her acting style. Receiving a salary of \u20b9150, Bhagyaraj was initially considered for the veterinarian's role but declined as he wanted to concentrate on directing; despite that, he still made a cameo appearance in the film. The role of the veterinarian went to newcomer Shabbir Ahmed, who was given the screen name Sathyajith during post-production. His scenes were shot in ten days. Sathyajith was not well-versed in Tamil at the time of auditioning but dubbed in his own voice, even though Bharathiraja offered to have someone else dub for him. Haasan, Sridevi, Rajinikanth and Gandhimathi were credited by their character names in the opening credits, rather than their actual names.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 35], "content_span": [36, 864]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014164-0013-0000", "contents": "16 Vayathinile, Production, Filming\nShot mainly in Mysore and Kollegal, 16 Vayathinile was the first Tamil film made predominantly outdoors and no sets were used. Due to budgetary constraints the crew could not afford a camera which could film slow motion and Sridevi had to run in slow motion for the song \"Chendoora Poove\". For his character, Haasan grew his curly hair long and wore lungis and khadi high-buttoned shirts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 35], "content_span": [36, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014164-0013-0001", "contents": "16 Vayathinile, Production, Filming\nBharathiraja also recalled that he showed a \"handsome Kamal Haasan in an ugly way\" as he wanted to prove that characters need not always be attractive, and to break this stereotype in the film industry. In 2017 at SICA function, Haasan recalled that he and Bharathiraja desired to take the film's cinematography like Ryan's Daughter (1970), but they did not have the required budget. The scene where Mayil spits on Parattai required several takes before Rajinikanth insisted that Sridevi actually spit on him for real.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 35], "content_span": [36, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014164-0014-0000", "contents": "16 Vayathinile, Production, Filming\nWhile Bharathiraja wanted the film to follow a linear narration, it was Bhagyaraj's idea to begin the film with a flashback sequence. After the film completed its shoot, it was screened at least 20 times for the distributors and the narrative switched every time between the linear and non-linear versions. Eventually, Rajkannu himself released the film, with the flashback narrative. A sequence featuring faulty lip sync was retained in the final cut after going unnoticed. The budget of the film was \u20b90.5 million (equivalent to \u20b911\u00a0million or US$160,000 in 2019).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 35], "content_span": [36, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014164-0015-0000", "contents": "16 Vayathinile, Themes\n16 Vayathinile focuses on rural Tamil Nadu, and the vulnerabilities of Mayil. Film critic Naman Ramachandran compared Parattaiyan to Rajinikanth's character Kondaji from Katha Sangama (1975), stating, \"Like in that film, Rajinikanth is a card-playing wastrel with henchmen in tow. Just like the Thimmaraya character in Katha Sangama runs errands for Kondaji, here Chappani/Gopalakrishnan performs services for [Parattaiyan], but the similarity ends there because Thimmaraya is evil and Chappani is good.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014164-0015-0001", "contents": "16 Vayathinile, Themes\nHe also described 16 Vayathinile as the first film when a villainous character played by Rajinikanth does not have a change of heart or get away without being punished: \"Here he pays for his deeds with his life.\" Saraswathy Srinivas of Rediff.com called Parattaiyan an \"extension\" of Rajinikanth's negative character from Moondru Mudichu (1976), but said that \"the villainy is more pronounced and transparent here.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014164-0016-0000", "contents": "16 Vayathinile, Themes\nFilm scholar Swarnavel Eswaran Pillai noted that the film was marked by \"ambiguous and dark protagonists, new subjectivity, [and] avoidance of clich\u00e9d and cathartic closures\". Kumuthan Maderya, writing for Jump Cut, described 16 Vayathinile as a \"neo-nativity\" film \u2014 a story set in rural Tamil Nadu, valorising the rustic and foregrounding the lives of villagers. Ashis Nandy, in his 1998 book The Secret Politics of Our Desires, noted that doctors in Tamil films like 16 Vayathinile are always viewed with \"a bit of suspicion\" and remain complete outsiders \"capable of seducing women and polluting the community\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014164-0017-0000", "contents": "16 Vayathinile, Music\nThe soundtrack album and background score for 16 Vayathinile were composed by Ilaiyaraaja with lyrics by Kannadasan, Gangai Amaran and Alangudi Somu. Ilaiyaraaja, in an April 2015 interview with Maalai Malar, stated that Kannadasan accepted salaries ranging from \u20b91,000 to \u20b91,500. Ilaiyaraaja requested Kannadasan to accept \u20b9750 citing the film's budget constraints, to which Kannadasan agreed. The album, released on EMI Records, blends folk and Western classical music.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 21], "content_span": [22, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014164-0018-0000", "contents": "16 Vayathinile, Music\n16 Vayathinile was Ilaiyaraaja's first collaboration with Haasan. Bharathiraja insisted that Rajkannu meet Ilaiyaraaja, although Rajkannu doubted if Ilaiyaraaja would sign on since he had become well known after his debut film Annakili (1976). Ilaiyaraaja initially refused because of an earlier bet with Bharathiraja that Ilaiyaraaja's mentor, G. K. Venkatesh, would compose the music for Bharathiraja's first film. Venkatesh later insisted that Ilaiyaraaja compose the music.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 21], "content_span": [22, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014164-0019-0000", "contents": "16 Vayathinile, Music\nAlthough Ilaiyaraaja wanted S. P. Balasubrahmanyam to sing \"Chavanthi Poo\" and \"Aattukkutti\", Balasubrahmanyam had pharyngitis at that time and was replaced by Malaysia Vasudevan. \"Chavanthi Poo\", the first song recorded, was the first written by Kannadasan for the film. Gangai Amaran made his debut as lyricist with \"Chendoora Poove\". According to film critic Baradwaj Rangan, it uses Viennese musical tropes. B. Kolappan of The Hindu wrote that the song \"employs a rush of violins to set up the intro for the folk melody that follows.\" The term \"Chendoora Poove\", which refers to a flower, was coined by Amaran since there is no such flower by that name. Ilaiyaraaja debuted as a singer with this film by singing \"Solam Vidhaikkaiyile\", although it does not appear on the original soundtrack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 21], "content_span": [22, 817]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014164-0020-0000", "contents": "16 Vayathinile, Music\nThe song \"Aattukkutti\" established Vasudevan's popularity. The album was remastered in DTS 5.1 six-channel audio by A. Muthusamy of Honey Bee Music in June 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 21], "content_span": [22, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014164-0021-0000", "contents": "16 Vayathinile, Release\n16 Vayathinile was released on 15 September 1977. Rajkannu released the film himself after no distributors were willing to buy it. Although written off by the media as an experimental film that would fail, it became a commercial success, running for over 175 days in theatres, and becoming a silver jubilee film. The film earned $1\u00a0million at the box office according to a 2010 estimate by the magazine South Scope, and Rajkannu went into hiding to avoid income-tax raids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014164-0022-0000", "contents": "16 Vayathinile, Release, Critical reception\nThe film received critical acclaim, with praise for Bharathiraja's script, Ilaiyaraaja's music and the performances of Haasan, Sridevi and Rajinikanth. The Tamil magazine Ananda Vikatan, in its review dated 9 October 1977, gave the film 62.5 marks out of 100, their highest rating for a Tamil film. The reviewer praised the film for representing village life with realism, and for avoiding the clich\u00e9 of (studio) court and police station in its climax, but criticised the error in focusing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 43], "content_span": [44, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014164-0022-0001", "contents": "16 Vayathinile, Release, Critical reception\nAfter seeing the film, Rajinikanth's mentor, the director K. Balachander wrote in a letter of appreciation to Bharathiraja, \"You have hit the bull's eye\". The writer of a Film Focus article in Tribune stated in 1983, \"[Kamal Haasan] by his youthfulness alone has many years ahead of him to adorn the Tamil and Hindu screens, and going by his brilliance in Pathinaru Vayathinile, could even, displace [Sivaji Ganesan] with the passage of time\" The reviewer concluded by describing \"Chendoora Poove\" as a \"silver lined melody that paced the film and added to its brilliance. Do not miss it at any cost.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 43], "content_span": [44, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014164-0023-0000", "contents": "16 Vayathinile, Release, Accolades\nIn addition to the National Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer for S. Janaki, 16 Vayathinile won Haasan the Filmfare Award in the Best Tamil Actor category, and Sridevi won the Special Commendation Award for Performance at the same ceremony. The film won four Tamil Nadu State Film Awards, and Rajinikanth won the Arima Sangam Award for Best Actor for his role as Parattai.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 34], "content_span": [35, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014164-0024-0000", "contents": "16 Vayathinile, Remakes\n16 Vayathinile was remade in Telugu by K. Raghavendra Rao as Padaharella Vayasu (1978) and in Hindi by Bharathiraja as Solva Sawan (1979), with Sridevi reprising her role in both. It was also remade by M. Raj in Malay as Melati Putih (1984). In October 2009, actor Ganesh revealed that he and his wife bought the remake rights of 16 Vayathinile for Kannada.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014164-0025-0000", "contents": "16 Vayathinile, Legacy\nI am [Bharathiraja's] very first fan\u00a0... These are not empty words. Before 16 Vayathinile's release, when he showed me the film, I wrote him a letter of appreciation. That's why I say that I'm his first fan and proud to be so.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014164-0026-0000", "contents": "16 Vayathinile, Legacy\n16 Vayathinile is considered a cult film and a landmark in Tamil cinema, diverging from traditional Tamil films of the time. With Annakili, the film was a trendsetter for realistic portrayals of rural life, and made superstars of Sridevi, Haasan, and Rajinikanth, as well as boosting Goundamani's popularity. According to Naman Ramachandran and S. Shiva Kumar of The Hindu, Haasan's performance was considered a tour de force by critics since he was typecast as a romantic hero at that time. The dialogue \"Idhu Eppadi Irukku?\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014164-0026-0001", "contents": "16 Vayathinile, Legacy\n(How's this? ), spoken by Parattaiyan, became very popular; IANS and Rediff included it on their lists of lines popularised by Rajinikanth. Manisha Lakhe, writing for Forbes India, noted that 16 Vayathinile \"paved the way for unkempt villains who had a singularly disgusting laugh.\" A digitally remastered version of the film was being planned for a late 2013 release; although its trailer was released in October that year, the version has yet to see a theatrical release as of 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014164-0027-0000", "contents": "16 Vayathinile, Legacy\nIn July 2007, S. R. Ashok Kumar of The Hindu asked eight Tamil directors to list their all-time favourite Tamil films; seven\u2013C. V. Sridhar, K. Balachander, Mahendran, K. Bhagyaraj, Mani Ratnam, K. S. Ravikumar and Ameer\u2013named 16\u00a0Vayathinile. According to Ratnam, the film was \"memorable for its script, high standard and realism.\" South Scope included Haasan's performance on its list of \"Kamal's best performances\" in July 2010. S. Shiva Kumar of The Hindu included the film on his December 2010 list of \"Electrifying Rajinikanth-Kamal Haasan films\" with Moondru Mudichu (1976), Avargal (1977) and Aval Appadithan (1978).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014164-0027-0001", "contents": "16 Vayathinile, Legacy\nIn April 2013 CNN-News18 included the film on its list of \"100 greatest Indian films of all time\", saying that it was a \"decisive move away from the studio-bound productions and paved the way for successful integration of subaltern themes and folk arts into mainstream commercial cinema.\" In December 2014, The Times of India included 16 Vayathinile on its list of \"Top 12 Rajinikanth movies\". In August 2015, CNN-IBN included the film in its list of \"10 performances that make [Sridevi] the 'Last Empress' of Indian cinema\". In November the same year, Daily News and Analysis included the film in its list of \"Films you must watch to grasp the breadth of Kamal Haasan's repertoire\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 706]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014164-0028-0000", "contents": "16 Vayathinile, Legacy\n16 Vayathinile was spoofed in Murattu Kaalai (2012) by Vivek, whose character Saroja is called \"Mayil\" by Cell Murugan's character (a veterinarian similar to Sathyajith's character in the film). In Sivaji: The Boss (2007), Vivek's character delivers one of Rajinikanth's catchphrases and finishes by saying: \"Idhu eppadi irukku?\". The film's title and characters have inspired other film titles such as Parattai Engira Azhagu Sundaram (2007), Mayilu (2012) and 36 Vayadhinile (2015).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014165-0000-0000", "contents": "16 Virginis\n16 Virginis is a single star in the zodiac constellation of Virgo, located about 308\u00a0light years from the Sun. It has the Bayer designation c Virginis; 16 Virginis is the Flamsteed designation. This object is visible to the naked eye as a faint, orange-hued star with an apparent visual magnitude of 4.96. This is an IAU radial velocity standard star; it is moving further from the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of +37\u00a0km/s. The star has a relatively high proper motion, traversing the celestial sphere at an angular rate of 0.301\u2033 per year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014165-0001-0000", "contents": "16 Virginis\nIn Chinese astronomy, 16 Virginis is called \u8b01\u8005, Pinyin: Y\u00e8zh\u011b, meaning Usher to the Court, because this star is marking itself and stand alone in Usher to the Court asterism, Supreme Palace enclosure mansion (see\u00a0: Chinese constellation).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014165-0002-0000", "contents": "16 Virginis\nThis is an evolved K-type giant star with a stellar classification of K0.5 IIIb Fe\u22120.5, where the suffix notation denotes a mild underabundance of iron in the spectrum. It is a red clump giant, which indicates is on the horizontal branch generating energy via helium fusion at its core. The interferometry-measured angular diameter of this star, after correcting for limb darkening, is 1.74\u00b10.02\u00a0mas, which, at its estimated distance, equates to a physical radius of about 18 times the radius of the Sun. It is about three\u00a0billion years old with 1.62 times the mass of the Sun and is radiating 132 times the Sun's luminosity from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of 4,423\u00a0K.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 706]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014166-0000-0000", "contents": "16 Vulpeculae\n16 Vulpeculae is a binary star system in the northern constellation Vulpecula. It has a combined apparent visual magnitude of 5.787, which is near the lower limit of visibility to the naked eye. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 14.71\u00b10.50 as seen from Earth's orbit, it is located about 222\u00a0light years away. The system is moving closer to the Sun with a heliocentric radial velocity of about \u221237\u00a0km/s. It will make its closest approach in about 0.9 million years, coming within 155 light-years (47.42\u00a0pc).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014166-0001-0000", "contents": "16 Vulpeculae\nThe pair orbit each other with an estimated period of 1,201\u00a0years and an orbital eccentricity of 0.932. The magnitude 5.93 primary, component A, displays a stellar classification of F2III, matching an aging F-type giant star. This star is spinning rapidly with a projected rotational velocity of 136\u00a0km/s. This is giving the star an oblate shape with an equatorial bulge that is an estimated 21% larger than the polar radius. It is 742\u00a0million years old with 1.34 times the mass of the Sun. The star is radiating 31 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of about 6,888\u00a0K.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014167-0000-0000", "contents": "16 Wishes\n16 Wishes is a 2010 teen fantasy-comedy television film directed by Peter DeLuise and written by Annie DeYoung, starring Debby Ryan and Jean-Luc Bilodeau. It premiered on June 25, 2010, on Disney Channel in the United States and on July 16, 2010, on Family Channel in Canada. The film was the most watched cable program on the day of its premiere on the Disney Channel. In addition, 16 Wishes introduced Ryan to new audiences, such as the contemporary adult audiences since the movie received high viewership in the adults demographic (18\u201334). The film was the second most watched program on cable during the week of its premiere.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014167-0001-0000", "contents": "16 Wishes\nIt was the second film to be released on Disney Channel in 2010 that was not promoted as a \"Disney Channel Original Movie\" (after Harriet the Spy: Blog Wars) and is a co-production between Disney Channel, Family Channel, Unity Pictures of Vancouver and MarVista Entertainment in Los Angeles. In other countries, it was advertised as a Disney Channel Original Movie. It was planned to have its UK premiere on November 19, 2010, on Disney Channel UK, but was replaced with Starstruck, which had already been shown in May; it was later shown in December 2010 in the UK.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014167-0002-0000", "contents": "16 Wishes, Plot\nAbby Jensen has been planning her sweet sixteen since she was a little girl. She keeps a list of wishes that she wants to come true. When the big day finally arrives, she excitedly adds her sixteenth and final wish to the list: a photo of Logan, her crush. Her parents and her brother Mike surprise her, but she rudely rejects them. Then begins the first of many unusual occurrences, each involving visits from a peculiar woman, Celeste. She first appears as an exterminator when the Jensens' house gets overrun by wasps from a nest that had been building up for 16 years. Celeste saves Abby's wish list, but the family is unable to go back inside their house until the wasps are exterminated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 15], "content_span": [16, 709]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014167-0003-0000", "contents": "16 Wishes, Plot\nAbby's best friend, Jay Kepler, appears and offers Abby his jacket. When Abby reaches into a pocket, she finds a birthday present for her\u2014a necklace with a half of a heart saying \"BFF.\" Jay uses the other half as a charm on his key ring. A delivery truck pulls up, and Celeste comes out dressed as a mail woman and gives a package with 16 candles and a matchbox to Abby. Abby lights the first candle, her first wish, meeting celebrity Joey Lockhart, is fulfilled. Abby then realizes that the candles correspond to the wishes on her wish list. Abby lights up the eighth candle and her wish for a red car is fulfilled. Out of the car comes Celeste. Abby realizes Celeste is a magical being and her wishes come true each time a candle is lit, and Celeste appears whenever a wish is granted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 15], "content_span": [16, 803]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014167-0004-0000", "contents": "16 Wishes, Plot\nAbby unsuccessfully tries to make a third wish. Celeste explains that Abby must wait to make new wishes within new hours, and that, at midnight, Abby's candles expire and the wishes she made will be permanent. Abby makes more wishes, causing her to beat her nemesis, Krista Cook, who has the same birthday as her, in a volleyball match, and become student body president. Abby remembers that she needs a dress for her birthday party and decides buy it with Jay, who agrees to pay for it. They are followed by Krista, who takes Jay's wallet when he drops it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 15], "content_span": [16, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014167-0004-0001", "contents": "16 Wishes, Plot\nShe convinces the store clerk that the two are not actually going to buy anything; the clerk kicks them out. Abby uses the 9th candle to make a wish to be treated like an adult, which adds consequences of adulthood that she did not think of. Abby is suddenly not allowed to attend high school anymore, and no one at school remembers her, not even Jay. Her parents buy her a new apartment and leave her to live on her own.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 15], "content_span": [16, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014167-0005-0000", "contents": "16 Wishes, Plot\nRegretting her wish, Abby unsuccessfully tries to make new wishes and change some. Abby makes a wish for her parents to understand her; her parents do understand her, but under the impression that she is an adult. Abby walks by Krista's Sweet 16 and spots Jay. She restores Jay's memories that they are best friends by showing him the necklace he gave her. However, Jay is unable to help her. Abby talks to Krista, and realizes that she is on good terms with her in adulthood. She also realizes that Jay wanted to be student body president all along.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 15], "content_span": [16, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014167-0005-0001", "contents": "16 Wishes, Plot\nDesperate, Abby returns to her apartment where Celeste appears. Abby talks with Celeste as she tells her how selfish she was for thinking about herself over her friends and family because she didn't realized what she already had. Abby eventually found a loophole through the rules of magic because her last wish was glued on with gum, acting as a \"barrier\" between the picture and the rules. She switches the picture for a picture of her taken that morning and wishes she could go back to that morning right before midnight strikes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 15], "content_span": [16, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014167-0006-0000", "contents": "16 Wishes, Plot\nAbby's life then goes back to normal. Abby throws her wish list away and gives her money to Mike for a guitar. Abby finds Krista carrying posters saying 'Vote For Krista.' She and Krista reconcile after Krista tells Abby that she dislikes her because she took Jay away from her as a friend. Abby and Krista stop competing and work together to make Jay student body president, fulfilling his dream. Abby and Krista have a joint birthday party. Krista and Logan become a couple, and Mike's talent is recognized. Abby tells Jay that she has no more wishes, and they kiss. Celeste then turns into a fairy and flies away. The couples\u2014Abby and Jay and Krista and Logan\u2014then dance together at the party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 15], "content_span": [16, 712]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014167-0007-0000", "contents": "16 Wishes, Production\nSome scenes were filmed at Walnut Grove Secondary School in Langley, British Columbia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 21], "content_span": [22, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014167-0008-0000", "contents": "16 Wishes, Soundtrack\n16 Wishes is the soundtrack album for the film of the same name, released on June 15, 2010, by MarVista Entertainment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 21], "content_span": [22, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014167-0009-0000", "contents": "16 Wishes, Reception\nThe movie garnered over 5.6 million viewers in its first showing. The film went on to become the most watched cable program on the day of its premiere on Disney Channel. The Sunday airing of the film received over 4.0 million viewers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 20], "content_span": [21, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014168-0000-0000", "contents": "16 Wives\n16 Wives is the third full-length studio album by Cameroonian rapper, composer, and producer, Jovi. Released on Bandcamp on February 16, 2017, the 16-song album was produced by Jovi under his pseudonym, Le Monstre. 16 Wives was recorded, mixed, and mastered at New Bell Music Studios in Yaound\u00e9, Cameroon, and released on his record label New Bell Music. The album was listed as a best-seller on Bandcamp during its first week of sales, and released on iTunes and other digital platforms on February 24, 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014168-0001-0000", "contents": "16 Wives, Background and promotion\n16 Wives contains lyrics in Pidgin, English, French, Douala, and Ngemba. The album follows the style of Jovi's previous 5 EPs and 2 LPs, which he calls \"Mboko\", characterized by mixing traditional African rhythms and instrumentation (such as Bikutsi) with contemporary genres such as hip-hop, RnB, pop, and electronic. On November 16, 2016, Jovi released \"Mongshung\", the first video to promote the album. On December 7, he released the cover art for the album. Jovi released the second video \"Ou M\u00eame\", on February 17, one day after the album was released.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 34], "content_span": [35, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014168-0002-0000", "contents": "16 Wives, Critical reception\n16 Wives was generally well received by music critics in Cameroon and internationally, particularly the production of the album. According to Koko Aldo Tsague of Le Bled Parle, Jovi's \"epic production of the album perfectly combines African musical traditions with contemporary hip hop\" (translated from French). In reviewing the album's single \"Ou M\u00eame\", Sebastian Bouknight of Afropop Worldwide states that Jovi \"combines his witty social commentary with premium production skills to craft a unique sound that has roots in hip-hop, trap, R&B, and local bikutsi rhythms.\" In Jeune Afrique, Mathieu Olivier states that Jovi uses his engineering skills \"acquired in India, to deliver a high-quality, technical album\" (translated from French). Paris-based Oodar Africa reviewed 16 Wives and called Jovi \"one of the best producers on the African continent\" (translated from French).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 28], "content_span": [29, 908]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014168-0003-0000", "contents": "16 Wives, Critical reception\nThe tone and lyrical content of 16 Wives has been described as more sensitive than his previous two LPs. Jovi sings more on the album and addresses more personal subject matter in songs like \"Free Music\" which talks about love, and \"Mad Love/Hospital Bills\", which tells a story about the death of a girlfriend.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 28], "content_span": [29, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014168-0003-0001", "contents": "16 Wives, Critical reception\nThis Is Africa contributor Nchanji M. Njamnsi agrees that in Jovi's previous albums looking for tenderness is like \"looking for a needle in a haystack,\" but he states that the experimental sound \"poses the danger of narrowing his audience to only a small group of connoisseurs and people who have a rich musical culture like himself.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 28], "content_span": [29, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014169-0000-0000", "contents": "16 Word Guideline\nThe 16 Word Guideline is a treaty deal between China and Vietnam, signed at 1999 as two countries sought to improve the relationship between China and Vietnam. It was signed between Le Kha Phieu, Vietnamese Communist Party's general secretary and Jiang Zemin, Chinese Communist Party's general secretary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014169-0001-0000", "contents": "16 Word Guideline\nHowever, it has been debated whatever how important the Guideline since both Communist Parties of two nations rarely talk about how the deal was signed, as well as how 16 Words look like. It has been kept in secret and any attempt to talk about it would result with suppression in both countries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014169-0002-0000", "contents": "16 Word Guideline\nVietnamese nationalists and anti-communists say the treaty guaranteed China to annex Vietnam at 2020, and granted historical distortion by Vietnam's Communist Party, the only sole Party in Vietnam, although it is not proved.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014170-0000-0000", "contents": "16 Years of Alcohol\n16 Years of Alcohol is a 2003 drama film written and directed by Richard Jobson, based on his semi-autobiographical 1987 novel. Kevin McKidd plays the central character Frankie, a violent alcoholic who is partially based on Jobson and his brother. The cover of the DVD describes the film as influenced by A Clockwork Orange and Trainspotting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014170-0001-0000", "contents": "16 Years of Alcohol\nThe film is Jobson's first directorial effort, following a career as a television presenter on BSkyB and VH-1, and as the vocalist for the 1970s punk rock band The Skids. At the 2003 British Independent Film Awards, the film was nominated for best independent film, and Susan Lynch won the best supporting actor/actress category.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014170-0002-0000", "contents": "16 Years of Alcohol\nThe movie was set and filmed in Edinburgh and Aberdour. The soundtrack features 1960s ska and skinhead reggae acts such as Desmond Dekker and Claudette and the Corporation, as well as 1970s rock bands such as Roxy Music, Velvet Underground, Iggy & The Stooges and The Skids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014170-0003-0000", "contents": "16 Years of Alcohol, Plot\nThe opening scene shows Frankie being beaten by a small group of men, and the rest of the film is shown as a flashback leading up to that point. The film is split into three sections: Frankie's troubled childhood, his violent adolescence as a ska-loving skinhead who commands a small gang, and a period of change, in which Frankie tries to believe in hope and love.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 25], "content_span": [26, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014170-0004-0000", "contents": "16 Years of Alcohol, Plot\nFrankie starts a relationship with Helen (Laura Fraser), a young woman who studies art and works in a record store. When the differences between them became too obvious, Helen breaks up with Frankie, and he joins Alcoholics Anonymous (or a similar program) and a theatre group along with Mary (Susan Lynch), a good-hearted alcoholic. This allows Frankie to exorcise some of his demons, and he loses his desire to fight. An incident in a pub leads Frankie to believe that Mary is cheating on him with the theatre group's director.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 25], "content_span": [26, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014170-0004-0001", "contents": "16 Years of Alcohol, Plot\nThis reignites doubts created by his parents a long time ago. Feeling deceived, Frankie rejects Mary without a valid reason. When he's preparing to drink a glass of scotch, he begins to muse how the past has destroyed his life up to this point and he decides to stay sober and call Mary to apologise. The events merge with the beginning of the film, and Frankie's former comrades chase and beat him up. Whether Frankie dies or not is left open to the viewer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 25], "content_span": [26, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014170-0005-0000", "contents": "16 Years of Alcohol, Reception\nOn Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 80% based on reviews from 15 critics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014171-0000-0000", "contents": "16 and Pregnant\n16 and Pregnant is an American reality television series that aired from June 11, 2009, to July 1, 2014, on MTV. It followed the stories of pregnant teenage girls in high school dealing with the hardships of teenage pregnancy. Each episode featured a different teenage girl, with the episode typically beginning when she is 4+1\u20442\u00a0\u2013 8 months into her pregnancy. The episode typically ends when the baby is a few months old. The series is produced in a documentary format, with an animation on notebook paper showing highlights during each episode preceding the commercial breaks. 16 and Pregnant has spawned five spin-off series: Teen Mom, Teen Mom 2, Teen Mom 3, Teen Mom: Young and Pregnant, and 16 and Recovering.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 731]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014171-0001-0000", "contents": "16 and Pregnant\nA spin-off series, titled 16 and Recovering, premiered on September 1, 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 92]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014171-0002-0000", "contents": "16 and Pregnant\nIn September 2020, MTV announced a revival of the original series, which premiered on October 6, 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014171-0003-0000", "contents": "16 and Pregnant, Reception\nBased on a preview of the show's first three episodes, The New York Times called the series a \"documentary-style series about real-life Junos who are not scoring in the 99th percentile on the verbal portion of their SATs... despite its showcasing of the grim, hard work of single mothering.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 26], "content_span": [27, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014171-0004-0000", "contents": "16 and Pregnant, Reception\nIn 2011, the Social Security Administration reported that the names of one of the featured mothers and her son, \"Maci\" and \"Bentley\", were the names that saw the greatest increase in frequency over the past year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 26], "content_span": [27, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014171-0005-0000", "contents": "16 and Pregnant, Reception\nIn 2016, a The New York Times study of the 50 TV shows with the most Facebook Likes found that \"similar to Teen Mom, 16 and Pregnant is more popular in rural parts of the country\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 26], "content_span": [27, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014171-0006-0000", "contents": "16 and Pregnant, Reception\nProducers of 16 and Pregnant have been criticized for their lack of diversity and inaccurate representation of teenage mothers within the cast. When comparing the mothers on 16 and Pregnant to the U.S. National Vital Statistic Report on Teenage Pregnancy, researchers found MTV overrepresented births to mothers age 15-17 at the time of birth and also overrepresented white teenage mothers. Teenage pregnancy with mothers 15-17 years of age at birth accounted for 22% of the national average with teenage pregnancy for white mothers being reported at 22%. Within the first five seasons of 16 and Pregnant, white teenage mothers made up more than two-thirds of the show participants. 48% of the mothers were 16 at the time of birth, 39% were 17, and 11% were 18-19.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 26], "content_span": [27, 791]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014171-0007-0000", "contents": "16 and Pregnant, Impact\n16 and Pregnant was created with the intention to act as a method of early intervention in teenage pregnancy prevention. At the time of its premiere, producers defended the show with arguments that 16 and Pregnant would educate teenage girls on the realities of pregnancy and teenage motherhood. Research indicates that the show has had a mixed effect on the teenage girls it sought out to target.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014171-0008-0000", "contents": "16 and Pregnant, Impact\nIn 2009, The National Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy recognized 16 and Pregnant amongst the factors that caused a decrease in teenage pregnancy recorded over the year. A 2012 survey by The National Campaign also praises the show for encouraging discussion regarding teenage pregnancy between viewers aged 10-19, their peers, and their parents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014171-0009-0000", "contents": "16 and Pregnant, Impact\nViewership of 16 and Pregnant was found to be most successful as a method of intervention for teens aged 15-16 living in states that do not require sex education to be taught in schools. The study concluded that \u201cwomen in states without [SexEd] mandates may have lacked access to information on sex and contraception, which became more readily available via links to stayteen.org in the after the debut of 16 and Pregnant\u201d.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014171-0010-0000", "contents": "16 and Pregnant, Impact\n16 and Pregnant has also been criticized for glamorizing teenage pregnancy and motherhood. Research in 2014 suggests young girls who are frequent viewers of 16 and Pregnant were more likely to have an unrealistic perception of teenage motherhood. Additionally, viewers were found to perceive the benefits of teen pregnancy to be greater than the risks, given the positive conclusions in participants' stories.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014171-0011-0000", "contents": "16 and Pregnant, Impact\nIn 2014, the National Bureau of Economic Research conducted and published a study suggesting a correlation between the premiere of the show in 2009 and a 5.7% decrease in teen births in the 18 months following the premiere. At the time, it was unknown whether this was due to the premiere of 16 and Pregnant or the Financial crisis of 2007\u20132008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014171-0012-0000", "contents": "16 and Pregnant, Impact\nResearch conducted in 2016 suggested that 16 and Pregnant was unlikely to have had any effect on teenage birth rates and prior research to be \"problematic\". The latest study revealed, through a series of placebo and other tests, that the assumption of common trends in birth rates between low and high MTV-watching areas is not met.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014172-0000-0000", "contents": "16 b\u00e4sta\n16 b\u00e4sta (English: \"16 Best\") is a budget compilation released by Sanna Nielsen shortly after her 2014 Melodifestivalen win with \"Undo\", which went on to represent Sweden in the Eurovision Song Contest in 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014172-0001-0000", "contents": "16 b\u00e4sta\nThis compilation was a special release by previous record label 'Lionheart' in order to present her previous material to the new Sanna audience that was gained with \u201cUndo\u201d. It features all her greatest hits including  \u201cEmpty Room\u201d and  \u201cI\u2019m in Love\u201d. It doesn\u2019t contain \u201cUndo\u201d.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014172-0002-0000", "contents": "16 b\u00e4sta, Review\nSwedish Music Tistory gave the album a positive review and said that anyone who likes the Melodifestivalen will like this album. They said the best songs on the album are \"Stronger\" and \"I'm in Love\" and this is a good album summarizing Nielsen's 18-year career to date.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 16], "content_span": [17, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014173-0000-0000", "contents": "16 de Abril\n16 de Abril  is the Cuban Journal of Medical Students. It was created in 1961 as a political magazine for medical students in the medicine school of University of Havana. According to some founders, the magazine was conceived during a public speech of the Cuban president Fidel Castro on April 16, 1961, and published for first time in the summer of the same year. Among the founders of the magazine are Julio Tejas, Daniel Inclan, and Jose Fernandez.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014173-0001-0000", "contents": "16 de Abril\nAfter 1964 the magazine changed its style adding more scientific content and gradually cutting of the political content. In 1984, under the guidance of former director Dr. Liliana Pereira, the magazine expanded its coverage to all the medical students in Cuba and it also experienced an economic boom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014173-0002-0000", "contents": "16 de Abril\nDuring almost 40 years the magazines was distributed to medical students and professionals in Cuba. Under the guidance of former director, Dagoberto Semanat, the magazine introduced its first website, made by the Peruvian-Cuban Carlos Erick Oyola Valdiz\u00e1n. After the economical crisis in Cuba in the 90\u2019s, the Journal changed to a digital format. Due to the lack of economic resources and political problems, the journal lost its momentum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014173-0003-0000", "contents": "16 de Abril\nFormer director Rodolfo Soca Pasaron led an important movement to re-introduce the journal into the national scene. Under his direction and during the first years of the century, the journal became the reference institution for Scientific Research for medical students.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014173-0004-0000", "contents": "16 de Abril\n16 de Abril publishes original articles for Cuban medical students and has some control over scientific events. It is directed and edited by Kenia Alvarez.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014174-0000-0000", "contents": "16 de Septiembre\n16 de Septiembre is a studio album released by American performer Little Joe and his band La Familia, named after the beginning of the Mexican War of Independence. It was released in 1991 by Sony Music Entertainment. The album peaked at number 14 in the Billboard Regional Mexican Albums chart and earned Little Joe the Grammy Award for Best Mexican-American Performance at the 34th Grammy Awards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014175-0000-0000", "contents": "16 dobles\n16 dobles was a Catalan TV series which was aired on TV3. It was directed by Orestes Lara. 26 episodes were aired between January and December 2003. The series is a (sort of) sequel of Temps de silenci.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014176-0000-0000", "contents": "16 in Webster Groves\n16 in Webster Groves is a 1966  documentary TV special produced by CBS News focusing on the experiences of adolescents growing up and living in Webster Groves, Missouri, United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014176-0001-0000", "contents": "16 in Webster Groves\nProduced by Arthur Barron and narrated by Charles Kuralt, the program was inspired by a survey conducted by the University of Chicago. It showed the middle-American, middle class town to be a superficially friendly, prosperous, progressive, religious, charitable, arts-and-education oriented bedroom community whose adolescent culture, with the complicity (and, by inference, example and encouragement) of the adult population, was in fact clique-ridden, status-oriented, hypercompetitive, hypocritical, prejudiced, and materialistic. In stark contrast to the popular view in the mid-1960s that young people were rebelling against the values of their parents, the program depicted the Webster Groves teenagers as unimaginative and conformist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 763]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014176-0001-0001", "contents": "16 in Webster Groves\nOne sixteen-year-old girl, for example, declares that her dream is to live in a house down the street from the one she lives in now. That interview, and others with a cross section of sixteen-year-olds in the community, including minorities and exchange students, and consensual filming of their normal activities, both in school and at recreation, provided the content of the program.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014176-0002-0000", "contents": "16 in Webster Groves\nA 2006 retrospective article in the local newspaper Riverfront Times indicated that, after the documentary aired, many the town's citizens felt that their community had been unfairly portrayed. For example, when the documentary showed students running away from school in an apparent eagerness to leave, it was not mentioned that they were actually rushing out to see the CBS helicopter. Another time when the students were all portrayed as depressed, the real reason for that depression was not mentioned (the funeral of a popular student).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014176-0002-0001", "contents": "16 in Webster Groves\nHowever, in CBS's follow up program they addressed this as a persistent rumour and said, in fact, that the scene had been shot three weeks after the funeral. Writer Jonathan Franzen, who was 16 in Webster Groves about ten years after the program aired, said \"[T]he Webster Groves depicted in it bears minimal resemblance to the friendly, unpretentious town I knew when I was growing up. But it\u2019s useless to contradict TV...\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014176-0003-0000", "contents": "16 in Webster Groves\nIn response to the protest, CBS returned to Webster Groves and made a follow-up, 16 In Webster Groves Revisited, which was essentially the same material with some added footage of residents venting. In the sequel, Kuralt said \"One sociologist suggested we ought to call it Forty in Webster Groves.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014177-0000-0000", "contents": "16 mm film\n16\u00a0mm film is a historically popular and economical gauge of film. 16\u00a0mm refers to the width of the film; other common film gauges include 8 and 35\u00a0mm. It is generally used for non-theatrical (e.g., industrial, educational) film-making, or for low-budget motion pictures. It also existed as a popular amateur or home movie-making format for several decades, alongside 8\u00a0mm film and later Super 8 film. Eastman Kodak released the first 16\u00a0mm \"outfit\" in 1923, consisting of a camera, projector, tripod, screen and splicer, for US$335 (equivalent to US$5,088 in 2020). RCA-Victor introduced a 16\u00a0mm sound movie projector in 1932, and developed an optical sound-on-film 16\u00a0mm camera, released in 1935.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 709]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014177-0001-0000", "contents": "16 mm film, History\nEastman Kodak introduced 16\u00a0mm film in 1923, as a less expensive alternative to 35\u00a0mm film for amateurs. During the 1920s, the format was often referred to as sub-standard by the professional industry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014177-0002-0000", "contents": "16 mm film, History\nKodak hired Willard Beech Cook from his 28 mm Pathescope of America company to create the new 16\u00a0mm 'Kodascope Library'. In addition to making home movies, people could buy or rent films from the library, a key selling aspect of the format.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014177-0003-0000", "contents": "16 mm film, History\nIntended for amateur use, 16\u00a0mm film was one of the first formats to use acetate safety film as a film base. Kodak never used nitrate film for the format, owing to the high flammability of the nitrate base. 35\u00a0mm nitrate was discontinued in 1952.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014177-0004-0000", "contents": "16 mm film, History, Production evolution\nThe silent 16\u00a0mm format was initially aimed at the home enthusiast, but by the 1930s it had begun to make inroads into the educational market. The addition of optical sound tracks and, most notably, Kodachrome in 1935, gave an enormous boost to its popularity. The format was used extensively during World War II, and there was a huge expansion of 16\u00a0mm professional filmmaking in the post-war years. Films for government, business, medical and industrial clients created a large network of 16\u00a0mm professional filmmakers and related service industries in the 1950s and 1960s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 41], "content_span": [42, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014177-0004-0001", "contents": "16 mm film, History, Production evolution\nThe advent of television production also enhanced the use of 16\u00a0mm film, initially for its advantage of cost and portability over 35\u00a0mm. At first used as a news-gathering format, the 16\u00a0mm format was also used to create television programming shot outside the confines of the more rigid television studio production sets. The home movie market gradually switched to the even less expensive 8 mm and Super 8 mm film formats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 41], "content_span": [42, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014177-0005-0000", "contents": "16 mm film, History, Production evolution\n16\u00a0mm, using light cameras, was extensively used for television production in many countries before portable video cameras appeared. In Britain, the BBC's Ealing-based film department made significant use of 16mm film and, during its peak, employed over 50 film crews. Throughout much of the 1960s-1990s period, these crews made use of cameras such as the Arriflex SP and Eclair NPR in combination with quarter-inch sound recorders, such as the Nagra III. Using these tools, film department crews would work on some of the most significant programmes produced by the BBC, including Man Alive, Panorama and Chronicle. Usually made up of five people, these small crews were able to work incredibly efficiently and, even in hostile environments, were able to shoot an entire programme with a filming ratio of less than 5:1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 41], "content_span": [42, 862]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014177-0006-0000", "contents": "16 mm film, History, Production evolution\nBeginning with the 1950s, news organizations and documentarians in the United States frequently shot on portable Auricon and later, CP-16 cameras that were self blimped and had the ability to record sound on film. The introduction of magnetic striped film further improved sound fidelity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 41], "content_span": [42, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014177-0007-0000", "contents": "16 mm film, History, Production evolution\nReplacing analog video devices, digital video has made significant inroads in television production use. Nevertheless, 16\u00a0mm is still in use in its Super 16 ratio (see below) for productions seeking its specific look.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 41], "content_span": [42, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014177-0008-0000", "contents": "16 mm film, Format standards, Perforations\nTwo perforation pitches are available for 16\u00a0mm film. One specification, known as \"long pitch\", has a spacing of 7.62\u00a0mm (0.300\u00a0in) and is used primarily for print and reversal film stocks. Negative and intermediate film stocks have perforations spaced 7.605\u00a0mm (0.2994\u00a0in), known as \"short pitch\". These differences allow for the sharpest and smoothest possible image when making prints using a contact printer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 42], "content_span": [43, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014177-0009-0000", "contents": "16 mm film, Format standards, Perforations\nFilm stocks are available in either 'single-perf' or 'double-perf', meaning the film is perforated on either one or both edges. A perforation for 16\u00a0mm film is 1.829\u00a0mm \u00d7\u00a01.27\u00a0mm (0.0720\u00a0in \u00d7\u00a00.0500\u00a0in) with a radius curve on all four corners of 0.25\u00a0mm (0.0098\u00a0in). Tolerances are \u00b10.001\u00a0mm (4\u00d710\u22125\u00a0in).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 42], "content_span": [43, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014177-0010-0000", "contents": "16 mm film, Format standards, Standard 16 mm\nThe picture-taking area of standard 16\u00a0mm is 10.26\u00a0mm \u00d7\u00a07.49\u00a0mm (0.404\u00a0in \u00d7\u00a00.295\u00a0in), an aspect ratio of 1.37:1, the standard pre-widescreen Academy ratio for 35\u00a0mm. The \"nominal\" picture projection area (per SMPTE RP 20-2003) is 0.380 in by 0.284 in, and the maximum picture projection area (per SMPTE ST 233-2003) is 0.384 in by 0.286 in, each implying an aspect ratio of 1.34:1. Double-perf 16\u00a0mm film, the original format, has a perforation at both sides of every frame line. Single-perf is perforated at one side only, making room for an optical or magnetic soundtrack along the other side.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 44], "content_span": [45, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014177-0011-0000", "contents": "16 mm film, Format standards, Super 16 mm\nThe variant called Super 16\u00a0mm, Super 16, or 16\u00a0mm Type W is an adaptation of the 1.66 aspect ratio of the \"Paramount format\" to 16\u00a0mm film. It was developed by Swedish cinematographer Rune Ericson in 1969, using single-sprocket film and taking advantage of the extra room for an expanded picture area of 12.52\u00a0mm \u00d7\u00a07.41\u00a0mm (0.493\u00a0in \u00d7\u00a00.292\u00a0in).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 41], "content_span": [42, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014177-0012-0000", "contents": "16 mm film, Format standards, Super 16 mm\nSuper 16 cameras are usually 16\u00a0mm cameras that have had the film gate and ground glass in the viewfinder modified for the wider frame, and, since this process widens the frame by affecting only one side of the film, the various cameras' front mounting plate or turret areas must also be re-machined to shift and re-center the mounts for any lenses used.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 41], "content_span": [42, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014177-0012-0001", "contents": "16 mm film, Format standards, Super 16 mm\nBecause the resulting, new, Super 16 aspect-ratio takes up the space originally reserved for the 16mm soundtrack, films shot in this format must be enlarged by optical printing to 35 mm for sound-projection, and, in order to preserve the proper 1.66:1, or (slightly cropped) 1.85:1 theatrical aspect ratios which this format was designed to provide. And, with the recent development of digital intermediate workflows, it is now possible to digitally enlarge to a 35\u00a0mm sound print with virtually no quality loss (given a high quality digital scan), or alternatively to use high-quality video equipment for the original image capture.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 41], "content_span": [42, 675]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014177-0013-0000", "contents": "16 mm film, Format standards, Super 16 mm\nIn 2009, German lens manufacturer Vantage introduced a series of anamorphic lenses under its HAWK brand. These provided a 1.3\u00d7 squeeze factor (as opposed to the standard 2\u00d7) specifically for the Super 16 format. These lenses let camera operators use the entire Super 16 frame for 2.39:1 widescreen photography.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 41], "content_span": [42, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014177-0014-0000", "contents": "16 mm film, Format standards, Ultra 16 mm\nThe DIY-crafted Ultra 16 is a variation of Super 16. Cinematographer Frank G. DeMarco is credited with inventing Ultra 16 in 1996 while shooting tests for Darren Aronofsky's Pi. Ultra 16 is created by widening the left and right sides of the gate of a standard 16\u00a0mm camera by 0.7\u00a0mm to expose part of the horizontal area between the perforations. Perforation placement on standard 16\u00a0mm film at the divisions between frames accommodates use of these normally unexposed areas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 41], "content_span": [42, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014177-0015-0000", "contents": "16 mm film, Format standards, Ultra 16 mm\nThe Ultra 16 format, with frame dimensions of 11.66\u00a0mm \u00d7\u00a06.15\u00a0mm (0.459\u00a0in \u00d7\u00a00.242\u00a0in), provides a frame size between standard 16\u00a0mm and Super 16\u2014while avoiding the expense of converting a 16\u00a0mm camera to Super 16, the larger lens-element requirements for proper aperture field coverage on Super 16 camera conversions, and, the potential image vignetting caused by trying to use some \"conventional\" 16\u00a0mm lenses on those Super 16 converted cameras. Thus, almost all standard 16\u00a0mm optics can now achieve the wider image in Ultra 16, but without the above pitfalls and optical \"shortcomings\" encountered when attempting their use for Super 16.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 41], "content_span": [42, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014177-0016-0000", "contents": "16 mm film, Format standards, Ultra 16 mm\nThe image readily converts to NTSC/PAL (1.33 ratio), HDTV (1.78 ratio) and to 35\u00a0mm film (1.66 [European] and 1.85 wide screen ratios), using either the full vertical frame, or the full width (intersprocket) frame, and at times, portions of both, depending upon the required application.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 41], "content_span": [42, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014177-0017-0000", "contents": "16 mm film, Modern usage\nThe two major suppliers of 16\u00a0mm film in the 21st century are Kodak and Agfa (Fuji closed its film manufacturing facility on 31 December 2012). 16\u00a0mm film is used in television, such as for the Hallmark Hall of Fame anthology  (it has since been produced in 16:9 high definition) and Friday Night Lights and The O.C. as well as The Walking Dead in the US. In the UK, the format is exceedingly popular for television series such as Doc Martin, dramas and commercials. The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) played a large part in the development of the format.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 24], "content_span": [25, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014177-0017-0001", "contents": "16 mm film, Modern usage\nIt worked extensively with Kodak during the 1950s and 1960s to bring 16\u00a0mm to a professional level, since the BBC needed cheaper, more portable production solutions while maintaining a higher quality than was offered at the time, when the format was mostly for home display of theatrical shorts, newsreels, and cartoons, documentary capture and display for various purposes (including education), and limited \"high end\" amateur use. Today the format also is frequently used for student films, while usage in documentary has almost disappeared. With the advent of HDTV, Super 16 film is still used for some productions destined for HD. Some low-budget theatrical features are shot on 16\u00a0mm and super 16\u00a0mm such as Kevin Smith's 16\u00a0mm 1994 independent hit Clerks, or Man Bites Dog, and Mid90s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 24], "content_span": [25, 816]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014177-0018-0000", "contents": "16 mm film, Modern usage\nThanks to advances in film stock and digital technology\u2014specifically digital intermediate (DI)\u2014the format has dramatically improved in picture quality since the 1970s, and is now a revitalized option. Vera Drake, for example, was shot on Super 16\u00a0mm film, digitally scanned at a high resolution, edited and color graded, and then printed out onto 35\u00a0mm film via a laser film recorder. Because of the digital process, the final 35\u00a0mm print quality is good enough to fool some professionals into thinking it was shot on 35\u00a0mm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 24], "content_span": [25, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014177-0019-0000", "contents": "16 mm film, Modern usage\nIn Britain most exterior television footage was shot on 16\u00a0mm from the 1960s until the 1990s, when the development of more portable television cameras and videotape machines led to video replacing 16\u00a0mm in many instances. Many drama shows and documentaries were made entirely on 16\u00a0mm, notably Brideshead Revisited, The Jewel in the Crown, The Ascent of Man and Life on Earth. More recently, the advent of widescreen television has led to the use of Super 16. For example, the 2008 BBC fantasy drama series Merlin was shot in Super 16.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 24], "content_span": [25, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014177-0020-0000", "contents": "16 mm film, Modern usage\nAs recently as 2010, Scrubs was shot on Super16 and aired either as 4:3 SD (first 7 seasons) or as 16:9 HD (seasons 8 and 9). John Inwood, the cinematographer of the series, believed that footage from his Aaton XTR Prod camera was not only sufficient to air in high definition, it \"looked terrific\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 24], "content_span": [25, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014177-0021-0000", "contents": "16 mm film, Modern usage\nThe Academy Award winning Leaving Las Vegas (1995) was shot on 16\u00a0mm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 24], "content_span": [25, 94]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014177-0022-0000", "contents": "16 mm film, Modern usage\nThe first two seasons of Buffy the Vampire Slayer were shot on 16\u00a0mm and was switched to 35\u00a0mm for its later seasons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 24], "content_span": [25, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014177-0023-0000", "contents": "16 mm film, Modern usage\nThe first season of the popular series Sex and the City was shot on 16\u00a0mm. Later seasons were shot on 35\u00a0mm. All three seasons of Veronica Mars were shot on 16\u00a0mm and aired in HD. This Is Spinal Tap, and Christopher Guest's subsequent mockumentary films, are shot in Super 16\u00a0mm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 24], "content_span": [25, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014177-0024-0000", "contents": "16 mm film, Modern usage\nThe first three seasons of Stargate SG-1 (bar the season 3 finale and the effects shots) were shot in 16\u00a0mm, before switching to 35\u00a0mm for later seasons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 24], "content_span": [25, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014177-0025-0000", "contents": "16 mm film, Modern usage\nThe 2009 Academy Award winner for Best Picture, The Hurt Locker, was shot using Aaton Super 16\u00a0mm cameras and Fujifilm 16\u00a0mm film stocks. The cost savings over 35\u00a0mm allowed the production to utilize multiple cameras for many shots, exposing over 1,000,000 feet of film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 24], "content_span": [25, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014177-0026-0000", "contents": "16 mm film, Modern usage\nBritish Napoleonic era TV drama Sharpe was shot on Super 16\u00a0mm right through to the film Sharpe's Challenge (2006). For the last film in the series, Sharpe's Peril (2008), the producers switched to 35\u00a0mm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 24], "content_span": [25, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014177-0027-0000", "contents": "16 mm film, Modern usage\nLinus Sandgren shot most of the 2018 biographical drama First Man on Super 16.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 24], "content_span": [25, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014177-0028-0000", "contents": "16 mm film, Modern usage\nSpike Lee shot the Netflix film Da 5 Bloods' flashback scenes on 16\u00a0mm film. This is part of the reason cinematographer Newton Thomas Sigel is an Oscar contender for his work on the film. The Insider reports that Netflix \"was initially concerned about having the movie's flashback scenes shot on grainy 16\u00a0mm film ... There was pushback because it opened up a lot of challenges.\" According to Sigel, the film stock Lee wanted to use was an expensive one as it is rarely used today.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 24], "content_span": [25, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014177-0028-0001", "contents": "16 mm film, Modern usage\nIt would be even more expensive to shoot on 16mm film while on location in Vietnam and then ship the film back to the United States to be processed at a film lab. Lee was \"pretty adamant\" about using 16mm for the flashbacks; Sigel said \"I would never have been able to do it without such fervent support from him.\" Sigel pitched to Lee an idea to shoot the Vietnam sequences using the kind of camera and film stock that would have been available during the Vietnam era.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 24], "content_span": [25, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014177-0029-0000", "contents": "16 mm film, Modern usage, Digital 16 mm\nA number of digital cameras approximate the look of the 16\u00a0mm format by using 16\u00a0mm-sized sensors and taking 16\u00a0mm lenses. These cameras include the Ikonoskop A-Cam DII (2008) and the Digital Bolex (2012). The Blackmagic Pocket Cinema Camera (2013) and the Blackmagic Micro Cinema Camera (2015) has a Super\u00a016-sized sensor. The Z CAM E2G (2019) even offers Digital 16\u00a0mm in 4K and with a global shutter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 39], "content_span": [40, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014177-0030-0000", "contents": "16 mm film, Cameras, Professional cameras\nThe professional industry tends to use 16\u00a0mm cameras from Aaton and Arri, most notably the Aaton Xtera, Aaton XTRprod, Arriflex 16SR3, and Arriflex 416. Aaton also released the A-Minima, which is about the size of a video camcorder and is used for specialized filming requiring smaller, more versatile cameras. Photo Sonics have special extremely high speed cameras for 16\u00a0mm that film at up to 1,000 frames per second. Panavision has produced the Panaflex 16, nicknamed \"Elaine\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 41], "content_span": [42, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014177-0031-0000", "contents": "16 mm film, Cameras, Amateur cameras\nFor amateur, hobbyist, and student use, it is more economical to use older models from Arri, Aaton, Auricon, Beaulieu, Bell and Howell, Bolex, Canon, Cinema Products, Eclair, Keystone, Krasnogorsk, Mitchell, and others.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014177-0032-0000", "contents": "16 mm film, Film reproduction methods\nMost original movie production companies that use film shoot on 35\u00a0mm. The 35\u00a0mm size must be converted or reduced to 16\u00a0mm for 16\u00a0mm systems. There are multiple ways of obtaining a 16\u00a0mm print from 35\u00a0mm. The preferred method is to strike a 16\u00a0mm negative from the original 35\u00a0mm negative and then make a print from the new 16\u00a0mm negative. A 16\u00a0mm negative struck from the original 35\u00a0mm negative is called an original. A new 16\u00a0mm print made from a print with no negative is called a reversal. 16\u00a0mm prints can be made from many combinations of size and format, each with a distinct, descriptive name:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 37], "content_span": [38, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014177-0033-0000", "contents": "16 mm film, Film reproduction methods\nFilm traders often refer to 16\u00a0mm prints by the print's production method, i.e., an original, reversal, dupe down, double dupe, or double dupe down.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 37], "content_span": [38, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014177-0034-0000", "contents": "16 mm film, Film reproduction methods, Color fading of old film and color recovery\nOver time, the cyan, magenta and yellow dyes that form the image in color 16\u00a0mm film inevitably fade. The rate of deterioration depends on storage conditions and the film type. In the case of Kodachrome amateur and documentary films and Technicolor IB (imbibition process) color prints, the dyes are so stable and the deterioration so slow that even prints now over 70 years old typically show no obvious problems.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 82], "content_span": [83, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014177-0035-0000", "contents": "16 mm film, Film reproduction methods, Color fading of old film and color recovery\nUnfortunately, dyes in the far more common Eastmancolor print film and similar products from other manufacturers are notoriously unstable. Prior to the introduction of a longer-lasting \"low fade\" type in 1979, Eastmancolor prints routinely suffered from easily seen color shift and fading within ten years. The dyes degrade at different rates, with magenta being the longest-lasting, eventually resulting in a pale reddish image with little if any other color discernible.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 82], "content_span": [83, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014177-0036-0000", "contents": "16 mm film, Film reproduction methods, Color fading of old film and color recovery\nIn the process of digitizing old color films, even badly faded source material can sometimes be restored to full color through digital techniques that amplify the faded dye colors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 82], "content_span": [83, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014178-0000-0000", "contents": "16 mm scale\n16\u00a0mm to 1\u00a0foot or 1:19.05 is a popular scale of model railway in the UK which represents narrow gauge prototypes. The most common gauge for such railways is 32\u00a0mm (1.26\u00a0in), representing 2\u00a0ft (610\u00a0mm) gauge prototypes. This scale/gauge combination is sometimes referred to as \"SM32\" (terminology popularised by Peco, one of the principal manufacturers of appropriate track) and is often used for model railways that run in gardens, being large enough to easily accommodate live steam models. The next most common gauge is 45\u00a0mm (1.772\u00a0in), which represents the theoretical non-existent gauge 2\u00a0feet 9+3\u20444\u00a0inches (857\u00a0mm). This gauge is commonly used to portray prototypes between 2\u00a0ft\u00a06\u00a0in (762\u00a0mm) and 3\u00a0ft (914\u00a0mm) gauge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 736]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014178-0001-0000", "contents": "16 mm scale, Overview\nThere are a number of commercial manufacturers of 16\u00a0mm scale models as well as many enthusiastic amateurs who build their own rolling stock. Because real 2\u00a0ft (610\u00a0mm) railways were most commonly found in the UK, many of the models are of British prototypes. European and North American narrow gauge railways are also modeled in this scale, mainly with scratch-built or kit-built models.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 21], "content_span": [22, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014178-0002-0000", "contents": "16 mm scale, Overview\nAlthough models of approximately this scale were being built as early as the 1930s, it was the founding of the Merioneth Railway Society just after the Second World War that marks the popularization of this scale.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 21], "content_span": [22, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014178-0003-0000", "contents": "16 mm scale, Overview\nThis set the light-hearted spirit of the 16\u00a0mm fraternity, where a sense of fun and whimsy often override more serious concerns. The use of live steam as the predominant motive power of the models means absolute scale reproduction is often sacrificed to the demands of steam engineering at this scale. However the realistic sound, smell and visual effects of steam-driven locomotives makes up for loss of fidelity elsewhere. Driving a live steam locomotive, even at this small scale is very different from driving an electrically powered model.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 21], "content_span": [22, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014178-0004-0000", "contents": "16 mm scale, Overview\nFor many years there were no commercially available parts, and everything was hand-built or kit-bashed from O scale components. In the early 1970s Archangel emerged as the first commercial manufacturer on a large scale, followed by Merlin and Beck at the end of that decade. All three companies produced affordable live steam locomotives in this scale. In 1981, Mamod entered the market with a cheap if somewhat crude steam loco for the UK market. Although not perfect, the low cost opened the hobby to a much wider range of people and as a result demand for other products grew. Roundhouse controls a large share of the market as builders of high quality live steam locomotives. A group of professional and hobbyist makers have emerged to meet this demand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 21], "content_span": [22, 779]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014179-0000-0000", "contents": "16 to Life\n16 to Life is a comedy film directed by Becky Smith and starring Hallee Hirsh as Kate, a bookish teen about to turn 16 who plays match-maker for her friends. Co -stars include: Shiloh Fernandez, Mandy Musgrave, Theresa Russell, Carson Kressley and Nicholas Downs. The film was originally titled \u201cDuck Farm No. 13\u201d, but the title was changed to appeal to younger audiences; it was filmed primarily in McGregor, Iowa and premiered August 29, 2009 at the Landlocked Film Festival.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014179-0001-0000", "contents": "16 to Life, Premise\nAn omniscient narrator begins the film only to have the main character, Kate, interrupt him to add her point of view. This introduction sets the scene as we watch Kate arrive at the riverside malt shoppe, Float-on-Inn. She arrives  early to read a book about the cultural revolution in China. Not your typical 16-year-old.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014179-0002-0000", "contents": "16 to Life, Premise\nKate demonstrates her maturity and care by helping her co-workers navigate their dreams, horoscopes, and moral dilemmas. At the same time, she has her own moral dilemma to navigate. Today is Kate's birthday. She's 16 and never been kissed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014180-0000-0000", "contents": "16 wit Dre\n16 wit Dre is a 2006 Mix album by hyphy Bay Area rapper Mac Dre, who was killed 2 1/2 years prior to the album's release, mixed by DJ Backside.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014180-0001-0000", "contents": "16 wit Dre, Track listing\nThis 2006 hip hop album\u2013related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 25], "content_span": [26, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014181-0000-0000", "contents": "16 wit Dre, Vol. 2\n16 wit Dre, Vol. 2 is a 2006 remix album by deceased hyphy Bay Area rapper Mac Dre mixed by DJ Backside.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014181-0001-0000", "contents": "16 wit Dre, Vol. 2, Track listing\nThis 2006 hip hop album\u2013related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 33], "content_span": [34, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014182-0000-0000", "contents": "16 \u00e5r\n16 \u00e5r (\"16 Years\") is a Swedish television series. It was first broadcast in 1960.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014183-0000-0000", "contents": "16,807\n16807 is the natural number following 16806 and preceding 16808.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 71]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014183-0001-0000", "contents": "16,807, In mathematics\nAs a number of the form nn\u00a0\u2212\u00a02 (16807\u00a0=\u00a075), it can be applied in Cayley's formula to count the number of trees with seven labeled nodes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 22], "content_span": [23, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014184-0000-0000", "contents": "16-17\n16-17 was a band from Basel, Switzerland. Their music combined punk rock, hardcore punk, jazz and industrial music.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014184-0001-0000", "contents": "16-17, Biography\n16-17 was founded in 1983 by  Alex Buess, Knut Remond  and Markus Kneub\u00fchler. When the group played its first concerts in 1983 it was  received with controversial reactions: there where hardly any groups that played in an approximately similar style. Only some years later around 1986 groups like Painkiller, Last Exit or The Flying Luttenbachers appeared . They played a similar mix of rough noise, heavily amplified instruments and free jazz inspired improvisation. 1983 to 1994 the group did a lot of tours and played many gigs all over Europe, Japan and USA. From this period there are  three official releases: the cassette  Buffbunker and Hardkore ,  the LP 16-17 (Label Rec Rec) as well as the LP When All Else Fails... (Label Vision/Praxis). These first three productions of the group are exclusively live recordings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 16], "content_span": [17, 842]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014184-0002-0000", "contents": "16-17, Biography\n1994 Alex Buess met Kevin Martin during the recording sessions  of the group Alboth! for their CD Liebefeld  Alex Buess played saxophones on this album as a guest musician and Kevin Martin produced it. This first meeting of Buess and Martin was very important: they both got along very well: they both went similar paths, Kevin with his group GOD and Alex with 16-17. Consequently, 16-17 worked on the production of their first studio album Gyatso. The album was produced by Kevin Martin and G.\u00a0C. Green (Godflesh) appeared as a guest musician.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 16], "content_span": [17, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014184-0002-0001", "contents": "16-17, Biography\nKevin Martin  said in an interview by Jason Pettigrew (Alternative Press): \"I liked the sheer  intensity of 16-17's  Early Recordings  very much and I intended to  increase this intensity by the additional use of studio technology.\" He was indeed very successful. The CD found a lot of attention in the international press, the media and the audience.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 16], "content_span": [17, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014184-0003-0000", "contents": "16-17, Biography\nAfter the production of Gyatso the line up of the band changed. The bass player Damian Bennett (Deathless, khost, Techno Animal) replaced Markus Kneub\u00fchler and the drummer Michael Wertm\u00fcller (Full Blast) replaced Knut Remond. 16-17 toured all over Europe with  this new line up. The idea was to reproduce the sound of the Gyatso album live. The concert appearance at the  Taktlos Festival 1995 was one of the highlights of 16-17's new sound.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 16], "content_span": [17, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014184-0003-0001", "contents": "16-17, Biography\n1999 the EP  Human Distortion was released on Alec Empire's Digital Hardcore Label (DHR) and in the same year the Mechanophobia EP appeared on Praxis the Berlin-based label. In autumn 1999 16-17 toured again extensively as 16-17 Soundsystem with Daniel Buess (MIR, My Daily Noise, Noise Zone) on drums. In 2000 the group disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 16], "content_span": [17, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014184-0004-0000", "contents": "16-17, Biography\nIt was very difficult to get hold of the 16-17 productions for quite a long time. But in 2005 Savageland Records a Lyon-based French record label re-released a CD box called  When All Else Fails... a.k.a. Early Recordings  and later in 2008 Gyatso. Weasel Walter has remastered both productions and Jason Pettigrew wrote extensive new liner notes for Gyatso. In 2020, an album of previously unreleased material recorded in 1995, titled Phantom Limb, was issued through Austrial label Trost Records.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 16], "content_span": [17, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014185-0000-0000", "contents": "16-Androstene\n16-Androstenes, or androst-16-enes, are a class of endogenous androstane steroids that includes androstadienol, androstadienone, androstenone, and androstenol, which are pheromones. Some of the 16-androstenes, such as androstenone and androstenol, are odorous, and have been confirmed to contribute to human malodor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014185-0001-0000", "contents": "16-Androstene, Background\nThe 16-Androstene steroid is most commonly found and produced in boar testicle, specifically in un-castrated male pigs, which results in a foul odor. This foul odor typically has a urine-like or skatole odor which is as a result of high concentration and levels of the 16-Androstene steroid found in the boar's Adipose tissue, that is observed when the boar fat is cooked on heat. The 16-Androstene acts as a pheromone which is transported in a boar's body through the bloodstream to the salivary glands and is metabolized in the liver which produces alpha and beta-androstenol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 25], "content_span": [26, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014185-0001-0001", "contents": "16-Androstene, Background\nThe reason why the 16-Androstene steroid is essential in the overall population of boars is because it plays a vital role in the mating process, specifically attracting gilts. The 16-Androstene steroid is a vital steroid to study in order to better understand varying genes and metabolic pathways and its relation to the similarities and differences observed in human axillary odors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 25], "content_span": [26, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014185-0002-0000", "contents": "16-Androstene, Research Findings\nThe 16-Androstene steroid is a compound of interest in various research relating to the topic of steroid-based malodour. Most of the research conducted on the 16-Androstene steroid is done by experimentation of boars, often looking at various metabolic pathways and genetics which are similar and different in varying breeds of boars. These studies are conducted in order to utilize the research conducted on boars to better understand human axillary odors. Research conducted by Gower in 1994 suggested that the 16-Androstene along with other steroids such as the 5\u03b1-androstenol and 5\u03b1-androstenone, are prevelent in apocrine sweat glands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 32], "content_span": [33, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014185-0002-0001", "contents": "16-Androstene, Research Findings\nLater research by Austin and Ellis in 2003 revealed through the use of mass spectrometry (MS) and gas chromatography (GC), that the 16-Androstene steroid was present on axillary skin which determined that axillary bacteria is able to create 16-androstenes steriods from the bacterias that had the C16 double bond already present. Other research indicates that 3[beta]-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3[beta]-HSD) plays a vital role in the metabolism of androstenone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 32], "content_span": [33, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014185-0002-0002", "contents": "16-Androstene, Research Findings\nWhen looking at the adipose tissue of a boar, it was also observed that there were high levels of androstenone when there was a low expression of enzymes, protein and mRNA showing a negative trend. Additionally, some research indicates that the presence of the 16-Androstene steroid contributes significantly to the role and function of the liver which is to participate in phase II conjugation metabolism. These were some of the research findings from various articles illustrating the role that the 16-Androstene steroid plays in metabolic pathways and genetics. All of these research findings are able to assist in better understanding genes, metabolic pathways, and enzymes which will aid in scientists understanding how to diminish boar taint / odor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 32], "content_span": [33, 788]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014185-0003-0000", "contents": "16-Androstene, Research Methods\nA variety of research methods were utilized in multiple research articles to gather vital information on the 16-Androstene steroid. Methods such as PCR, mass spectrometry (MS), gas chromatography (GC), solid-phase chromatography, microarray technology, and various other methods were utilized in the research articles to understand the 16-Androstene steroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 31], "content_span": [32, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014186-0000-0000", "contents": "16-Article Code\nThe 16-Article Code was created in the early 17th century and effective in Tibet until 1959. It was created during the Garma (or Karmapa) regime, it covers military, civil and administrative affairs, also degrees of punishment. The code that was drafted was based on the 15-Article Code. Along with the 15-Article Code, people of old Tibet were divided into 3 classes and 9 ranks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014187-0000-0000", "contents": "16-Dehydropregnenolone acetate\n16-Dehydropregnenolone acetate (16-DPA) is a chemical compound used as an intermediate or synthon in the production of many semisynthetic steroids. As 7-ACA is for cephalosporins and 6-APA is for penicillins, 16-DPA is for steroids. While it is not easy to synthesize, it is a convenient intermediate which can be made from other more available materials, and which can then be modified to produce the desired target compound.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014187-0001-0000", "contents": "16-Dehydropregnenolone acetate, Upstream sources\n16-DPA can be produced from diosgenin in mexican yams or from solanidine in potatoes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 48], "content_span": [49, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014187-0002-0000", "contents": "16-Dehydropregnenolone acetate, Downstream targets\nCompounds derived from 16-DPA include hydrocortisone, betamethasone, dexamethasone, beclometasone, fluticasone, and prednicarbate,the first four of which appear on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014189-0000-0000", "contents": "16-Hydroxytabersonine\n16-Hydroxytabersonine is a terpene indole alkaloid produced by the plant Catharanthus roseus. The metabolite is an intermediate in the formation of vindoline, a precursor needed for formation of the pharmaceutically valuable vinblastine and vincristine. 16-hydroxytabersonine is formed from the hydroxylation of tabersonine by tabersonine 16-hydroxylase (T16H). Tabersonine 16-O-methyltransferase (16OMT) methylates the hydroxylated 16 position to form 16-methoxytabersonine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014190-0000-0000", "contents": "16-Ketoestradiol\n16-Ketoestradiol (16-keto-E2, 16-oxoestradiol, or 16-oxo-E2) is an endogenous estrogen related to 16-ketoestrone. 16-Ketoestrone is a very weak estrogen with only 1/1000 the estrogenic potency of estradiol in the uterus. It is a so-called \"short-acting\" or \"impeded\" estrogen, similarly to estriol and dimethylstilbestrol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014191-0000-0000", "contents": "16-Ketoestrone\n16-Ketoestrone (16-keto-E1, or 16-oxoestrone, or 16-oxo-E1) is an endogenous estrogen related to 16\u03b1-hydroxyestrone and 16\u03b2-hydroxyestrone. In contrast to 16\u03b1-hydroxyestrone and 16\u03b2-hydroxyestrone, but similarly to 16-ketoestradiol, 16-ketoestrone is a very weak estrogen with less than 1/1000 the estrogenic potency of estrone in the uterus. 16-Ketoestrone has been reported to act as an inhibitor of 17\u03b2-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases. 16-Ketoestrone can be converted by 16\u03b1-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase into estriol in the body.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014192-0000-0000", "contents": "16-Love\n16-Love is a 2012 American romantic comedy film directed by Adam Lipsius, written by Leigh Dunlap, and starring Lindsey Shaw, Chandler Massey, Keith Coulouris, Lindsey Black, and Susie Abromeit. Produced by Ilyssa Goodman, and Adam Lipsius, the story centers on a 16-year-old female tennis prodigy who while sidelined by injury discovers the normal teenage life she has missed out on, including falling in love. It was released on January 20, 2012 in the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014192-0001-0000", "contents": "16-Love, Plot\nAlly Mash is a 16 year old San Diego high school student who is also the number one American junior tennis player. She has never had a normal life due to her father's obsessive coaching, but things change when she suffers an injury playing a fiercely competitive Russian rival. Sidelined, she skips her father's rehabilitation training and coaches a low-level player, Farrell Gambles, while discovering a normal teenage life including falling in love. Concurrently she builds up to a rematch with her Russian rival.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 13], "content_span": [14, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014192-0002-0000", "contents": "16-Love, Production\nLeigh Dunlap wrote a filmscript called \"Smash\" about a teenage tennis romantic comedy that formed the basis of 16-Love. The script was promoted by producer Ilyssa Goodman who, in November, 2009, offered it to Adam Lipsius and his wife who had created the film company Uptown 6 Productions. They liked the script and decided to make the film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 19], "content_span": [20, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014192-0003-0000", "contents": "16-Love, Production\nLindsey Shaw was cast in the lead after impressing Lipsius at her audition. He recollected: \"... She was so professional and passionate, I just saw her as Ally Mash\". Writer Dunlap picked Chandler Massey for male lead due to his acting skills and tennis skill, she wrote: \" ... I fought the creative battle of my life to get (Massey) cast as the lead\". Lipsius was unconvinced by Massey at first but after playing a tennis game with him and discovering his romantic nature he decided he was right for the part. Susie Abromeit, cast as the Russian player, was a top ten ranked junior who had a Duke University tennis scholarship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 19], "content_span": [20, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014192-0004-0000", "contents": "16-Love, Production\nShooting took place in the San Diego  area and Denver  over 21 days with ten of those days on a tennis court. Lipsius described the \"vital closeness\" of shooting the tennis scenes with close-ups of the players' faces to create intensity. CGI visual effects were used to transform 250 spectators into 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 19], "content_span": [20, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014192-0005-0000", "contents": "16-Love, Production\nMassey commented that shooting the film was \"... one of the greatest experiences of my life\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 19], "content_span": [20, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014192-0006-0000", "contents": "16-Love, Release\n16-Love premiered in the United States on January 20, 2012 with a limited theatrical release along with television rotation, DVD release and on-line streaming.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014192-0007-0000", "contents": "16-Love, Reception\nIn her review of 16-Love for The New York Times, Jeannette Catsoulis criticized the script and direction as being clich\u00e9d. She considered: \" ... 16-Love is in a sense the perfect movie for teenagers - you can text and tweet to your heart's content and never miss a thing\". In his review for Common Sense Media, Renee Schonfeld gave two stars from five. He criticized one-dimensional characters, teen film clich\u00e9s, and excessive product placement, while praising the performances of Shaw and Massey. He concluded: \" ...", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 18], "content_span": [19, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014192-0007-0001", "contents": "16-Love, Reception\nThere's plenty of innocent romance and just enough tennis to hold the audience's interest and keep the story moving\". Dennis Harvey, reviewing for Variety criticized the script as predictable but praised the direction and performances. He concluded: \" first time feature helmer Adam Lipsius keeps things slick and pacey, and the cast is decent within mostly one-dimensional roles\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 18], "content_span": [19, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014193-0000-0000", "contents": "16-Methoxytabersonine\n16-Methoxytabersonine is a terpene indole alkaloid produced by the medicinal plant Catharanthus roseus. 16-methoxytabersonine is synthesized by methylation of the hydroxyl group at the 16 position of 16-hydroxytabersonine by tabersonine 16-O-methyltransferase (16OMT). The compound is a substrate for hydration by two concerted enzymes Tabersonine-3-Oxidase (T3O) and Tabersonine-3-Reductase (T3R), which leads to the formation of 3-hydroxy-16-methoxy-2,3-dihydrotabersonine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014194-0000-0000", "contents": "16-Methylene-17\u03b1-hydroxyprogesterone acetate\n16-Methylene-17\u03b1-hydroxyprogesterone acetate is a progestin of the 17\u03b1-hydroxyprogesterone group which was never marketed. Given orally, it shows about 2.5-fold the progestogenic activity of parenteral progesterone in animal bioassays. It is a parent compound of the following clinically used progestins:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014195-0000-0000", "contents": "16-O-Methylcafestol\n16-O-Methylcafestol, a derivative of cafestol, is an isolate of green coffee beans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014196-0000-0000", "contents": "16-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone dehydratase\nIn enzymology, a 16alpha-hydroxyprogesterone dehydratase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014196-0001-0000", "contents": "16-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone dehydratase\nHence, this enzyme has one substrate, 16alpha-hydroxyprogesterone, and two products, 16,17-didehydroprogesterone and H2O.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014196-0002-0000", "contents": "16-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone dehydratase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically the hydro-lyases, which cleave carbon-oxygen bonds. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 16alpha-hydroxyprogesterone hydro-lyase (16,17-didehydroprogesterone-forming). Other names in common use include hydroxyprogesterone dehydroxylase, 16alpha-hydroxyprogesterone dehydroxylase, 16alpha-dehydroxylase, and 16alpha-hydroxyprogesterone hydro-lyase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014197-0000-0000", "contents": "16-alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase\nIn enzymology, a 16alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014197-0001-0000", "contents": "16-alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase\nThe 3 substrates of this enzyme are 16alpha-hydroxysteroid, NAD+, and NADP+, whereas its 4 products are 16-oxosteroid, NADH, NADPH, and H+.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014197-0002-0000", "contents": "16-alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-OH group of donor with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 16alpha-hydroxysteroid:NAD(P)+ 16-oxidoreductase. This enzyme is also called 16alpha-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014198-0000-0000", "contents": "16-bit computing\nIn\u00a0computer\u00a0architecture, 16-bit integers, memory addresses, or other data units are those that are  16 bits (2 octets) wide. Also, 16-bit CPU and ALU architectures are those that are based on registers, address buses, or data buses of that size. 16-bit microcomputers are computers in which 16-bit microprocessors were the norm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014198-0001-0000", "contents": "16-bit computing\nA 16-bit register can store 216 different values. The range of integer values that can be stored in 16 bits depends on the integer representation used. With the two most common representations, the range is 0 through 65,535 (216 \u2212 1) for representation as an (unsigned) binary number, and \u221232,768 (\u22121 \u00d7 215) through 32,767 (215 \u2212 1) for representation as two's complement. Since 216 is 65,536, a processor with 16-bit memory addresses can directly access 64 KB (65,536 bytes) of byte-addressable memory. If a system uses segmentation with 16-bit segment offsets, more can be accessed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014198-0002-0000", "contents": "16-bit computing, 16-bit architecture\nThe MIT Whirlwind (c. 1951) was quite possibly the first-ever 16-bit computer. Other early 16-bit computers (c. 1965\u201370) include the IBM 1130, the HP 2100, the Data General Nova, and the DEC PDP-11.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 37], "content_span": [38, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014198-0003-0000", "contents": "16-bit computing, 16-bit architecture\nEarly multi-chip 16-bit microprocessors (c. 1973\u201376) include the five-chip National Semiconductor IMP-16 (1973), the two-chip NEC \u03bcCOM-16 (1974), the three-chip Western Digital MCP-1600 (1975), and the five-chip Toshiba T-3412 (1976).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 37], "content_span": [38, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014198-0004-0000", "contents": "16-bit computing, 16-bit architecture\nEarly single-chip 16-bit microprocessors (c. 1975\u201376) include the Panafacom MN1610 (1975), National Semiconductor PACE (1975), General Instrument CP1600 (1975), Texas Instruments TMS9900 (1976), Ferranti F100-L, and the HP BPC. Other notable 16-bit processors include the Intel 8086, the Intel 80286, the WDC 65C816, and the Zilog Z8000. The Intel 8088 was binary compatible with the Intel 8086, and was 16-bit in that its registers were 16 bits wide, and arithmetic instructions could operate on 16-bit quantities, even though its external bus was 8\u00a0bits wide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 37], "content_span": [38, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014198-0005-0000", "contents": "16-bit computing, 16-bit architecture\nA 16-bit integer can store 216 (or 65,536) distinct values. In an unsigned representation, these values are the integers between 0 and 65,535; using two's complement, possible values range from \u221232,768 to 32,767. Hence, a processor with 16-bit memory addresses can directly access 64\u00a0KB of byte-addressable memory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 37], "content_span": [38, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014198-0006-0000", "contents": "16-bit computing, 16-bit architecture\n16-bit processors have been almost entirely supplanted in the personal computer industry, and are used less than 32-bit (or 8-bit) CPUs in embedded applications.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 37], "content_span": [38, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014198-0007-0000", "contents": "16-bit computing, 16-bit architecture, 16/32-bit Motorola 68000 and Intel 386SX\nThe Motorola 68000 is sometimes called 16-bit because of the way it handled basic mathematics. The instruction set was based on 32-bit numbers and the internal registers were 32\u00a0bits wide, so by common definitions, the 68000 is a 32-bit design. Internally, basic 32-bit arithmetic is performed using two 16-bit operations, and this leads to some descriptions of the system as 16-bit, or \"16/32\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 79], "content_span": [80, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014198-0007-0001", "contents": "16-bit computing, 16-bit architecture, 16/32-bit Motorola 68000 and Intel 386SX\nWhile this was not a common solution at the time, in the early 1980s, such solutions have a long history in the computer field, with various designs performing math even 1-bit at a time, known as \"serial arithmetic\", while most designs by the 1970s processed at least a few bits at a time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 79], "content_span": [80, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014198-0008-0000", "contents": "16-bit computing, 16-bit architecture, 16/32-bit Motorola 68000 and Intel 386SX\nA common example is the Data General Nova, which was a 16-bit design that performed math as four 4-bit operations, as that was the size of a common single-chip ALU of that era. Using the definition being applied to the 68000, the Nova would be a 4-bit computer, or 4/16. Not long after the introduction of the Nova a second version was introduced, the SuperNova, which included four of the 4-bit ALUs to perform math 16\u00a0bits at a time and therefore offer higher performance. This was, however, invisible to the user and the programs, which always used 16-bit instructions. In a similar fashion, later 68000-family members, like the Motorola 68020, had 32-bit ALUs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 79], "content_span": [80, 744]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014198-0009-0000", "contents": "16-bit computing, 16-bit architecture, 16/32-bit Motorola 68000 and Intel 386SX\nOne may also see references to systems being, or not being, 16-bit based on some other measure. One common one is when the address space is not the same size of bits as the internal registers. Most 8-bit CPUs of the 1970s fall into this category; the MOS 6502, Intel 8080, Zilog Z80 and most others had 16-bit address space, of 64\u00a0KB, meaning address manipulation required two instruction cycles. For this reason, most processors had special 8-bit addressing modes, for zero page, improving speed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 79], "content_span": [80, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014198-0009-0001", "contents": "16-bit computing, 16-bit architecture, 16/32-bit Motorola 68000 and Intel 386SX\nThis sort of difference between internal register size and external address size remained in the 1980s, although often reversed, as memory costs of the era made a machine with 32-bit addressing, 2 or 4\u00a0GB, a practical impossibility. For example, the 68000 exposed only 24 bits of addressing on the DIP, limiting it to a still huge (for the era) 16\u00a0MB.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 79], "content_span": [80, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014198-0010-0000", "contents": "16-bit computing, 16-bit architecture, 16/32-bit Motorola 68000 and Intel 386SX\nSimilar analysis applies to Intel's 80286 CPU replacement, called the 386SX, which is a 32-bit processor with 32-bit ALU and internal 32-bit data paths with a 16-bit external bus and 24-bit addressing of the processor it replaced.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 79], "content_span": [80, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014198-0011-0000", "contents": "16-bit computing, 16-bit application\nIn the context of IBM PC compatible and Wintel platforms, a 16-bit application is any software written for MS-DOS, OS/2 1.x or early versions of Microsoft Windows which originally ran on the 16-bit Intel 8088 and Intel 80286 microprocessors. Such applications used a 20-bit or 24-bit segment or selector-offset address representation to extend the range of addressable memory locations beyond what was possible using only 16-bit addresses. Programs containing more than 216 bytes (65,536 bytes) of instructions and data therefore required special instructions to switch between their 64-kilobyte segments, increasing the complexity of programming 16-bit applications.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 36], "content_span": [37, 704]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014199-0000-0000", "contents": "16-cell\nIn geometry, the 16-cell is the regular convex 4-polytope (four-dimensional analogue of a Platonic solid) with Schl\u00e4fli symbol {3,3,4}. It is one of the six regular convex 4-polytopes first described by the Swiss mathematician Ludwig Schl\u00e4fli in the mid-19th century. It is also called C16, hexadecachoron, or hexdecahedroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014199-0001-0000", "contents": "16-cell\nIt is a part of an infinite family of polytopes, called cross-polytopes or orthoplexes, and is analogous to the octahedron in three dimensions. It is Coxeter's \u03b24{\\displaystyle \\beta _{4}} polytope. Conway's name for a cross-polytope is orthoplex, for orthant complex. The dual polytope is the tesseract (4-cube), which it can be combined with to form a compound figure. The 16-cell has 16 cells as the tesseract has 16 vertices.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014199-0002-0000", "contents": "16-cell, Geometry\nThe 16-cell is the second in the sequence of 6 convex regular 4-polytopes (in order of size and complexity).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 17], "content_span": [18, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014199-0003-0000", "contents": "16-cell, Geometry\nEach of its 4 successor convex regular 4-polytopes can be constructed as the convex hull of a polytope compound of multiple 16-cells: the 16-vertex tesseract as a compound of two 16-cells, the 24-vertex 24-cell as a compound of three 16-cells, the 120-vertex 600-cell as a compound of fifteen 16-cells, and the 600-vertex 120-cell as a compound of seventy-five 16-cells.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 17], "content_span": [18, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014199-0004-0000", "contents": "16-cell, Geometry, Coordinates\nThe 16-cell is the 4-dimensional cross polytope, which means its vertices lie in opposite pairs on the 4 axes of a (w, x, y, z) Cartesian coordinate system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 30], "content_span": [31, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014199-0005-0000", "contents": "16-cell, Geometry, Coordinates\nThe eight vertices are (\u00b11, 0, 0, 0), (0, \u00b11, 0, 0), (0, 0, \u00b11, 0), (0, 0, 0, \u00b11). All vertices are connected by edges except opposite pairs. The edge length is \u221a2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 30], "content_span": [31, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014199-0006-0000", "contents": "16-cell, Geometry, Coordinates\nThe vertex coordinates form 6 orthogonal central squares lying in the 6 coordinate planes. Squares in opposite planes that do not share an axis (e.g. in the xy and wz planes) are completely disjoint (they do not intersect at any vertices).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 30], "content_span": [31, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014199-0007-0000", "contents": "16-cell, Geometry, Coordinates\nThe 16-cell constitutes an orthonormal basis for the choice of a 4-dimensional reference frame, because its vertices exactly define the four orthogonal axes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 30], "content_span": [31, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014199-0008-0000", "contents": "16-cell, Geometry, Structure\nThe Schl\u00e4fli symbol of the 16-cell is {3,3,4}, indicating that its cells are regular tetrahedra {3,3} and its vertex figure is a regular octahedron {3,4}. There are 8 tetrahedra, 12 triangles, and 6 edges meeting at every vertex. Its edge figure is a square. There are 4 tetrahedra and 4 triangles meeting at every edge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 28], "content_span": [29, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014199-0009-0000", "contents": "16-cell, Geometry, Structure\nThe 16-cell is bounded by 16 cells, all of which are regular tetrahedra. It has 32 triangular faces, 24 edges, and 8 vertices. The 24 edges bound 6 orthogonal central squares lying on great circles in the 6 coordinate planes (3 pairs of completely orthogonal great squares). At each vertex, 3 great squares cross perpendicularly. The 6 edges meet at the vertex the way 6 edges meet at the apex of a canonical octahedral pyramid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 28], "content_span": [29, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014199-0010-0000", "contents": "16-cell, Geometry, Rotations\nRotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space can be seen as the composition of two 2-dimensional rotations in completely orthogonal planes. The 16-cell is a simple frame in which to observe 4-dimensional rotations, because each of the 16-cell's 6 great squares has another completely orthogonal great square (there are 3 pairs of completely orthogonal squares). Many rotations of the 16-cell can be characterized by the angle of rotation in one of its great square planes (e.g. the xy plane) and another angle of rotation in the completely orthogonal great square plane (the wz plane). Completely orthogonal great squares have disjoint vertices: 4 of the 16-cell's 8 vertices rotate in one plane, and the other 4 rotate independently in the completely orthogonal plane.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 28], "content_span": [29, 796]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014199-0011-0000", "contents": "16-cell, Geometry, Rotations\nIn 2 or 3 dimensions a rotation is characterized by a single plane of rotation; this kind of rotation taking place in 4-space is called a simple rotation, in which only one of the two completely orthogonal planes rotates (the angle of rotation in the other plane is 0). In the 16-cell, a simple rotation in one of the 6 orthogonal planes moves only 4 of the 8 vertices; the other 4 remain fixed. (In the simple rotation animation above, all 8 vertices move because the plane of rotation is not one of the 6 orthogonal basis planes.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 28], "content_span": [29, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014199-0012-0000", "contents": "16-cell, Geometry, Rotations\nIn a double rotation both sets of 4 vertices move, but independently: the angles of rotation may be different in the 2 completely orthogonal planes. If the two angles happen to be the same, a maximally symmetric isoclinic rotation takes place. In the 16-cell an isoclinic rotation by 90 degrees of any pair of completely orthogonal square planes takes every square plane to its completely orthogonal square plane.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 28], "content_span": [29, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014199-0013-0000", "contents": "16-cell, Geometry, Constructions, Octahedral dipyramid\nThe simplest construction of the 16-cell is on the 3-dimensional cross polytope, the octahedron. The octahedron has 3 perpendicular axes and 6 vertices in 3 opposite pairs (its Petrie polygon is the hexagon). Add another pair of vertices, on a fourth axis perpendicular to all 3 of the other axes. Connect each new vertex to all 6 of the original vertices, adding 12 new edges. This raises two octahedral pyramids on a shared octahedron base that lies in the 16-cell's central hyperplane.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 54], "content_span": [55, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014199-0014-0000", "contents": "16-cell, Geometry, Constructions, Octahedral dipyramid\nThe octahedron that the construction starts with has three perpendicular intersecting squares (which appear as rectangles in the hexagonal projections). Each square intersects with each of the other squares at two opposite vertices, with two of the squares crossing at each vertex. Then two more points are added in the fourth dimension (above and below the 3-dimensional hyperplane). These new vertices are connected to all the octahedron's vertices, creating 12 new edges and three more squares (which appear edge-on as the 3 diameters of the hexagon in the projection).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 54], "content_span": [55, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014199-0015-0000", "contents": "16-cell, Geometry, Constructions, Octahedral dipyramid\nSomething unprecedented has also been created. Notice that each square no longer intersects with all of the other squares: it does intersect with four of them (with three of the squares crossing at each vertex now), but each square has one other square with which it shares no vertices: it is not directly connected to that square at all. These two separate perpendicular squares (there are three pairs of them) are like the opposite edges of a tetrahedron: perpendicular, but non-intersecting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 54], "content_span": [55, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014199-0015-0001", "contents": "16-cell, Geometry, Constructions, Octahedral dipyramid\nThey lie opposite each other (parallel in some sense), and they don't touch, but they also pass through each other like two perpendicular links in a chain (but unlike links in a chain they have a common center). They are an example of Clifford parallel polygons, and the 16-cell is the simplest regular polytope in which they occur. Clifford parallelism emerges here and occurs in all the subsequent 4-dimensional convex regular polytopes, where it can be seen as the defining relationship among disjoint regular 4-polytopes and their co-centric parts. It can occur between congruent (similar) polytopes of 2 or more dimensions. For example, as noted above all the subsequent convex regular 4-polytopes are compounds of multiple 16-cells; those 16-cells are Clifford parallel polytopes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 54], "content_span": [55, 841]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014199-0016-0000", "contents": "16-cell, Geometry, Constructions, Wythoff constructions\nThe 16-cell has two Wythoff constructions, a regular form and alternated form, shown here as nets, the second being represented by alternately two colors of tetrahedral cells.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 55], "content_span": [56, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014199-0017-0000", "contents": "16-cell, Geometry, Constructions, Helical construction\nA 16-cell can be constructed from two Boerdijk\u2013Coxeter helixes of eight chained tetrahedra, each bent in the fourth dimension into a ring. The two circular helixes spiral around each other, nest into each other and pass through each other forming a Hopf link. The 16 triangle faces can be seen in a 2D net within a triangular tiling, with 6 triangles around every vertex. The purple edges represent the Petrie polygon of the 16-cell.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 54], "content_span": [55, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014199-0018-0000", "contents": "16-cell, Geometry, Constructions, Helical construction\nThus the 16-cell can be decomposed into two similar cell-disjoint circular chains of eight tetrahedrons each, four edges long. This decomposition can be seen in a 4-4 duoantiprism construction of the 16-cell:  or , Schl\u00e4fli symbol {2}\u2a02{2} or s{2}s{2}, symmetry 4,2+,4, order 64.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 54], "content_span": [55, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014199-0019-0000", "contents": "16-cell, Geometry, As a configuration\nThis configuration matrix represents the 16-cell. The rows and columns correspond to vertices, edges, faces, and cells. The diagonal numbers say how many of each element occur in the whole 16-cell. The nondiagonal numbers say how many of the column's element occur in or at the row's element.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 37], "content_span": [38, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014199-0020-0000", "contents": "16-cell, Tessellations\nOne can tessellate 4-dimensional Euclidean space by regular 16-cells. This is called the 16-cell honeycomb and has Schl\u00e4fli symbol {3,3,4,3}. Hence, the 16-cell has a dihedral angle of 120\u00b0. Each 16-cell has 16 neighbors with which it shares a tetrahedron, 24 neighbors with which it shares only an edge, and 72 neighbors with which it shares only a single point. Twenty-four 16-cells meet at any given vertex in this tessellation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 22], "content_span": [23, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014199-0021-0000", "contents": "16-cell, Tessellations\nThe dual tessellation, the 24-cell honeycomb, {3,4,3,3}, is made of by regular 24-cells. Together with the tesseractic honeycomb {4,3,3,4} these are the only three regular tessellations of R4.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 22], "content_span": [23, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014199-0022-0000", "contents": "16-cell, Projections\nThe cell-first parallel projection of the 16-cell into 3-space has a cubical envelope. The closest and farthest cells are projected to inscribed tetrahedra within the cube, corresponding with the two possible ways to inscribe a regular tetrahedron in a cube. Surrounding each of these tetrahedra are 4 other (non-regular) tetrahedral volumes that are the images of the 4 surrounding tetrahedral cells, filling up the space between the inscribed tetrahedron and the cube. The remaining 6 cells are projected onto the square faces of the cube. In this projection of the 16-cell, all its edges lie on the faces of the cubical envelope.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 20], "content_span": [21, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014199-0023-0000", "contents": "16-cell, Projections\nThe cell-first perspective projection of the 16-cell into 3-space has a triakis tetrahedral envelope. The layout of the cells within this envelope are analogous to that of the cell-first parallel projection.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 20], "content_span": [21, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014199-0024-0000", "contents": "16-cell, Projections\nThe vertex-first parallel projection of the 16-cell into 3-space has an octahedral envelope. This octahedron can be divided into 8 tetrahedral volumes, by cutting along the coordinate planes. Each of these volumes is the image of a pair of cells in the 16-cell. The closest vertex of the 16-cell to the viewer projects onto the center of the octahedron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 20], "content_span": [21, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014199-0025-0000", "contents": "16-cell, Projections\nFinally the edge-first parallel projection has a shortened octahedral envelope, and the face-first parallel projection has a hexagonal bipyramidal envelope.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 20], "content_span": [21, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014199-0026-0000", "contents": "16-cell, 4 sphere Venn diagram\nA 3-dimensional projection of the 16-cell and 4 intersecting spheres (a Venn diagram of 4 sets) are topologically equivalent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 30], "content_span": [31, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014199-0027-0000", "contents": "16-cell, Symmetry constructions\nThere is a lower symmetry form of the 16-cell, called a demitesseract or 4-demicube, a member of the demihypercube family, and represented by h{4,3,3}, and Coxeter diagrams  or . It can be drawn bicolored with alternating tetrahedral cells.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 31], "content_span": [32, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014199-0028-0000", "contents": "16-cell, Symmetry constructions\nIt can also be seen in lower symmetry form as a tetrahedral antiprism, constructed by 2 parallel tetrahedra in dual configurations, connected by 8 (possibly elongated) tetrahedra. It is represented by s{2,4,3}, and Coxeter diagram: .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 31], "content_span": [32, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014199-0029-0000", "contents": "16-cell, Symmetry constructions\nIt can also be seen as a snub 4-orthotope, represented by s{21,1,1}, and Coxeter diagram:  or .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 31], "content_span": [32, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014199-0030-0000", "contents": "16-cell, Symmetry constructions\nWith the tesseract constructed as a 4-4 duoprism, the 16-cell can be seen as its dual, a 4-4 duopyramid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 31], "content_span": [32, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014199-0031-0000", "contents": "16-cell, Related complex polygons\nThe M\u00f6bius\u2013Kantor polygon is a regular complex polygon 3{3}3, , in C2{\\displaystyle \\mathbb {C} ^{2}} shares the same vertices as the 16-cell. It has 8 vertices, and 8 3-edges.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 33], "content_span": [34, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014199-0032-0000", "contents": "16-cell, Related complex polygons\nThe regular complex polygon, 2{4}4, , in C2{\\displaystyle \\mathbb {C} ^{2}} has a real representation as a 16-cell in 4-dimensional space with 8 vertices, 16 2-edges, only half of the edges of the 16-cell. Its symmetry is 4[4]2, order 32.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 33], "content_span": [34, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014199-0033-0000", "contents": "16-cell, Related uniform polytopes and honeycombs\nThe regular 16-cell along with the tesseract exist in a set of 15 uniform 4-polytopes with the same symmetry. It is also a part of the uniform polytopes of D4 symmetry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 49], "content_span": [50, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014199-0034-0000", "contents": "16-cell, Related uniform polytopes and honeycombs\nThis 4-polytope is also related to the cubic honeycomb, order-4 dodecahedral honeycomb, and order-4 hexagonal tiling honeycomb which all have octahedral vertex figures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 49], "content_span": [50, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014199-0035-0000", "contents": "16-cell, Related uniform polytopes and honeycombs\nIt is in a sequence to three regular 4-polytopes: the 5-cell {3,3,3}, 600-cell {3,3,5} of Euclidean 4-space, and the order-6 tetrahedral honeycomb {3,3,6} of hyperbolic space. All of these have tetrahedral cells.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 49], "content_span": [50, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014199-0036-0000", "contents": "16-cell, Related uniform polytopes and honeycombs\nIt is first in a sequence of quasiregular polytopes and honeycombs h{4,p,q}, and a half symmetry sequence, for regular forms {p,3,4}.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 49], "content_span": [50, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014200-0000-0000", "contents": "16-cell honeycomb\nIn four-dimensional Euclidean geometry, the 16-cell honeycomb is one of the three regular space-filling tessellations (or honeycombs), represented by Schl\u00e4fli symbol {3,3,4,3}, and constructed by a 4-dimensional packing of  16-cell facets, three around every face.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014200-0001-0000", "contents": "16-cell honeycomb\nIts dual is the 24-cell honeycomb. Its vertex figure is a 24-cell. The vertex arrangement is called the B4, D4, or F4 lattice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014200-0002-0000", "contents": "16-cell honeycomb, Coordinates\nVertices can be placed at all integer coordinates (i,j,k,l), such that the sum of the coordinates is even.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 30], "content_span": [31, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014200-0003-0000", "contents": "16-cell honeycomb, D4 lattice\nThe vertex arrangement of the 16-cell honeycomb is called the D4 lattice or F4 lattice. The vertices of this lattice are the centers of the 3-spheres in the densest known packing of equal spheres in 4-space; its kissing number is 24, which is also the same as the kissing number in R4, as proved by Oleg Musin in 2003.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014200-0004-0000", "contents": "16-cell honeycomb, D4 lattice\nThe related D+4 lattice (also called D24) can be constructed by the union of two D4 lattices, and is identical to the C4 lattice:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014200-0005-0000", "contents": "16-cell honeycomb, D4 lattice\nThe kissing number for D+4 is 23 = 8, (2n \u2013 1 for n < 8, 240 for n = 8, and 2n(n \u2013 1) for n > 8).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014200-0006-0000", "contents": "16-cell honeycomb, D4 lattice\nThe related D*4 lattice (also called D44 and C24) can be constructed by the union of all four D4 lattices, but it is identical to the D4 lattice: It is also the 4-dimensional body centered cubic, the union of two 4-cube honeycombs in dual positions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014200-0007-0000", "contents": "16-cell honeycomb, D4 lattice\nThe kissing number of the D*4 lattice (and D4 lattice) is 24 and its Voronoi tessellation is a 24-cell honeycomb, , containing all rectified 16-cells (24-cell) Voronoi cells,  or .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014200-0008-0000", "contents": "16-cell honeycomb, Symmetry constructions\nThere are three different symmetry constructions of this tessellation. Each symmetry can be represented by different arrangements of colored 16-cell facets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 41], "content_span": [42, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014200-0009-0000", "contents": "16-cell honeycomb, Related honeycombs\nIt is related to the regular hyperbolic 5-space 5-orthoplex honeycomb, {3,3,3,4,3}, with 5-orthoplex facets, the regular 4-polytope 24-cell, {3,4,3} with octahedral (3-orthoplex) cell, and cube {4,3}, with (2-orthoplex) square faces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 37], "content_span": [38, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014200-0010-0000", "contents": "16-cell honeycomb, Related honeycombs\nIt has a 2-dimensional analogue, {3,6}, and as an alternated form (the demitesseractic honeycomb, h{4,3,3,4}) it is related to the alternated cubic honeycomb.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 37], "content_span": [38, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014200-0011-0000", "contents": "16-cell honeycomb, Related honeycombs\nThis honeycomb is one of 20 uniform honeycombs constructed by the D~5{\\displaystyle {\\tilde {D}}_{5}} Coxeter group, all but 3 repeated in other families by extended symmetry, seen in the graph symmetry of rings in the Coxeter\u2013Dynkin diagrams. The 20 permutations are listed with its highest extended symmetry relation:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 37], "content_span": [38, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014201-0000-0000", "contents": "16-cell honeycomb honeycomb\nIn the geometry of hyperbolic 5-space, the 16-cell honeycomb honeycomb is one of five paracompact regular space-filling tessellations (or honeycombs). It is called paracompact because it has infinite vertex figures, with all vertices as ideal points at infinity. With Schl\u00e4fli symbol {3,3,4,3,3}, it has three 16-cell honeycombs around each cell. It is self-dual.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014201-0001-0000", "contents": "16-cell honeycomb honeycomb, Related honeycombs\nIt is related to the regular Euclidean 4-space 16-cell honeycomb, {3,3,4,3}.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 47], "content_span": [48, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014202-0000-0000", "contents": "16-hydroxysteroid epimerase\nIn enzymology, a 16-hydroxysteroid epimerase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014202-0001-0000", "contents": "16-hydroxysteroid epimerase\nHence, this enzyme has one substrate, 16alpha-hydroxysteroid, and one product, 16beta-hydroxysteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014202-0002-0000", "contents": "16-hydroxysteroid epimerase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of isomerases, specifically those racemases and epimerases acting on other compounds. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 16-hydroxysteroid 16-epimerase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014203-0000-0000", "contents": "16-inch gun M1895\nThe 16-inch coastal defense gun M1895 was a large artillery piece installed to defend major American seaports. Only one was built and it was installed  in Fort Grant on the Pacific side of the Panama Canal Zone. It was operated by the United States Army Coast Artillery Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014203-0001-0000", "contents": "16-inch gun M1895, History\nUnder President Grover Cleveland's administration in 1885, the Board of Fortifications under William C. Endicott was ordered to investigate the value and state of the United States' coastal defenses. Endicott found that America had fallen behind and that new naval technology made many forts and coastal defense weaponry obsolete. The 1886 report recommended a $127-million ($3,614,000,000 in 2021) construction program of breech-loading cannons, mortars, floating batteries, and submarine mines for some 29 locations on the US coastline. New fortifications built in the following decades as a result of this report were called \"Endicott Period\" fortifications.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 688]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014203-0002-0000", "contents": "16-inch gun M1895, History\nFinding a need for long range weaponry, the United States Army Coast Artillery Corps ordered a 16-inch (406\u00a0mm) gun, the construction of which began in 1895 at the Watervliet Arsenal in Watervliet, New York. The massive artillery piece was designated the M1895 and was completed in 1902; only one was built. At 284,000 pounds (129,000\u00a0kg) it weighed more than any gun that had ever been created up to that point. The 32-wheel train car alone weighed 192,420 pounds (87,280\u00a0kg). The 56-foot (17\u00a0m) long gun could launch a 2,400-pound (1,100\u00a0kg) shell 21 miles (34\u00a0km).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014203-0003-0000", "contents": "16-inch gun M1895, History\nThe weapon was shipped from the Watervliet Arsenal to Watertown Arsenal in Watertown, Massachusetts to be packed for shipment to the Panama Canal Zone. It was installed on an M1912 disappearing carriage in Fort Grant on the Pacific side of the canal in 1915, where it protected the fort until it was scrapped in 1943. The muzzle section was later preserved and displayed at the Watervliet Arsenal museum, which closed in 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014203-0004-0000", "contents": "16-inch gun M1895, Gallery\nFull -scale model of 16-inch gun M1895 with various ammunition alongside, St. Louis World's Fair, 1904", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014203-0005-0000", "contents": "16-inch gun M1895, Gallery\nSoldiers standing on the 16-inch gun M1895 at Sandy Hook Proving Ground, New Jersey", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014204-0000-0000", "contents": "16-inch howitzer M1920\nThe 16-inch howitzer M1920 (406\u00a0mm) was a coastal artillery piece installed to defend major American seaports between 1922 and 1947. They were operated by the United States Army Coast Artillery Corps. They were installed on high-angle barbette mountings to allow plunging fire. Only four of these weapons were deployed, all at Fort Story, Virginia. All were scrapped within a few years after World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014204-0001-0000", "contents": "16-inch howitzer M1920, History\nAround the outbreak of World War I in 1914 it was noted that the rapid development of dreadnought battleships might soon render US coast defenses obsolescent. These had been constructed 1895-1915 under the Endicott and Taft programs. The United States Army's initial response was to place some existing 12-inch guns on high-angle long-range mountings. This program had barely commenced when the American entry into World War I occurred in April 1917.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014204-0001-0001", "contents": "16-inch howitzer M1920, History\nThe Coast Artillery Corps was tasked with operating almost all US-manned heavy and railway artillery in that war, as they were the only component of the Army experienced with large guns and having significant troop strength. Among several types of French-made railway artillery weapons operated by the Coast Artillery were two 400\u00a0mm (15.75 inch) Modele 1916 howitzers. This weapon combined a large shell with a high trajectory, dropping almost straight down onto enemy trenches and fortifications. The Coast Artillery wanted to use this capability for plunging fire against the thin deck armor of enemy ships.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014204-0001-0002", "contents": "16-inch howitzer M1920, History\nInitially a single developmental 16-inch howitzer M1918, 18 calibers long, was produced and mounted on a railway carriage. Testing with this showed that a somewhat longer weapon, allowing greater range, would be suitable for coastal defense. This originated the 16-inch M1920 howitzer, 25 calibers long. The high-angle M1920 barbette carriage was designed to allow plunging fire with an elevation of 65 degrees. A similar carriage was also developed for the 16-inch gun M1919, 50 calibers long, with the same elevation and for the same reason.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014204-0002-0000", "contents": "16-inch howitzer M1920, History\nThe combined effects of the Armistice of 11 November 1918 and the signature of the Treaty of Versailles in June 1919, ending the \"War to End All Wars\", cut military budgets heavily. Although the new 16-inch weapons were produced and deployed, this occurred in very limited quantities. Only seven M1919 guns and four M1920 howitzers were deployed by 1923. All four of the M1920 howitzers were deployed at Fort Story, Virginia, in the Harbor Defenses of Chesapeake Bay. The narrow entrance to the bay could be adequately covered by the short-ranged howitzers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014204-0002-0001", "contents": "16-inch howitzer M1920, History\nThey were initially in one battery, Battery Pennington, named for Colonel Alexander Cummings McWhorter Pennington Jr., who served in the Civil War and the Spanish\u2013American War. Their mountings were open, making them vulnerable to air attack, a possibility the Army did little to allow for until the late 1930s. A rail system supplied the guns with ammunition from magazines to the rear of the guns. A plotting room bunker was also behind the guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014204-0003-0000", "contents": "16-inch howitzer M1920, History\nIn 1940 emplacements 3 and 4 were renamed Battery Walke, after Brigadier General Willoughby Walke. In 1941 shields were provided for each gun to give the crews some protection, but the guns were never casemated, unlike most Army 16-inch gun installations. After World War II ended it was soon determined that gun defenses were obsolete, and the battery was inactivated in 1947, with all guns and carriages scrapped soon after.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014204-0004-0000", "contents": "16-inch howitzer M1920, Gallery\nSoldier with 16-inch howitzer in 1942; the muzzle markings can be read.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014205-0000-0000", "contents": "16-inch softball\n16-inch softball (sometimes called clincher, mushball, cabbageball, puffball, blooperball, smushball and Chicago ball) is a variant of softball, but using a larger, softer ball with no gloves or mitts on the fielders. It more closely resembles the original game as developed in Chicago in the 19th century by George Hancock, and today it remains most popular in Chicago, New Orleans, Portland, Oregon, where leagues have existed since the 1960s, and Atlanta, Georgia. It also saw some popularity in Nashville, Tennessee, in the early 1980s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014205-0001-0000", "contents": "16-inch softball\nThe first set of rules were published in 1937 by the Amateur Softball Association, in the same manual as the rules for fastpitch softball.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014205-0002-0000", "contents": "16-inch softball, Game play\nGame play for 16-inch softball is mostly consistent with standard softball game play. In contrast to standard, or 12-inch (30.48\u00a0cm) softball, it is played with a ball 16 inches (40.64\u00a0cm) in circumference. Leagues may form co-ed, all-male, or all-female teams. Additionally, teams may choose competitive or recreational leagues. There may be rule variations associated with the specific field or league of play. When playing in a co-ed league, there may be other rules that relate to the male-to-female ratio of team members and batting order. The National Softball Association (NSA) also has a published set of rules governing 16-inch softball play.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 679]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014205-0003-0000", "contents": "16-inch softball, History\nThe earliest known softball game of any kind was played at the Farragut Boat Club in Chicago on Thanksgiving Day 1887. The first softball was a wrapped up boxing glove and the bat was a broom. Play was encouraged by a reporter, George Hancock, who had been looking on. Harvard and Yale students played the game while waiting to hear the results of the annual Harvard-Yale football game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014205-0004-0000", "contents": "16-inch softball, History\nUntil the turn of the 20th century, ball sizes ranged from 12 to 17 inches in circumference. The 16-inch softball was eventually adopted in Chicago, perhaps because it did not travel as far as the popular 12- or 14-inch balls. This also may have allowed for play on smaller playgrounds or even indoors, accommodating the Chicago landscape and climate. Another possible advantage of the 16-inch ball was that it allowed everyone to play barehanded, and gloves were a rare luxury as the Great Depression hit Chicago particularly hard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014205-0005-0000", "contents": "16-inch softball, History\nAfter the first national championship held in 1933 at the Century of Progress World's Fair, the sport grew in popularity. A professional league was formed that lasted through the 1950s. Teams drew crowds of over 10,000 each night. Leagues continue today but not at the same level of popularity. There are co-ed recreational leagues, competitive leagues and even a league for Chicago Public School students.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014205-0006-0000", "contents": "16-inch softball, League and tournament play\nMany local organizations host regular season play, typically weekly games, as well as their own playoff systems. National organizations, such as the NSA, host a variety of tournaments. By placing well in NSA tournaments, teams can qualify and compete for the 16-inch softball world series. Because local leagues may have slight variations in rules, the NSA world series is played by its own set of world series rules. One notable change is that Chicago area players, who typically are not allowed to wear gloves, may choose to wear gloves in world series games.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 44], "content_span": [45, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014205-0007-0000", "contents": "16-inch softball, Blooperball\nIn the Bay City, Michigan, area the game is known as \"blooperball.\" Blooperball has been played in the area continuously since the 1930s and there is a ten-team league for players forty years old and over, as well as a charity blooperball event called \"The Rehab,\" which has been held the weekend after Labor Day for almost forty years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014205-0008-0000", "contents": "16-inch softball, Blooperball\nGames are played with a deBeer Clincher 16\" ball and gloves are used.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014205-0009-0000", "contents": "16-inch softball, Hall of Fame\nIn 1996 Al Maag and Tony Reibel established the 16\" Softball Hall of Fame. Since inception, the organization has held annual inductee dinners attended by over 600 guests. There is a museum in Forest Park, Illinois, a suburb of Chicago. The Chicago 16\" Softball Hall of Fame is a registered 501(c) not-for-profit organization.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 30], "content_span": [31, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014205-0010-0000", "contents": "16-inch softball, Pop Culture\nThe game can be seen being played in multiple scenes in the film About Last Night whose storyline was set in Chicago.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014206-0000-0000", "contents": "16-inch/45-caliber Mark 6 gun\nThe 16\"/45 caliber Mark 6 gun is a naval gun designed in 1936 by the United States Navy for their Treaty battleships. It was first introduced in 1941 aboard their  North Carolina-class battleships, replacing the originally intended 14\"/50 caliber Mark B guns and was also used for the follow-up South Dakota class. These battleships carried nine guns in three three-gun turrets. The gun was an improvement to the 16\"/45 caliber guns used aboard the  Colorado class, and the predecessor to the 16\"/50 caliber Mark 7 gun used aboard the  Iowa class.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014206-0001-0000", "contents": "16-inch/45-caliber Mark 6 gun, Description\nThe 16\u00a0in/45 were improved versions of the Mark 5 guns mounted on the  Colorado-class battleships, with their limit of a 2,240-pound (1,020\u00a0kg) shell with a maximum 35,000-yard (32,000\u00a0m) range at their turret limit of 30-degree elevation. A major alteration from the older guns was the Mark 6's ability to  fire a new 2,700-pound (1,200\u00a0kg) armor-piercing (AP) shell developed by the Bureau of Ordnance. At full charge with a brand-new gun, the heavy shell would be expelled at a muzzle velocity of 2,300\u00a0feet per second (700\u00a0m/s); at a reduced charge, the same shell would be fired at 1,800\u00a0f/s\u00a0(550\u00a0m/s).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 42], "content_span": [43, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014206-0002-0000", "contents": "16-inch/45-caliber Mark 6 gun, Description\nBarrel life\u2014the approximate number of rounds a gun could fire before needing to be relined or replaced\u2014was 395\u00a0shells when using AP, increasing to 2,860 for practice rounds. By comparison, the 12\"/50 caliber Mark 8 gun of the  Alaska-class large cruisers had a barrel life of 344 shots, while the 16\"/50 caliber Mark 7 gun fitted in the  Iowa-class battleships had a barrel life of 290 rounds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 42], "content_span": [43, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014206-0003-0000", "contents": "16-inch/45-caliber Mark 6 gun, Description\nTurning at 4\u00a0degrees a second, each turret could train to 150\u00a0degrees on either side of the ship. The guns could be elevated to a maximum elevation of 45\u00a0degrees; turrets one and three could depress to \u22122\u00a0degrees, but due to its superfiring position, the guns on turret two could only depress to 0\u00a0degrees.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 42], "content_span": [43, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014206-0004-0000", "contents": "16-inch/45-caliber Mark 6 gun, Description\nEach gun barrel was 61\u00a0feet 4\u00a0inches (18.69\u00a0m) long overall, which is 45 bore diameters, hence the 16\"/45 caliber; its bore length was 60 feet (18\u00a0m) and rifling length was 51.5 feet (15.7\u00a0m). Maximum range was obtained at an elevation of 45\u00a0degrees. With the heavy AP shell the maximum range was 36,900 yards (21.0\u00a0mi; 33.7\u00a0km), and with the lighter 1,900-pound (860\u00a0kg) high capacity (HC) shell, 40,180 yards (22.8\u00a0mi; 36.7\u00a0km). The guns weighed 192,310\u00a0lb (87,230\u00a0kg; 86\u00a0long\u00a0tons) not including the breech; the turrets weighed slightly over 3,100,000\u00a0lb (1,410,000\u00a0kg; 1400\u00a0long\u00a0tons).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 42], "content_span": [43, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014206-0005-0000", "contents": "16-inch/45-caliber Mark 6 gun, Description\nWhen firing the same shell, the 16\u00a0in/45 Mark 6 had a slight advantage over the 16\u00a0in/50 Mark 7 when hitting deck armor\u2014a shell from a 45\u00a0cal gun would be slower, meaning that it would have a steeper trajectory as it descended. At 35,000 yards (20\u00a0mi; 32\u00a0km), a shell from a 45\u00a0cal would strike a ship at an angle of 45.2\u00a0degrees, as opposed to 36\u00a0degrees with the 50\u00a0cal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 42], "content_span": [43, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014206-0006-0000", "contents": "16-inch/45-caliber Mark 6 gun, Shell\nThe Mark 6 and 7 guns were originally intended to fire the relatively light 2,240-pound (1,020\u00a0kg) (1.00 long ton) Mark 5 armor-piercing shell. However, the shell-handling system for these guns was redesigned to use the \"super-heavy\" 2,700-pound (1,200\u00a0kg) APCBC (armor-piercing, capped, ballistic capped) Mark 8 shell before any of the  Iowa-class battleships were laid down. The large-caliber guns were designed to fire two different 16-inch (406\u00a0mm) shells: an armor-piercing round for anti-ship and anti-structure work, and a high-explosive round designed for use against unarmored targets and shore bombardment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 36], "content_span": [37, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014206-0007-0000", "contents": "16-inch/45-caliber Mark 6 gun, Shell\nThe Mark 8 shells gave the North Carolina, South Dakota, and Iowa classes the second heaviest broadside of all battleship classes, despite the fact that the North Carolina and South Dakota ships were treaty battleships. Only the  Yamato-class could throw more weight. The Mark 6's disadvantage relative to other contemporary battleship classes was its comparatively shorter range.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 36], "content_span": [37, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014206-0008-0000", "contents": "16-inch/45-caliber Mark 6 gun, Shell\nThe propellant consists of small cylindrical grains of smokeless powder with an extremely high burning rate. A maximum charge consists of six silk bags, each filled with 110 pounds (50\u00a0kg) of propellant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 36], "content_span": [37, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014206-0009-0000", "contents": "16-inch/45-caliber Mark 6 gun, Service history\nThe Mark 6 16-inch gun holds several distinctions relating to the United States' World War II combat history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 46], "content_span": [47, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014206-0010-0000", "contents": "16-inch/45-caliber Mark 6 gun, Service history\nIn the first instance, the battleship USS\u00a0Massachusetts\u00a0(BB-59) employed these 16\"/45 caliber guns as her primary armament, and she is believed to have fired the United States' first and last 16-inch shells of World War II; the first use occurring on 8 November 1942 during the Naval Battle of Casablanca (shortly before the Naval battle of Guadalcanal), the last on 9 August 1945 off the coast of Hamamatsu, Japan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 46], "content_span": [47, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014206-0010-0001", "contents": "16-inch/45-caliber Mark 6 gun, Service history\nFurthermore, their use at Casablanca was the only time that a fast battleship of the US Navy fired its guns in anger in the European theater, which was also one of the two engagements in World War II where the US Navy's fast battleship dueled an enemy battleship. Massachusetts' heavy 16-inch AP shells caused significant damage to the incomplete battleship Jean Bart although few of the shells actually exploded because they had been fitted with fuzes manufactured in 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 46], "content_span": [47, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014206-0010-0002", "contents": "16-inch/45-caliber Mark 6 gun, Service history\nOne of Massachusetts' hits penetrated both of Jean Bart's armor decks and exploded in the empty magazines for the missing 152\u00a0mm guns, had this magazine been full of propellant charges the resulting explosion could have destroyed the vessel, while Massachusetts' fifth salvo jammed the rotating mechanism of Jean Bart's sole operational main battery turret.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 46], "content_span": [47, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014206-0011-0000", "contents": "16-inch/45-caliber Mark 6 gun, Service history\nIn the second instance, as the primary armament of USS\u00a0Washington\u00a0(BB-56) these guns were employed against the Imperial Japanese Navy's Kirishima (a much older and less powerful ship, armed with 8 \u00d7 14-inch guns and originally built as a battlecruiser during World War I) during the Naval battle of Guadalcanal; this has been cited by historians as the only instance in World War II in which one American battleship actually sank an enemy battleship. (While there was a battleship-versus-battleship engagement at Leyte Gulf, torpedoes rather than gunfire were largely regarded as being responsible for sinking the enemy battleships.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 46], "content_span": [47, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014206-0011-0001", "contents": "16-inch/45-caliber Mark 6 gun, Service history\nThe Washington had the aid of a naval fire control computer\u2014in this case the Ford Instrument Company Mark 8 Range Keeper analog computer used to direct the fire from the battleship's guns, taking into account several factors such as the speed of the targeted ship, the time it takes for a projectile to travel, and air resistance to the shells fired at a target.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 46], "content_span": [47, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014206-0011-0002", "contents": "16-inch/45-caliber Mark 6 gun, Service history\nThis gave the US Navy a major advantage in the Pacific War, as the Japanese did not develop radar or automated fire control to a comparable level (although they did have complex mechanical ballistics computers, which had been in use since World War I). Washington was able to track and fire at targets at a greater range and with increased accuracy, as was demonstrated in November 1942, when she engaged Kirishima at a range of 8,400 yards (7,700\u00a0m) at night.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 46], "content_span": [47, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014206-0011-0003", "contents": "16-inch/45-caliber Mark 6 gun, Service history\nUsing her nine 16\"/45 caliber Mark 6 guns, Washington fired 75 rounds of 16-inch AP shells and scored an incredible twenty heavy-caliber hits that critically damaged the Kirishima, which eventually sank. During the same battle, South Dakota also fired off several salvos from her 16\"/45 guns before she had to withdraw for repairs due to a faulty circuit breaker.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 46], "content_span": [47, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014206-0012-0000", "contents": "16-inch/45-caliber Mark 6 gun, Successor\nThe next US Navy battleship class, the  Iowa class, did not fall under Treaty weight restrictions and allowed for additional displacement. However, in their original design, the General Board was incredulous that a tonnage increase of 10,000 long tons (10,000\u00a0t) would only allow the addition of 6 knots (11\u00a0km/h; 6.9\u00a0mph)s over the South Dakotas. Rather than retaining the 16\"/45 caliber Mark 6 gun used in the South Dakotas, they ordered that future studies would have to include the more powerful (but heavier) 16\"/50 caliber Mark 2 guns left over from the canceled  Lexington-class battlecruisers and  South Dakota-class battleships of the early 1920s. It also allowed the draft of the ships to be increased, meaning that the ships could be shortened (lowering weight) and the power reduced (since a narrower beam reduces drag).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 40], "content_span": [41, 873]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014206-0013-0000", "contents": "16-inch/45-caliber Mark 6 gun, Successor\nThe Mark 2 50-caliber gun turret weighed some 400 long tons (410\u00a0t) more than the Mark 6 45\u00a0caliber did; the barbette size also had to be increased so the total weight gain was about 2,000 long tons (2,000\u00a0t), putting the ship at a total of 46,551 long tons (47,298\u00a0t)\u2014well over the 45,000\u00a0long\u00a0ton limit. An apparent savior appeared in a Bureau of Ordnance preliminary design for a turret that could carry the 50\u00a0caliber guns in a smaller barbette. This breakthrough was shown to the General Board as part of a series of designs on 2 June 1938. Nonetheless, the Mark 7 gun still weighed about 239,000\u00a0pounds (108\u00a0000\u00a0kg) without the breech, or 267,900 pounds with the breech, considerably heavier than the Mark 6.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 40], "content_span": [41, 755]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014206-0014-0000", "contents": "16-inch/45-caliber Mark 6 gun, Successor\nThe Mark 7 had a greater maximum range over the Mark 6: 23.64 miles (38.04\u00a0km) vs 22.829 miles (36.740\u00a0km). When firing the same conventional shell, the 16\"/45 caliber Mark 6 gun used by the treaty battleships of the  North Carolina and  South Dakota classes had a slight advantage over the 16\"/50\u00a0caliber Mark 7 gun on the  Iowa class, when hitting deck armor\u2014a shell from a 45\u00a0cal gun would be slower, meaning that it would have a steeper trajectory as it descended. At 35,000 yards (20\u00a0mi; 32\u00a0km), a shell from a 45\u00a0cal would strike a ship at an angle of 45.2\u00a0degrees, as opposed to 36\u00a0degrees with the 50\u00a0cal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 40], "content_span": [41, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014206-0015-0000", "contents": "16-inch/45-caliber Mark 6 gun, Successor\nBarrel life\u2014the approximate number of rounds a gun could fire before needing to be relined or replaced\u2014was 395\u00a0shells when using AP, increasing to 2,860 for practice rounds. By comparison, the 12\"/50 caliber Mark 8 gun of the  Alaska-class large cruisers had a barrel life of 344 shots, while the 16\"/50 caliber Mark 7 gun fitted in the  Iowa-class battleships had a barrel life of 290 rounds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 40], "content_span": [41, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014206-0016-0000", "contents": "16-inch/45-caliber Mark 6 gun, Successor\nMost World War II large scale naval battles involving the US Navy were fought by carrier-based aircraft in the Pacific, and so the chief use of the US Navy's battleship guns was shore bombardment. Nonetheless the Mark 6 guns saw ship-to-ship combat in the Pacific and European theaters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 40], "content_span": [41, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014206-0016-0001", "contents": "16-inch/45-caliber Mark 6 gun, Successor\nThis was attributed to the fact that ships mounting the Mark 7 batteries, the  Iowa class, were commissioned later than the Mark 6-equipped  North Carolina and  South Dakota classes, so they missed the Naval Battles of Casablanca and the Guadalcanal, one of the few instances where the US Navy's battleships were deployed to fight other battleships. Operation Hailstone was the only instance that the Mark 7 guns were only fired at surface ships, against two light cruisers and three destroyers, in a somewhat controversial surface action since the US Navy carrier aircraft could have achieved similar results.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 40], "content_span": [41, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014207-0000-0000", "contents": "16-inch/45-caliber gun\nThe 16\"/45 caliber gun (spoken \"sixteen-inch-forty-five-caliber\") was used for the main batteries of the last class of Standard-type battleships for the United States Navy, the  Colorado-class. These guns promised twice the muzzle energy over the Mark 7 12-inch/50 caliber guns of the  Wyoming-class battleship and a 50% increase over the 14-inch/45 caliber guns of the  New York-class,  Nevada-class, and  Pennsylvania-class battleships.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014207-0001-0000", "contents": "16-inch/45-caliber gun, Design\nThe 16-inch gun was a built-up gun constructed in a length of 45 calibers. The Mark 1 had an A tube, jacket, liner, and seven hoops, four locking rings and a screw-box liner. When the gun was designed in August 1913 it was referred to as the \"Type Gun (45 Cal.)\" as an effort to conceal the gun's true size of 16 inches. Gun No. 1, the prototype, was proof fired in July 1914, less than a year after it was designed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014207-0001-0001", "contents": "16-inch/45-caliber gun, Design\nAfter some minor changes the gun was re-proved in May 1916 with production approved in January 1917, for Gun Nos. 2\u201341. Bethlehem Steel was given a contract for 20 guns and an additional 20 castings were ordered from Watervliet Arsenal for assembly at the US Naval Gun Factory at the Washington Navy Yard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014207-0002-0000", "contents": "16-inch/45-caliber gun, Design\nThe Mark 1 guns were upgraded to Marks 5 and 8 in the late 1930s. The Mark 5s have a larger chamber to permit larger charges and a new liner with a heavier taper carbon steel along with a liner locking ring and locking collar. The Mark 8, similar to the Mark 5, had a uniform rifling with a chromium plated bore for increased life.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014208-0000-0000", "contents": "16-inch/50-caliber M1919 gun\nThe 16\u00a0inch gun M1919 (406\u00a0mm) was a large coastal artillery piece installed to defend the United States' major seaports between 1920 and 1946. It was operated by the United States Army Coast Artillery Corps. Only a small number were produced and only seven were mounted; in 1922 and 1940 the US Navy surplussed a number of their own 16-inch/50 guns, which were mated to modified M1919 carriages and filled the need for additional weapons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014208-0001-0000", "contents": "16-inch/50-caliber M1919 gun, History\nThe first US 16-inch (406\u00a0mm) gun, a coastal artillery weapon, started construction in 1895 at Watervliet Arsenal. It was known as the M1895 and completed in 1902; only one was built. It was mounted on a disappearing carriage in Fort Grant on the Pacific side of the Panama Canal Zone in 1914, where it served until scrapped in 1943. The weapon's muzzle section was displayed at the Watervliet Arsenal museum, which closed in 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014208-0002-0000", "contents": "16-inch/50-caliber M1919 gun, History\nThe second 16-inch (406\u00a0mm) gun was the United States Army 50 caliber Model 1919 (M1919). The first of these was deployed to Fort Michie, Great Gull Island, New York on a unique all-around-fire M1917 disappearing carriage, with elevation increased from 15\u00b0 to 30\u00b0. An additional six of the Army-designed M1919 guns were built and deployed by 1927 in two-gun batteries on barbette carriages in the harbor defenses of Boston (Fort Duvall), New York City (Fort Tilden), and Pearl Harbor, Hawaii (Fort Weaver).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014208-0002-0001", "contents": "16-inch/50-caliber M1919 gun, History\nThe 16-inch gun M1919 was built using the wire-wound method, common in Europe but rare in the United States. Based on the Coast Artillery's experience operating heavy weapons in World War I, especially the French-made 400\u00a0mm (15.75 inch) Mod\u00e8le 1916 railway howitzer, the M1919 barbette carriage was designed with an elevation of 65\u00b0 to allow plunging fire as enemy ships approached.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014208-0003-0000", "contents": "16-inch/50-caliber M1919 gun, History\nIn 1922, the terms of the Washington Naval Treaty caused the US Navy to cancel the  South Dakota-class battleships and the  Lexington-class battlecruisers, surplusing 16-inch/50 caliber Mark II and Mark III barrels. Initially, 20 guns were transferred to the Army, which built a new version of the M1919 mount for the naval guns. With funding lacking until 1940, five batteries of two guns each were built 1924-40 in the harbor defenses of Pearl Harbor, Panama (Pacific side), and San Francisco.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014208-0003-0001", "contents": "16-inch/50-caliber M1919 gun, History\nIn 1940 a near-fiasco was experienced in designing the Iowa-class battleships, and a new gun, the 16\"/50 caliber Mark 7 gun, had to be designed for them, as they could not accommodate the Mark 2 and Mark 3 guns. With war on the horizon, the Navy released the approximately 50 remaining guns, and on 27 July 1940 the Army's Harbor Defense Board recommended the construction of 27 16-inch two-gun batteries to protect strategic points along the US coastline, all to be casemated against air attack, as were almost all of the older 16-inch batteries by this time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014208-0004-0000", "contents": "16-inch/50-caliber M1919 gun, History\nTypical of this plan were the guns placed to protect Narragansett Bay; two 16-inch guns in Battery Gray, Fort Church, Little Compton, Rhode Island, with two more in Battery Hamilton, Fort Greene, Point Judith, Narragansett, Rhode Island. A second battery of 16-inch guns at Fort Greene, Battery 109, had construction suspended in 1943 and never received guns. These batteries were placed such that they not only protected Narraganset Bay, but interdicted the main channels into Buzzards Bay and the east end of Long Island Sound.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014208-0005-0000", "contents": "16-inch/50-caliber M1919 gun, History\nBy late 1943, the threat of a naval attack on the United States had diminished, and with two or four 16-inch guns in most harbor defenses, construction and arming of further batteries was suspended. As 16-inch guns and a companion improved 6-inch gun were emplaced, older weapons were scrapped. About 21 16-inch gun batteries were completed 1941-44, but not all of these were armed. With the war over in 1945, most of the remaining coast defense guns, including the recently emplaced 16-inch weapons, were scrapped by 1948.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014208-0006-0000", "contents": "16-inch/50-caliber M1919 gun, Specifications\nThe gun fired a 2,340\u00a0lb (1,060\u00a0kg). projectile to a range of 26 miles (42\u00a0km). The estimated cost of the gun and barbette was $520,000 in 1938. The new M1 Gun Data Computer was used in directing these guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 44], "content_span": [45, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014209-0000-0000", "contents": "16-inch/50-caliber Mark 2 gun\nThe 16\"/50 caliber Mark 2 gun and the near-identical Mark 3 were guns originally designed and built for the United States Navy as the main armament for the South Dakota-class battleships and  Lexington-class battlecruisers. The successors to the 16\"/45 caliber gun Mark I gun, they were at the time among the heaviest guns built for use as naval artillery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014209-0001-0000", "contents": "16-inch/50-caliber Mark 2 gun\nAs part of the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922, both of these ship classes were cancelled part way through construction, rendering surplus about 70 examples of the 16-inch/50 which had already been built. Twenty were released to the US Army, between 1922\u20131924, for use by the Coast Artillery Corps, the rest were kept in storage for future naval use. Only ten of the twenty available guns were deployed (in five two-gun batteries) prior to 1940.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014209-0002-0000", "contents": "16-inch/50-caliber Mark 2 gun\nWhen the design of the  Iowa-class battleship began in 1938, it was initially assumed these ships would use the surplus guns. However, due to a miscommunication between the two Navy departments involved in the design, the ships required a lighter gun than the Mark 2/Mark 3, resulting, ultimately, in the design of the 267,900\u00a0lb (121,500\u00a0kg) 16\"/50 caliber Mark 7 gun. In January 1941 all but three of the remaining fifty Mark 2 and Mark 3 guns were released to the Army. They were the primary armament of 21 two-gun batteries built in the United States and its territories during World War II. However, none of these were fired in anger.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 669]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014209-0003-0000", "contents": "16-inch/50-caliber Mark 2 gun, Development\nThe first example of a US 16-inch gun was an Army weapon, the M1895, approved for construction in 1895 and completed in 1902; only one was built. The first US Navy 16-inch gun was the 16-inch/45 caliber Mark 1 gun, which armed the Colorado-class battleships launched 1920\u201321. The second Navy design, the Mark 2, was intended as armament for the planned South Dakota-class battleships, and also selected for the modified design of the  Lexington-class battlecruisers, replacing the 14-inch/50 caliber gun that was originally used for the design. The Mark 3 was a slightly modified version of the Mark 2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 42], "content_span": [43, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014209-0004-0000", "contents": "16-inch/50-caliber Mark 2 gun, Development\nWith the United States entering into the Washington Naval Treaty, the terms limited the United States to a maximum displacement of 35,000 long tons (36,000\u00a0t). As both the South Dakota-class battleships and Lexington-class battlecruisers exceeded this limit, the Navy was required to cancel their construction, doing so in 1922. While two of the Lexington class were re-ordered as  Lexington-class aircraft carriers, none of them were completed with the barbettes necessary to mount these guns. Construction of the 16-inch Mark 2 and Mark 3 guns was also cancelled with 70 completed, plus the prototype, Gun No. 42.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 42], "content_span": [43, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014209-0004-0001", "contents": "16-inch/50-caliber Mark 2 gun, Development\nTwenty of the existing guns were transferred to the Army in 1922 to supplement the Army's more massive and much more expensive 16-inch gun M1919, of which only seven were ever deployed. The remaining Mk2/Mk3 guns were retained for use on future warships. With funding lacking until 1940, five batteries of two Mk2/Mk3 guns each were built 1924\u201340 in the harbor defenses of Pearl Harbor, the Panama Canal Zone (Pacific side), and San Francisco. They were designated 16-inch Navy guns MkIIMI and MkIIIMI in Army service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 42], "content_span": [43, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014209-0004-0002", "contents": "16-inch/50-caliber Mark 2 gun, Development\nA version of the M1919 barbette mount used for the M1919 guns was used for these batteries, except at Fort Funston in San Francisco, where Battery Davis was the prototype for the M2 mount and casemating. Based on the Coast Artillery's experience operating heavy weapons in World War I, especially the French-made 400\u00a0mm (15.75 inch) Mod\u00e8le 1916 railway howitzer, all barbette carriages for 16-inch guns were designed with an elevation of 65 degrees to allow plunging fire as enemy ships approached.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 42], "content_span": [43, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014209-0005-0000", "contents": "16-inch/50-caliber Mark 2 gun, Development\nIn 1938, with the signing of the Second London Naval Treaty, the tonnage limit for battleships was relaxed to 45,000 tons. After this, the U.S. Navy began design of a ship that would fit this higher tonnage limit, eventually resulting in the  Iowa-class battleship. The larger size would allow for guns with a 16-inch caliber and a 50-caliber length, larger than the 16-inch/45 caliber Mark 6 guns used on the North Carolina- and South Dakota-class battleships.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 42], "content_span": [43, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014209-0005-0001", "contents": "16-inch/50-caliber Mark 2 gun, Development\nWhile the Iowa-class battleships were under construction, the Bureau of Ordnance assumed that the guns to be used would be the existing Mark 2 and 3 weapons, and through miscommunication, the Bureau of Construction and Repair assumed the ships would use a lighter design. As a result, the Mark 2 and 3 guns were not used for these, and the 16-inch/50 caliber Mark 7 gun was designed instead. The Mark 2 and 3 guns were never placed on any ship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 42], "content_span": [43, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014209-0006-0000", "contents": "16-inch/50-caliber Mark 2 gun, Design\nThe 16-inch Mark 2 was 50 calibers long, with a liner, an A tube, jacket and seven hoops with four hoop locking rings and a screw box liner. The Mod 0 used an increasing twist in the rifling while the Mod 1 used a uniform twist and a different groove pattern. The Mark 3 was the same as the Mark 2 but used a one-step conical liner. The Mark 3 Mod 0 had an increasing rifling twist (like the Mark 2 Mod 0) while the Mark 3 Mod 1 utilized a uniform twist. At the time the program was cancelled, in 1922, 71 guns had been built, including the prototype, while another 44 were in progress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 37], "content_span": [38, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014209-0007-0000", "contents": "16-inch/50-caliber Mark 2 gun, Design\nA Mark 3 Mod 1 was modified and used as the prototype for the 16-inch/50 caliber Mark 7 gun, which would go on to arm the Iowa-class battleships; it was redesignated as Mark D Mod 0.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 37], "content_span": [38, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014209-0008-0000", "contents": "16-inch/50-caliber Mark 2 gun, Description\nThese built-up guns were 66\u00a0feet 8\u00a0inches (20.32\u00a0m) long\u201450 times their 16-inch (406\u00a0mm) bore, or 50 calibers from breechface to muzzle. With a full powder charge of 700 pounds (320\u00a0kg), the guns were capable of firing a 2,110-pound (960\u00a0kg) Mark 3 armor-piercing shell with a muzzle velocity of 2,800 feet per second (850\u00a0m/s) firing out to an effective range of 44,680 yards (40,860\u00a0m). The Army used a reduced charge (672 pounds (305\u00a0kg) with Mark 3 shell or 648 pounds (294\u00a0kg) with Mark 12 shell) and either a 2,110-pound (960\u00a0kg)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 42], "content_span": [43, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014209-0008-0001", "contents": "16-inch/50-caliber Mark 2 gun, Description\nMark 3 shell or a 2,240-pound (1,020\u00a0kg) Mark 12 shell, for a muzzle velocity of 2,750 feet per second (840\u00a0m/s) with the Mark 3 or 2,650 feet per second (810\u00a0m/s) with the Mark 12. The range for the Army version is listed as 45,150\u00a0yd (41,290\u00a0m) but it is not clear which shell and charge this is for.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 42], "content_span": [43, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014209-0009-0000", "contents": "16-inch/50-caliber Mark 2 gun, Service\nWith war on the horizon, the Navy released the approximately 50 remaining guns, and on 27 July 1940, in the wake of the Fall of France, the Army's Harbor Defense Board recommended the construction of twenty-seven 16-inch two-gun batteries to protect strategic points along the US coastline, to be casemated against air attack, as was begun with almost all of the older batteries. The M2 through M5 barbette mounts were used for the later batteries. As with the previous M1919 barbette carriage, these were designed with an elevation of 65 degrees to allow plunging fire as enemy ships approached. About twenty-one 16-inch gun batteries were completed at eleven harbor defense commands in 1941\u201344, but not all of these were armed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 768]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014209-0010-0000", "contents": "16-inch/50-caliber Mark 2 gun, Service\nTypical of this plan were the guns placed to protect Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island; two 16-inch guns in Battery Gray, Fort Church, Little Compton, Rhode Island, with two more in Battery Hamilton, Fort Greene, Point Judith, Narragansett, Rhode Island. A second battery of 16-inch guns at Fort Greene, Battery 109, had construction suspended in 1943 and never received guns. These batteries were placed such that they not only protected Narraganset Bay, but interdicted the main channels into Buzzards Bay and the east end of Long Island Sound.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014209-0011-0000", "contents": "16-inch/50-caliber Mark 2 gun, Service\nBy late 1943, the threat of a naval attack on the United States had diminished, and with two or four 16-inch guns in most harbor defenses, construction and arming of further batteries was suspended. As 16-inch guns and a companion improved 6-inch gun were emplaced, older weapons were scrapped. With the war over in 1945, most of the remaining coast defense guns, including the recently emplaced 16-inch weapons, were scrapped by 1948.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014209-0012-0000", "contents": "16-inch/50-caliber Mark 2 gun, Surviving examples\nAll but four of these guns were scrapped by 1950. One remaining piece is a Mark 3 (Bethlehem Steel No. 138) at Aberdeen Proving Ground, Aberdeen, Maryland,  . Another is a Mark 2 (Naval Gun Factory No. 111) at the former Naval Gun Factory at the Washington Navy Yard, part of the Naval Historical Center museum collection. Two Mark 2 guns (Nos. 96 and 100) remain at the Naval Surface Warfare Center Dahlgren Division, Dahlgren, Virginia. Project HARP used some 16-inch, Mark II, Mod 1 barrels for high altitude projectile research.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 49], "content_span": [50, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014209-0012-0001", "contents": "16-inch/50-caliber Mark 2 gun, Surviving examples\nAt least two of these barrels can be found at the abandoned Project HARP research site in Barbados, near the eastern end of Grantley Adams International Airport. Another complete HARP gun, made of two 16-inch barrels, is at Yuma Proving Ground, Arizona. Another survivor is the Fort Miles 16 inch mark 2 guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 49], "content_span": [50, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014209-0013-0000", "contents": "16-inch/50-caliber Mark 2 gun, Gallery\n16-inch Navy MkIIMI gun on M1919 barbette mount, Fort Kobbe, Panama Canal Zone", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014209-0014-0000", "contents": "16-inch/50-caliber Mark 2 gun, Gallery\nAerial view of 16-inch Navy MkIIMI gun on M1919 barbette mount, Fort Kobbe, Panama Canal Zone", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014209-0015-0000", "contents": "16-inch/50-caliber Mark 2 gun, Gallery\nA 16-inch gun on the road to Fort Funston, San Francisco", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014209-0016-0000", "contents": "16-inch/50-caliber Mark 2 gun, Gallery\n16-inch gun pit, Battery 129, Fort Barry, Marin Headlands, California", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014209-0017-0000", "contents": "16-inch/50-caliber Mark 2 gun, Gallery\nCasemated 16-inch gun emplacement, Battery 129, Fort Barry, Marin Headlands, California", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014209-0018-0000", "contents": "16-inch/50-caliber Mark 2 gun, Gallery\n16-inch/50 caliber Mark 3 gun on proof mounting, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014209-0019-0000", "contents": "16-inch/50-caliber Mark 2 gun, Gallery\n16-inch/50 caliber Mark 7 gun and shell in front of a World War II emplacement for Mark 2 guns at Fort John Custis (aka Cape Charles Air Force Station), Virginia", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014210-0000-0000", "contents": "16-inch/50-caliber Mark 7 gun\nThe 16\"/50 caliber Mark 7 \u2013 United States Naval Gun is the main armament of the Iowa-class battleships and was the planned main armament of the cancelled  Montana-class battleship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014210-0001-0000", "contents": "16-inch/50-caliber Mark 7 gun, Description\nDue to a lack of communication during design, the Bureau of Ordnance assumed the Iowa class would use the 16-inch (406\u00a0mm)/50 Mark 2 guns constructed for the 1920 South Dakota-class battleships. However, the Bureau of Construction and Repair assumed that the ships would carry a new, lighter, more compact 16-in/50 and designed the ships with barbettes too small to accommodate a 16-in/50 Mark 2 three-gun turret. The new 16-in/50 Mark 7 was designed to resolve this conflict.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 42], "content_span": [43, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014210-0002-0000", "contents": "16-inch/50-caliber Mark 7 gun, Description\nThese guns were 50 calibers long\u2014or 50\u00a0times their 16-inch (406\u00a0mm) bore diameter, which makes the barrels 66.7\u00a0ft (20.3\u00a0m) long, from chamber to muzzle. Each gun weighed about 239,000\u00a0lb (108,000\u00a0kg) without the breech, and 267,900\u00a0lb (121,500\u00a0kg) with the breech. They fired projectiles weighing from 1,900 to 2,700\u00a0lb (860 to 1,220\u00a0kg) at a maximum speed of 2,690 feet per second (820\u00a0m/s) with a range of up to 24\u00a0mi (39\u00a0km). At maximum range the projectile spent almost 1\u00bd\u00a0minutes in flight. Each turret required a crew of 79\u00a0men to operate. The turrets themselves cost US$1.4\u00a0million each, to which the cost of the guns had to be added.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 42], "content_span": [43, 685]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014210-0003-0000", "contents": "16-inch/50-caliber Mark 7 gun, Description\nThe turrets were \"three-gun\", not \"triple\", because each barrel could be elevated and fired independently. The ships could fire any combination of their guns, including a broadside of all nine. The turret interiors were subdivided and designed to permit the independent loading, elevation and firing of each gun. Each turret was also installed with an optical range finder, ballistic analog computer, and a switchboard. The rangefinder and ballistic computer permitted the turret's gun captain and crew to locally engage targets, should battle damage disrupt communication with the ship's primary or auxiliary fire control centers. The firing switchboard allowed any remaining fire control computer to send data to or control the firing computers of other turrets in the event of battle damage to the primary and secondary artillery plotting rooms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 42], "content_span": [43, 891]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014210-0004-0000", "contents": "16-inch/50-caliber Mark 7 gun, Description\nContrary to popular belief, the ships did not move sideways noticeably when a broadside was fired; this is simply an illusion. With the enormous mass of the vessel and the damping effect of the water around the hull, the pressure wave generated by the gunfire was felt much more than the slight change in lateral velocity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 42], "content_span": [43, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014210-0005-0000", "contents": "16-inch/50-caliber Mark 7 gun, Description\nThe guns could be elevated from \u22125\u00a0degrees to +45\u00a0degrees, moving at up to 12\u00a0degrees per second. The turrets could rotate about 300\u00a0degrees at about 4\u00a0degrees per second and could even be fired back beyond the beam, which is sometimes called \"over the shoulder\". A red stripe on the wall of each turret, just inches from the railing, marked the limit of the gun's recoil as a safety warning to the turret's crew.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 42], "content_span": [43, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014210-0006-0000", "contents": "16-inch/50-caliber Mark 7 gun, Description\nComplementing the 16-in/50 caliber Mark 7 gun was a fire control computer, in this case the Ford Instrument Company Mark 8 Range Keeper. This analog computer was used to direct the fire from the battleship's big guns, taking into account several factors such as the speed of the targeted ship, the projectile's travel time, and air resistance. At the time the  Montana class was set to begin construction, the rangekeepers had gained the ability to use radar data to help target enemy ships and land-based targets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 42], "content_span": [43, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014210-0006-0001", "contents": "16-inch/50-caliber Mark 7 gun, Description\nThe results of this advance were telling: the rangekeeper was able to track and fire at targets at greater range and with increased accuracy, day or night. This gave the US Navy a major advantage in the later half of WWII, as the Japanese did not develop radar or automated fire control to the level of the US Navy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 42], "content_span": [43, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014210-0007-0000", "contents": "16-inch/50-caliber Mark 7 gun, Description\nDuring their reactivation in the 1980s, the modern Mark 160 Fire Control System was used to guide the fire of the Iowa-class Battleship Mark 7 guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 42], "content_span": [43, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014210-0008-0000", "contents": "16-inch/50-caliber Mark 7 gun, Mark 8 \"Super-heavy\" shell\nThe Mark 7 gun was originally intended to fire the relatively light 2,240-pound (1,020\u00a0kg) Mark 5 armor-piercing shell. However, the shell-handling system for these guns was redesigned to use the \"super-heavy\" 2,700-pound (1,200\u00a0kg) APCBC (Armor Piercing, Capped, Ballistic Capped) Mark 8 shell before any of the  Iowa-class battleship's keels were laid down. The large-caliber guns were designed to fire two different 16\u00a0inch (406\u00a0mm) shells: an armor-piercing round for anti-ship and anti-structure work, and a high-explosive round designed for use against unarmored targets and shore bombardment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 57], "content_span": [58, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014210-0009-0000", "contents": "16-inch/50-caliber Mark 7 gun, Mark 8 \"Super-heavy\" shell\nThe Mark 7 guns and the 2,700-pound projectiles were 19.2 percent lighter than the 46 cm/45 Type 94 naval guns of the Japanese  Yamato-class battleships, but had better armor penetration ability at long range. (Sectional density = 6.9 grams per square millimeter for the IJN shell and 7.43 grams per square millimetrer in the USN gun.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 57], "content_span": [58, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014210-0010-0000", "contents": "16-inch/50-caliber Mark 7 gun, Mark 8 \"Super-heavy\" shell\nThe  North Carolina and  South Dakota classes could also fire the 2,700-pound Mark 8 shell, although with a shorter range, using the 16\"/45 caliber Mark 6 gun. The Mark 6 gun was lighter than the Mark 7, which helped both battleship classes to conform to the limits of the Washington Naval Treaty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 57], "content_span": [58, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014210-0011-0000", "contents": "16-inch/50-caliber Mark 7 gun, Mark 8 \"Super-heavy\" shell\nThe Mark 8 shells gave the North Carolina, South Dakota, and Iowa classes the second heaviest broadside of all battleship classes, even though the North Carolina and South Dakota ships were treaty battleships. Only the Yamato-class super-battleships could throw more weight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 57], "content_span": [58, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014210-0012-0000", "contents": "16-inch/50-caliber Mark 7 gun, Mark 8 \"Super-heavy\" shell\nThe D839 propellant (smokeless powder) grain used for full charges issued for this gun was 2\u00a0in (51\u00a0mm) long, 1\u00a0in (25\u00a0mm) in diameter and had seven perforations, each 0.060\u00a0in (1.5\u00a0mm) in diameter with a web thickness range of 0.193 to 0.197\u00a0in (4.9 to 5.0\u00a0mm) between the perforations and the grain diameter. A maximum charge consisted of six silk bags\u2013hence the term bag gun\u2013each filled with 110\u00a0lb (50\u00a0kg) of propellant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 57], "content_span": [58, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014210-0013-0000", "contents": "16-inch/50-caliber Mark 7 gun, Construction\nThe Mark 7 gun was a built-up gun and was constructed of liner, tube, jacket, three hoops, two locking rings, tube and liner locking ring, yoke ring and screw box liner. Some components were autofretted. Typical of United States naval weapons built in the 1940s, the bore was chromium-plated for longer barrel life. It had a Welin breech block that opened downwards and was hydraulically operated. The screw box liner and breech plug was segmented with stepped screw threads arranged in fifteen sectors of 24 degrees each.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 43], "content_span": [44, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014210-0014-0000", "contents": "16-inch/50-caliber Mark 7 gun, Service history\nOff of Truk Atoll on 16 February 1944, Iowa and New Jersey engaged the Japanese destroyer\u00a0Nowaki at a range of 35,700 yards (32.6\u00a0km) and straddled her, setting the record for the longest-ranged straddle in history. Some reports indicated the near misses caused splinter damage and casualties to the crew. Nowaki was able to escape due to the range and her speed. The action against Nowaki was part of Operation Hailstone. This is the only surface engagement that Iowa-class battleships are known to have engaged in. In the action they participated in the sinking of the IJN light cruiser Katori, the destroyer Maikaze, and the auxiliary cruiser Akagi Maru.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 46], "content_span": [47, 704]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014210-0015-0000", "contents": "16-inch/50-caliber Mark 7 gun, Service history\nThe gun was also used as the basis for Project HARP, an experimental gun-based space-launch research program.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 46], "content_span": [47, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014211-0000-0000", "contents": "16-line message format\n16-line message format, or Basic Message Format, is the standard military radiogram format (in NATO allied nations) for the manner in which a paper message form is transcribed through voice, Morse code, or TTY transmission formats. The overall structure of the message has three parts: HEADING (which can use as many as 10 of the format's 16 lines), TEXT (line 12), and ENDING. This heading is further divided into procedure, preamble, address, and prefix. Each format line contains pre-defined content. An actual message may have fewer than 16 actual lines, or far more than 16, because some lines are skipped in some delivery methods, and a long message may have a TEXT portion that is longer than 16 lines by itself.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 742]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014211-0001-0000", "contents": "16-line message format\nThis radiotelegraph message format (also \"radio teletype message format\", \"teletypewriter message format\", and \"radiotelephone message format\") and transmission procedures have been documented in numerous military standards, going back to at least World War II-era U.S. Army manuals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014211-0002-0000", "contents": "16-line message format, Current Definition and Usage\nThe 16-line format and procedures for transmitting it vary slightly depending on the communications medium, but all variations are designed to be harmonious and the procedures describe how to convert (refile) between the formats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 52], "content_span": [53, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014211-0003-0000", "contents": "16-line message format, Example Messages\nWhen sent as an ACP-126 message over teletype, a 16-line format radiogram would appear similar to this:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 40], "content_span": [41, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014211-0004-0000", "contents": "16-line message format, Example Messages\nSome of the format lines in the above example have been omitted for efficiency. The translation of this abbreviate format follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 40], "content_span": [41, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014211-0005-0000", "contents": "16-line message format, Example Messages, Historical Development\nThe concept of the standard message format originated in the wired telegraph services. Each telegraph company likely had its own format, but soon after radio telegraph services began, some elements of the message exchange format were codified in international conventions (such as Articles 9, 22, 26, 29, 30, and Appendix 1 of the International Radiotelegraph Convention, Washington, 1927), and these were then often duplicated in domestic radio communications regulations (such as the FCC in the U.S.) and in military procedure documentation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 64], "content_span": [65, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014211-0006-0000", "contents": "16-line message format, Example Messages, Historical Development\nMilitary organizations independently developed their own procedures, and in addition to differing from the international procedures, they sometimes differed between different branches of the military within the same country.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 64], "content_span": [65, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014211-0007-0000", "contents": "16-line message format, Example Messages, Historical Development\nFor example, the publication \"Communication Instructions, 1929\", from the U.S. Navy Department, includes:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 64], "content_span": [65, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014211-0008-0000", "contents": "16-line message format, Sources for Procedures\nTraining for message handling may (or may not) be found listed in the following documents:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 46], "content_span": [47, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014212-0000-0000", "contents": "16.6 (Before the Devil Knows You're Dead)\n16.6 (Before the Devil Knows You're Dead) is the eighth studio album by the German heavy metal band Primal Fear. It is the first album by the band not featuring long-time guitarist Stefan Leibing and the first album featuring new guitarist Magnus Karlsson, and the final album with guitarist Henny Wolter. The band says of the album that it \"includes a lot of the vibe of our very first albums\" and also \"a lot of fresh and new elements\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014212-0001-0000", "contents": "16.6 (Before the Devil Knows You're Dead)\nA music video was made for \"Six Times Dead (16.6)\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014212-0002-0000", "contents": "16.6 (Before the Devil Knows You're Dead), Track listing\nAll songs written by Mat Sinner, Henry Wolter, Magnus Karlsson and Ralf Scheepers", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 56], "content_span": [57, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014213-0000-0000", "contents": "16/330 Khajoor Road\n16/330 Khajoor Road is the sixth album by the Indian band Indian Ocean, the first one after the tragic demise of Asheem Chakravarty. The band has added two new members for this album, Himanshu Joshi for vocals and Tuheen Chakravarty for Tabla and other percussion. Lyrics are penned by Sanjeev Sharma.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014213-0001-0000", "contents": "16/330 Khajoor Road\nThe album is named after this picturesque 100-year-old bungalow where Indian Ocean has been rehearsing and creating their music at since May 1997. This bungalow is located in the Karol Bagh area of Delhi. The band was offered this house by friends, Gurpreet Sidhu and Orijit Sen, who were living there at that time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014213-0002-0000", "contents": "16/330 Khajoor Road, Track listing, Free Downloads\nNote: Released separately from July\u00a025,\u00a02010\u00a0(2010-07-25)-February\u00a025,\u00a02011\u00a0(2011-02-25)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 50], "content_span": [51, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014214-0000-0000", "contents": "16/9 (album)\n16/9 is the 2004 studio album by the French R&B singer N\u00e2diya. The album and singles off it were a huge success and very popular in France and Switzerland. The album remained for over 90 weeks on the French album chart, which is a remarkable achievement for an album. The album peaked at number six in its thirty-third week. After a year and seven months, the album was certified platinum by SNEP, the French certifier, which means it has sold over 300,000 copies in France, as the official sites notes that over 500,000 copies were sold of the album. The possibility of this being true is very large, as SNEP does not certify 500,000 copies to a name, only certifying 600,000 copies to 2x platinum. Worldwide, the album has sold over 750,000 copies. It won the Victoires de la musique award for best rap/hip-hop/R&B album of the year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 848]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014215-0000-0000", "contents": "160\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by Graham87 (talk | contribs) at 11:21, 10 January 2021 (1 revision imported: import old edit from the Nostalgia Wikipedia). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014215-0001-0000", "contents": "160\nYear 160 (CLX) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Atilius and Vibius (or, less frequently, year 913 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 160 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014216-0000-0000", "contents": "160 (number)\n160 (one hundred [and] sixty) is the natural number following 159 and preceding 161.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014216-0001-0000", "contents": "160 (number), In mathematics\n160 is the sum of the first 11 primes, as well as the sum of the cubes of the first three primes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014216-0002-0000", "contents": "160 (number), In mathematics\nGiven 160, the Mertens function returns 0. 160 is the smallest number n with exactly 12 solutions to the equation \u03c6(x) = n.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014217-0000-0000", "contents": "160 Ann Street, Brisbane\n160 Ann Street, Brisbane is an office tower located in the heart of  central business district (CBD) of Brisbane, Queensland in Australia and adjacent to  the Brisbane River. After its completion in 1972,  the tower was owned successively by Australian companies Zurich Australia Insurance, Precision Group,  Investa Property Group, and CorVal Partners.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014217-0001-0000", "contents": "160 Ann Street, Brisbane, History\nSince its construction in 1972, 160 Ann Street, Brisbane has had various owners.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014217-0002-0000", "contents": "160 Ann Street, Brisbane, History\nIn November 1995, Zurich Australia, part of the Zurich Insurance Group, bought it for $41.75 million. In 2005 it sold the building to Precision Group who, in 2006, transferred it to the Investa Property Group as part of a property swap. Its present owners, CorVal Partners, acquired the building in 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014217-0003-0000", "contents": "160 Ann Street, Brisbane, History\nIn 2009 a study of the building was carried out as part of a Solar Hearting & Cooling Programme of the International Energy Agency. It was funded by the Australian Research Council and  \"considered as a 'Critical Case' representing common physical and operational characteristics of typical high rise office buildings in Australia\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014217-0004-0000", "contents": "160 Ann Street, Brisbane, History\nIn 2011 Central Queensland University commenced its Brisbane campus in the building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014218-0000-0000", "contents": "160 BC\nYear 160 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Gallus and Cethegus (or, less frequently, year 594 Ab urbe condita)  and the Fourth Year of Houyuan. The denomination 160 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014219-0000-0000", "contents": "160 Squadron (Israel)\n160 Squadron of the Israeli Air Force (also known as The First Cobra or Northern Cobra Squadron) was formed in April 1980.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014219-0001-0000", "contents": "160 Squadron (Israel)\nThe squadron initially operated fifteen MD500s and three AH-1S Cobras. In the following year, nine AH-1F Cobras were delivered, followed by eight more in 1985, and four more in 1987. The squadron conducted operations during Operation Peace for Galilee, Israel's 1982 invasion of Lebanon, but did not initially engage in anti-tank combat, rather serving as close air support. In 2001, Israel acquired 15 AH-1E helicopters from the US Army. As of 2005, the squadron uses exclusively AH-1E/F helicopters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014219-0002-0000", "contents": "160 Squadron (Israel)\nOn 2 August 2013, as part of the IDF's budget cut plans, along with the fact that the Cobra helicopters were considered relatively unsafe with many accidents credited to its operation history, it was closed (along with 140 Squadron,)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014220-0000-0000", "contents": "160 Tooley Street\n160 Tooley Street is a municipal facility in Tooley Street, Southwark, London. It is the headquarters of Southwark London Borough Council.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014220-0001-0000", "contents": "160 Tooley Street, History\nThe proposed development combined the refurbishment of some Victorian warehouses with the construction of a modern six-storey office block behind the warehouses. The site was assembled by the developer, Great Portland Estates, at a cost of \u00a319 million in 2004 and the building was forward sold to UBS Global Asset Management for \u00a394 million, before works started, in June 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014220-0002-0000", "contents": "160 Tooley Street, History\nThe new facility was designed by Allford Hall Monaghan Morris, built by Laing O'Rourke at a cost of \u00a342 million and completed in June 2008. The developer had specified that at least 10% of the building's power requirement should be capable of being met from renewable energy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014220-0003-0000", "contents": "160 Tooley Street, History\nSouthwark London Borough Council, which had previously been based at the ageing Camberwell Town Hall, moved into the completed building, which measured 18,500 square metres (199,000\u00a0sq\u00a0ft), as rental tenants in March 2009. The council acquired the freehold ownership of the building from UBS for \u00a3170 million in December 2012. It continues to be the administrative headquarters and meeting place of Southwark London Borough Council and some 2,000 council staff are based in the complex. Memorials to council staff who had died in the First and Second World Wars, which had been recovered from Camberwell Town Hall, were rededicated by the Bishop of Southwark, Christopher Chessun, at Tooley Street in March 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 739]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014221-0000-0000", "contents": "160 Transport Regiment RLC\n160 Transport Regiment Royal Logistic Corps (Volunteers), was a regiment of the Territorial Army in the United Kingdom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014221-0001-0000", "contents": "160 Transport Regiment RLC, Lineage\n160 Transport Regiment can trace its lineage back to 1951, when the Army Emergency Reserve was formed. This comprised a reserve of individuals rather than units, with civilian skills that could be transferred to military use. Reservists were required to undertake two weeks of military training per year and could be called up under the same conditions as the Regular Reserve regiments. As part of the Army Emergency Reserve the Royal Army Service Corps established ten transport columns and additional sub-units with other logistic roles. By 1962 this had been reduced to two; 101 Tank Transport Column and 104 Transport Column, plus sub-units. In 1965, when the Royal Corps of Transport (RCT) was formed, these columns where redesignated regiments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 786]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014221-0002-0000", "contents": "160 Transport Regiment RLC, First formation\nIn the 1967 Defence Review the Territorial Army and the Army Emergency Reserve were merged and renamed the Territorial & Army Volunteer Reserve (T&AVR). As a result, on 1 April 1967, 160 Transport Regiment, Royal Corps of Transport (Volunteers), was formed at Grange Camp, Bedford, the location of the RCT's Central Volunteer Headquarters (CVH), from personnel from 101 and 104 Transport Regiments RASC (AER). This new unit comprised 260 (Ambulance) Squadron, 261 (Bridging) Squadron, 262 (Petroleum Transport) Squadron and 263 (Tipper) Squadron. It initially provided engineering support as part of the Logistic Support Group (LSG) for the United Kingdom Mobile Force (UKMF) in NATO's Northern European Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 43], "content_span": [44, 756]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014221-0003-0000", "contents": "160 Transport Regiment RLC, First formation\nIn 1972 260 (Ambulance) Squadron was transferred to 161 Ambulance Regiment, RCT(V). In 1976 the regiment moved to new headquarters at Prince William of Gloucester Barracks, Grantham. On 1 April 1982, 160 Transport Regiment became part of 2 Transport Group, Royal Corps of Transport, an RCZ (Rear Combat Zone) formation of the British Army of the Rhine, exchanging roles with 155 (Wessex) Transport Regiment (Volunteers) which took over the engineer support role, and became a transport unit. It now comprised a Regimental HQ & Headquarters Squadron, 261 (General Transport) Squadron, 262 (Petroleum Transport) Squadron and 263 (General Transport) Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 43], "content_span": [44, 700]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014221-0004-0000", "contents": "160 Transport Regiment RLC, First formation\nAt this time 261 Squadron was operating the AEC Militant GS 10-ton truck which remained in service until around 1990. In 1990 a number of members of the regiment volunteered to serve with 15 Transport Squadron RCT, on a 6-month operational tour supporting the United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 43], "content_span": [44, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014221-0005-0000", "contents": "160 Transport Regiment RLC, First formation\nThe Options for Change Defence Review of 1990, drastically reduced the size of both the Regular and Territorial Army, with the Royal Corps of Transport being merged into the Royal Logistic Corps in April 1993, and at the same time 160 Transport Regiment was disbanded, with many of its personnel being absorbed by 161 Ambulance Regiment, RLC (V).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 43], "content_span": [44, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014221-0006-0000", "contents": "160 Transport Regiment RLC, Second formation\nHowever, on 1 April 1995 160 Transport Regiment, Royal Logistic Corps was re-established to provide logistic support, particularly fuel resupply, to the Allied Rapid Reaction Corps (ARRC). The regiment now comprised the Regimental HQ & 260 (Headquarters) Squadron, 261 (General Transport DROPS) Squadron, 262 (Fuel) Squadron and 263 (General Transport DROPS) Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014221-0007-0000", "contents": "160 Transport Regiment RLC, Second formation\nFollowing the 1998 Strategic Defence Review, 160 Transport Regiment was merged with 164 Transport Regiment, with squadrons from each being disbanded. The regiment now comprised the Regimental HQ, 261 (General Transport) Squadron and 263 (General Transport) Squadron (from 160), and 270 (General Transport) Squadron (from 164). In 2001 the regiment provided support to civil authorities during an outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014221-0008-0000", "contents": "160 Transport Regiment RLC, Second formation\nIn January 2003 the Government decided to mobilise elements of the Territorial Army to support of military operations in Iraq (Operation Telic), and around 120 members of the regiment served there attached to other units. In April 2006 160 Transport Regiment was augmented by the addition of 126 (Petroleum) Squadron, transferred from 166 Supply Regiment RLC, which specialized in the construction and operation of bulk fuel installations. The regiment was twinned with 8 Transport Regiment RLC, during operations in Afghanistan (Operation Herrick), with personnel from the regiment providing replacements and backup, and also on detachment to other units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 701]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014221-0009-0000", "contents": "160 Transport Regiment RLC, Second formation\nAs a result of the Army 2020 review, 160 Transport Regiment was disbanded at Grantham on 17 May 2014. However, personnel from the regiment then formed 160 (Lincoln) Transport Squadron, as part of 158 Regiment, Royal Logistic Corps, based at Sobraon Barracks, Lincoln.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014222-0000-0000", "contents": "160 Una\nUna (minor planet designation: 160 Una) is a fairly large and dark, primitive Main belt asteroid that was discovered by German-American astronomer C. H. F. Peters on February 20, 1876, in Clinton, New York. It is named after a character in Edmund Spenser's epic poem The Faerie Queene (1590).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014222-0001-0000", "contents": "160 Una\nIn the Tholen classification system it is categorized as a CX-type, while the Bus asteroid taxonomy system lists it as an Xk asteroid. Photometric observations of this asteroid made at the Torino Observatory in Italy during 1990\u20131991 were used to determine a synodic rotation period of 5.61 \u00b1 0.01 hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014223-0000-0000", "contents": "160-meter band\n160-meter band refers to the band of radio frequencies between 1.8 and 2\u00a0MHz, just above the medium wave broadcast band. For many decades the lowest radio frequency band allocated for use by amateur radio, before the adoption, at the beginning of the 21st\u00a0century in most countries, of the 630- and 2200-meter bands. Amateur operators often refer to 160\u00a0meters as the Top Band It is also sometimes nicknamed the \"Gentleman's Band\" in contrast to the often-freewheeling activity in the 80-, 40- and 20-meter bands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014223-0001-0000", "contents": "160-meter band, Frequency allocations\nThe International Telecommunication Union currently allocates all frequencies from 1.81\u20132\u00a0MHz to amateur radio operations in ITU Region 1 (Europe, Greenland, Africa, the Middle East west of the Persian Gulf and including Iraq, the former Soviet Union and Mongolia) and 1.8\u20132\u00a0MHz in the rest of the world.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 37], "content_span": [38, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014223-0002-0000", "contents": "160-meter band, History\nThe 160-meter band is the oldest amateur band and was the staple of reliable communication in the earliest days of amateur radio, when almost all communications were over relatively short distances, and typical operating frequencies were below 20\u00a0MHz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014223-0003-0000", "contents": "160-meter band, History\nIn the UK 160\u00a0meters was the primary band used for mobile operation for many years. Despite many obstacles and threats from commercial and military radio, the efforts of a small number of determined 160-meter operators enabled the band allocation to survive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014223-0004-0000", "contents": "160-meter band, History, Origin\nThe band was allocated on a worldwide basis by the International Radiotelegraph Conference in Washington, D.C., on 4\u00a0October 1927. The allocation at that time was 1.715\u20132\u00a0MHz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 31], "content_span": [32, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014223-0005-0000", "contents": "160-meter band, History, Cut-backs\nThe International Radio Conference of Atlantic City reduced the allocation to 1.8\u20132\u00a0MHz under the provision that amateurs must not interfere with LORAN operation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 34], "content_span": [35, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014223-0006-0000", "contents": "160-meter band, History, Cut-backs\nAs the high frequency (HF) bands were developed in mid-1920s \u2013 along with their smaller, more feasible antennas \u2013 160\u00a0meters fell into a period of relative disuse. Although there has always been activity on the band, fewer and fewer hams are willing (or able, due to lack of sufficient real estate) to put up the antennas necessary to take advantage of the band's unique properties. For most amateurs, the HF bands are much easier to use, and HF antennas need a lot less real estate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 34], "content_span": [35, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014223-0007-0000", "contents": "160-meter band, History, Cut-backs\nDuring World War\u00a0II all amateur radio licenses were suspended, prohibiting amateur transmission on any radio band.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 34], "content_span": [35, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014223-0008-0000", "contents": "160-meter band, History, Gradual restoration\nAfter World War\u00a0II, it first seemed that the 160-meter band was not coming back, since a large part of the U.S. 160-meter band was allocated on a primary basis to the LORAN radio-navigation system that began operating in and around the 160-meter band in 1942. Amateurs were relegated to secondary, non-interfering status, with severe regional power limitations and restricted day/night operations on just a few narrow segments of the band.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 44], "content_span": [45, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014223-0009-0000", "contents": "160-meter band, History, Gradual restoration\nMany older hams recall, with no great fondness, the ear-shattering buzz-saw racket of high power LORAN stations that began in 1942 until LORAN-A was phased out in North America on 31\u00a0December 1980, and most of the world by 1985. LORAN-A was still operating in China and Japan in 1995. Great ingenuity was used to eliminate the pulse noise of the powerful LORAN-A transmitters through such famous circuitry as the \"Select-O-Ject\" of the late 1950s. The technology was adapted to modern noise blanking circuits used in current amateur receivers and transceivers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 44], "content_span": [45, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014223-0010-0000", "contents": "160-meter band, History, Current\nThe band experienced a resurgence with the demise of LORAN-A in the United States in December\u00a01980, and the removal of power restrictions below 1.9\u00a0MHz soon thereafter. Power restrictions above 1.9\u00a0MHz were removed in March\u00a01984, and 160\u00a0meters was then no longer regarded as the \"abandoned\" band, as it had been for more than half a century. Also, with the 21st\u00a0century allocation of two more bands at lower frequencies, 160\u00a0meters is no longer the only mediumwave band, and no longer the lowest-frequency amateur band.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 32], "content_span": [33, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014223-0011-0000", "contents": "160-meter band, Technical characteristics\n160\u00a0meters is populated by many dedicated experimenters, as it is a proving ground for ingenuity in antenna design and operating technique. It also serves as a \"training-ground\" for the 630m and 2200m bands, where logistical and technical demands are even more extreme.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 41], "content_span": [42, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014223-0012-0000", "contents": "160-meter band, Technical characteristics, Size, power, and safety\nEffective operation on 160\u00a0meters can be more challenging than most other amateur bands, because of the overwhelmingly large sizes required for efficient antennas. Full -sized antennas (on the order of a quarter-wavelength or more) are over 130\u00a0feet for monopoles, which is also the recommended height for mounting a horizontal dipole antenna, and half-square loops reach nearly 70\u00a0feet high. That much real estate may not be feasible for many amateurs, and even with space available, erecting and securing such a large structure is a challenge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 66], "content_span": [67, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014223-0013-0000", "contents": "160-meter band, Technical characteristics, Size, power, and safety\nThe size of the safety zone around an antenna depends on several factors, including the power fed to the antenna, but is roughly 30\u201340\u00a0m (100\u2013130\u00a0ft) from the center of the lowest radiating part of the antenna. If high power is used to compensate for an under-sized antenna, even a small antenna will require a full-sized safety zone around it, free of people and animals. Nevertheless, many radio amateurs successfully communicate over very long distances with relatively small antennas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 66], "content_span": [67, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014223-0014-0000", "contents": "160-meter band, Technical characteristics, Propagation\nDuring the day propagation is limited to local contacts, but long distance contacts are possible at night, especially around sunrise and sunset and during periods of sunspot minima.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 54], "content_span": [55, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014223-0015-0000", "contents": "160-meter band, Technical characteristics, Propagation\nMuch about ionospheric and propagation on 160\u00a0meters is still not completely understood. Phenomena such as \"chordal hop\" propagation are frequently observed, as well as other unexplained long-distance propagation mechanisms. Inexplicable radio blackouts occur on 160\u00a0meters \u2013 sometimes also on the AM broadcast band. Many of these phenomena have been investigated in the scientific community also.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 54], "content_span": [55, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014224-0000-0000", "contents": "160-minute solar cycle\nThe 160-minute solar cycle was an apparent periodic oscillation in the solar surface which was observed in a number of early sets of data collected for helioseismology.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014224-0001-0000", "contents": "160-minute solar cycle\nThe presence of a 160 minute cycle in the Sun is not substantiated by contemporary solar observations, and the historical signal is considered by mainstream scientists to occur as the redistribution of power from the diurnal cycle as a result of the observation window and atmospheric extinction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014224-0002-0000", "contents": "160-minute solar cycle, History\nThe birth of helioseismology occurred in 1976 with the publications of papers from Brookes, Isaak and van der Raay  and Severny, Kotov and Tsap, both of which reported upon the observation of a 160-minute solar oscillation with an amplitude of approximately two metres per second.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014224-0003-0000", "contents": "160-minute solar cycle, History\nIt was rapidly realised that this frequency corresponded to one-ninth of a day, and therefore the authenticity of this signal was in some doubt. If a non-sinusoidal oscillation is present in a time-series then power will be seen in a periodogram at not only the frequency of the oscillation, but also harmonics at integer multiples of this frequency. A re-analysis of data obtained over the period of 1974\u20131976 by Brookes et al. showed that the evidence for a stable, phase-coherent 160 minute oscillation at a constant amplitude was far from conclusive. Although the signal could be detected the amplitude appeared variable and was lower than first reported.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 691]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014224-0004-0000", "contents": "160-minute solar cycle, History\nA re-affirmation of the 160 minute signal was obtained by analysis of data from groups in Crimea and Stanford over a long period of time. It was found that the phase showed a steady drift, indicative that the frequency being used in analysis differed slightly from that in the data. This implied that a period of 160.01 minutes  produced a better fit to the data. Evidence also emerged that multiple sets of observations were phase-coherent. These facts contributed to impressions that the origin of the observed signal was stellar and not terrestrial in origin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014224-0005-0000", "contents": "160-minute solar cycle, History\nIn 1989 as higher-quality multiple-year datasets from a single site became available it was shown by Elsworth et al. that the period of the 160 minute signal was indeed 160.00 minutes, and the amplitude was dependent upon both the length and quality of data obtained in a season, with the signal more prominent at time where atmospheric condition were worse. The group were able to demonstrate that the signal may be simulated by a slightly distorted diurnal sine-wave such as may be obtained by differential atmospheric extinction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014224-0006-0000", "contents": "160-minute solar cycle, History\nAlthough claims of the presence of a 160-minute period in the Sun were still presented by Kotov et al. in 1990, and 1991, the mainstream scientific establishment had moved on.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014224-0007-0000", "contents": "160-minute solar cycle, Contemporary observations\nThere are currently two solar-observation networks, the BiSON and GONG networks which consist of a global network of stations, as well as space based instruments such as the GOLF instrument aboard the SOHO spacecraft. These are able to keep the Sun under near-continuous observation, and so largely eliminate the influence of diurnal signals. Data from these instruments shows no oscillation at 160 minutes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 49], "content_span": [50, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014225-0000-0000", "contents": "1600\n1600 (MDC) was a century leap year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar. It was the last century leap year until the year 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014226-0000-0000", "contents": "1600 AM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1600 kHz: 1600 AM is classified as a regional frequency by the Federal Communications Commission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014227-0000-0000", "contents": "1600 Broadway\n1600 Broadway (also known as the Colorado State Bank Building) is a high-rise office building in the city of Denver, Colorado. The tower stands at a height of 352 feet (107\u00a0m), and comprises 26 floors. The building was designed by architecture firm RNL Design, and its construction was completed in 1972. Upon its completion, 1600 Broadway stood as the seventh-tallest building in Denver. It is currently ranked as the 30th-tallest building in Denver. BOK Financial Corporation, formerly the Colorado State Bank, is located at the building. In January 2019, Nuveen Real Estate purchased the building for $111 million.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014228-0000-0000", "contents": "1600 Daily\n1600 Daily is an online newsletter started in March 2017. The newsletter was a part of the whitehouse.gov website and posted stories daily as well as sending emails with news to anyone who signs up. The news focused on what is happening in the White House. Other tidbits like the president's schedule and upcoming dates were included.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014228-0001-0000", "contents": "1600 Daily, History\n1600 Daily was launched by the Trump administration in March 2017. The idea was for an email newsletter that anyone could sign up for via the White House website. Also called the West Wing Report, the newsletter would come in an email and include: a photo of the day, an article about the President (or sometimes Vice President), and the schedule for the President's day. Although the intention was for it to be an \"email newsletter, meant to be read in the inbox,\" anyone could view the newsletter by visiting the website.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014229-0000-0000", "contents": "1600 Glenarm Place\n1600 Glenarm Place is a 384\u00a0ft (117m) tall skyscraper in Denver, Colorado. Originally constructed in 1967 as the Security Life Building - it has since been converted into a multi-tenant luxury apartment complex. On the top floor of this building many years ago; there was a restaurant called \"TOP OF THE ROCKIES\". The exterior of the building used to  hold a separate elevator shaft for a glass elevator (SEE CURRENT PHOTO WHERE THIS BUMP STICKS OUT FROM THE STRUCTURE WITH THE NUMBER 1600 ON IT). The glass elevator was an express elevator that served the restaurant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014229-0000-0001", "contents": "1600 Glenarm Place\nThe restaurant has been gone for many years. After operating for many years as an office building; times were about to change. In 2006, The Security Life Building underwent a major conversion from office to residential use. 1600 Glenarm Place is in the heart of Downtown Denver. The high-rise sits on the corner of 16th Street Mall and Glenarm Place, next to the Denver Pavilions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014229-0001-0000", "contents": "1600 Glenarm Place\nThe building houses 333 units, with a large scale amenity overhaul having been completed in 2011, to include a fitness center, movie theater, large outdoor terrace, demonstration kitchen, conference room and game room. It shares the title as 21st tallest building in Denver with two other buildings. It is currently owned by the Northland Investment Corporation, under a subsidiary - Northland Glenarm, LLC after previous owner Plant Holdings NA, Inc. sold the building in 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014230-0000-0000", "contents": "1600 Pacific Tower\n1600 Pacific Tower, also known as the LTV Tower (and also originally National Bank of Commerce Building), is a skyscraper in the City Center District of Dallas, Texas, USA. The building rises 434 feet (132 meters). The structure contains 33 floors, made up originally of office space (but now consists of a hotel and apartments), standing as the 29th-tallest building in the city. The building is adjacent to Thanks-Giving Square and was, for a time, connected to the Dallas Pedestrian Network.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014230-0001-0000", "contents": "1600 Pacific Tower, History\nThe building was designed in 1961 by architects Harwood K. Smith and Dales Young Foster and opened in 1964 as the fifth tallest building in Dallas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014230-0002-0000", "contents": "1600 Pacific Tower, History\nBanking facilities for the National Bank of Commerce were located on the second and third floors, while the 28-story tower portion of the building contained the executive headquarters for LTV (Ling-Temco-Vought), Electro-Science Investors, and American Life Insurance Company plus other leasable space. 2 levels of parking are located below the structure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014230-0003-0000", "contents": "1600 Pacific Tower, History\nThe ground floor contained a marble and granite pedestrian mall connecting Elm Street and Pacific Avenue, open 24 hours a day for pedestrian passage. An innovative motor bank, called \"Teller-Vision\", allowed drive-up bank customers to conduct business over a closed circuit television system. Terraces and gardens were located on the roof of the 3-story base, and the top floor of the building contained the private Lancers Club.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014230-0004-0000", "contents": "1600 Pacific Tower, History\nThe building's facade was covered with 125,000 square feet (11,600\u00a0m2) of dark glass with strips of aluminum molding and contained the world's largest electronic signboard. Thirty windows on each of the twenty-five floors were individually controlled and could spell out different messages. It often spelled out \"LTV\", and even had a figure of Big Tex in lights during the State Fair.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014230-0005-0000", "contents": "1600 Pacific Tower, History\nThe quality of the building's construction has been debated over the years. During construction, a section of masonry broke loose and tons of bricks crashed through the roof of a neighboring building. Shortly after opening some of the windows cracked due to heat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014230-0006-0000", "contents": "1600 Pacific Tower, History\nIn 1970 a bomb threat caused evacuation of the building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 84]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014230-0007-0000", "contents": "1600 Pacific Tower, History\nThe building was sold in 1968, and in 1975 the building was sold again to Dresser, Inc. The building went through a series of successive owners intending to convert it into residences, but because of economic conditions no plans immediately came to fruition. In 2010, work by a San Antonio-based developer began to renovate the building\u2014which was to be renamed The Grand Ricchi\u2014for residential and office condo use.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014230-0008-0000", "contents": "1600 Pacific Tower, History\nIn 2014 a new plan was announced, to convert the building to a combination Hilton Garden Inn and apartments. The hotel lobby would be on the first floor, parking on floors 2\u20134, the hotel on floors 5-14, and the apartments on 15\u201332. The apartments began occupancy in July 2015 and the hotel opened in September 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014231-0000-0000", "contents": "1600 Penn\n1600 Penn is an American television sitcom about a dysfunctional family living in the White House. The series stars Jenna Elfman, Bill Pullman, and Josh Gad. Gad, along with Jason Winer and Jon Lovett jointly created the central characters (the Gilchrist family) and the sitcom core format. NBC placed a series order in May 2012. The series aired as a mid-season replacement from December 17, 2012, to March 28, 2013. On May 9, 2013, NBC canceled the series after one season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014231-0001-0000", "contents": "1600 Penn, Characters\nRecurring character D.B. (Robbie Amell) was the presumed father to Becca's baby.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 21], "content_span": [22, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014231-0002-0000", "contents": "1600 Penn, Production, Casting\nBrittany Snow had originally been cast as the eldest daughter Becca, but was replaced by MacIsaac. This is the second time Bill Pullman has played an American president, the first having been in the film Independence Day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 30], "content_span": [31, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014231-0003-0000", "contents": "1600 Penn, Reception\n1600 Penn received mixed reviews from critics. Rotten Tomatoes gives the series a rating of 43%, based on 35 reviews, with the site's critical consensus reading, \"Broad but likeable, 1600 Penn unfortunately doles out its jokes unevenly and lacks the cutting wit necessary to meet its satirical aims.\" On Metacritic the series has a score of 55 out of 100, based on 36 critics, indicating \"mixed or average reviews\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 20], "content_span": [21, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014231-0004-0000", "contents": "1600 Penn, Reception\nDavid Hinkley of the New York Daily News gave the series 1 out of 5 stars and said \"[it] was clearly designed to be good silly fun. It nails one out of three. It's silly.\" He called the First Family \"annoying... sitcom stereotypes\" and said that it \"mines none of the more subtle and satisfying possibilities of poking fun at a staid institution. It's more like a drug-fueled Saturday Night Live sketch that won't end. Fortunately, 1600 Penn probably will.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 20], "content_span": [21, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014231-0004-0001", "contents": "1600 Penn, Reception\nTim Surette of TV.com said that the show is \"what happens when network executives think a screeching buffoon equals laughs\" and that the jokes elicit responses of \"mostly tumbleweeds and cricket chirps\". Paste's Ross Bonaime also criticized the characters and said, \"please, oh please, make the show actually funny... maybe it should just be put out of its misery.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 20], "content_span": [21, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014231-0004-0002", "contents": "1600 Penn, Reception\nVicki Hyman of The Star-Ledger graded the show a \"D\" and said, \"you'd be forgiven for thinking [it] was a relic of the 1980s or 1990s\", adding that the show was looking for \"viewers who have lax requirements about actual humor in their comedies.\" Paul Meekin of Star Pulse noted that the show was unable to escape the footprint of The West Wing and wondered if it was \"a years-late West Wing parody, a humorous and fresh take on presidential politics, or somewhere in between?\" answering, \"it's neither. It's actually quite godawful.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 20], "content_span": [21, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014231-0005-0000", "contents": "1600 Penn, Reception\nOne less critical review came from Hank Stuever of The Washington Post, who called it \"formulaic\" but said, \"give a few points to 1600 Penn for trying.\" He also noted that \"there's no danger of a partisan storyline or any resemblance to the current administration.\" Maureen Ryan of The Huffington Post called Josh Gad \"by far the best thing about this show\" and hoped that if the show were cancelled, he find a better vehicle for his talents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 20], "content_span": [21, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014231-0006-0000", "contents": "1600 Penn, Home media\nOn April 7, 2015, 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment released 1600 Penn - The Complete Series on DVD in Region 1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 21], "content_span": [22, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014232-0000-0000", "contents": "1600 Pennsylvania Avenue (TV program)\n1600 Pennsylvania Avenue is an MSNBC television program hosted by David Shuster that ended in 2009. The show is a panel discussion of news and trends in American politics among the panelists and anchor. It is a continuation of the show Race for the White House, which was originally hosted by David Gregory and aired in the same time slot from March to November 2008. Shuster became the host of the show when Gregory became moderator of NBC's Meet the Press.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014232-0001-0000", "contents": "1600 Pennsylvania Avenue (TV program)\nThe show had a rotating array of panelists, but Eugene Robinson, Michael Smerconish, Richard Wolffe, and Pat Buchanan had appeared on a frequent basis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014232-0002-0000", "contents": "1600 Pennsylvania Avenue (TV program)\nRace for the White House and 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue aired nightly at 6 PM Eastern on MSNBC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014232-0003-0000", "contents": "1600 Pennsylvania Avenue (TV program), Race for the White House (2008)\nThe show began airing on March 17, 2008, as Race for the White House with a focus on the 2008 Presidential election campaign. Race for the White House was simulcast on Air America Radio (whose regular 6 PM host, Rachel Maddow, is a panelist on the show).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 70], "content_span": [71, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014232-0004-0000", "contents": "1600 Pennsylvania Avenue (TV program), Race for the White House (2008)\nDuring Democrats and Republican Convention weeks, Gregory hosted convention coverage broadcasting from Denver (DNC, week of August 27) and Saint Paul (RNC, week of September 1). Gregory, notable person and regular panelists discussed at MSNBC's outdoor studio at both convention sites.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 70], "content_span": [71, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014232-0005-0000", "contents": "1600 Pennsylvania Avenue (TV program), Race for the White House (2008)\nAfter the convention coverage, the program format shifted to incorporate Gregory's one-on-one (or -two) interview style.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 70], "content_span": [71, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014232-0006-0000", "contents": "1600 Pennsylvania Avenue (TV program), 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue (2008\u20132009)\nOn November 5, 2008, the day after the election, the show was renamed 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 75], "content_span": [76, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014232-0007-0000", "contents": "1600 Pennsylvania Avenue (TV program), 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue (2008\u20132009)\nOn December 7, 2008, Gregory was named as the new permanent moderator of NBC's Meet the Press, effective the following Sunday, December 14. 1600 was being hosted by David Shuster on a temporary basis until the naming of a new permanent host. On December 12, 2008, David Shuster was named the official anchor of 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue, effective immediately.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 75], "content_span": [76, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014232-0008-0000", "contents": "1600 Pennsylvania Avenue (TV program), 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue (2008\u20132009)\nOn April 2, 2009, in the show's final segment, David Shuster announced that he had been given a new assignment and that he was going on to co-anchor a new show with Tamron Hall, airing 3\u20135 PM Eastern time beginning on June 1. As of Monday, April 6, 2009, a new show titled The Ed Show hosted by radio host Ed Schultz took over the 6 PM Eastern time slot. The final edition of 1600 (on April 3) was hosted by Mike Barnicle, a regular MSNBC substitute anchor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 75], "content_span": [76, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014233-0000-0000", "contents": "1600 Pennsylvania Avenue (musical)\n1600 Pennsylvania Avenue is a 1976 musical with music by Leonard Bernstein and book and lyrics by Alan Jay Lerner. It is considered to be a legendary Broadway flop, running only seven performances. It was Bernstein's last original score for Broadway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014233-0001-0000", "contents": "1600 Pennsylvania Avenue (musical), Original Broadway production\nThe musical opened on May 4, 1976, at the Mark Hellinger Theatre and closed on May 8, 1976, after 7 performances and 13 previews. It was co-directed and co-choreographed by Gilbert Moses and George Faison.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 64], "content_span": [65, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014233-0002-0000", "contents": "1600 Pennsylvania Avenue (musical), Original Broadway production\nThe musical examined the establishment of the White House and its occupants from 1800 to 1900. Primarily focusing on race relations, the story depicted (among other incidents) Thomas Jefferson's then-alleged affair with a black slave, James Monroe's refusal to halt slavery in Washington, the aftermath of the American Civil War and Andrew Johnson's impeachment. Throughout the show, the leading actors performed multiple roles: Ken Howard played all the presidents, Patricia Routledge all the First Ladies, and Gilbert Price and Emily Yancy played the White House servants, Lud and Seena. Future Broadway stars Reid Shelton, Walter Charles, Beth Fowler and Richard Muenz appeared in ensemble roles, as did the young African American baritone Bruce Hubbard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 64], "content_span": [65, 822]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014233-0003-0000", "contents": "1600 Pennsylvania Avenue (musical), Original Broadway production\nThe show was originally intended to be performed as a play-within-a-play, with the show's actors stepping out of character to comment on the plot and debate race relations from a modern standpoint. But this concept was almost entirely removed during the show's out-of-town tryouts in Philadelphia and Washington, D.C. The musical's original director, Frank Corsaro, choreographer, Donald McKayle, and set and costume designer, Tony Walton, left the production during these try-outs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 64], "content_span": [65, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014233-0004-0000", "contents": "1600 Pennsylvania Avenue (musical), Original Broadway production\nBy the time the show opened on Broadway, little of the metatheatrical concept remained, aside from certain scenic and costume elements and a few musical references (most notably, the opening number \"Rehearse! \").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 64], "content_span": [65, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014233-0005-0000", "contents": "1600 Pennsylvania Avenue (musical), Original Broadway production\nDiscouraged by the critical and public response to the work and angry that during the tryouts much of his music had been condensed and edited without his consent, Bernstein refused to allow a cast recording of the musical.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 64], "content_span": [65, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014233-0006-0000", "contents": "1600 Pennsylvania Avenue (musical), Critical reaction\nThe initial critical response to the show was resoundingly negative. Critics savaged Lerner's book while largely praising Bernstein's score. Only Patricia Routledge was spared, thanks mostly to her second act showstopper \"Duet for One (The First Lady of the Land)\" for which she received a mid-show standing ovation on opening night in New York and a mid-show standing ovation from the orchestra on closing night. After Bernstein's death a concert version of the score, retitled A White House Cantata was recorded and released.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 53], "content_span": [54, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014233-0006-0001", "contents": "1600 Pennsylvania Avenue (musical), Critical reaction\nThat version tended to be reviewed as a classical work rather than a Broadway musical, a tendency encouraged by the casting of the leading roles with opera singers. Differences in the score and performance style make it impossible to judge the original musical fairly from the later recording. The score is considered by many musical theater historians and aficionados to be a forgotten, or at least neglected, masterpiece.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 53], "content_span": [54, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014233-0006-0002", "contents": "1600 Pennsylvania Avenue (musical), Critical reaction\nSome of the songs have enjoyed some fame outside the show including \"Take Care of This House,\" \"The President Jefferson Sunday Luncheon Party March\" and \"Duet for One\", a tour-de-force for a single actress portraying both Julia Grant and Lucy Hayes on the day of Rutherford B. Hayes's inauguration detailing the exhausting vote counts that had many questioning his legitimacy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 53], "content_span": [54, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014233-0007-0000", "contents": "1600 Pennsylvania Avenue (musical), Critical reaction\nAuthor Ethan Mordden noted that \"Bernstein and Lerner created an astonishingly good score, even a synoptic all-American one, with fanfare, march, waltz, blues. It's Bernstein's most classical work for Broadway.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 53], "content_span": [54, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014233-0008-0000", "contents": "1600 Pennsylvania Avenue (musical), Reuse of material in other works\nAs with his previously abandoned projects, Bernstein used portions of the score in subsequent works. In Songfest, for example, the setting of Walt Whitman's poem \"To What You Said\" as a baritone solo was a reworking of the original prelude of the show, in which the chorus hummed a melody played by the violoncello in the Songfest version. (In the show, this music was moved to the emotional low point of the second act, used as background to a Presidential funeral.) The occasional piece Slava!", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 68], "content_span": [69, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014233-0008-0001", "contents": "1600 Pennsylvania Avenue (musical), Reuse of material in other works\nA Political Overture, written in honor of Bernstein's friend Mstislav Rostropovich, blended two numbers from the show, the up-tempo \"Rehearse!\" and \"The Grand Old Party.\" Early in the opera A Quiet Place, the music for the aria \"You're late, you shouldn't have come\" derives from that of \"Me,\" a song that in the original show established the meta-theatrical concept that was eventually abandoned. (Some of the music for \"Me\" can be heard in the Broadway score, most memorably in the song \"American Dreaming.\") An instrumental section of \"The President Jefferson March\" was reused in the final movement, \"In Memoriam and March: The BSO Forever,\" of the Divertimento. Bernstein reused part of the song \"To Make Us Proud\" for his Olympic Hymn of 1981.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 68], "content_span": [69, 818]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014233-0009-0000", "contents": "1600 Pennsylvania Avenue (musical), Subsequent revivals\nThe show's only significant revival was a 1992 Indiana University Opera Theatre production, which used a pre-Philadelphia draft of the script and included portions of Bernstein's music that had been excised on the road to Broadway. This production also played briefly at the Kennedy Center in Washington, D.C. in August 1992.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 55], "content_span": [56, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014233-0010-0000", "contents": "1600 Pennsylvania Avenue (musical), A White House Cantata\nAfter his death in 1990, Bernstein's children and associates sifted through the many variations and revisions of the score and authorized a choral version entitled A White House Cantata, which deleted nearly all the remaining play-within-a-play references. (Some can still be heard in the duet \"Monroviad.\") BBC Radio broadcast the London debut of this work in 1997, and three years later Deutsche Grammophon released an abridged performance in a CD recording. Both the London concert and the DG recording were conducted by Kent Nagano with the London Symphony Orchestra. The Leonard Bernstein estate controls the licensing of performances of the cantata version, but refuses to allow the performance, recording, or publication of the original musical.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 57], "content_span": [58, 810]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014233-0011-0000", "contents": "1600 Pennsylvania Avenue (musical), Recordings of individual numbers\nAlthough no cast album was made, Patricia Routledge's performance of \"Duet for One\" survives as a private recording in mono from the premiere, complete with standing ovation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 68], "content_span": [69, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014233-0012-0000", "contents": "1600 Pennsylvania Avenue (musical), Recordings of individual numbers\nIndividual numbers from the work have been commercially recorded and performed by a variety of notable singers. \"Take Care of This House\" was sung by Frederica von Stade under Bernstein's direction at the inauguration of Jimmy Carter. It has been recorded by Judy Kaye as well as everyone from Barbra Streisand (her 2018 album \u201cWalls\u201d), opera singers Marilyn Horne and Roberta Alexander to theater artists Joanna Gleason and Julie Andrews. In 2012, Kelli O'Hara recorded \"Take Care of This House\" for the album   2013-08-09 at the Wayback Machine conducted by Judith Clurman.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 68], "content_span": [69, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014233-0012-0001", "contents": "1600 Pennsylvania Avenue (musical), Recordings of individual numbers\n\"The President Jefferson March\" and \"Duet for One\" both appear in their original (pre-Broadway) versions on an EMI disc called \"Broadway Showstoppers,\" conducted by John McGlinn and sung by Davis Gaines and Judy Kaye. The late African American baritone Bruce Hubbard, a member of the original Broadway ensemble, also recorded Lud's ballad \"Seena.\" It can be heard on his CD For You, For Me, which was reissued in 2005. Sarah Brightman performed \"Lud's Wedding\" on her 1989 collection of lost Broadway songs,  The Songs That Got Away.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 68], "content_span": [69, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014233-0013-0000", "contents": "1600 Pennsylvania Avenue (musical), Plot\nPhiladelphia:A theater group is rehearsing a play. The time of the rehearsal is the present, and the time of the play being rehearsed is 1792 to 1902. The play being rehearsed is a history of the White House and the servants who serve the President. One actor plays all the Presidents, and one actress plays all the First Ladies. The main serving staff are the African-American characters of Lud Simmons and Seena. Three generations of adult and young Lud's are played by the same two actors. Lud is an escaped slave who later marries Seena.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 40], "content_span": [41, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014233-0013-0001", "contents": "1600 Pennsylvania Avenue (musical), Plot\nThe events covered in the play include the selection of a new capital city, the Burning of Washington in 1814, the prelude to the U.S. Civil War, the Impeachment of Andrew Johnson, the 1876 presidential election, and the administration of Chester Alan Arthur. In between rehearsing the various scenes, the actors offer commentary and reflect on the past injustices suffered by black people throughout the time period covered by the play. This culminates in the Actor Playing the President and the Actor Playing Lud refusing to continue rehearsing the show. After reflection, the Actor Playing the President realizes all he wanted was to feel proud of his country and that he loves this land.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 40], "content_span": [41, 732]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014233-0014-0000", "contents": "1600 Pennsylvania Avenue (musical), Plot\nNew York:The four main cast members address the audience and inform them that the play covers the first one hundred years of the White House. They say America is a play that is always in rehearsal, undergoing revisions and improvements. The plot then covers the same historical material as the Philadelphia version; however, the actors' commentary is entirely removed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 40], "content_span": [41, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014234-0000-0000", "contents": "1600 Seventh Avenue\n1600 Seventh, is a 32-story, 498\u00a0ft (152\u00a0m) skyscraper in Seattle, Washington, completed in 1976 and designed by John Graham & Company. As of 2019, it is the 19th tallest building in the city. Originally built as the headquarters of Pacific Northwest Bell, it was first known as the Pacific Northwest Bell Building during construction and subsequently 1600 Bell Plaza upon opening; following corporate reorganizations and acquisitions, it was later known as US West Communications and then Qwest Plaza.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014234-0001-0000", "contents": "1600 Seventh Avenue, History\nPacific Northwest Bell had used as many as 12 buildings in Seattle to serve the city and its surrounding area since the 1920s. Owing to the rapid growth in the region, the company elected to consolidate its headquarters in one location. In the wake of the 1973\u20131975 recession, the main architects, John Graham & Company, elected to design the building with an emphasis on utilitarianism; it stood in stark contrast to the nearby Seafirst Building, which was built during the previous decade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014234-0002-0000", "contents": "1600 Seventh Avenue, History\nThe Hoffman Construction Company of Portland, Oregon, was selected on December 5, 1973, as the general contractor for the building. Other bidders for the project included Baugh Construction, H. A. Anderson Construction, Howard S. Wright Construction, and Peter Kiewit Sons'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014234-0003-0000", "contents": "1600 Seventh Avenue, History\nThe building was topped off in July 1975; however, the company elected to forgo a ceremony due to perception concerns in light of a then-recent rate increase proposal that was to add $64 million in revenue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014234-0004-0000", "contents": "1600 Seventh Avenue, History\nThe building was dedicated on November 22, 1976, in a ceremony featuring then-Governor Dan Evans and various politicians and business leaders as well as Don Ameche, the actor who portrayed Alexander Graham Bell in the 1939 biographical film about him; the total cost of construction was estimated at $40 million. A naming contest for the building resulted in the selection of \"1600 Bell Plaza\", proposed by company employee Bev Ardueser, from 2,000 entries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014234-0005-0000", "contents": "1600 Seventh Avenue, History\nIn April 2012, a year after acquiring Qwest Communications, CenturyLink sold the Bell Plaza/Qwest Plaza property to New York real estate investment firm Clarion Partners for $137 million. Clarion is now leasing lower-level floors to CenturyLink and WeWork. Floors 4-6 and 16\u201332 are occupied by Nordstrom, and the ground floor holds retail establishments. CenturyLink's NW Regional President, Brian Stading issued a statement saying that the tower was not a fundamental component of their business strategy. Seattle real estate company, The Urban Renaissance Group, represented Clarion in the sale and will operate the building for the new owner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 674]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014235-0000-0000", "contents": "1600 Smith Street\n1600 Smith Street (previously named Continental Center I and also known as Cullen Center Plaza) is a 51-story, 732-foot (223\u00a0m) office tower in Downtown Houston, Texas, United States. It served as the headquarters of Continental Airlines prior to its merger with United Airlines, and at one point also served as the headquarters of ExpressJet Airlines. It is a part of the Cullen Center complex.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014235-0001-0000", "contents": "1600 Smith Street\nThe 51 story building has about 1,098,399 square feet (102,044.6\u00a0m2) of rentable Class \"A\" office space. The design architect was Morris Architects, the general contractor was Linbeck Construction Company, the mechanical engineer was I.A. Naman, and the structural engineer was CBM Engineers. The building was completed in 1984.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014235-0002-0000", "contents": "1600 Smith Street\nThe tower stands as a postmodern-style building. It is currently the 9th-tallest building in Houston.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014235-0003-0000", "contents": "1600 Smith Street, History\nBruce Nichols of The Dallas Morning News said that in early 1984 1600 Smith Street \"was so vacant it became a symbol for overexpansion in Houston\". By 1987 the Canadian company Trizec Group bought debentures carrying an option to buy portions of the Cullen Center, including 1600 Smith Street. In 1997 subcommittees of the University of Houston System Board of Regents held meetings at 1600 Smith Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014235-0004-0000", "contents": "1600 Smith Street, History\nIn September 1997, Continental Airlines announced that it would consolidate its Houston headquarters in what would become Continental Center I. The airline scheduled to move around 3,200 employees in stages beginning in July 1998 and ending in January 1999. The airline consolidated the headquarters operation at the America Tower in Neartown and three other local operations into Continental Center I and Continental Center II in the Cullen Center.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014235-0004-0001", "contents": "1600 Smith Street, History\nContinental anticipated taking 15 floors at Continental Center I. In addition it planned to add a company store, a credit union, and an employee service center in the street-level lobby of Continental Center I. The airline agreed to lease 600,000 square feet (56,000\u00a0m2) of space in the Cullen Center for 11 years initially and 20 years if it takes renewal options.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014235-0005-0000", "contents": "1600 Smith Street, History\nTo make room for the airline and to increase the complex's overall tenancy, Trizec negotiated with the Shell Oil Company to renew a lease of 320,000 square feet (30,000\u00a0m2) that was scheduled to expire in 1998. The unit of Shell Oil Company agreed to reduce its 320,000 square feet (30,000\u00a0m2) square feet of space in Continental Center I to 170,000 square feet (16,000\u00a0m2) to make room for Continental. Shell had planned to downsize, so it renewed its lease for a smaller amount of space. In addition Houston Industries, Inc. paid TrizecHahn so it could break its lease on 100,000 square feet (9,300\u00a0m2) of space. This made additional room for Continental Airlines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 693]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014235-0006-0000", "contents": "1600 Smith Street, History\nTim Reylea, the vice president of Cushman Realty Corp., said that the Continental move \"is probably the largest corporate relocation in the central business district of Houston ever\". Bob Lanier, Mayor of Houston, said that he was \"tickled to death\" by the airline's move to relocate to Downtown Houston. In September 2000 an electrical component burned out at Continental Center I, and the Houston Fire Department shut off the backup power supply as a precaution. As a result of the temporary power outage, delays of between 300 and 400 Continental Airlines flights occurred worldwide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014235-0006-0001", "contents": "1600 Smith Street, History\nThe Texas bureau of Jesse Jackson's Wall Street Project opened in office space in Continental Center I in May 2001. After the September 11 attacks and by September 2004 Continental laid off 24% of its clerical and management workers. Despite the reduction of the workforce, Continental did not announce any plans to sublease any of its space in Continental Center I and Continental Center II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014235-0007-0000", "contents": "1600 Smith Street, History\nIn 2004 three new lease agreements to occupy space in Continental Center I were signed. Nancy Sarnoff of the Houston Business Journal said that the three to five year terms were \"considerably short\" for leasing agreements; she added that the short leases were due to an abundance of capacity in the Downtown office market, which allowed tenants to have more say in their agreements. Southwest Bank of Texas (now Amegy Bank) agreed to occupy 23,271 square feet (2,161.9\u00a0m2). Tana Exploration Co. LLC agreed to occupy 11,347 square feet (1,054.2\u00a0m2). Stinnett Thiebaud & Remington LLP agreed to occupy 8,974 square feet (833.7\u00a0m2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014235-0008-0000", "contents": "1600 Smith Street, History\nIn February 2006 Chevron U.S.A. Inc. signed a lease for 465,000 square feet (43,200\u00a0m2) of space. The lease deal filled the building to full occupancy and removed a large portion of available space from the Downtown Houston submarket. Tim Relyea, the vice chairperson of Cushman & Wakefield of Texas Inc., said that Chevron considered other properties before deciding on Continental Center I. He did not state which other towers the company had considered. Chevron planned to place 1,300 employees in 20 floors in the building. The company planned to begin moving employees into the tower by the third quarter of 2006. Prior to the signing of the lease agreement, rumors stated that the company was looking for more office space in Downtown Houston.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 776]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014235-0009-0000", "contents": "1600 Smith Street, History\nIn 2008 Continental renewed its lease for around 450,000 square feet (42,000\u00a0m2) in Continental Center I. Before the lease renewal, rumors spread stating that the airline would relocate its headquarters to office space around George Bush Intercontinental Airport due to high fuel costs affecting the airline industry; the rumors stated that the airline was studying possibilities of less expensive alternatives to Continental Center I. If the airline had left Continental Center I, 40% of the space in the building would have been unoccupied.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014235-0009-0001", "contents": "1600 Smith Street, History\nSteven Biegel, the senior vice president of Studley Inc. and a representative of office building tenants, said that the square footage renewed by Continental is a significant amount of space. Biegel added that if the space went vacant, the vacancy would not have had a significant impact in the Downtown Houston submarket as there is not an abundance of available space, and that another potential tenant would likely occupy it. Jennifer Dawson of the Houston Business Journal said that if Continental Airlines left Continental Center I, the development of Brookfield Properties's new office tower would have been delayed. The parties did not reveal the terms of the lease agreement. As of 2008, Continental Center I was 98% leased.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 759]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014235-0010-0000", "contents": "1600 Smith Street, History\nIn 2010, Continental Airlines and United Airlines announced that they would merge and that the headquarters of the combined company would be in the Chicago Loop in Chicago. As of 2010 Continental had around 3,000 clerical and management workers in its Downtown Houston offices and leased 450,000 square feet (42,000\u00a0m2) in Continental Center I, about 40% of the tower's office space. United continued to occupy space in the building following the merger, but stated in 2011 that it would not renew the lease for 142,000 square feet (13,200\u00a0m2) of space on six floors. By 2016, United had reduced their leasehold at 1600 Smith to just 140,000 SF, and announced they would be leaving at the end of 2017 for new space at 609 E Main.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 756]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014235-0011-0000", "contents": "1600 Smith Street, History\nIn 2011 Chevron renewed a lease for 311,000 square feet (28,900\u00a0m2) of space for seven years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014235-0012-0000", "contents": "1600 Smith Street, History\nAs of July 2018, the building was 69% leased with over 500,000 square feet available.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014235-0013-0000", "contents": "1600 Smith Street, Design\nContinental Center I includes a blue lighting pattern on the roof that displays the Continental Airlines logo. The light had been kept off for a period before 2010. After Continental had occupied the building, the airline wanted to display its logo on the roof of Continental Center I. The City of Houston had a 1993 ordinance restricting the height of any new signs in Downtown Houston to 42.5 feet (13.0\u00a0m).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 25], "content_span": [26, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014235-0013-0001", "contents": "1600 Smith Street, Design\nOn Wednesday August 2, 2000, the Houston City Council voted 10\u20134 to stop enforcing the informal agreement and enact a new law that exempts a company from the height restriction if the national headquarters of a company occupies 45 percent or more of a Downtown Houston building of over 750,000 square feet (70,000\u00a0m2) of usable space.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 25], "content_span": [26, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014235-0013-0002", "contents": "1600 Smith Street, Design\nThe Mayor of Houston, Lee P. Brown, said that he supported the ordinance change since it was a promise made by Bob Lanier to the airline in exchange for enticing the company to move its headquarters to Continental Center I. Opponents of the change feared that company logos would become more prevalent in the Downtown Houston skyline.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 25], "content_span": [26, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014236-0000-0000", "contents": "1600 Vyssotsky\n1600 Vyssotsky, provisional designation 1947 UC, is a rare-type Hungaria asteroid and suspected interloper from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 7 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 22 October 1947, by American astronomer Carl Wirtanen at Lick Observatory in California, United States. It was named after astronomer Alexander Vyssotsky.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014236-0001-0000", "contents": "1600 Vyssotsky, Classification and orbit\nVyssotsky is a rare A-type asteroid. Based on its orbital characteristics, it is member of the Hungaria family, that form the last, innermost dense concentration of asteroids in the Solar System. However, due to its rare type, it is a suspected interloper, as Hungarias typically show a different E-type spectra. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.8\u20131.9\u00a0AU once every 2 years and 6 months (918 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.04 and an inclination of 21\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. Vyssotsky's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation, as no precoveries were taken, and no prior identifications were made.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 706]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014236-0002-0000", "contents": "1600 Vyssotsky, Lightcurves\nBetween 1999 and 2014, several rotational lightcurves of Vyssotsky were obtained by American astronomer Brian D. Warner at his Palmer Divide Observatory, Colorado (see video in \u00a7\u00a0External links). Light-curve analysis gave a concurring rotation period of 3.201 hours with an averaged brightness variation of 0.18 magnitude (U=2/3/3/3/3/3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014236-0003-0000", "contents": "1600 Vyssotsky, Lightcurves\nAdditional well-defined lightcurves were obtained by astronomers Domenico Licchelli in November 2005 (U=3-), Raymond Poncy, Raoul Behrend, Ren\u00e9 Roy, Reiner Stoss, Jaime Nomen, Salvador Sanchez also in November 2005 (U=3), David Higgins in May 2007 (U=3), Michael Lucas in November 2010 (U=2+), as well as by Hiromi Hamanowa and Hiroko Hamanowa also in November 2010 (U=3). The most recent photometric observation was made by Robert D. Stephens in September 2015, giving a period of 3.204 hours with an amplitude of 0.24 magnitude (U=3). In spite of its many observations, Vyssotsky's spin axis and spin direction can not be determined with certainty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 678]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014236-0004-0000", "contents": "1600 Vyssotsky, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Vyssotsky measures between 6.29 and 7.50 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.321 and 0.547. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.3 and calculates a diameter of 7.00 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 12.7.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 35], "content_span": [36, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014236-0005-0000", "contents": "1600 Vyssotsky, Naming\nThis minor planet was named in honor of Russian\u2013American astronomer Alexander Vyssotsky (1888\u20131973), who joined the faculty of the University of Virginia in 1923 and stayed at the McCormick Observatory on Mount Jefferson, Virginia, for 35 years. He was active in the fields of photometry, astrometry and spectral classification. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 February 1976 (M.P.C. 3931).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014237-0000-0000", "contents": "1600 in Belgium\nEvents in the year 1600 in the Spanish Netherlands and Prince-bishopric of Li\u00e8ge (predecessor states of modern Belgium).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014243-0000-0000", "contents": "1600 in Scotland\nEvents from the year 1600 in the Kingdom of Scotland", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 69]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014246-0000-0000", "contents": "1600 in literature\nThis article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1600.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014248-0000-0000", "contents": "1600 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014248-0001-0000", "contents": "1600 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014248-0002-0000", "contents": "1600 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014249-0000-0000", "contents": "1600 in science\nThe year 1600 CE in science and technology included some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 92]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014250-0000-0000", "contents": "1600 meters\n1600 meters is a middle distance track and field running event. It is a standardized event in track meets conducted by the NFHS in American high school competition. When the organization went through metrication, finalized with their 1980 rule book, the 4 lap around a 440 yard, Imperial measured mile run, was replaced by the closest metric distance, 4 laps around a 400 meter track. That decision is not without controversy. The race is 9.344 meters shorter. Other organizations have followed the lead of the IAAF and use the 1500 meters as the closest equivalent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014250-0001-0000", "contents": "1600 meters\nThe current male high school record holder in the 1600 is Alan Webb from South Lakes High School in Reston, Virginia. He ran 3:59.51 at the Arcadia Invitational against high school athletes on April 14, 2001. Six weeks later, while running a mile against seasoned international runners at the Prefontaine Classic, he was timed in 3:51.83. Many, including Track and Field News recognize the faster time, since he was technically still in high school at the time, but NFHS only recognizes the race against other high school competitors. The female record is less disputed as Alexa Efraimson from Camas High School in Camas, Washington ran her 4:33.29 at the Washington State 4A Championships exclusively against other high school girls.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 746]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014250-0002-0000", "contents": "1600 meters\n1600 meters is also the distance of the final leg of a distance medley relay, because it is an even 4 laps where at 3.75 laps, the 1500 would require the start line or finish line to be moved.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014250-0003-0000", "contents": "1600 meters\nThe term when used in the phrase 1600 meter relay, usually is referring to the 4x400 meter relay, however the 2-2-4-8 version of the sprint medley relay is also 1600 meters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014251-0000-0000", "contents": "1600s (decade)\nThe 1600s ran from January 1, 1600, to December 31, 1609.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 72]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014251-0001-0000", "contents": "1600s (decade), Births\nGauthier de Costes, seigneur de la Calpren\u00e8de, French novelist and dramatist (d. 1663)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014252-0000-0000", "contents": "1600s BC (decade)\nThe 1600s BC was a decade lasting from January 1, 1609 BC to December 31, 1600 BC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014253-0000-0000", "contents": "1600s in England\nEvents from the 1600s in England. This decade marks the end of the Elizabethan era with the beginning of the Jacobean era and the Stuart period.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014254-0000-0000", "contents": "1600s in South Africa\nThe following lists events that happened during the 1600s in South Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 96]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014255-0000-0000", "contents": "1600s in archaeology\nThe decade of the 1600s in archaeology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014256-0000-0000", "contents": "1600th Air Transport Group\nThe 1600th Air Transport Group is a discontinued United States Air Force unit. It was last assigned to the Atlantic Division, Military Air Transport Service at Westover Air Force Base, Massachusetts. It provided strategic airlift between the United States and Europe until it was discontinued on 19 June 1955.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014256-0001-0000", "contents": "1600th Air Transport Group, History\nThe group was formed from the personnel and equipment of the 1st Air Transport Group (Provisional), a C-54 Skymaster unit of Air Transport Command (ATC) at Westover when Military Air Transport Service (MATS) replaced ATC in 1948. The 1st had been organized as the operational element of the 2d Air Transport Wing (Provisional) Under the experimental wing base (Hobson Plan) organization system. When the 1600th was organized it became the operational element of the 520th Air Transport Wing (later the 1600th Air Transport Wing).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014256-0002-0000", "contents": "1600th Air Transport Group, History\nThe group became Atlantic Division, Military Air Transport Service's primary strategic transport airlift provider between the United States and Europe in the late 1940s and early 1950s. In 1953, the group was transferred to the direct control of the Atlantic Division took as the wing was reduced to control of support elements in 1953 in anticipation of transfer of Westover from MATS to Strategic Air Command (SAC). The unit operated large numbers of Douglas C-124 Globemaster II heavy transports, as well as Boeing C-97 Stratofreighters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014256-0002-0001", "contents": "1600th Air Transport Group, History\nIt provided passenger service on Navy Douglas R6D-1 Liftmasters and supported VIP transportation for Atlantic Division Headquarters at Westover. In the summer of 1948, the group's 16th Air Transport Squadron was reassigned directly to the Atlantic Division and in the fall it became part of Continental Division, MATS and moved to Gravelly Point, Virginia where it became a forerunner of the 89th Airlift Wing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014256-0003-0000", "contents": "1600th Air Transport Group, History\nIn July 1952, MATS replaced its table of distribution (four digit) air transport squadrons, which were controlled by the command with table of organization units whose organization was controlled by Headquarters, United States Air Force (USAF). The USAF controlled units were ferrying and transport squadrons that had been assigned to ATC during World War II. Unlike the MATS controlled squadrons that had been formed in peacetime, these units had histories that included wartime actions and could be continued even after inactivation. Each of the new squadrons assumed the mission, personnel, and equipment of the squadron it replaced.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014256-0004-0000", "contents": "1600th Air Transport Group, History\nThe group was inactivated in 1955 when MATS moved its Atlantic Division headquarters and airlift operations to McGuire AFB, New Jersey and SAC assumed control of Westover AFB.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014256-0005-0000", "contents": "1600th Air Transport Group, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 52], "content_span": [53, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014257-0000-0000", "contents": "1600th Anniversary of the Foundation of Venice\nOn 25 March 2021, Venice will be celebrating the 1,600th anniversary of its founding.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014257-0001-0000", "contents": "1600th Anniversary of the Foundation of Venice, The foundation of Venice\nThe foundation of Venice is generally considered borne witness to by a manuscript by Chronicon Altinate and, in a more recent era, by Marin Sanudo, who described the massive fire of the Rialto bridge in 1514, stating that: \"Solum rest\u00f2 in piedi la chiexia di San Giacomo di Rialto, la qual fu la prima chiexia edificata in Venetia dil 421 a d\u00ec 25 Marzo, come in le nostre croniche si leze\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 72], "content_span": [73, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014257-0002-0000", "contents": "1600th Anniversary of the Foundation of Venice, The foundation of Venice\nIn an Italy hard hit by the COVID-19 pandemic with a total absence of tourists, with travel blocks both in European nations and Italian regions, the city of Venice celebrates the 1600th anniversary of its foundation  with a program of events organized and promoted by local bodies and institutions, which will include exhibitions, museum and city tours, conferences and seminars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 72], "content_span": [73, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014257-0003-0000", "contents": "1600th Anniversary of the Foundation of Venice, La Fenice\nOn April 26, 2021, the La Fenice theater in Venice reopened to the public, after being stopped due COVID-19 pandemic, albeit with a few and distant audience, with a concert by Giuseppe Verdi. All 250 seats available in the Gallery were sold out in a very short time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 57], "content_span": [58, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014257-0004-0000", "contents": "1600th Anniversary of the Foundation of Venice, Venetian Arsenal\nG20 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors Meeting and side events. From 8 to 11 July 2021.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 64], "content_span": [65, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014257-0005-0000", "contents": "1600th Anniversary of the Foundation of Venice, Venetian Arsenal\nG20 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors (FMCBG) will meet for the 3rdtime under the Italian G20 Presidency on Friday 9 and Saturday 10 July 2021 in Venice. From Thursday 8 to Sunday 11 July, within  the  context  of  the  G20  FMCBG  Venice  Meeting, a number of side events will also be held at the Venetian  Arsenal. These  include  the G20-OECD Global Forum on Productivity, the G20 International Tax Symposium and the International Conference on Climate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 64], "content_span": [65, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014257-0006-0000", "contents": "1600th Anniversary of the Foundation of Venice, The feast of the Redeemer\nThe Feast of the Redeemer is scheduled for July 17, 2021, the religious festival established in memory of the end of the plague pandemic that hit Venice between 1575 and 1577 is accompanied by a fireworks display of particular beauty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 73], "content_span": [74, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014257-0007-0000", "contents": "1600th Anniversary of the Foundation of Venice, The decree law to protect Venice\nOn 1 August 2021, large ships will no longer be able to transit in front of San Marco and on the Giudecca canal. This was established by the decree law approved on the afternoon of 13 July 2021 by the Council of Ministers. Compensation is foreseen for companies that will be harmed by this decision. Cruise ships will be able to temporarily dock in Marghera. The decree law, approved by the Council of Ministers, provides for the prohibition of navigation in Venice and in the maritime routes defined as being of cultural interest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 80], "content_span": [81, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014257-0008-0000", "contents": "1600th Anniversary of the Foundation of Venice, The decree law to protect Venice\nThe navigation ban is envisaged for ships with at least one of these characteristics: - more than 25,000 gross tonnage; - more than 180 meters in length; - more than 35 meters high - production of more than 0.1% of sulfur. A guarantee fund is foreseen to a contribution to related companies and workers. Ships that do not have the aforementioned four characteristics, and which are therefore considered sustainable, will be able to continue to dock (these are cruise ships with around 200 passengers). The decree will enter into force the day after its publication in the Gazzetta Ufficiale.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 80], "content_span": [81, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014258-0000-0000", "contents": "1600\u20131650 in Western European fashion\nFashion in the period 1600\u20131650 in Western European clothing is characterized by the disappearance of the ruff in favour of broad lace or linen collars. Waistlines rose through the period for both men and women. Other notable fashions included full, slashed sleeves and tall or broad hats with brims. For men, hose disappeared in favour of breeches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014258-0001-0000", "contents": "1600\u20131650 in Western European fashion\nThe silhouette, which was essentially close to the body with tight sleeves and a low, pointed waist to around 1615, gradually softened and broadened. Sleeves became very full, and in the 1620s and 1630s were often paned or slashed to show the voluminous sleeves of the shirt or chemise beneath.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014258-0002-0000", "contents": "1600\u20131650 in Western European fashion\nSpanish fashions remained very conservative. The ruff lingered longest in Spain and the Netherlands, but disappeared first for men and later for women in France and England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014258-0003-0000", "contents": "1600\u20131650 in Western European fashion\nThe social tensions leading to the English Civil War were reflected in English fashion, with the elaborate French styles popular at the courts of James I and his son Charles I contrasting with the sober styles in sadd colours favoured by Puritans and exported to the early settlements of New England (see below).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014258-0004-0000", "contents": "1600\u20131650 in Western European fashion\nIn the early decades of the century, a trend among poets and artists to adopt a fashionable pose of melancholia is reflected in fashion, where the characteristic touches are dark colours, open collars, unbuttoned robes or doublets, and a generally disheveled appearance, accompanied in portraits by world-weary poses and sad expressions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014258-0005-0000", "contents": "1600\u20131650 in Western European fashion, Fashions influenced by royal courts, Fabric and patterns\nFigured silks with elaborate pomegranate or artichoke patterns are still seen in this period, especially in Spain, but a lighter style of scrolling floral motifs, woven or embroidered, was popular, especially in England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 95], "content_span": [96, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014258-0006-0000", "contents": "1600\u20131650 in Western European fashion, Fashions influenced by royal courts, Fabric and patterns\nThe great flowering of needlelace occurred in this period. Geometric reticella deriving from cutwork was elaborated into true needlelace or punto in aria (called in England \"point lace\"), which also reflected the popular scrolling floral designs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 95], "content_span": [96, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014258-0007-0000", "contents": "1600\u20131650 in Western European fashion, Fashions influenced by royal courts, Fabric and patterns\nIn England, embroidered linen silk jackets fastened with ribbon ties were fashionable for both men and women from c. 1600\u20131620, as was reticella tinted with yellow starch. Overgowns with split sleeves (often trimmed with horizontal rows of braid) were worn by both men and women.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 95], "content_span": [96, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014258-0008-0000", "contents": "1600\u20131650 in Western European fashion, Fashions influenced by royal courts, Fabric and patterns\nFrom the 1620s, surface ornament fell out of fashion in favour of solid-colour satins, and functional ribbon bows or points became elaborate masses of rosettes and looped trim.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 95], "content_span": [96, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014258-0009-0000", "contents": "1600\u20131650 in Western European fashion, Fashions influenced by royal courts, Portraiture and fantasy\nIn England from the 1630s, under the influence of literature and especially court masques, Anthony van Dyck and his followers created a fashion for having one's portrait painted in exotic, historical or pastoral dress, or in simplified contemporary fashion with various scarves, cloaks, mantles, and jewels added to evoke a classic or romantic mood, and also to prevent the portrait appearing dated within a few years. These paintings are the progenitors of the fashion of the later 17th century for having one's portrait painted in undress, and do not necessarily reflect clothing as it was actually worn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 99], "content_span": [100, 706]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014258-0010-0000", "contents": "1600\u20131650 in Western European fashion, Women's fashions, Gowns, bodices, and petticoats\nIn the early years of the new century, fashionable bodices had high necklines or extremely low, rounded necklines, and short wings at the shoulders. Separate closed cartwheel ruffs were sometimes worn, with the standing collar, supported by a small wire frame or supportasse used for more casual wear and becoming more common later. Long sleeves were worn with deep cuffs to match the ruff. The cartwheel ruff disappeared in fashionable England by 1613.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 87], "content_span": [88, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014258-0011-0000", "contents": "1600\u20131650 in Western European fashion, Women's fashions, Gowns, bodices, and petticoats\nBy the mid-1620s, styles were relaxing. Ruffs were discarded in favor of wired collars which were called rebatos in continental Europe and, later, wide, flat collars. By the 1630s and 1640s, collars were accompanied by kerchiefs similar to the linen kerchiefs worn by middle-class women in the previous century; often the collar and kerchief were trimmed with matching lace.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 87], "content_span": [88, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014258-0012-0000", "contents": "1600\u20131650 in Western European fashion, Women's fashions, Gowns, bodices, and petticoats\nBodices were long-waisted at the beginning of the century, but waistlines rose steadily to the mid-1630s before beginning to drop again. In the second decade of the 17th century, short tabs developed attached to the bottom of the bodice covering the bum-roll which supported the skirts. These tabs grew longer during the 1620s and were worn with a stomacher which filled the gap between the two front edges of the bodice. By 1640, the long tabs had almost disappeared and a longer, smoother figure became fashionable: The waist returned to normal height at the back and sides with a low point at the front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 87], "content_span": [88, 694]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014258-0013-0000", "contents": "1600\u20131650 in Western European fashion, Women's fashions, Gowns, bodices, and petticoats\nThe long, tight sleeves of the early 17th century grew shorter, fuller, and looser. A common style of the 1620s and 1630s was the virago sleeve, a full, slashed sleeve gathered into two puffs by a ribbon or other trim above the elbow.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 87], "content_span": [88, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014258-0014-0000", "contents": "1600\u20131650 in Western European fashion, Women's fashions, Gowns, bodices, and petticoats\nIn France and England, lightweight bright or pastel-coloured satins replaced dark, heavy fabrics. As in other periods, painters tended to avoid the difficulty of painting striped fabrics; it is clear from inventories that these were common. Short strings of pearls were fashionable.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 87], "content_span": [88, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014258-0015-0000", "contents": "1600\u20131650 in Western European fashion, Women's fashions, Gowns, bodices, and petticoats\nUnfitted gowns (called nightgowns in England) with long hanging sleeves, short open sleeves, or no sleeves at all were worn over the bodice and skirt and tied with a ribbon sash at the waist. In England of the 1610s and 1620s, a loose nightgown was often worn over an embroidered jacket called a waistcoat and a contrasting embroidered petticoat, without a farthingale. Black gowns were worn for the most formal occasions; they fell out of fashion in England in the 1630s in favour of gowns to match the bodice and petticoat, but remained an important item of clothing on the Continent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 87], "content_span": [88, 674]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014258-0016-0000", "contents": "1600\u20131650 in Western European fashion, Women's fashions, Gowns, bodices, and petticoats\nAt least in the Netherlands the open-fronted overgown or vlieger was strictly reserved for married women. Before marriage the bouwen, \"a dress with a fitted bodice and a skirt that was closed all round\" was worn instead; it was known in England as a \"Dutch\" or \"round gown\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 87], "content_span": [88, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014258-0017-0000", "contents": "1600\u20131650 in Western European fashion, Women's fashions, Gowns, bodices, and petticoats\nSkirts might be open in front to reveal an underskirt or petticoat until about 1630, or closed all around; closed skirts were sometimes carried or worn looped up to reveal a petticoat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 87], "content_span": [88, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014258-0018-0000", "contents": "1600\u20131650 in Western European fashion, Women's fashions, Gowns, bodices, and petticoats\nCorsets were shorter to suit the new bodices, and might have a very stiff busk in the center front extending to the depth of the stomacher. Skirts were held in the proper shape by a padded roll or French farthingale holding the skirts out in a rounded shape at the waist, falling in soft folds to the floor. The drum or wheel farthingale was worn at the English court until the death of Anne of Denmark in 1619.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 87], "content_span": [88, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014258-0019-0000", "contents": "1600\u20131650 in Western European fashion, Women's fashions, Hairstyles and headdresses\nTo about 1613, hair was worn feathered high over the forehead. Married women wore their hair in a linen coif or cap, often with lace trim. Tall hats like those worn by men were adopted for outdoor wear.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 83], "content_span": [84, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014258-0020-0000", "contents": "1600\u20131650 in Western European fashion, Women's fashions, Hairstyles and headdresses\nIn a characteristic style of 1625\u20131650, hair was worn in loose waves to the shoulders on the sides, with the rest of the hair gathered or braided into a high bun at the back of the head. A short fringe or bangs might be worn with this style. Very fashionable married women abandoned the linen cap and wore their hair uncovered or with a hat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 83], "content_span": [84, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014258-0021-0000", "contents": "1600\u20131650 in Western European fashion, Men's fashions, Shirts, doublets, and jerkins\nLinen shirts had deep cuffs. Shirt sleeves became fuller throughout the period. To the 1620s, a collar wired to stick out horizontally, called a whisk, was popular. Other styles included an unstarched ruff-like collar and, later, a rectangular falling band lying on the shoulders. Pointed Van Dyke beards, named after the painter Anthony van Dyck, were fashionable, and men often grew a large, wide moustache, as well. Doublets were pointed and fitted close to the body, with tight sleeves, to about 1615. Gradually waistlines rose and sleeves became fuller, and both body and upper sleeves might be slashed to show the shirt beneath. By 1640, doublets were full and unfitted, and might be open at the front below the high waist to show the shirt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 84], "content_span": [85, 832]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014258-0022-0000", "contents": "1600\u20131650 in Western European fashion, Men's fashions, Shirts, doublets, and jerkins\nSleeveless leather jerkins were worn by soldiers and are seen in portraits, but otherwise the jerkin rapidly fell out of fashion for indoor wear.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 84], "content_span": [85, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014258-0023-0000", "contents": "1600\u20131650 in Western European fashion, Men's fashions, Hose and breeches\nGPaned or pansied trunk hose or round hose, padded hose with strips of fabric (panes) over a full inner layer or lining, were worn early in the period, over cannions, fitted hose that ended above the knee. Trunk hose were longer than in the previous period, and were pear-shaped, with less fullness at the waist and more at mid-thigh.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 72], "content_span": [73, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014258-0024-0000", "contents": "1600\u20131650 in Western European fashion, Men's fashions, Hose and breeches\nSlops or galligaskins, loose hose reaching just below the knee, replaced all other styles of hose by the 1620s, and were now generally called breeches. Breeches might be fastened up the outer leg with buttons or buckles over a full lining.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 72], "content_span": [73, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014258-0025-0000", "contents": "1600\u20131650 in Western European fashion, Men's fashions, Hose and breeches\nFrom 1600 to c. 1630, hose or breeches were fastened to doublets by means of ties or points, short laces or ribbons pulled through matching sets of worked eyelets. Points were tied in bows at the waist and became more elaborate until they disappeared with the very short waisted doublets of the late 1630s. Decorated metal tips on points were called aiguillettes or aiglets, and those of the wealthy were made of precious metals set with pearls and other gemstones.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 72], "content_span": [73, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014258-0026-0000", "contents": "1600\u20131650 in Western European fashion, Men's fashions, Hose and breeches\nSpanish breeches, rather stiff ungathered breeches, were also popular throughout the era.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 72], "content_span": [73, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014258-0027-0000", "contents": "1600\u20131650 in Western European fashion, Men's fashions, Outerwear\nGowns were worn early in the period, but fell out of fashion in the 1620s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 64], "content_span": [65, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014258-0028-0000", "contents": "1600\u20131650 in Western European fashion, Men's fashions, Outerwear\nShort cloaks or capes, usually hip-length, often with sleeves, were worn by fashionable men, usually slung artistically over the left shoulder, even indoors; a fashion of the 1630s matched the cape fabric to the breeches and its lining to the doublet. Long cloaks were worn for inclement weather.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 64], "content_span": [65, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014258-0029-0000", "contents": "1600\u20131650 in Western European fashion, Men's fashions, Hairstyles and Headgear\nEarly in the period, hair was worn collar-length and brushed back from the forehead; very fashionable men wore a single long strand of hair called a lovelock over one shoulder. Hairstyles grew longer through the period, and long curls were fashionable by the late 1630s and 1640s, pointing toward the ascendance of the wig in the 1660s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 78], "content_span": [79, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014258-0030-0000", "contents": "1600\u20131650 in Western European fashion, Men's fashions, Hairstyles and Headgear\nTo about 1620, the fashionable hat was the capotain, with a tall conical crown rounded at the top and a narrow brim. By the 1630s, the crown was shorter and the brim was wider, often worn cocked or pinned up on one side and decorated with a mass of ostrich plumes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 78], "content_span": [79, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014258-0031-0000", "contents": "1600\u20131650 in Western European fashion, Men's fashions, Hairstyles and Headgear\nClose-fitting caps called coifs or biggins were worn only by young children and old men under their hats or alone indoors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 78], "content_span": [79, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014258-0032-0000", "contents": "1600\u20131650 in Western European fashion, Footwear\nFlat shoes were worn to around 1610, when a low heel became popular. The ribbon tie over the instep that had appeared on late sixteenth century shoes grew into elaborate lace or ribbon rosettes called shoe roses that were worn by the most fashionable men and women.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 47], "content_span": [48, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014258-0033-0000", "contents": "1600\u20131650 in Western European fashion, Footwear\nBy the 1620s, heeled boots became popular for indoor as well as outdoor wear. The boots themselves were usually turned down below the knee; boot tops became wider until the \"bucket-top\" boot associated with The Three Musketeers appeared in the 1630s. Spurs straps featured decorative butterfly-shaped spur leathers over the instep.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 47], "content_span": [48, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014258-0034-0000", "contents": "1600\u20131650 in Western European fashion, Footwear\nWooden clogs or pattens were worn outdoors over shoes and boots to keep the high heels from sinking into soft dirt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 47], "content_span": [48, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014258-0035-0000", "contents": "1600\u20131650 in Western European fashion, Footwear\nStockings had elaborate clocks or embroidery at the ankles early in the period. Boothose of stout linen were worn under boots to protect fine knitted stockings; these could be trimmed with lace.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 47], "content_span": [48, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014258-0036-0000", "contents": "1600\u20131650 in Western European fashion, Children's fashion\nToddler boys wore gowns or skirts and doublets until they were breeched.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 57], "content_span": [58, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014258-0037-0000", "contents": "1600\u20131650 in Western European fashion, Children's fashion\n7 \u2013 English, The children of King Charles I of England, 1637", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 57], "content_span": [58, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014258-0038-0000", "contents": "1600\u20131650 in Western European fashion, Children's fashion\n8 \u2013 Dutch, 15-year-old William II, Prince of Orange with his bride, 1641", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 57], "content_span": [58, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014258-0039-0000", "contents": "1600\u20131650 in Western European fashion, Children's fashion\n10 \u2013 French, King Louis XIV and his brother, mid-1640s", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 57], "content_span": [58, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014258-0040-0000", "contents": "1600\u20131650 in Western European fashion, Simplicity of dress\nIn Protestant and Catholic countries, attempts were made to simplify and reform the extravagances of dress. Louis XIII of France issued sumptuary laws in 1629 and 1633 that prohibited lace, gold trim and lavish embroidery for all but the highest nobility and restricting puffs, slashes and bunches of ribbon. The effects of this reform effort are depicted in a series of popular engravings by Abraham Bosse.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 58], "content_span": [59, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014258-0041-0000", "contents": "1600\u20131650 in Western European fashion, Simplicity of dress, Puritan dress\nPuritans advocated a conservative form of fashionable attire, characterized by sadd colors and modest cuts. Gowns with low necklines were filled in with high-necked smocks and wide collars. Married women covered their hair with a linen cap, over which they might wear a tall black hat. Men and women avoided bright colours, shiny fabrics and over-ornamentation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 73], "content_span": [74, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014258-0042-0000", "contents": "1600\u20131650 in Western European fashion, Simplicity of dress, Puritan dress\nContrary to popular belief, most Puritans and Calvinists did not wear black for everyday, especially in England, Scotland and colonial America. Black dye was expensive, faded quickly and black clothing was reserved for the most formal occasions (including having one's portrait painted), for elders in a community and for those of higher rank. Richer puritans, like their Dutch Calvinist contemporaries, probably did wear it often but in silk, often patterned. Typical colours for most were brown, murrey (mulberry, a brownish-maroon), dull greens and tawny colours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 73], "content_span": [74, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014258-0042-0001", "contents": "1600\u20131650 in Western European fashion, Simplicity of dress, Puritan dress\nWool and linen were preferred over silks and satins, though Puritan women of rank wore modest amounts of lace and embroidery as appropriate to their station, believing that the various ranks of society were divinely ordained and should be reflected even in the most modest dress. William Perkins wrote \"...that apparel is necessary for Scholar, the Tradesman, the Countryman, the Gentleman; which serveth not only to defend their bodies from cold, but which belongs also to the place, degree, calling, and condition of them all\" (Cases of Conscience, 1616).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 73], "content_span": [74, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014258-0043-0000", "contents": "1600\u20131650 in Western European fashion, Simplicity of dress, Puritan dress\nSome Puritans rejected the long, curled hair as effeminate and favoured a shorter fashion which led to the nickname Roundheads for adherents of the English Parliamentary party but the taste for lavish or simple dress cut across both parties in the English Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 73], "content_span": [74, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014259-0000-0000", "contents": "1601\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by 208.110.112.135 (talk) at 04:43, 27 July 2021. The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014259-0001-0000", "contents": "1601\n1601 (MDCI) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar. As of the start of 1601, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar. This epoch is the beginning of the 400-year Gregorian leap-year cycle within which digital files first existed; the last year of any such cycle is the only leap year whose year number is divisible by 400 as \"Century leap years\" (2000, 2400, 2800...).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014259-0002-0000", "contents": "1601\nWhile years are evenly divisible by 100 but not by 400 are treated as \"Exceptional common years\" (1700, 1800, 1900, 2100, 2200, 2300, 2500...).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014259-0003-0000", "contents": "1601\nJanuary 1 of this year (1601-01-01) is used as the base of file dates and of Active Directory Logon dates by Microsoft Windows. It is also the date from which ANSI dates are counted and were adopted by the American National Standards Institute for use with COBOL and other computer languages. All versions of the Microsoft Windows operating system from Windows 95 onward count units of one hundred nanoseconds from this epoch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014260-0000-0000", "contents": "1601 (Mark Twain)\n[ Date: 1601.] Conversation, as it was by the Social Fireside, in the Time of the Tudors. or simply 1601 is the title of a short risqu\u00e9 squib by Mark Twain, first published anonymously in 1880, and finally acknowledged by the author in 1906.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014260-0001-0000", "contents": "1601 (Mark Twain)\nWritten as an extract from the diary of one of Queen Elizabeth I's ladies-in-waiting, the pamphlet purports to record a conversation between Elizabeth and several famous writers of the day. The topics discussed are entirely scatological, notably flatulence, flatulence humor, and sex.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014260-0002-0000", "contents": "1601 (Mark Twain)\n1601 was, according to Edward Wagenknecht, \"the most famous piece of pornography in American literature.\" However, it was more ribaldry than pornography; its content was more in the nature of irreverent and vulgar comedic shock than obscenity for sexual arousal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014260-0003-0000", "contents": "1601 (Mark Twain)\nPrior to the court decisions in the United States in 1959-1966 that legalized the publication of Lady Chatterley's Lover, Tropic of Cancer, and Fanny Hill, the piece continued to be considered unprintable, and was circulated clandestinely in privately printed limited editions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014260-0004-0000", "contents": "1601 (Mark Twain), Content\nThe diarist describes a conversation in the presence of the queen between various famous Elizabethans during which one of the company passes gas:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014260-0005-0000", "contents": "1601 (Mark Twain), Content\nThe Queen inquires as to the source, and receives various replies. \"Lady Alice\" and \"Lady Margery\" both deny passing gas, the first saying:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014260-0006-0000", "contents": "1601 (Mark Twain), Content\nBen Jonson, Francis Bacon and William Shakespeare (referred to as 'Shaxpur') also deny having passed gas, though they have different opinions about the merits of flatulence. Bacon considers it a \"great performance\" beyond his abilities, and Shakespeare is astounded by its \"firmament-clogging rottenness\". Walter Raleigh admits to it, but confesses that it was not up to his usual standards, demonstrating his abilities by letting out an even louder one.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014260-0007-0000", "contents": "1601 (Mark Twain), Content\nFrom there, the talk proceeds to manners and customs. Shakespeare tells a story about a prince with an enormous sexual appetite, taking ten \"maidenheddes\" a night followed by copious masturbation. Raleigh describes an American tribe, members of which have sex only once every seven years. The queen speaks to a young lady-in-waiting who comments on the growth of her pubic hair, on which Francis Beaumont compliments her. The queen says that Francois Rabelais had once told her about a man who had a \"double pair\" of bollocks, which leads to a discussion on the correct spelling of the word.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014260-0008-0000", "contents": "1601 (Mark Twain), Content\nShakespeare then reads from his works Henry IV and Venus and Adonis, which the diarist says she finds tedious. She then comments on the sexual misadventures of the people present, remarking that \"when pricks were stiff and cunts not loathe to take ye stiffness out of them, who of this company was sinless\". Alice and Margery were \"whores from ye cradle\", but now they are old they spout religion. The characters then discuss the work of Cervantes and an up-and-coming young painter called Rubens.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014260-0009-0000", "contents": "1601 (Mark Twain), Content\nThe \"diary\" ends with a story told by Raleigh about a woman who avoided being raped by an \"olde archbishoppe\" by asking him to urinate in front of her, which rendered him impotent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014260-0010-0000", "contents": "1601 (Mark Twain), Publication history\nThe squib was originally written in 1876 for \"a highly respectable, all-male writing group\" as an exercise in the style of Rabelais. It was first published in the \"incredibly rare\" Cleveland edition of 1880, which is believed to number only four copies. The original edition was anonymous. While visiting West Point in 1881, Twain discovered that a man he met there, Charles Erskine Scott Wood, had access to a private printing press. Twain asked Wood to print off a new edition of fifty copies (now known as the \"West Point edition\") which came out in 1882. Twain acknowledged authorship in 1906.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 38], "content_span": [39, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014260-0011-0000", "contents": "1601 (Mark Twain), Publication history\nThe skit remained unprintable by mainstream publishers until the 1960s. It continued to be published by small private presses. Its characterization as \"pornography\" was satirized by Franklin J. Meine in the introduction to the 1939 edition. Another little-known edition was printed from hand-set type by John Hecht in Chicago in 1951.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 38], "content_span": [39, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014260-0012-0000", "contents": "1601 (Mark Twain), Publication history\nIn 1978 the \"Lazarus Edition\" of 200 copies was published. It consisted of newly discovered pages of a private printing from the 20's with a new, wood engraved portrait of Mark Twain, made by Barry Moser.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 38], "content_span": [39, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014261-0000-0000", "contents": "1601 in Belgium\nEvents in the year 1601 in the Spanish Netherlands and Prince-bishopric of Li\u00e8ge (predecessor states of modern Belgium).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014263-0000-0000", "contents": "1601 in Germany, Deaths\nThis year in Europe article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014268-0000-0000", "contents": "1601 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1601.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014269-0000-0000", "contents": "1601 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014270-0000-0000", "contents": "1601 in science\nThe year 1601 CE in science and technology included many events, some of which are listed below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014271-0000-0000", "contents": "1601 to 1700 in sports\nSports became increasingly popular in England and Ireland through the 17th century and there are several references to cricket and horse racing, while bare-knuckle boxing was revived. The interest of gamblers in these sports gave rise to professionalism. The first known attempts to organise football took place in Ireland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014272-0000-0000", "contents": "1602\n1602 (MDCII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar, the 1602nd year of the Common Era (CE), and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 602nd year of the 2nd millennium, the 2nd year of the 17th century, and the 3rd year of the 1600s decade. As of the start of 1602, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014273-0000-0000", "contents": "1602 AM\nCopies of the World Radio TV Handbook (including the 1991 edition) have identified 1602 kHz as a local frequency, akin to the Class C (former Class IV) radio stations in North America which are limited to 1kW.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014273-0001-0000", "contents": "1602 AM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1602 kHz:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 72]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014274-0000-0000", "contents": "1602 Indiana\n1602 Indiana, provisional designation 1950 GF, is a stony Florian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 8 kilometers in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014274-0001-0000", "contents": "1602 Indiana\nIt was discovered on 14 March 1950, by IU's Indiana Asteroid Program at Goethe Link Observatory near Brooklyn, Indiana, in the United States. It was later named after the U.S. state of Indiana and for Indiana University.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014274-0002-0000", "contents": "1602 Indiana, Classification and orbit\nIndiana is a member of the Flora family, a large collisional group of stony S-type asteroids in the inner main-belt. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.0\u20132.5\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 4 months (1,229 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.10 and an inclination of 4\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. Indiana was first identified as 1943 DJ at Turku Observatory in Finland, extending the body's observation arc by 7 years prior to its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014274-0003-0000", "contents": "1602 Indiana, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nThree rotational lightcurves of Indiana were obtained from photometric observations taken by astronomer Michael Pietschnig, Gary Vander Haagen and Michael Fleenor in Spring 2007. The lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period between 2.57 and 2.61 hours with a change in brightness of 0.12 to 0.19 magnitude, respectively (U=2/3/3-).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 55], "content_span": [56, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014274-0004-0000", "contents": "1602 Indiana, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Indiana measures between 7.97 and 8.52 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.250 and 0.297. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.24 \u2013 derived from 8\u00a0Flora, the largest member and namesake of this family \u2013 and calculates a diameter of 8.62 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 12.49.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014274-0005-0000", "contents": "1602 Indiana, Naming\nThis minor planet was named for the U.S. state of Indiana and for Indiana University with its astronomy department, which is the parent institution of the discovering Goethe Link Observatory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014274-0006-0000", "contents": "1602 Indiana, Naming\nOriginally the discovery was credited to Beryl H. Potter (1900\u20131985), after whom the asteroid 1729 Beryl is named. She was research assistant at the Indiana University, who participated in the program of minor planet observations from 1949 to 1966. During this period, she analysed nearly 6,300 photographic plates, measuring the positions of minor planets and reporting lost asteroids to IAU's Minor Planet Circulars (MPCs) for publication.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014274-0006-0001", "contents": "1602 Indiana, Naming\nHowever, according to Frank K. Edmondson (1912\u20132008), chairman of the Astronomy Department of Indiana University (also see 1761 Edmondson), there were several assistants involved in blinking the photographic plates during the first years of the program. The discovery was therefore credited to Indiana University, instead. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center in January 1955 (M.P.C. 1171).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014276-0000-0000", "contents": "1602 in Germany, Deaths\nThis year in Europe article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014281-0000-0000", "contents": "1602 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1602.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014282-0000-0000", "contents": "1602 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014283-0000-0000", "contents": "1602 in science\nThe year 1602 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014284-0000-0000", "contents": "1602: New World\n1602: New World is a five-issue Marvel Comics limited series and is the sequel to the 1602 limited series, and as such is set in the year 1602 in the same continuity as the original series and picks up where 1602 left off. This time the story is written by Greg Pak and illustrated by Greg Tocchini.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014284-0001-0000", "contents": "1602: New World, Plot\nThe story takes place largely on Roanoke Island, which is governed by Ananias Dare. His daughter Virginia and Peter Parquagh (this world's Spider-Man) are fighting an invasion of dinosaurs, and tensions between the colonists and Native Americans are increasing, with Englishman Norman Osborne attempting to cheat the natives out of the island. Unrest about metahumans is also increasing, led by newspaperman J. Jonah Jameson. Osbourne is quick to blame this on the natives and Rojhaz (this world's Captain America).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014284-0002-0000", "contents": "1602: New World, Plot\nThis world's Hulk (David Banner) has apparently killed King James, and is wondering where his allegiances lie. He is identified on Roanoke Island by Peter. Banner is an enemy of the colony after attempting to kill Sir Nicholas Fury, and is almost executed, but is reprieved and taken by the dinosaurs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014284-0003-0000", "contents": "1602: New World, Plot\nIn London, King James, who is still alive, tells Lord Iron (this world's Iron Man) to retrieve Banner, whom the King is worried about. Iron's arrival in the New World with Rhodes and Captain Ross is violent. Dare is ultimately arrested for treason for his declaration of independence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014284-0004-0000", "contents": "1602: New World, Plot\nOsborne and Ross plot to capture the Source, which gives the metahumans their power, but Peter interferes and tells their plans to policeman Dougan. Virginia forces Iron and Rhodes to forswear their loyalty to the English.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014284-0005-0000", "contents": "1602: New World, Plot\nDougan, the Spider (Peter), and Dougan's men free Ananias. while fighting begins between the natives and the English. with the Spider. The natives and the Hulk arrive and begin to fight the English and Lord Iron. Osborne orders native chieftain Marioac to give him the Source, but is told that it died when Rojhaz left. Virginia orders everybody to stop fighting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014284-0006-0000", "contents": "1602: New World, Plot\nLord Iron makes amends to Banner. Iron and Rhodes decide to stay at the colony, and rebuild Jameson's printing press. Banner leaves with the English soldiers to be executed. The colonists and natives make peace, and Osborne is tried and imprisoned for his crimes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014284-0007-0000", "contents": "1602: New World, Characters, Historical\nJames VI of Scotland and I of England, His firm belief in the Divine Right of Kings and strong views on witchcraft (including the witchbreed) mean he is cast as something of a villain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 39], "content_span": [40, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014284-0008-0000", "contents": "1602: New World, Characters, Historical\nVirginia Dare, the daughter of Ananias Dare, and the first English child born in the Americas. In this world, the Roanoke Colony did not disappear in the 1580s. Inspired by a legend that Virginia was killed in the shape of a white deer, Gaiman gives his version shapeshifting powers. Gaiman has revealed he has told fans that he created Virginia Dare without a Marvel character basis to provide a unique and fully American character to tie in the 1602 universe with our real world.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 39], "content_span": [40, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014284-0009-0000", "contents": "1602: New World, Characters, Heroes\nPeter Parquagh, Peter works at the newspaper run by Jonah Jameson. Near the end of the 1602 series he was bitten by spider giving him strange powers. When he dons a webbed mask and a leather doublet, Parquagh becomes 'The Spider'. Peter also appears to have some feelings for Virginia, even though he is too shy to express them. He is the Spider-Man of 1602.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 35], "content_span": [36, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014284-0010-0000", "contents": "1602: New World, Characters, Heroes\nDavid Banner, was an advisor to James VI and I. Towards the end of 1602 he is caught in the energies of the Anomaly and becomes a brutish monster. He is this world's Incredible Hulk. Uncommonly, The Hulk himself is the hero, being a noble man, seeking to defend the native Indians from the colonists. David Banner is an evil man, a torturer and assassin, who lives in fear of the more noble Hulk, even considering himself damned and lost as a witchbreed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 35], "content_span": [36, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014284-0011-0000", "contents": "1602: New World, Characters, Enemies\nNorman Osborne wants to trick the Native Americans into selling the island of Roanoke. However, they have been educated in the English language by 'Rojhaz' (Captain America from the future) and see the flaw in his contract. He seeks to turn the colony against the natives, because he believes that the natives are hiding something of great value. He may become this world's Green Goblin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 36], "content_span": [37, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014284-0012-0000", "contents": "1602: New World, Characters, Enemies\nLord Iron is a Spaniard weaponeer, famous for his inventions, who was captured during the war against England and forced by long weeks of torture to manufacture new and deadly weapons. He since had a grudge against the man who tortured him\u2014David Banner. We can assume that the painful tortures he was forced to endure had damaged his heart, as the piece of shrapnel damaged the heart of his modern counterpart. He wears a suit of armour powered by electricity, and he is this world's Iron Man. Despite his allegiance, he has no special loyalty towards King James, and merely seeks revenge on David Banner, and by association, the Hulk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 36], "content_span": [37, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014284-0013-0000", "contents": "1602: New World, Characters, Supporting\nJonah Jameson, an Irish-accented newspaper owner in the New World. Exactly like his Marvel Universe counterpart, J. Jonah Jameson, including his dislike of people with \"powers\". His newspaper is called the Daily Trumpet, rather than the Bugle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 39], "content_span": [40, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014284-0014-0000", "contents": "1602: New World, Characters, Supporting\nRhodes is Lord Iron's Moorish engineer. His Marvel Universe counterpart is James Rupert Rhodes, or War Machine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 39], "content_span": [40, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014284-0015-0000", "contents": "1602: New World, Characters, Supporting\nCaptain Ross is the English captain of the vessel that transports Lord Iron to the New World. He is the 1602 manifestation of Marvel's General Thunderbolt Ross, since both men were charged with subduing the Incredible Hulk and his human counterpart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 39], "content_span": [40, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014284-0016-0000", "contents": "1602: New World, Characters, Supporting\nDougan was once part of Fury's army, and was the only member of it to go with the main cast of 1602 to Doom's castle and the new world. Dougan stayed in New World and became the head of the police force, becoming a friend to Dare. He is the counterpart of this worlds Dum Dum Dugan, who is a member of the organization run by Fury.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 39], "content_span": [40, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014284-0017-0000", "contents": "1602: New World, Characters, Supporting\nMarioac  is the leader of the local Native Americans who are feuding with the colonists. She becomes a sort of friend to both Peter and Banner, and is portrayed as a little magical or supernatural. She is not based on a character in the traditional Marvel Universe", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 39], "content_span": [40, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014284-0018-0000", "contents": "1602: New World, Characters, Supporting\nGovernor Dare is the governor of the colony and a wise and heroic man, although not based on a Marvel character.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 39], "content_span": [40, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014284-0019-0000", "contents": "1602: New World, Collected editions\n1602: New World was collected as a trade paperback, published in January 2006 (ISBN\u00a00-7851-1494-7)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 35], "content_span": [36, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014285-0000-0000", "contents": "1603\n1603 (MDCIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar, the 1603rd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 603rd  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 3rd  year of the 17th\u00a0century, and the  4th   year of the 1600s decade. As of the start of 1603, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014287-0000-0000", "contents": "1603 in Germany, Deaths\nThis year in Europe article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014291-0000-0000", "contents": "1603 in literature\nThis article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1603.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014293-0000-0000", "contents": "1603 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014294-0000-0000", "contents": "1603 in science\nThe year 1603 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014295-0000-0000", "contents": "1604\n1604 (MDCIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a leap year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar, the 1604th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 604th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 4th  year of the 17th\u00a0century, and the  5th   year of the 1600s decade. As of the start of 1604, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014296-0000-0000", "contents": "1604 Arica earthquake\nCoordinates: The 1604 Arica earthquake is an earthquake that occurred at 1:30 pm on November 24, 1604, offshore Arica, Chile (formerly part of the Spanish Empire). The estimated magnitude range is 8.0\u20138.5 Ms and possibly as much as 9.0 Mw. It had a destructive tsunami that destroyed Arica and caused major damage at Arequipa. 1,200 km of coastline were affected by the tsunami. The recorded effects of this earthquake are very similar to those for the 1868 Arica event, suggesting a similar magnitude and rupture area of the megathrust between the subducting Nazca Plate and the overriding South American Plate. Tsunami deposits have been identified on the Chatham Islands that are likely to have been caused by a trans-Pacific tsunami caused by the 1604 earthquake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 789]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014297-0000-0000", "contents": "1604 Tombaugh\n1604 Tombaugh, provisional designation 1931 FH, is a rare-type Eos asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 32 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 24 March 1931, by American astronomer Carl Otto Lampland at Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, Arizona, in the United States. It was named after the discoverer of Pluto, Clyde Tombaugh.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014297-0001-0000", "contents": "1604 Tombaugh, Classification and orbit\nTombaugh is a member of the Eos family that orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.7\u20133.3\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 3 months (1,920 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.10 and an inclination of 9\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. Its observation arc begins at Flagstaff, one year prior to its official discovery observation at Lowell Observatory. It had been previously identified at Heidelberg as A920 EC in 1920, and as 1930 DX in 1930.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014297-0002-0000", "contents": "1604 Tombaugh, Physical characteristics\nTombaugh is classified as an X-type asteroid. It is also classified as a rare XSCU type in the Tholen, and as a transitional Xc type in the SMASS taxonomy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014297-0003-0000", "contents": "1604 Tombaugh, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn April 2010 and November 2012, rotational lightcurves of Tombaugh were obtained from photometric observations at Oakley Southern Sky Observatory, Australia, and at Bassano Bresciano Observatory, Italy. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 7.047 and 7.056 hours with a brightness variation of 0.16 and 0.35 magnitude, respectively (U=2+/2+).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 56], "content_span": [57, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014297-0004-0000", "contents": "1604 Tombaugh, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nThese periods supersede previous results obtained by astronomers Claes-Ingvar Lagerkvist (1975), Richard P. Binzel (1984) and Kriszti\u00e1n S\u00e1rneczky (U=1/2/2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 56], "content_span": [57, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014297-0005-0000", "contents": "1604 Tombaugh, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS and the Japanese Akari satellite, Tombaugh measures 28.78 and 32.33 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo of 0.138 and 0.104, respectively. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0933 and a diameter of 32.25 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 10.65.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014297-0006-0000", "contents": "1604 Tombaugh, Naming\nThis minor planet was named for American astronomer Clyde Tombaugh (1906\u20131997), famous for his discovery of Pluto in 1930. The discovering Lowell Observatory named this asteroid on the occasion of a symposium on Pluto, held in 1980. When Tombaugh examined the photographic plates during the trans-Saturnian search program at the Lowell Observatory, he also marked over 4,000 minor planets on these plates. The approved naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 April 1980 (M.P.C. 5280).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014304-0000-0000", "contents": "1604 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1604.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014306-0000-0000", "contents": "1604 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014307-0000-0000", "contents": "1604 in science\nThe year 1604 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014308-0000-0000", "contents": "1605\n1605 (MDCV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar, the 1605th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 605th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 5th  year of the 17th\u00a0century, and the  6th   year of the 1600s decade. As of the start of 1605, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014309-0000-0000", "contents": "1605 (record label)\n1605 (pronounced as sixteen-o-five) is a techno and tech-house record label, founded in 2007 by Slovenian DJ and producer UMEK. With 140 releases by more than 250 artists 1605 is the biggest label UMEK has founded since Recycled Loops and Consumer Recreation. UMEK started the label to promote tracks from talented artists, regardless of their fame and the strength of previous releases.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014309-0001-0000", "contents": "1605 (record label), Creative concept\nThe label's creative concept is based on its sound as well as on its visual appearance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 37], "content_span": [38, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014309-0002-0000", "contents": "1605 (record label), Creative concept\nThe 1605 sound relies on UMEK's creative feeling as he acts as A&R manager and decides personally which tracks are signed by the label. Tracks are usually released digitally and sold online in various outlets such as Beatport, iTunes, Trackitdown, Juno and others. The only project, which was released also on a CD, was UMEK's 2010 album Responding to Dynamic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 37], "content_span": [38, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014309-0003-0000", "contents": "1605 (record label), Creative concept\n1605's music can also be heard on the label's podcast and on websites such as Soundcloud and Mixcloud.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 37], "content_span": [38, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014309-0004-0000", "contents": "1605 (record label), Creative concept\nThe label is also building its recognition by using a distinctive graphic design for artwork (release covers, promo material). Using only artwork in grayscale with occasional yellow tones, all release covers feature parts of vintage pictures from the 1930s Great Depression in the USA and personal drawings by the label's graphic designer Visual Brain Gravity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 37], "content_span": [38, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014310-0000-0000", "contents": "1605 Guangdong earthquake\nQiongshan earthquake(Chinese:\u74ca\u5c71\u5730\u9707) was an earthquake in 1605 on the 13th of July(the 33rd year of reign of emperor wanli,May 28th in the chinese lunar calendar) that struck Hainan and the adjacent Guangdong province in China with an estimated magnitude of 7.5 Ms with a maximum felt intensity of X (extreme) on the Modified Mercalli intensity scale. It caused widespread damage, including the subsidence of large areas of farmland, swamping many villages and several thousand people were killed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014310-0000-0001", "contents": "1605 Guangdong earthquake\nAccording to the chinese records about the event, in the reign of the Wanli Emperor,\"there was a thunderous sound, the public office collapsed and the houses collapsed, and thousands of the dead were crushed in the county.\" and \"the corpse is covered in pillows, bloody, touches the heart, and spit in the sky.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014311-0000-0000", "contents": "1605 Keich\u014d earthquake\nThe 1605 Keich\u014d earthquake (Japanese: \u6176\u9577\u5730\u9707) occurred at about 20:00 local time on 3 February. It had an estimated magnitude of 7.9 on the surface wave magnitude scale and triggered a devastating tsunami that resulted in thousands of deaths in the Nankai and T\u014dkai regions of Japan. It is uncertain whether there were two separate earthquakes separated by a short time interval or a single event. It is referred to as a tsunami earthquake, in that the size of the tsunami greatly exceeds that expected from the magnitude of the earthquake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014311-0001-0000", "contents": "1605 Keich\u014d earthquake, Background\nThe southern coast of Honshu runs parallel to the Nankai Trough, which marks the subduction of the Philippine Sea Plate beneath the Eurasian Plate. Movement on this convergent plate boundary leads to many earthquakes, some of them of megathrust type. The Nankai megathrust has five distinct segments (A-E) that can rupture independently, the segments have ruptured either singly or together repeatedly over the last 1,300 years. Megathrust earthquakes on this structure tend to occur in pairs, with a relatively short time gap between them although in the 1707 H\u014dei earthquake all segments are thought to have ruptured at once.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014311-0001-0001", "contents": "1605 Keich\u014d earthquake, Background\nIn 1854 there were two earthquakes a day apart and there were similar earthquakes in 1944 and 1946. In each case, the northeastern segment ruptured before the southwestern segment. In the 1605 event, there is evidence for two distinct earthquakes, but they are not distinguished by all historical sources and some seismologists suggest that only the Nankai segment of the megathrust ruptured.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014311-0002-0000", "contents": "1605 Keich\u014d earthquake, Earthquake\nThere are very few reports of shaking associated with this earthquake, with most historical records only mentioning the tsunami. This has led seismologists to interpret this as a 'tsunami earthquake', probably involving a slow rupture velocity causing little observed shaking while generating a large tsunami.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014311-0003-0000", "contents": "1605 Keich\u014d earthquake, Tsunami\nThe records of this tsunami are quite sparse but the maximum wave heights are larger than those for either the 1707 H\u014dei or 1854 Ansei Nankai tsunamis in areas on the south coast of Shikoku where they can be compared. The regional extent of this tsunami is supported by the discovery of tsunami deposits on the northeastern part of the Kii Peninsula and at Lake Hamana correlated to this event. Victims of the tsunami were also reported from Kyushu.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014311-0004-0000", "contents": "1605 Keich\u014d earthquake, Damage\nThere is no reported damage associated with the earthquake itself. At least 700 houses were washed away at Hiro in present-day Wakayama prefecture and 80 at Arai in what is now Shizuoka prefecture. Castles were reported destroyed or damaged at Tahara on the Atsumi Peninsula; the main keep of Kakegawa Castle was also destroyed. The total number of casualties is uncertain as records are incomplete and contradictory, but estimates are in the order of thousands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014312-0000-0000", "contents": "1605 Milankovitch\n1605 Milankovitch, provisional designation 1936 GA, is an Eoan asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 31 kilometers in diameter. It was named after Serbian scientist Milutin Milankovi\u0107.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014312-0001-0000", "contents": "1605 Milankovitch, Discovery\nMilankovitch was discovered on 13 April 1936, by Serbian astronomer Petar \u0110urkovi\u0107 at the Royal Observatory of Belgium in Uccle, Belgium. Two nights later, the body was independently discovered by Polish astronomers Jan Piegza and Tadeusz Banachiewicz at Cracow and Warsaw, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 28], "content_span": [29, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014312-0002-0000", "contents": "1605 Milankovitch, Discovery\nIt was first identified as A907 UB at the U.S. Taunton Observatory (803) in 1907. However, it remained unused \u2013 as did the subsequent observations at both Simeiz and Lowell Observatory in 1925 and 1931, respectively. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Uccle in 1936.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 28], "content_span": [29, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014312-0003-0000", "contents": "1605 Milankovitch, Orbit and classification\nMilankovitch is a member of the Eos family, an orbital group of more than 4,000 asteroids, which are well known for mostly being of stony composition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014312-0004-0000", "contents": "1605 Milankovitch, Orbit and classification\nIt orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.8\u20133.2\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 3 months (1,911 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.08 and an inclination of 11\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014312-0005-0000", "contents": "1605 Milankovitch, Physical characteristics\nMilankovitch is classified as a metallic M-type by the NEOWISE mission, as a stony S-type by the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link (CALL), and as a LS-type \u2013 a transitional form between the common S-type and rare L-type asteroids \u2013 by Pan-STARRS1' large-scale survey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014312-0006-0000", "contents": "1605 Milankovitch, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn April 2004, a rotational lightcurve of Milankovitch was obtained from photometric observations by American amateur astronomer Walter R. Cooney Jr.. It gave a rotation period of 11.60\u00b10.05 hours with a brightness variation of 0.12 magnitude (U=2). In October 2006, French astronomer Pierre Antonini obtained another lightcurve, which gave a similar period of 11.63\u00b10.03 and an amplitude of 0.14 magnitude (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 60], "content_span": [61, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014312-0007-0000", "contents": "1605 Milankovitch, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the space-based surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Milankovitch measures between 27.8 and 33.8 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.142 and 0.235. CALL derives an albedo of 0.140 and a diameter of 32.4 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 10.2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 64], "content_span": [65, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014312-0008-0000", "contents": "1605 Milankovitch, Naming\nThis minor planet was named in memory of Serbian-Yugoslav scientist Milutin Milankovi\u0107 (1879\u20131958), best known for his Milankovitch cycles, a theory of celestial mechanics that describes the collective effects of changes in the Earth's movements upon its climate. He is also honored by the lunar crater Milankovi\u010d, and by the Martian crater Milankovi\u010d. The approved naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 August 1980 (M.P.C. 5449).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 25], "content_span": [26, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014318-0000-0000", "contents": "1605 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1605.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014320-0000-0000", "contents": "1605 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014321-0000-0000", "contents": "1605 in science\nThe year 1605 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014323-0000-0000", "contents": "1606\n1606 (MDCVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar, the 1606th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 606th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 6th  year of the 17th\u00a0century, and the  7th   year of the 1600s decade. As of the start of 1606, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014329-0000-0000", "contents": "1606 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1606.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014331-0000-0000", "contents": "1606 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014332-0000-0000", "contents": "1606 in science\nThe year 1606 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014333-0000-0000", "contents": "1607\n1607 (MDCVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar, the 1607th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 607th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 7th  year of the 17th\u00a0century, and the  8th   year of the 1600s decade. As of the start of 1607, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014334-0000-0000", "contents": "1607 Bristol Channel floods\nThe Bristol Channel floods, 30 January 1607, drowned many people and destroyed a large amount of farmland and livestock. The known tide heights, probable weather, extent and depth of flooding, and coastal flooding elsewhere in the UK on the same day all point to the cause being a storm surge rather than a tsunami.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014334-0001-0000", "contents": "1607 Bristol Channel floods, Description\nOn 30 January 1607, around noon, the coasts of the Bristol Channel suffered from unexpectedly high floodings that broke the coastal defences in several places. Low-lying places in Devon, Somerset, Gloucestershire, and South Wales were flooded. The devastation was particularly severe on the Welsh side, extending from Laugharne in Carmarthenshire to above Chepstow in Monmouthshire. Cardiff was the most badly affected town, with the foundations of St Mary's Church destroyed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 40], "content_span": [41, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014334-0002-0000", "contents": "1607 Bristol Channel floods, Description\nIt is estimated that 2,000 or more people were drowned, houses and villages were swept away, an estimated 200 square miles (51,800\u00a0ha) of farmland inundated, and livestock destroyed, wrecking the local economy along the coasts of the Bristol Channel and Severn Estuary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 40], "content_span": [41, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014334-0003-0000", "contents": "1607 Bristol Channel floods, Description\nThe coast of Devon and the Somerset Levels as far inland as Glastonbury Tor, 14 miles (23\u00a0km) from the coast, were also affected. The sea wall at Burnham-on-Sea gave way, and the water flowed over the low-lying levels and moors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 40], "content_span": [41, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014334-0004-0000", "contents": "1607 Bristol Channel floods, Description\nThirty villages in Somerset were affected, including Brean which was \"swallowed up\" and where seven out of the nine houses were destroyed with 26 of the inhabitants dying. For ten days the Church of All Saints at Kingston Seymour, near Weston-super-Mare, was filled with water to a depth of 5 feet (1.5\u00a0m). A chiselled mark remains showing that the maximum height of the water was 7.74 metres (25 feet 5 inches) above sea level.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 40], "content_span": [41, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014334-0005-0000", "contents": "1607 Bristol Channel floods, Description\nContemporary accounts of the flood were written by people such as the Puritan pamphleteer, William Jones:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 40], "content_span": [41, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014334-0006-0000", "contents": "1607 Bristol Channel floods, Description\nas soone as the people of those Countries, perceived that it was the violence of the Waters of the raging Seas, and that they began to exceede the compasse of their accustomed boundes, and making so furiously towardes them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 40], "content_span": [41, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014334-0006-0001", "contents": "1607 Bristol Channel floods, Description\nhappy were they that could make the best, and most speed away, many of them, leaving all their goods and substance, to the merciles Waters, being glad to escape away with life themselues: But so violent and swift were the outragiouse waves, that pursued one an other, with such vehemencie, and the Waters multiplying so much in so short a time, that in lesse then five houres space most part of those cuntreys (and especially the places which lay lowe) were all over flowen, and many hundreds of people both men women, and children were then quite devoured, by these outragious waters, such was the furie of the waves, of the Seas, the one of them dryving the other forwardes with such force and swiftnes, that it is almost incredible for any to beleeve the same....", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 40], "content_span": [41, 807]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014334-0006-0002", "contents": "1607 Bristol Channel floods, Description\nMany there were which fled into the tops of high trees, and there were inforced to abide some three daies, some more, and some lesse, without any victuals at all, there suffring much colde besides many other calamities, and...through ever much hunger and cold, some of them fell down againe out of the Trees, and so were like to perish for want of succour. Othersame, sate in the tops of high Trees as aforesaid, beholding their wives, children, and servants, swimming (remediles of all succour) in the Waters. Other some sitting in the tops of Trees might behold their houses overflowne with the waters. some their houses caryed quite away: and no signe or token left there of them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 40], "content_span": [41, 724]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014334-0007-0000", "contents": "1607 Bristol Channel floods, Cause\nThere are similarities to descriptions of the 1953 floods in East Anglia which were caused by a storm surge. A 2006 paper by Horsburgh and Horritt demonstrated that the tide and probable weather at the time were capable of generating a surge consistent with the observed inundation. They point to an exceptionally high spring tide in the Bristol Channel on 30 January 1607 of 7.86m, a severe south-westerly gale with peak winds measured at Barnstaple from 3am to noon, and coastal flooding in East Anglia at night on the 30th consistent with a storm tracking eastwards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 34], "content_span": [35, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014334-0008-0000", "contents": "1607 Bristol Channel floods, Cause, Tsunami hypothesis\nAn earlier 2002 research paper, following investigations by Professor Simon Haslett of Bath Spa University and Australian geologist Ted Bryant of the University of Wollongong, suggested that the flooding may have been caused by a tsunami, after the authors had read some eyewitness accounts in the historical reports which described the flood.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 54], "content_span": [55, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014334-0008-0001", "contents": "1607 Bristol Channel floods, Cause, Tsunami hypothesis\nThe British Geological Survey has suggested that, as there is no evidence of a landslide off the continental shelf, a tsunami would most likely have been caused by an earthquake on a known unstable fault off the coast of southwest Ireland, causing the vertical displacement of the sea floor. One contemporary report describes an earth tremor on the morning of the flood; however, other sources date this earthquake to a few months after the event.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 54], "content_span": [55, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014334-0009-0000", "contents": "1607 Bristol Channel floods, Cause, Tsunami hypothesis\nHaslett and Bryant's evidence for the tsunami hypothesis included massive boulders that had been displaced up the beach by enormous force; a layer up to 8 inches (20\u00a0cm) thick composed of sand, shells and stones within an otherwise constant deposit of mud that was found in boreholes from Devon to Gloucestershire and the Gower Peninsula; and rock erosion characteristic of high water velocities throughout the Severn Estuary. The hypothesis is set out in detail in the 2005 BBC Timewatch programme \"The Killer Wave of 1607\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 54], "content_span": [55, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014334-0010-0000", "contents": "1607 Bristol Channel floods, Cause, Tsunami hypothesis\nHowever, in attributing the flood to a storm surge in their 2006 paper, Horsburgh and Horritt show that those proposing a tsunami hypothesis underestimate the volume of water and coastal damage involved in storm surges, and fail to account for flooding on the opposite side of the country on the same day. There is also a lack of evidence for the event impacting West Wales, Cornwall or southern Ireland. Their tsunami modelling showed that it would not be possible for a tsunami not to affect these areas and cause flooding elsewhere in the country. Contemporary sources also indicate the flooding proceeded for a period of five hours, which is consistent with a storm surge rather than a tsunami.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 54], "content_span": [55, 753]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014334-0011-0000", "contents": "1607 Bristol Channel floods, Future recurrence\nWhile the risk of similar events in the foreseeable future is considered to be low, it is estimated that the potential cost caused by comparable flooding to residential, commercial, industrial, and agricultural property could range from \u00a37 billion to \u00a313 billion at 2007 insured values. There has also been concern that the nuclear power stations at Hinkley Point and Oldbury could be endangered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 46], "content_span": [47, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014334-0012-0000", "contents": "1607 Bristol Channel floods, Commemorations\nA number of commemorative plaques still remain, up to 8 feet (2.4\u00a0m) above sea level, showing how high the waters rose on the sides of surviving churches. For example, at Goldcliff near Newport the church has a small brass plaque, inside on the north wall near the altar, today about 3 feet (0.9\u00a0m) above ground level, marking the height of the flood waters. The plaque records the year as 1606 because, under the Julian calendar in use at that time, the new year did not start until Lady Day, 25 March. The resultant financial loss in the parish was estimated as \u00a35,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 43], "content_span": [44, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014334-0013-0000", "contents": "1607 Bristol Channel floods, Commemorations\nThe flood was commemorated in a contemporary pamphlet entitled God's warning to the people of England by the great overflowing of the waters or floods.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 43], "content_span": [44, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014334-0014-0000", "contents": "1607 Bristol Channel floods, Commemorations\nOn the 400th anniversary, 30 January 2007, BBC Somerset looked at the possible causes and asked whether it could happen again in the county.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 43], "content_span": [44, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014334-0015-0000", "contents": "1607 Bristol Channel floods, Commemorations\nIn 2006 \"Flood 400\", a church and community partnership, was set up to commemorate the Great Flood. A commemorative service was held, on the anniversary day in 2007, with the Bishop of Bath and Wells. A series of events took place, throughout the year, centred on the public buildings in the villages of Goldcliff, Nash and Redwick and included exhibitions, lectures, religious services, school visits, guided tours and walks. A festival weekend took place between 24 and 28 May 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 43], "content_span": [44, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014335-0000-0000", "contents": "1607 Mavis\n1607 Mavis, provisional designation 1950 RA, is a stony asteroid from the central region of the asteroid belt, approximately 12 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 3 September 1950, by South African astronomer Ernest Johnson at Johannesburg Observatory in South Africa. It was later named after the wife of astronomer Jacobus Bruwer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014335-0001-0000", "contents": "1607 Mavis, Orbit and classification\nThis asteroid orbits the Sun in the middle main-belt at a distance of 1.8\u20133.3\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 1 month (1,487 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.30 and an inclination of 9\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroid's observation arc begins with its official discovery observations, as the two previous identifications, A903 BH and 1934 VQ, made at Heidelberg and Simeiz in 1903 and 1934, respectively, remained unused.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014335-0002-0000", "contents": "1607 Mavis, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn September 2007, Australian astronomers Collin Bembrick and Julian Oey independently obtained two rotational lightcurves of Mavis. These well-defined lightcurves gave a rotation period of 6.1339 and 6.1508 hours with a brightness variation of 0.50 and 0.53 magnitude, respectively (U=3/3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 53], "content_span": [54, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014335-0003-0000", "contents": "1607 Mavis, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Mavis measures between 11.57 and 14.91 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.189 and 0.31. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.3320 and a diameter of 12.10 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.4.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 57], "content_span": [58, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014335-0004-0000", "contents": "1607 Mavis, Naming\nThis minor planet was named in honor of the Mavis Bruwer, wife of astronomer Jacobus Albertus Bruwer, who was an astronomer at Johannesburg Observatory, and after whom 1811 Bruwer was named. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 February 1976 (M.P.C. 3931).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014342-0000-0000", "contents": "1607 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1607.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014344-0000-0000", "contents": "1607 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014345-0000-0000", "contents": "1607 in science\nThe year 1607 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014346-0000-0000", "contents": "16070 Charops\n16070 Charops, provisional designation: 1999 RB101, is a Jupiter trojan from the Trojan camp, approximately 64 kilometers (40 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 8 September 1999, by astronomers with Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research at Lincoln Laboratory's Experimental Test Site near Socorro, New Mexico, in the United States. The dark D-type asteroid belongs to the 60 largest Jupiter trojans and has a rotation period of 20.24 hours. It was named after the Lycian soldier Charops from Greek mythology.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014346-0001-0000", "contents": "16070 Charops, Orbit and classification\nCharops is located in the L5 Lagrangian point, 60\u00b0 behind Jupiter in the so-called Trojan camp. It is also a non-family asteroid of the Jovian background population. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 4.5\u20135.8\u00a0AU once every 11 years and 8 months (4,247 days; semi-major axis of 5.13\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.12 and an inclination of 16\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014346-0002-0000", "contents": "16070 Charops, Orbit and classification\nThe body's observation arc begins with a precovery published by the Digitized Sky Survey and taken at the Palomar Observatory in September 1954, or 45 years prior to its official discovery observation at Socorro.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014346-0003-0000", "contents": "16070 Charops, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was numbered on 26 July 2000 (M.P.C. 40995). As of 2018, it has not been named. On 14 May 2021, the object was named by the Working Group Small Body Nomenclature (WGSBN), after the Lycian soldier Charops, son of Hippasus and brother to Socus, from Greek mythology. Charops was wounded by the Greek hero Odysseus in the Trojan War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 35], "content_span": [36, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014346-0004-0000", "contents": "16070 Charops, Physical characteristics\nIn the SDSS-based taxonomy, Charops is a dark D-type asteroid. It has also been characterized as a D-type by Pan-STARRS' survey, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link (CALL) assumes it to be a C-type asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014346-0005-0000", "contents": "16070 Charops, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nSeveral rotational lightcurves of Charops have been obtained from photometric observations by Daniel Coley and Robert Stephens at GMARS (G79) and the Center for Solar System Studies, California. Analysis of the best-rated lightcurve from October 2011 gave a rotation period of 20.24\u00b10.01 hours with a brightness variation of 0.10\u00b10.01 magnitude (U=2). A longer period with a high amplitude reported by Duffard Melita has received a lower rating (U=2-).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 56], "content_span": [57, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014346-0006-0000", "contents": "16070 Charops, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite, the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Charops measures between 63.19 and 68.98 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.045 and 0.058. CALL derives an albedo of 0.0565 and a diameter of 64.19 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 9.7.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014346-0007-0000", "contents": "16070 Charops, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nNote: missing data was completed with figures from the JPL SBDB () and from the LCDB () for the WISE/NEOWISE and SIMPS catalogs, respectively. These figures are given in italics. Also, listing is incomplete above #100.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014347-0000-0000", "contents": "1607th Air Transport Wing\nThe 1607th Air Transport Wing is an inactive United States Air Force unit. Its last was assigned to the Eastern Transport Air Force, Military Air Transport Service, stationed at Dover Air Force Base, Delaware. It was inactivated on 8 January 1966.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014347-0001-0000", "contents": "1607th Air Transport Wing\nWith the disestablishment of MATS, the assets of the Wing were reassigned to the 436th Military Airlift Wing, Military Airlift Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014347-0002-0000", "contents": "1607th Air Transport Wing, History\nFollowing World War II, Dover Air Force Base was reactivated on 1 February 1951 and assigned under the jurisdiction of the Air Defense Command (ADC). At this time the 148th Fighter Interceptor Squadron (FIS) of the Pennsylvania Air National Guard (ANG) was recalled to active duty from Reading Air Force Base and assigned to Dover. On 1 February 1952, the 80th Air Base Squadron was activated at Dover to provide housekeeping duties for the four tenant units that had arrived on the base by that date. They were the 148th Fighter Interceptor Squadron, the 1737th Ferrying Squadron, Detachment 1909-6 Airways and Communications Services and Detachment 4, 9th Weather Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 707]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014347-0003-0000", "contents": "1607th Air Transport Wing, History\nOn 1 April 1952, the Military Air Transport Service (MATS) assumed command jurisdiction of the base. Concurrent with this action, the 80th Air Base Squadron was relieved of assignment to ADC and assigned to MATS, with further assignment to the Atlantic Division (MATS), headquartered at Westover AFB, Massachusetts; which in 1958, was re-designated as the Eastern Transport Air Force (EASTAF) and moved to McGuire Air Force Base, New Jersey. In addition, Congress appropriated $25 million to expand and transform Dover Air Force Base into a supplemental east coast port of embarkation for MATS and as a Foreign Clearing Base for ferrying flights headed to Europe, the Caribbean, and to the countries of the north.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 748]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014347-0004-0000", "contents": "1607th Air Transport Wing, History\nOn 1 August 1953, the 80th Air Base Squadron was inactivated and reverted to the control of the Department of the Air Force. Concurrent with this action, four units of the Atlantic Division were organized at Dover, the 1607th Air Base Group (ABG), the 1607th Air Base Squadron, the 1607th Maintenance and Supply Squadron and the 1607th Medical Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014347-0005-0000", "contents": "1607th Air Transport Wing, History\nOn 18 November 1953, the first two transport squadrons, the 1st Air Transport Squadron (ATS) and the 21st Air Transport Squadron (ATS), \"Medium\", which flew the Douglas C-54G, were reconstituted, re-designated and assigned to the 1607th Air Base Group. This would be the nucleus of the 1607th Air Transport Wing (ATW). On 22 December 1953, the Secretary of the Air Force designated Dover Air Force Base as a permanent military installation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014347-0006-0000", "contents": "1607th Air Transport Wing, History\nOn 1 January 1954, the 1607th Air Transport Wing was designated, assigned to Atlantic Division MATS, and organized at Dover Air Force Base. By the same orders the 1607th Air Transport Group (ATG) was designated and organized in preparation for the start of transport mission operations from the base.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014347-0007-0000", "contents": "1607th Air Transport Wing, History\nOn 15 February 1954, the 39th, and the 45th Air Transport Squadrons, were reconstituted and assigned to the 1607th Air Transport Group. The 39th Air Transport Squadron was subsequently designated \"Medium\" and the 45th Air Transport Squadron was designated as a \"Heavy\" squadron, indicating the type of aircraft that was and would be assigned to these units. The initial transport mission of the newly activated Air Transport Group was accomplished when a C-54 operated by the 1st Air Transport Squadron (Medium) delivered a 9,000 pound radio mast to Harmon Field, Newfoundland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014347-0007-0001", "contents": "1607th Air Transport Wing, History\nOn 8 March 1954, the 40th Air Transport Squadron (Heavy) was reconstituted and assigned to the Wing. On 1 May 1954, the first Douglas C-124 Globemaster II arrived at Dover and on 12 June, the 45th Air Transport Squadron flew the first C-124 \"heavy\" transport mission, airlifting five engines to Harmon Field, Newfoundland and a 12,000 pound spool of cable to Torbay Air Base, Newfoundland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014347-0008-0000", "contents": "1607th Air Transport Wing, History\nOn 8 September 1954, the 1st and 21st Air Transport Squadrons were re-designated from \"Medium\" to \"Heavy\" transport units, respectively as the C-54s assigned to these units were replaced with the C-124. On 20 September 1954, the 1607th Air Transport Wing and its headquarters were re-designated the 1607th Air Transport Wing (Heavy). The same order added \"Heavy\" to the designation of the 1607th Air Transport Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014347-0009-0000", "contents": "1607th Air Transport Wing, History\nThroughout the years there were many changes to the organizations under the 1607th Air Transport Wing. In 1955, C-124 units such as the 15th, the 20th and the 31st Air Transport Squadrons were relocated from Westover Air Force Base, Massachusetts when MATS closed its facilities there. Along with the relocation of these units both the 21st and 45th Air Transport Squadrons were inactivated. The 40th was inactivated in December 1960 and its personnel were absorbed into the other units. With the arrival of the Douglas C-133 Cargomaster in 1957, the 39th Air Transport Squadron was re-designated a C-133 unit with the 1st Air Transport Squadron to follow in 1960.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 699]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014347-0010-0000", "contents": "1607th Air Transport Wing, History\nThe most significant reorganization occurred on 18 January 1963, when the wing was reorganized under the MATS dual deputy concept of operations. This reorganization resulted in the discontinuance of the 1607th Air Transport Group (Heavy) and the 1607th Maintenance Group, transferring their responsibilities to a Deputy Commander for Operations (DCO), a Deputy Commander for Material (DCM) and the 1607th Air Base Group (ABG). In November 1964, the Secretary of Defense announced that eighty Department of Defense activities within the United States would be reduced or discontinued and that a troop carrier squadron would be transferred to Dover Air Force Base.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 697]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014347-0010-0001", "contents": "1607th Air Transport Wing, History\nThus, in January 1965, the 15th Air Transport Squadron would inactivate along with the activation of the 9th Troop Carrier Squadron. Both the 20th and the 31st Air Transport Squadrons followed suit and were re-designated as troop carrier squadrons. This designation would be temporary for the 20th, as it would revert to its previous designation as a transport squadron. On 1 February 1965, MATS announced that Dover was selected as one of four bases where the Lockheed C-141 Starlifter would be tested under a program called \"Lead the Force\". The first C-141 arrived at Dover Air Force Base on 18 August 1965 and was assigned to the 20th Air Transport Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 697]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014347-0011-0000", "contents": "1607th Air Transport Wing, History\nThe initial mission of the 1607th Air Transport Wing (Heavy) was \"to command, operate, administer and maintain Dover Air Force Base and such organizations, installations and facilities as may be assigned by proper authority for the purpose of transporting by air, personnel, material, mail, strategic materials and other cargoes for all agencies of the Department of Defense (DOD) and as authorized for other government agencies of the United States, subject to priorities and policies established by higher headquarters\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014347-0012-0000", "contents": "1607th Air Transport Wing, History\nThe mission responsibilities of the Wing were later expanded considerably. In the following years, the 1607th Air Transport Wing assumed the additional responsibility for logistical airlift operations including unit deployment, airdrop supply, air landed supply, scheduled and nonscheduled airlift, as well as joint airborne operations and training to include the capability for airdrop of personnel and cargo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014347-0013-0000", "contents": "1607th Air Transport Wing, History\nAs a unit of the Military Air Transport Service, the 1607th Air Transport Wing had its share of responsibilities in major joint mobility exercises and global operations conducted during the \"Cold War\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014347-0013-0001", "contents": "1607th Air Transport Wing, History\nExamples include: Big Slam/Puerto Pine, March 1960, was an exercise that deployed 22,000 combat Army troops and 12,000 tons of gear from stateside bases to Ramey AFB and Roosevelt Roads Naval Air Station, Puerto Rico; Check Mate II, September 1961, involved the deployment of the 101st Airborne Division from Fort Campbell, Kentucky to bases in Europe; Southern Express, October 1962, a NATO exercise which involved airlifting troops from central Europe to northern Greece; Big Lift, October 1963, the deployment of a full Army division from Texas to West Germany; The Cuban Missile Crisis, October 1962.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014347-0013-0002", "contents": "1607th Air Transport Wing, History\nIn support of President John F. Kennedy's decision to blockade Cuba, Dover Air Force Base was called upon to support the build-up of forces in the southeastern United States. The Wing and its aircrews worked at peak capacity airlifting troops and supplies from bases throughout the country to Florida and Guantanamo Bay.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014347-0013-0003", "contents": "1607th Air Transport Wing, History\nHistory shows that we were within 36 hours of a nuclear confrontation with the Soviet Union; the Congo Airlift, also known as Operation \"New Tape\", was, at the time, history's longest lasting operational airlift, lasting \u200b3\u00a01\u20442 years, from 1960 to 1964; Operation Good Hope, September 1957, the airlift of arms support to Jordan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014347-0013-0004", "contents": "1607th Air Transport Wing, History\nForty vehicles equipped with 109\u00a0mm weapons were carried in five C-124s that flew in formation from Dhahran, Saudi Arabia to Amman, Jordan; Project ICE CUBE, May 1955, supported the construction of the Distant Early Warning Line in northern Canada; Polar Strike, January 1965, was conducted to evaluate U.S. STRICOM's ability to reinforce the Alaskan Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014347-0014-0000", "contents": "1607th Air Transport Wing, History\nDuring the years what seemed impossible to many was considered routine day-to-day operations to the aircrews of the 1607th Air Transport Wing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014347-0014-0001", "contents": "1607th Air Transport Wing, History\nIn December 1958, a Dover AFB C-133 airlifted the heaviest load in the history of aviation when it carried 118,000 pounds of cargo to an altitude of 10,000 feet, breaking the former world record held by a Soviet Tupolev Tu-104 \"Camel\"; on 7 February 1960, a Dover C-124 with a 15th Air Transport Squadron aircrew flew a record breaking non-stop flight from Hickam AFB, Hawaii to Dover AFB in eighteen hours and forty minutes; a C-124 of the 1st Air Transport Squadron was assigned temporary duty to the 54th Air Rescue Squadron at Goose Bay, Labrador to aid in the rescue of 26 passengers and 8 crew members of a Norwegian vessel ice bound off the coast of Greenland; in March 1956, 22,000 pounds of emergency polio equipment and supplies were airlifted to Buenos Aires to help combat a polio outbreak; the AMIGO Airlift, mercy missions to Santiago, Chile in May 1960, when an earthquake literally re-made parts of that country; in 1962, the four-month round the world tour of John Glenn's space capsule Friendship 7\u00a0; many re-supply missions from Thule Air Base, Greenland to the northernmost weather outposts at Nord, Greenland and Alert, both within just some 500 miles of the North Pole; the delivery of a telespectrograph to Ascension Island in support of the space project FIRE.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 1319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014347-0014-0002", "contents": "1607th Air Transport Wing, History\nIt was the first time such an instrument was airlifted as a complete unit; the airlift of supplies and emergency equipment to Alaska after an earthquake struck that state in March 1964; the presidential support mission of John F. Kennedy, in July 1963, when he spoke the famous words \"Ich Bin Ein Berliner\", at the Berlin Wall. These are but a few of the approximate 75 significant events added to the normal day to day global airlift operations, of which the 1607th Air Transport Wing was involved. During its twelve-year history at Dover, the 1607th ATW accumulated 1,076,483 transport flying hours or an approximate equivalent distance of 235 million nautical miles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 704]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014347-0015-0000", "contents": "1607th Air Transport Wing, History\nThe 1607th Air Transport Wing (Heavy) was assigned to the Military Air Transport Service (MATS) throughout its history and, on 8 January 1966, the 1607th was discontinued and the 436th Military Airlift Wing was activated when the Military Air Transport Service (MATS) was replaced by the Military Airlift Command (MAC). The 1st, 20th, and 39th Air Transport Squadrons \"Heavy\" and the 9th and 31st Troop Carrier Squadrons \"Heavy\" were all re-designated as Military Airlift Squadrons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014347-0016-0000", "contents": "1607th Air Transport Wing, History\nThere were 70 heavy transport aircraft assigned, on 8 January 1966, with over 8,000 military and civilian personnel. Its C-124 Globemasters, C-133 Cargomasters and the newly acquired C-141 Starlifters maintained a D-Day state of readiness to airlift men and material for the United States and allied military forces whenever and wherever needed. In addition, the Wing's mercy airlifts to nations suffering natural disasters, and its United Nations airlift effort in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and other areas of the world, bolstered US national policy in the Cold War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014347-0017-0000", "contents": "1607th Air Transport Wing, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 51], "content_span": [52, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014348-0000-0000", "contents": "1608\n1608 (MDCVIII) was a leap year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a leap year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar, the 1608th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 608th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 8th  year of the 17th\u00a0century, and the  9th   year of the 1600s decade. As of the start of 1608, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014349-0000-0000", "contents": "1608 Mu\u00f1oz\n1608 Mu\u00f1oz, provisional designation 1951 RZ, is a Flora asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 6.5 kilometers (4 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 1 September 1951, by Argentine astronomer Miguel Itzigsohn at the La Plata Astronomical Observatory, in La Plata, Argentina. The S-type asteroid has a rotation period of 5.3 hours. It was named after F. A. Mu\u00f1oz, one of the assistant astronomers at the discovering observatory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014349-0001-0000", "contents": "1608 Mu\u00f1oz, Orbit and classification\nMu\u00f1oz is a member of the Flora family (402), a giant asteroid clan and the largest family of stony asteroids in the main-belt. It orbits the Sun in the inner asteroid belt at a distance of 1.8\u20132.6\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 3 months (1,203 days; semi-major axis of 2.21\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.17 and an inclination of 4\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. It was first imaged on a precovery taken at the Lowell Observatory in November 1948, extending the body's observation arc by 3 years prior to its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014349-0002-0000", "contents": "1608 Mu\u00f1oz, Naming\nThis minor planet was named in memory of F. A. Mu\u00f1oz, who was an assistant at the La Plata Observatory in the department of extra-meridian astronomy. Mu\u00f1oz was involved in computational and observational work on minor planets for many years and also took an active part in site testing for the Argentine telescope, also known as the 85-inch or 2.15-meter Jorge Sahade Telescope (also see Leoncito Astronomical Complex \u00a7\u00a0Telescopes). The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 August 1980 (M.P.C. 5449).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014349-0003-0000", "contents": "1608 Mu\u00f1oz, Physical characteristics\nBeing a Florian asteroid, Mu\u00f1oz is likely a stony, relatively bright S-type asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014349-0004-0000", "contents": "1608 Mu\u00f1oz, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nMu\u00f1oz is a target of the Photometric Survey for Asynchronous Binary Asteroids (BinAstPhot Survey) lead by astronomer Petr Pravec at theOnd\u0159ejov Observatory in the Czech Republic. In September 2017, two rotational lightcurves were obtained from photometric observations by Pravec in collaboration with Serbian astronomer Vladimir Benishek at Belgrade Observatory, who observed the asteroid over three subsequent nights at Sopot Astronomical Observatory (K90). Analysis of the bimodal lightcurve gave a well-defined, nearly identical rotation period of 5.3451\u00b10.0008 and 5.3456\u00b10.0007 hours, respectively, with a brightness amplitude of 0.36 magnitude (U=3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 53], "content_span": [54, 710]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014349-0005-0000", "contents": "1608 Mu\u00f1oz, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Mu\u00f1oz measures between 6.15 and 7.8 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.265 and 0.40. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.24 \u2013 derived from 8\u00a0Flora, the principal body of the Flora family \u2013 and calculates a diameter of 7.82 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.7.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 57], "content_span": [58, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014353-0000-0000", "contents": "1608 in Quebec, Births\nJohn Milton was born in London on December 9, 1608, to John and Sara Milton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014356-0000-0000", "contents": "1608 in art, Paintings\nCaravaggio, John the Baptist (St John the Baptist at the Fountain)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014357-0000-0000", "contents": "1608 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1608.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014358-0000-0000", "contents": "1608 in music\nThe year 1608 in music involved some significant events and new musical works.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 92]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014359-0000-0000", "contents": "1608 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014360-0000-0000", "contents": "1608 in science\nThe year 1608 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014361-0000-0000", "contents": "1608th Air Transport Wing\nThe 1608th Air Transport Wing is a discontinued United States Air Force unit. It was last assigned to the Eastern Transport Air Force of Military Air Transport Service (MATS) at Charleston Air Force Base, South Carolina. It performed strategic airlift missions until it was discontinued on 8 January 1966 and replaced by the 437th Military Airlift Wing of Military Airlift Command, which inherited its honors, but not its lineage or history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014361-0001-0000", "contents": "1608th Air Transport Wing, History\nThe wing was established in 1955 at Charleston Air Force Base, South Carolina When Military Air Transport Service (MATS) expanded its operations there after assuming jurisdiction of the base from Tactical Air Command three months earlier.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014361-0002-0000", "contents": "1608th Air Transport Wing, History\nThe 1608th was initially established as a Douglas C-54 Skymaster medium transport unit, transporting cargo within the United States to other USAF stations. It was upgraded to heavy transport wing and re-equipped with long-range intercontinental Douglas C-124 Globemaster IIs for cargo transportation and Lockheed C-121 Constellations for passenger overseas transportation. The wing established an aerial port in 1956 for embarkation to and from the United States as well as large air terminal for transshipment of cargo. The 1608th received Lockheed C-130E Hercules transports in 1962 to replace its C-121s. It added jet Lockheed C-141 Starlifters in 1965 to replace the C-124s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 713]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014361-0003-0000", "contents": "1608th Air Transport Wing, History\nIn 1963, the wing supported Operation Deep Freeze, earning an Air Force Outstanding Unit Award for all wing elements deployed to support the operation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014361-0004-0000", "contents": "1608th Air Transport Wing, History\nAs the host for Charleston the wing supported Air Weather Service and Air Rescue Service squadrons and aircraft as well as Air Defense Command interceptor aircraft and other air defense units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014361-0005-0000", "contents": "1608th Air Transport Wing, History\nThe wing was discontinued on 8 January 1966. Its equipment and personnel were reassigned to the 437th Military Airlift Wing the same date. Its history and honors (although not its lineage) were bestowed on the 437th to indicate that its replacement was only a conversion from a major command controlled (MAJCON) wing to an Air Force controlled (AFCON) wing. Its component units with the number 1608 were replaced by units with the new wing's number with the exception of the 1608th USAF Dispensary, which was reassigned to the 437th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014361-0006-0000", "contents": "1608th Air Transport Wing, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 51], "content_span": [52, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014362-0000-0000", "contents": "1609\n1609 (MDCIX) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar, the 1609th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 609th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 9th  year of the 17th\u00a0century, and the  10th  and last year of the 1600s decade. As of the start of 1609, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014362-0001-0000", "contents": "1609, Births, Probable\nGauthier de Costes, seigneur de la Calpren\u00e8de, French novelist and dramatist (d. 1663)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 22], "content_span": [23, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014363-0000-0000", "contents": "1609 Brenda\n1609 Brenda, provisional designation 1951 NL, is a stony asteroid from the central region of the asteroid belt, approximately 28 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 10 July 1951, by South African astronomer Ernest Johnson at the Johannesburg Observatory in South Africa, and named after his granddaughter, Brenda.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014363-0001-0000", "contents": "1609 Brenda, Orbit and classification\nThe S-type asteroid orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 1.9\u20133.2\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 2 months (1,518 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.25 and an inclination of 19\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. Brenda was first identified as 1925 EA at Simeiz Observatory in 1925. Its observation arc begins 17 years prior to its official discovery observation, with its identification 1934 JB, also made at Simeiz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014363-0002-0000", "contents": "1609 Brenda, Physical characteristics\nAmerican astronomer Richard Binzel obtained the first rotational lightcurve of Brenda in June 1984. It gave a rotation period of 19.46 hours with a brightness variation of 0.16 magnitude (U=2). In June 2006, a period of 23\u00b11 with an amplitude of 0.26 magnitude was derived from photometric observations made by French amateur astronomer Ren\u00e9 Roy (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014363-0003-0000", "contents": "1609 Brenda, Physical characteristics\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Brenda measures between 26.27 and 29.64 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.115 and 0.133. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.1078 and a diameter of 29.59 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 10.68.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014363-0004-0000", "contents": "1609 Brenda, Naming\nThis minor planet was named by the discoverer for his granddaughter, Brenda. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 February 1976 (M.P.C. 3931). Ernest Johnson is also known for the discovery of the periodic comet 48P/Johnson, using the Franklin-Adams Star Camera.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014367-0000-0000", "contents": "1609 in Quebec, Deaths\n71 per cent of the French population in New France dies during the winter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014371-0000-0000", "contents": "1609 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1609.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014373-0000-0000", "contents": "1609 in poetry\n\u2014 Last lines from William Shakespeare's Sonnet 18, published this year and, four centuries later, still \"eternal lines\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014373-0001-0000", "contents": "1609 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014374-0000-0000", "contents": "1609 in science\nThe year 1609 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014375-0000-0000", "contents": "160P/LINEAR\n160P/LINEAR is a periodic comet in the Solar System. The comet came to perihelion on 18 September 2012, and reached about apparent magnitude 17.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014376-0000-0000", "contents": "160mm Mortar M1943\nThe Soviet 160\u00a0mm Mortar M1943 is a smoothbore breech loading heavy mortar which fired a 160\u00a0mm bomb. The M1943 (also called the MT-13) was one of the heaviest mortar used by Soviet troops in World War II. Around 535 of these weapons were fielded with Soviet forces during the war. It was replaced in Soviet service after World War II by the M-160 mortar of the same caliber.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014376-0001-0000", "contents": "160mm Mortar M1943, Description\nOriginally a simple scaling-up of the 120\u00a0mm M1938 mortar, it soon became apparent that drop-loading a 40\u00a0kg bomb into a 3 meter high tube would be too difficult for any man to do. It was redesigned into a breech loading weapon, and contains a substantial recoil system to soak up the massive shock of firing a 160\u00a0mm bomb and prevent the baseplate from burying itself too deeply.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014376-0002-0000", "contents": "160mm Mortar M1943, Description\nThe barrel sits in a cradle which is attached to a baseplate and tripod. To load the weapon, the barrel is hinged forward which exposes the rear end of the tube. The bomb is then loaded, retained in place by a catch, and the barrel is swung back into the cradle, which in effect closes the breech.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014376-0003-0000", "contents": "160mm Mortar M1943, Description\nBecause of the weight of the mortar, it is equipped with wheels and is designed to be towed by a motor-driven vehicle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014377-0000-0000", "contents": "160s\nThe 160s decade ran from January 1, 160, to December 31, 169.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 66]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014378-0000-0000", "contents": "160s BC\nThis article concerns the period 169 BC \u2013 160 BC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 57]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014379-0000-0000", "contents": "160th (Bruce) Battalion, CEF\nThe 160th (Bruce) Battalion, CEF was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014379-0001-0000", "contents": "160th (Bruce) Battalion, CEF\nBased in Walkerton, Ontario, the unit began recruiting in late 1915 in Bruce County. After sailing to England in October 1916, the battalion was absorbed into the 4th Reserve Battalion on February 15, 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014379-0002-0000", "contents": "160th (Bruce) Battalion, CEF\nThe 160th (Bruce) Battalion, CEF had three Officers Commanding: Lieut-Col. A. Weir (October 17, 1916\u2014May 6, 1917), Lieut-Col. D. M. Sutherland (May 6, 1917\u2014December 1, 1917), and Major A. M. Moffatt (December 1, 1917\u2014February 23, 1918).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014380-0000-0000", "contents": "160th (Welsh) Brigade\n160 (Welsh) Brigade or Brig\u00e2d 160 (Cymru), previously 160 Infantry Brigade and Headquarters Wales, is a regional brigade of the British Army that has been in existence since 1908, and saw service during both the First and the Second World Wars, as part of the 53rd (Welsh) Infantry Division. It is a regional command responsible for all of Wales. The Brigade is also regionally aligned with the Eastern European and Central Asian regions as part of defence engagement. The brigade organises an annual patrolling competition in the Brecon Beacons, known as Exercise Cambrian Patrol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014380-0001-0000", "contents": "160th (Welsh) Brigade, Formation\nThe Welsh Border Brigade was originally raised in 1908, upon creation of the Territorial Force, and was part of the Welsh Division. The brigade was composed of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd Volunteer battalions of the Monmouthshire Regiment along with the 1st Battalion of the Herefordshire Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014380-0002-0000", "contents": "160th (Welsh) Brigade, First World War\nIn 1915 the brigade was re-designated the 160 (1/1st South Wales) Brigade and the Welsh Division the 53rd (Welsh) Division. The brigade fought with the division in the First World War, in the Middle Eastern theatre.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 38], "content_span": [39, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014380-0003-0000", "contents": "160th (Welsh) Brigade, First World War\nThe brigade was reconstituted as a result of British troops being sent to the Western Front during the emergency following the German March 1918 Spring Offensive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 38], "content_span": [39, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014380-0004-0000", "contents": "160th (Welsh) Brigade, Inter-war period\nAfter the war the brigade and division were disbanded as was the Territorial Force. However, both the brigade and division were reformed in 1920 in the Territorial Army. The brigade, now the 160 (South Wales) Infantry Brigade, was again composed of the same four battalions it had before the Great War. However, these were all posted to the 159th (Welsh Border) Infantry Brigade early in the 1920s and were replaced by the 4th, 5th, 6th and 7th Battalions of the Welch Regiment. The 6th and 7th Battalions were amalgamated as the 6th/7th Battalion, Welch Regiment and the 4th Battalion, King's Shropshire Light Infantry joined in the same year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 39], "content_span": [40, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014380-0005-0000", "contents": "160th (Welsh) Brigade, Second World War\nThe brigade, now composed of two battalions of the Welch Regiment and one of the Monmouthshire Regiment, together with the rest of the 53rd (Welsh) Division, was mobilised in late August 1939 and soon afterwards Britain declared war on Nazi Germany. In April 1940 160 Brigade was sent to Northern Ireland and, after the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) was evacuated from France, the brigade was mainly involved in anti-invasion duties and exercises training to repel a potential German invasion of Northern Ireland. 160 Brigade, and the rest of the 53rd Division, were sent to Southeast England almost two years later, where they began training for the eventual Allied invasion of Northern France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 39], "content_span": [40, 739]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014380-0006-0000", "contents": "160th (Welsh) Brigade, Second World War\nAfter another nearly two years spent in Kent training, the brigade, under the command of Brigadier Charles Coleman, with the rest of the 53rd Division, landed in Normandy as part of Operation Overlord (codename for the Allied invasion of Northwest Europe) in late June 1944, and were almost immediately involved in severe attritional fighting around the French city of Caen, facing numerous German panzer divisions, in what came to be known as the Battle for Caen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 39], "content_span": [40, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014380-0006-0001", "contents": "160th (Welsh) Brigade, Second World War\n160 Brigade later participated in the Second Battle of the Odon, sustaining heavy casualties, which resulted in the 1/5th Battalion, Welch Regiment being transferred to the 158th Brigade of the same division and replaced by the 6th Battalion, Royal Welch Fusiliers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 39], "content_span": [40, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014380-0006-0002", "contents": "160th (Welsh) Brigade, Second World War\nThe decision was made by the divisional commander, Major-General Robert Ross (a former commander of the brigade), due to an acute shortage of infantrymen in the British Army at this stage of the war, even more so in finding sufficient numbers of battle casualty replacements (or reinforcements) for three battalions of the same regiment all serving together in the same brigade, which, like 160 Brigade, had also suffered heavy losses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 39], "content_span": [40, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014380-0007-0000", "contents": "160th (Welsh) Brigade, Second World War\nThe brigade went on to fight in the Battle of Falaise, capturing large numbers of German troops as prisoners of war (POWs) and the subsequent Allied advance from Paris to the Rhine, later playing a minor role in the Battle of the Bulge, a large role in Operation Veritable in February 1945 and crossing the River Rhine into Germany over a month later, where it took part in the Western Allied invasion of Germany, finally ending the war in Hamburg, Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 39], "content_span": [40, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014380-0008-0000", "contents": "160th (Welsh) Brigade, Second World War\n160 Brigade remained in Germany on occupation duties until it was disbanded in late 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 39], "content_span": [40, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014380-0009-0000", "contents": "160th (Welsh) Brigade, Second World War, Order of battle\n160 Infantry Brigade was composed as follows during the war:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 56], "content_span": [57, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014380-0010-0000", "contents": "160th (Welsh) Brigade, Second World War, Commanders\nThe following officers commanded 160 Infantry Brigade during the war:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 51], "content_span": [52, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014380-0011-0000", "contents": "160th (Welsh) Brigade, Post war\nFrom 1 April 1967, following the 1966 Defence White Paper, the Territorial Army was reorganised as the Territorial and Army Volunteer Reserve.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 31], "content_span": [32, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014380-0012-0000", "contents": "160th (Welsh) Brigade, Post war\nWith the disbandment of 5th Division, the brigade came under the control of the new Support Command based in Aldershot, in April 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 31], "content_span": [32, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014380-0013-0000", "contents": "160th (Welsh) Brigade, Current structure\nPreviously 1st Battalion, The Rifles, 8th Battalion, The Rifles, 1st Battalion, Royal Irish Regiment and 2nd Battalion, Royal Irish Regiment fell under the order of battle of 160 brigade. As a result of the Field Army restructuring in August 2019, 1 and 8 RIFLES moved to 7th Infantry Brigade. 1 and 2 R IRISH have moved to 11th Infantry Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 40], "content_span": [41, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014380-0014-0000", "contents": "160th (Welsh) Brigade, Current structure, Headquarter Wales\nThe brigade does not possess subordinate units following the 2019 Field Army re-organisation. As a result of the restructuring in August 2019, 1 and 8 RIFLES moved to 7th Infantry Brigade. 1 and 2 R IRISH have moved to 11th Infantry Brigade. Headquarter Wales however oversees the following units in Wales including:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 59], "content_span": [60, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014381-0000-0000", "contents": "160th Air Refueling Group\nThe 160th Air Refueling Group (160 ARG) is an inactive unit of the Ohio Air National Guard. It was last stationed at Rickenbacker Air National Guard Base, Columbus, Ohio. The 160th ARW was inactivated on 1 October 1993.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014381-0001-0000", "contents": "160th Air Refueling Group, History\nOn 8 July 1961 the 145th Aeromedical Evacuation Transport Squadron of the Ohio Air National Guard became an air refueling squadron (145th ARS) and was expanded to add support squadrons and a group, the 160th Air Refueling Group, to control support and flying operations. The 145th ARS becoming the group's flying squadron. The initial support squadrons assigned to the group were the 160th Air Base Squadron and the 160th Material Squadron. The group was equipped with Boeing KC-97 Stratotankers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014381-0002-0000", "contents": "160th Air Refueling Group, History, Tactical Air Command\nTactical Air Command (TAC) was designated as the gaining command for the group when it received federal recognition. In the fall of 1962 the group's support elements were reorganized to match the organization of other groups gained by TAC. The 160th USAF Dispensary was activated and the 160th Combat Support Squadron supplanted the air base squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 56], "content_span": [57, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014381-0003-0000", "contents": "160th Air Refueling Group, History, Tactical Air Command\nIn 1964 the 160th ARG participated in Operation Ready Go, the first all United States Air National Guard (ANG) non-stop deployment of fighter aircraft to Europe. In 1965 the group's KC-97Gs were upgraded to KC-97Ls with addition of jet engine pods mounted on the outboard wings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 56], "content_span": [57, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014381-0004-0000", "contents": "160th Air Refueling Group, History, Tactical Air Command\n1967 saw the beginning of Operation Creek Party. This operation provided air refueling support to United States Air Forces in Europe tactical aircraft through the rotation of ANG aircrews and aircraft flying from Rhein Main Air Base, Germany This operation, which continued until 1975, demonstrated the ability of the ANG to perform significant day-to-day missions without being mobilized. The 160th was one of the mission's charter units and when its Creek Party participation ended it had safely flown 426 transatlantic crossings. The unit received the Air Force Outstanding Unit Award for the period of 5 June 1967 to 10 May 1968.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 56], "content_span": [57, 690]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014381-0005-0000", "contents": "160th Air Refueling Group, History, Tactical Air Command\nThe group commander during Creek Party operations, Colonel Frank Cattran, considered aircraft 52-2630 to be \"his\" bird and often flew it in preference to other assigned planes. This aircraft became involved in a \"Sister City\" ceremony with Zeppelinheim, Germany - a small town near Rhein-Main AB - near the end of the Creek Party operation. When the unit converted from KC-97s to Boeing KC-135 Stratotankers this aircraft was transferred to the USAF Museum at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, where it can be seen today with its Ohio Air National Guard and Zeppelinheim markings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 56], "content_span": [57, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014381-0006-0000", "contents": "160th Air Refueling Group, History, Tactical Air Command\nIn 1971 Clinton County Air Force Base was closed in an economy move by the Nixon Administration to divert military funding to support the Vietnam War. The 160th ARG moved from the closing base to Lockbourne Air Force Base near Columbus, Ohio. The group earned a second Air Force Outstanding Unit Award for the period of 11 May 1968 to 30 June 1975.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 56], "content_span": [57, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014381-0007-0000", "contents": "160th Air Refueling Group, History, Strategic Air Command\nIn December 1974 Strategic Air Command became the gaining command for all air refueling units, including the 160th. In 1975 the 160th ARG became the first Air National Guard unit to convert to the Boeing KC-135 Stratotanker. The group was the first ANG unit to perform the SAC 24-hour alert mission and pass a SAC Operational Readiness Inspection in July, 1976. The 160th also participated in SAC overseas Tanker Task Forces and other priority missions worldwide. In 1984, the group's KC-135As were re-engined and redesignated as KC-135Es. The upgrade to turbofan engines provided a significant increase in performance, safety and reliability.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 57], "content_span": [58, 701]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014381-0008-0000", "contents": "160th Air Refueling Group, History, Strategic Air Command\nIn August 1990 the 160th was one of the first ANG units to deploy aircraft to the Middle East after Iraq's invasion of Kuwait. Aircraft, aircrews, and support personnel began volunteer Desert Shield deployments to a provisional tanker task force at King Abdul Aziz Air Base, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, designated the 1709th Air Refueling Squadron (Provisional). The group was called to active duty on 20 December 1990.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 57], "content_span": [58, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014381-0008-0001", "contents": "160th Air Refueling Group, History, Strategic Air Command\nDeployment of the unit to the Middle East began on 28 December and 160th crews and aircraft became part of three provisional air refueling wings at Al Banteen Air Base, Abu Dhabi (1712th Air Refueling Squadron (Provisional)), Al Dhafra Air Base, Dubai (1705th Air Refueling Squadron (Provisional)), and at Jeddah. Group personnel also augmented a regional support base at Moron AB, Spain while others deployed to various bases to backfill deployed active duty personnel. Aircraft and volunteer aircrews were heavily involved in \"Air Bridge\" refueling missions supporting deployment of combat forces to Southwest Asia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 57], "content_span": [58, 675]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014381-0009-0000", "contents": "160th Air Refueling Group, History, Strategic Air Command\nThe group began flying Operation Desert Storm combat missions on 17 January 1991. The 160th compiled a remarkable record of mission accomplishment during combat operations. When hostilities ended, the 160th returned home in March 1991 and was welcomed by families and friends.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 57], "content_span": [58, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014381-0010-0000", "contents": "160th Air Refueling Group, History, Strategic Air Command\nSeptember 1991 brought the end of the SAC alert mission which the 160th ARG had maintained continuously for more than 15 years. The 145th ARS began conversion to KC-135R aircraft in October 1991, In June 1992 Strategic Air Command was inactivated and the 160th ARG gaining command became Air Mobility Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 57], "content_span": [58, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014381-0011-0000", "contents": "160th Air Refueling Group, History, Inactivation\nIn September 1993 the 160th Air Refueling Group was inactivated when budget reductions and a reorganization of ANG assets forced a reduction of Ohio ANG units at Rickenbacker ANGB through the elimination of duplicate refueling headquarters and support organizations. The group's 145th Air Refueling Squadron was transferred to the 121st Air Refueling Wing at Rickenbacker. With the addition of the 145th ARS, the 121st ARW became one of only a few \"Super Wings\" in the ANG, with two flying squadrons and twice as many aircraft assigned as other units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 48], "content_span": [49, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014381-0012-0000", "contents": "160th Air Refueling Group, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 51], "content_span": [52, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014382-0000-0000", "contents": "160th Anti-Aircraft Artillery Brigade (Ukraine)\nThe 160th Anti- Aircraft Artillery Brigade is a formation of the Ukrainian Air Force. The full name of the Brigade is the 160th Warsaw-Odessa Order of Suvorov 3rd degree Anti- Aircraft Artillery Brigade. (Ukrainian: 160-\u0430 \u0412\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0430\u0432\u0441\u044c\u043a\u043e-\u041e\u0434\u0435\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0430 \u043e\u0440\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0421\u0443\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0406\u0406\u0406 \u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0435\u043d\u044f \u0437\u0435\u043d\u0456\u0442\u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0430 \u0431\u0440\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0434\u0430). The Brigade is considered to be one of the best Anti- Aircraft Artillery units in Ukraine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014382-0001-0000", "contents": "160th Anti-Aircraft Artillery Brigade (Ukraine)\nThe 160th Brigade was part of the 21st Air Defence Division (1961-1989) and then the 60th Air Defence Corps from 1989-1992, both part of the 8th Air Defence Army. From 1961-92 it was located at Odessa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014382-0002-0000", "contents": "160th Anti-Aircraft Artillery Brigade (Ukraine), History\nIn 1999 the Brigade was given the honorable name \"Odessa\" for exhibiting high level of professionalism in protecting the skies over Odessa. The brigade was also awarded with its Colour by the President of Ukraine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 56], "content_span": [57, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014383-0000-0000", "contents": "160th Division (2nd Formation)(People's Republic of China)\nThe 160th Division(Chinese: \u7b2c160\u5e08)(2nd Formation) was created in March 1949 basing on the 1st Training Division of Northeastern Military Region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014384-0000-0000", "contents": "160th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by Rich Farmbrough (talk | contribs) at 18:00, 19 November 2019 (Date formats). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014384-0001-0000", "contents": "160th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)\nThe 160th Division (\u7b2c160\u5e2b\u56e3, Dai-hyakurokuj\u016b Shidan) was an infantry division of the Imperial Japanese Army. Its call sign was the Chosun Protection Division (\u8b77\u9bae\u5175\u56e3, Gosen Heidan). It was formed 28 February 1945 in Pyongyang as a square division. It was a part of the 16 simultaneously created divisions batch numbering from 140th to 160th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014384-0002-0000", "contents": "160th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nThe 160th division was  assigned to 17th area army. 9 May 1945, the division was sent to North Jeolla Province to prepare a coastal defenses, performing uneventfully until surrender of Japan 15 August 1945. 461st infantry regiment was in Buan County, 462nd - in Gunsan, 463rd - in Seocheon County, and 464th infantry regiment - in Iksan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014385-0000-0000", "contents": "160th Field Artillery Regiment (United States)\nThe 1st Battalion, 160th Field Artillery Regiment is headquartered in Chandler, Oklahoma. It is a part of the 45th Infantry Brigade Combat Team, Oklahoma Army National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014385-0001-0000", "contents": "160th Field Artillery Regiment (United States)\nThe 160th FA saw action during World War II and the Korean War as part of the 45th Infantry Division and again in Afghanistan and Iraq as part of the 45th Infantry Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014385-0002-0000", "contents": "160th Field Artillery Regiment (United States), Subordinate units\nAdditionally, the 160th is supported by its Forward Support Company (FSC)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 65], "content_span": [66, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014385-0003-0000", "contents": "160th Field Artillery Regiment (United States), History\nLTC William S. Key, newly discharged from the US Army following World War I was appointed Captain of Field Artillery in the Oklahoma Army National Guard. He was directed to organize a light artillery battery at Wewoka, Oklahoma. A 75mm battery was federally recognized as Battery A, 1st Oklahoma Field Artillery on July 28, 1920. Battery \"A\" became known as the \"White Horse Battery\" in recognition of the white horses used to tow the artillery pieces. On 18 July 1921, the 1st Oklahoma Field Artillery Regiment, consisting of a Regimental Headquarters and two firing battalions, incorporating the White Horse Battery and other subsequently established artillery units, was federally recognized.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 55], "content_span": [56, 751]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014385-0004-0000", "contents": "160th Field Artillery Regiment (United States), History\nThe 1st Oklahoma Field Artillery became the 160th Field Artillery Regiment in October 1921 with two battalions and would become one of the components of the 45th Infantry Division in 1923. The 160th Field Artillery Regiment was disbanded in 1940 when the division was \"triangularized\" and 1st Battalion became the 160th Field Artillery Battalion, while the 2nd Battalion was renamed the 171st Artillery Battalion. The 160th FA saw action in both World War II and Korea. Thirty-six of its soldiers were killed during the Second World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 55], "content_span": [56, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014385-0005-0000", "contents": "160th Field Artillery Regiment (United States), History\nDuring World War II the 160th FA normally operated in support of the 179th Infantry Regiment and would support the 279th Infantry during the Korean War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 55], "content_span": [56, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014385-0006-0000", "contents": "160th Field Artillery Regiment (United States), Distinctive unit insignia\nDescriptionA gold color metal and enamel device 1 3/8 inches (3.49\u00a0cm) in height overall consisting of the shield, crest and motto of the coat of arms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 73], "content_span": [74, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014385-0007-0000", "contents": "160th Field Artillery Regiment (United States), Distinctive unit insignia\nSymbolismThe shield is scarlet and yellow for Artillery. The dividing line represents the Red River; the projectile in chief, the Artillery fire; and the bezant in base, the clean cut hits made by the 160th Field Artillery Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 73], "content_span": [74, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014385-0008-0000", "contents": "160th Field Artillery Regiment (United States), Distinctive unit insignia\nBackgroundThe distinctive unit insignia was originally approved for the 160th Field Artillery Regiment on 30 March 1927. It was redesignated for the 160th Field Artillery Battalion on 2 December 1942. It was redesignated for the 171st Field Artillery Battalion on 30 June 1955. The insignia was redesignated for the 160th Artillery Regiment on 18 October 1960. On 19 July 1972, the insignia was redesignated for the 160th Field Artillery Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 73], "content_span": [74, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014386-0000-0000", "contents": "160th Fighter Squadron\nThe 160th Fighter Squadron (160 FS) is an inactive unit of the Alabama Air National Guard. It was last assigned to the 187th Fighter Wing, stationed at Montgomery Air National Guard Base, Alabama. It was inactivated on 13 September 2007, with personnel and equipment being transferred to the 100th Fighter Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014386-0001-0000", "contents": "160th Fighter Squadron, History\nAuthorized by the National Guard Bureau in 1947 as the 160th Fighter Squadron, Alabama Air National Guard. Organized at Birmingham Municipal Airport and extended recognition as a new unit on 1 October 1947 with no previous World War II history or lineage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014386-0002-0000", "contents": "160th Fighter Squadron, History\nThe squadron was assigned to the 117th Fighter Group and equipped with F-51D Mustangs. The unit's initial mission was the air defense of Alabama. Was re-equipped with RF-51D Mustangs in 1950, being assigned to Tactical Air Command. Its mission was changed to daylight aerial reconnaissance. Its aircraft were former World War II F-5 Mustangs which had been used in the United States in a training role.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014386-0003-0000", "contents": "160th Fighter Squadron, History, Korean War activation\nThe squadron and its parent 117th Fighter Group were federalized due to the Korean War on 10 October 1950. On 1 November the Mustangs were transferred to other units and the 160th was re-equipped with RF-80A Shooting Star photo-reconnaissance jets and transferred to Lawson AFB, Georgia. At Lawson, the wartime group was formed as the 160th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron, the 157th TRS (South Carolina ANG) (RF-80) and 112th TRS (Ohio ANG) (RB-26). The 117th Tactical Reconnaissance Group was assigned to Ninth Air Force, Tactical Air Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 54], "content_span": [55, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014386-0004-0000", "contents": "160th Fighter Squadron, History, Korean War activation\nAfter over a year at Lawson AFB for transition training, and also because the Groups planned base, Toul-Rosi\u00e8res Air Base, France was under construction, finally in January 1952 the group deployed to the United States Air Forces in Europe (USAFE). However at the time of the 117th's arrival, Toul AB consisted of a sea of mud, and the new jet runway was breaking up and could not support safe flying. The commander of the 117th deemed it uninhabitable and its flying squadrons of the wing were dispersed to West Germany. The 112th TRS was transferred to Wiesbaden AB, the 157th TRS deployed to F\u00fcrstenfeldbruck AB, and the 160th deployed to Neubiberg AB. The non-flying Headquarters and Support organizations were assigned to Toul.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 54], "content_span": [55, 786]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014386-0005-0000", "contents": "160th Fighter Squadron, History, Korean War activation\nThe mission of the 117 TRG was to provide tactical, visual, photographic and electronic reconnaissance by both day and night, as was required by the military forces within the European command. The RF-80's were responsible for the daylight operations; the RB-26s for night photography. In June 1952, the 117th was involved in Exercise 'June Primer'. This exercise took place in an area bordered by a line drawn from Cherbourg to Geneva in the east and in the west by the Swiss, Austrian and Russian occupation zone borders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 54], "content_span": [55, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014386-0006-0000", "contents": "160th Fighter Squadron, History, Korean War activation\nThe two RF-80 squadrons of the 117th had to complete a number of varying missions, including vertical photography of prospective paratroop air drop zones, oblique photos of the Rhine and Danube river bridges, vertical photography of the airfields of Jever, Fassburg, Celle, Sundorf and G\u00fctersloh and various visual missions on behalf of the seventh army, including artillery adjustment for the 816th field artillery. The 157 TRS had had wire recorders fitted to five of its RF-80's prior to June Primer and these greatly facilitated the latter missions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 54], "content_span": [55, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014386-0007-0000", "contents": "160th Fighter Squadron, History, Korean War activation\nBy July 1952 the facilities at Wiesbaden AB were becoming very crowded, and it was felt that the B-26's could fly from the primitive conditions at Toul. The 112 TRS returned to Toul, however the jet-engined RF-80's remained in West Germany until a new runway was constructed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 54], "content_span": [55, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014386-0008-0000", "contents": "160th Fighter Squadron, History, Korean War activation\nOn 9 July 1952 the activated Air National Guard 117 TRG was released from active duty. All of the aircraft and support equipment remained at Toul. The 117 TRG was inactivated and its mission was taken over by the newly activated 10th Tactical Reconnaissance Wing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 54], "content_span": [55, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014386-0009-0000", "contents": "160th Fighter Squadron, History, Cold War\nThe squadron was returned to Alabama State Control and was re-formed in Birmingham in the fall of 1952, being re-equipped with the RF-51D Mustang. Sharing the facility with the 106th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron as well as the expanding civil airport led to congestion and in 1953, the 160th TRS was moved to the Montgomery Regional Airport. The Mustangs were at the end of their USAF service in 1955 and the squadron received RF-80s which were also at the end of the line for their USAF service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 41], "content_span": [42, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014386-0010-0000", "contents": "160th Fighter Squadron, History, Cold War\nOn 28 September 1956 its parent 117th Tactical Reconnaissance Group was inactivated and discontinued. The reason was that the Groups World War II predecessor unit, the 354th Fighter Group, was re-activated at the new Myrtle Beach AFB, South Carolina. The 117th designation was re-allotted to the Alabama ANG as a new organization, with no World War II lineage or history, and federal recognition was extended the same day. Also in 1956, the 160th began to receive new RF-84F Thunderstreak jet photo-reconnaissance aircraft directly from Republic, replacing the obsolete RF-80s. The squadron continued to operate the RF-84s for the next fifteen years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 41], "content_span": [42, 692]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014386-0011-0000", "contents": "160th Fighter Squadron, History, Cold War\nDuring the 1961 Berlin Crisis, the 117th TRG was again federalized, along with the 160th TRS on 1 October 1961. The federalized 117th TRG consisted of the 106th TRS at Birmingham; the 153d TRS (Mississippi ANG); the 184th TRS (Arizona ANG), and the 117th. Due to federal budget restrictions, only the 106th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron was deployed to Dreux-Louvilliers AB, France. However elements of all three other squadrons rotated to France as part of the USAFE 7117th Tactical Wing until the crisis was defused and the 117th TRG and subordinate squadrons were returned to their various state control on 31 August 1962.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 41], "content_span": [42, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014386-0012-0000", "contents": "160th Fighter Squadron, History, Cold War\nOn 15 October 1962, the 160th was authorized to expand to a group level, and the 187th Tactical Reconnaissance Group was established by the National Guard Bureau. The 160th TRS becoming the group's flying squadron. Other squadrons assigned into the group were the 187th Headquarters, 1187th Material Squadron (Maintenance), 187th Combat Support Squadron, and the 187th USAF Dispensary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 41], "content_span": [42, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014386-0013-0000", "contents": "160th Fighter Squadron, History, Cold War\nIn 1971 the RF-4C Phantom II photo-reconnaissance aircraft was being withdrawn from Southeast Asia, and the 160th began to receive these Vietnam War veteran aircraft. The RF-84Fs were retired and during the 1970s the squadron flew the Phantoms in its aerial reconnaissance mission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 41], "content_span": [42, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014386-0014-0000", "contents": "160th Fighter Squadron, History, Tactical Fighter\nIn 1983 the 117th was re-aligned from its photo-reconnaissance mission and converted to a tactical fighter mission, transferring its RF-4Cs and receiving Vietnam Veteran F-4D Phantom IIs. The Phantoms were primarily used for Air Defense as part of the Air Defense, Tactical Air Command (ADTAC) division of TAC. By 1988 the Phantoms were being withdrawn from the Air Force inventory, and the 160th began to receive Block 30 F-16C/D Fighting Falcons to use in the air defense mission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 49], "content_span": [50, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014386-0015-0000", "contents": "160th Fighter Squadron, History, Tactical Fighter\nDuring the 1990s, the 187th has undertaken an ambitious and successful regimen of participation in many Total Force deployments. These deployments have taken the men and women of the 187th to exercises in South Korea, Norway, Guam, Hawaii, Alaska, and many other stateside locations. By far the most significant deployments have been for contingency operations enforcing United Nations sanctions against Iraq. In 1995, the unit deployed for a 30-day rotation to Incirlik AB, Turkey for Operation Provide Comfort II. The following year, the Wing deployed to Al Jaber AB, Kuwait for Operation Southern Watch. Then in 1997, the Wing returned to Incirlik for Operation Northern Watch. These operations were to enforce the respective northern and southern no-fly zones over Iraq.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 49], "content_span": [50, 824]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014386-0016-0000", "contents": "160th Fighter Squadron, History, Global War on Terrorism\nAfter the 9/11 attacks, the 187th performed Combat Air Patrol flights as part of Operation Noble Eagle in the United States. The unit sustained this effort for Operation Noble Eagle for one year following the events of 11 September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 56], "content_span": [57, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014386-0017-0000", "contents": "160th Fighter Squadron, History, Global War on Terrorism\nThe 187th was again called to active duty in January until April 2003 as part of the largest military mobilization since the 1991 Gulf War. This marked the largest unit activation in the units 50-year history with over 500 personnel being deployed along with aircraft and equipment for Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 56], "content_span": [57, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014386-0017-0001", "contents": "160th Fighter Squadron, History, Global War on Terrorism\nThe 187th, as an integral part of the Total Force, deployed to Prince Hassan Air Base (H-5) and Shahid Muafaq Al-Salti Air Base, Jordan, as the lead unit, commanding a mixture of Air National Guard, Air Force Reserve, Active Air Force and British Royal Air Force units comprising the 410th Air Expeditionary Wing. This marked the largest integration of coalition Air and Special Forces Operations in history with over 3,500 personnel operating out of this location. The 410th's mission was to prevent Iraqi missile launches against coalition forces and neighboring countries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 56], "content_span": [57, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014386-0018-0000", "contents": "160th Fighter Squadron, History, Global War on Terrorism\nIn September 2004 the unit again deployed over 300 personnel with aircraft and equipment to Al Udeid AB, Qatar for Operation Iraqi Freedom. This deployment also marked a significant first for the unit and the U.S. Military. The 187th was the first unit to ever use the GBU-38 Joint Direct Attack Munition in combat. The GBU-38 is a 500\u00a0lb global positioning system (GPS) guided bomb which, while being very effective, minimizes collateral damage. The GBU-38 is a precision guided munition commonly referred to as a \"Smart Bomb\". This weapon was effectively employed by the 187th in the Battle of Fallujah.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 56], "content_span": [57, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014386-0019-0000", "contents": "160th Fighter Squadron, History, Global War on Terrorism\nIn 2006, the 160th Expeditionary Fighter Squadron deployed to Balad AB, Iraq for 90 days and became part of the 322d Expeditionary Fighter Squadron in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 56], "content_span": [57, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014386-0020-0000", "contents": "160th Fighter Squadron, History, Inactivation\nIn 2007, it was announced that the Alabama Air National Guard would activate the 100th Fighter Squadron so the state could honor the legacy of the World War II Tuskegee Airmen. As a result, the 160th Fighter Squadron would be inactivated, and the new 100th FS would assume its personnel, equipment and aircraft. The 160th Fighter Squadron stood down in a ceremony at Montgomery Air National Guard Base, on 13 September 2007, with the 100th Fighter Squadron standing up and being bequeathed the history, lineage, and honors of the World War II 100th Fighter Squadron and its successor units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014387-0000-0000", "contents": "160th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)\nThe 160th Infantry Division (German: 160. Infanterie-Division) was an infantry division of the German Heer during World War II. The unit, at times designated Commander of Reserve Troops X (German: Kommandeur der Ersatztruppen X), Commander of Reserve Troops X/I (German: Kommandeur der Ersatztruppen X/I), 160th Division (German: 160. Division),  Division No. 160 (German: Division Nr. 160), and 160th Reserve Division (German: 160. Reserve-Division), was active between 1939 and 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014387-0001-0000", "contents": "160th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, Commander of Reserve Troops X\nAs part of the German general mobilization on 26 August 1939, several staffs were activated to supervise the reserve units in each of the Wehrkreis military districts. These staffs were numbered with the Roman numerals that were assigned to their respective military districts. The Commander of Reserve Troops X was formed in the capital city of Wehrkreis X, Hamburg. The initial commander of the command staff was Otto Sch\u00fcnemann.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 75], "content_span": [76, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014387-0002-0000", "contents": "160th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, Commander of Reserve Troops X/I\nThe unit was redesignated Commander of Reserve Troops X/I on 25 October 1939.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 77], "content_span": [78, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014387-0003-0000", "contents": "160th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, 160th Division\nThe Commander of Reserve Troops X/I was redesignated 160th Division on 8 November 1939.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 60], "content_span": [61, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014387-0004-0000", "contents": "160th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, Division No. 160\nThe 160th Division became the Division No. 160 on 12 December 1939.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 62], "content_span": [63, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014387-0005-0000", "contents": "160th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, Division No. 160\nIn January 1940, the Division No. 160 consisted of the following formations:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 62], "content_span": [63, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014387-0006-0000", "contents": "160th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, Division No. 160\nIn June 1940, the Division No. 160 was deployed to occupied Denmark to replace the 170th Infantry Division and was put under the supervision under the commander of the German occupation forces in Denmark. The division's previous tasks at the homefront were taken over by Division No. 190. In occupied Denmark, the military installations were insufficient to properly accommodate all of the division's forces. In October 1940, the division, now headquartered at Viborg, only contained a single remaining regiment, the Infantry Reserve Regiment 58 (Fredericia), as well as a recovery unit for wounded soldiers, at Flensburg. As a result, the division consisted of the following formations in October 1940:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 62], "content_span": [63, 766]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014387-0007-0000", "contents": "160th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, Division No. 160\nIn 1941, Division No. 160 was moved from Viborg to Copenhagen and the 58th Regiment from Fredericia to Ringsted. In summer of 1941, the division was strengthened with the Infantry Reserve Regiment 225, now at Odense, as well as the Artillery Reserve Detachment 58 at H\u00f6velte. As a result, Division No. 160 consisted of the following formations on 1 December 1941:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 62], "content_span": [63, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014387-0008-0000", "contents": "160th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, Division No. 160\nOn 1 May 1942, Sch\u00fcnemann was replaced as divisional commander by Horst von Uckermann. On 1 October 1942, the Replacement Army was reorganized and several reserve units were deployed from occupied Denmark to Germany, where they once again joined the Division No. 190 in Wehrkreis X. Because of the reorganization, Division No. 160 gave up its replacement formations and was henceforth dedicated specifically to training tasks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 62], "content_span": [63, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014387-0009-0000", "contents": "160th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, Division No. 160\nOn 1 July 1943, Uckermann was replaced as divisional commander by Christoph Graf zu Stolberg-Stolberg, who was in turn again replaced by Uckermann on 1 August 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 62], "content_span": [63, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014387-0010-0000", "contents": "160th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, 160th Reserve Division\nOn 26 October 1943, an order by the Allgemeines Heeresamt of the Wehrmacht gave instruction for the reorganization of several military formations, including Division No. 160. The division became the 160th Reserve Division on 7 November 1943 and was subsequently deployed to Holsted, where the division command served as Defense Staff Jutland-South (German: Vertedigungsstab J\u00fctland-S\u00fcd). In December 1943, the division consisted of the following formations:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 68], "content_span": [69, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014387-0011-0000", "contents": "160th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, 160th Reserve Division\nThese formations were joined in 1944 by the Reserve Pioneer Battalion 30 and the Supply Unit 1060. On 10 July 1944, Uckermann was replaced as divisional commander by Friedrich Hofmann, the division's final commander.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 68], "content_span": [69, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014387-0012-0000", "contents": "160th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, 160th Infantry Division\nWithin weeks of the end of World War II, the 160th Reserve Division became the 160th Infantry Division on 9 March 1945. The three reserve regiments that had formed the 160th Reserve Divisions became full Grenadier Regiments, numbered 657 through 659. The division's composition in March 1945 was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 69], "content_span": [70, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014387-0013-0000", "contents": "160th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, 160th Infantry Division\nThe 160th Infantry Division did not see combat until German surrender in early May 1945. The division remained in Denmark until the end of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 69], "content_span": [70, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014387-0014-0000", "contents": "160th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), Superior formations\nThe 160th Division in its various iterations was supervised by the following superior commands, each of which was presided over by Hermann von Hanneken:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 56], "content_span": [57, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014388-0000-0000", "contents": "160th Infantry Regiment (United States)\nThe 160th Infantry Regiment is an infantry regiment of the United States Army. The 1st Battalion, 160th Infantry is a light infantry component of the 79th Infantry Brigade Combat Team (IBCT).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014388-0001-0000", "contents": "160th Infantry Regiment (United States)\nOriginally designated the 7th California, the 160th Infantry Regiment traces their lineage back to the early days of California statehood when the call went out and 17,000 men volunteered for service in the Civil War under the 7th Regiment California Volunteer Infantry. The 1st Battalion, 160th Infantry is now headquartered in the California Army National Guard Inglewood Armory which houses a Regimental room dedicated to preserving the rich history of the 160th Infantry Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014388-0002-0000", "contents": "160th Infantry Regiment (United States), History\nThe regiment traces its history to the 7th Infantry Battalion, formed 1885, and became the 7th Infantry Regiment three years later. The regiment was formed during the Spanish\u2013American War in 1898. Its initial training took place at the Presidio of San Francisco. It later served under General John J. Pershing during the Mexican Border Campaign of 1914. During World War I, the regiment participated in the French Meuse-Argonne Offensive in 1918 and the Battle of St. Mihiel. During the Meuse-Argonne Offensive, units of the 160th Regiment along with units of the 307th Infantry Regiment became known as the \"Lost Battalion.\" Captain Nelson Holderman, a member of the 160th Regiment, was awarded the Medal of Honor during the Lost Battalion action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 797]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014388-0003-0000", "contents": "160th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War Two\nThe regiment's armory, located in Los Angeles, California, hosted the fencing competition at the 1932 Summer Olympics as well as the fencing part of the modern pentathlon. As part of the United States mobilization during World War II, the 160th was federalized at Los Angeles, California, on 3 March 1941 and moved to Camp San Luis Obispo, California, within two weeks. The regiment trained there for over a year as part of the 40th Division before relocating to Fort Lewis, Washington, on 29 April 1942. From there, the regiment went to San Francisco, on 1 September 1942, and was shipped to Hawaii the following month.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 63], "content_span": [64, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014388-0004-0000", "contents": "160th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War Two\nThe regiment trained in jungle warfare there for over a year before being moved forward during January 1944 to the Solomon Islands. From April through December the regiment fought on New Britain Island during the New Britain campaign. The regiment redeployed through New Guinea and they invaded the Japanese-held Philippines on 9 January 1945. The regiment participated in various actions in the Philippines' Campaign (1944 to 1945) during the rest of the war. It returned to San Francisco on 5 April 1946 and was inactivated the next day. For actions in the Zambales Mountains, Company I was awarded a Presidential Unit Citation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 63], "content_span": [64, 694]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014388-0005-0000", "contents": "160th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Post\u2013Korea to present\nAs part of the United States National Guard, the unit was not mobilized for Vietnam, but engaged in suppressing civil disturbances. During the 1965 Watts Riots in Los Angeles, the 160th Regiment was among the first units deployed. They were also activated during the 1992 Los Angeles riots in the wake of the Rodney King trial. Following the 1994 Northridge earthquake, the regiment provided humanitarian aid and security to the area affected by the earthquake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 71], "content_span": [72, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014388-0006-0000", "contents": "160th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Post\u2013Korea to present\nCompany B of 1st Battalion was awarded a Meritorious Unit Commendation for their service in Iraq in 2004 and 2005, and the remainder of 1st Battalion was awarded an Army Superior Unit Award for service in Kosovo during a similar period. The regiment served in Kuwait and Iraq during Operation Iraqi Freedom from 15 February 2007 through 8 August 2008; during this period Company C of 3d battalion was awarded a Meritorious Unit Commendation, and two soldiers from the regiment were killed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 71], "content_span": [72, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014388-0007-0000", "contents": "160th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Post\u2013Korea to present\nDuring the George Floyd Protests, the unit was one of the first to be mobilized among the California National Guard on 29 May 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 71], "content_span": [72, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014389-0000-0000", "contents": "160th Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)\nThe 130th Army Division, now the 160th Heavy Combined Arms Brigade was a military formation of the People's Liberation Army Ground Force of the People's Republic of China. It is the only PLA division that took part in all three major wars of PLA after 1949.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [61, 61], "content_span": [62, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014389-0001-0000", "contents": "160th Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)\nThe 130th Division (Chinese: \u7b2c130\u5e08) was created in November 1948 under the Regulation of the Redesignations of All Organizations and Units of the Army, issued by Central Military Commission on November 1, 1948, basing on the 19th Division, 7th Column of Northeastern Field Army. Its history could be traced to 1st Security Brigade of Liaoji Military District formed in October 1945. Under the command of 44th Corps it took part in many major battles during the Chinese civil war. The division is the only unit that fought all four times of the Battle of Siping.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [61, 61], "content_span": [62, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014389-0002-0000", "contents": "160th Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)\nIn October 1952 the division was transferred to 54th Corps after 44th's disbandment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [61, 61], "content_span": [62, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014389-0003-0000", "contents": "160th Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)\nIn February 1953 the division entered Korea as a part of People's Volunteer Army. During its deployment in Korea it took part in the Battle of Kumsong. In 1953 the division was renamed as the 130th Infantry Division (Chinese: \u6b65\u5175\u7b2c130\u5e08). In May 1958 it pulled out from Korea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [61, 61], "content_span": [62, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014389-0004-0000", "contents": "160th Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)\nIn 1959 the division was moved to Tibet to deal with the Tibetan uprising.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [61, 61], "content_span": [62, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014389-0005-0000", "contents": "160th Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)\nIn 1960 the division was renamed as the 130th Army Division (Chinese: \u9646\u519b\u7b2c130\u5e08). By then the division was composed of:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [61, 61], "content_span": [62, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014389-0006-0000", "contents": "160th Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)\nIn 1962 the division took part in the Sino-Indian War. During the war the division overrun Indian 11th Brigade, inflicted more than 1,200 casualties to Indian Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [61, 61], "content_span": [62, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014389-0007-0000", "contents": "160th Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)\nIn December 1969 the division was renamed as the 160th Army Division (Chinese: \u9646\u519b\u7b2c160\u5e08). All regiments of the division was renamed as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [61, 61], "content_span": [62, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014389-0008-0000", "contents": "160th Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)\nIn February 1979 the division took part in the Battle of Cao Bang during Sino-Vietnamese War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [61, 61], "content_span": [62, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014389-0009-0000", "contents": "160th Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)\nIn 1985 the division was renamed as the 160th Infantry Division (Chinese: \u6b65\u5175\u7b2c160\u5e08). From 1985 to 1998 the division maintained as a Northern Infantry Division, Catalogue B.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [61, 61], "content_span": [62, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014389-0010-0000", "contents": "160th Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)\nIn 1998 the division was reduced and renamed as the 160th Motorized Infantry Brigade (Chinese: \u6469\u6258\u5316\u6b65\u5175\u7b2c160\u65c5).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [61, 61], "content_span": [62, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014389-0011-0000", "contents": "160th Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)\nIn 2012 160th brigade was recomposed and was an element of 54th group army. Retired Lieutenant General Dong Zhanlin, who commanded 130th division in Sino-Indian war, attended its recomposing ceremony.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [61, 61], "content_span": [62, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014389-0012-0000", "contents": "160th Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)\nIn 2017 it was reorganized as the 160th Heavy Combined Arms Brigade (Chinese: \u91cd\u578b\u5408\u6210\u7b2c160\u65c5) and transferred to the 71st Group Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [61, 61], "content_span": [62, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014390-0000-0000", "contents": "160th New York Infantry Regiment\nThe 160th New York Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014390-0001-0000", "contents": "160th New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 160th New York Infantry was organized at Auburn, New York beginning September 6, 1862 and mustered in for three-years service on November 21, 1862 under the command of Colonel Charles C. Dwight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014390-0002-0000", "contents": "160th New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to Sherman's Division, Department of the Gulf, to January 1863. 2nd Brigade, 1st Division, XIX Corps, Department of the Gulf, to July 1863. 3rd Brigade, 1st Division, XIX Corps, to February 1864. 2nd Brigade, 1st Division, XIX Corps, to June 1864. 3rd Brigade, 1st Division, XIX Corps, Army of the Gulf, to July 1864, and Army of the Shenandoah, Middle Military Division, to February 1865. 3rd Brigade, 1st Provisional Division, Army of the Shenandoah, to April 1865. 3rd Brigade, Dwight's Division, Department of Washington, to June 1865. 3rd Brigade, Dwight's Division, Department of the South, to November 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014390-0003-0000", "contents": "160th New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 160th New York Infantry mustered out of service November 1, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014390-0004-0000", "contents": "160th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nLeft New York for New Orleans, La., December 4, 1862. Expedition to Bayou Teche January 12\u201315, 1863. Aboard steamer Cotton January 14. Operations on Bayou Plaquemine February 12\u201328. Duty at Brashear City until March 20. Berwick City March 13. Duty at Bayou Boeuf and Pattersonville until April 2. Pattersonville March 28 (detachment). Operations in western Louisiana April 9-May 14. Second Bayou Teche Campaign April 11\u201320. Fort Bisland, near Centreville, April 12\u201313. Jeanerette April 14. Bayou Vermillion April 17. Opelousas April 20. Expedition to Alexandria and Simsport May 5\u201318. Moved to Port Hudson May 18\u201325.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 667]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014390-0004-0001", "contents": "160th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nSiege of Port Hudson May 25-July 9. Assaults on Port Hudson May 27 and June 14. Springfield Landing July 2. Surrender of Port Hudson July 9. Expedition to Donaldsonville July 10\u201330. Kock's Plantation, Donaldsonville, on Bayou Fourche, July 13\u201314. Duty near Thibodeaux and at Brashear City until September 2. Sabine Pass Expedition September 4\u201312. Sabine Pass September 8. Moved to Algiers, then to Berwick September 17. Western Louisiana Campaign October 3-November 30. Vermillion Bayou October 9\u201310. Carrion Crow Bayou October 11. At New Iberia until January 7, 1864. Moved to Franklin January 7, and duty there until March.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 676]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014390-0004-0002", "contents": "160th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nRed River Campaign March 10-May 22. Advance from Franklin to Alexandria March 14\u201326. Battle of Sabine Cross Roads April 8. Pleasant Hill April 9. Monett's Ferry or Cane River Crossing April 23. At Alexandria April 26-May 13. Construction of dam at Alexandria April 30-May 10. Retreat to Mansura May 13\u201320. Avoyelle's Prairie, Mansura, May 16. At Morganza until July. Moved to Fort Monroe, Va., then to Washington, D.C. July 1\u201312. Repulse of Early's attack on Washington July 12\u201313. Pursuit of Early to Snicker's Gap, Va., July 14\u201323. Snicker's Ferry July 20. Sheridan's Shenandoah Valley Campaign August 7-November 28.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 669]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014390-0004-0003", "contents": "160th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nServed detached as supply train guard for the army from August 14 to October 27. Duty at Middletown and Newtown until December, and at Stephenson's Depot and Winchester until April 1865. Moved to Washington, D.C., and duty there until June. Grand Review of the Armies May 23\u201324. Moved to Savannah, Ga., June 30-July 7. Duty there and at various points in the Department of Georgia until November.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014390-0005-0000", "contents": "160th New York Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 219 men during service; 6 officers and 53 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 1 officer and 159 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014391-0000-0000", "contents": "160th New York State Legislature\nThe 160th New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 6 to May 8, 1937, during the fifth year of Herbert H. Lehman's governorship, in Albany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014391-0001-0000", "contents": "160th New York State Legislature, Background\nUnder the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1894, re-apportioned in 1917, 51 Senators and 150 assemblymen were elected in single-seat districts; senators for a two-year term, assemblymen for a one-year term. The senatorial districts consisted either of one or more entire counties; or a contiguous area within a single county. The counties which were divided into more than one senatorial district were New York (nine districts), Kings (eight), Bronx (three), Erie (three), Monroe (two), Queens (two) and Westchester (two). The Assembly districts were made up of contiguous area, all within the same county.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014391-0002-0000", "contents": "160th New York State Legislature, Background\nAt this time there were two major political parties: the Democratic Party and the Republican Party. The Socialist Party and the Communist Party also nominated tickets. The American Labor Party appeared for the first time on the ballot, but only endorsed Gov. Herbert H. Lehman, and made no other nominations on the state ticket.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014391-0003-0000", "contents": "160th New York State Legislature, Elections\nThe New York state election, 1936, was held on November 3. Governor Herbert H. Lehman and Lieutenant Governor M. William Bray were re-elected, both Democrats. The other five statewide elective offices were also carried by the Democrats. The approximate party strength at this election, as expressed by the vote for Governor, was: Democrats 2,708,000; Republicans 2,450,000; American Labor 262,000; Socialists 87,000; and Communists 36,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014391-0004-0000", "contents": "160th New York State Legislature, Elections\nAll three women legislators were re-elected: State Senator Rhoda Fox Graves (Rep.), of Gouverneur, a former school teacher who after her marriage became active in women's organisations and politics; and Assemblywomen Doris I. Byrne (Dem. ), a lawyer from the Bronx, and Jane H. Todd (Rep.), of Tarrytown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014391-0005-0000", "contents": "160th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for the regular session at the State Capitol in Albany on January 6, 1937; and adjourned on May 8.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014391-0006-0000", "contents": "160th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nJohn J. Dunnigan (Dem.) was re-elected Temporary President of the State Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014391-0007-0000", "contents": "160th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nAt the opening of the session, eight Republican assemblymen (Barrett, Bartholomew, Conway, Hall, Herman, Lupton, Stephens and Wadsworth) refused to re-elect Speaker Irving M. Ives because of the latter's opposition to Gov. Lehman's relief legislation during the previous session. After a week of deadlock, on January 12, Majority Leader Oswald D. Heck was elected Speaker with 72 votes against 67 for Irwin Steingut (Dem.). Heck then appointed Ives as Majority Leader.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014391-0008-0000", "contents": "160th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature. Peter T. Farrell and Erastus Corning 2nd changed from the Assembly to the Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014391-0009-0000", "contents": "160th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members\nNote: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words \"...the Committee on (the)...\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014391-0010-0000", "contents": "160th New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Assemblymen\nNote: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words \"...the Committee on (the)...\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 61], "content_span": [62, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014392-0000-0000", "contents": "160th Ohio Infantry Regiment\nThe 160th Ohio Infantry Regiment, sometimes 160th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (National Guard) (or 160th OVI (NG)) was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014392-0001-0000", "contents": "160th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nOrganized on May 7, 1864 at Camp Zanesville in Zanesville, Ohio, the 160th OVI was composed of elements from four battalions of the Ohio National Guard - the 40th Battalion of Brown County, the 53rd Battalion of Perry County, the 73rd Battalion of Fairfield County, and the 91st Battalion of Muskingum County. The regiment formally mustered into service on May 13, 1864 under the command of Colonel Cyrus Reasoner and departed for Harpers Ferry, West Virginia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014392-0001-0001", "contents": "160th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nAssigned to the First Brigade (Colonel Augustus Moor) of the First Division (Brigadier General Jeremiah Sullivan) of the Department of West Virginia (Major General Franz Sigel), the regiment received orders to the front on May 17, 1864 with a supply train of 200 wagons intended for the division encampment at Cedar Creek, Virginia. The regiment conducted picket and garrison duty until reassigned on May 25 to the newly formed Reserve Division (Major General Franz Sigel), Department of West Virginia (Major General David Hunter).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014392-0001-0002", "contents": "160th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment conducted operations throughout the lower Shenandoah Valley in support of wagon trains and on multiple occasions engaged Confederate guerrilla forces under the command of Colonel Harry W. Gillmor and Colonel John S. Mosby. Notable engagements occurred on May 29\u201330 at Newtown, Virginia and on June 7 at Middletown, Virginia. The regiment proceeded to conduct operations in and about Harpers Ferry, West Virginia and Martinsburg, West Virginia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014392-0001-0003", "contents": "160th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nFrom July 3 to 7, the regiment participated in delaying maneuvers and the defense of Maryland Heights, Maryland during Lieutenant General Jubal Early's invasion of Washington, D.C. with the Confederate Army of the Valley. On July 14, the regiment conducted a 27-mile single day's march to Hagerstown, Maryland where it took charge of a wagon train full of necessary supplies for renewed operations across the theatre. On July 21, the regiment marched to Brown's Crossing, West Virginia and established a network of pickets and patrols along the segment of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad running between Harper's Ferry and Martinsburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014392-0001-0004", "contents": "160th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nUnder its guard, the railroad line resumed operations for the first time since July 3, 1864. The regiment additionally played an instrumental role in the completion of the strategic breastworks along Bolivar Heights in Harper's Ferry. On August 25, 1864, having exceeded its term of enlistment, the regiment received orders to return home. The 160th OVI mustered out of service on September 7, 1864 at Camp Goddard in Zanesville, Ohio.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014392-0002-0000", "contents": "160th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Ohio National Guard\nOver 35,000 Ohio National Guardsmen were federalized and organized into regiments for 100 days service in May 1864. Shipped to the Eastern Theater, they were designed to be placed in \"safe\" rear areas to protect railroads and supply points, thereby freeing regular troops for Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant\u2019s push on the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia. As events transpired, many units found themselves in combat, stationed in the path of Confederate Gen. Jubal Early\u2019s veteran Army of the Valley during its famed Valley Campaigns of 1864. Ohio Guard units met the battle-tested foe head on and helped blunt the Confederate offensive thereby saving Washington, D.C. from capture. Ohio National Guard units participated in the battles of Monacacy, Fort Stevens, Harpers Ferry, and in the siege of Petersburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 49], "content_span": [50, 863]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014392-0003-0000", "contents": "160th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment suffered 20 casualties during its term of service; 5 men killed in action, 2 men wounded in action, 1 man captured who later died as a prisoner of war, and 12 men who died due to disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014392-0004-0000", "contents": "160th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nKilled in Action:  Private John J. Stewart (July 4, 1864, Sandy Hook, Maryland); Private Isaac N. Steers (July 31, 1864, Frederick, Maryland from wounds received on July 9, 1864 at Monocacy, Maryland); Private Peter Beth (August 13, 1864, Maryland Heights, Maryland); Private Isaac Kelly (August 13, 1864, Maryland Heights, Maryland); and Private George States (August 13, 1864, Maryland Heights, Maryland).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014392-0005-0000", "contents": "160th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nWounded in Action:  Principal Musician Thomas Jackson (May 28, 1864, Newtown, Virginia); Corporal Josiah Petty (July 7, 1864, Maryland Heights, Maryland).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014392-0006-0000", "contents": "160th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nCaptured:  Sergeant James M. Marlow (August 5, 1864, Brown's Crossing, West Virginia; Died as Prisoner-of-War on February 1, 1865 in Richmond, Virginia).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014392-0007-0000", "contents": "160th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nDied of Disease:  Private John T. Dutro (June 21, 1864, Martinsburg, West Virginia); Private Thomas Fry (June 30, 1864, Martinsburg, West Virginia); Corporal Isaiah M. White (July 7, 1864, Frederick, Maryland); Private Charles W. Smith (July 16, 1864, Frederick, Maryland); Private Josiah McLees (July 20, 1864, Frederick, Maryland); Corporal Lyman C. Lamb (August 16, 1864, Annapolis, Maryland); Commissary Sergeant Nathan S. Kelley (August 17, 1864, Baltimore, Maryland); Sergeant Andrew J. Wright (August 18, 1864, Maryland Heights, Maryland); Private Andrew Garrett (August 19, 1864, Maryland Heights, Maryland); Private Samuel Anderson (August 28, 1864, Crestline, Ohio); Private John Prall (August 30, 1864, Columbus, Ohio); and 2nd Lieutenant Isaac T. Cramer (September 5, 1864, Zanesville, Ohio).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 845]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014393-0000-0000", "contents": "160th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps\n160th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps (160 RAC) was a short-lived armoured regiment of the British Army's Royal Armoured Corps serving in India during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014393-0001-0000", "contents": "160th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, Origin\n160 RAC was formed on 15 July 1942 by the conversion to the armoured role of the 9th Battalion, Royal Sussex Regiment, a hostilities-only battalion created two years before in July 1940 and which had been assigned to the 212th Independent Infantry Brigade (Home), serving alongside the 6th South Wales Borderers, 10th Gloucestershire Regiment and the 18th Welch Regiment (which had left by May 1941), all of which had also been raised in July 1940. In common with other infantry battalions transferred to the Royal Armoured Corps, the personnel of 160 RAC, those not weeded out by psychiatrists, would have continued to wear their Royal Sussex cap badge on the black beret of the RAC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 43], "content_span": [44, 728]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014393-0002-0000", "contents": "160th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, Service\n160 RAC embarked for passage from the United Kingdom to India on 29 October 1942, arriving on 22 December and moving to Secunderabad. There it came under command of 267th Indian Armoured Brigade. Later it moved to Poona. However, there was a change of policy, and on 1 April 1943 the regiment was re-converted to infantry, reverting to its previous title of 9th Royal Sussex and coming under command of 72nd Indian Infantry Brigade and, again, serving alongside the 6th SWB and 10th Glosters (both had also been converted, into 158 RAC and 159 RAC, respectively and later re-converted).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014394-0000-0000", "contents": "160th Regiment State Armory\nThe Wallis Annenberg Building (originally the 160th Regiment State Armory, and also referred to as the Exposition Park Armory) is a building located in Exposition Park, Los Angeles, California. It was built in 1912 and designed by architect J.W. Wollett. The building served as the armory for the 160th Infantry Regiment between World War I and World War II", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014394-0001-0000", "contents": "160th Regiment State Armory\nThe armory hosted the fencing competition at the 1932 Summer Olympics as well as the fencing part of the modern pentathlon. It seated 1,800 for the event. It also served as an exposition hall and ballroom during the early- and mid-20th century. In 1947, the armory was converted into a bowling alley and hosted a tournament of the American Bowling Congress. It later served as a roller derby venue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014394-0002-0000", "contents": "160th Regiment State Armory\nThe 160th left in 1961, and the building was used as headquarters for the Board of Trustees of the California State Colleges in the 1960s  It then served as exhibit space for the  Los Angeles Museum of Science and Industry (now the California Science Center) from the 1960s to the 1980s, before being closed in 1990 due to seismic concerns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014394-0003-0000", "contents": "160th Regiment State Armory\nThe building is currently an annex of the California Science Center, serving as the Science Center School and the Amgen Center for Science Learning since 2004.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014395-0000-0000", "contents": "160th Rifle Division\nThe 160th Rifle Division of the Soviet Union's Red Army may refer to:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014396-0000-0000", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1940 formation)\nThe 1940 formation of the 160th Rifle Division was an infantry division of the Red Army, formed as part of the prewar buildup of forces, based on the shtat (table of organization and equipment) of September 13, 1939. The division completed its formation at Gorki in the Moscow Military District and at the time of the German invasion of the Soviet Union was in the same area, assigned to the 20th Rifle Corps in the Reserve of the Supreme High Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014396-0000-0001", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1940 formation)\nIt was moved west by rail to join the 13th Army of Western Front in the first days of July 1941 in the Mogilev area. At the end of the month the division was assigned to the reserves of Central Front before becoming part of Operations Group Akimenko in the reserves of Bryansk Front. In mid-September it was encircled and forced to break out; in the process it lost its commanding officer, much of its command staff and so many men and heavy weapons that it was briefly written off.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014396-0000-0002", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1940 formation)\nIts number was reallocated to the 6th Moscow Militia Division and for the next 18 months there were two 160th Rifle Divisions serving concurrently. By the start of Operation Typhoon at the end of September it was in Operations Group Ermakov; while falling back to southwest of Kursk it managed to avoid encirclement but remained barely combat-effective due to its heavy losses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014396-0001-0000", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1940 formation)\nThe 1940 formation went into reserve at the end of November and was rebuilt to the December 1941 shtat. At the end of December it returned to the fighting in 40th Army of Southwestern Front in the Voronezh area where it remained for most of 1942, after July in 6th Army of Voronezh Front. Under this command it took part in the winter counteroffensives against the Axis forces west of the Don River, eventually as part of 3rd Tank Army in Operation Star which liberated Kharkov. It was then caught up in the German counteroffensive that retook the city and was again badly mauled, but had performed with enough distinction in difficult conditions that it was redesignated as the 89th Guards Rifle Division on April 18, 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 762]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014396-0002-0000", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1940 formation), Formation\nThe division actually started forming at Astrakhan in the North Caucasus Military District in August 1939 but was not considered complete until after it was moved to Gorki in July 1940, with the final steps completed the following month. As of June 1941 it had the following order of battle:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 48], "content_span": [49, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014396-0003-0000", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1940 formation), Formation\nMaj. Gen. Ivan Mikhailovich Skugarev was appointed to command on July 16, 1940. This officer had previously commanded the 37th Rifle Division before being arrested in September 1937 during the Great Purge. He was imprisoned for a year before being released to serve as a senior instructor at the Military Economics Academy. He was still in command at the start of Operation Barbarossa and the division was fortunate to still be in the Gorki area well to the east of the frontier. At this time it was assigned, with the 137th Rifle Division, to the 20th Rifle Corps under direct command of the Reserve of the Supreme High Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 48], "content_span": [49, 678]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014396-0004-0000", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1940 formation), Battles for Mogilev and Bryansk\n20th Rifle Corps, which now included the 132nd Rifle Division, was officially assigned to 13th Army on July 10. The first trains carrying the 160th began arriving and offloading at Chavusy and nearby stations east of Mogilev on July 12/13, being subjected to German air attacks in the process. By this time the 2nd Panzer Group had forced crossings of the Dniepr north and south of Mogilev and by the end of July 15 the city was encircled, albeit loosely, and largely cut off from the remainder of 13th Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 70], "content_span": [71, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014396-0004-0001", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1940 formation), Battles for Mogilev and Bryansk\nThe Army commander, Lt. Gen. V. F. Gerasimenko, and his staff managed to escape eastward to begin establishing a new defense along the Sozh River. By the end of the next day the 20th Corps itself was facing the prospect of encirclement by the XXIV Panzer Corps and was falling back to the Sozh with the 160th farthest east.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 70], "content_span": [71, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014396-0005-0000", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1940 formation), Battles for Mogilev and Bryansk\nIn the chaos of arrival, offloading and reorganization while under attack the division was already badly scattered. General Skugarev was attempting to defend Chavusy with part of his forces while the 537th Rifle Regiment attempted to hold along the Resta River before being bypassed on both sides and ordered to retreat. After Chavusy was lost Skugarev attempted to get his men back across the Sozh at Krychaw, a task made immensely complicated by an almost total breakdown in communications.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 70], "content_span": [71, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014396-0005-0001", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1940 formation), Battles for Mogilev and Bryansk\nThe 160th was able to hold out along this line until August 4 when it was ordered back east of Gomel to the reserves of Central Front for replenishment. In just these few weeks of fighting the 443rd Rifle Regiment had been largely destroyed, the 566th Artillery Regiment and the 290th Antitank Battalion had lost most of their guns, and the division as a whole was down to 5,000 of its initial 14,000 personnel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 70], "content_span": [71, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014396-0006-0000", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1940 formation), Battles for Mogilev and Bryansk\nAfter the move to the Novobelitskiy district the division came under the direct command of Central Front. The Front's mission was to protect the junction between the Western and Southwestern Fronts. While rebuilding the 868th Rifle Regiment of the 287th Rifle Division was transferred to the 160th and renumbered as the new 443rd Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 70], "content_span": [71, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014396-0006-0001", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1940 formation), Battles for Mogilev and Bryansk\nBryansk Front was created on August 16 and by August 30 the division had been transferred to this Front, serving as part of Operational Group Akimenko, which was under the command of Maj. Gen. A. Z. Akimenko and also included the 127th Rifle Division and the 753rd Antitank Regiment. On that date the STAVKA ordered the Front to attack with all its forces towards Roslavl and Starodub to destroy the German forces in the Pochep area and then exploit toward Krychaw and Propoisk. While these orders were utterly unrealistic and resulted in failure, in the first days of September the 127th Division, which was positioned south of Dorogobuzh, began moving south and took part in the Yelnya offensive. Meanwhile, the 160th remained in place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 70], "content_span": [71, 809]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014396-0007-0000", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1940 formation), Battles for Mogilev and Bryansk\nIn the last days of August the bulk of the 2nd Panzer Group and the 2nd Army began moving south in a movement that would lead to the Kiev encirclement. Group Akimenko was on the south flank of Bryansk Front west of Rylsk and well out of the direct path; however, the Front commander, Lt. Gen. A. I. Yeryomenko, was under pressure from the STAVKA to divert German strength and therefore continued to order effectively suicidal attacks to the west.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 70], "content_span": [71, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014396-0007-0001", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1940 formation), Battles for Mogilev and Bryansk\nYeryomenko's task was further complicated when the 17th Panzer Division captured Glukhov on September 9, shattering the communications between the armies of the Front. The 160th was caught up in this fighting and largely encircled. In the effort to break out the division took heavy casualties and on September 18 General Skugarev was taken prisoner. This officer would remain in German PoW camps for the duration of the war; after the German surrender he was briefly arrested before being released and returning to service up to his retirement in 1947.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 70], "content_span": [71, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014396-0008-0000", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1940 formation), Battles for Mogilev and Bryansk\nIn the chaos that had been enfolding the Red Army since the invasion the 160th was briefly understood as having been destroyed, especially given the loss of its commander and much of its command cadre. On September 26 its number was reassigned to the 6th Moscow Militia Division (Dzerzhinskii) which was in the 24th Army reserves.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 70], "content_span": [71, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014396-0008-0001", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1940 formation), Battles for Mogilev and Bryansk\nHowever, on September 20 Col. Mikhail Borisovich Anashkin was moved from the position of chief of staff of the 282nd Rifle Division to command the remnants of the 160th and as of October 1 it was rebuilding in Operational Group Ermakov, still in Bryansk Front. With the permission of the STAVKA Yeryomenko ordered the Front's forces to go over to the defense as of 1330 hours on September 28, with the indication that \"within the next several days an enemy offensive toward Bryansk and toward Sevsk or L'gov must be expected.\" At this time Group Ermakov numbered 33,562 men and had 103 tanks and 132 guns and mortars, although it isn't clear if this includes the casualties suffered on September 27, which amounted to 4,913 men killed, wounded or missing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 70], "content_span": [71, 826]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014396-0009-0000", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1940 formation), Battles for Mogilev and Bryansk, Operation Typhoon\nThe expected offensive began on September 30 before any effective defensive measures could be taken. Group Ermakov faced the 17th and 18th Panzer Divisions of the XLVII Panzer Corps. Sevsk fell on October 1 and the panzers began exploiting along the Oryol axis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 89], "content_span": [90, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014396-0009-0001", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1940 formation), Battles for Mogilev and Bryansk, Operation Typhoon\nThe next morning Yeryomenko was in communication with Stalin and proposed to launch an attack on the flanks of the breach with the 307th and 121st Rifle Divisions and 55th Cavalry Division from the north and from the south with the 2nd Guards (formerly 127th) and 160th Rifle Divisions in the direction of Lokot Station, Esman and Svessa. Stalin agreed with the plan and promised two tank brigades and two rifle divisions by way of Oryol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 89], "content_span": [90, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014396-0009-0002", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1940 formation), Battles for Mogilev and Bryansk, Operation Typhoon\nIn the circumstances the 160th and 2nd Guards had insufficient strength for this task and General Ermakov was moving back to Rylsk, out of communication except by liaison aircraft. Further orders on October 3 demanded that 2nd Guards attack regardless while the 160th took over its sector and remained in place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 89], "content_span": [90, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014396-0010-0000", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1940 formation), Battles for Mogilev and Bryansk, Operation Typhoon\nBy October 5 the division was located west of Oryol after the 4th Panzer Division had seized the city and the XLVII Panzer Corps was driving north between there and Bryansk in the process of encircling the 13th and 3rd Armies. Two days later it fell back toward the northeast as the advance of 4th Panzer stalled along the road to Mtsensk. By the middle of the month it had retreated to the southwest of Kursk, still under command of 13th Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 89], "content_span": [90, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014396-0010-0001", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1940 formation), Battles for Mogilev and Bryansk, Operation Typhoon\nNear the end of November it was reassigned to 40th Army in Southwestern Front, where it would remain through the following months as it was rebuilt to the December 1941 shtat. This involved converting the 566th to a standard divisional artillery regiment, changing the 186th Reconnaissance Battalion to a company, and gathering together most of the rifle regiments' mortars to form the 532nd Mortar Battalion. During this period 40th Army was stationed in the Voronezh area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 89], "content_span": [90, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014396-0011-0000", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1940 formation), Case Blue\nDuring April 1942 the 40th Army was moved to the reformed Bryansk Front. The 160th was still under these commands near the end of June when the German summer offensive began. It was positioned north of Tim and when the attack began on June 28 the XLVIII Panzer Corps struck at the boundary between it and the 121st Rifle Division, driving the latter off to the north. XLVIII Panzer Corps fielded roughly 325 tanks while 40th Army had only about 250 in its entire sector. The 160th and the 212th Rifle Division to its south faced the 24th Panzer Division with the Gro\u00dfdeutschland Division escheloned to its left which jointly destroyed their defenses before advancing 16\u00a0km to the Tim River where the 24th Panzer seized a railroad bridge intact.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 48], "content_span": [49, 793]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014396-0012-0000", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1940 formation), Case Blue\n40th Army's commander, Maj. Gen. M. A. Parsegov, reported that his divisions had suffered \"significant losses\" but \"had not lost their combat capabilities\" while urgently requesting assistance from his Front commander. On June 29 the 160th dug in along the Kshen River where it soon came under attack by the 9th Panzer Division of XXIV Panzer Corps. This was already nearly 30\u00a0km behind the lines held by the Army when the offensive began and the 121st Division was currently in complete disarray.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 48], "content_span": [49, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014396-0012-0001", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1940 formation), Case Blue\nBy now the 160th, along with the 212th, 45th and 62nd Rifle Divisions, had been loosely pocketed west of Stary Oskol between the XLVIII Panzer and the VIII Army Corps. Over the following days the 160th fell back from the Kshen to the Olym River with the assistance of the fresh 284th Rifle Division defending along this river north and south of Kastornoye.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 48], "content_span": [49, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014396-0013-0000", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1940 formation), Case Blue\nBy late on July 1 the situation facing 40th Army and its neighbors to the south was producing consternation within the STAVKA. Overnight the Front headquarters belatedly authorized Parsegov to pull his left wing back to the Olym and Oskol Rivers but this had to be carried out \"under conditions of the complete absence of control on the part of 40th Army's commander and staff, who by this time were already situated in Voronezh.\" Early on July 3 Parsegov was replaced by Lt. Gen. M. M. Popov who scrambled to create a defense for the city.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 48], "content_span": [49, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014396-0013-0001", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1940 formation), Case Blue\nMeanwhile, Stalin authorized the deployment of four reserve armies to the region, including the 6th Reserve which would be redesignated as the 6th Army on July 10 and was moving to positions along the Don River south of Voronezh. During July 4 the 160th made its way to this river, moving perilously between the spearheads of 9th Panzer and 3rd Motorized Divisions and two days later it formed a tentative line along the Treshchevka River to hold back the latter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 48], "content_span": [49, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014396-0013-0002", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1940 formation), Case Blue\nDuring the following week its remnants managed to cross the Don north of Voronezh before making its way south of the city and joining 6th Army while taking up positions along the Voronezh River. While as many as half of 40th Army's personnel successfully reached and crossed the Don the 160th was one of the few units that still existed as organized combat formations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 48], "content_span": [49, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014396-0014-0000", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1940 formation), Operation Little Saturn\nThe situation around Voronezh soon became a stalemate as the German mobile forces were required to push eastward toward Stalingrad. As of the beginning of August 6th Army was part of the newly formed Voronezh Front. On August 19 Colonel Anashkin was moved to command of the 159th (later 61st Guards) Rifle Division; he would eventually reach the rank of lieutenant general, would command several rifle corps and be made a Hero of the Soviet Union before his retirement in 1946. He was replaced the next day by Col. Mikhail Petrovich Seryugin who had been serving as the deputy commander of the 212th Rifle Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 62], "content_span": [63, 678]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014396-0015-0000", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1940 formation), Operation Little Saturn\nAt the start of December, after the German 6th Army had been encircled at Stalingrad, the 160th was still under the same commands in much the same area along the Don. The planning for Operation Saturn, which had begun in late November, had included the Soviet 6th Army of Voronezh Front operating jointly with Southwestern Front to penetrate the defenses of the Italian 8th Army, reach the Kantemirovka region, and protect the right flank of that Front's forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 62], "content_span": [63, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014396-0015-0001", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1940 formation), Operation Little Saturn\n6th Army now contained five rifle divisions, including the rebuilt 160th, two tank corps plus a tank brigade and two tank regiments, one tank destroyer brigade, the 8th Artillery Division and additional artillery assets, and was supported by the entire 2nd Air Army. As the situation evolved during early December, particularly with the commitment of 2nd Guards Army to counter the German attempt to relieve the Stalingrad pocket, Operation Saturn became Operation Little Saturn, but the role of 6th Army remained much the same.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 62], "content_span": [63, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014396-0016-0000", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1940 formation), Operation Little Saturn\nThe offensive began on December 16. 6th Army faced four Italian divisions dug in on the west bank of the hard-frozen Don. Shock groups deployed on the Army's left (south) wing and 1st Guards Army's right (north) wing were to attack southward and southeastward into the Italian Army's deep rear with the goal of linking up with 3rd Guards Army behind Army Detachment Hollidt and the remnants of the 3rd Romanian Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 62], "content_span": [63, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014396-0016-0001", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1940 formation), Operation Little Saturn\nThe shock groups of both the 6th and 1st Guards Armies were concentrated on a narrow sector in the Verkhny Mamon region opposite the 3rd Infantry Division Ravenna and 5th Infantry Division Cosseria, reinforced by the German 318th Security Regiment. The shock group of 6th Army (15th Rifle and 17th Tank Corps) did not include the 160th, which would play a supporting role.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 62], "content_span": [63, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014396-0017-0000", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1940 formation), Operation Little Saturn\nSoviet artillery struck the Italian positions before dawn at which time the attack began; however, the artillery was hindered in its spotting by heavy fog along the ice-covered river and in the first 24 hours the Italian forces did a creditable job in limiting the attackers to penetrations of little more than 3\u00a0km. 6th Army regrouped its divisions and resumed its offensive the next day with armor thoroughly integrated with the infantry, leading to a complete rout of the Axis forces throughout its main attack sector.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 62], "content_span": [63, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014396-0017-0001", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1940 formation), Operation Little Saturn\nThe 17th Tank Corps was committed late in the afternoon at the boundary of the 3rd and 5th Italian Divisions and reached 20\u00a0km into the Italians' rear area by the end of the day. By the end of December 18 the Soviet armor had broken into the clear, 17th Tanks was halfway to Kantemirovka, and the Italian infantry divisions had simply disintegrated from fear and exhaustion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 62], "content_span": [63, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014396-0018-0000", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1940 formation), Operation Little Saturn\n6th Army was transferred to Southwestern Front on the morning of December 19. By now it was clear that the Axis forces of Army Group B lacked the resources to halt Little Saturn and began a fighting withdrawal to the west and south, although sizeable groupings were being encircled in several towns and villages. By December 24 the Soviet mobile corps had remarkably exploited as much as 200\u00a0km into the Army Group's rear. During the last days of the year the 6th Army protected the Kantemirovka region as planned while 1st Guards Army besieged Axis forces pocketed at and around Gartmashevka Station, Chertkovo and Millerovo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 62], "content_span": [63, 689]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014396-0019-0000", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1940 formation), Operation Little Saturn, Ostrogozhsk\u2013Rossosh Offensive\nAfter regrouping its southern forces in the first days of 1943 the STAVKA was determined to defeat the Axis forces (primarily the 2nd Hungarian Army and remnants of Italian 8th Army) operating along the Voronezh\u2013Kursk and Kharkov axes. The first task was to crush the forces defending the area of Ostrogozhsk and Rossosh, which would primarily involve forces of Voronezh Front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 93], "content_span": [94, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014396-0019-0001", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1940 formation), Operation Little Saturn, Ostrogozhsk\u2013Rossosh Offensive\nIn this offensive the role of 6th Army would be reversed; instead of being an army of Voronezh Front protecting the north flank of Southwestern Front it would be an army of the latter protecting the south flank of the former. It was facing the remnants of the II Italian Army Corps. The 160th was still operating as a separate division in 6th Army, which now had only five rifle divisions and one rifle brigade on strength.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 93], "content_span": [94, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014396-0020-0000", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1940 formation), Operation Little Saturn, Ostrogozhsk\u2013Rossosh Offensive\nThe new offensive began on January 13. The immediate objective of 6th Army was Pokrovskoye. 3rd Tank Army had been transferred to Voronezh Front and took up positions north of 6th Army between Novaya Kalitva and Kantimirovka; it would launch the main attack to envelop the Axis group of forces. That Front had also deployed the 18th Rifle Corps between 3rd Tank and 6th Armies to serve as a shock group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 93], "content_span": [94, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014396-0020-0001", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1940 formation), Operation Little Saturn, Ostrogozhsk\u2013Rossosh Offensive\nIts 270th Rifle Division was slated to launch a supporting attack on the third day from the area south of Pavlovsk in the general direction of Saprina in order to surround and destroy the Axis grouping along the sector from Belogore to Pasekovo in cooperation with 6th Army's 160th and 127th Rifle Divisions and the 180th Rifle Division of 3rd Tank. During the first day the 160th and 127th were to tie down enemy forces with artillery and small arms fire before going over to the attack on the second day. The two divisions were controlled by the 6th Army's deputy commander.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 93], "content_span": [94, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014396-0021-0000", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1940 formation), Operation Little Saturn, Ostrogozhsk\u2013Rossosh Offensive\nDuring January 15 the Axis forces put up strong resistance along 3rd Tank Army's right flank where the 180th Division was attacking. 12th Tank Corps reached the town of Rossosh from the south with its main forces by day's end. With this development the units defending against the 160th and 127th began a disorderly withdrawal to the south and west.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 93], "content_span": [94, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014396-0021-0001", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1940 formation), Operation Little Saturn, Ostrogozhsk\u2013Rossosh Offensive\nAn Axis grouping consisting of units of the German 387th Infantry Division and the Italian Ravenna Division was attempting to hold the town of Mitrofanovka which drew the attention of the 180th Division and other elements of 3rd Tanks through the morning of January 16. Once this resistance was broken the remnants of this grouping fell back to the north, trying to reach the positions of the Italian Alpine Corps east of Rossosh. The 160th took up the pursuit along with the 180th Division and the 37th Rifle Brigade and by the end of the day had reached Krinichnaya. On the same day as per STAVKA VGK Directive No. 30017 the 160th and the 62nd Guards (former 127th Division) were transferred to Voronezh Front and came under command of 3rd Tank Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 93], "content_span": [94, 846]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014396-0022-0000", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1940 formation), Operation Little Saturn, Ostrogozhsk\u2013Rossosh Offensive\nThe goal of 3rd Tanks' right flank rifle formations on January 17 was to eliminate the Axis forces still resisting southeast of Rossosh. The 62nd Guards and 160th attacked along the right (west) bank of the Don and captured a line from Staraya Kalitva to outside Shevchenko. By the end of the day the Axis grouping (German 387th and 385th Infantry, Italian Ravenna and 4th Alpine Division Cuneense) was reduced to one escape route to the north which was under attack by 18th Rifle Corps. The following day the two Soviet divisions reached Yevstratovskii and continued attacking to the north.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 93], "content_span": [94, 685]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014396-0022-0001", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1940 formation), Operation Little Saturn, Ostrogozhsk\u2013Rossosh Offensive\nThe encirclement battle continued on January 19 as the 160th and 62nd Guards, in conjunction with the 180th, fought to destroy the Axis force in the Annovka area. The former two took up the pursuit to the north and by day's end the Axis divisions were reduced to small groups attempting to break out. Following this fighting the 160th and 62nd Guards were dispatched to the Olkhovatka area with the mission of subsequently moving up to the Oskol River to take up jumping-off positions for the Front's new offensive on the Kharkov axis. During this march the 160th continued mopping up refugees from the encirclement, including an attack on January 23 toward Podgornoe with the 62nd Guards and the 219th Rifle Division which effectively ended organized resistance of the encircled force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 93], "content_span": [94, 880]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014396-0023-0000", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1940 formation), Operation Little Saturn, Operation Star\nOn January 25 the Red Army launched the Voronezh\u2013Kastornoye Offensive, and while this mostly involved the northern forces of Voronezh Front plus Bryansk Front in an effort to encircle and destroy German 2nd Army, the 3rd Tank Army continued advancing to the west. It took a more leading role in Operation Star, which began on February 2 and had the objective of liberating Kharkov and Kursk. Hitler had declared the former a fortress, despite its lack of fortifications and the paucity of troops with which to hold it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 78], "content_span": [79, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014396-0023-0001", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1940 formation), Operation Little Saturn, Operation Star\nThe SS Panzer Corps made several efforts to halt the offensive but by February 13 its north flank had been forced back to the outskirts of the city. By the end of February 15 it had evacuated Kharkov and fallen back to the Uda River and 3rd Tank Army took control of the city. On February 18 Colonel Seryugin was wounded and hospitalized. He was replaced in command of the 160th by division deputy commander Col. Aleksei Ivanovich Baksov, but would return to the division on 9 April. As of the beginning of March the 3rd Tank Army had been moved to Southwestern Front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 78], "content_span": [79, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014396-0024-0000", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1940 formation), Operation Little Saturn, Operation Star\nThe German counteroffensive began on February 19 with the 2nd SS Panzergrenadier Division Das Reich striking behind the advance guards of 1st Guards and 6th Armies east of Dnepropetrovsk. Over the following days the remainder of the SS Corps joined the thrust northward. The offensive made significant gains and by February 26 had reached the south flank of Voronezh Front west of Kharkov.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 78], "content_span": [79, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014396-0024-0001", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1940 formation), Operation Little Saturn, Operation Star\nStarting on March 1 the 4th Panzer Army covered 80km in five days despite the onset of the spring thaw; east of Krasnograd it trapped and badly damaged three rifle divisions (including the 160th) and three tank brigades of 3rd Tank Army. The SS Corps retook Kharkov on March 13 after three days of street fighting. The remnants of the division fell back to the east, coming under the command of 69th Army in Voronezh Front. Despite its losses in this counteroffensive the 160th had distinguished itself in the previous breakthrough and exploitation operations under miserable winter conditions so that, on April 18, it was redesignated as the 89th Guards Rifle Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 78], "content_span": [79, 749]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014397-0000-0000", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1941 formation)\nThe 1941 formation of the 160th Rifle Division was an infantry division of the Red Army, originally formed as the 6th Moscow Militia Division (Dzerzhinskii) in early July 1941. The division gradually completed its formation in the 24th Army of Reserve Front east of Smolensk but was not committed to combat until after it was renumbered as the 160th on September 26. This renumbering was based on a misunderstanding that the original 160th had been encircled and destroyed earlier that month; as a result for the next 18 months there were two 160th Rifle Divisions serving concurrently.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014397-0001-0000", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1941 formation)\nThe 1941 formation was swept up in Operation Typhoon in October and came so close to being destroyed itself that it disappeared from the Red Army order of battle at the start of November. It returned to the fighting as part of 33rd Army in late January 1942 but was still so under strength that two of its rifle regiments had to be reformed by wholesale replacements from other divisions and it was not until the late spring that it was fully combat-capable.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014397-0001-0001", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1941 formation)\nThe 160th played minor roles in the battles around the Rzhev salient into early 1943 and then a more active part in the summer offensive toward Smolensk, under 33rd Army until September when it was transferred to 49th Army, both in Western Front. When that Front was disbanded in early 1944 the division was transferred to 2nd Belorussian Front where it joined 70th Army; it would remain under this army almost continually for the duration of the war, from April as part of the 114th Rifle Corps. Prior to Operation Bagration that Army was reassigned to 1st", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014397-0001-0002", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1941 formation)\nBelorussian Front and during its latter stage the 160th was awarded the Order of the Red Banner for its part in the breakthrough of the German defenses west of Kovel and at the end of August earned the honorific \"Brest\", along with one of its rifle regiments, for the liberation of that city. Near the end of the year the division transferred back to 2nd Belorussian Front and under that command served in the Vistula-Oder Offensive and the East Pomeranian Offensive; during the latter operation two of its subunits were awarded the honorific \"Gda\u0144sk\". During the Berlin operation the 160th fought across the Oder River and northward to the Baltic, ending the war in northern Germany. As it was surplus to requirements postwar it was disbanded in June 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 795]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014397-0002-0000", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1941 formation), 6th Moscow Militia Division (Dzerzhinskii)\nThe division began forming on July 2, 1941 as part of a wave of volunteer enthusiasm that swept Moscow immediately after the German invasion. It was composed of volunteers from the Dzerzhinskii district in the north-central part of the city. It was intended to have the following order of battle:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 81], "content_span": [82, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014397-0003-0000", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1941 formation), 6th Moscow Militia Division (Dzerzhinskii)\nMaj. Gen. Nikolai Mikhailovich Dreier was appointed to command the day the division started forming but was replaced on July 7 by Col. Aleksei Ivanovich Shundeev. By July 11 the division had 7,456 personnel assigned, but no equipment. Later that month it was assigned to 24th Army in Reserve Front along the defense line that was being constructed at Mozhaysk but it was still extremely short of weapons and was kept out of the front lines. The writer Konstantin Simonov encountered some of these militiamen:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 81], "content_span": [82, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014397-0004-0000", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1941 formation), 6th Moscow Militia Division (Dzerzhinskii)\nIn the next village we met units from one of the Moscow volunteer divisions, apparently the 6th. I remember that they produced a gloomy impression on me at the time... I found it hard to bear. I thought: do we really have no other reserves besides these volunteers, dressed anyhow and barely armed? One rifle for two men, and one machine gun. For the most part they were not young: forty or fifty years old. They marched without supply wagons, without the normal regimental and divisional support... Their uniforms were second- or third-hand tunics: some had once been dyed blue. Their commanders were not young either, reservists who had not served for many years. They all still needed to be trained, formed, and made to look like soldiers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 81], "content_span": [82, 824]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014397-0005-0000", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1941 formation), 6th Moscow Militia Division (Dzerzhinskii)\nOn August 14 it had 599 officers, 808 NCOs, and 5,607 enlisted personnel, but still had only 6,335 rifles, 62 light and 208 heavy machine guns, and only four 76mm guns for its heavy weapons. By the end of the month the division was finally beginning to take shape as a combat unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 81], "content_span": [82, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014397-0005-0001", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1941 formation), 6th Moscow Militia Division (Dzerzhinskii)\nOn August 31 it consisted of 9,791 men, including 405 officers, 1,035 NCOs, and 8,054 enlisted men armed with 7,358 rifles, 574 semi-automatic rifles, 43 HMGs, 81 50mm, 54 82mm, and six 120mm mortars, 12 76mm guns, 20 T-27 tankettes in the tank company, 144 trucks of all kinds, 15 motorcycles, and 26 radios. At this time the volunteers were issued proper uniforms and took the military oath and each division was given its battle flag in a ceremony of great solemnity. However since the 6th still had almost no artillery and the T-27s had actually been retrofitted after serving as tractors it remained in the reserves of 24th Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 81], "content_span": [82, 716]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014397-0006-0000", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1941 formation), 6th Moscow Militia Division (Dzerzhinskii), Redesignation\nAt the beginning of September the 1940 formation of the 160th was part of Group Akimenko in Bryansk Front stationed west of Rylsk. The 17th Panzer Division captured Glukhov on September 9, shattering the communications between the armies of the Front. The division was caught up in this fighting and largely encircled. In the effort to break out it took heavy casualties and on September 18 its commander was taken prisoner. In the prevailing chaos it was believed the division had been destroyed leaving its number available to be reallocated. However by the beginning of October the 1940 formation had a new commander and was rebuilding in Bryansk Front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 96], "content_span": [97, 753]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014397-0007-0000", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1941 formation), 6th Moscow Militia Division (Dzerzhinskii), Redesignation\nWhen the 6th Moscow Militia Division was redesignated its order of battle, based on the shtat (table of organization and equipment) of July 29, became as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 96], "content_span": [97, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014397-0008-0000", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1941 formation), 6th Moscow Militia Division (Dzerzhinskii), Redesignation\nSeveral of the rear-echelon subunits, such as the medical/sanitation battalion, took over numbers that had been allocated to the 1940 formation, although some of these were later changed. Col. Fyodor Mikhailovich Orlov took over command from Colonel Shundeev on the day the division was redesignated as the 160th. The latter officer would die in battle on October 9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 96], "content_span": [97, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014397-0009-0000", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1941 formation), Battle of Moscow\nBy late in September it was becoming clear that the German High Command was planning a new offensive aimed at Moscow before the start of the autumn rasputitsa. Reserve Front was by now under command of Marshal S. M. Budyonny and controlled six armies. The 24th and 43rd Armies with 10 divisions were deployed in the first echelon between the Western and Bryansk Fronts on a front of 108\u00a0km from the area of Yelnya to the Roslavl\u2013Kirov railroad.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 55], "content_span": [56, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014397-0009-0001", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1941 formation), Battle of Moscow\n33rd Army was in second echelon backing the 24th and 43rd and both of the latter were poorly equipped and weakened from fruitless attacks to improve their positions. The sector of 24th Army was up to 40\u00a0km wide with four divisions in first echelon and one in the second. The 160th was part of a combined-arms reserve with the 144th and 146th Tank Brigades, and the 879th and 880th Antitank Artillery Regiments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 55], "content_span": [56, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014397-0010-0000", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1941 formation), Battle of Moscow, Operation Typhoon\nThe 24th Army's intelligence summary from September 26 directly stated:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 74], "content_span": [75, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014397-0011-0000", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1941 formation), Battle of Moscow, Operation Typhoon\nThe enemy is shifting units from the Yelnia axis to the Roslavl\u2013Pochinok direction, and by this is striving to create a superiority of force, plainly in readiness for an offensive within the next few days on the Roslavl axis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 74], "content_span": [75, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014397-0012-0000", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1941 formation), Battle of Moscow, Operation Typhoon\nThe offensive by 4th Army and 4th Panzer Group began on this sector on October 2 and within days the 160th was in serious difficulties. The German VII and XX Army Corps quickly drove in the left (south) flank of 24th Army and began pushing northeastward, encircling and destroying several Soviet formations in their paths by October 5. The chief of the political section of 24th Army, Division-Commissar K. K. Abramov, reported:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 74], "content_span": [75, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014397-0013-0000", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1941 formation), Battle of Moscow, Operation Typhoon\n6 October: The adversary didn't allow a possibility to the units of these divisions to break contact... and as they withdrew... they were compelled to fight their way out of encirclement. By the evening of 6 October, the regiments of the 24th Army, shedding blood and fighting fiercely, had already lost the majority of their troops, who fell on the lines they were defending near Yelnya. As a result of the combat on this day the 8th Rifle Division could no longer hold a front of 20 kilometres, and the enemy emerged into the rear along the axis toward Dorogobuzh...", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 74], "content_span": [75, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014397-0013-0001", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1941 formation), Battle of Moscow, Operation Typhoon\nThe 6th Rifle Division [actually the 160th Rifle Division] also couldn't hold its line, because the front had no switch positions and the enemy was attacking from behind... the army headquarters wound up isolated from its units and from Semlevo, backed up against the swampy bottom land of the Osma River and was compelled... to conduct a fighting withdrawal to Semlevo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 74], "content_span": [75, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014397-0014-0000", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1941 formation), Battle of Moscow, Operation Typhoon\nThe withdrawal was covered by the 8th and 139th Rifle Divisions. In comparison to the retreats of the 19th and 20th Armies it was conducted in much more difficult circumstances and was less organized. The withdrawal routes became densely congested with vehicles, wagons, tanks, towed guns and other combat equipment; now and then traffic jams arose. Antiaircraft defenses were disorganized and almost completely ineffective due to ammunition shortages.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 74], "content_span": [75, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014397-0014-0001", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1941 formation), Battle of Moscow, Operation Typhoon\nAbramov reported that the 160th, along with the two rearguard divisions along with the Army-level units and divisional rear elements withdrew along the road from Volochek to Semlevo on the morning of October 7. German forces had seized the Yelnia\u2013Markhotkino road through Yaroslavets, threatening the 24th Army headquarters in the Volochek area. Communications were only possible by radio.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 74], "content_span": [75, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014397-0015-0000", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1941 formation), Battle of Moscow, Operation Typhoon\nA massive logjam of artillery, pack trains and vehicles formed at the crossing over the Osma at Dorogobuzh but despite German air attacks organization was maintained and there were few signs of panic as the retreat continued toward Vyasma. Later the same day German forces took control of Dorogobuzh and Volochek and began attacking toward Semlevo from the south. This attempt to cut the path of retreat constituted the greatest danger to 24th Army; the Army was effectively pulling back into a trap that had been set for it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 74], "content_span": [75, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014397-0015-0001", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1941 formation), Battle of Moscow, Operation Typhoon\nBy that night it was clear to at least the command elements of the Army that it had been encircled and its chief-of-staff proposed a joint breakout in the direction of Vyasma to the military council of 32nd Army, but this was rejected. During the evening of October 8 orders came via the headquarters of 20th Army to organize a breakout by itself and the 24th with the 24th advancing on a front from Volosta to Piatnitsa to Ugra Station. Abramov considered this much too broad a front to be effective, which turned out to be the case. By the morning of October 9 the remnants of 24th Army, including the 160th, had begun to arrive in the area of Panfilovo and to the south.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 74], "content_span": [75, 748]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014397-0016-0000", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1941 formation), Battle of Moscow, Operation Typhoon\nThe army commanders were to choose the specific routes of escape or breakout sectors based upon the situation each faced. None had any clear idea of what forces they opposed (at this point roughly five panzer divisions) which were rapidly contracting the pocket. Abramov reported:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 74], "content_span": [75, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014397-0017-0000", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1941 formation), Battle of Moscow, Operation Typhoon\nOn the morning of 9 October, following behind the 24th Army's 139th Rifle Division and repeatedly clashing with the enemy, the part of the 24th Army headquarters headed by Major-General KONDRAT'EV wound up encircled by the Germans in the Panfilovo area. The further fate of this group... [ is] not known to me, because at that time I was in the middle of combat together with Colonel UTVENKO, the commander of the 19th Rifle Division, organizing a troop breakout in the direction of Selivanovo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 74], "content_span": [75, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014397-0018-0000", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1941 formation), Battle of Moscow, Operation Typhoon\nKondratev reached friendly lines on October 18 in the Dorokhovo region, together with a group of up to 180 men. By the end of October 9 the headquarters of Western Front had learned that German forces were now blocking all the escape routes for the 20th and 24th Armies. From this point the circumstances of the trapped forces continued to deteriorate. The 17th Rifle Division (former 17th Moscow Militia) reached friendly lines on October 12 with 17 officers and NCOs and 94 soldiers carrying 123 rifles, two sub-machine guns and one light machine gun. The 160th was in similar state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 74], "content_span": [75, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014397-0018-0001", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1941 formation), Battle of Moscow, Operation Typhoon\nA surviving squad leader, E. S. Olshanikov, brought out of the encirclement the divisional banner and two regimental banners; this, along with the survival of Colonel Orlov and some of his command cadre, ensured that the division was not disbanded. Five other former Moscow militia divisions (2nd, 8th, 29th, 139th and 140th Rifle Divisions) were eventually written off and about 70,000 volunteers had perished.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 74], "content_span": [75, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014397-0019-0000", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1941 formation), Battle of Moscow, Rebuilding and Winter Counteroffensive\nThe 160th reappears in the Soviet order of battle on December 1 in the reserves of Western Front. It did not return to the fighting front until January 20, 1942, when it became part of the assault group of 33rd Army to the southeast of Vyasma. Given that the Red Army had been throwing everything available into the counteroffensive west of Moscow since early December the division must have been in a very poor state to remain out of combat for seven weeks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 95], "content_span": [96, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014397-0019-0001", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1941 formation), Battle of Moscow, Rebuilding and Winter Counteroffensive\nOn January 3 the remnants of the 1134th Rifle Regiment of the 338th Rifle Division and the 1290th Regiment of the 113th Rifle Division, both part of 33rd Army, were transferred to replace the 1293rd Rifle Regiment which had not yet been reformed. This composite regiment would be redesignated as the 1293rd on March 31.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 95], "content_span": [96, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014397-0020-0000", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1941 formation), Battle of Moscow, Rebuilding and Winter Counteroffensive\nBy this time the 33rd Army was operating to the west of Kaluga, roughly in the center of Western Front, pushing toward Vyasma in an effort to cut off the forces of Army Group Center in the salient that was forming around Sychyovka and Rzhev. The Army's divisions were generally successful in defeating small German units but each such battle distracted the troops advancing to the west from their assigned goal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 95], "content_span": [96, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014397-0020-0001", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1941 formation), Battle of Moscow, Rebuilding and Winter Counteroffensive\nAs a result the Army's formations were widely strung out on the march; a report from January 26 stated in part: \"The 160th Rifle Division, which had been included in the 33rd Army, attacked Nekrasovo, from which it was then to take up position on the army's left flank.\" On the same date the Front commander, Army Gen. G. K. Zhukov, demanded that this Army \"reach the area Krasnyi Kholm\u2013Gredyakino\u2013Podrezovo by forced march and link up with an airborne landing by the 4th Airborne Corps and the Kalinin Front's cavalry.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 95], "content_span": [96, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014397-0021-0000", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1941 formation), Battle of Moscow, Rebuilding and Winter Counteroffensive\nJanuary 28 saw the 113th Division reach the Kuznetsovka\u2013Morozovo area and the 338th Division the Buslava area while the 160th followed Zhukov's direction and force-marched to the west, but the remainder of the Army effectively stalled. The next day the division reached the area Korshuntsy\u2013Lyadnoe, but in this fighting Colonel Orlov was wounded severely enough that he was hospitalized and forced to hand over command to Maj. Vitalii Modestovich Rusetskii. This officer would in turn be replaced on February 9 Maj. Gen. Vasilii Andreevich Revyakin, who had previously commanded the 8th Guards Rifle Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 95], "content_span": [96, 705]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014397-0022-0000", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1941 formation), Battle of Moscow, Rebuilding and Winter Counteroffensive\nOn the night of February 1/2 these three divisions took up jumping off positions for the attack on Vyasma. The 113th was in the area of Dashkovka to Yastrebovo with the direction of attack toward Boznya; the 338th was in the woods to the west of Vorobevka aiming toward Kazakovo and Yamskaya; while the 160th occupied the woods southwest of Lyado with its attack axis directed toward Alekseevskoe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 95], "content_span": [96, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014397-0022-0001", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1941 formation), Battle of Moscow, Rebuilding and Winter Counteroffensive\nThe next day the division began a stubborn fight for this place and on February 3 units of 33rd Army in the Stogovo area linked up with 1st Guards Cavalry Corps as the battle for Vyasma grew in size and the trailing divisions of the Army joined the fighting. While the German forces were in a difficult situation the deep advance along a narrow front by 33rd Army carried its own risks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 95], "content_span": [96, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014397-0022-0002", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1941 formation), Battle of Moscow, Rebuilding and Winter Counteroffensive\nIn 12 days of fighting the 160th, along with the 113th and 338th, had covered a distance of 80\u201390\u00a0km amid hard frosts and deep snow cover but this needle-like thrust did not prove effective. Vyasma was not taken and 33rd Army found itself in considerable difficulty during the coming months. On February 23 General Revyakin was appointed to command of the 1st Guards Motor Rifle Division and Major Rusetskii again took over the 160th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 95], "content_span": [96, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014397-0023-0000", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1941 formation), Battle of Moscow, 33rd Army Encircled\nAs the Army fought for Vyasma the German High Command was already taking steps to counter the penetration. Up to six understrength divisions had been moved to the area and on February 2\u20133 Soviet gains north and south of Yukhnov were driven back, leaving the 33rd, as well as 1st Guards Cavalry and the 8th Airborne Brigade all but completely encircled. Zhukov ordered the 43rd Army to break through to the encircled group; this effort would also soon involve the 49th and 50th Armies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 76], "content_span": [77, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014397-0023-0001", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1941 formation), Battle of Moscow, 33rd Army Encircled\nHowever, the command of Army Group Center reinforced its troops defending Yukhnov and all attempts to break in failed. The supply situation soon became catastrophic, especially given the lack of air transport. The 33rd turned to local partisans for assistance and support, drafting local men into the ranks under an order signed by Stalin on February 9. For most purposes the pocketed Army operated as partisans over the next months.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 76], "content_span": [77, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014397-0024-0000", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1941 formation), Battle of Moscow, 33rd Army Encircled\nAt the beginning of March an attempt was made the breach the ring of encirclement by units of 33rd Army from within and a shock group of 43rd Army from without. The German command brought up additional forces. The gap between the two attacking Soviet groups narrowed to just 2\u00a0km but they were unable to overcome the remaining distance. Conditions inside the pocket worsened on a daily basis. On March 11 a total of 12,780 personnel remained trapped and a report by Western Front's chief of the NKVD Special Department (dated April 8) stated in part:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 76], "content_span": [77, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014397-0025-0000", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1941 formation), Battle of Moscow, 33rd Army Encircled\n... a significant amount of the artillery has been idled by a lack of fuel and ammunition. Casualties from 1 February to 13 March 1942 amount to 1,290 killed and 2,351 wounded. We are not receiving replacements... Sustenance... consists of a small quantity of boiled rye and horse meat. There is no salt, fats or sugar at all. Due to the starvation diet, cases of illness among the troops are becoming more frequent... on the night of 14 March, two soldiers died of emaciation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 76], "content_span": [77, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014397-0026-0000", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1941 formation), Battle of Moscow, 33rd Army Encircled\nFurther orders from the Front demanded that 43rd, 49th and 50th Armies relieve the pocket by March 27, but the general exhaustion of the Red Army after months of counterattacking, plus the onset of the spring rasputitsa, doomed these efforts to failure. Meanwhile Army Group Center was determined to clear its rear areas. Seven divisions were concentrated against the pocket which was soon reduced to an area of roughly 10\u00a0km by 25\u00a0km.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 76], "content_span": [77, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014397-0026-0001", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1941 formation), Battle of Moscow, 33rd Army Encircled\nIn early April the 33rd was finally authorized to withdraw through forests under partisan control in the direction of Kirov, a distance of up to 180\u00a0km. In the attempt the Army's commander, Lt. Gen. M. G. Yefremov was wounded and took his own life to avoid capture. Only a few thousand men managed to filter out to friendly lines. In the 160th Major Rusetskii was wounded in the shoulder by an explosive bullet on April 14 and was taken prisoner on April 27; several days previously he had been promoted to the rank of lieutenant colonel. He would die on November 15, 1943 in the Flossenb\u00fcrg concentration camp. On April 24 Col. Ernest Zhanovich Sedulin took over the division which had again been reduced to a remnant but avoided being disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 76], "content_span": [77, 824]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014397-0027-0000", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1941 formation), Battles of Rzhev\nAs of the beginning of May the 33rd Army consisted of just five battered rifle divisions; on May 24 the 338th, having already lost a rifle regiment to the 160th, was officially disbanded to provide replacements for the 113th. During the early summer it would remain in this four-division (110th, 113th, 160th, 222nd Rifle Divisions) configuration. In the planning for Western Front's summer offensive against the eastern face of the Rzhev salient at least one map-solution was prepared in June for a prospective offensive by 49th, 33rd and 5th Armies to seize Vyasma, although this came to nothing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 55], "content_span": [56, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014397-0027-0001", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1941 formation), Battles of Rzhev\nAs the planning continued 33rd Army was also considered for advances in the direction of Gzhatsk and west of Medyn. In the end the Army was to be given a large role in the offensive. When the Army joined the offensive on August 13 it had been reinforced with the 7th Guards Rifle Corps, two more divisions and four rifle brigades.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 55], "content_span": [56, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014397-0027-0002", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1941 formation), Battles of Rzhev\nIt faced six German infantry regiments along the front line on its breakthrough sector but had only a 3.5:1 advantage in infantry and 1.6:1 in artillery, considerably less than the other Soviet armies involved, apart from 30th Army on the opposite end of the offensive front. Given this relative weakness in force correlation and the fact that the main offensive had begun more than a week earlier, eliminating any element of surprise, the attack of 33rd Army soon faltered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 55], "content_span": [56, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014397-0028-0000", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1941 formation), Battles of Rzhev\nThe Army resumed its offensive on August 24 and made some penetrations on 3rd Panzer Army's front, but these were soon contained. Another effort began on September 4 in conjunction with 5th Army, but was halted three days later. During this period 20th Army was also attempting to reach Gzhatsk but went over to the defense on September 8. For the rest of the month the southern armies of the Front were officially engaged in \"battles of local significance\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 55], "content_span": [56, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014397-0028-0001", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1941 formation), Battles of Rzhev\nFrom August 10 to September 15 the personnel losses of 33rd Army are listed as 42,327 killed, wounded and missing while gaining from 20\u201325\u00a0km to the west and northwest. The heavy losses were attributed to \"densely-packed formations... [ while] there was almost no coordination between fire and maneuver...\" among other factors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 55], "content_span": [56, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014397-0029-0000", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1941 formation), Battles of Rzhev, Operation Mars\nIn planning for the next offensive General Zhukov conceived a two-phase operation beginning against the northern part of the salient to be known as Operation Mars, with a subsequent phase to the south likely under the name of Operation Jupiter. During October and November the German 9th Army noted a Soviet buildup in the sector east of Vyasma, including the 3rd Tank Army, two tank corps, and reinforcements for 5th Army. 33rd Army would also take part.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 71], "content_span": [72, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014397-0029-0001", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1941 formation), Battles of Rzhev, Operation Mars\nDue to postponements Mars did not begin until November 25, at which time the start date for the second phase was tentatively set for December 1. By then Mars was badly bogged down and although Zhukov continued to hope Jupiter could be implemented as late as December 9, on December 16 Stalin ordered the 3rd Tank Army to move south.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 71], "content_span": [72, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014397-0030-0000", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1941 formation), Battles of Rzhev, Rzhev-Vyasma Offensive\nBy the beginning of February 1943 the 33rd Army was still a powerful force of seven rifle divisions and two brigades. On February 17 Colonel Sedulin, who had been awarded the Order of the Red Banner for his leadership of the 160th, handed his command to Col. Ivan Ivanovich Oborin; Sedulin would go on to command the 324th and 8th Guards Divisions and later the 90th Rifle Corps. The strategic situation had changed significantly following the Soviet victory at Stalingrad and the subsequent exploitation on the southern half of the front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 79], "content_span": [80, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014397-0030-0001", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1941 formation), Battles of Rzhev, Rzhev-Vyasma Offensive\nThe current commander of Western Front, Col. Gen. I. S. Konev, was ordered to keep up pressure on Army Group Center to prevent its forces from being shifted to other sectors. A new offensive by 33rd Army aimed at Vyasma began on February 22 against the positions of German 4th Army northeast of Tyomkino involving the 5th Guards Rifle Division, 112th Rifle Brigade and elements of the 160th. It failed within hours. However, by now it was clear to the German High Command that the Rzhev salient could no longer be held and in fact on February 6 Hitler had authorized a withdrawal that was to begin on March 1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 79], "content_span": [80, 689]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014397-0031-0000", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1941 formation), Battles of Rzhev, Operation B\u00fcffel\nThe withdrawal caught the Red Army on the wrong foot and turned into a pursuit by stages despite its best efforts to cut off at least part of the German forces. Both sides were hindered by the spring rasputitsa, but 9th Army also conducted a relentless scorched-earth campaign, destroying towns and villages, roads and especially bridges. 33rd Army entered the pursuit on March 5, bypassing Tyomkino to the north in the direction of Vyasma, fighting over much of the same ground where it had been encircled a year earlier. On March 8 Colonel Oborin left the division to take up training duties; he was replaced by Col. Boleslav Frantsevich Zarako-Zarakovskii, who would be promoted to the rank of major general on September 1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 73], "content_span": [74, 800]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014397-0032-0000", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1941 formation), Battles of Rzhev, Operation B\u00fcffel\nThe combined forces of the 5th and 33rd Armies finally liberated the Vyasma region on March 12, with the 110th Rifle Division leading the 33rd into the city proper. The next day Col. Gen. V. D. Sokolovsky, who had replaced Konev as commander of Western Front, committed the 1st and 5th Tank Corps into the pursuit. Despite these reinforcements the Front soon ran into the extensive German defenses that had been built along the base of the salient.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 73], "content_span": [74, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014397-0032-0001", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1941 formation), Battles of Rzhev, Operation B\u00fcffel\nBeginning on March 18 shock groups of the 33rd, 49th and 50th Armies, totalling about eight rifle divisions and seven tank brigades, mounted a major attack at Spas-Demensk, but this expired on April 1 after heavy casualties owing to supply difficulties and heavy fortifications. The Rzhev-Vyasma Offensive was considered a victory and on June 19 the 1293rd Rifle Regiment was recognized for its part in it with the award the Order of the Red Banner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 73], "content_span": [74, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014397-0033-0000", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1941 formation), Into Western Russia\nDuring the following months both sides took a much-needed breathing space to rebuild and replenish their forces in preparation for the summer offensives. The STAVKA chose to stand on the defensive in the Kursk region and absorb the attacks of 9th Army and 4th Panzer Army before going over to the counteroffensive. Western Front prepared for its own offensive in the direction of Smolensk and the 160th remained in 33rd Army, which was substantially reinforced with armor and artillery by the beginning of August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 58], "content_span": [59, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014397-0034-0000", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1941 formation), Into Western Russia, Operation Suvorov\nOperation Suvorov began on August 7. 33rd Army was still facing the defenses at the base of the former Rzhev salient (the B\u00fcffel-Stellung) east of Spas-Demensk. At this time its divisions averaged 6,500 - 7,000 personnel each (70 - 75 percent of their authorized strength). The Army commander, Lt. Gen. V. N. Gordov, formed his main shock group from the 42nd, 160th and 164th Rifle Divisions and the 256th Tank Brigade but these ran into tough resistance from the 480th Grenadier Regiment of the 260th Infantry Division in the Kurkino sector.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 77], "content_span": [78, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014397-0034-0001", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1941 formation), Into Western Russia, Operation Suvorov\nOnly the 164th achieved a limited success, taking the village of Chotilovka and threatening to drive a wedge between that German regiment and its neighboring 460th Grenadier Regiment until the 480th threw in its reserve battalion and stopped any further advance. By early afternoon the Front commander, Col. Gen. V. D. Sokolovskii was becoming frustrated about the inability of most his units to advance. The offensive resumed at 0730 hours on August 8 after a 30-minute artillery preparation, but 33rd Army made little further progress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 77], "content_span": [78, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014397-0034-0002", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1941 formation), Into Western Russia, Operation Suvorov\nIt continued attacking on August 9\u201310 with the shock group on a very narrow front and made limited gains at the village of Sluzna, but was then stymied at Laski and Gubino; the intervention of an ersatz German battalion appears to have narrowly prevented a Soviet breakthrough. As both sides weakened the fighting continued into the morning of August 13 when the 42nd Division and the 256th Tanks were the first units of 33rd Army into Spas-Demensk. The 160th continued to advance into the void southwest of the town as German forces fell back to their next line of defense. Sokolovskii was forced to call a temporary halt on August 14 to replenish stocks, especially ammunition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 77], "content_span": [78, 757]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014397-0035-0000", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1941 formation), Into Western Russia, Operation Suvorov\nDuring this pause in operations the 160th was assigned to the 70th Rifle Corps, joining the 70th Rifle Division from 21st Army. Sokolovskii's revised plan put his Front's main effort in the center with the 21st, 33rd, 68th and 10th Guards Armies attacking the German XII Army Corps all along its front until it shattered, then push mobile groups through the gaps to liberate Yelnya. Virtually all the units on both sides were now well below authorized strength and Suvorov was becoming an endurance contest. Ammunition and fuel were still short on the Soviet side given the competing demands of other fronts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 77], "content_span": [78, 686]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014397-0036-0000", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1941 formation), Into Western Russia, Operation Suvorov\nAt 0800 hours on August 28 the Western Front began a 90-minute artillery preparation across a 25\u00a0km-wide front southeast of Yelnya in the sectors of the 10th Guards, 21st and 33rd Armies. Instead of the obvious axis of advance straight up the railway to the city Sokolovskii decided to make his main effort in the 33rd Army sector near Novaya Berezovka. This assault struck the 20th Panzergrenadier Division directly, forcing it backward and away from its junction with the right flank of IX Army Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 77], "content_span": [78, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014397-0036-0001", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1941 formation), Into Western Russia, Operation Suvorov\nAs soon as a gap was forced General Gordov committed the 5th Mechanized Corps at Koshelevo which began to shove wrecked German battlegroups out of its path. Overall the Army managed to advance as much as 8\u00a0km during the day. On August 29 the 5th Mechanized completed its breakthrough and Gordov was able to add the 6th Guards Cavalry Corps to the exploitation force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 77], "content_span": [78, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014397-0036-0002", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1941 formation), Into Western Russia, Operation Suvorov\nBy 1330 hours on August 30 it became clear to the German command that Yelnya could not be held and orders for its evacuation were issued within minutes; the city was in Red Army hands by 1900. From here it was only 75\u00a0km to Smolensk. However, German 4th Army was able to establish a tenuous new front by September 3 and although Sokolovskii continued local attacks through the rest of the week his Front was again brought to a halt by logistical shortages.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 77], "content_span": [78, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014397-0037-0000", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1941 formation), Into Western Russia, Operation Suvorov\nAs Western Front regrouped for the next round of the offensive the 160th and 70th Rifle Divisions were moved to 49th Army to form the 62nd Rifle Corps. This next round began on September 14. During the first days the 49th mounted powerful supporting attacks to assist Sokolovskii's main drive on Smolensk. This drive was forced to pause for several days, again due to supply shortages, but the city finally fell on September 25.The STAVKA was now eager for Sokolovskii to \"bounce\" the Panther Line and push on to Orsha.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 77], "content_span": [78, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014397-0038-0000", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1941 formation), Into Western Russia, Orsha Offensives\nAt the start of October the 160th was still in 62nd Rifle Corps as part of 49th Army, which consisted of just five rifle divisions plus one rifle and one tank brigade. As Western Front attempted to continue its offensive into eastern Belorussia in early October, forward elements of the Army reached the Pronya River late on October 2. The Corps led the advance north of Drybin with the 352nd, 277th and 344th Rifle Divisions in second echelon. The strong German defenses in this region, manned by their 342nd and 35th Infantry Divisions, along with the weakness of his Army after months of offensive combat, convinced the Army commander, Col. Gen. I. T. Grishin that any further offensive action would be futile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 76], "content_span": [77, 790]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014397-0039-0000", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1941 formation), Into Western Russia, Orsha Offensives\nBeginning on October 12, Western Front began a new offensive towards Orsha. This was preceded by a complex regrouping of forces, in which 33rd Army was moved into the sector north and south of Lenino. In response, 49th Army's forces shifted north into the positions vacated by 33rd Army. This assault, which did not directly involve 49th Army, began on October 12 but collapsed after less than a week with only limited gains on a few sectors. During November the 160th and 70th Divisions were assigned, with the 344th Division, to the 113th Rifle Corps, still in 49th Army. In December the 160th was again reassigned, now to the 10th Army in Western Front where it served as a separate rifle division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 76], "content_span": [77, 778]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014397-0040-0000", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1941 formation), Into Western Russia, Into Belarus\nThis move brought the division to the south flank of the Front, adjacent to Army Gen. K. K. Rokossovsky's Belorussian Front. Rokossovsky was planning a new offensive with his 3rd and 50th Armies in the direction of Bykhov which would be supported by 10th Army attacking south of Chausy and along the Pronya. According to the plan the 10th conducted this diversionary assault beginning at dawn on January 3, 1944. The 290th Rifle Division, supported by most of the 160th and 76th Rifle Divisions, pushed across the Pronya between Putki and Skvarsk, 10\u201315\u00a0km north of Chausy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 72], "content_span": [73, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014397-0040-0001", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1941 formation), Into Western Russia, Into Belarus\nIn heavy fighting the three divisions seized bridgeheads north and south of the fortified village of Prilepovka but were not able to take the village itself. Overnight the bridgeheads were reinforced by elements of the 385th Rifle Division and the next day the combined force took the village of Baryshevka, 2\u00a0km north of Prilepovka, as well as Putki, but was then halted at the outskirts of Voskhod, 5\u00a0km to the west, by counterattacking reserves of the 35th Infantry Division. Further efforts stalled, but a valuable bridgehead over the Pronya had been won in two days of fighting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 72], "content_span": [73, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014397-0041-0000", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1941 formation), Into Western Russia, Into Belarus\nOn February 1 the 160th was removed to the Reserve of the Supreme High Command for much-needed rebuilding and replenishment. When it returned to the fighting on March 1 it was assigned as a separate division in 47th Army of the first formation of 2nd Belorussian Front. This Front had been created from Belorussian Front to take control of the long but relatively inactive front line south of the Pripet marshes. Later in the month the division was again reassigned, now to the tiny 70th Army of only four divisions, joining 76th Guards Rifle Division in the 114th Rifle Corps. It would remain under these commands almost continually for the duration of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 72], "content_span": [73, 735]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014397-0042-0000", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1941 formation), Operation Bagration\nOn May 5 General Zarako-Zarakovskii left the division; he would later serve as the deputy chief-of-staff of the 1st Belorussian Front before being transferred to the Polish People's Army. He was replaced the next day by Maj. Gen. Nikolai Sergeevich Timofeev. By this time Western Front had been disbanded, replaced by 3rd Belorussian and the second formation of 2nd Belorussian Front, and the former 2nd Belorussian had been reincorporated as the left (western) wing of 1st Belorussian Front. In the planning for Operation Bagration this wing would play a minor role in the initial phase of the offensive, mostly tying down the forces of German 2nd Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 58], "content_span": [59, 713]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014397-0043-0000", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1941 formation), Operation Bagration, Lublin\u2013Brest Offensive\nThe turn of the left wing came on July 17. 70th Army was still small, with just 29,054 personnel guarding an attack front of largely impassable terrain 120\u00a0km-wide. Its divisions, including the 160th, were noted as being at just over 86 percent of authorized strength. The offensive was delayed as the 8th Guards Army redeployed from its previous positions along the lower Dniestr River. As that Army took up its positions the 70th regrouped to its own left flank and center.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 82], "content_span": [83, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014397-0043-0001", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1941 formation), Operation Bagration, Lublin\u2013Brest Offensive\nThis brought the main forces of the two Corps of the Army to jumping-off positions along a 20\u00a0km-wide sector. Developing the success of the adjacent 61st Army the 114th Corps attacked in the morning in the direction of Rechytsa and Divin and, having broken the resistance of the Hungarian 12th Reserve Division, by the close of July 18 had reached a line from Lelikov to Duby to Zamoshye.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 82], "content_span": [83, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014397-0044-0000", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1941 formation), Operation Bagration, Lublin\u2013Brest Offensive\nAt 0530 hours that morning, following a 30-minute artillery preparation, the forward battalions and regiments of the main forces of the left wing attacked and soon determined that the German forces had withdrawn their main formations and intended to occupy their next defensive line the following night. These forward detachments occupied the first, and in some places the second trench line in the first 90 minutes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 82], "content_span": [83, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014397-0044-0001", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1941 formation), Operation Bagration, Lublin\u2013Brest Offensive\nThe rapid arrival of the Front's main shock group at this second defensive zone prevented the Axis forces from occupying it in an organized manner and were therefore forced to withdraw to the Western Bug River along many sectors. To the right 70th Army attacked on July 19 toward Zabolotye and Lyubokhiny and with its right flank took up a pursuit to the west in the direction of Brest. In recognition of its leading role in breaking through the German defense west of Kovel the 160th would be awarded the Order of the Red Banner on August 9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 82], "content_span": [83, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014397-0045-0000", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1941 formation), Operation Bagration, Lublin\u2013Brest Offensive\nBy now the left wing of 1st Belorussian Front had penetrated the Axis defense up to 40\u00a0km in depth and 120\u00a0km in breadth; 70th Army was averaging 16\u201320\u00a0km per day. All of this created favorable conditions to develop the offensive into the operational depth. On July 20 the Army, encountering insignificant resistance, captured the towns of Malaryta, Krymno and Shatsk as its secondary forces joined the advance. The 28th and 70th Armies, along with the 9th Guards Rifle Corps, were now assigned the task of liberating Brest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 82], "content_span": [83, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014397-0045-0001", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1941 formation), Operation Bagration, Lublin\u2013Brest Offensive\nBy the end of July 23 the 70th had advanced up to another 45\u00a0km in the direction of S\u0142awatycze. During the following days the Army moved forward more slowly, facing counterattacks from newly-arrived German reserves and breaking through the first positions of the Brest fortified area. On July 27 the Army, attacking to the north of the city, reached the Western Bug along a broad front and helped complete the encirclement of part of the German grouping around Brest. The city was taken the next day and both the division and one of its rifle regiments received the name of that place as an honorific:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 82], "content_span": [83, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014397-0046-0000", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1941 formation), Operation Bagration, Lublin\u2013Brest Offensive\nBREST... 160th Rifle Division (Maj. Gen. Timofeev, Nikolai Sergeevich)... 1293rd Rifle Regiment (Maj. Repetskii, Sergei Ivanovich)... The troops who participated in the liberation of Brest, by the order of the Supreme High Command of 28 July 1944, and a commendation in Moscow, are given a salute of 20 artillery salvoes from 224 guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 82], "content_span": [83, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014397-0047-0000", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1941 formation), Operation Bagration, Lublin\u2013Brest Offensive\nOn August 10 the 1295th Rifle Regiment would receive the Order of the Red Banner for its part in this victory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 82], "content_span": [83, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014397-0048-0000", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1941 formation), Operation Bagration, Lublin\u2013Brest Offensive\nBy this time the overall Bagration offensive was running down due to logistics. The Front was able to seize bridgeheads over the Vistula north and south of Warsaw before it ground to a halt in the first days of August. By the beginning of September the 160th had been transferred to the 96th Rifle Corps, still in 70th Army, but a month later it was back in 114th Corps. On November 17 Rokossovsky was transferred to command of the second formation of 2nd Belorussian Front and two days later that Front was reinforced with the 70th and 65th Armies from his former command. The 160th would remain in this Front for the duration. 70th Army was deployed to the T\u0142uszcz area to serve as the Front reserve.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 82], "content_span": [83, 785]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014397-0049-0000", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1941 formation), Vistula-Oder Offensive\nPrior to the start of this offensive the 70th Army was substantially reinforced and now contained nine rifle divisions organized in three corps. It was located in the Serock bridgehead with the 96th Corps deployed in a single echelon between Guty and Ciepielin and one division of 47th Rifle Corps also in the front line. The 114th Corps was in the Army's second echelon in the area northeast of Serock.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 61], "content_span": [62, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014397-0049-0001", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1941 formation), Vistula-Oder Offensive\nThe Army's task was to attack on a 3\u00a0km-wide front in the direction of Nasielsk on the first day, outflank Modlin from the north and then drive west to help prevent the German Warsaw grouping from retreating behind the Vistula. The 114th Corps would remain in reserve in the initial phase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 61], "content_span": [62, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014397-0050-0000", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1941 formation), Vistula-Oder Offensive\n2nd Belorussian Front began its offensive on the morning of January 14, 1945. On January 17 the 70th Army made a fighting advance of up to 14\u00a0km against sagging resistance, forced the Wkra and began fighting for the eastern and southeastern outskirts of Modlin. The 114th Corps was now committed from behind the Army's right flank, although one of its divisions remained in second echelon. The following day, after stubborn fighting, the Army secured both the town and fortress. The Front's objective was now to reach the mouth of the Vistula and the Baltic coast, thus cutting off the German forces in East Prussia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 61], "content_span": [62, 678]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014397-0051-0000", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1941 formation), Vistula-Oder Offensive\nDuring the last week of January the Army seized a bridgehead over the lower Vistula between Fordon and Che\u0142mno and was fighting to widen it while also blockading the German garrison of Toru\u0144. The latter city was understood to contain 3,000 - 4,000 German troops and one division plus a regiment of the 47th Corps was considered sufficient to contain it on this sector. In fact it contained 30,000 men and on the night of January 30/31 the garrison attempted to break out to the northwest. During the following week nearly all the forces of 70th Army, including the 160th, were involved in containing and eventually eliminating this breakout which was completed on February 8; only small groups succeeded in escaping to the west.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 61], "content_span": [62, 790]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014397-0052-0000", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1941 formation), Vistula-Oder Offensive, East Pomeranian Offensive\nThe next phase of the offensive began on February 10. By this time the 1st Belorussian Front had reached the Oder River and appeared poised to advance on Berlin but the STAVKA was concerned about the potential of German counteroffensive action driving south from Pomerania and ordered Rokossovsky to complete the isolation of East Prussia and eliminate this flank threat. Prior to the start the 114th Corps was transferred to 65th Army which was also in the Vistula bridgehead south of Che\u0142mno.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 88], "content_span": [89, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014397-0052-0001", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1941 formation), Vistula-Oder Offensive, East Pomeranian Offensive\nThis Army was tasked with continuing the offensive toward the northwest to reach a line from Hoch Stablau to Czersk by February 14 before continuing toward Byt\u00f3w. On the first day the 65th, 70th and 49th Armies advanced 5\u201310\u00a0km. Over the following days the 70th maintained this momentum but the 65th and 49th were faced with difficult lake and forest terrain and managed only 15\u201320\u00a0km up until the 14th. As the advance continued it met increasing resistance and the 160th, along with the rest of the Front's forces, was becoming worn down by more than a month of continuous offensive fighting. From February 19 the operation essentially stopped along a line including Czersk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 88], "content_span": [89, 764]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014397-0053-0000", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1941 formation), Vistula-Oder Offensive, East Pomeranian Offensive\nOver the following days the Front regrouped and was reinforced. The 114th Rifle Corps was reassigned to 49th Army which was occupying a line from Schwartzwasser to Osowo to Rittel. The renewed offensive began on February 24 and over the following week the 70th and 19th Armies made the greatest progress toward the objectives. In order to strengthen the advance, on March 2 Rokossovsky ordered the 114th Corps, now consisting of the 160th and the 76th Guards, back to 70th Army to be concentrated near Chojnice as the 49th Army went over to the defense. The division would remain in 70th Army for the duration. At this point the surviving forces of German 2nd Army began pulling back toward Gdynia and Gda\u0144sk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 88], "content_span": [89, 798]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014397-0054-0000", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1941 formation), Vistula-Oder Offensive, East Pomeranian Offensive\nIn the third stage of the operation the left-wing forces of the Front advanced on the latter city with the objective of occupying it by March 20. 70th Army was backed by the 8th Mechanized Corps. On March 10 it made a fighting advance of 30\u00a0km, aiming to reach the coast at Kolibken. The advance continued and on March 23 the Army, with the help of flanking forces of other armies, broke through the German defenses, captured the town of Sopot and reached the shore of Gda\u0144sk Bay. 114th Corps, working with the 3rd Guards Tank Corps, continued to attack to the south toward Oliwa. In the course of the next five days the 160th and its Corps assisted 19th Army in the liberation of Gda\u0144sk, and two of its subunits would be recognized with honorifics:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 88], "content_span": [89, 838]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014397-0055-0000", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1941 formation), Vistula-Oder Offensive, East Pomeranian Offensive\nGDANSK... 1295th Rifle Regiment (Lt. Col. Levchenko, Vasilii Markovich)... 462nd Sapper Battalion (Maj. Krutikov, Igor Viktorovich)... The troops who participated in the liberation of Gda\u0144sk, by the order of the Supreme High Command of 30 March 1945, and a commendation in Moscow, are given a salute of 20 artillery salvoes from 224 guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 88], "content_span": [89, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014397-0056-0000", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1941 formation), Vistula-Oder Offensive, East Pomeranian Offensive\n2nd Belorussian Front would now redeploy to the lower Oder for the final assault into central Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 88], "content_span": [89, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014397-0057-0000", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1941 formation), Berlin Operation\n70th Army was one of the three combined-arms armies in the Front that helped form its shock group at the start of the assault on Berlin. At this time the 160th had somewhere between 3,600 to 4,800 personnel on strength. The Army was deployed along a 14\u00a0km front, but the breakthrough sector was 4\u00a0km wide along the West Oder River in the area of Mescherin. All three divisions of 114th Corps (1st, 160th, 76th Guards) were on the main attack axis but in second echelon behind four divisions of the 47th and 96th Rifle Corps. 3rd", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 55], "content_span": [56, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014397-0057-0001", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1941 formation), Berlin Operation\nGuards Tank Corps was subordinated to 70th Army for the operation. During April 18\u201319 the Front launched intensive reconnaissance efforts in preparation for the crossings, including the elimination of German advance parties in the lowlands between the East and West Oder. Over these two days the Army's first echelon took up positions on the east bank of the West Oder, and at one location had managed to create a small bridgehead on the west bank.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 55], "content_span": [56, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014397-0058-0000", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1941 formation), Berlin Operation\nThe Front's full offensive began on April 20. During April 24 the 114th Corps crossed to the west bank of the West Oder in order to further develop the Army's success, concentrating in the Mescherin area and to the north. 3rd Guards Tanks began its own crossing at 1700 hours. 114th Corps was committed into the fighting the following day in the Army's center and reached the eastern bank of the Randow River's flood plain along a sector from Grunz to west of Wartin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 55], "content_span": [56, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014397-0058-0001", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1941 formation), Berlin Operation\nOn the same day Col. Yusif Mirza oglu Abdullayev took over command of the 160th after General Timofeev fell ill; this officer had previously commanded the 38th Guards Rifle Division and had briefly served as deputy commander of the 114th Corps. He would continue in command until the division was disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 55], "content_span": [56, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014397-0059-0000", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1941 formation), Berlin Operation\n70th Army resumed its offensive on the morning of April 26 and forced a crossing of the Randow, which was the basis of the German second defensive zone, along its entire front. It then advanced 6\u20138\u00a0km farther. On the following day, with the backing of 3rd Guards Tanks, the Army advanced flat-out to the west, covering as much as 30\u00a0km. Through the period from April 28 to May 5 the further advance was only opposed by small covering detachments seeking in any way to slow down the offensive. On May 3 contact was made with British Second Army east of Wismar and the next day reached the Baltic in the Warnemunde sector, where the 160th ended the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 55], "content_span": [56, 707]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014397-0060-0000", "contents": "160th Rifle Division (1941 formation), Postwar\nThe division ended the war with the full title of 160th Rifle, Brest, Order of the Red Banner Division. (Russian: 160-\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0411\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u041a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0451\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u0438\u044f.) In a final round of awards on May 17 the 973rd Artillery Regiment received the Order of the Red Banner, the 1297th Rifle Regiment was presented with the Order of Kutuzov, 2nd Degree, while the 547th Signal Battalion was given the Order of the Red Star, all for their roles in the fighting for Gda\u0144sk. As directed by STAVKA Order No. 11097 , part 6, of May 29 the division was to be transferred to the control of 1st Belorussian Front by June 3. It was disbanded under that command later that month.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 712]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014398-0000-0000", "contents": "160th Signal Brigade (United States)\nThe 160th Signal Brigade is a communications formation of the United States Army, currently based at Camp Arifjan, Kuwait. It traces its history back to the end of the Second World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014398-0001-0000", "contents": "160th Signal Brigade (United States), Mission\nThe 160th Strategic Signal Brigade is formally tasked to 'provide the United States Army Central Command and Third United States Army with enterprise communications capabilities necessary to accomplish missions throughout the Southwest Asia and the United States Central Command area of responsibility.'", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014398-0002-0000", "contents": "160th Signal Brigade (United States), Brigade history\nThe history of the Headquarters 160th Signal Brigade dates back to World War II. On 6 March 1945, the 3160th Signal Services Battalion was activated in France, under the 12th Army Group. The unit's mission was to provide radio and wire communications, and messenger service. For its participation in the Europe and Rhineland campaigns, the unit was awarded the Meritorious Unit Commendation with Battle Streamer. The 3160th Signal Services Battalion was deactivated in Germany on 20 June 1947.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 53], "content_span": [54, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014398-0003-0000", "contents": "160th Signal Brigade (United States), Brigade history\nOn 3 December 1954, the 3160th Signal Services Battalion was re-designated as Headquarters and Headquarters Detachment, 160th Signal Group. Allotted to the Regular Army, the unit was reactivated in Germany on 28 January 1955, with the mission of providing fixed station communications throughout Germany. It was subsequently deactivated on 1 October 1961.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 53], "content_span": [54, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014398-0004-0000", "contents": "160th Signal Brigade (United States), Brigade history\nOn 25 March 1963, the 160th Signal Group was reactivated again and assigned to the 13th Support Brigade at Fort Hood, Texas. Destined for the Vietnam War, the 160th Signal Group arrived in Vietnam on 20 April 1967, and provided headquarters support in the Saigon and Long Binh area. The 160th Signal Group also provided cable construction, photographic, and communications security logistics support throughout the country. The unit received eight Battle Streamers for its participation in 14 campaigns including Counteroffensive, Phases II through VII, the Tet Counteroffensive, Consolidation and the Cease-fire. The 160th Signal Group returned to the United States, where it was deactivated on 3 June 1972 at Oakland, California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 53], "content_span": [54, 785]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014398-0005-0000", "contents": "160th Signal Brigade (United States), Brigade history\nThe 160th Signal Group was reactivated for the third time on 1 July 1974, at Karlsruhe Germany and re-designated on 1 October 1979, as Headquarters and Headquarters Detachment, 160th Signal Brigade, part of United States Army Europe. Its mission was to provide information mission area services, command, control and support of fixed station communications throughout Southern Germany and the United Kingdom. On 15 April 1991, the reorganization of the 5th Signal Command began with the brigade assuming the strategic communications mission for the entire theater. On 23 August 1991, the brigade was inactivated and its mission was assumed by the 302nd Signal Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 53], "content_span": [54, 724]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014398-0006-0000", "contents": "160th Signal Brigade (United States), Brigade history\nThe Headquarters 160th Signal Brigade was re-activated for the fourth time on 3 September 2003, at Camp Arifjan, Kuwait with two battalions: the 25th and 54th Signal Battalions. The Headquarters 160th Signal Brigade continues to provide the United States Army Central Command and Third United States Army with enterprise communications capabilities necessary to accomplish missions throughout Southwest Asia and the United States Central Command area of responsibility.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 53], "content_span": [54, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014399-0000-0000", "contents": "160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment (Airborne)\nThe 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment (Airborne), abbreviated as 160th SOAR (A), is a special operations force of the United States Army that provides helicopter aviation support for general purpose forces and special operations forces. Its missions have included attack, assault, and reconnaissance, and these missions are usually conducted at night, at high speeds, low altitudes, and on short notice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014399-0001-0000", "contents": "160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment (Airborne)\nNicknamed the Night Stalkers and called Task Force Brown within the JSOC, the 160th SOAR(A) is headquartered at Fort Campbell, Kentucky.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014399-0002-0000", "contents": "160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment (Airborne), Overview\nThe 160th SOAR (A) consists of the Army's best-qualified aviators, crew chiefs, and support soldiers. Officers are all volunteers; enlisted soldiers volunteer or are assigned by the U.S. Army Human Resources Command. Until 2013, only men were allowed to be pilots in the 160th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 63], "content_span": [64, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014399-0003-0000", "contents": "160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment (Airborne), Overview\nUpon joining the 160th, all soldiers are assigned to \"Green Platoon\", in which they receive intensive training in \"advanced methods of the five basic combat skills: first responder, land navigation, combatives, weapons and teamwork\". The weapons training includes firing thousands of rounds with the M9 pistol, M4 carbine, and AK-47 and AK-74 rifles. Soldiers who fail to pass the course the first time may retake it, but there is no guarantee that anyone assigned to Green Platoon will pass and continue on with the 160th. The basic Night Stalker course for enlisted soldiers lasts five weeks; the officer course lasts 20 to 28 weeks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 63], "content_span": [64, 699]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014399-0004-0000", "contents": "160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment (Airborne), Overview\nA new Night Stalker pilot arrives at a unit as Basic Mission Qualified (BMQ). After a series of skills test qualifications, experience, leadership, and oral review boards lasting up to three years, the Night Stalker is designated Fully Mission Qualified (FMQ). After three to five years as an FMQ, the Night Stalker may try out for flight lead qualification.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 63], "content_span": [64, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014399-0005-0000", "contents": "160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment (Airborne), Overview\nSOAR flight medics can qualify as special operations combat medics by completing the 36-week long Special Operations Combat Medic (SOCM) Course at Fort Bragg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 63], "content_span": [64, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014399-0006-0000", "contents": "160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment (Airborne), History, 1980s and 1990s\nAfter the 1980 Operation Eagle Claw attempt to rescue American hostages held in Tehran, Iran, failed, President Jimmy Carter ordered former Chief of Naval Operations Adm. James L. Holloway III to figure out how the U.S. military could best mount another attempt. At the time there were no U.S. helicopter units trained in this kind of stealthy, short-notice Special Operations mission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 79], "content_span": [80, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014399-0007-0000", "contents": "160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment (Airborne), History, 1980s and 1990s\nThe Army looked to the 101st Aviation Group, the air arm of the 101st Airborne Division (Air Assault), which had the most diverse operating experience of the service's helicopter units, and selected elements of the 158th Aviation Battalion, 101st Aviation Battalion, 229th Aviation Battalion, and the 159th Aviation Battalion. The chosen pilots immediately entered intensive training in night flying.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 79], "content_span": [80, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014399-0008-0000", "contents": "160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment (Airborne), History, 1980s and 1990s\nThis provisional unit was dubbed Task Force 158, since most of its pilots were Black Hawk aviators detached from the 158th. Their distinctive 101st \"Screaming Eagle\" patches remained on their uniforms. The Black Hawks and Chinooks continued to operate around Campbell Army Airfield at the north of post, and Saber Army Heliport at the south. The OH-6 Cayuses, aircraft that had vanished from the division's regular inventory after Vietnam, were hidden on base in an ammunition holding area still known as the \"SHOC Pad\", for \"Special Helicopter Operations Company\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 79], "content_span": [80, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014399-0009-0000", "contents": "160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment (Airborne), History, 1980s and 1990s\nAs the first batch of pilots completed training in the fall of 1980, a second attempt to rescue the hostages was planned for early 1981. Dubbed Operation Honey Badger, it was called off when the hostages were released on the morning of President Ronald Reagan's inauguration.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 79], "content_span": [80, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014399-0010-0000", "contents": "160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment (Airborne), History, 1980s and 1990s\nTask Force 158 was the Army's only special operations aviation unit, and its members had already become recognized as the Army's premier aviation night fighters. Their capability was judged too useful to lose, and so instead of returning to the 101st, the pilots and modified aircraft became a new unit. (Original members of the Night Stalkers refer to it as \"the day the Eagles came off\".) The unit was officially established on 16 October 1981, when it was designated as the 160th Aviation Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 79], "content_span": [80, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014399-0011-0000", "contents": "160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment (Airborne), History, 1980s and 1990s\nThe 160th first saw combat during 1983's Operation Urgent Fury, the U.S. invasion of Grenada.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 79], "content_span": [80, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014399-0012-0000", "contents": "160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment (Airborne), History, 1980s and 1990s\nIn 1986, it was renamed the 160th Aviation Group (Airborne); and in May 1990, the 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment (Airborne). As demand for highly trained special operations aviation assets bloomed, the regiment activated three battalions, a separate detachment, and incorporated one Army National Guard unit, the 1st Battalion, 245th Aviation (OK ARNG).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 79], "content_span": [80, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014399-0013-0000", "contents": "160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment (Airborne), History, 1980s and 1990s\nIn 1987 and 1988, its pilots took part in Operation Earnest Will, the protection of re-flagged Kuwaiti tankers in the Persian Gulf during the Iran\u2013Iraq War. They flew from US Navy warships and leased oil barges in a secret sub-part called Operation Prime Chance, and became the first helicopter pilots to use night vision goggles and forward looking infrared (FLIR) devices in night combat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 79], "content_span": [80, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014399-0014-0000", "contents": "160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment (Airborne), History, 1980s and 1990s\nIn June 1988, the unit received a short-notice directive to recover a Soviet made Mi-25 Hind (Mi-24 Hind export version) attack helicopter from a remote location in Chad. The Hind was abandoned by the Libyans after 15 years of fighting, and was of great intelligence value to the U.S. In April 1988, two CH-47 Chinooks, a U.S. Air Force C-5 Galaxy, and 75 maintenance personnel and crew flew to White Sands AFB, New Mexico to rehearse the mission. In late May of that year an advance team went to Ndjamena, Chad, to await their aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 79], "content_span": [80, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014399-0014-0001", "contents": "160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment (Airborne), History, 1980s and 1990s\nTwo weeks later two Chinooks and 76 crew members and maintenance personnel arrived by C-5. At midnight on 11 June 1988, two MH-47s flew 490 miles at night without outside navigational aids to the target location, the Ouadi Doum Airfield in northern Chad. The first Chinook landed and configured the Hind, while the second hovered overhead and sling loaded it for return to Ndjamena. A surprise sandstorm slowed the return trip, but less than 67 hours after the arrival of the C-5 in Chad, the ground crew had the Hind and Chinooks aboard and ready for return to the U.S.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 79], "content_span": [80, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014399-0015-0000", "contents": "160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment (Airborne), History, 1980s and 1990s\nThe Night Stalkers spearheaded Operation Just Cause, the 1989 invasion of Panama, and they were also used in Operation Desert Storm in 1991.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 79], "content_span": [80, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014399-0016-0000", "contents": "160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment (Airborne), History, 1980s and 1990s\nIn October 1993 in Somalia, Night Stalkers became involved in the Battle of Mogadishu, which later became the subject of the book Black Hawk Down, and its film adaptation. Two Night Stalker Black Hawks, Super 6-1 (piloted by Cliff Wolcott), and Super 6-4 (piloted by Mike Durant), were shot down in the battle. Five of the eighteen men killed (not counting a nineteenth post-operation casualty) in the Battle of Mogadishu were members of the Night Stalkers team, who were lost along with the two Black Hawks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 79], "content_span": [80, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014399-0017-0000", "contents": "160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment (Airborne), History, Global War on Terrorism, 2001\u20132005\nDuring the 2001 invasion of Afghanistan, the Night Stalkers from 2nd Battalion supported two task forces established in early October 2001: Dagger and Sword. (Their unit in TF Sword was designated Task Force Brown.) In the evening of 18 October into 19 October 2001, two SOAR MH-47E helicopters, escorted by MH-60L (Direct Action Penetrators) (DAPs), airlifted U.S. troops from the Karshi-Khanabad Air Base in Uzbekistan more than 300 kilometers (190\u00a0mi) across the 16,000-foot (4,900\u00a0m) Hindu Kush mountains into Afghanistan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 98], "content_span": [99, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014399-0018-0000", "contents": "160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment (Airborne), History, Global War on Terrorism, 2001\u20132005\nThe pilots of the Chinooks, flying in zero-visibility conditions, were refueled in flight three times during the 11-hour mission, establishing a new world record for combat rotorcraft. The troops \u2013 two 12-man Green Beret teams from the 5th Special Forces Group dubbed Operational Detachment Alpha (ODA) 555 and 595 plus four Air Force Combat Controllers \u2014 linked up with the CIA and Northern Alliance. Within a few weeks, the Northern Alliance, assisted by U.S. ground and air forces, captured several key cities from the Taliban.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 98], "content_span": [99, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014399-0019-0000", "contents": "160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment (Airborne), History, Global War on Terrorism, 2001\u20132005\nIn November 2001, Night Stalker AH-6J Little Birds took part in Objective Wolverine and Raptor missions and Operation Relentless Strike. In December 2001, Night Stalker crews resupplied more than 150 Delta Force, British Special Boat Service, and CIA Special Activities Division operatives as they hunted for Osama bin Laden in the Tora Bora mountain complex.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 98], "content_span": [99, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014399-0020-0000", "contents": "160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment (Airborne), History, Global War on Terrorism, 2001\u20132005\nOn 21 February 2002, while scouting Islamist terrorists on Basilan Island as part of Operation Enduring Freedom \u2013 Philippines and seeking to rescue a nurse and an American missionary couple, a MH-47 crashed at sea in the southern Philippines' Bohol Strait, killing 10 servicemen (eight from E company, 160th SOAR and two from the 353rd Special Operations Group).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 98], "content_span": [99, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014399-0021-0000", "contents": "160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment (Airborne), History, Global War on Terrorism, 2001\u20132005\nIn March 2002, Night Stalkers from B Company, 2nd Battalion, 160th SOAR supported coalition troops during Operation Anaconda, particularly at the Battle of Takur Ghar on 4 March, where one of their MH-47Es, callsign Razor 03, was damaged by rocket-propelled grenades and crash-landed carrying Mako 30. A second MH-47E, callsign Razor 01, responded to the shoot down with a Quick Reaction Force; it was damaged by small arms and rocket-propelled grenades, and crash-landed. One Night Stalker was killed in the battle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 98], "content_span": [99, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014399-0022-0000", "contents": "160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment (Airborne), History, Global War on Terrorism, 2001\u20132005\nOn 21 June 2002 in the Philippines, Night Stalker MH-47Es were involved in the operation that killed Abu Sabaya, a senior leader in Abu Sayyef. A U.S. Predator drone marked the person with an infrared laser as he tried to escape in a smuggler's boat. The MH-47Es trained searchlights on the boat while operators from the Philippine Naval Special Operations Group opened fire, killing the terrorist leader and capturing four other terrorists with him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 98], "content_span": [99, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014399-0023-0000", "contents": "160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment (Airborne), History, Global War on Terrorism, 2001\u20132005\nLater 2002, in Afghanistan, Task Force 11 (previously known as Task Force Sword-renamed in January 2002) was composed of DEVGRU, and a company of Rangers, and was supported by a company of helicopters from the 160th SOAR.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 98], "content_span": [99, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014399-0024-0000", "contents": "160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment (Airborne), History, Global War on Terrorism, 2001\u20132005\nDuring the 2003 invasion of Iraq, 3rd Battalion, 160th SOAR, deployed as the Joint Special Operations Air Detachment-West under CJSOTF-West (Combined Joint Special Operations Task Force-West/Task Force Dagger). It was equipped with eight MH-47E Chinooks, four MH-60L DAPs, and two MH-60M Black Hawks. At 9 p.m. on 19 March 2003, the first strike of Operation Iraqi Freedom was carried out by members of the 160th SOAR, on Iraqi visual observation posts along the southern and western borders of Iraq. The strike groups included one flight of MH-60L DAPs and four \"Black Swarm\" flights, each consisting of a pair of AH-6M Little Birds; a FLIR-equipped, target-spotting MH-6M; and a pair of U.S. Air Force A-10As.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 98], "content_span": [99, 810]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014399-0025-0000", "contents": "160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment (Airborne), History, Global War on Terrorism, 2001\u20132005\nIn seven hours, more than 70 sites were destroyed, effectively depriving the Iraqi military of any early warning of the coming invasion. As the sites were eliminated the first heliborne SOF teams launched from H-5 airbase in Jordan, including vehicle-mounted patrols from the British and Australian special forces, who were transported by the MH-47Es of the 160th SOAR. Night Stalkers from 1st Battalion 160th SOAR were tasked with supporting Task Force 20 with its MH-60M Black Hawks, MH-60L DAPs, MH-6M transport and AH-6M Little Birds; they were based at Ar'Ar. On 26 March, the 160th SOAR took part in the Objective Beaver mission, a raid by DEVGRU on a complex known as al Qadisiyah Research Centre that was suspected to have stocks of chemical and biological weapons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 98], "content_span": [99, 872]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014399-0026-0000", "contents": "160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment (Airborne), History, Global War on Terrorism, 2001\u20132005\nOn 1 April 2003, the 160th SOAR took part in the rescue mission of PFC Jessica Lynch who was taken prisoner during the Battle of Nasiriyah. On 2 April, a Delta Force squadron operating in Iraq was ambushed by a half-dozen armed technicals from an anti-special forces Fedayeen. Two MH-60K Black Hawks carrying a parajumper medical team and two MH-60L DAPs of the 160th SOAR responded and engaged the Iraqis, which allowed the Delta operators to move their two casualties to an emergency HLZ. However, one Delta Force operator succumbed to his wounds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 98], "content_span": [99, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014399-0027-0000", "contents": "160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment (Airborne), History, Global War on Terrorism, 2001\u20132005\nOn the evening of 13 December 2003, Saddam Hussein was captured by U.S. forces in Operation Red Dawn, he was exfiltrated by a MH-6 Little Bird from the 160th SOAR and he was taken into custody at Baghdad International Airport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 98], "content_span": [99, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014399-0028-0000", "contents": "160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment (Airborne), History, Global War on Terrorism, 2001\u20132005\nIn 2004 they took part in the rescue of three Italian contractors and one Polish businessman held for ransom by Iraqi insurgents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 98], "content_span": [99, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014399-0029-0000", "contents": "160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment (Airborne), History, Global War on Terrorism, 2001\u20132005\nIn Afghanistan in 2005: Eight Night Stalkers (four from HHC and four from Bravo company of 3rd Battalion) were killed along with eight Navy SEALs on a rescue mission for Marcus Luttrell, after their MH-47 Chinook helicopter was hit by an RPG (rocket propelled grenade). They were sent out to look for Luttrell after Operation Red Wings, in which he was involved with three other SEALs, was compromised and Luttrell's teammates killed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 98], "content_span": [99, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014399-0030-0000", "contents": "160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment (Airborne), History, Global War on Terrorism, 2006\u20132009\nIn March 2006, SEALs from DEVGRU and Rangers were flown by the 160th SOAR into in North Waziristan, Pakistan, to assault an al-Qaeda training camp, allegedly under the codename: Operation Vigilant Harvest, the assaulters killed as many as 30 terrorists including the camps commandant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 98], "content_span": [99, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014399-0031-0000", "contents": "160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment (Airborne), History, Global War on Terrorism, 2006\u20132009\nOn 14 May 2006, helicopters from the 160th SOAR brought operators from Delta Force's B Squadron to Yusufiyah, Iraq, to fight al-Qaeda fighters in several buildings. As the operators disembarked their helicopters, they came under fire from a nearby house, and more al-Qaeda fighters soon joined the firefight. The door gunners of the 160th's Black Hawks fired at the insurgents; a pair of AH-6M Little Birds carried out strafing runs. One Little Bird from the 160th's 1st Battalion, B Company, was shot down. An estimated 25 al-Qaeda fighters were killed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 98], "content_span": [99, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014399-0032-0000", "contents": "160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment (Airborne), History, Global War on Terrorism, 2006\u20132009\nIn July 2006, a pair of MH-47Es from 160th SOAR attempted to insert a combined strike element of DEVGRU, Rangers, and Afghan commandos in Helmand Province, Afghanistan, to attack a compound. With some troops on the ground, a large insurgent force ambushed them. Both helicopters were struck by small arms fire. One MH-47E pilot put his aircraft in the line of fire to protect the other MH-47E as its assault team disembarked. An RPG hit the shielding MH-47E, whose pilot crash-landed with no serious injuries to operators or aircrew.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 98], "content_span": [99, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014399-0032-0001", "contents": "160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment (Airborne), History, Global War on Terrorism, 2006\u20132009\nThe Ranger commander and an attached Australian Commando organized an all-round defence while the other MH-47E held back the advancing insurgents until its miniguns ran out of ammunition. An AC-130 Spectre joined the battle and kept the down crew and passengers safe until a British Immediate Response Team helicopter recovered them. The AC-130 then destroyed the MH-47E wreck, denying it to the Taliban.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 98], "content_span": [99, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014399-0033-0000", "contents": "160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment (Airborne), History, Global War on Terrorism, 2006\u20132009\nElements of 3rd Battalion 160th SOAR have conducted episodic deployments in support of Operation Enduring Freedom \u2013 Caribbean and Central America, begun in 2008. Night Stalker helicopters were present during the 2008 SOCOM counter-terror exercises in Denver. On 24 April 2008, Company D, 3rd Battalion, 160th SOAR was inactivated at a ceremony conducted at Hunter Army Airfield, Georgia, as part of a regimental transformation plan. The 160th SOAR also took part in the 2008 Abu Kamal raid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 98], "content_span": [99, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014399-0034-0000", "contents": "160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment (Airborne), History, Global War on Terrorism, 2006\u20132009\nOn 19 August 2009, four Night Stalkers from D Company, 1st Battalion, 160th SOAR lost their lives in a MH-60 Black Hawk helicopter crash in Leadville, Colorado, during mountain and environmental training. On 9 September 2009 in Afghanistan, Night Stalkers inserted the British SBS and SFSG into Kunduz Province to rescue Times journalist Stephen Farrell after he and his Afghan interpreter were captured by the Taliban. On 19 September 2009 in Somalia, the Night Stalkers took part in Operation Celestial Balance, whose target was a senior terrorist leader connected to al-Qaeda affiliated organizations. The assault force (4 AH-6M Little Birds and 4 MH-60L Black Hawks) carried in DEVGRU operators to kill or capture the leader. AH-6Ms strafed the two-vehicle convoy, killing the leader along with three other al-Shabaab terrorists, then carried out an overwatch while DEVGRU cleared the vehicles and recovered the body.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 98], "content_span": [99, 1020]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014399-0035-0000", "contents": "160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment (Airborne), History, Global War on Terrorism, 2006\u20132009\nOn 22 October 2009, a 3rd Battalion helicopter crashed into the USNS Arctic during a joint training exercise involving fast roping about 20\u00a0miles off Fort Story, Virginia. The crash killed a soldier, Sergeant First Class James R. Stright, 29, and injured eight others, three seriously.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 98], "content_span": [99, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014399-0036-0000", "contents": "160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment (Airborne), History, Global War on Terrorism, 2010\u20132020\nIn May 2011, the Night Stalkers took part in the raid on Osama bin Laden's compound. The operation involved flying covertly into Abbotabad, Pakistan in a pair of MH-60 Black Hawk helicopters, specially modified for stealth and piloted by the 160th SOAR, to take a team of Navy SEALs directly to bin Laden's compound. While one of the helicopters crash landed on arrival, all on board survived. The SEALs were successfully inserted onto the property while the crew was able to extract themselves, provide cover for the SEALs and then leave on the other helicopter. The mission was overall considered a success. The dramatic nighttime raid was \"painstakingly recreated\" in the film Zero Dark Thirty, which covers the CIA's efforts to track down bin Laden, from just after the September 11th attacks to the daring raid ten years later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 98], "content_span": [99, 931]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014399-0037-0000", "contents": "160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment (Airborne), History, Global War on Terrorism, 2010\u20132020\nOn 28 May 2012, Operation Jubilee took place: Black Hawks from the 160th SOAR flew in a teams from the British 22nd SAS Regiment and DEVGRU into Badakhshan Province, Afghanistan so they could rescue a British aid worker, a Kenyan NGO worker and 2 Afghans who were taken hostage by Bandits in the province. The rescue was a success.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 98], "content_span": [99, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014399-0038-0000", "contents": "160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment (Airborne), History, Global War on Terrorism, 2010\u20132020\nOn 15 January 2014, a MH-60M Black Hawk of the 160th performed a hard landing at Hunter Army Airfield in Georgia. One soldier, CPT Clayton Carpenter of NY (posthumously promoted to MAJ), was killed with another two injured. On 4 July 2014, during Operation Inherent Resolve, the Night Stalkers inserted Delta Force operators into Syria to rescue James Foley and other US hostages. One American was wounded, no hostages were found, but a substantial number of terrorists were killed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 98], "content_span": [99, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014399-0038-0001", "contents": "160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment (Airborne), History, Global War on Terrorism, 2010\u20132020\nCENTCOM mistakenly posted a video on the internet of a flight of four MH-60Ms of the 160th SOAR conducting a mid-air refueling over Iraq in October 2014, the video was hastily taken down. On 26 November 2014, MH-60s flown by Nightstalkers took part in the first raid in the 2014 hostage rescue operations in Yemen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 98], "content_span": [99, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014399-0039-0000", "contents": "160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment (Airborne), History, Global War on Terrorism, 2010\u20132020\nThe Night Stalkers continue to be deployed to Afghanistan as part of NATO's Resolute Support Mission after Operation Enduring Freedom-Afghanistan ended in late 2014 and was replaced with Operation Freedom's Sentinel. Throughout that night of 5 December 2015, a group of Rangers engaged in a firefight with enemy troops near the Afghan-Pakistan border; after about 5 a.m. their commander called for an extraction after they learned of a larger enemy group approaching.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 98], "content_span": [99, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014399-0039-0001", "contents": "160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment (Airborne), History, Global War on Terrorism, 2010\u20132020\nA helicopter from the 160th SOAR arrived and began receiving heavy fire from the enemy, with an AH-64 Apache helicopter from the 1st Battalion 101st Aviation Regiment escorting the helicopter, put their Apache directly between the U.S. troops, the helicopter and the enemy forces to draw the fire. As a result, the extraction was a success.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 98], "content_span": [99, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014399-0040-0000", "contents": "160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment (Airborne), History, Global War on Terrorism, 2010\u20132020\nThe Washington Post reported that 160th SOAR took part in the Yakla raid in Yemen on 29 January 2017, distinguishing itself when its helicopters flew repeatedly into heavy enemy fire to support U.S. Navy SEALs pinned down on the ground. On 25 August 2017, a Black Hawk helicopter flown by the 160th SOAR crashed off the coast of Yemen while conducting hoist training when it lost power and crashed into the sea, six servicemen survived, one US service member remained missing. CNN reported that on 27 October 2017, a US helicopter from 4th Battalion 160th SOAR crashed in Logar province, Afghanistan, killing one and injuring 6 more US service members, the crash was not a result of enemy action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 98], "content_span": [99, 795]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014399-0041-0000", "contents": "160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment (Airborne), History, Global War on Terrorism, 2010\u20132020\nOn 20 August 2018, CW3 Taylor Galvin died from injuries resulting from an MH-60M crash while conducting a partnered counter-terrorism mission in support of the Operation Inherent Resolve.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 98], "content_span": [99, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014399-0042-0000", "contents": "160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment (Airborne), Organization\n160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment (Airborne)Commander: COL Scott D. WilkinsonRegimental Warrant Officer: CW5 Matthew L. BrownCommand Sergeant Major: CSM Mark B. Baker", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 67], "content_span": [68, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014400-0000-0000", "contents": "160th Street station\n160th Street was a station on the demolished section of the BMT Jamaica Line in Queens, New York City.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014400-0001-0000", "contents": "160th Street station, History\nThis station was built as part of the Dual Contracts. It opened on July 3, 1918, thirteen years after the closing of New York Avenue Station along the Atlantic Avenue Rapid Transit line. During its early years, it had connections to five different trolley companies; the New York and Long Island Traction Company, the Long Island Electric Railway, the Manhattan and Queens Traction Company, the New York and Queens County Railway, and the Brooklyn and Queens Transit Corporation and its predecessors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014400-0002-0000", "contents": "160th Street station, History\nThis station closed on September 10, 1977, with the Q49 bus replacing it until December 11, 1988, in anticipation of the Archer Avenue Subway and due to political pressure in the area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014400-0003-0000", "contents": "160th Street station, History\nThis station along with the 168th Street and Sutphin Boulevard stations was demolished in 1979. Nine years after that, the transportation needs in the vicinity of 160th Street were compensated with the opening of the Jamaica Center \u2013 Parsons/Archer subway station a block west that serves as its replacement station. Between the closing of the el station and the opening of the subway terminal, the existing Parsons Boulevard station, four blocks to the north on Hillside Avenue served as a temporary substitute.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014400-0004-0000", "contents": "160th Street station, Station layout\nThis elevated station had three tracks and two side platforms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 36], "content_span": [37, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014401-0000-0000", "contents": "160th Virginia General Assembly\nThe 160th Virginia General Assembly, consisting of members who were elected in both the 2017 House election and 2015 Senate election, convened on January 9, 2018. Republicans held one-seat majorities in both chambers, losing 17 seats in the House.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014401-0001-0000", "contents": "160th Virginia General Assembly, Membership\nIn the 2017 election, 25 women were elected to the House of Delegates, breaking the previous record of 19 that was set in 2013. On January 1, 2019, Eileen Filler-Corn became Leader of the House Democratic Caucus, succeeding David Toscano. She is the first woman to lead a caucus in the 400-year history of the Virginia House of Delegates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014401-0002-0000", "contents": "160th Virginia General Assembly, Membership\nIn addition, in the 13th district, Democratic candidate Danica Roem became the first openly transgender candidate to be elected and serve in a state legislative body in the United States. In the 21st and 42nd districts, respectively, Democratic candidates Kelly Fowler and Kathy Tran became the first Asian American women elected to the House of Delegates. Democratic candidates Elizabeth Guzm\u00e1n and Hala Ayala were elected to 31st and 51st districts, respectively, to also become the first two Hispanic women elected to the House of Delegates. In the 68th district, Democratic candidate Dawn M. Adams became the first openly lesbian candidate to be elected to the House of Delegates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 728]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014401-0003-0000", "contents": "160th Virginia General Assembly, Legislation\nIn the aftermath of the 2019 Virginia Beach shooting, Governor Ralph Northam called for a special session of the Virginia Legislature in order for it to consider different gun-control bills. The House of Delegates reconvened on July 9, 2019 only for it to adjourn again after 90 minutes of session. This decision was made on a party-line vote. Northam expressed his disappointment that no gun-control measures were considered. Speaker of the House of Kirk Cox called the special session \"just an election year stunt\". He criticized the Democrats' focus on gun-control bills without considering mental health and penalization of crimes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 44], "content_span": [45, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014402-0000-0000", "contents": "160th meridian east\nThe meridian 160\u00b0 east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014402-0001-0000", "contents": "160th meridian east\nThe 160th meridian east forms a great circle with the 20th meridian west.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014402-0002-0000", "contents": "160th meridian east\nIn Antarctica, the meridian defines the border between the Australian Antarctic Territory and the Ross Dependency.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014402-0003-0000", "contents": "160th meridian east, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 160th meridian east passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014403-0000-0000", "contents": "160th meridian west\nThe meridian 160\u00b0 west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014403-0001-0000", "contents": "160th meridian west\nThe 160th meridian west forms a great circle with the 20th meridian east.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014403-0002-0000", "contents": "160th meridian west\nIt is the western boundary of continuous Class E airspace between 14, 500 feet and 18, 000 feet MSL (Mean Sea Level) over Alaska.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014403-0003-0000", "contents": "160th meridian west, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 160th meridian west passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014404-0000-0000", "contents": "161\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by Graham87 (talk | contribs) at 11:21, 10 January 2021 (1 revision imported: import old edit from the Nostalgia Wikipedia). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014404-0001-0000", "contents": "161\nYear 161 (CLXI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Caesar and Aurelius (or, less frequently, year 914 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 161 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014405-0000-0000", "contents": "161 (number)\n161 (one hundred [and] sixty-one) is the natural number following 160 and preceding 162.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014406-0000-0000", "contents": "161 Athor\n161 Athor is an M-type Main belt asteroid that was discovered by James Craig Watson on April 19, 1876, at the Detroit Observatory and named after Hathor, an Egyptian fertility goddess. It is the namesake of a proposed Athor asteroid family, estimated to be ~3\u00a0billion years old.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014406-0001-0000", "contents": "161 Athor\nPhotometric observations of the minor planet in 2010 gave a rotation period of 7.2798\u00b10.0001\u00a0h with an amplitude of 0.19\u00b10.02 in magnitude. This result is consistent with previous determinations. An occultation by Athor was observed, on October 15, 2002, showing an estimated diameter of 47.0 kilometres (29.2\u00a0mi). The spectra is similar to that of carbonaceous chondrites, with characteristics of ferric oxides and little or no hydrated minerals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014407-0000-0000", "contents": "161 BC\nYear 161 BC was a year of the pre-lian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Messalla and Strabo (or, less frequently, year 593 Ab urbe condita) and the Third Year of Houyhnhnm. The denomination 161 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when he Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent  for naming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014408-0000-0000", "contents": "161 Maiden Lane\n161 Maiden Lane (also known as 1 Seaport) is a residential skyscraper on hold in the Financial District of Manhattan, New York City. The building currently leans three inches to the north as a result of the method used to construct its foundation. The tilting is the subject of a law suit between the developer, Fortis Property Group, and engineering firm Pizzarotti. The building topped out in September 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014408-0001-0000", "contents": "161 Maiden Lane\nIn 2018 an employee of a subcontractor working on the site died after falling from the building's 29th floor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014409-0000-0000", "contents": "161 Squadron (Israel)\nThe 161 Squadron of the Israeli Air Force, also known as the Black Snake Squadron, operates Elbit Hermes 450 UAVs. It is based at Palmachim airbase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014409-0001-0000", "contents": "161 Squadron (Israel)\nIt was previously an MD 500 Defender and then an AH-1E/F Cobra helicopter squadron under the name Southern Cobra Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014409-0002-0000", "contents": "161 Squadron (Israel)\nThis military aviation article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 91]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014409-0003-0000", "contents": "161 Squadron (Israel)\nThis Israel Defense Forces-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014410-0000-0000", "contents": "161 Sussex Street, Sydney\n161 Sussex Street is a heritage-listed historic site located at 161 Sussex Street, in the Sydney central business district, in the City of Sydney local government area of New South Wales, Australia. The property is owned by Property NSW, an agency of the Government of New South Wales. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014410-0001-0000", "contents": "161 Sussex Street, Sydney, Description\nAs of 2016 the building that was previously located at 161 Sussex Street was demolished and made way for the Hyatt Regency Sydney/Four Point development. All that remains is a heritage marker on the driveway in the hotel forecourt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 38], "content_span": [39, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014410-0002-0000", "contents": "161 Sussex Street, Sydney, Description\nThe site forms part of the Hyatt Regency Sydney/Four Points by Sheraton Hotel development. Redeveloped in 2016 by COX Architecture, the heritage-listed site was conserved and a nearby adjacent 26-storey tower was constructed that added 222 new guest rooms, 3,667 square metres (39,470\u00a0sq\u00a0ft) convention centre, and commercial office space. The additions were completed in the Millennium Minimalist Modernism style.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 38], "content_span": [39, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014410-0003-0000", "contents": "161 Sussex Street, Sydney, Heritage listing\n161 Sussex Street was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 43], "content_span": [44, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014410-0004-0000", "contents": "161 Sussex Street, Sydney, References, Attribution\nThis Wikipedia article was originally based on , entry number 414 in the New South Wales State Heritage Register published by the State of New South Wales and Office of Environment and Heritage 2018 under  , accessed on 13 October 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 50], "content_span": [51, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014411-0000-0000", "contents": "161 West 93rd Street\n161 West 93rd Street is a building on 93rd Street in Manhattan that was once the home of the Nippon Club, a gentlemen's club for Japanese Americans and Japanese nationals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014411-0001-0000", "contents": "161 West 93rd Street\nThe club, founded in 1905 by J\u014dkichi Takamine, first occupied a townhouse at 334 Riverside Drive, between 105th and 106th Streets. The Renaissance Revival building at 161 West 93rd Street was designed for the club by the architect John Vredenburgh Van Pelt and erected in 1912. The American Institute of Architects guide describes the style as \"the Chicago school crossbred with Florence\", remarking that \"the cornice is extraordinary; it sails overhead with the assurance of Lorenzo de'Medici\". Windows alternate with a brick frieze, in the manner of the Metopes and triglyphs of a Greek temple.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014411-0002-0000", "contents": "161 West 93rd Street\nAfter the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, the building was seized by the federal government. In 1944, the Federal Office of the Alien Property Custodian sold the building to the Elks. Today, the building houses a church called Templo Adventista at its lower level and condominiums on the upper floors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014412-0000-0000", "contents": "1610\n1610 (MDCX) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar, the 1610th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 610th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 10th  year of the 17th\u00a0century, and the  1st   year of the 1610s decade. As of the start of 1610, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014412-0001-0000", "contents": "1610\nSome have suggested that 1610 may mark the beginning of the Anthropocene, or the 'Age of Man', marking a fundamental change in the relationship between humans and the Earth system, but earlier starting dates (ca. 1000 C.E.) have received broader consensus, based on high resolution pollution records that show the massive impact of human activity on the atmosphere.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014413-0000-0000", "contents": "1610 AM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1610 kHz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 72]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014413-0001-0000", "contents": "1610 AM\nAM 1610 is reserved in the United States for low-power travelers' information stations. The frequency is sparsely used elsewhere in North America, where it is classified as a \"regional\" frequency; only two stations in central Canada use the frequency, and one Mexican station has been authorized for its use.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014413-0002-0000", "contents": "1610 AM, In the United States\nAll stations at 1610 in the United States operate as Travelers' information stations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 29], "content_span": [30, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014416-0000-0000", "contents": "1610 in Italy\nAn incomplete series of events, births and deaths which happened in Italy in 1610:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 96]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014418-0000-0000", "contents": "1610 in Quebec, Deaths\nThis Quebec history article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014421-0000-0000", "contents": "1610 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1610.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014423-0000-0000", "contents": "1610 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014424-0000-0000", "contents": "1610 in science\nThe year 1610 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014425-0000-0000", "contents": "1610s\nThe 1610s decade ran from January 1, 1610, to December 31, 1619.Global Network 1616.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014426-0000-0000", "contents": "1610s BC\nThe 1610s BC was a decade lasting from January 1, 1619 BC to December 31, 1610 BC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 91]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014428-0000-0000", "contents": "1610s in South Africa\nThe following lists events that happened during the 1610s in South Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 96]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014429-0000-0000", "contents": "1610s in archaeology\nThe decade of the 1610s in archaeology involved some significant events, some of which are described here.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014430-0000-0000", "contents": "1611\n1611 (MDCXI) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar, the 1611th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 611th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 11th  year of the 17th\u00a0century, and the  2nd   year of the 1610s decade. As of the start of 1611, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014431-0000-0000", "contents": "1611 AM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1611\u00a0kHz:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 72]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014432-0000-0000", "contents": "1611 Aizu earthquake\nThe 1611 Aizu earthquake (Japanese: \u4f1a\u6d25\u5730\u9707) occurred on September 27, 1611, in the Aizu Basin in present day Fukushima Prefecture, Japan. According to the official report, it was estimated that there were more than 3,700 fatalities. Aizuwakamatsu Castle, many temples, and about 20,000 houses collapsed in the stricken areas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014433-0000-0000", "contents": "1611 Beyer\n1611 Beyer, provisional designation 1950 DJ, is a carbonaceous Hygiean asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 20 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 17 February 1950, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg Observatory in southern Germany. It was named after astronomer Max Beyer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014433-0001-0000", "contents": "1611 Beyer, Classification and orbit\nBeyer is a member of the Hygiea family (601), a very large family of carbonaceous outer-belt asteroids, named after the fourth-largest asteroid, 10\u00a0Hygiea. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.7\u20133.7\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 8 months (2,065 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.16 and an inclination of 4\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. Its observation arc begins with its official discovery observation, as no precoveries were taken, and no prior identifications were made.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014433-0002-0000", "contents": "1611 Beyer, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nAstronomers Pierre Antonini and Silvano Casulli obtained a rotational light-curve of Beyer from photometric observations taken in July 2009. It gave a rotation period of 13.29 hours with a brightness variation of 0.35 magnitude (U=2+). In October 2010, observations in the R-band at the Palomar Transient Factory gave a similar period of 13.2608 hours and an amplitude of 0.12 magnitude (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 53], "content_span": [54, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014433-0003-0000", "contents": "1611 Beyer, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Beyer measures between 15.46 and 24.44 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.062 and 0.101. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for carbonaceous asteroids of 0.057 and calculates a diameter of 24.30 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 11.8.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 57], "content_span": [58, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014433-0004-0000", "contents": "1611 Beyer, Naming\nThis minor planet was named by the discoverer for Max Beyer (1894\u20131982), German astronomer at the Bergedorf Observatory in Hamburg. Beyer was also on the post-war editorial board of the Astronomische Gesellschaft. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center in December 1959 (M.P.C. 1948).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014434-0000-0000", "contents": "1611 Sanriku earthquake\nThe 1611 Sanriku earthquake (\u6176\u9577\u4e09\u9678\u5730\u9707, Keich\u014d Sanriku Jishin) occurred on December 2, 1611, with an epicenter off the Sanriku coast in Iwate Prefecture. The magnitude of the earthquake was 8.1Ms. It triggered a devastating tsunami. A description of this event in an official diary from 1612 is probably the first recorded use of the term 'tsunami'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014434-0001-0000", "contents": "1611 Sanriku earthquake, Overview\nAt about 10:30 on December 2, 1611 (Keich\u014d 16, 10th month, 28th day), there was a severe earthquake, and at about 14:00 (local time), this was followed by a devastating tsunami. According to old documents, the earth shook violently three times.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014434-0002-0000", "contents": "1611 Sanriku earthquake, Overview\nThe estimated rupture area for the earthquake is similar to that calculated for the 1933 Sanriku earthquake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014434-0003-0000", "contents": "1611 Sanriku earthquake, Overview\nWith this earthquake, the area along the Pacific Ocean in what is currently called the Sanriku Coast did shake strongly, but only about 4-5 on the Shindo scale. The damage from the tsunami far exceeded that from the earthquake, so this is considered to be a tsunami earthquake. Consequently, the disaster caused by earthquake is also known as the \"Keicho Sanriku tsunami earthquake\". It would have been very similar to the 1605 Keich\u014d Nankaid\u014d earthquake, a tsunami earthquake in the Nankai Trough area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014434-0004-0000", "contents": "1611 Sanriku earthquake, Sources\nThe source of the earthquake was off the north coast of Sanriku. However, due to the time delay of nearly four hours before the tsunami arrived, there are questions about the exact location of the source.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014434-0005-0000", "contents": "1611 Sanriku earthquake, Sources\nProfessor Kazuomi Hirakawa of Hokkaido University has found tsunami deposits on the southern part of Hokkaido and northern Sanriku from the early part of the 17th century. It is possible that the earthquake and tsunami in Sanriku was an enormous quake that resonated even in the area of the Kurile Trench off the eastern coast of Hokkaido.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014434-0006-0000", "contents": "1611 Sanriku earthquake, Damage\nThe tsunami reached its maximum estimated height of about 20 meters at \u014cfunato, Iwate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 31], "content_span": [32, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014434-0007-0000", "contents": "1611 Sanriku earthquake, Damage\nThe tsunami struck on the east coast of Sanriku from Sendai bay in the south to southeastern Hokkaido in the north, a greater length of coastline than was affected by the 1896 tsunami. According to old documents, 1,783 people were killed in the Sendai Domain, and over 3000 horses and men in the Nanbu and Tsugaru domains. On the southern coast of Hokkaido, many Ainu were also drowned (\"Hokkaido History\"). Amongst the worst affected places was \u014ctsuchi, with 800 deaths.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 31], "content_span": [32, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014441-0000-0000", "contents": "1611 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1611.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014443-0000-0000", "contents": "1611 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014444-0000-0000", "contents": "1611 in science\nThe year 1611 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014445-0000-0000", "contents": "1611th Air Transport Wing\nThe 1611th Air Transport Wing is an inactive United States Air Force unit. Its last was assigned to the Eastern Transport Air Force, Military Air Transport Service, stationed at McGuire Air Force Base, New Jersey. It was inactivated on 8 January 1966.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014445-0001-0000", "contents": "1611th Air Transport Wing\nWith the disestablishment of MATS, the USAF assets of the Wing were reassigned to the 438th Military Airlift Wing, Military Airlift Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014445-0002-0000", "contents": "1611th Air Transport Wing, History\nEstablished in 1954 at McGuire AFB, New Jersey after Military Air Transport Service assumed jurisdiction at McGuire from Air Defense Command. The unit operated primarily C-118 Liftmaster (Navy R6D) transports throughout its existence; received C-135 Stratolifters in 1962 and was upgraded from a medium to a heavy transport wing. Commenced transitioning to C-130E Hercules late 1963. Supported Air Force Reserve associate units beginning in 1961.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014445-0002-0001", "contents": "1611th Air Transport Wing, History\nIt operated Aerial Port and Port of Embarkation for the Northeast United States, primarily for European flights as well as maintained support for Air Weather Service and Air Rescue Service squadrons and aircraft as well as Air Defense Command interceptor aircraft and other air defense units. Discontinued on 8 January 1966 along with MATS, equipment and personnel were reassigned to MAC 438th MAW same date.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014446-0000-0000", "contents": "1612\n1612 (MDCXII) was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a leap year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar, the 1612th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 612th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 12th  year of the 17th\u00a0century, and the  3rd   year of the 1610s decade. As of the start of 1612, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014447-0000-0000", "contents": "1612 (film)\n1612 is a 2007 Russian epic historical drama film about the 17th century Time of Troubles and the Polish\u2013Muscovite War with the Polish\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth. It was directed by Vladimir Khotinenko and produced by Nikita Mikhalkov. The film was released on 1 November 2007, to coincide with the celebrations of National Unity Day on 4 November that marks the expulsion of Polish troops from Moscow.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014447-0001-0000", "contents": "1612 (film), Plot\nThe film is set in Russia during the Time of Troubles, a period of civil disorder, famine and Polish invasion that followed the fall of the Rurik dynasty, which had ruled Russia in various capacities from 862 to 1598. The protagonist, Andrey, had been a servant at Tsar Boris Godunov's court while he was a boy, where he became the sole witness to the murder of the Tsar's family by the order of plotting boyars. Andrey is then sold to slavery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014447-0001-0001", "contents": "1612 (film), Plot\nNow, seven years later, he is bought by a Spanish mercenary, Alvaro Borja, who seeks to profit from this war by fighting for the Polish invading army. The company falls prey to a band of robbers and Alvaro is killed. Andrey and his friend Kostka know that serfs without a master are considered like runaways and will be hanged. Andrey disguises himself in his dead master's clothes and assumes his name, taking the guise of a \"Spanish knight.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014447-0002-0000", "contents": "1612 (film), Plot\nAndrey is hired by the Polish Lord Kybowsky, who wants to capture Moscow and use Princess Xenia Godunova to raise himself to the Crown. As they approach a city, Andrey protects a Russian girl from the Polish soldiers. Andrey's true identity is discovered and he is arrested. Kostka however frees Andrey and steals Princess Xenia (she drank sleeping medicine) and with the help of his Russian girlfriend, they sneak over to the Russian garrison. Unfortunately the Russians tell them that Prince Dmitri Pozharsky had led most of the troops to Moscow with all the city cannons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014447-0002-0001", "contents": "1612 (film), Plot\nAndrey then makes a cannon of leather. At dawn, the Polish army demands the city's surrender. Andrey fires a hot cannonball into the Polish ammunition storage, which explodes, killing most of the army surrounding the fortress. The next day, more Poles arrive and attack the city, but the Russians hold firm. Kybowsky orders all the cannon on the gate breaking a way into the city. Meanwhile, Andrey moves their cannon off the wall and to the gate. The Husaria begin to charge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014447-0002-0002", "contents": "1612 (film), Plot\nAndrey loads a chain shot into the cannon and they fire as the enemy closes, decapitating the Polish Hussars. The gate collapses and the rest begin to flee. Kybowsky calls Andrey to negotiations, saying that if Xenia does not come out herself, he will kill her daughter. Andrey himself leads her out of the city.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014447-0003-0000", "contents": "1612 (film), Plot\nSoon Andrey joins the Russians at Moscow. The Battle for Moscow lasts for three days. The Polish flee in defeat and Kybowsky is captured. Andrey calls him to a duel and kills him. The Russian nobles are angry at Xenia because she had converted to Catholicism, and send her to live in a monastery. Soon, a new Tsar is elected, Michael Romanov, whose dynasty rules Russia for the next 300 years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014447-0004-0000", "contents": "1612 (film), Historical accuracy\nThe film is based on historical events and includes some fictional elements. According to the anti-Putin opposition coalition The Other Russia, \"most of the history [in the film] has been diluted beyond recognition\". The movie takes artistic freedom with real events. In the film, Polish troops are thrown back from Moscow, but they actually held the city for two years. Also, Kuzma Minin and Dmitry Pozharsky, who were instrumental in organizing the popular uprising that led to the expulsion of Polish-Lithuanian forces, appear only briefly at the movie's conclusion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 32], "content_span": [33, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014447-0005-0000", "contents": "1612 (film), Controversy\nCritics of the Kremlin have compared it to Soviet propaganda. Questions were raised about the alleged anti-Polonism of the movie, but the film's director, interviewed in the Polish as well as Russian press, stressed that the movie was in no way intended to defame Poles. The director, Vladimir Khotinenko, claimed it was made for entertainment purposes as well as to raise awareness of the new holiday among the general public.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 24], "content_span": [25, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014447-0006-0000", "contents": "1612 (film), Controversy\nInternational as well as Russian critics suggest that the movie, which was commissioned by the Kremlin, showcases key political ideas pushed by the Kremlin in advance of the parliamentary elections of December 2007: the necessity of strong leadership, the treachery of foreigners, and the importance of patriotism. The Time of Troubles, as portrayed in the film, represents the last decade of the 20th century, when Russia was undergoing severe hardships. Khotinenko was quoted as saying, \"It's important for me that the audience feel pride. That they didn't regard it as something that happened in ancient history but as a recent event. That they felt the link between what happened 400 years ago and today.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 24], "content_span": [25, 734]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014448-0000-0000", "contents": "1612 Imperial election\nThe imperial election of 1612 was an imperial election held to select the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. It took place in Frankfurt on June 13.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014448-0001-0000", "contents": "1612 Imperial election, Background\nThe previous Holy Roman Emperor, Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor, died on January 20. The prince-electors convened to replace him were:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014448-0002-0000", "contents": "1612 Imperial election, Elected\nFerdinand promoted the election of his brother-in-law Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria as emperor; however, Maximilian refused to accept the throne. Instead, Rudolf's next surviving brother, Matthias, who had already taken power in Bohemia and Hungary, was elected. He was crowned on June 26 at Frankfurt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014451-0000-0000", "contents": "1612 in Ireland\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by Monkbot (talk | contribs) at 17:00, 11 January 2021 (Task 18 (cosmetic): eval 1 template: hyphenate params (2\u00d7);). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014456-0000-0000", "contents": "1612 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1612.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014458-0000-0000", "contents": "1612 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014458-0001-0000", "contents": "1612 in poetry, Works, Great Britain, On the death of Prince Henry\nThe November 6 death of Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales, at age 18, occasioned these poems:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 66], "content_span": [67, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014459-0000-0000", "contents": "1612 in science\nThe year 1612 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014460-0000-0000", "contents": "1613\n1613 (MDCXIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar, the 1613th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 613th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 13th  year of the 17th\u00a0century, and the  4th   year of the 1610s decade. As of the start of 1613, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014468-0000-0000", "contents": "1613 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1613.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014470-0000-0000", "contents": "1613 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014470-0001-0000", "contents": "1613 in poetry, Works published, Great Britain, On the death of Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales in 1612\nThe November 6, 1612 death of Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales, at age 18, occasions these poems:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 104], "content_span": [105, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014470-0002-0000", "contents": "1613 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014470-0003-0000", "contents": "1613 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014471-0000-0000", "contents": "1613 in science\nThe year 1613 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014472-0000-0000", "contents": "1614\n1614 (MDCXIV) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar, the 1614th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 614th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 14th  year of the 17th\u00a0century, and the  5th   year of the 1610s decade. As of the start of 1614, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014473-0000-0000", "contents": "1614 Low German Bible\nThe 1614 Low German Bible is a rare, illustrated folio edition in Low German of Martin Luther's High German translation of the Bible. Illustrations in the bible are woodcuts from the Hans Stern publishing family in early L\u00fcneburg, Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014473-0001-0000", "contents": "1614 Low German Bible, History, Bible\nThe bible's history was shaped primarily by: Martin Luther (Bible translator), Johannes Bugenhagen (scholar and pastor), Duke Augustus of Saxony, Hans Stern (bookbinder and publisher) and Johann Vogt (Bible printer).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 37], "content_span": [38, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014473-0002-0000", "contents": "1614 Low German Bible, History, Bible\nMartin Luther (1483\u20131546) was the first one to translate the Bible into German from the original languages in which it was written. Before Luther, any German translations of the Bible had been made mainly from Latin. Luther came to believe that salvation came by grace through faith in Christ as taught in the Bible, and he wanted to bring the Bible to the German people. Martin Luther was born in 1483 at Eisleben in Saxony. Luther began working on his translation in 1522 at Eisenach in Saxony. Martin Luther's six-part translation of the Bible was first published in 1534.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 37], "content_span": [38, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014473-0002-0001", "contents": "1614 Low German Bible, History, Bible\nAt this time, Saxony was one of many separate states making up the land of Germany. Variant dialects of two basic languages were spoken in Germany: High German in the highlands to the south and Low German in the lowlands to the north. Luther translated the Bible into a dialect of High German that was spoken in Saxony. As each part of his High German translation was published, a Low German translation was soon prepared and published by his associates, among whom was Johannes Bugenhagen. Martin Luther's last translation of the Bible was made in 1545. The 1614 Low German Bible is a rare, illustrated Luther Bible.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 37], "content_span": [38, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014473-0003-0000", "contents": "1614 Low German Bible, History, Bible\nJohannes Bugenhagen (1485\u20131558) was a scholar and was pastor to Martin Luther at St. Mary's church in Wittenberg. Johannes Bugenhagen has also been called second Apostle of the North. Among his major accomplishments was organization of Lutheran churches in north Germany and Scandinavia. Johannes Bugenhagen was one of Martin Luther's associates assisting in Bible translation. Additionally he made a Low German translation of each part of Luther's Bible. Johannes Bugenhagen was always a pastor at heart, and because of his love for music, his seal carries a harp.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 37], "content_span": [38, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014473-0004-0000", "contents": "1614 Low German Bible, History, Bible\nThe name and coat of arms of Duke Augustus of Saxony (1526\u20131586) are engraved on the front parchment cover of the 1614 Bible. Augustus came to the throne in Saxony eight years after Luther's last 1545 Bible translation. Soon afterwards this last 1545 Bible translation became authorized as a standard in Saxony. Augustus married Anna, daughter of Christian III, King of Denmark and Norway. This marriage allied Saxony not only to a royal house of Scandinavia, but also to the north state of Schleswig-Holstein which was ruled by Anna's uncle, Adolf (reign 1544\u201386). The coat of arms of Adolf, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein also appears in the 1614 Bible on the back cover.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 37], "content_span": [38, 707]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014473-0005-0000", "contents": "1614 Low German Bible, History, Bible\nIn the last years of Augustus' life, Hans Stern was a bookbinder in L\u00fcneburg, a city in Lower Saxony where Low German was spoken. Hans Stern became a bookseller, and later, a book publisher. His first book as a publisher was the Low German Bible, with Johann Vogt in Goslar as printer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 37], "content_span": [38, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014473-0005-0001", "contents": "1614 Low German Bible, History, Bible\nIn his letter of dedication after the title page, Hans Stern wrote that he wanted to print the Low German language in a Bible with \"a beautiful clear type, good paper, elegant illustrations, very useful tables, concordances and summaries, and other features put in the finest and most careful order.\" Hans Stern began printing Low German bibles, but after 1621 he only printed High German bibles, for by that time Low German was disappearing as a written language. Hans Stern's family in L\u00fcneburg today carries the oldest family-owned printing house in the world, and the original woodcut blocks for illustrations in his 1614 Bible have been on display in the L\u00fcneburg Library.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 37], "content_span": [38, 715]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014473-0006-0000", "contents": "1614 Low German Bible, History, Language\nLow German, also called Low Saxon, is a language that has been spoken mainly in the lowlands (plains and coastal areas) of northern Germany (including Pomerania, West Prussia and East Prussia),  northeastern Netherlands and some parts of Denmark. High German has traditionally been a language of the more mountainous areas of Germany south of the Uerdingen line, Switzerland and Austria. Variant dialects are still characteristic to the Low German language. Low German has a history as a language. Many words in Danish, Swedish, Norwegian and Icelandic are also of Low Saxon origin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 40], "content_span": [41, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014473-0006-0001", "contents": "1614 Low German Bible, History, Language\nLow Saxon first appears in writing in the 8th century. It flourished mostly in the 13th, 14th and 15th centuries. After Martin Luther's translation of the Bible in 1534, Low German began disappearing as a written language as High German became more standard in schools. The 1614 Low German Bible has a place in the history of Low German literature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 40], "content_span": [41, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014473-0007-0000", "contents": "1614 Low German Bible, Access\nThere are seven known copies of the Bible today. They are displayed in: British Library, Royal Danish Library, Stuttgart Library, L\u00fcneburg Archives, Newberry Library, Boerne Library.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 29], "content_span": [30, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014481-0000-0000", "contents": "1614 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1614.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014482-0000-0000", "contents": "1614 in music\nThe year 1614 in music involved some significant musical events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 78]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014483-0000-0000", "contents": "1614 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014483-0001-0000", "contents": "1614 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014483-0002-0000", "contents": "1614 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014484-0000-0000", "contents": "1614 in science\nThe year 1614 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014485-0000-0000", "contents": "1615\n1615 (MDCXV) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar, the 1615th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 615th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 15th  year of the 17th\u00a0century, and the  6th   year of the 1610s decade. As of the start of 1615, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014486-0000-0000", "contents": "1615 Arica earthquake\nThe 1615 Arica earthquake was a major earthquake centered near Arica in the Spanish colonial Viceroyalty of Peru, within the present day Arica y Parinacota Region of northwestern Chile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014486-0001-0000", "contents": "1615 Arica earthquake\nThe earthquake caused considerable damage to the infrastructure of the city with the Iglesia Mayor. The city's fort collapsed, and cracks opened in the floor of the royal quicksilver storage facility. No human was reported dead but three people suffered injuries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014487-0000-0000", "contents": "1615 Bardwell\n1615 Bardwell, provisional designation 1950 BW, is a rare-type Themistian asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 27 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 28 January 1950, by IU's Indiana Asteroid Program at Goethe Link Observatory near Brooklyn, Indiana, United States. It is named for American astronomer Conrad Bardwell.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014487-0001-0000", "contents": "1615 Bardwell, Orbit and classification\nBardwell is a member of the Themis family, a dynamical family of outer-belt asteroids with nearly coplanar ecliptical orbits. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.6\u20133.7\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 6 months (2,020 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.18 and an inclination of 2\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014487-0002-0000", "contents": "1615 Bardwell, Orbit and classification\nIts orbit has an eccentricity of 0.18 and an inclination of 2\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. It was first identified as 1926 TO at Simeiz Observatory in 1926, extending the body's observation arc by 24 years prior to its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014487-0003-0000", "contents": "1615 Bardwell, Naming\nThis minor planet was named for Conrad M. Bardwell (1926\u20132010), who was a research associate at the Cincinnati Observatory and later associate director of the Minor Planet Center in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States. Bardwell successfully established numerous identifications from observations in widely separated oppositions and provided observers with reliable data of orbital elements. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 15 June 1974 (M.P.C. 3643).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014487-0004-0000", "contents": "1615 Bardwell, Physical characteristics\nIn the Tholen taxonomy, Bardwell is a blueish B-type asteroid, a rare subtype of the abundant carbonaceous C-types found in the outer belt. The spectra of B-type bodies show a broad absorption feature at one micron wavelength that is associated with the presence of magnetite and is what gives the asteroid its blue tint. There are only a few dozens asteroids of this type known to exist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014487-0005-0000", "contents": "1615 Bardwell, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn the late 1970s, a rotational lightcurve of Bardwell was obtained by American astronomer Edward Tedesco. It gave a provisional rotation period of 18 hours with a change in brightness of 0.2 magnitude (U=1). As of 2017, no other photometric analysis of Bardwell has been made.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 56], "content_span": [57, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014487-0006-0000", "contents": "1615 Bardwell, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Bardwell measures between 21.92 and 31.58 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.049 and 0.09. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link agrees with the results obtained by IRAS, that is, an albedo of 0.0642 and a diameter of 27.78 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.38.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014488-0000-0000", "contents": "1615 Poydras\n1615 Poydras, also known as DXC Technology Center, and formerly known as the Freeport McMoRan building, is a 23-story, 276-foot (84\u00a0m)-tall skyscraper office building. It is located at 1615 Poydras Street, in the Central Business District of New Orleans, Louisiana.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014490-0000-0000", "contents": "1615 in India, Events\nThomas Roe came to Mughal India as ambassador from James I of United Kingdom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014495-0000-0000", "contents": "1615 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1615.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014496-0000-0000", "contents": "1615 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014496-0001-0000", "contents": "1615 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014496-0002-0000", "contents": "1615 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014497-0000-0000", "contents": "1615 in science\nThe year 1615 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014498-0000-0000", "contents": "1616\n1616 (MDCXVI) was a leap year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a leap year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar, the 1616th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 616th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 16th  year of the 17th\u00a0century, and the  7th   year of the 1610s decade. As of the start of 1616, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014499-0000-0000", "contents": "1616 Walnut Street Building\nThe 1616 Walnut Street Building or 1616 Building is a historic high-rise building in the Center City area of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014499-0001-0000", "contents": "1616 Walnut Street Building\nIn 1930, the architects received an award for the building's design at the 12th International Buildings Congress in Budapest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014499-0002-0000", "contents": "1616 Walnut Street Building\nIts five-story parking garage on the Chancellor Street side, part of the original construction, was considered a novelty in 1929.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014499-0003-0000", "contents": "1616 Walnut Street Building\nIt was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983, and the Philadelphia Register of Historic Places on January 7, 1982.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014499-0004-0000", "contents": "1616 Walnut Street Building\nIn 2013, 1616 Walnut Street was renamed \"Icon\" as it underwent an extensive renovation, transforming it from commercial space to a luxury Class-A multifamily community expected to open in 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014503-0000-0000", "contents": "1616 in Italy\nAn incomplete series of events which happened in Italy in 1616:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 77]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014508-0000-0000", "contents": "1616 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1616.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014509-0000-0000", "contents": "1616 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014509-0001-0000", "contents": "1616 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014509-0002-0000", "contents": "1616 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014510-0000-0000", "contents": "1616 in science\nThe year 1616 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014511-0000-0000", "contents": "1617\n1617 (MDCXVII) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar, the 1617th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 617th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 17th  year of the 17th\u00a0century, and the  8th   year of the 1610s decade. As of the start of 1617, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014512-0000-0000", "contents": "1617 Alschmitt\n1617 Alschmitt, provisional designation 1952 FB, is an assumed carbonaceous asteroid from in the outer parts of the main belt, approximately 30 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 20 March 1952, by French astronomer Louis Boyer at Algiers Observatory in Algeria, Northern Africa, and named after French astronomer Alfred Schmitt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014512-0001-0000", "contents": "1617 Alschmitt, Orbit and classification\nThis asteroid orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.8\u20133.6\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 9 months (2,091 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.13 and an inclination of 13\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. Alschmitt was first identified as A906 DC at Heidelberg in 1906, extending the body's observation arc by 46 years prior to its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014512-0002-0000", "contents": "1617 Alschmitt, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves\nTwo rotational lightcurve of Alschmitt obtained in 2003 and 2004, by Ren\u00e9 Roy and Laurent Bernasconi, gave a well-defined rotation period of 7.0613 and 7.062 hours with a brightness variation of 0.39 and 0.52 in magnitude, respectively (U=3/3). In October 2010, the Palomar Transient Factory derived a period of 7.0602 hours with an amplitude 0.49 magnitude (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 53], "content_span": [54, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014512-0003-0000", "contents": "1617 Alschmitt, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Alschmitt measures 21.12 and 21.28 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo of 0.190 and 0.270, respectively. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for carbonaceous asteroids of 0.057 and calculates a diameter of 36.78 kilometers using an absolute magnitude of 10.9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 61], "content_span": [62, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014512-0004-0000", "contents": "1617 Alschmitt, Naming\nBoyer named this minor planet for his colleague Alfred Schmitt (1907\u20131973), astronomer at Algiers, Strasbourg and Quito observatories, who, 20 years earlier, had named the asteroid 1215 Boyer in his honor. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 August 1978 (M.P.C. 4418).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014519-0000-0000", "contents": "1617 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1617.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014521-0000-0000", "contents": "1617 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014521-0001-0000", "contents": "1617 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014521-0002-0000", "contents": "1617 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014522-0000-0000", "contents": "1617 in science\nThe year 1617 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014523-0000-0000", "contents": "1618\n1618 (MDCXVIII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar, the 1618th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 618th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 18th  year of the 17th\u00a0century, and the  9th   year of the 1610s decade. As of the start of 1618, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014532-0000-0000", "contents": "1618 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1618.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014534-0000-0000", "contents": "1618 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014534-0001-0000", "contents": "1618 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014534-0002-0000", "contents": "1618 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014535-0000-0000", "contents": "1618 in science\nThe year 1618 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014536-0000-0000", "contents": "1619\n1619 (MDCXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar, the 1619th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 619th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 19th  year of the 17th\u00a0century, and the  10th  and last year of the 1610s decade. As of the start of 1619, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014537-0000-0000", "contents": "1619 Broadway \u2013 The Brill Building Project\n1619 Broadway: The Brill Building Project is a 2012 album by Kurt Elling, recorded as a tribute to the songwriters of the Brill Building in New York City.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014537-0001-0000", "contents": "1619 Broadway \u2013 The Brill Building Project\nAt the 55th Annual Grammy Awards, Elling was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Jazz Vocal Album for his performance on this album, losing to Radio Music Society by Esperanza Spalding.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014537-0002-0000", "contents": "1619 Broadway \u2013 The Brill Building Project, Track listing\nKurt Elling and Laurence Hobgood arranged tracks 1 and 8-11, track 2 together with John Mc Lean, track 5 with Clark Sommers. Laurence Hobgood provided arrangements for tracks 2, 4 and 6, and wrote all horn section arrangements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 57], "content_span": [58, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014538-0000-0000", "contents": "1619 Imperial election\nThe imperial election of 1619 was an imperial election held to select the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. It took place in Frankfurt on August 28.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014538-0001-0000", "contents": "1619 Imperial election, Background\nThis was the sixth imperial election to take place during the Reformation. On October 31, 1517, Martin Luther, a professor of moral theology at the University of Wittenberg, now part of the Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, had delivered the Ninety-five Theses to Albert of Brandenburg, the elector of Mainz. This list of propositions criticized the practice of selling indulgences, remissions of the punishment meted out for sin in Purgatory. Luther's criticism snowballed into a massive schism in the church, and from there into a split among the states of the empire. By 1600, the elector of the Electoral Palatinate was Calvinist and the electors of Saxony and Brandenburg were Lutheran.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 738]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014538-0002-0000", "contents": "1619 Imperial election, Background, Bohemian Revolt\nRudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor, Holy Roman Emperor and king of Hungary and Bohemia, was Catholic. In 1600 he was engaged in the Long Turkish War, which had drained the resources of his kingdoms and of the empire since 1593. On December 28, 1604, following military reverses and an economic crisis in Hungary, the Hungarian nobleman Stephen Bocskai launched a revolt. The Bocskai uprising lasted until 1606 and put additional pressure on Rudolf's resources. It was in this situation that Rudolf was forced to grant the Letter of Majesty in 1609, allowing the free practice of Protestant religions in Bohemia and creating a Bohemian Protestant state church run by the Protestant estates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 51], "content_span": [52, 736]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014538-0003-0000", "contents": "1619 Imperial election, Background, Bohemian Revolt\nIn 1617, Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor, by now Holy Roman Emperor and king of Hungary and Bohemia, arranged for the election of Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor as his successor in Bohemia under the terms of the O\u00f1ate treaty. The fiercely Catholic Ferdinand II had suppressed Protestantism on his lands in Styria and had repudiated the Letter of Majesty. When, in 1618, Ferdinand II sent his representatives, Vil\u00e9m Slavata of Chlum and Jaroslav Bo\u0159ita of Martinice, to Prague to administer the government, they were thrown from the third floor of Prague Castle by members of the dissolved Protestant estates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 51], "content_span": [52, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014538-0004-0000", "contents": "1619 Imperial election, Background, Election of 1619\nOn August 26, 1619, the estates of Bohemia deposed Ferdinand II and elected Frederick V of the Palatinate, elector of the Electoral Palatinate, as king. Frederick accepted. Nonetheless, the other electors refused to hear an embassy of the Bohemian estates and confirmed Ferdinand II as Bohemian king and elector, with only the Palatine delegation objecting. The remaining five electors were:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 52], "content_span": [53, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014538-0005-0000", "contents": "1619 Imperial election, Elected\nFrederick, after casting a vote for Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria, duke of Bavaria, retracted his vote and joined the other six electors in voting for Ferdinand II, who was crowned in Frankfurt on September 9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014539-0000-0000", "contents": "1619 Jamestown craftsmen strike\nThe Jamestown Polish craftsmen's strike of 1619 took place in the settlement of Jamestown in the Virginia colony. It was the first documented strike in North America. Skilled craftsmen were sent by the Virginia Company to Jamestown to produce pitch, tar, and turpentine used for shipbuilding. When the colony held its first election in 1619, many settlers were not allowed to vote on the grounds that they were not of English descent, and they went on strike. Due to the importance of the skilled workers in producing valuable naval stores for the colony, company leaders bowed to labor pressure and gave full voting rights to continental workers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 679]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014539-0001-0000", "contents": "1619 Jamestown craftsmen strike, History\nJohn Smith first encountered and was impressed with the talents of Polish craftsmen when he traveled through Poland in 1602, fleeing the Turks who had enslaved him. The Polish\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth was then the largest kingdom of Europe, covering the present territory of Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Belarus, Ukraine, and parts of Russia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014539-0002-0000", "contents": "1619 Jamestown craftsmen strike, History\nEarly in Jamestown's history, Smith and the Virginia Company began recruiting workers from mainland Europe to come to their new colony. The first of these foreign workers came with the second group of settlers who arrived in the colony in 1608; two of these workers would later save Smith's life in an attack by Native Americans  as noted in Smith's writings. Contemporary historical accounts refer to this first group of foreign craftsmen as Dutchmen and Poles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014539-0003-0000", "contents": "1619 Jamestown craftsmen strike, History\nThe foreign craftsmen began producing glassware, pitch, and potash soon after their arrival in 1608. These goods were used in the colony, but were also important as they were the first goods exported from the colony to Europe. Later more skilled workers arrived and continued to produce tar, resin, and turpentine, and clapboard and frankincense as well.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014539-0004-0000", "contents": "1619 Jamestown craftsmen strike, History\nWhen the first elections in the colony were held in 1619, the colony did not allow any continental settlers to vote, including approximately 50 Polish craftsmen and their families. They were denied the right to vote on the grounds that they were not of English descent. The craftsmen in response, refused to work unless they were given the right to vote. Under this labor pressure, the Virginia Company's Council reversed the decision to disenfranchise the craftsmen, and simultaneously struck an agreement with the craftsmen to apprentice young men from the colony. The company leaders feared not only the loss of income and labor, but that the colony might gain a reputation for not being welcoming to further settlers not of English descent, especially skilled craftsmen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 815]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014540-0000-0000", "contents": "1619 Ueta\n1619 Ueta, provisional designation 1953 TA, is a stony asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 11 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 11 October 1953, by Japanese astronomer Tetsuyasu Mitani at Kyoto University's Kwasan Observatory (377), near Kyoto, Japan. It was named after the former director of the discovering observatory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014540-0001-0000", "contents": "1619 Ueta, Classification and orbit\nUeta is a S-type asteroid, that orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.8\u20132.6\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 4 months (1,225 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.18 and an inclination of 6\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 35], "content_span": [36, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014540-0002-0000", "contents": "1619 Ueta, Classification and orbit\nIt was first identified as 1926 RR at Johannesburg in 1926. Ueta's observation arc begins 22 years prior to its official discovery observation with a precovery taken at Lowell Observatory in 1931.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 35], "content_span": [36, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014540-0003-0000", "contents": "1619 Ueta, Rotation period and pole\nSeveral rotational lightcurves of Ueta were obtained from photometric observations. Best rated lightcurves were obtained by astronomers Robert Stephens and David Higgins in September 2009, securing an identical rotation period of 2.720 hours with a brightness variation of 0.35 and 0.39 magnitude, respectively (U=3/3). Modeled lightcurves from various photometric data sources also gave a similar period of 2.717943 and 2.718238 hours (U=n.a. ).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 35], "content_span": [36, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014540-0004-0000", "contents": "1619 Ueta, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Ueta measures between 7.13 and 9.93 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.251 and 0.479. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 11.04 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 12.15.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 30], "content_span": [31, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014540-0005-0000", "contents": "1619 Ueta, Naming\nUeta was named by the discoverer for the former Director of Kwasan Observatory (also see \u00a7\u00a0External links) who encouraged him to keep on with his observations of minor planets and comets. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 February 1965 (M.P.C. 2347).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 17], "content_span": [18, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014546-0000-0000", "contents": "1619 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1619.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014548-0000-0000", "contents": "1619 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014548-0001-0000", "contents": "1619 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014548-0002-0000", "contents": "1619 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014549-0000-0000", "contents": "1619 in science\nThe year 1619 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014549-0001-0000", "contents": "1619 in science, Astronomy\nhe Jesuit Giuseppe Biancani's Sphaera mundi, seu cosmographia demonstrativa, ac facili methodo tradita in Bologna.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 26], "content_span": [27, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014550-0000-0000", "contents": "161989 Cacus\n161989 Cacus (prov. designation: 1978 CA) is a stony asteroid, classified as near-Earth object and a potentially hazardous asteroid of the Apollo group, approximately 1 kilometer in diameter. It was discovered on 8 February 1978, by German astronomer Hans-Emil Schuster at ESO's La Silla Observatory in northern Chile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014550-0001-0000", "contents": "161989 Cacus\nThis minor planet was named from Roman mythology, after Cacus, a fire-breathing monster, which was killed by Hercules. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 24 November 2007 (M.P.C. 61270).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014551-0000-0000", "contents": "161P/Hartley\u2013IRAS\n161P/Hartley\u2013IRAS is a periodic comet with an orbital period of 21 years. It fits the classical definition of a Halley-type comet with (20 years < period < 200 years).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014551-0001-0000", "contents": "161P/Hartley\u2013IRAS\nThis was one of six comets discovered by the infrared space telescope IRAS, in 1983.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014552-0000-0000", "contents": "161st (Huron) Battalion, CEF\nThe 161st (Huron) Battalion, CEF was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War. Based in London, Ontario, the unit began recruiting in late 1915 in Huron County. After sailing to England in November 1916, the battalion was absorbed into the 4th Reserve Battalion on February 15, 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014552-0001-0000", "contents": "161st (Huron) Battalion, CEF\nThe 161st (Huron) Battalion, CEF had two Officer Commanding: Lieut-Col. H. B. Combe (October 30, 1916\u2014May 16, 1917) and Lieut-Col. R. Murdie, DSO (June 28, 1917\u2014February 23, 1918).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014553-0000-0000", "contents": "161st Air Refueling Wing\nThe 161st Air Refueling Wing (161 ARW) is a unit of the Arizona Air National Guard, stationed at Goldwater Air National Guard Base, Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport, Arizona. If activated to federal service, the Wing is gained by the United States Air Force Air Mobility Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014553-0001-0000", "contents": "161st Air Refueling Wing, Mission\nThe 161st Air Refueling Wing principal mission is air refueling. The wing enhances the Air Force's capability to accomplish its primary missions of Global Reach and Global Power. It also provides aerial refueling support to Air Force, Navy and Marine Corps aircraft as well as aircraft of allied nations. The wing is also capable of transporting litter and ambulatory patients using patient support pallets during aeromedical evacuations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014553-0002-0000", "contents": "161st Air Refueling Wing, Units\nThe 161st Air Refueling Wing consists of the following units:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 31], "content_span": [32, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014553-0003-0000", "contents": "161st Air Refueling Wing, History\nOn 2 October 1957, the Arizona Air National Guard 197th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron was authorized to expand to a group level, and the 161st Fighter-Interceptor Group was established by the National Guard Bureau. The 197th FIS becoming the group's flying squadron. Other squadrons assigned into the group were the 161st Headquarters, 161st Material Squadron (Maintenance), 161st Combat Support Squadron, and the 161st USAF Dispensary. The new Group was assigned to the 34th Air Division, Air Defense Command,", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014553-0004-0000", "contents": "161st Air Refueling Wing, History\nIn 1958 the Group received from ADC the all-weather/day-night F-86L Sabre Interceptor aircraft, and in 1960, the 197th was one of three selected ANG units to receive F-104A Starfighter interceptors from the ADC active-duty interceptor forces. The Copperheads, as a result of the national recognition as one of the best air defense units in the US, were chosen to fly the new high performance jet fighter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014553-0005-0000", "contents": "161st Air Refueling Wing, History\nThe 161st FIG was called into active service in November 1961 as the construction of the infamous \"Berlin Wall\" pushed the world to the brink of war. Within a month after mobilization, 750 personnel and 22 187th FIS F-104 aircraft were in place at Ramstein Air Base, West Germany as the unit took up flying daily air defense patrols at the edge of the Iron Curtain. With world tension easing, the squadron returned home in August 1962.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014553-0006-0000", "contents": "161st Air Refueling Wing, History, Transport mission\nWith the return to Arizona, the unit was reassigned from ADC to the Military Air Transport Service (MATS) in October 1962. The Mach-2 Starfighters were exchanged for large, 4-engined C-97G Stratofreighters with a mission of worldwide transport of personnel, supplies and equipment. The 197th Air Transport Squadron (later Military Airlift Squadron) flew missions to the Caribbean, Europe, Japan, South Vietnam, Thailand and Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 52], "content_span": [53, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014553-0006-0001", "contents": "161st Air Refueling Wing, History, Transport mission\nDuring the height of the Vietnam War, the squadron routinely flew trans-Pacific medical evacuation missions from hospitals in South Vietnam, Japan, and the Philippines of wounded servicemen and women to the United States, being designated as an Aeromedical Transport Squadron. In 1969 the Military Airlift Squadron designation was returned and the unit again flew scheduled transport missions for Military Airlift Command (MAC).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 52], "content_span": [53, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014553-0007-0000", "contents": "161st Air Refueling Wing, History, Air Refueling\nIn 1972, military requirements resulted in a change in mission when the group was reassigned from MAC transport duties to the Strategic Air Command (SAC). Under SAC the group became an Air Refueling unit, beginning with the air refueling version of the C-97 transport, the KC-97 Stratotanker. Familiarity with the aircraft led to a smooth transition from MAC to the new refueling mission. In 1977, SAC announced that Air National Guard refueling units would begin to upgrade to the KC-135 Stratotanker. The 197th Air Refueling Squadron has been flying the KC-135 for the past 35 years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 48], "content_span": [49, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014553-0008-0000", "contents": "161st Air Refueling Wing, History, Air Refueling\nDuring the 1991 Gulf War, Air National Guard tanker units were quickly called into action. An around-the-clock airlift began to support the buildup to the conflict, Operation Desert Shield. Tankers and crews from the 161st were some of the first to arrive in Saudi Arabia. Elements of the 197th ARS were assigned to the 1709th Air Refueling Wing (Provisional), flying from King Abdul Aziz Air Base, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 48], "content_span": [49, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014553-0009-0000", "contents": "161st Air Refueling Wing, History, Air Refueling\nFrom the start and for the duration, tankers servicing the conflict left Phoenix weekly, loaded with maintenance and support technicians who worked in the Saudi Arabian desert up to 45 days, and in some cases more. As the allies prepared to move against Iraq, aircraft crews, maintenance personnel, medics, fire fighters, security forces and food service technicians were dispatched to bases in Europe and the United States. Before the war in the Persian Gulf was concluded more than two-thirds of the force assigned to the 161st Air Refueling Group had served on active duty in some capacity to support the Middle East effort.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 48], "content_span": [49, 676]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014553-0010-0000", "contents": "161st Air Refueling Wing, History, Air Refueling\nIn 1994, 1995 and 1997 the unit deployed to Pisa, Italy where our tankers supported NATO operations in Bosnia. 1997 also saw the 161st facing challenges in the United Arab Emirates. The unit was vital to the success of Operation Deny Flight and Operation Southern Watch. 1 October 1995, marked another key change in the unit's long history. The 161st Air Refueling Group was redesignated as the 161st Air Refueling Wing under the USAF Air Mobility Command (AMC). 1996 saw the Copperheads turn 50 years old. The unit celebrated with year-round contests and a 50th Anniversary Celebration in December.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 48], "content_span": [49, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014553-0011-0000", "contents": "161st Air Refueling Wing, History, Air Refueling\nThe 161st sent about 130 personnel to Operation Northern Watch early in 1999. Based at Incirlik Air Base, Turkey, the unit supported flight operations within the northern no-fly zone over Iraq. Early in the second quarter of 1999, 161st Copperheads were quickly pressed into service over Kosovo for Operation Allied Force. Nearly 200 unit airmen served on active duty for about two months, flying 125 missions to offload almost 2.5 million gallons of fuel. The airmen returned to Phoenix in late June 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 48], "content_span": [49, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014553-0012-0000", "contents": "161st Air Refueling Wing, History, Air Refueling\nAlthough not directly called as a unit the \"Copperheads\" played a vital role in support units during Operation Enduring Freedom in 2003. Many Security Forces saw duty overseas directly supporting bases while maintenance and operations personnel were called to support the ongoing operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 48], "content_span": [49, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014553-0013-0000", "contents": "161st Air Refueling Wing, History, Air Refueling\nIn its 2005 BRAC Recommendations, DoD (the Department of Defense) recommended the distribution of the 117th Air Refueling Wing's KC-135R aircraft from Birmingham International Airport Air Guard Station (AGS), Alabama and the 161st Air Refueling Wing, Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport AGS (two aircraft) and two other bases. Phoenix Sky Harbor (37) scored higher than Birmingham (63) in military value for the tanker mission. This recommendation would take advantage of available capacity at Phoenix by increasing the air refueling squadron size from eight to ten aircraft, increasing the wing's overall capability. It would also capitalize on the favorable recruiting environment of the greater Phoenix region that could sustain this increased squadron size.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 48], "content_span": [49, 815]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014554-0000-0000", "contents": "161st Division (Imperial Japanese Army)\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by Rich Farmbrough (talk | contribs) at 18:00, 19 November 2019 (Date formats). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014554-0001-0000", "contents": "161st Division (Imperial Japanese Army)\nThe 161st Division (\u7b2c161\u5e2b\u56e3, Dai-hyakurokuj\u016bichi Shidan) was an infantry division of the Imperial Japanese Army. Its call sign was the Skyquake Division (\u9707\u5929\u5175\u56e3, Shinten Heidan). It was formed 12 April 1945 in Shanghai as a class C(hei) security division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014554-0002-0000", "contents": "161st Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nThe 161st division was performing a coastal defense duties at Shanghai up to the start Soviet invasion of Manchuria 9 August 1945. Ordered to assist the Kwantung Army together with the 118th division, it left Shanghai by rail 13 August 1945 and reached Nanjing by the time of surrender of Japan 15 August 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014554-0003-0000", "contents": "161st Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nThe divisional artillery consisted of 12 pieces, namely 75\u00a0mm field guns and Type 91 10 cm howitzers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014554-0004-0000", "contents": "161st Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nThe division was returned to Shanghai 15 February 1946, and started demobilization 25 February 1946. The troops were sent to Japan through Kagoshima, Fukuoka, Nagato and Sasebo, Nagasaki ports, finishing dissolution 6 September 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014555-0000-0000", "contents": "161st Division (People's Republic of China \u2013 1st Formation)\nThe 161st Division(Chinese: \u7b2c161\u5e08) was created in November 1948 under the Regulation of the Redesignations of All Organizations and Units of the Army, issued by Central Military Commission on November 1, 1948, basing on the 6th Independent Division of Jichareliao Military Region, formed in February.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [59, 59], "content_span": [60, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014555-0001-0000", "contents": "161st Division (People's Republic of China \u2013 1st Formation)\nThe division was a part of 48th Corps. Under the flag of 161st division it took part in the Chinese civil war. In August 1949 the division was disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [59, 59], "content_span": [60, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014556-0000-0000", "contents": "161st Independent Reconnaissance Flight (Australia)\nThe 161 (Independent) Reconnaissance Flight was an Australian Army aviation unit of fixed-wing and rotary aircraft. In June 1965, the 161 Reconnaissance Flight was raised part of the No. 16 Army Light Aircraft Squadron based at RAAF Base Amberley for deployment to the Vietnam War. In September that year the flight deployed to South Vietnam with two Cessna 180 planes and two Sioux light observation helicopters in order to support the 1st Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment based at Bien Hoa airbase  The unit deployed to Vung Tau on 13 May 1966. The Flight was re-designated the 161 (Independent) Reconnaissance Flight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 676]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014556-0000-0001", "contents": "161st Independent Reconnaissance Flight (Australia)\nwhen unit strength was increased, so making it an Independent unit (and able to draw its own rations and rations). Following the expansion of the Australian commitment, the Flight continued to serve in this role as part of the 1st Australian Task Force, with an enlarged, established and expanded responsibilities, operating out of Vung Tau and Nui Dat until the end of 1971 when it was withdrawn to Australia. In March 1967, the 16th Army Light Aircraft Squadron was renamed the  1st Aviation Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014556-0001-0000", "contents": "161st Independent Reconnaissance Flight (Australia)\nOn return from Vietnam, the Flight was located at Oakey, Queensland, from January 1971 until January 1974. On 31 January 1974, 1st Aviation Regiment was reorganised with 171 Air Cavalry Flight based at Holsworthy re-designated as 161 Reconnaissance Squadron. 161 Reconnaissance Flight based at Oakey was re-designated as 171 Operational Support Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014557-0000-0000", "contents": "161st Indian Infantry Brigade\nThe 161st Indian Infantry Brigade was an infantry brigade formation of the Indian Army during World War II. As part of the arrangements for the independence and partition of British India the brigade was allocated to India and became the 161st Infantry Brigade in the army of the newly independent India.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014557-0001-0000", "contents": "161st Indian Infantry Brigade, History\nThe brigade was formed in late November 1941 from the reformed British 161st Infantry Brigade which had been assigned to the 5th Indian Infantry Division earlier in the month. The brigade was then sent to garrison Cyprus in case of a German invasion. In April 1942, it moved to Egypt to take part in the Western Desert Campaign having been re organised as a motor brigade. Attached to the British 10th Armoured Division for the First Battle of El Alamein between June and July 1942, the brigade returned to the 5th Division for action in Burma.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014557-0001-0001", "contents": "161st Indian Infantry Brigade, History\nIn Burma it was attached successively to a number of divisions: British 2nd Infantry Division between April and May 1944, then 7th Indian Infantry Division between May and June 1944, during the Battle of Kohima, following which it returned to the 5th Division. In March 1945 there was a further brief attachment to 7th Division returning once more at the end of that month to the 5th Division until the end of the war. The brigade ended the war at sea as part of the force assembled to invade Malaya. At the end of the war the brigade formed part of the force sent to the Dutch East Indies to restore order for the colonial government facing hostile opposition from the local independence movement. The brigade returned to India in 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 776]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014557-0002-0000", "contents": "161st Indian Infantry Brigade, Post independence succession\nAfter India's independence the brigade, under the arrangements of the partition of British India, was allocated to India and became part of the Indian Army, dropping the epithet \"Indian\" to be 161st Infantry brigade and moving to Ranchi with the 5th Infantry Division. Elements of 5th Infantry Division, including 161st Infantry Brigade, were called to Punjab to help curb the violence being inflicted on refugees during partition. The brigade was urgently airlifted in an ad hoc manner to Srinagar in Jammu and Kashmir to halt the tribal invasion during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947. The brigade successfully prevented the fall of Srinagar, fought the battles of Badgam and Shalateng, reinforced Poonch garrison, distinguished itself in recapture of Uri and the successful ejection of tribals from the Jhelum valley.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 59], "content_span": [60, 879]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014558-0000-0000", "contents": "161st Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)\nThe 161 Infantry Division was a major unit of the German Wehrmacht. It fought in the Battle of France, and then later on in the Eastern Front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014558-0001-0000", "contents": "161st Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), Organisation, Formation\nThe division was formed in December 1939 as part of the 7th wave of German mobilisation, and used the replacement battalions in Werkrise 1, East Prussia, to form its combat units. The 161st was organised as a standard triangular infantry division with 3 Infantry Regiments, with 9 battalions and 1 Artillery Regiment plus supporting units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 60], "content_span": [61, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014558-0002-0000", "contents": "161st Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), Organisation, Formation\nIt was a sign of the Wehrmacht's rapid expansion that the division was short of artillery with only 6 medium batteries instead of 9 and no heavy artillery. It was also short of motor transport, and had a small mixed battalion of an anti-tank company and a bicycle company instead of an anti-tank battalion and a reconnaissance battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 60], "content_span": [61, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014558-0003-0000", "contents": "161st Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), Organisation, Summer 1941\nBy the start of the Russian campaign the equipment shortages had been resolved and the division had a full complement of 36 105mm howitzers and 12 heavy 150mm howitzers. It also now had a 3 company anti tank battalion, greater capacity in its supply units and a field replacement battalion. However it was still missing a reconnaissance battalion, instead it only had a bicycle squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 62], "content_span": [63, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014558-0004-0000", "contents": "161st Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), Organisation, Summer 1941\nBy 1 December the division had reorganised its infantry regiments into 2 battalions each, instead of three, due to manpower shortages", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 62], "content_span": [63, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014558-0005-0000", "contents": "161st Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), Organisation, Summer 1941\nIn November 1942 the division was posted to France to recover and refit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 62], "content_span": [63, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014558-0006-0000", "contents": "161st Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), Organisation, November 1943\nParts of the division were incoperated into the Korps Abteilung A, with each regiment contributing a battalion sized unit as a 'regiment gruppe'. The expedient of forming these Korps Abteilung was to rebalance the ratio of staff and service troops to combat troops. The excess staff and support specialists could then be used to build new formations in Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 64], "content_span": [65, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014558-0007-0000", "contents": "161st Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), Organisation, Reformation\nMany of the Korps Abteilung were later reformed into infantry divisions, and this is true of Korps Abteilung A, which was converted into a second incarnation of the 161st infantry in July 1944. The new division did not last long and was destroyed in the following month. Its surviving personnel were used to refresh the 76th Infantry Division and in the reformation of the 15th Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 62], "content_span": [63, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014558-0008-0000", "contents": "161st Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), Combat history\nIn 1940 the 161st took part in a short-lived attack on the Maginot Line on 21 June. After a single day's assault that achieved little, the attack was called off by Colonel General von Leeb as unnecessary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 51], "content_span": [52, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014558-0009-0000", "contents": "161st Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), Combat history, Attack on the Soviet Union\nOn 22 June 1941 the 161st attacked the Soviet Union as part of Army Group Centre's 9th Army, commanded by Colonel General Adolf Strau\u00df.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 79], "content_span": [80, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014558-0010-0000", "contents": "161st Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), Combat history, Attack on the Soviet Union\nAfter participating in the first great encirclement at Mink, the 161st had to march hard to catch up with the fighting to the east, eventually helping to relieve the mobile units of 3rd Panzer group for other tasks. By mid August the division was part of the 9th Army's eastern front north of Smolensk. On 17 August the division was hit by a massive attack, a main component of Timoshenkos counter offensive, which was aimed at disrupting German offensive action and recapturing lost ground in the Smolensk region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 79], "content_span": [80, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014558-0010-0001", "contents": "161st Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), Combat history, Attack on the Soviet Union\nVirtually the whole of the Soviet 19th Army attack sector fell upon the 161st Division and its forward defences were overrun by 4 Russian infantry divisions and a tank division. In one week's fighting the division lost 75% of its combat strength and much equipment and had to be pulled out of line and replaced by the 14th Infantry Division (mot)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 79], "content_span": [80, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014558-0011-0000", "contents": "161st Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), Combat history, Attack on the Soviet Union\nBy the year's end the division had suffered a staggering 7,192 casualties since the start of Operation Barbarossa, including 252 Officer casualties, and of these 1,722 were killed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 79], "content_span": [80, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014558-0012-0000", "contents": "161st Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), Combat history, 1942 On the defensive on the central front\nNevertheless, in spite of its loses, the division remained in line and in January 1942 the division was moved to the Rzhew front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 95], "content_span": [96, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014558-0013-0000", "contents": "161st Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), Combat history, 1942 On the defensive on the central front\nIn August 1942 the 161st sector was again the focus of a major Soviet offensive, this time Zhukovs attempted to eliminate the Rhzev salient. \"In the morning of 4 August, Thirty-first {Russian} Army surged into and over the 161st Infantry division on an eight-mile stretch east of Zubtov. The break through was complete almost at once. By Dark, the only trace of the former front was the occasional white flares that were sent up, here and there, by a bypassed strong point.\" The remnants of the division were forced back onto Zubstov. The situation for 9th Army was precarious and its grip on Rhzev tenuous, so in spite of its battered state the 161st had to stay in line, as reinforcements were rushed to the area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 95], "content_span": [96, 811]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014558-0014-0000", "contents": "161st Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), Combat history, 1942 On the defensive on the central front\nThe fighting continued into the second half of September, and after finally subsiding, the depleted division was posted to France to rebuild in November 1942. By December the 161st was located in the Pas-de-Calais area, on the channel coast absorbing replacements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 95], "content_span": [96, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014558-0015-0000", "contents": "161st Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), Combat history, 1942 On the defensive on the central front\nThe German 161st Infantry division participated in the Battle of Kursk, under the 42nd Army Corps whose other divisions were the 39th and the 282nd Infantry divisions. During the battle, the 161st was responsible for protecting the flank of the 3rd Panzer Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 95], "content_span": [96, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014558-0016-0000", "contents": "161st Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), Combat history, 1942 On the defensive on the central front\nIn November 1943 the remaining combat elements of the division were incorporated into Corps Abteilung A, and the formation was effectively dissolved.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 95], "content_span": [96, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014558-0017-0000", "contents": "161st Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), Combat history, The end in Romania\nThe division was reformed in July 1944, as an infantry division again by redesignating Korps Abtielung A. It was on the defensive in southern Ukraine on the Romanian border under LII corps of the 6th Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 71], "content_span": [72, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014558-0018-0000", "contents": "161st Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), Combat history, The end in Romania\nIts second life however only lasted a few weeks as on 20 August the Russian 2nd and 3rd Ukrainian fronts unleashed the Jassy\u2013Kishinev Offensive, a major offensive into Romania. These forces blasted huge holes in the Axis front and within 3 days encircled most of the ill-fated 6th Army, including the 161st Division, near Jassy. The encirclements were reduced within a few days and the trapped German units completely destroyed. The division was officially disbanded in October 1944 and not rebuilt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 71], "content_span": [72, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014559-0000-0000", "contents": "161st Infantry Regiment (United States)\nThe 161st Infantry Regiment is an infantry regiment of the United States Army and the Washington Army National Guard. It is the oldest unit in the Washington Army National Guard tracing its lineage to the separate Infantry Companies of the Territorial Militia. Its 1st Battalion is a combined arms element of the 81st Stryker Brigade Combat Team consisting of two infantry and two armored companies, with its headquarters in Spokane, Washington.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014559-0001-0000", "contents": "161st Infantry Regiment (United States), Origin\nThe 161st Infantry was first organized on 9 March 1886 as the 1st Infantry Regiment and the 2nd Infantry Regiment (on 7 April 1887) from existing independent militia companies which traced their origins back to 1855 when the Federal Government granted permission to the Washington Territory to raise a voluntary militia to defend settlers against attacks by the Yakima Indians.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014559-0002-0000", "contents": "161st Infantry Regiment (United States), Philippine Insurrection, 1898\u20131902\nDuring the War with Spain the United States seized the Philippine Islands in 1898. Elements of the Filipino army, who wanted independence and resented the seizure of their islands by the United States, began hostilities against U.S. Army units stationed in the Philippines. To reinforce these units, the War Department mustered National Guard units into federal service. Among them were ten companies of the 1st and 2nd Infantry Battalions of the Washington National Guard mustered into federal service 6\u201313 May 1898 at Tacoma. The Washington National Guardsmen were then reorganized and redesignated as the 1st Regiment, Washington Volunteer Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 75], "content_span": [76, 728]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014559-0003-0000", "contents": "161st Infantry Regiment (United States), Philippine Insurrection, 1898\u20131902\nThe regiment was dispatched to the Philippines where it was assigned to the 2nd Brigade, 1st Division, VIII Corps. In what is known officially as the Philippine Insurrection and also known as the Philippine\u2013American War, the 1st Washington participated in the Manila campaign as well as seeing additional action against the Filipino insurgents on the island of Luzon in 1899. The regiment was cited for valorous conduct at the Battle of Santa Ana. The First Washington spent a week in Japan en route back to America. It was mustered out of federal service on 1 November 1899 at San Francisco, CA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 75], "content_span": [76, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014559-0004-0000", "contents": "161st Infantry Regiment (United States), Mexican Punitive Expedition\nAlso known as Pancho Villa ExpeditionIn 1916, the War Department once again mustered National Guard units into federal service to reinforce Regular Army units protecting the southern border of the United States from raids by the Mexican rebel Pancho Villa. The First Washington\u2014now designated the 2nd Infantry Regiment, Washington National Guard\u2014was mustered into federal service on 28 June 1916 at Camp Elmer M. Brown, WA and was dispatched to Calexico, CA for duty. Three months later the regiment returned to American Lake, WA where it was mustered out on 8 October 1916.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 68], "content_span": [69, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014559-0005-0000", "contents": "161st Infantry Regiment (United States), World War I\nAs war clouds gathered, the 2nd Infantry Regiment, Washington National Guard was called back into federal service on 25 March 1917. In July 1917 the War Department set up a new numbering system for infantry regiments with National Guard regiments to be numbered 101\u2013300. One hundred and sixty seven National Guard regiments were renumbered. From 19 September to 20 October 1917, the 2nd Infantry Regiment was consolidated with elements of the 3rd Infantry Regiment, District of Columbia National Guard to form the 161st Infantry Regiment. The 161st was assigned to the 41st Division on 19 September 1917.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 52], "content_span": [53, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014559-0005-0001", "contents": "161st Infantry Regiment (United States), World War I\nSent overseas to France, the 161st was not committed to combat. Rather, the personnel of the 161st were used as replacements for other units. For its service the regiment was awarded the World War I campaign streamer without inscription. The 161st was demobilized 1\u20138 March 1919 at Camp Dix, NJ and Camp Dodge, IA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 52], "content_span": [53, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014559-0006-0000", "contents": "161st Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II\nWhen the 41st Infantry Division was ordered into federal service on 16 September 1940, it was still configured as a square division with two brigades each of two infantry regiments, of which one was the 161st Infantry. Initially ordered to Camp Murray, Washington on 20 September 1940, the division was transferred to Fort Lewis, Washington on 20 March 1941. Between 5 June and 2 July 1941 the 41st participated in the IX Corps maneuvers at Hunter Liggett Military Reservation, California. Returning to Washington, the division next participated in the Fourth Army maneuvers at Fort Lewis from 15 through 30 August 1940.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 53], "content_span": [54, 674]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014559-0007-0000", "contents": "161st Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II\nWith the 41st Division being reconfigured to the new triangular division configuration with three infantry regiments, the 161st was considered excess. The War Department ordered the 161st Infantry to the Philippines to reinforce American forces there in anticipation of a possible Japanese invasion; the Japanese attacked Hawaii and the Philippines before the 161st was to depart San Francisco. In reaction, the War Department directed the 161st to Hawaii to reinforce the defenses there. The regiment sailed from San Francisco on 16 December 1941, arriving in Hawaii on 21 December.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 53], "content_span": [54, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014559-0007-0001", "contents": "161st Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II\nOn 17 February 1942, the 161st Infantry was reassigned from the 41st Division to the Hawaiian Department. On 23 July 1942, with the inactivation of the 24th Infantry Division's 299th Infantry Regiment, whose ranks had been depleted through the transfer of many Nisei (second-generation Japanese-Americans) in order to form the 100th Infantry Battalion, the War Department reassigned the 25th Infantry Division's 298th Infantry Regiment to the 24th Infantry Division, and replaced it on 3 August 1942 with the 161st Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 53], "content_span": [54, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014559-0008-0000", "contents": "161st Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II\nThe 161st, along with the rest of the 25th Infantry Division, was alerted for shipment to Guadalcanal to reinforce the American forces already there and to provide sufficient combat strength to allow the US XIV Corps to launch offensive operations to destroy the Japanese forces on the island. The 25th was reconfigured into three regimental combat teams (RCT). The 161st RCT was composed of the 161st Infantry, the 89th Field Artillery Battalion and other combat support units under the command of Colonel Clarence A. Orndorff. The 25th departed Hawaii at the end of November 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 53], "content_span": [54, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014559-0009-0000", "contents": "161st Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, Guadalcanal\nThe 35th RCT arrived at Guadalcanal on 17 December 1942, followed by the 27th RCT on 1 January 1943, with the 161st RCT arriving on 4 January 1943. The 25th Division was assigned to the XIV Corps composed of the 25th, the Americal Division and the 2nd Marine Division. Chosen to lead the first offensive actions were the 35th RCT against the Mt. Austin area and the 27th RCT against a series of hills called Galloping Horse. The 161st was placed in division reserve minus the 1st Battalion, which was attached to the 27th as a reserve.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014559-0009-0001", "contents": "161st Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, Guadalcanal\n(Division personnel strength reports for that period show the 161st Infantry Regiment to be seriously under-strength, being short close to 1300 personnel). While in reserve manning defensive positions around the airstrip, named Henderson Airfield, the 161st was also handed the assignment of eliminating a concentration of Japanese troops in what became known as the Matanikau River Pocket. The Pocket, estimated to hold 500 enemy troops, was a dense jungle redoubt positioned between a steep hillside and a high cliff over the Matanikau River.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014559-0009-0002", "contents": "161st Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, Guadalcanal\nThe heavy undergrowth masked the well-camouflaged Japanese positions, both on the ground and high in the trees, and made dislodging them a slow, grim task. The combination, though, of frequent patrols, heavy artillery bombardment, and starvation served to eliminate this strongpoint in the end. On 10 January 1943 the offensive was launched and successfully completed by 21 January with the seizure of Galloping Horse by the 27th Infantry and Mount Austin and the Gifu strongpoint by the 35th Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014559-0010-0000", "contents": "161st Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, Guadalcanal\nThe second phase of the Corps offensive was to drive to the Poha River. The 161st Infantry was designated to lead the Division attack. The 27th Infantry was to conduct a holding attack on Hill 87 to tie down the Japanese units while the 161st flanked the Japanese positions from the southwest. However the 27th found that the Japanese had withdrawn, thus negating the 161st flanking attack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014559-0010-0001", "contents": "161st Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, Guadalcanal\nBecause of a feared reinforcement of Japanese forces on Guadalcanal which never came, the 25th Division was ordered to guard the airfields while the 161st Infantry was placed under corps control and ordered to continue the drive north. On 6 February two battalions of the 161st reached the Umasani River and then crossed the Tambalego River. On 8 February they met light Japanese resistance prior to seizing Doma Cove. The next day the 1st Battalion of the 161st linked up with a battalion of the Americal Division at the village of Tenaro effectively ending organized Japanese resistance on Guadalcanal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 671]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014559-0011-0000", "contents": "161st Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, Guadalcanal\nThe 25th Division remained on Guadalcanal to defend against any Japanese attempts to recapture the island. The 161st along with the rest of the division spent the spring and summer of 1943 training and recuperating.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014559-0012-0000", "contents": "161st Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, Northern Solomons\nWith Guadalcanal secured, attention turned to recapturing the remaining Solomon Islands, particularly the island of New Georgia where the Japanese had built a key airfield at Munda. Initially the 25th Division, now known as the Tropic Lightning Division for its swift combat actions on Guadalcanal, was not included in the invasion plans for New Georgia as resistance was anticipated to be light. However once US forces landed on New Georgia, Japanese resistance stiffened and Corps requested a regiment from the 25th Division. The 161st was selected, landing on New Georgia on 22 July 1943 and was attached to the 37th Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 72], "content_span": [73, 702]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014559-0013-0000", "contents": "161st Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, Northern Solomons\nThe mission of the 37th Division was to take Bibilo Hill. As the attack commenced the 3rd Battalion of the 161st ran into stiff resistance while approaching the line of departure for the attack, coming under heavy fire from a ridgeline later called Bartley's Ridge. This ridgeline contained numerous pillboxes which were well hidden and mutually supporting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 72], "content_span": [73, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014559-0014-0000", "contents": "161st Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, Northern Solomons\nOn 25 July the attack on Bartley's Ridge commenced. While the 3rd Battalion attacked the ridgeline frontally, the 1st Battalion flanked the position. While partially successful the attack stalled. Resuming the attack on 28 July, the 161st was successful in clearing the ridgeline. The regiment then moved on to attack Horseshoe Hill, which had the same type of defenses as Bartley's Ridge. By 1 August, using every weapon available, including flamethrowers, the 161st cleared the hill, pillbox by pillbox and closed on Bibilo Hill.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 72], "content_span": [73, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014559-0015-0000", "contents": "161st Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, Northern Solomons\nThe XIV Corps ordered the 25th Division to New Georgia on 2 August. The 161st, back under 25th control, along with the 27th Infantry was ordered to attack north from Bibilo Hill and clear the Japanese between them and the sea. The 27th Infantry overcame stiff resistance in their drive to the north. The 161st, probing west of the Bairoko River and on to Bairoko Harbor, found the Japanese had fled before them. On 25 August, the 161st and the 27th linked up and fighting on New Georgia ended.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 72], "content_span": [73, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014559-0016-0000", "contents": "161st Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, Northern Solomons\nWith the battle for the Solomon Islands over, the Tropic Lightning Division returned to Guadalcanal in early November 1943 and then moved on to New Zealand. Here the division was brought back to full strength and in February 1944 it sailed to New Caledonia for intensive training. Throughout the summer the 25th trained hard from squad level up to division, with the 35th Infantry serving as an opposing force. In the fall the division became proficient in conducting amphibious landings in preparation for its participation in the liberation of the Philippine Islands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 72], "content_span": [73, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014559-0017-0000", "contents": "161st Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, Luzon\nOn 9 January 1945 the Sixth Army landed at Lingayen Gulf, Luzon. The 25th Division was held as Army reserve and was not committed to the fighting until 17 January when the 25th Division was assigned to I Corps. Significantly the commitment of the 25th Division brought the return to Luzon after a 46-year absence, of the 1st Washington Volunteer Infantry, now the 161st Infantry, not to fight the Filipinos as their grandfathers had done but to liberate them from their Japanese conquerors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 60], "content_span": [61, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014559-0018-0000", "contents": "161st Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, Luzon\nThe 27th and 161st Infantry were given the mission of liberating three villages. Both regiments were entering combat for the first time in over a year. The 27th Infantry encountered only light resistance in taking their objective but the 161st ran into stiff resistance as they attacked the village of Binalonan. The 161st turned back counterattacking Japanese tanks and infantry as they secured the village on 18 January.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 60], "content_span": [61, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014559-0019-0000", "contents": "161st Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, Luzon\nThe 161st was next given the mission of clearing the town of San Manuel of Japanese forces. The Japanese forces were well dug in and determined to hold San Manual. Seizing the high ground northwest of the town on 22 January, the regiment found itself in a fierce fight with a determined foe. The Japanese force consisted of some 1,000 troops supported by approximately forty tanks. As the 2nd Battalion, 161st Infantry supported by Cannon Company, 161st Infantry advanced to the edge of the town, the Japanese counterattacked.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 60], "content_span": [61, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014559-0019-0001", "contents": "161st Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, Luzon\nIn extreme close combat the brunt of the attack fell on Company E supported by Cannon Company equipped with self-propelled direct-fire 105mm howitzers. In the two-hour battle Cannon Company destroyed nine enemy tanks as Company E, while sustaining fifty percent casualties in close combat, turned back the Japanese attack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 60], "content_span": [61, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014559-0019-0002", "contents": "161st Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, Luzon\nOn 25 January the 2nd Battalion resumed its advance into the town led by Cannon Company which destroyed some twenty dug-in enemy tanks and four artillery pieces and some 150 enemy soldiers while the 2nd Battalion inflicted additional heavy casualties on the retreating Japanese forces as the 161st completed the liberation of San Manuel by 28 January. For their extreme gallantry both Company E and Cannon Company were each awarded a Presidential Unit Citation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 60], "content_span": [61, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014559-0020-0000", "contents": "161st Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, Luzon\nThe 161st next occupied the recently abandoned village of San Isidro on 6 February. By this date the operation to secure the central plains of Luzon was complete. The I Corps was directed to turn north into the mountains of northern Luzon to attack the main Japanese stronghold.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 60], "content_span": [61, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014559-0021-0000", "contents": "161st Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, Luzon\nThe 25th Division was given the mission of clearing Highway 5 from San Jose north to the village of Digdig. The 161st cleared the ridges west of the road and the 27th Infantry cleared on the east while the 35th Infantry conducted a flanking movement to the enemy rear. The Japanese put up only minimal resistance and Highway 5 to Digdig was secure by 5 March 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 60], "content_span": [61, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014559-0022-0000", "contents": "161st Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, Luzon\nThe 25th was directed by I Corps to continue the advance north on Highway 5. The division maintained the same formation with the 161st west of the road, the 27th on the east side and the 35th leading the attack with an enveloping maneuver to take the town of Putlan. The 35th reached the town on 8 March but was halted when the Japanese destroyed the bridge over the Putlan River and put up a fierce defense of the town. The advance was stalled until 10 March when the 27th and 161st relieved the 35th and cleared the Japanese from the area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 60], "content_span": [61, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014559-0023-0000", "contents": "161st Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, Luzon\nOn 13 March, I Corps ordered the Tropic Lightning to continue its successful advance up Highway 5 to seize the town of Kapintalan, then attack through Balete Pass to the town of Santa Fe. The area was a series of rugged ridges and thick forests, making progress against a determined, well fortified enemy extremely difficult. The Battle of Belete Pass was to prove to be one of the toughest fights the 25th Division faced in WW II, with all three regimental combat teams seeing heavy combat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 60], "content_span": [61, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014559-0024-0000", "contents": "161st Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, Luzon\nThe 1st Battalion of the 161st assaulted Norton's Knob, west of Highway 5 on 15 March 1945. The battalion met heavy opposition from well dug-in Japanese forces. For ten days the battle raged, with the 1st Battalion finally seizing the ridge on 26 March.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 60], "content_span": [61, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014559-0025-0000", "contents": "161st Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, Luzon\nAt the same time the 3rd Battalion of the 161st attacked Highley Ridge north of Norton Ridge. A heavily defended Japanese position dug into caves on Crump's Hill stopped the battalion's advance. The battle for the hill was stalemated until the battalion captured the west side of Crump's Hill on 8 April. Reinforced by the 2nd Battalion, the 3rd Battalion then eliminated the last Japanese resistance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 60], "content_span": [61, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014559-0026-0000", "contents": "161st Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, Luzon\nMeanwhile, the 35th and 27th Infantry battled to clear Mount Myoko, Kapintalin and Balete Pass. After clearing Crump's Hill the 161st Infantry assaulted the Kembu Plateau west of Balete Pass in support of the overall drive to seize the pass. By 6 May, the 161st secured the plateau. Three days later, on 9 May, the 161st linked up with the 27th Infantry at Balete Pass, opening the pass for the advance to the town of Santa Fe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 60], "content_span": [61, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014559-0027-0000", "contents": "161st Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, Luzon\nOn 19 May the 25th resumed its drive along Highway 5. The 35th attacked astride the highway with the 27th on the right flank and the 161st advancing on the west side of the highway. On 22 May the 161st turned west to clear the Japanese off of Mount Haruna and then continued north over the Haruna ridge to reach the Villa Verde Trail, west of Santa Fe. Except for mopping up actions in support of the clearing of the Old Spanish Trail by the 27th and 35th Infantry, there were no further major combat actions conducted by the 161st Infantry before the campaign for Luzon was officially declared ended on 4 July 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 60], "content_span": [61, 677]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014559-0028-0000", "contents": "161st Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, Luzon\nThe 25th Infantry Division then went into rest and recuperation. It had served in continuous combat longer than any division in the Sixth Army. Plans called for the division to take part in the invasion of Japan and exercises for the assault landings were undertaken. But with the dropping of the atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki the war ended, and soldiers of the 25th could land on Japanese soil without taking casualties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 60], "content_span": [61, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014559-0029-0000", "contents": "161st Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, Luzon\nThe 161st Infantry entered Japan peacefully, as the regiment had done as the 1st Washington Volunteers after the Philippine Insurrection. The stay of the 161st in Japan, however, would only be slightly longer than its stay in 1899. On 1 November 1945, the 161st Infantry Regiment was inactivated and replaced on that date by the 4th Infantry Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 60], "content_span": [61, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014559-0030-0000", "contents": "161st Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, Luzon\nThe 161st Infantry Regiment had one Medal of Honor recipient during the war: Technician Fourth Grade Laverne Parrish", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 60], "content_span": [61, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014559-0031-0000", "contents": "161st Infantry Regiment (United States), Operation Iraqi Freedom\nThe 1st Battalion, 161st along with the other elements of the 81st Armor Brigade was called to federal service in 2003 and arrived in Iraq in April 2004. The 1st Battalion, 161st Infantry was attached to the 3rd Brigade, 1st Cavalry Division. The battalion was based at Logistical Support Area Highlander adjacent to the International (Green) Zone in Baghdad. The battalion provided security for the Green Zone and conducted full spectrum operations in southeast Baghdad. There the 161 faced stiff opposition from the Mahdi Army, led by Shiite Cleric Al Sadr. This area of operations was the largest battalion level area of responsibility in the 1st Cavalry Division. The 1st Battalion completed its tour of duty and returned home in April 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 64], "content_span": [65, 810]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014559-0032-0000", "contents": "161st Infantry Regiment (United States), Operation Iraqi Freedom\nThe 1st Battalion, 161st deployed to Iraq again in 2008 where it was tasked with providing security for logistic convoys throughout most of northern Iraq. The battalion was stationed out of Balad among other remote bases.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 64], "content_span": [65, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014559-0033-0000", "contents": "161st Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage\nConstituted and organized 9 March 1886 and 7 April 1887 from existing companies in the Washington Territorial Militia as the 1st (west of Cascade Mountains) and 2d (east of Cascade Mountains) Regiments of Infantry", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014559-0034-0000", "contents": "161st Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage\n(Active militia Washington Territory redesignated Washington [Territory] National Guard 28 January 1888)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014559-0035-0000", "contents": "161st Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage\n2d Infantry Regiment reorganized and redesignated 23 July 1895 as 1st Infantry Battalion", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014559-0036-0000", "contents": "161st Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage\n1st Infantry Regiment reorganized and redesignated in 1897 as 2d Infantry Battalion", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014559-0037-0000", "contents": "161st Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage\nElements of 1st and 2d Infantry Battalions consolidated in part, redesignated 1st Regiment, Washington Volunteer Infantry, and mustered into Federal service 6\u201313 May 1898 at Tacoma; mustered out 1 November 1899 at San Francisco, California", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014559-0038-0000", "contents": "161st Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage\nRemaining companies of 1st and 2d Infantry Battalions reorganized as Independent Battalion, Washington Volunteer Infantry, and mustered into Federal service 2\u201315 July 1898 at Tacoma; mustered out 28 October 1898 at Vancouver Barracks", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014559-0039-0000", "contents": "161st Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage\nElements reorganized and consolidated with 1st and 2d Infantry Regiments, Washington National Guard. (organized in 1898), and redesignated 9 November 1899 as 1st Infantry Regiment", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014559-0040-0000", "contents": "161st Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage\n(Companies C, K, and M withdrawn, converted, and redesignated 5th, 3d, and 2d Companies, Coast Artillery Reserve Corps; Company A disbanded, then reorganized in 1909 as 4th Company, Coast Artillery Corps)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014559-0041-0000", "contents": "161st Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage\nMustered into Federal service 28 June 1916 at Camp Elmer M. Brown, Washington, for Mexican Border; mustered out 8 October 1916 at American Lake", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014559-0042-0000", "contents": "161st Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage\nCalled into Federal service 25 March 1917; drafted into Federal service 5 August 1917", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014559-0043-0000", "contents": "161st Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage\nConsolidated with elements of 3d Infantry Regiment, District of Columbia National Guard, and redesignated 19 September 1917 as 161st Infantry, an element of the 41st Infantry Division (United States)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014559-0044-0000", "contents": "161st Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage\nDemobilized 1\u20138 March 1919 at Camp Dix, New Jersey and Camp Dodge, Iowa", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014559-0045-0000", "contents": "161st Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage\nState of Washington elements reorganized 1 January 1921 in the Washington National Guard as 161st Infantry; assigned to the 41st Division", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014559-0046-0000", "contents": "161st Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage\n(1st Battalion and Supply Company withdrawn, converted, and redesignated 10 May 1921 as 146th Field Artillery Regiment (United States))", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014559-0047-0000", "contents": "161st Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage\nRelieved from assignment to the 41st Division 14 February 1942", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014559-0048-0000", "contents": "161st Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage\nAssigned to the 25th Infantry Division (United States) 3 August 1942", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014559-0049-0000", "contents": "161st Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage\nRelieved from assignment to the 25th Infantry Division and inactivated 1 November 1945 at Nagoya, Japan", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014559-0050-0000", "contents": "161st Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage\nReorganized and Federally recognized 24 March 1947 with headquarters at Spokane", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014559-0051-0000", "contents": "161st Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage\nReorganized 15 April 1959 as 161st Infantry, a parent regiment under the Combat Arms Regimental System, to consist of the 1st and 2d Battle Groups, elements of the 41st Infantry Division", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014559-0052-0000", "contents": "161st Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage\nReorganized 1 March 1963 to consist of the 1st and 2d Battalions", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014559-0053-0000", "contents": "161st Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage\nReorganized 1 January 1968 to consist of the 1st, 2d, and 3d Battalions, elements of 81st Infantry Brigade", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014559-0054-0000", "contents": "161st Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage\nReorganized 1 May 1971 to consist of the 1st and 3d Battalions, elements of 81st Infantry Brigade, and the 2d Battalion", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014559-0055-0000", "contents": "161st Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage\nReorganized 1 January 1974 to consist of the 1st and 3d Battalions, elements of 81st Infantry Brigade", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014559-0056-0000", "contents": "161st Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage\nWithdrawn 1 May 1989 from the Combat Arms Regimental System and reorganized under the United States Army Regimental System with headquarters at Spokane", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014559-0057-0000", "contents": "161st Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage\nReorganized 1 October 1998: Retaining the 1st Battalion as an element of the 81st Infantry Brigade, Headquarters remaining in Spokane; one company moved to Kent; Deactivating the 3rd Battalion, Headquarters and Headquarters Company (HHC) in Kent; Detachment 1, HHC (Puyallup); Company A (Kent); Company B (Kent), Company C (Redmond), Company D (Kent), and Company E (Shelton).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014560-0000-0000", "contents": "161st Intelligence Squadron\nThe 161st Intelligence Squadron (161 IS) is a unit of the 184th Wing of the Kansas Air National Guard stationed at McConnell Air Force Base, Wichita, Kansas. The 161st is a non-flying squadron operating the Distributed Common Ground System.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014560-0001-0000", "contents": "161st Intelligence Squadron, History\nThis squadron was Initially constituted and allotted to the Kansas Air National Guard on 29 March 2006. and assigned to the 184th Air Refueling Wing (now 184th Wing) Wing, McConnell Air Force Base. The unit was constituted and allotted to the Kansas Air National Guard on 01 April 2008 as the 161st Intelligence Squadron, falling under Air Combat Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014560-0002-0000", "contents": "161st Intelligence Squadron, History\nOn 1 July 2008, the unit was assigned to the 184th Intelligence Group, under the 184th Intelligence Wing, Kansas Air National Guard, McConnell Air Force Base.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014560-0003-0000", "contents": "161st Intelligence Squadron, History\nThe 161st Intelligence Squadron received federal recognition effective 2 June 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014560-0004-0000", "contents": "161st Intelligence Squadron, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 53], "content_span": [54, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014561-0000-0000", "contents": "161st Mechanised Brigade (Ukraine)\nThe 161st Stanislawska Red Banner Order of Bogdan Khmelnitsky Mechanised Brigade was a brigade of the Ukrainian Ground Forces, which traced its history to the creation of the 161st Rifle Division of the Red Army in 1940.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014561-0001-0000", "contents": "161st Mechanised Brigade (Ukraine), 1st Formation\nThe division first formed from July 1 to Aug. 28, 1940, at Mogilev in the Western Special Military District based on cadres from 143rd Rifle Division and the 342nd and 356th Reserve Regiments, under the command of Colonel Alexey Mikhaylov. At the opening of Operation Barbarossa the division was in the same district and had the following order of battle:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 49], "content_span": [50, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014561-0002-0000", "contents": "161st Mechanised Brigade (Ukraine), 1st Formation\nIn May the division had been brought up to a strength of about 12,000 men with the addition of workers and collective farmers, including 396 Communist Party members and candidates and 2,170 Komsomols, indicating a high proportion of younger and well-motivated men. In addition, a high proportion of senior leaders had combat experience from the Winter War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 49], "content_span": [50, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014561-0003-0000", "contents": "161st Mechanised Brigade (Ukraine), 1st Formation\nOn June 22, 1941, 161st Rifle Division was in transit from Drutyskie Camp in Mogilev Oblast to join 44th Rifle Corps near Minsk. Caught up in the confused fighting east of that city, it fought in 13th Army under both 44th and 2nd Rifle Corps. In August it was reassigned to 20th Army of Western Front, and on the 15th it reported the following strength figures: 695 officers; 787 NCOs; 5,306 men plus 400 replacements just received; 5,464 rifles; 32 SMGs; 20 HMGs; 74 LMGs; 1 AAMG; 12 76mm guns; and no antitank guns, howitzers or mortars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 49], "content_span": [50, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014561-0003-0001", "contents": "161st Mechanised Brigade (Ukraine), 1st Formation\nThe division distinguished itself in the Battle of Smolensk for its stubborn defensive fighting and local counterattacks, and it was withdrawn to the Reserve of the Supreme High Command in September. On Sept. 18, in recognition of its earlier distinctions and its success in the Yelnya Offensive, the 161st became the fourth of the original four rifle divisions raised to the status of Guards on that date.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 49], "content_span": [50, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014561-0004-0000", "contents": "161st Mechanised Brigade (Ukraine), 2nd Formation\nA new 161st Rifle Division formed from Apr. 16 to July 2, 1942, based on a cadre from 13th Rifle Brigade in the Moscow Military District. (The 13th Rifle Brigade had been formed during Autumn, 1941 in the South Caucasus Military District). The order of battle of the new division was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 49], "content_span": [50, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014561-0005-0000", "contents": "161st Mechanised Brigade (Ukraine), 2nd Formation\nA division commander was finally assigned at the beginning of July, when the division was assigned to 3rd Reserve Army in the Reserve of the Supreme High Command. On July 10 this army became the 2nd formation of the 60th Army and joined Voronezh Front. In August the 161st was moved to 38th Army in the same Front, and on Dec. 18 became part of 18th (Separate) Rifle Corps, which in Feb. 1943 formed the basis for the 69th Army, but within a month the division was moved to 40th Army. During these months the division was participating in the winter counteroffensive that partly surrounded and destroyed German 2nd Army, and as this ground to a halt in the spring it found itself well into what became known as the Kursk salient.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 49], "content_span": [50, 779]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014561-0006-0000", "contents": "161st Mechanised Brigade (Ukraine), 2nd Formation\nIn preparation for the Battle of Kursk, 40th Army was in the first echelon of the Voronezh Front defenses, but west of 6th Guards Army, which took the brunt of the German assault, and therefore saw little action. In August the division became part of 47th Rifle Corps. During the Battle of the Dniepr, on Sept. 23, the 161st forced a crossing of the river at Zarubentsy, becoming part of the Bukrin Bridgehead, and 32 men were awarded the Gold Star of the Hero of the Soviet Union.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 49], "content_span": [50, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014561-0006-0001", "contents": "161st Mechanised Brigade (Ukraine), 2nd Formation\nAt the end of 1943 the division was moved to 18th Army, still in the same (now renamed 1st Ukrainian) Front, and in April, 1944, was once again moved to that front's 38th Army. Just before the Lvov\u2013Sandomierz Offensive in July the 161st became part of 1st Guards Army, and it was here that it won the honorific \"Stanislavskihk\" for liberating the Polish town of Stanislav during that operation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 49], "content_span": [50, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014561-0006-0002", "contents": "161st Mechanised Brigade (Ukraine), 2nd Formation\nIn August, 1st Guards Army was reassigned to 4th Ukrainian Front, and apart from a few weeks back again in 18th Army, the division served in that army and that front for the duration as part of 107th Rifle Corps. It ended the war with the official title of 161st Rifle, Stanislav, Order of the Red Banner, Order of Bogdan Khmelnitsky Division. (Russian: 161-\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0421\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u041a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0451\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0440\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0411\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0425\u043c\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u0446\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u0438\u044f.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 49], "content_span": [50, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014561-0007-0000", "contents": "161st Mechanised Brigade (Ukraine), 2nd Formation, Postwar\n24th Mechanised Division by 1955, 99th Motor Rifle Division 1957, then became 161st Motor Rifle Division in January 1965.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 58], "content_span": [59, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014561-0008-0000", "contents": "161st Mechanised Brigade (Ukraine), 161st Motor Rifle Division\nFor most of the 1980s it was part of the 13th Army (Soviet Union) and its headquarters was located at Izyaslav.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014561-0009-0000", "contents": "161st Mechanised Brigade (Ukraine), 161st Motor Rifle Division\nIn the late 1980s the 161st Motor Rifle Division comprised:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014561-0010-0000", "contents": "161st Mechanised Brigade (Ukraine), 161st Motor Rifle Division\nThe 161st Separate Mechanised Brigade was formerly the 161st Motor Rifle Division in Izyaslav. But the brigade's 1067th Anti- Aircraft Rocket Regiment, still had a long time in the air defense forces as a separate regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014562-0000-0000", "contents": "161st New York Infantry Regiment\nThe 161st New York Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment of the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014562-0001-0000", "contents": "161st New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was organized in Elmira, New York and was mustered in for a three-year enlistment on October 27, 1862; it was composed of  companies from Chemung, Steuben, Schuyler, Chenango and Broome Counties. During this time, a typhoid epidemic caused many deaths, with subsequent desertions both at Elmira and in New York City.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014562-0002-0000", "contents": "161st New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment left the State December 4, 1862; it served in Grover's Division, Department of the Gulf, from December, 1862; in 2d Brigade, Augur's Division, from December 31, 1862; in the 3d Brigade, Augur's Division, 19th Corps, from January 21, 1863; in 3d Brigade, 1st Division, 19th Corps, from March, 1863; in the 1st Brigade, 1st Division, 19th Corps, from August 15, 1863; in the Engineer Brigade, Department of the Gulf, from June, 1864; with the 17th Corps from August 14, 1864; in the 3d Brigade, 2d Division, Reserve, 19th Corps, from August 17, 1864; at Columbus, Kentucky, from October 26, 1864; in the 3d Brigade, 2d Division, Reserve, 19th Corps, at Memphis, Tennessee, from November 20, 1864; in the 4th Brigade, Reserve, Military Division of West Mississippi, from December 4, 1864; in 3d Brigade, 1st Division, 13th Corps, from February, 1865; in the District of Florida in June, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 944]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014562-0003-0000", "contents": "161st New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe spring 1863 attack on Port Hudson and the battle at Donaldsonville caused many casualties; illness at New Iberia caused many deaths while the autumn attack on Sabine Pass resulted in many captured. New recruits arrived in the winter of 1863-4 in time for the Red River Campaign. At the Battle of Sabine Cross Roads, many were wounded and captured, while in the summer many deaths from chronic diarrhea occurred at Morganza. New recruits again arrived in the fall, while the beginning of 1865 saw a steamboat accident with drownings and injuries. In the spring, the regiment participated in the Mobile Campaign, then traveled to Florida.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014562-0004-0000", "contents": "161st New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThey were in the Department of Florida from July, 1865, and assigned to Fort Jefferson, Florida in Aug. 1865; the regiment was honorably discharged and mustered out November 12, 1865, at Tallahassee, Florida.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014562-0005-0000", "contents": "161st New York Infantry Regiment, Total strength and casualties\nDuring its service the regiment lost by death, killed in action, 1 officer, 32 enlisted men; of wounds received in action, 23 enlisted men; of disease and other causes, 250 enlisted men; total, 1 officer, 305 enlisted men; aggregate, 306; of whom 13 enlisted men died in the hands of the enemy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 63], "content_span": [64, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014563-0000-0000", "contents": "161st New York State Legislature\nThe 161st New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 5 to March 19, 1938, during the sixth year of Herbert H. Lehman's governorship, in Albany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014563-0001-0000", "contents": "161st New York State Legislature, Background\nUnder the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1894, re-apportioned in 1917, 51 Senators and 150 assemblymen were elected in single-seat districts; senators for a two-year term, assemblymen for a one-year term. The senatorial districts consisted either of one or more entire counties; or a contiguous area within a single county. The counties which were divided into more than one senatorial district were New York (nine districts), Kings (eight), Bronx (three), Erie (three), Monroe (two), Queens (two) and Westchester (two). The Assembly districts were made up of contiguous area, all within the same county.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014563-0002-0000", "contents": "161st New York State Legislature, Background\nAt this time there were two major political parties: the Democratic Party and the Republican Party. The American Labor Party and the Socialist Party also nominated tickets. In New York City, a \"Trades Union\", an \"Anti-Communist\", and a \"City Fusion\" ticket were also nominated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014563-0003-0000", "contents": "161st New York State Legislature, Elections\nThe New York state election, 1937, was held on November 2. The only statewide elective office up for election was a judgeship on the New York Court of Appeals. The Democratic incumbent, Gov. Herbert H. Lehman's brother Irving Lehman, was re-elected with Republican and American Labor endorsement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014563-0004-0000", "contents": "161st New York State Legislature, Elections\nAt the same time, an amendment to the State Constitution to increase of the term in office of the members of the New York State Assembly to two years, and of the statewide elected state officers (Governor, Lieutenant Governor, Comptroller, Attorney General) to four years, was accepted. Also, delegates for a Constitutional Convention, to be held later that year after the legislative session, were elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014563-0005-0000", "contents": "161st New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for the regular session at the State Capitol in Albany on January 5, 1938; and adjourned in the evening of March 19.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014563-0006-0000", "contents": "161st New York State Legislature, Sessions\nOswald D. Heck (Rep.) was re-elected Speaker, with 83 votes against 55 for Irwin Steingut (Dem.) and 4 for Nathaniel M. Minkoff (Am. Labor).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014563-0007-0000", "contents": "161st New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Constitutional Convention met at the State Capitol in Albany on April 5; and adjourned on August 26.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014563-0008-0000", "contents": "161st New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014563-0009-0000", "contents": "161st New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members\nNote: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words \"...the Committee on (the)...\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014563-0010-0000", "contents": "161st New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Assemblymen\nNote: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words \"...the Committee on (the)...\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 61], "content_span": [62, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014564-0000-0000", "contents": "161st Ohio Infantry Regiment\nThe 161st Ohio Infantry Regiment, sometimes 161st Ohio Volunteer Infantry (or 161st OVI) was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014564-0001-0000", "contents": "161st Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 161st Ohio Infantry was organized at Camp Chase in Columbus, Ohio, and mustered in May 9, 1864, for 100 days service under the command of Colonel Oliver P. Taylor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014564-0002-0000", "contents": "161st Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment left Ohio for Cumberland, Maryland, May 9, and served duty there until May 28. Attached to Reserve Division, Department of West Virginia. Moved to Martinsburg, West Virginia, May 28, and assigned to 1st Brigade, 1st Division, Department of West Virginia. Five companies were detached June 4 and assigned to duty in charge of supply trains for Hunter's Army. Hunter's Raid on Lynchburg June 6\u201325. Retreat to Martinsburg June 19\u201325. Moved to Beverly June 28, then to Webster June 30, and to Martinsburg July 2. Operations about Harpers Ferry July 4\u20137. Defense of Maryland Heights July 6\u20137. Duty in the defenses of Maryland Heights until August 25.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 696]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014564-0003-0000", "contents": "161st Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 161st Ohio Infantry mustered out of service September 2, 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014564-0004-0000", "contents": "161st Ohio Infantry Regiment, Ohio National Guard\nOver 35,000 Ohio National Guardsmen were federalized and organized into regiments for 100 days service in May 1864. Shipped to the Eastern Theater, they were designed to be placed in \"safe\" rear areas to protect railroads and supply points, thereby freeing regular troops for Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant\u2019s push on the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia. As events transpired, many units found themselves in combat, stationed in the path of Confederate Gen. Jubal Early\u2019s veteran Army of the Valley during its famed Valley Campaigns of 1864. Ohio Guard units met the battle-tested foe head on and helped blunt the Confederate offensive thereby saving Washington, D.C. from capture. Ohio National Guard units participated in the battles of Monacacy, Fort Stevens, Harpers Ferry, and in the siege of Petersburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 49], "content_span": [50, 863]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014564-0005-0000", "contents": "161st Ohio Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost 14 men during service; 1 enlisted man killed, 1 officer and 12 enlisted men due to disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014565-0000-0000", "contents": "161st Street (Bronx)\n161st Street is a short, major thoroughfare in the southern portion of the Bronx. The road is 1.6 miles (2.6\u00a0km) long and is a much used access to Yankee Stadium on its north side. The 20th-century Yankee Stadium was on the south side of the street. The road begins in the west at an intersection with Jerome Avenue, a major thoroughfare in the Bronx, and Woodycrest Avenue, a one-way street in the Bronx. The road is one of the widest in the Bronx, until the Sheridan Avenue intersection, where the divided highway merges. East 161st Street ends at Elton Avenue. However, the road continues eastward in parts, ending at Hewitt Place, as a short connector.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 677]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014565-0001-0000", "contents": "161st Street (Bronx), History\nEast 161st Street was Cedar Street from the Harlem River to Grand Concourse. It was named after a property built in 1840 called \"The Cedars\". In the village of Melrose, East 161st was known as William Street. From Third Avenue to Prospect Avenue, East 161st Street was known as Grove Hill and was renamed later as Cliff Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014565-0002-0000", "contents": "161st Street (Bronx), Description\nEast 161st Street begins at an intersection with Woodycrest Avenue and Jerome Avenue in the Bronx. The road passes a parking lot to the south and crosses under the Macombs Dam Bridge soon after. After the intersection with Ruppert Place, East 161st passes the south side of Yankee Stadium. Just after Yankee Stadium, River Avenue crosses over East 161st Street. At this intersection is the only subway station on East 161st Street. East 161st is then split by a median used for parking.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 33], "content_span": [34, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014565-0002-0001", "contents": "161st Street (Bronx), Description\nGrand Concourse, a major thoroughfare in the Bronx intersects soon after, ending the divided highway system on East 161st Street. After the Melrose Avenue intersection, the first section of East 161st Street comes to an end as the road continues as Elton Avenue. The second section of East 161st, a one-way street in the opposite direction. The section begins at an intersection with Third Avenue, intersects with Brook Avenue, and makes a curve to the south as Washington Avenue. The third section of East 161st Street begins at Third Avenue, just south of the second section. This one is a half-mile, stretching from Third Avenue to Prospect Avenue. The final, easternmost section begins at an intersection at Westchester Avenue and ends at Hewitt Place, a short connector.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 33], "content_span": [34, 809]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014565-0003-0000", "contents": "161st Street (Bronx), Transportation\nThere is one subway station along the whole length of West/East 161st Streets. It is located at the intersection of River Avenue and West/East 161st Streets. It serves the 4\u200b, B, and \u200bD trains. The station was opened in 1917 for the Woodlawn Line of the IRT, on which runs the 4 train. The second part was opened in 1933 for the IND Concourse Line (B and \u200bD trains). These are the only subway stations for Yankee Stadium.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 36], "content_span": [37, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014565-0004-0000", "contents": "161st Street (Bronx), Transportation\nTwo bus lines run along 161st Street. The first is the Bx6 and the second is the Bx13. There was also a Bx49, which was merged with the Bx13 in 1984.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 36], "content_span": [37, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014566-0000-0000", "contents": "161st Street station (IRT Third Avenue Line)\n161st Street was a local station on the demolished IRT Third Avenue Line in the Bronx, New York City. It was originally opened on August 7, 1887 by the Suburban Rapid Transit Company, and had three tracks and two side platforms. The next stop to the north was 166th Street. It was the northernmost station on the Third Avenue elevated until Christmas Day that year. The next stop to the south was 156th Street. The station closed on April 29, 1973.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014566-0001-0000", "contents": "161st Street station (IRT Third Avenue Line)\nThe train was notable at this station for arriving in front of the Bronx Borough Courthouse.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014567-0000-0000", "contents": "161st Street\u2013Yankee Stadium station\n161st Street\u2013Yankee Stadium is a New York City Subway station complex shared by the elevated IRT Jerome Avenue Line and the underground IND Concourse Line. It is located at the intersection of 161st Street and River Avenue in the Highbridge and Concourse neighborhoods of the Bronx. It is generally served by the 4 train at all times; the D train at all times except rush hours in the peak direction (unless there is an event at Yankee Stadium, and in such event, express trains will stop); and the B train during rush hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014567-0001-0000", "contents": "161st Street\u2013Yankee Stadium station\nThe combined passenger count for 161st Street\u2013Yankee Stadium station in 2019 was 8,254,928, making it the busiest station in the Bronx and 49th busiest overall. This station is one of only two station complexes in the Bronx (the other being 149th Street\u2013Grand Concourse).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014567-0002-0000", "contents": "161st Street\u2013Yankee Stadium station, History, Construction and opening, IRT Jerome Avenue Line\nThe Dual Contracts, which were signed on March 19, 1913, were contracts for the construction and/or rehabilitation and operation of rapid transit lines in the City of New York. The contracts were \"dual\" in that they were signed between the City and two separate private companies (the Interborough Rapid Transit Company and the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company), all working together to make the construction of the Dual Contracts possible. The Dual Contracts promised the construction of several lines in the Bronx. As part of Contract 3, the IRT agreed to build an elevated line along Jerome Avenue in the Bronx.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 94], "content_span": [95, 707]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014567-0003-0000", "contents": "161st Street\u2013Yankee Stadium station, History, Construction and opening, IRT Jerome Avenue Line\n161st Street station opened as part of the initial section of the line to Kingsbridge Road on June 2, 1917. Service was initially operated as a shuttle between Kingsbridge Road and 149th Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 94], "content_span": [95, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014567-0004-0000", "contents": "161st Street\u2013Yankee Stadium station, History, Construction and opening, IRT Jerome Avenue Line\nOn July 1, 1918, trains on the Ninth Avenue El began stopping here, as they were extended from 155th Street, entering the Bronx via the Putnam Bridge, a now-demolished swing bridge immediately north of the Macombs Dam Bridge, to connect with the Jerome Avenue line between 161st Street and 167th Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 94], "content_span": [95, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014567-0005-0000", "contents": "161st Street\u2013Yankee Stadium station, History, Construction and opening, IRT Jerome Avenue Line\nThrough service to the IRT Lexington Avenue Line began on July 17, 1918. The line was completed with a final extension to Woodlawn on April 15, 1918. This section was initially served by shuttle service, with passengers transferring at this station. The construction of the line encouraged development along Jerome Avenue, and led to the growth of the surrounding communities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 94], "content_span": [95, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014567-0006-0000", "contents": "161st Street\u2013Yankee Stadium station, History, Construction and opening, IND Concourse Line\nThe IND Concourse Line, also referred to as the Bronx\u2212Concourse Line, was one of the original lines of the city-owned Independent Subway System (IND). The line running from Bedford Park Boulevard to the IND Eighth Avenue Line in Manhattan was approved by the New York City Board of Transportation on March 10, 1925, with the connection between the two lines approved on March 24, 1927. The line was originally intended to be four tracks, rather than three tracks, to Bedford Park Boulevard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 90], "content_span": [91, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014567-0007-0000", "contents": "161st Street\u2013Yankee Stadium station, History, Construction and opening, IND Concourse Line\nConstruction of the line began in July 1928. The building of the line and proposed extensions to central and eastern Bronx (see below) led to real estate booms in the area. The entire Concourse Line, including 161st Street\u2014River Avenue station, opened on July 1, 1933, less than ten months after the IND's first line, the IND Eighth Avenue Line, opened for service. Initial service was provided by the C train, at that time an express train, between 205th Street, then via the Eighth Avenue Line, Cranberry Street Tunnel and the IND South Brooklyn Line (now Culver Line) to Bergen Street. The CC provided local service between Bedford Park Boulevard and Hudson Terminal (now World Trade Center).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 90], "content_span": [91, 786]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014567-0008-0000", "contents": "161st Street\u2013Yankee Stadium station, History, Construction and opening, IND Concourse Line\nOn December 15, 1940, with the opening of the IND Sixth Avenue Line, the D train began serving the IND Concourse Line along with the C and CC. It made express stops in peak during rush hours and Saturdays and local stops at all other times. C express service was discontinued in 1949-51, but the C designation was reinstated in 1985 when double letters used to indicate local service was discontinued. During this time, the D made local stops along the Concourse Line at all times except rush hours, when the C ran local to Bedford Park Boulevard. On March 1, 1998, the B train replaced the C as the rush-hour local on the Concourse Line, with the C moving to the Washington Heights portion of the Eighth Avenue Line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 90], "content_span": [91, 808]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014567-0009-0000", "contents": "161st Street\u2013Yankee Stadium station, History, Construction and opening, IND Concourse Line\nWhen the IND portion was built in 1933, paper tickets were used to transfer between the two lines; this method was used until the 1950s, when the indoor escalators were built.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 90], "content_span": [91, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014567-0010-0000", "contents": "161st Street\u2013Yankee Stadium station, History, Station renovations\nElevators at the station were installed in the early 2000s as part of a three-year renovation of the station complex and opened in late 2002, making the station only the fourth in the Bronx to be fully ADA-compliant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 65], "content_span": [66, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014567-0011-0000", "contents": "161st Street\u2013Yankee Stadium station, Station layout\nThe station complex is ADA-accessible, with elevators available to all platforms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 51], "content_span": [52, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014567-0012-0000", "contents": "161st Street\u2013Yankee Stadium station, Station layout\nThis station is located adjacent to Yankee Stadium, and also provides service to many Bronx County courts, government facilities, and shopping districts in Concourse Village, which are a short walk to the east. The station is three blocks away from the Yankees\u2013East 153rd Street station, a Metro-North Railroad stop on the Hudson Line, which provides service to Yankee Stadium from Manhattan and the Lower Hudson Valley up to Poughkeepsie. Additional service is provided to this station in the form of shuttles from Grand Central, as well as select trains on the Harlem and New Haven lines on game days.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 51], "content_span": [52, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014567-0013-0000", "contents": "161st Street\u2013Yankee Stadium station, Station layout\nThe 2002 artwork here is called Wall-Slide by Vito Acconci, which consists of sections of the station walls \"sliding\" out of place, sometimes out of the station. Wall-Slide forms seating on the IND platforms, and also reveals a mosaic work, Room of Tranquility by Helene Brandt, on the IRT mezzanine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 51], "content_span": [52, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014567-0014-0000", "contents": "161st Street\u2013Yankee Stadium station, IRT Jerome Avenue Line platforms\n161st Street\u2013Yankee Stadium is a local station on the IRT Jerome Avenue Line that has three tracks and two side platforms. The 4 stops here at all times.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 69], "content_span": [70, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014567-0015-0000", "contents": "161st Street\u2013Yankee Stadium station, IRT Jerome Avenue Line platforms\nThe station has extra exit stairs to handle stadium crowds at the southern end of each platform, which make the platforms at this station much longer than traditional IRT platforms. These stairs lead to a separate mezzanine and fare control that were built to serve the old Yankee Stadium located across 161st Street; they continue to serve the new Yankee Stadium during events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 69], "content_span": [70, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014567-0016-0000", "contents": "161st Street\u2013Yankee Stadium station, IRT Jerome Avenue Line platforms\nThe former IRT Ninth Avenue Line connected with the IRT Jerome Avenue Line just north of this station, near 162nd Street. A stub of the Ninth Avenue Line connecting trackway still exists and is visible today.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 69], "content_span": [70, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014567-0017-0000", "contents": "161st Street\u2013Yankee Stadium station, IRT Jerome Avenue Line platforms, Exits\nOn each side of River Avenue, there is one street stair to each of 161st Street's two medians. There are also two stairs to the southwest corner and one to the southeast corner. The northeast corner has an ADA-accessible elevator and transfer passageway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 76], "content_span": [77, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014567-0018-0000", "contents": "161st Street\u2013Yankee Stadium station, IRT Jerome Avenue Line platforms, Exits\nThe view of the old Yankee Stadium from the IRT Jerome Line platform", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 76], "content_span": [77, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014567-0019-0000", "contents": "161st Street\u2013Yankee Stadium station, IRT Jerome Avenue Line platforms, Exits\nThe IRT Jerome Line station as seen from the street", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 76], "content_span": [77, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014567-0020-0000", "contents": "161st Street\u2013Yankee Stadium station, IND Concourse Line platforms\n161st Street\u2013Yankee Stadium (161st Street\u2013River Avenue on some signage) is a local station on the IND Concourse Line that has three tracks and two side platforms. It is the southernmost station on the IND Concourse Line within the Bronx.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 65], "content_span": [66, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014567-0021-0000", "contents": "161st Street\u2013Yankee Stadium station, IND Concourse Line platforms, Exits\nThe full-time mezzanine to the west is at 161st Street and River Avenue with four street staircases. The part-time entrance to the east is at Walton Avenue and has two street staircases and a passageway to 161st Street. Before the renovation, there was a full length mezzanine, with Transit Bureau Offices located to one side. After the renovation, the NYPD area was expanded, and public areas inside fare control were sealed, thus dividing the mezzanine into two separate areas. A few staircases to the platforms were also sealed and removed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 72], "content_span": [73, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014568-0000-0000", "contents": "161st Virginia General Assembly\nThe 161st Virginia General Assembly, consisting of members who were elected in both the House election and Senate elections in 2019, convened on January 8, 2020. It is the first time that Democrats have held both houses of the General Assembly and the governorship since the 147th General Assembly in 1993.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014568-0001-0000", "contents": "161st Virginia General Assembly\nA special session was called by Governor Ralph Northam for August 18, 2020 to make budget cuts and pass bills for criminal justice reform, racial justice, affordable housing and COVID-19 protections. The special session ended on November 9, 2020. After a shorter 30-day session occurred from January to February 2021, Northam called for another special session which lasted until March. After the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, the State Capitol was closed to the public and sessions were re-located to alternative buildings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014568-0002-0000", "contents": "161st Virginia General Assembly, Membership\nOn November 9, 2019, Eileen Filler-Corn was nominated by the Democratic majority caucus for Speaker of the House of Delegates, and upon election by the House on January 8, she became the first woman and first person of Jewish descent to be elected Speaker. Concurrently, Charniele Herring was elected as Majority Leader, making her the first woman and first African-American to serve as Majority Leader.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014568-0003-0000", "contents": "161st Virginia General Assembly, Membership\nIn addition, Ghazala Hashmi became the first Muslim woman to be elected to the Senate. Incumbent Danica Roem became the first transgender legislator to be re-elected to office in U.S. history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014568-0004-0000", "contents": "161st Virginia General Assembly, Membership\nIn total, the 161st General Assembly has the highest number of women elected to both bodies, with 30 in the House and 11 in the Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014568-0005-0000", "contents": "161st Virginia General Assembly, Membership\nSpeaker Filler-Corn selected Del. Luke Torian to be the first African-American House Appropriations Chair in state history. This was the first time that an African-American delegate was selected to chair a House committee since William P. Robinson Jr. (D-Norfolk) chaired the Transportation Committee in 1998 and was co-chairman of the panel in 1998, according to House Clerk G. Paul Nardo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014568-0006-0000", "contents": "161st Virginia General Assembly, Leadership, Senate, Committee chairs and ranking members\nThe Senate of Virginia has 10 Standing Committees and a Committee on Rules.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 89], "content_span": [90, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014568-0007-0000", "contents": "161st Virginia General Assembly, Legislation\nPre -filing of bills for the 2020 session began November 18, 2019. 828 bills were passed by the House by crossover day on February 12, 2020, an increase from the 603 bills passed under the Republican majority in the 2019 session.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 44], "content_span": [45, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014568-0008-0000", "contents": "161st Virginia General Assembly, Enacted, Equal Rights Amendment\nHJ 1, prefiled by Jennifer Carroll Foy, and SJ 1, filed by Jennifer McClellan, will make Virginia the 3rd state since 2017 and the 38th overall necessary to ratify the Equal Rights Amendment (counting the five that have since voted to rescind their ratifications). Both bills were given initial approval, with SJ 1 being approved 28-12 in the Senate and HJ 1 being approved 59-41 in the House, and were passed by the other chamber on January 27. All Democrats and several Republicans in both chambers voted in favor of the resolutions. However, experts and advocates have acknowledged legal uncertainty about the consequences of Virginia's potential ratification, due to the expired deadlines and the five states' purported revocations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 64], "content_span": [65, 801]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014568-0009-0000", "contents": "161st Virginia General Assembly, Events\nA peaceful protest opposing gun control legislation occurred outside the Virginia State Capitol on January 20, 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 39], "content_span": [40, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014569-0000-0000", "contents": "161st meridian east\nThe meridian 161\u00b0 east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014569-0001-0000", "contents": "161st meridian east\nThe 161st meridian east forms a great circle with the 19th meridian west.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014569-0002-0000", "contents": "161st meridian east, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 161st meridian east passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014570-0000-0000", "contents": "161st meridian west\nThe meridian 161\u00b0 west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014570-0001-0000", "contents": "161st meridian west\nThe 161st meridian west forms a great circle with the 19th meridian east.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014570-0002-0000", "contents": "161st meridian west, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 161st meridian west passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014571-0000-0000", "contents": "162\nYear 162 (CLXII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Rusticus and Plautius (or, less frequently, year 915 Ab urbe condita).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014571-0001-0000", "contents": "162\nThe denomination 162 AD for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014572-0000-0000", "contents": "162 (number)\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by Fyrael (talk | contribs) at 21:19, 17 June 2020 (Disambiguating links to Enoch (link changed to Enoch (ancestor of Noah)) using DisamAssist.). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014572-0001-0000", "contents": "162 (number)\n162 (one hundred [and] sixty-two) is the natural number between 161 and 163.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014572-0002-0000", "contents": "162 (number), In mathematics\nHaving only 2 and 3 as its prime divisors, 162 is a 3-smooth number. 162 is also an abundant number, since its sum of divisors 1+2+3+6+9+18+27+54+81=201{\\displaystyle 1+2+3+6+9+18+27+54+81=201} is greater than it. As the product 3\u00d76\u00d79=162{\\displaystyle 3\\times 6\\times 9=162} of numbers three units apart from each other, it is a triple factorial number.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014572-0003-0000", "contents": "162 (number), In mathematics\nThere are 162 ways of partitioning seven items into subsets of at least two items per subset.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014573-0000-0000", "contents": "162 AM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 162\u00a0kHz:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014574-0000-0000", "contents": "162 BC\nYear 162 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Corculum/Lentulus and Figulus/Ahenobarbus (or, less frequently, year 592 Ab urbe condita) and the Second Year of Houyuan. The denomination 162 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014575-0000-0000", "contents": "162 Candles\n\"162 Candles\" is the eighth episode of the first season of The CW television series, The Vampire Diaries and the eighth episode of the series overall. It originally aired on November 5, 2009. The episode was written by Barbie Kligman and Gabrielle Stanton and directed by Rick Bota.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014575-0001-0000", "contents": "162 Candles, Plot\nThe episode starts with Stefan (Paul Wesley) waking up at the living room and hearing noises in the house. He thinks that is Damon (Ian Somerhalder) but it is really his old friend Lexi (Arielle Kebbel) who came to celebrate his birthday. Stefan is happy to see her and he tells her about the recent happenings in Mystic Falls, including Elena (Nina Dobrev) but he does not mention that Elena looks exactly like Katherine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014575-0002-0000", "contents": "162 Candles, Plot\nAt the police station, Sheriff Forbes (Marguerite MacIntyre) interrogates everyone about Vicki's (Kayla Ewell) disappearance. Stefan and Elena match their stories that Stefan was just trying to help her with her drug issues, Jeremy (Steven R. McQueen) only remembers the things Damon compelled him to remember and Matt (Zach Roerig) does not know anything other than what Jeremy told him. Matt and Jeremy believe she just left town and even Sheriff is not convinced, there is nothing more she can do. When the interrogations are over, Elena tells Stefan that they should stay away from each other.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014575-0003-0000", "contents": "162 Candles, Plot\nSheriff Forbes works late when Damon arrives at her office to bring her a package (supposedly from uncle Zach) that contains vervain. The Sheriff believes that Zach is out of town, as Damon made them believe, and now he tries to make the members of the council trust him and offers his help. That way, he can learn more things about the council and what they know.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014575-0004-0000", "contents": "162 Candles, Plot\nBonnie (Kat Graham) visits Elena at her bedroom who is down after her break up with Stefan. Bonnie tries to cheer her up by showing her a trick her grandmother taught her and she tells her that she is truly a witch. Bonnie is afraid that Elena will not believe her but Elena does.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014575-0005-0000", "contents": "162 Candles, Plot\nDamon runs into Caroline (Candice Accola) who is still mad at him after the way he treated her. He compels her to throw a party and he also asks her to get his crystal back from Bonnie. Caroline says that she will do it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014575-0006-0000", "contents": "162 Candles, Plot\nAt the Salvatore house, Stefan and Lexi talk about Elena when Damon shows up to invite them to Caroline's party later. Stefan is not in the mood of partying but Lexi convinces him that they should go. While Stefan gets into the shower, Elena knocks on the door and Lexi calls her in. Lexi is shocked seeing how much she looks like Katherine and Elena is surprised seeing Lexi in a towel and knowing Stefan is in the shower, believing that the two of them slept together and leaves. Lexi immediately runs back to the bedroom and ask Stefan what is wrong with him and why is he after a girl who looks like Katherine's twin sister. Stefan reassures her that Elena has nothing in common with Katherine and Lexi sees that Stefan is really in love with Elena.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 771]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014575-0007-0000", "contents": "162 Candles, Plot\nStefan stops by Elena's house before he goes to the party to ask her what she wanted to talk to him about. He realizes what Elena thought seeing Lexi and he explains that she is only a friend \u2014 his oldest friend \u2014 and she is in town for his birthday. Elena is relieved but she still does not want to go to Caroline's party and declines Stefan's proposal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014575-0008-0000", "contents": "162 Candles, Plot\nAt the party, Caroline asks Bonnie for the crystal, but Bonnie does not give it back. Caroline tries to take it, but it shocks her the moment she touches it. The two of them argue and Bonnie leaves. When later Damon asks Caroline if she got his crystal back and she tells him no, he tells her that she is useless and shallow and leaves the bar. When he gets out he sees a young couple making out, he attacks them, kills the boy and compels the girl.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014575-0009-0000", "contents": "162 Candles, Plot\nElena changes her mind and arrives at the party seeing Lexi and Stefan having fun while playing pool. Lexi gets to the bar to order some drinks when she sees Elena. She approaches her and the two of them have a nice talk about Stefan making Elena relax a little bit about Stefan being a vampire, to give him some time and he will soon be totally himself around her. When Lexi goes back to Stefan, Stefan thanks her for what she did.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014575-0010-0000", "contents": "162 Candles, Plot\nSheriff Forbes finds the girl who survived Damon's attack and she asks her if she saw anything. The girl nods that she did and the Sheriff asks her to tell her everything.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014575-0011-0000", "contents": "162 Candles, Plot\nBack at the party, a very drunk Caroline sits down with Matt who offers to take her back home. On their way out, they run into the Sheriff who sees that her daughter is drunk. She thanks Matt for offering to take her home and she gets back to work.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014575-0012-0000", "contents": "162 Candles, Plot\nElena finally decides to go and talk to Stefan while Lexi talks with Damon at the bar and asks him why he really is in town. Damon admits that he has a diabolical plan but he refuses to reveal it to her. While they are talking, Sheriff brings in the girl from the attack, who points to Lexi as her attacker. Sheriff walks up to Lexi and injects her with vervain. The cops drag Lexi out of the bar and Stefan, who saw everything, tries to get out to see what is happening.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014575-0013-0000", "contents": "162 Candles, Plot\nLexi throws off the men holding her and as she walks towards the Sheriff, Sheriff shoots her several times with wooden bullets but Lexi is strong and can handle the pain. Just as she is about to reach the Sheriff, Damon shows up and stakes her in heart. Lexi dies while Stefan and Elena watch from afar in shock. Damon whispers to Lexi before she dies that he did it because it was part of his plan. Sheriff thanks Damon for his help and asks him to put Lexi's body in the police car. Damon is relieved that his plan to throw the town off of his and Stefan's scent has worked.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014575-0014-0000", "contents": "162 Candles, Plot\nStefan is furious with Damon after killing Lexi and convinced that Damon will never change he tells Elena that he will go home and kill him. Elena tries to stop him because she knows that Stefan killing his brother will not do any good to him. She tells him that she will be there for him but he warns her to stay away.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014575-0015-0000", "contents": "162 Candles, Plot\nBack at home, Stefan finds Damon waiting for him and the two of them get into a fight. Stefan stakes Damon, but not in the heart, telling him that now they are even; he saved his life once and now he spares his. Stefan walks away and Damon pulls the stake out of his body.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014575-0016-0000", "contents": "162 Candles, Plot\nThe episode ends with Bonnie having a nightmare of her running through a forest. She trips and falls and when she rises her eyes she sees her ancestor Emily (Bianca Lawson) warning her that \"It's coming\". Bonnie wakes up terrified but she is no longer in her bed but in the cemetery, at the Salvatore crypt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014575-0017-0000", "contents": "162 Candles, Reception, Ratings\nIn its original American broadcast, \"162 Candles\" was watched by 4.09 million; down by 0.09 from the previous episode.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 31], "content_span": [32, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014575-0018-0000", "contents": "162 Candles, Reception, Reviews\nMatt Richenthal from TV Fanatic gave a good review to the episode saying that \"...it started out slow, but when the action picked up, it really picked up!\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 31], "content_span": [32, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014575-0019-0000", "contents": "162 Candles, Reception, Reviews\nJosie Kafka of Doux Reviews rated the episode with 3/4 saying that despite the surprising death of a new character [Lexie] we were just getting to know, the episode was \"pretty damn good\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 31], "content_span": [32, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014575-0020-0000", "contents": "162 Candles, Reception, Reviews\nLucia from Heroine TV also gave a good review to the episode saying: \"...this was another thoroughly entertaining episode, with great moments for all the characters involved \u2014 even my often-neglected favorites, Matt and Bonnie (hurrah for screen time!). Thank you, show, for continuing to be surprisingly awesome.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 31], "content_span": [32, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014575-0021-0000", "contents": "162 Candles, Reception, Reviews\nPopsugar of Buzzsugar gave a good review to the episode stating: \"From the looks of the preview, I definitely thought this week would just be a filler episode, but it managed to keep up the pace of last week's super intense and amazing Haunted.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 31], "content_span": [32, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014575-0022-0000", "contents": "162 Candles, Reception, Reviews\nDespite the positive reviews, Robin Franson Pruter of Forced Viewing rated the episode with only 1/4 saying: \"A few good moments can\u2019t buoy an episode sunk by the failure of its main story. [ ...] \"162 Candles\" remains the weakest episode of the series to date.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 31], "content_span": [32, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014576-0000-0000", "contents": "162 Laurentia\n162 Laurentia is a large and dark main-belt asteroid that was discovered by the French brothers Paul Henry and Prosper Henry on 21 April 1876, and named after Joseph Jean Pierre Laurent, an amateur astronomer who discovered asteroid 51 Nemausa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014576-0001-0000", "contents": "162 Laurentia\nAn occultation by Laurentia was observed from Clive, Alberta on 21 November 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014576-0002-0000", "contents": "162 Laurentia\nPhotometric observations of this asteroid from multiple observatories during 2007 gave a light curve with a period of 11.8686 \u00b1 0.0004 hours and a brightness variation of 0.40 \u00b1 0.05 in magnitude. This is in agreement with previous studies in 1994 and 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014577-0000-0000", "contents": "162 Regiment RLC\n162 Regiment RLC is an Army Reserve Regiment of the British Army's Royal Logistic Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014577-0001-0000", "contents": "162 Regiment RLC, History\nThe regiment was formed in the Royal Corps of Transport as 162nd Movement Control Regiment, RCT (Volunteers) in 1967. It absorbed 88 Postal and Courier Regiment RLC and was re-named  as 162 Regiment RLC in 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014578-0000-0000", "contents": "1620\n1620 (MDCXX) was a leap year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a leap year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar, the 1620th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 620th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 20th  year of the 17th\u00a0century, and the  1st   year of the 1620s decade. As of the start of 1620, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014579-0000-0000", "contents": "1620 AM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1620\u00a0kHz: 1620 AM is a Regional broadcast frequency.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014579-0001-0000", "contents": "1620 AM, In the United States\nAll stations operate with 10\u00a0kW during the daytime and 1\u00a0kW at nighttime and are Class B stations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 29], "content_span": [30, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014580-0000-0000", "contents": "1620 Geographos\n1620 Geographos (/d\u0292i\u02d0o\u028a\u02c8\u0261r\u00e6f\u0252s/), provisional designation 1951 RA, is a highly elongated, stony asteroid, near-Earth object and potentially hazardous asteroid of the Apollo group, with a mean-diameter of approximately 2.5\u00a0km (1.6\u00a0mi). It was discovered on 14 September 1951, by astronomers Albert George Wilson and Rudolph Minkowski at the Palomar Observatory in California, United States. The asteroid was named in honor of the National Geographic Society.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014580-0001-0000", "contents": "1620 Geographos, Orbit and classification\nGeographos orbits the Sun at a distance of 0.8\u20131.7\u00a0AU once every 1 years and 5 months (508 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.34 and an inclination of 13\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. Its orbit is well-determined for the next several hundred years. Due to its high eccentricity, Geographos is also a Mars-crosser asteroid. The body's observation arc begins at Palomar, two weeks prior to its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014580-0002-0000", "contents": "1620 Geographos, Orbit and classification, Close approaches\nAs a potentially hazardous asteroid, Geographos has a minimum orbital intersection distance (MOID) with Earth of less than 0.05\u00a0AU and a diameter of greater than 150 meters. The Earth-MOID is currently 0.0301\u00a0AU (4,500,000\u00a0km), which translates into 11.7 lunar distances. In 1994, Geographos made its closest approach to Earth in two centuries at 5.0 Gm \u2013 which will not be bettered until 2586.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 59], "content_span": [60, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014580-0003-0000", "contents": "1620 Geographos, Failed Clementine mission\nGeographos was to be explored by the U.S.'s Clementine mission which was launched in January 1994. However, a malfunction in the spacecraft ended the mission before it could approach the asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 42], "content_span": [43, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014580-0004-0000", "contents": "1620 Geographos, Physical characteristics, Spectral type\nIn the Tholen and SMASS classification, Geographos is an S-type asteroid. This means that it is highly reflective and composed of nickel-iron mixed with iron- and magnesium-silicates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 56], "content_span": [57, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014580-0005-0000", "contents": "1620 Geographos, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nSince the 1970s, several rotational lightcurve of Geographos have been obtained from photometric observations. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period (retrograde sense of rotation) between 5.222 and 5.224 hours with a very high brightness variation between 1.02 and 2.03 magnitude (U=3/3/3/2/3/3/3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 58], "content_span": [59, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014580-0006-0000", "contents": "1620 Geographos, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nThe Yarkovsky effect is causing a decrease in the orbital semimajor axis of 27.4\u00b15.7\u00a0m yr\u22121, while the YORP effect is increasing the asteroid's rotation at the rate of (1.5\u00b10.2)\u00d710\u22123\u00a0rad yr\u22122.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 58], "content_span": [59, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014580-0007-0000", "contents": "1620 Geographos, Physical characteristics, Spin axis\nSeveral lightcurve were also modeled from the abundant photometric observations. In 1994 and 1995, Polish astronomers obtained a concurring period 5.223328 hours and found a spin axis of (54.0\u00b0, \u221252.0\u00b0) in ecliptic coordinates (\u03bb,\u2009\u03b2) (Q=3/3). Radiometric observations gave a period of 5.223327 hours and a pole of (55.0\u00b0, \u221246.0\u00b0). Two other international studies obtained a period of 5.223326 hours and a pole at (56.0\u00b0, \u221247.0\u00b0) and (55.0\u00b0, \u221245.0\u00b0), respectively (Q=3/3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 52], "content_span": [53, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014580-0008-0000", "contents": "1620 Geographos, Physical characteristics, Shape and structure\nThe light curve shows a high amplitude, indicative of its elongated shape, measuring 5.0\u2009\u00d7\u20092.0\u2009\u00d7\u20092.1 kilometers, which corresponds to a mean-diameter of 2.5\u00a0km.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 62], "content_span": [63, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014580-0009-0000", "contents": "1620 Geographos, Physical characteristics, Shape and structure\nThe interior of the asteroid probably has a rubble-pile structure. The asteroid's high thermal inertia indicates the surface is most likely a mix of fine grains and large rocks and boulders. During the asteroid's close approach to Earth in 1994, a radar study of it was conducted by the Deep Space Network at the Goldstone Observatory, California. The resultant images show Geographos to be the most elongated object in the Solar System.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 62], "content_span": [63, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014580-0010-0000", "contents": "1620 Geographos, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the observations with the Goldstone Observatory and the space-based surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS and the NEOWISE mission of the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Geographos measures between 1.77 and 2.56 kilometers in diameter  and its surface has an albedo between 0.26 and 0.3258. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts an albedo of 0.26 and a diameter of 2.5 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 15.09.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 62], "content_span": [63, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014580-0011-0000", "contents": "1620 Geographos, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the National Geographic Society, in recognition of its contribution to astronomy by supporting the National Geographic Society \u2013 Palomar Observatory Sky Survey (NGS-POSS), which produced a photographic atlas of the entire northern sky in the 1950s. NGS-POSS was headed by the second discoverer, Rudolph Minkowski. The Greek word geographos means geographer (from geo\u2013 'Earth' + graphos 'drawer/writer'). The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center in August 1956 (M.P.C. 1468).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014581-0000-0000", "contents": "1620 L Street\n1620 L Street is a high-rise building in Washington, D.C. The building rises 12 floors and 157 feet (48\u00a0m) in height. The building was designed by architectural firm Smith, Segreti, Tepper, McMahon & Harned and was completed in 1989. As of July 2008, the structure stands as the 24th-tallest building in the city, tied in rank with 1111 19th Street, 1333 H Street, 1000 Connecticut Avenue, the Republic Building, 1010 Mass, the Army and Navy Club Building and the Watergate Hotel and Office Building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014581-0000-0001", "contents": "1620 L Street\n1620 L Street is an example of postmodern architecture, and has a glass and granite facade. It is composed almost entirely of office space, with 512,000 square feet (48,000\u00a0m2) of commercial area; the three basement levels are used as parking space, containing a 126-spot parking garage. The street level floor is used for commercial retailing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014582-0000-0000", "contents": "1620 Robben Island earthquake\nThe 1620 Robben island earthquake is widely accepted as the oldest recorded earthquake in South African history. It reportedly occurred on 7 April 1620 off Robben Island, with a Mercalli intensity of II\u2013IV (Weak\u2013Light). The event was observed by Augustin de Beaulieu, who was leading a fleet of three ships on Table Bay at the time, who recorded \"two startling thunderclaps like cannon shots while ship was becalmed near Robben Island\" between 6:00 and 7:00.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014582-0001-0000", "contents": "1620 Robben Island earthquake\nIn 2012, Sharad Master of the South African Journal of Science has disputed the accuracy of the recording of the event, concluding that the thunderclaps were very likely atmospheric phenomena. He argues that it was the slight quake which occurred off Cape Town in 1690 which is actually the oldest recorded one in South Africa which can be verified, of Mercalli intensity III.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014583-0000-0000", "contents": "1620 in France\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by BrownHairedGirl (talk | contribs) at 18:41, 19 June 2020 (use Template:Year in France header, which needs no parameters and applies categories, replaced: {{yearbox|   in?= in France|}} \u2192 {{Year in France header}}). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014587-0000-0000", "contents": "1620 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1620.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014588-0000-0000", "contents": "1620 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014588-0001-0000", "contents": "1620 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014588-0002-0000", "contents": "1620 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014589-0000-0000", "contents": "1620 in science\nThe year 1620 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014590-0000-0000", "contents": "1620s\nThe 1620s decade ran from January 1, 1620, to December 31, 1629.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014590-0001-0000", "contents": "1620s, Events, 1623, July\u2013December\nGabriel Bethlen (Hungarian: Bethlen G\u00e1bor; 15 November 1580 \u2013 15 November 1629) Prince of Transylvania and King-elect of Hungary with his diploma dated in Kolozsv\u00e1r/Klausenburg/Cluj he allows Jews to settle, trade freely and practice religion in Transylvania, and exempts them from wearing the usual Jewish sign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 34], "content_span": [35, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014591-0000-0000", "contents": "1620s BC\nThe 1620s BC was a decade lasting from January 1, 1629 BC to December 31, 1620 BC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 91]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014592-0000-0000", "contents": "1620s in England\nEvents from the 1620s in England. This decade sees a change of monarch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014593-0000-0000", "contents": "1620s in South Africa\nThe following lists events that happened during the 1620s in South Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 96]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014594-0000-0000", "contents": "1620s in archaeology\nThe decade of the 1620s in archaeology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014595-0000-0000", "contents": "1621\n1621 (MDCXXI) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar, the 1621st year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 621st  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 21st  year of the 17th\u00a0century, and the  2nd   year of the 1620s decade. As of the start of 1621, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014596-0000-0000", "contents": "1621 Druzhba\n1621 Druzhba, provisional designation 1926 TM, is a stony Florian asteroid and relatively slow rotator from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 10 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 1 October 1926, by Russian astronomer Sergey Belyavsky at Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula. It was named after the Russian word for friendship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014596-0001-0000", "contents": "1621 Druzhba, Classification and orbit\nDruzhba is a member of the Flora family, one of the largest collisional groups of stony asteroids in the main-belt. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.0\u20132.5\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 4 months (1,216 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.12 and an inclination of 3\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. Druzhba's observation arc begins at the discovering observatory, one week after its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014596-0002-0000", "contents": "1621 Druzhba, Physical characteristics\nIn the Tholen classification, Druzhba is a common S-type asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014596-0003-0000", "contents": "1621 Druzhba, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn August 2009, American amateur astronomer Robert D. Stephens obtained a rotational lightcurve of Druzhba from photometric observations. In gave a well-defined rotation period of 99.20 hours with a change in brightness of 0.75\t magnitude (U=3) A 2016-published modeled light-curve of 99.100 hours concurred with the result.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 55], "content_span": [56, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014596-0004-0000", "contents": "1621 Druzhba, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nThis makes it a relatively slow rotator, as the vast majority of minor planets rotate every 2 to 20 hours around their axis. Druzhba's long rotation period was particularly difficulty to measure: Previously, observations by Richard Ditteon at Oakley Observatory gave a period solution of 47.9 hours (\u0394mag 1.0; U=1), while Polish astronomer Wies\u0142aw Wi\u015bniewski obtained a period of only 12 hours in the late 1980s (\u0394mag 0.16; U=1).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 55], "content_span": [56, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014596-0005-0000", "contents": "1621 Druzhba, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Druzhba measures between 9.08 and 12.69 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.237 and 0.312.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014596-0006-0000", "contents": "1621 Druzhba, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nBased on an absolute magnitude of 12.37, the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives a diameter of 9.05 kilometers and an albedo of 0.243 \u2013 similar to the albedo of 8\u00a0Flora, the family's largest member and namesake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014596-0007-0000", "contents": "1621 Druzhba, Naming\nThis minor planet was named Druzhba, this is a Slavic word for friendship and the name of several cities, towns and other localities in Russia, Ukraine, Bulgaria and Kazakhstan. The asteroid's name was proposed by the Institute of Theoretical Astronomy in St. Petersburg. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 June 1967 (M.P.C. 2740).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014597-0000-0000", "contents": "1621 Panama earthquake\nThe 1621 Panama earthquake, also known as the Panam\u00e1 Viejo earthquake occurred between 16:30 and 16:45 (UTC\u22125) on 2 May. It is considered to be the first documented violent quake in the Isthmus of Panama, with the epicenter at Pedro Miguel Fault, with a maximum Mercalli intensity of VII (Very strong). The quake shook and partially destroyed the Old Panama City, (Panama Viejo), which at that time was a town of about 5,000 inhabitants. It left extensive damage, especially with buildings made of masonry which were partially or fully destroyed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014597-0001-0000", "contents": "1621 Panama earthquake\nAmong the buildings that suffered total collapse were the council, municipal, barracks and prison buildings, and the house of the judge of the Audiencia of Panama. The Convento de la Concepci\u00f3n and the Church of the Society of Jesus also suffered considerable damage, but were only partially rebuilt. The earthquake was preceded by a minor earthquake, which occurred between 9 and 10 am, and a small tsunami was reported by a witness, which flooded a street bordering the coast of Panama city.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014599-0000-0000", "contents": "1621 in India\nThis article is about the particular significance of the year 1621 to India and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014607-0000-0000", "contents": "1621 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014607-0001-0000", "contents": "1621 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014607-0002-0000", "contents": "1621 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014608-0000-0000", "contents": "1621 in science\nThe year 1621 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014609-0000-0000", "contents": "1621 papal conclave\nThe 1621 papal conclave (February 8 \u2013 February 9) was convened on the death of Pope Paul V and ended with the election of Alessandro Ludovisi as Pope Gregory XV. It was the shortest conclave in the seventeenth century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014609-0001-0000", "contents": "1621 papal conclave, Death of Paul V\nPope Paul V died on January 28, 1621 in the 16th year of his pontificate. At the time of his death, there were seventy cardinals in the Sacred College, but only sixty nine were valid electors. Fifty one of them participated in the election of the new Pope.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 36], "content_span": [37, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014609-0002-0000", "contents": "1621 papal conclave, Factions in the Sacred College\nThere were three main parties in the Sacred College, with cardinal-nephews of the deceased Popes as leaders:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 51], "content_span": [52, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014609-0003-0000", "contents": "1621 papal conclave, Factions in the Sacred College\nThree cardinals of the Italian ruling families (d'Este, Medici and Sforza) were not counted among the members of these factions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 51], "content_span": [52, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014609-0004-0000", "contents": "1621 papal conclave, Factions in the Sacred College\nIt was generally thought that the next Pope would be the candidate chosen by Cardinal Borghese, because he was the most influential person in the Sacred College. He wanted to elect his friend Cardinal Campori, and already before opening the conclave he had obtained twenty four declarations in his favor. Although Campori had two significant opponents (Republic of Venice and Cardinal Orsini), Borghese was sure that he would be able to achieve his election on the first day of voting, by acclamation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 51], "content_span": [52, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014609-0005-0000", "contents": "1621 papal conclave, The election of Pope Gregory XV\nThe conclave began in the evening of February 8. On the next day, Cardinal Borghese tried to elect Campori by acclamation, but failed because many of his friends defected and aligned themselves with Orsini, who had secured French support for his action against Campori. Facing such strong opposition, Campori withdrew his candidature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 52], "content_span": [53, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014609-0006-0000", "contents": "1621 papal conclave, The election of Pope Gregory XV\nIn the subsequent scrutiny (the only one during this conclave), the greatest number of votes received (fifteen) were for Jesuit Cardinal Robert Bellarmine, but he had already declared in the previous conclave that he would not accept papal dignity in the case of his election. Now, at the age of 78, Bellarmine did not change his mind.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 52], "content_span": [53, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014609-0007-0000", "contents": "1621 papal conclave, The election of Pope Gregory XV\nThe rest of the day the most influential cardinals: Borghese, Orsini, Zapata, Capponi, d'Este and Medici, spent on looking for a compromise candidature. Finally, the leaders of factions agreed to elect aged and ill Cardinal Alessandro Ludovisi of Bologna, who seemed to have been the ideal candidate for a temporary pontificate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 52], "content_span": [53, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014609-0008-0000", "contents": "1621 papal conclave, The election of Pope Gregory XV\nOn that same day, at about 11 o\u2019clock in the evening, all the cardinals assembled in the Capella Paolina and by acclamation elected Alessandro Ludovisi to the papacy. He accepted his election and took the name of Gregory XV.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 52], "content_span": [53, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014609-0009-0000", "contents": "1621 papal conclave, Legacy\nPope Gregory XV in his Bull Aeterni Patris Filius (November 15, 1621) prescribed that in the future only three modes of papal election were to be allowed: scrutiny, compromise, and quasi-inspiration. His Bull \"Decet Romanum Pontificem\" (March 12, 1622) contains a ceremonial that regulates these three modes of election in every detail. The ordinary mode of election was to be election by scrutiny, which required that the vote be secret, that each cardinal give his vote to only one candidate and that no one vote for himself.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 27], "content_span": [28, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014609-0009-0001", "contents": "1621 papal conclave, Legacy\nMost of the papal elections during the sixteenth century were influenced by political conditions and by party considerations in the College of Cardinals. By introducing secrecy of vote, Pope Gregory XV intended to abolish these abuses. The rules and ceremonies prescribed by Gregory XV were kept substantially the same until Pope John Paul II issued the constitution \"Universi Dominici Gregis\" in 1996.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 27], "content_span": [28, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014610-0000-0000", "contents": "162173 Ryugu\n162173 Ryugu, provisional designation 1999 JU3, is a near-Earth object and a potentially hazardous asteroid of the Apollo group. It measures approximately 1 kilometre (0.62\u00a0mi) in diameter and is a dark object of the rare spectral type Cb, with qualities of both a C-type asteroid and a B-type asteroid. In June 2018, the Japanese spacecraft Hayabusa2 arrived at the asteroid. After making measurements and taking samples, Hayabusa2 left Ryugu for Earth in November 2019 and returned the sample capsule to Earth on 5 December 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014610-0001-0000", "contents": "162173 Ryugu, History, Discovery and name\nRyugu was discovered on 10 May 1999 by astronomers with the Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research at the Lincoln Lab's ETS near Socorro, New Mexico, in the United States. It was given the provisional designation 1999 JU3. The asteroid was officially named \"Ryugu\" by the Minor Planet Center on 28 September 2015 (M.P.C. 95804). The name refers to Ry\u016bg\u016b-j\u014d (Dragon Palace), a magical underwater palace in a Japanese folktale. In the story, the fisherman Urashima Tar\u014d travels to the palace on the back of a turtle, and when he returns, he carries with him a mysterious box, much like Hayabusa2 returning with samples.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 41], "content_span": [42, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014610-0002-0000", "contents": "162173 Ryugu, Geological history\nRyugu formed as part of an asteroid family, belonging either to Eulalia or Polana. Those asteroid families are likely fragments of past asteroid collisions. The large number of boulders on the surface supports a catastrophic disruption of the parent body. The parent body of Ryugu likely experienced dehydration due to internal heating and must have formed in an environment without a strong magnetic field. After this catastrophic disruption, part of the surface was reshaped again by the high speed rotation of the asteroid forming the equatorial ridge (Ryujin Dorsum). Only the western bulge remained as an older structure. It is hoped that surface samples will help to reveal more of the geological history of the asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 32], "content_span": [33, 760]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014610-0003-0000", "contents": "162173 Ryugu, Characteristics, Orbit\nRyugu orbits the Sun at a distance of 0.96\u20131.41\u00a0AU once every 16 months (474 days; semi-major axis of 1.19\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.19 and an inclination of 6\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. It has a minimum orbital intersection distance with Earth of 95,443.442\u00a0km (0.000638\u00a0AU), equivalent to 0.23 lunar distances.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 36], "content_span": [37, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014610-0004-0000", "contents": "162173 Ryugu, Characteristics, Physical\nEarly analysis in 2012 by Thomas G. M\u00fcller et al. used data from a number of observatories, and suggested that the asteroid was \"almost spherical\", a fact that hinders precise conclusions, with retrograde rotation, an effective diameter of 0.85\u20130.88 km (0.528 miles) and a geometric albedo of 0.044 to 0.050. They estimated that the grain sizes of its surface materials are between 1 and 10\u00a0mm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 39], "content_span": [40, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014610-0005-0000", "contents": "162173 Ryugu, Characteristics, Physical\nInitial images taken by the Hayabusa2 spacecraft on approach at a distance of 700\u00a0km (430\u00a0mi) were released on 14 June 2018. They revealed a diamond-shaped body and confirmed its retrograde rotation. Between 17 and 18 June 2018, Hayabusa2 went from 330 to 240\u00a0km (210 to 150\u00a0mi) from Ryugu and captured a series of additional images from the closer approach. Astronomer Brian May created stereoscopic images from data collected a few days later. After a few months of exploration, JAXA scientists concluded that Ryugu is actually a rubble pile with about 50% of its volume being empty space.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 39], "content_span": [40, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014610-0006-0000", "contents": "162173 Ryugu, Characteristics, Physical\nThe acceleration due to gravity at the equator has been evaluated at about 0.11\u00a0mm/s2, rising to 0.15\u00a0mm/s2 at the poles. The mass of Ryugu is estimated at about 450\u00a0million tonnes. The asteroid has a volume of 0.377 \u00b1 0.005\u00a0km3 and a bulk density of 1.19 \u00b1 0.03 g/cm3 based on the shape model.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 39], "content_span": [40, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014610-0007-0000", "contents": "162173 Ryugu, Characteristics, Shape\nRyugu has a round shape with an equatorial ridge, called Ryujin Dorsum. Ryugu is a spinning top-shape asteroid similar to Bennu. The ridge is shaped by strong centrifugal forces. The western side has a different shape compared to the rest of the asteroid. The western side, also called the western bulge has a smooth surface with a sharp equatorial ridge. The models showed that subsurface material is structurally intact and relaxed in the western bulge, while other regions are more sensitive to structural failure. The eastern and western side of Ryugu are bordered by the Tokoyo and Horai Fossae. The structural differences are due to structural changes in the history of the asteroids. Landslides and internal alternations reshaped the asteroid during a phase of high-speed rotation. The western bulge is the region that was not affected by these reshaping forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 36], "content_span": [37, 906]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014610-0008-0000", "contents": "162173 Ryugu, Characteristics, Surface\nObservations from Hayabusa2 showed that the surface of Ryugu is very young and has an age of 8.9 \u00b1 2.5 million years based on the data collected from the artificial crater that was created with an explosive by Hayabusa2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014610-0009-0000", "contents": "162173 Ryugu, Characteristics, Surface\nThe surface of Ryugu is porous and contains no or very little dust. The measurements with the radiometer on board of MASCOT, which is called MARA, showed a low thermal conductivity of the boulders. This was an in situ measurement of the high porosity of the boulder material. This result showed that most meteorites originating from C-type asteroids are too fragile to survive the entry into Earth's atmosphere.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014610-0009-0001", "contents": "162173 Ryugu, Characteristics, Surface\nThe images from the camera of MASCOT, which is called MASCam, showed that surface of Ryugu contains two different almost black types of rock with little internal cohesion, but no dust was detected. One type of rocky material on the surface is brighter with a smooth surface and sharp edges. The other type of rock is dark with a cauliflower-like, crumbly surface. The dark type of rock has a dark matrix with small, bright, spectrally different inclusions. The inclusions appear similar to CI chondrites. An unanticipated side effect from the Hyabusa2 thrusters revealed a coating of dark, fine-grained red material.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014610-0010-0000", "contents": "162173 Ryugu, Characteristics, Surface, Craters\nRyugu has 77 craters on the surface. Ryugu shows variations of crater density that cannot be explained by randomness of cratering. There are more craters at lower latitudes and fewer at higher latitudes, and fewer craters in the western bulge (160\u00b0E \u2013 290\u00b0E) than in the region around the meridian (300\u00b0E \u2013 30\u00b0E). This variation is seen as evidence of a complicated geologic history of Ryugu. The surface has one artificial crater, which was intentionally formed by the Small Carry-on Impactor (SCI), which was deployed by Hayabusa2. SCI fired a 2\u00a0kg copper mass onto the surface of Ryugu on 5 April, 2019. The artificial crater showed a darker subsurface material. It created an ejecta of 1\u00a0cm thickness and excavated material from up to 1 metre in depth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 47], "content_span": [48, 804]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014610-0011-0000", "contents": "162173 Ryugu, Characteristics, Surface, Boulders\nRyugu contains 4,400 boulders with a size larger than 5 metres. Ryugu has more large boulders per surface area than Itokawa or Bennu, about one boulder larger than 20 metres per 50\u00a0km2. The boulders resemble laboratory impact fragments. The high number of boulders is explained with a catastrophic disruption of Ryugu's larger parent body. The largest boulder, called Otohime has a size of ~160\u202f\u00d7\u202f120\u202f\u00d7\u202f70\u202fm and is too large to be explained with an ejected boulder from a crater.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 48], "content_span": [49, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014610-0012-0000", "contents": "162173 Ryugu, Characteristics, Magnetic field\nNo magnetic field was detected near Ryugu on a global or local scale. This measurement is based on the magnetometer on board of MASCOT, which is called MasMag. This shows that Ryugu does not generate a magnetic field, indicating that the larger body from which it was fragmented was not generated in an environment with a strong magnetic field. This result cannot be generalized for C-type asteroids, however, because the surface of Ryugu seems to have been recreated in a catastrophic disruption.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 45], "content_span": [46, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014610-0013-0000", "contents": "162173 Ryugu, Surface features\nAs of August 2019, there are 13 surface features that are named by the IAU. The three landing sites are not officially confirmed but are referred to by specific names in media by JAXA. The theme of features on Ryugu is \"children's stories\". Ryugu was the first object to introduce the feature type known as the Saxum, referring to the large boulders found on Ryugu's surface.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 30], "content_span": [31, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014610-0014-0000", "contents": "162173 Ryugu, Surface features, Dorsa\nA dorsum is a ridge. There is a single dorsum on Ryugu.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 37], "content_span": [38, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014610-0015-0000", "contents": "162173 Ryugu, Surface features, Saxa\nA saxum is a large boulder. Ryugu is the first astronomical object with them being named. Two boulders have been named \"Styx\" and \"Small Styx\" unofficially by the JAXA team; it is unknown if these names will be submitted for IAU approval. Both names refer to the River Styx.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 36], "content_span": [37, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014610-0016-0000", "contents": "162173 Ryugu, Surface features, Landing sites\nJAXA has given informal names to the specific landing and collection sites.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 45], "content_span": [46, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014610-0017-0000", "contents": "162173 Ryugu, Hayabusa2 mission\nThe Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) spacecraft Hayabusa2 was launched in December 2014 and successfully arrived at the asteroid on 27 June 2018. It returned material from the asteroid to Earth in December 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 31], "content_span": [32, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014610-0018-0000", "contents": "162173 Ryugu, Hayabusa2 mission\nThe Hayabusa2 mission includes four rovers with various scientific instruments. The rovers are named HIBOU (aka Rover-1A), OWL (aka Rover-1B), MASCOT and Rover-2 (aka MINERVA-II-2). On 21 September 2018, the first two of these rovers, HIBOU and OWL (together the MINERVA-II-1 rovers) which hop around the surface of the asteroid, were released from Hayabusa2. This marks the first time a mission has completed a successful landing on a fast-moving asteroid body.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 31], "content_span": [32, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014610-0019-0000", "contents": "162173 Ryugu, Hayabusa2 mission\nOn 3 October 2018, the German-French Mobile Asteroid Surface Scout (MASCOT) lander successfully arrived on Ryugu, ten days after the MINERVA rovers landed. Its mission was short-lived, as was planned; the lander had only 16 hours of battery power and no way to recharge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 31], "content_span": [32, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014610-0020-0000", "contents": "162173 Ryugu, Hayabusa2 mission\nHayabusa2 touched down briefly on February 22, 2019 on Ryugu, fired a small tantalum projectile into the surface to collect the cloud of surface debris within the sampling horn, and then moved back to its holding position. The second sampling was from the subsurface, and it involved firing a large copper projectile from an altitude of 500 metres to expose pristine material. After several weeks, it touched down on 11 July 2019 to sample the subsurface material, using its sampler horn and tantalum bullet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 31], "content_span": [32, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014610-0021-0000", "contents": "162173 Ryugu, Hayabusa2 mission\nThe last rover, Rover-2 or MINERVA-II-2, failed before release from the Hayabusa2 orbiter. It was deployed anyway on 2 October 2019 in orbit around Ryugu to perform gravitational measurements. It impacted the asteroid a few days after release.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 31], "content_span": [32, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014610-0022-0000", "contents": "162173 Ryugu, Hayabusa2 mission\nOn 13 November 2019, commands were sent to Hayabusa2 to leave Ryugu and begin its journey back to Earth. On 6 December 2020 (Australian time), a capsule containing the samples landed in Australia and after a brief search was retrieved.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 31], "content_span": [32, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014610-0023-0000", "contents": "162173 Ryugu, Hayabusa2 mission\nPrior to the sample capsule return, the amount of sample was expected to be at least 0.1 g. The description of overall bulk sample was planned to be done by JAXA in the first six months. 5 wt% of the sample will be allocated for the detailed analysis by JAXA. 15 wt% will be allocated for initial analysis, and 10 wt% for \"phase 2\" analysis among Japanese research groups. Within a year, NASA (10 wt%) and international \"phase 2\" research groups (5 wt%) will receive their allotment. 15 wt% will be allocated for research proposals by international Announcement of Opportunity. 40 wt% of the sample will be stored unused for future analysis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 31], "content_span": [32, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014610-0024-0000", "contents": "162173 Ryugu, Hayabusa2 mission\nAfter the sample capsule return, the amount of retrieved sample is about 5.4 g. Since it was 50 times more than anticipated, allotment plan was adjusted so that: 2 wt% to the detailed analysis by JAXA; 6 wt% for the initial analysis; 4 wt% for the \"phase 2\" analysis by Japanese research groups; 10 wt% for NASA; 2 wt% for the international \"phase 2\" research groups; 1 wt% for the public outreach; 15 wt% for the international Announcement of Opportunity; and the 60 wt% will be preserved for future analysis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 31], "content_span": [32, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014611-0000-0000", "contents": "1622\n1622 (MDCXXII) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar, the 1622nd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 622nd  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 22nd  year of the 17th\u00a0century, and the  3rd   year of the 1620s decade. As of the start of 1622, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014612-0000-0000", "contents": "1622 Chacornac\n1622 Chacornac, provisional designation 1952 EA, is a stony Flora asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 9 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 15 March 1952, by French astronomer Alfred Schmitt at the Royal Observatory of Belgium in Uccle, and named after astronomer Jean Chacornac.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014612-0001-0000", "contents": "1622 Chacornac, Orbit and classification\nThe S-type asteroid is a member of the Flora family, one of the largest groups of stony asteroids. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.9\u20132.6\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 4 months (1,220 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.16 and an inclination of 6\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The first precovery was taken at Lowell Observatory in 1930, extending Chacornac's observation arc by 22 years prior to its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014612-0002-0000", "contents": "1622 Chacornac, Lightcurves\nBetween 2009 and 2013, several rotational lightcurves for this asteroid were obtained from photometric observations at the Palomar Transient Factory and the Hunters Hill Observatory, as well as by astronomers Eric Barbotin and Raoul Behrend. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period between 11.48 and 12.20 hours with a brightness variation between 0.21 and 0.25 in magnitude (U=2/2/2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014612-0003-0000", "contents": "1622 Chacornac, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite, Chacornac measures 10.3 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.224, while observations by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission gave a diameter of 8.4 kilometers and a high albedo of 0.36. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link agrees with the results obtained by AKARI and assumes an albedo of 0.24 \u2013 derived from 8 Flora, the family's largest member and namesake \u2013 and calculates a diameter of 9.9 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 12.2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 35], "content_span": [36, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014612-0004-0000", "contents": "1622 Chacornac, Naming\nThis minor planet was named in memory of French astronomer Jean Chacornac (1823\u20131873), an early discoverer of minor planets himself, most notably 25 Phocaea. He also discovered the parabolic comet C/1852 K1 (Chacornac) in 1852 and independently discovered 20 Massalia. The lunar crater Chacornac also bears his name. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 August 1978 (M.P.C. 4418).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014613-0000-0000", "contents": "1622 North Guyuan earthquake\nThe 1622 North Guyuan earthquake struck Ningxia, China on 25 October with a Richter magnitude of 7.0 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of X (Extreme). It was the only recorded big earthquake in western China for 148 years, between 1561 and 1709. The earthquake occurred on the \"rake of the Zhongwei-Tongxin fault\", with a mid-seismogenic depth of about 15 kilometres (9.3\u00a0mi).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014623-0000-0000", "contents": "1622 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1622.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014625-0000-0000", "contents": "1622 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014625-0001-0000", "contents": "1622 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014625-0002-0000", "contents": "1622 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014626-0000-0000", "contents": "1622 in science\nThe year 1622 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014627-0000-0000", "contents": "1623\n1623 (MDCXXIII) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar, the 1623rd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 623rd  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 23rd  year of the 17th\u00a0century, and the  4th   year of the 1620s decade. As of the start of 1623, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014627-0001-0000", "contents": "1623, Events, July\u2013December\nGabriel Bethlen (Hungarian: Bethlen G\u00e1bor; 15 November 1580 \u2013 15 November 1629) Prince of Transylvania and King-elect of Hungary with his diploma dated in Kolozsv\u00e1r/Klausenburg/Cluj he allows Jews to settle, trade freely and practice religion in Transylvania, and exempts them from wearing the usual Jewish sign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 27], "content_span": [28, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014628-0000-0000", "contents": "1623 Malta plague outbreak\nThe 1623 Malta plague outbreak was a minor outbreak of plague (Maltese: pesta) on the island of Malta, then ruled by the Order of St John. It was probably caused by infected materials from a major epidemic in 1592\u20131593, and it was successfully contained after causing 40 to 45 deaths.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014628-0001-0000", "contents": "1623 Malta plague outbreak, Background\nAt the time of the outbreak, Malta was ruled by the Order of St John. Between 1592 and 1593, a plague epidemic had killed about 3,000 people on the island.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 38], "content_span": [39, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014628-0002-0000", "contents": "1623 Malta plague outbreak, Outbreak\nThe first cases of plague in this outbreak were detected in the capital Valletta, among family members of Paulus Emilius Ramadus, the Port Chief Sanitary Officer. It is suspected that the latter had handled refuse material from the 1592\u20131593 epidemic which might have been infected, causing the 1623 outbreak. The disease subsequently spread to a number of other households.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 36], "content_span": [37, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014628-0003-0000", "contents": "1623 Malta plague outbreak, Outbreak, Containment measures\nIn the 1623 outbreak health authorities implemented strict measures which managed to successfully contain the spread of the disease. Sanitary Commissioners isolated people who had been infected and those who came in contact with them on Bishop's Island in Marsamxett Harbour. Houses of infected people were guarded, and restrictions were imposed on movement between Valletta and the rest of the island. Congregations were prohibited, and other containment measures included the banning of cloaks, which were believed to facilitate contact between people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 58], "content_span": [59, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014628-0004-0000", "contents": "1623 Malta plague outbreak, Impact\nThe outbreak caused the deaths of either 40 or 45 people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 34], "content_span": [35, 92]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014629-0000-0000", "contents": "1623 Vivian\n1623 Vivian, provisional designation 1948 PL, is a carbonaceous Themis asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 25 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 9 August 1948, by South African astronomer Ernest Johnson at Johannesburg Observatory in South Africa. It was named after Vivian Hirst, daughter of British astronomer William P. Hirst.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014629-0001-0000", "contents": "1623 Vivian, Orbit and classification\nVivian is a C-type asteroid and member of the Themis family, a large family of asteroids with nearly coplanar ecliptical orbits. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.7\u20133.6\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 7 months (2,035 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.16 and an inclination of 2\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. Vivian's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation, as no precoveries were taken, and no prior identifications were made.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014629-0002-0000", "contents": "1623 Vivian, Rotation period and pole\nIn March 2006, a rotational lightcurve of Vivian was obtained by American astronomer Lawrence Molnar at the Calvin\u2013Rehoboth Observatory in New Mexico. It gave it a rotation period of 20.5209 hours with a brightness variation of 0.85 magnitude (U=3-). Modeled lightcurve data gave a concurring period of 20.5235 hours (U=n.a. ).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014629-0003-0000", "contents": "1623 Vivian, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Vivian measures between 24.77 and 29.98 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.075 and 0.08. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.08 and calculates a diameter of 25.82 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 11.3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 32], "content_span": [33, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014629-0004-0000", "contents": "1623 Vivian, Naming\nThis minor planet was named in honor of Vivian Hirst, daughter of British astronomer William P. Hirst, receiver of the Astronomical Society of Southern Africa's Gill Medal and after whom the minor planet 3172 Hirst is named. Hirst calculated the preliminary orbit for this and several other minor planets discovered by Ernest Johnson. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 January 1974 (M.P.C. 3569).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014632-0000-0000", "contents": "1623 in Italy\nAn incomplete series of events which occurred in Italy in 1623:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 77]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014636-0000-0000", "contents": "1623 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1623.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014638-0000-0000", "contents": "1623 in philosophy, Events\nPhilosophy is written in this grand book, the universe, which stands continually open to our gaze. But the book cannot be understood unless one first learns to comprehend the language and read the letters in which it is composed. It is written in the language of mathematics and its characters are triangles and circles, and other geometric figures without which it is humanly impossible to understand a single word of it; without these, one wanders about in a dark labyrinth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 26], "content_span": [27, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014639-0000-0000", "contents": "1623 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014639-0001-0000", "contents": "1623 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014639-0002-0000", "contents": "1623 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014640-0000-0000", "contents": "1623 in science\nThe year 1623 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014641-0000-0000", "contents": "1623 papal conclave\nThe 1623 papal conclave was convened on the death of Pope Gregory XV and ended with the election of Maffeo Barberini as Pope Urban VIII. It was the first conclave to take place after the reforms that Gregory XV issued in his 1621 bull Aeterni Patris Filius.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014641-0001-0000", "contents": "1623 papal conclave, Background\nAfter his election, Gregory XV had reformed the papal conclave system with his bull Aeterni Patris Filius of 1621, which was intended to streamline the conclave process, and this was the first papal election to follow these reforms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014641-0002-0000", "contents": "1623 papal conclave, Background\nFollowing the 1605 conclaves, papal elections had become standardized despite not being hereditary. The typical pope during the 200 years following Paul V's election that year was around seventy and had been a cardinal for a decade after a career as a canon lawyer. Popes typically came from the second-tier nobility of Rome or the Papal States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014641-0003-0000", "contents": "1623 papal conclave, Conclave\nFifty-four cardinals participated in the conclave following the death of Gregory XV. Among them were four Spanish cardinals and three German cardinals, but none from France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014641-0004-0000", "contents": "1623 papal conclave, Conclave\nThe cardinals were primarily split in factions between those created by popes before Pope Paul V was elected in 1605, who numbered thirteen, those created by Paul, who numbered thirty-two, and those created by Gregory XV, who numbered nine. The two cardinals who had the most influence over the conclave were Scipione Borghese, the nephew of Paul V, and Ludovico Ludovisi, the nephew of Gregory XV. Ludovisi attempted to increase his influence over the conclave by becoming allies with the cardinals who originated from regions controlled by the Habsburgs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014641-0005-0000", "contents": "1623 papal conclave, Conclave\nBorghese had supported Pietro Campori in the previous conclave, which had elected Gregory XV, and Campori was his preferred candidate during this conclave as well. It was anticipated that Campori's age of 66 would be a benefit, because a Spanish memorandum had revealed that they viewed older cardinals as less likely to develop an independent foreign policy as pope. Because the French influence in this election was not expected to be much, Borghese anticipated that electing Campori pope would be easier, since French opposition had been the main thing preventing it in the previous conclave.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014641-0006-0000", "contents": "1623 papal conclave, Conclave\nThe first scrutiny of the conclave was significant because it revealed that Gregory XV's reform intended to discourage cardinals from voting for their friends in the first round had not been successful. The second scrutiny revealed to Borghese that Giovanni Garzia Mellini was the candidate from the Borghese party that had the most support among electors. Ludovisi was opposed to Mellini, and he spread rumours amongst the cardinals that Borghese would rather die than see anyone outside of his faction becoming pope. These rumours caused other cardinals to lose good will towards Borghese, coupled with the alleged fact that the summer heat had begun to exhaust them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 699]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014641-0007-0000", "contents": "1623 papal conclave, Election of Urban VIII\nAfter candidates from both major factions had been rejected by the electors, Borghese began to look for neutral candidates including Maffeo Barberini. Barberini began openly campaigning for his own election, which had not been seen in previous conclaves. Barberini had been friends with Maurice of Savoy, who served as the spokesman for the cardinals supporting France during the conclave. He also received the support of Ludovisi, which caused Borghese to oppose him. Borghese had contracted an illness during the conclave, and in order to leave he agreed to the election of Barberini and instructed his cardinals to vote for Barberini's election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 692]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014641-0008-0000", "contents": "1623 papal conclave, Election of Urban VIII\nIn the next scrutiny, Barberini received enough votes for election, but there was one ballot missing. The cardinals disputed what to do for two hours, and eventually Barberini requested a second scrutiny, which he won with fifty out of the fifty-four cardinals present. The relative speed of Urban's election has been attributed to the summer heat that the cardinals were forced to endure during the process.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014641-0009-0000", "contents": "1623 papal conclave, Election of Urban VIII\nUpon his election, Barberini took the name of Urban VIII. Barberini had previously served as the papal nuncio to France under Paul V, and had been created a cardinal because of his service there, and his election pleased Louis XIII of France. During Paul V's papacy Urban was noted in a series of biographies on potential cardinal electors for being a writer and poet. The symbol of his family was the bee, and his election was afterwards said by Romans to have been foretold by a swarm of bees entering the conclave. Following the election, eight cardinals died within two weeks, but the new pope survived despite catching malaria during the conclave.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 696]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014642-0000-0000", "contents": "1624\n1624 (MDCXXIV) was a leap year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a leap year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar, the 1624th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 624th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 24th  year of the 17th\u00a0century, and the  5th   year of the 1620s decade. As of the start of 1624, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014646-0000-0000", "contents": "1624 in Italy\nAn incomplete list of events which occurred in Italy in 1624:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 75]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014651-0000-0000", "contents": "1624 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1624.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014653-0000-0000", "contents": "1624 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014653-0001-0000", "contents": "1624 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014653-0002-0000", "contents": "1624 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014654-0000-0000", "contents": "1624 in science\nThe year 1624 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014655-0000-0000", "contents": "1625\n1625 (MDCXXV) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar, the 1625th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 625th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 25th  year of the 17th\u00a0century, and the  6th   year of the 1620s decade. As of the start of 1625, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014656-0000-0000", "contents": "1625 El Salvador earthquake\nThe 1625 El Salvador earthquake struck El Salvador in 1625. Described as a \"violent earthquake that caused serious damage\", it affected the city of San Salvador, and left it in ruins. Surrounding pueblos were also affected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014657-0000-0000", "contents": "1625 Eye Street\n1625 Eye Street is a high-rise  building located in Washington, D.C., United States. Its construction began in 2001 and was completed in 2003. The building rises to 160 feet (49\u00a0m), featuring 12 floors and 10 elevators to serve those 12 floors. The construction of this building replaced the Cafritz Building, which also used the same address as this building. The original architect of the building was Skidmore, Owings & Merrill (Washington), who designed the postmodern concept of the building. Gensler repositioned the design and ultimately completed the documentation, permitting and construction administration of the building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014657-0000-0001", "contents": "1625 Eye Street\nThe material of the postmodern design includes steel and glass. The building serves as an office use building and as a parking garage. The building is operated by American Real Estate Partners. The building was originally operated and developed by Union Labor Life Insurance Company, though in late 2003, Skidmore, Owings, & Merrill (Washington) bought the operations to the building for $157 million.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014657-0001-0000", "contents": "1625 Eye Street\nThe building's tenants include CQ Roll Call, Colliers International, the Consumer Healthcare Products Association, and O'Melveny & Myers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014658-0000-0000", "contents": "1625 The NORC\n1625 The NORC, provisional designation 1953 RB, is a carbonaceous asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 55 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 1 September 1953, by Belgian astronomer Sylvain Arend at the Royal Observatory of Belgium in Uccle, Belgium. It was named after the IBM Naval Ordnance Research Calculator (NORC).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014658-0001-0000", "contents": "1625 The NORC, Orbit and classification\nThe NORC orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.5\u20133.9\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 8 months (2,083 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.23 and an inclination of 16\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroid was first identified as A914 SA at Heidelberg Observatory in 1914. Its observation arc begins 24 years prior to its official discovery observation, when it was identified as 1929 CA at Uccle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014658-0002-0000", "contents": "1625 The NORC, Physical characteristics\nIn the Tholen classification, The NORC is a common carbonaceous C-type asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014658-0003-0000", "contents": "1625 The NORC, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves\nBetween 2009 and 2014, five rotational light-curve were obtained of The NORC from photometric observations taken by Ren\u00e9 Roy, David Higgins and the Palomar Transient Factory. The light-curves gave a rotation period between 12.94 and 18.820 hours with a change in brightness of 0.06 to 0.33 in magnitude (U=+1/2/3-). The best rated result with a period of 13.959 hours (\u0394mag 0.16) was obtained by Australian amateur astronomer David Higgins.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 52], "content_span": [53, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014658-0004-0000", "contents": "1625 The NORC, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by Japanese Akari satellite and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, The NORC measures between 44.66 and 75.11 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo of 0.023 and 0.065. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for carbonaceous asteroids of 0.057 and calculates a diameter of 47.60 kilometers using an absolute magnitude of 10.34.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014658-0005-0000", "contents": "1625 The NORC, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the IBM Naval Ordnance Research Calculator (NORC), IBM's first-generation vacuum tube computer built in the 1950s (also see List of vacuum tube computers and \u00a7\u00a0External links). NORC was the fastest, most powerful electronic computer of its time. Under the direction of Wallace J. Eckert, after whom the asteroid 1750 Eckert is named, NORC performed a vast amount of orbital calculations for minor planet. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center in May 1957 (M.P.C. 1591).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014661-0000-0000", "contents": "1625 in Italy\nAn incomplete series of events which occurred in Italy in 1625:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 77]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014665-0000-0000", "contents": "1625 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1625.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014667-0000-0000", "contents": "1625 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014667-0001-0000", "contents": "1625 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014667-0002-0000", "contents": "1625 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014668-0000-0000", "contents": "1625 in science\nThe year 1625 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014669-0000-0000", "contents": "1626\n1626 (MDCXXVI) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar, the 1626th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 626th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 26th  year of the 17th\u00a0century, and the  7th   year of the 1620s decade. As of the start of 1626, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014670-0000-0000", "contents": "1626 Girifalco earthquake\nThe 1626 Girifalco earthquake occurred on April 5 at 12:45. It was the strongest earthquake in a sequence that lasted from March 27 through to October of that year. It had an estimated magnitude of 6.0 Me and a maximum perceived intensity of X (extreme) on the Modified Mercalli scale. It caused widespread destruction in Girifalco and Catanzaro, then part of the Kingdom of Naples. There is no precise estimate for the number of casualties, but it is thought to lie in the range 11-100. The earthquake may have been caused by movement on the NW-SE trending Stalett\u00ec-Squillace-Maida fault system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014671-0000-0000", "contents": "1626 Sadeya\n1626 Sadeya, prov. designation: 1927 AA, is a stony Phocaea asteroid and binary system from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 15 kilometers (9.3 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 10 January 1927, by Catalan astronomer Josep Comas i Sol\u00e0 at Fabra Observatory in Barcelona, Spain, and named after the Spanish and American Astronomical Society. The discovery of a companion was announced on 1 December 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014671-0001-0000", "contents": "1626 Sadeya, Orbit and classification\nThe stony S-type asteroid is a member of the Phocaea family (701), a group of asteroids with rather high inclinations between 18\u00b0 and 32\u00b0. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.7\u20133.0\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 8 months (1,327 days; semi-major axis of 2.36\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.27 and an inclination of 25\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. Sadeya's observation arc begins 2 months after its official discovery with a precovery taken at Yerkes Observatory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014671-0002-0000", "contents": "1626 Sadeya, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the Spanish and American Astronomical Society, also known by its acronym \"S.A.D.E.Y.A.\" (Spanish: Sociedad Astr\u00f3nomica de Espa\u00f1a y Am\u00e9rica). It was founded by Comas i Sol\u00e0, who also was its first president. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 30 January 1964 (M.P.C. 2277).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014671-0003-0000", "contents": "1626 Sadeya, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nSadeya has a well-defined rotation period between 3.414 and 3.438 hours with a change in brightness between 0.07 and 0.22 in magnitude (U=2+/3-/3). These numerous rotational lightcurves were obtained by ESO astronomers, Julian Oey, Pierre Antonini, Ramon Naves, Enric Forn\u00e9, Hilari Pallares, Brian Warner and Vladimir Benishek between 1996 and 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 54], "content_span": [55, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014671-0004-0000", "contents": "1626 Sadeya, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Sadeya measures between 14.25 and 15.14 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.30 and 0.512. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a lower albedo of 0.23 \u2013 derived from 25 Phocaea, the namesake of the Phocaea family \u2013 and calculates a diameter of 15.95 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 11.2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014671-0005-0000", "contents": "1626 Sadeya, Satellite\nOn 1 December 2020, the discovery of a satellite in orbit of Sadeya was announced by Vladimir Benishek, Petr Pravec, and several other collaborators. The minor-planet moon measures approximately 3.81 kilometers (2.4 miles) in diameter, or 26% that of its primary, and has an orbital period of about  51.3 hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014672-0000-0000", "contents": "1626 University of Cambridge Chancellor election\nThe election for the Chancellorship of the University of Cambridge, 1626, chose a new Chancellor of the University. There were two candidates for the post, George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham, supported by the king, and Thomas Howard, 1st Earl of Berkshire, a son of the Chancellor who had just died.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014672-0001-0000", "contents": "1626 University of Cambridge Chancellor election, Background\nThe election was brought about by the death on 28 March 1626 of the previous Chancellor, the Earl of Suffolk. A past Lord High Treasurer who had fallen from office, Suffolk had owned Audley End House, near Cambridge, said to be the largest private house in England, and at the time of his death was Lord Lieutenant of Cambridgeshire and also of Suffolk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 60], "content_span": [61, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014672-0002-0000", "contents": "1626 University of Cambridge Chancellor election, Background\nWhile holding a largely ceremonial position, the Chancellor was nevertheless influential in the University, and monarchs of England liked to have their supporters in such key positions. Charles I had been on the throne for barely a year and was anxious to have his supporters in significant offices.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 60], "content_span": [61, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014672-0003-0000", "contents": "1626 University of Cambridge Chancellor election, Campaigns\nSuffolk died at his great house at Charing Cross, so that the news came to the court before it reached the University. The day after the death, 29 March, the chaplain of George Montaigne, Bishop of London, arrived in Cambridge bearing a message from his master to report that King Charles wished to see his father's favourite Buckingham elected as the new Chancellor. However, Thomas Howard, 1st Earl of Berkshire, one of the dead man's eight sons, decided to contest the election. A fierce contest ensued, later described by James Bass Mullinger as \"essentially one between the two great theological parties of the time\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 59], "content_span": [60, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014672-0004-0000", "contents": "1626 University of Cambridge Chancellor election, Campaigns\nBuckingham was strongly supported by Leonard Mawe, himself recently appointed by the King as Master of Trinity, the most important college. On the morning of the election, Mawe summoned all the fellows of Trinity and pressed them to vote for Buckingham.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 59], "content_span": [60, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014672-0005-0000", "contents": "1626 University of Cambridge Chancellor election, Ballot and outcome\nThe University's Statutes of 1570 gave the heads of houses considerable influence in such elections, chiefly because there was no secret ballot, and of all the doctors of the University in residence only one, Dr George Porter, President of Queens' College and Regius Professor of Civil Law, voted for Berkshire. In the event, many fellows of colleges who were expected to do likewise abstained by staying away from the election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 68], "content_span": [69, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014672-0006-0000", "contents": "1626 University of Cambridge Chancellor election, Ballot and outcome\nBuckingham was declared the winner, but with a majority over Berkshire of only three votes. Some men present doubted the result and thought of challenging it, but it was decided not to do so.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 68], "content_span": [69, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014675-0000-0000", "contents": "1626 in Italy\nAn incomplete series of events which occurred in Italy in 1626:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 77]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014679-0000-0000", "contents": "1626 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1626.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014681-0000-0000", "contents": "1626 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014681-0001-0000", "contents": "1626 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014681-0002-0000", "contents": "1626 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014682-0000-0000", "contents": "1626 in science\nThe year 1626 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014683-0000-0000", "contents": "1626 influenza pandemic\nIn 1626 a flu pandemic spread from Asia to Europe, Africa, North America, and South America during the first such pandemic of the seventeenth century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014683-0001-0000", "contents": "1626 influenza pandemic, Asia\nPandemic influenza yet again spread from Anatolia to Europe and Africa through the bustling, international ports of Constantinople.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 29], "content_span": [30, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014683-0002-0000", "contents": "1626 influenza pandemic, Europe\nIn Europe it started in the southern part of the continent, beginning in Italy and nations bordering the Ottoman Empire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 31], "content_span": [32, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014683-0003-0000", "contents": "1626 influenza pandemic, Europe, Sicily and Italian States\nEuropean chronicler surnamed Donius, possibly J. B. Donius, described the outbreak in Italy: \"The year 1626 is recent in memory, for which winter began with a greatest influence not only in Rome but all of Italy affected together. This was strongly due to the Borc\u00e6 wind that followed the southern winds, which stirred up dangerous and corrupt illnesses that were ridiculously called Castrone.\" Donius, like many physicians before the discovery of pathogens, attributed the cause of the generalized outbreaks of respiratory illness to climate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 58], "content_span": [59, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014683-0004-0000", "contents": "1626 influenza pandemic, Europe, Sicily and Italian States\nInfluenza diffused throughout Italy. An epidemic hit the Spanish galleys stationed at the port of Genoa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 58], "content_span": [59, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014683-0005-0000", "contents": "1626 influenza pandemic, Europe, England and Ireland\nPhysicians in England were by then aware that \"Colds\" occurred in varying degrees, attributing most sudden respiratory illnesses to \"humors\" affecting the lungs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 52], "content_span": [53, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014683-0006-0000", "contents": "1626 influenza pandemic, North and South America\nBy 1627 the flu had reached epidemic levels in North America. Flu then spread to the West Indies and South America.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 48], "content_span": [49, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014683-0007-0000", "contents": "1626 influenza pandemic, Medicine and treatment\nPatients who were bled suffered far higher mortality rates than patients who weren't. In The Poore Mans Talent (c. 1623), a then-popular book by Thomas Lodge dispensing home remedies for common ailments, treatments include lozenges, broths, and oily, vaporous ointments for \"Colds\" that arises with a \"general alteration and hott fevour...\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 47], "content_span": [48, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014684-0000-0000", "contents": "1627\n1627 (MDCXXVII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar, the 1627th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 627th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 27th  year of the 17th\u00a0century, and the  8th   year of the 1620s decade. As of the start of 1627, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014685-0000-0000", "contents": "1627 Gargano earthquake\nThe 1627 Gargano earthquake struck Gargano and part of Tavoliere, southern Italy, at about mid-day on 30 July 1627. A \"very large earthquake\" caused a major tsunami, the largest seismic event ever recorded in the Gargano region, which \"produced severe damage in the whole promontory\", killing about 5000 people. Four aftershocks were documented. The most extensive damage was noted between San Severo and Lesina.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014685-0001-0000", "contents": "1627 Gargano earthquake\nSome sources describe a large 1626 Naples earthquake, but other have argued that these are misreports of the 1627 event.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014686-0000-0000", "contents": "1627 Ivar\n1627 Ivar, provisional designation 1929 SH, is an elongated stony asteroid and near-Earth object of the Amor group, approximately 15\u00d76\u00d76\u00a0km. It was discovered on 25 September 1929, by Danish astronomer Ejnar Hertzsprung at Leiden Southern Station, annex to the Johannesburg Observatory in South Africa. It was named after Ivar Hertzsprung, brother of the discoverer. 1627 Ivar was the first asteroid to be imaged by radar, in July 1985 by the Arecibo Observatory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014686-0001-0000", "contents": "1627 Ivar, Classification and orbit\nIvar orbits the Sun at a distance of 1.1\u20132.6\u00a0AU once every 2 years and 6 months (929 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.40 and an inclination of 8\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. Ivar's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation in 1929, as no precoveries were taken, and no prior identifications were made.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 35], "content_span": [36, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014686-0002-0000", "contents": "1627 Ivar, Classification and orbit\nIt has an Earth minimum orbit intersection distance of 0.1117\u00a0AU (16,700,000\u00a0km) which corresponds to 43.5 lunar distances. The eccentric Amor asteroid is also a Mars-crosser. In August 2074, it will pass Earth at 0.141\u00a0AU, closer than it actually approached Mars in July 1975 (0.150\u00a0AU).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 35], "content_span": [36, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014686-0003-0000", "contents": "1627 Ivar, Physical characteristics\nIn the SMASS and Tholen taxonomic scheme, Ivar is characterized as a common stony S-type asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 35], "content_span": [36, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014686-0004-0000", "contents": "1627 Ivar, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nA large number of rotational lightcurves of Ivar have been obtained from photometric observations since 1985 (see infobox). They give a well-defined rotation period between 4.795 and 4.80 hours with a brightness variation between 0.27 and 1.40 magnitude, indicative of its non-spheroidal shape (also see 3D-model image). New radar and visual observations refined the period to 4.7951689 \u00b1 0.0000026 hours. Future photometric observations will show whether the YORP effect will slowly change the body's spin rate (as seen with 1862 Apollo).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 52], "content_span": [53, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014686-0005-0000", "contents": "1627 Ivar, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn 1985, the body was observed with radar from the Arecibo Observatory in Puerto Rico at a distance of 0.20\u00a0AU. The measured radar cross-section was 7.5 square kilometers. It was the first asteroid to be imaged by radar. Radar observations have been performed again in June & July 2013 and July 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 52], "content_span": [53, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014686-0006-0000", "contents": "1627 Ivar, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the EXPLORENEOs survey carried out by the Spitzer Space Telescope, thermal infrared observations by the Keck Observatory, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, and thermal modeling by Alan Harris, Ivar measures between 8.37 and 10.2 kilometers in diameter, and it surface has an albedo between 0.09 and 0.15. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts an albedo of 0.151 and a diameter of 9.12 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 12.87. According to model based on radar and photometric observations Ivar is an elongated asteroid with maximum extensions along the three body-fixed coordinates being 15.15 \u00d7 6.25 \u00d7 5.66\u00a0km \u00b1 10%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 56], "content_span": [57, 756]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014686-0007-0000", "contents": "1627 Ivar, Naming\nThis minor planet was named by the discoverer in honor of his late brother Ivar Hertzsprung. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center in February 1959 (M.P.C. 1860).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 17], "content_span": [18, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014688-0000-0000", "contents": "1627 in India\nThis is list of events in India in year 1627.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 59]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014692-0000-0000", "contents": "1627 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1627.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014694-0000-0000", "contents": "1627 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014694-0001-0000", "contents": "1627 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014694-0002-0000", "contents": "1627 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014695-0000-0000", "contents": "1627 in science\nThe year 1627 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014696-0000-0000", "contents": "1628\n1628 (MDCXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a leap year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar, the 1628th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 628th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 28th  year of the 17th\u00a0century, and the  9th   year of the 1620s decade. As of the start of 1628, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014697-0000-0000", "contents": "1628 (TV series)\n1628 is a Swedish comedy television series. It was first broadcast in 1991. It is set in the year 1628 during the war of Sweden against Poland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014698-0000-0000", "contents": "1628 Camarines earthquake\nThe 1628 Camarines earthquake struck Camarines, in the Philippines in 1628. Fourteen different shocks were recorded. The date is unknown. The United States' National Geophysical Data Center describes the damage as \"severe\" and the total number of homes damaged as \"many\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014699-0000-0000", "contents": "1628 Strobel\n1628 Strobel, provisional designation 1923 OG, is a carbonaceous asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 55 kilometers in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014699-0001-0000", "contents": "1628 Strobel\nIt was discovered on 11 September 1923, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg Observatory in southern Germany, and named after ARI-astronomer Willi Strobel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014699-0002-0000", "contents": "1628 Strobel, Classification and orbit\nStrobel orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.8\u20133.2\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 3 months (1,909 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.07 and an inclination of 19\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. Strobel's observation arc begins two nights after its official discovery observation at Heidelberg in 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014699-0003-0000", "contents": "1628 Strobel, Physical characteristics\nStrobel is a carbonaceous C-type asteroid. It is also classified as a P-type by WISE and as an X-type asteroid by Pan-STARRS.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014699-0004-0000", "contents": "1628 Strobel, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nAmerican astronomer Richard Binzel obtained the first rotational lightcurve of Strobel in May 1984. It gave a rotation period of 11.80 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.22 magnitude (U=2). In May 2005, photometric observations by French amateur astronomer Laurent Bernasconi gave a shorter period of 9.52 hours and a brightness change of 0.20 magnitude (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 55], "content_span": [56, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014699-0005-0000", "contents": "1628 Strobel, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Strobel measures between 51.15 and 59.35 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.047 and 0.06. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0504 and a diameter of 57.06 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 10.08.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014699-0006-0000", "contents": "1628 Strobel, Naming\nThis minor planet was named in honor of Willi Strobel (1909\u20131988), staff member at Astronomisches Rechen-Institut (ARI) since 1938, and author of the 1963-edition of Identifizierungsnachweis der Kleinen Planeten (Minor planet identifications, published by ARI). The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 February 1976 (M.P.C. 3931).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014707-0000-0000", "contents": "1628 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1628.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014709-0000-0000", "contents": "1628 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014709-0001-0000", "contents": "1628 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014709-0002-0000", "contents": "1628 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014710-0000-0000", "contents": "1628 in science\nThe year 1628 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014711-0000-0000", "contents": "1629\n1629 (MDCXXIX) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar, the 1629th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 629th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 29th  year of the 17th\u00a0century, and the  10th  and last year of the 1620s decade. As of the start of 1629, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014712-0000-0000", "contents": "1629 AM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1629\u00a0kHz:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 72]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014713-0000-0000", "contents": "1629 Banda Sea earthquake\nThe 1629 Banda Sea earthquake struck the Banda Sea, Indonesia on August 1. Its epicentre is believed to have been in the Seram Trough. A megathrust earthquake caused a 15\u00a0m (49\u00a0ft) tsunami, which was recorded to have affected the Banda Islands about 30 minutes after the quake. The effects of the tsunami were reported as far as 230 kilometres (140\u00a0mi) away in Ambon. Many trees in the Banda Islands were reported to have been uprooted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014721-0000-0000", "contents": "1629 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1629.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014723-0000-0000", "contents": "1629 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014723-0001-0000", "contents": "1629 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014723-0002-0000", "contents": "1629 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014724-0000-0000", "contents": "1629 in science\nThe year 1629 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014725-0000-0000", "contents": "1629\u20131631 Italian plague\nThe Italian Plague of 1629\u20131631, also referred to as the Great Plague of Milan, was part of the Second plague pandemic that began with Black Death in 1348 and ended in the 18th century. One of two major outbreaks in Italy during the 17th century, it affected northern and central Italy and resulted in at least 280,000 deaths, with some estimating fatalities as high as one million, or about 35% of the population. The plague may have contributed to the decline of Italy's economy relative to that of other Western European countries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014725-0001-0000", "contents": "1629\u20131631 Italian plague, Outbreaks\nThought to have originated in Northern France in 1623, the plague was carried throughout Europe by as a result of troop movements associated with the Thirty Years' War and was allegedly brought to Lombardy in 1629 by soldiers involved in the War of the Mantuan Succession. The disease first spread to Venetian troops and in October 1629 reached Milan, Lombardy's major commercial centre. Although the city instituted a quarantine and limited access to external visitors and trade goods, it failed to eliminate the disease. A major outbreak in March 1630 resulted from relaxed health measures during the carnival season, followed by a second wave in the spring and summer of 1631. Overall, Milan suffered approximately 60,000 fatalities out of a total population of 130,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 35], "content_span": [36, 809]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014725-0002-0000", "contents": "1629\u20131631 Italian plague, Outbreaks\nEast of Lombardy, the Republic of Venice was infected in 1630\u201331. The city of Venice was severely hit, with recorded casualties of 46,000 out of a population of 140,000. Some historians believe that the drastic loss of life, and its impact on commerce, ultimately resulted in the downfall of Venice as a major commercial and political power.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 35], "content_span": [36, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014725-0003-0000", "contents": "1629\u20131631 Italian plague, Outbreaks\nThe papal city of Bologna lost an estimated 15,000 citizens to the plague, with neighboring smaller cities of Modena and Parma also being heavily affected. This outbreak of plague also spread north into Tyrol, an alpine region of western Austria and northern Italy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 35], "content_span": [36, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014725-0004-0000", "contents": "1629\u20131631 Italian plague, Outbreaks\nLater outbreaks of bubonic plague in Italy occurred in the city of Florence in 1630\u20131633 and the areas surrounding Naples, Rome and Genoa in 1656\u201357.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 35], "content_span": [36, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014725-0005-0000", "contents": "1629\u20131631 Italian plague, Outbreaks\nA 2019 study found that the plague of 1629\u20131631 led to lower growth in several cities affected by the plague and \"caused long\u2010lasting damage to the size of Italian urban populations and to urbanization rates. These findings support the hypothesis that seventeenth\u2010century plagues played a fundamental role in triggering the process of relative decline of the Italian economies.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 35], "content_span": [36, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014725-0006-0000", "contents": "1629\u20131631 Italian plague, Literature\nThe 1630 Milan plague is the backdrop for several chapters of Alessandro Manzoni's 1840 novel The Betrothed (Italian: I promessi sposi). Although a work of fiction, Manzoni's description of the conditions and events in plague-ravaged Milan are completely historical and extensively documented from primary sources researched by the author.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014725-0007-0000", "contents": "1629\u20131631 Italian plague, Literature\nAn expunged section of the book, describing the historical trial and execution of three alleged \"plague-spreaders\", was later published in a pamphlet entitled Storia della colonna infame (History of the pillar of infamy).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014726-0000-0000", "contents": "162d Combat Communications Group\nThe 162d Combat Communications Group is an inactive unit of the California Air National Guard. It was headquartered at North Highlands Air National Guard Station near Sacramento, California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014726-0001-0000", "contents": "162d Combat Communications Group, Mission\nThe Air National Guard's mission, state and federal, is to provide trained, well-equipped men and women who can augment the active force during national emergencies or war, and provide assistance during natural disasters and civil disturbances. When air guard units are in a non-mobilized status they are commanded by the governor of their respective state, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, Territory of Guam, Territory of the Virgin Islands, and the commanding general of the District of Columbia National Guard. The governors (except in the District of Columbia) are represented in the chain of command by the adjutant general of the state or territory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 697]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014726-0002-0000", "contents": "162d Combat Communications Group, Mission\nThe Air National Guard under order of state authorities, provides protection of life and property, and preserves peace, order and public safety. State missions, which are funded by the individual states, include disaster relief in times of earthquakes, hurricanes, floods and forest fires; search and rescue; protection of vital public services; and support to civil defense. The 162nd also provides the Adjutant General with voice and data communications throughout the state of California during state emergencies or contingencies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014726-0003-0000", "contents": "162d Combat Communications Group, Mission\nUnder its federal mission, the 162d trained, deployed, operated and maintained tactical communications-electronic facilities, and provided tactical command and control communications services for operational commands supporting Military of the United States wartime contingencies. \u2013 Under its federal mission, the group trained, deployed, operated and maintained tactical communications-electronic facilities, and provided tactical command and control communications services for operational commands supporting US military wartime contingencies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014726-0004-0000", "contents": "162d Combat Communications Group, History\nThe 162d's history goes back to the 599th Signal Aircraft Warning Battalion activated at Drew Field, Florida on 30 March 1944. Shortly thereafter, the unit moved to Oahu, Hawaii. Some of its components saw action in the Marshall and Mariana Islands during World War II. The unit was inactivated on 29 July 1946, but was reactivated on 13 May 1948 as the 162nd Aircraft Control and Warning Group of the California Air National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014726-0005-0000", "contents": "162d Combat Communications Group, History\nOn 1 May 1951 the unit mobilized to serve state side during the Korean War until its inactivation on 6 February 1952. The following year, it returned to the State of California and was redesignated the 162d Tactical Control Group, stationed at Van Nuys Air National Guard Base. At that time three of the presently assigned units (the 147th, 148th, and 149th) were Aircraft Control and Warning Squadrons under the 162nd Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014726-0006-0000", "contents": "162d Combat Communications Group, History\nOn 1 March 1961, the group headquarters moved to the North Highlands Air National Guard Station near Sacramento, and was redesignated the 162d Communications Group (Mobile). By that time the 222d, 234th, and 261st units had joined the group. In 1966 the group was redesignated again, to the 162d Mobile Communications Group. This designation they kept until 10 February 1976, when they were given their present designation of 162d Combat Communications Group. The 162d fell under the command of Air Force Air Combat Command at Langley Air Force Base, Virginia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014726-0007-0000", "contents": "162d Combat Communications Group, History\nThe group was inactivated on 1 September 2015 and its assets were transferred to the 195th Wing, stationed at Beale Air Force Base, California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014727-0000-0000", "contents": "162d Depot Brigade (United States)\nThe 162d Depot Brigade was a training and receiving formation of the United States Army during World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014727-0001-0000", "contents": "162d Depot Brigade (United States), History\nSecretary of War Newton Baker authorized Major General Samuel Sturgis to organize the 162d Depot Brigade, an element of the 87th Division (National Army). It was later detached and placed directly under Camp Pike, Arkansas, as an independent unit. The brigade filled two purposes: one was to train replacements for the American Expeditionary Forces (AEF); the other was to act as a receiving unit for men sent to camps by local draft boards. During most of 1918, the brigade was commanded by Brigadier General Frederick B. Shaw.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014727-0002-0000", "contents": "162d Depot Brigade (United States), Purpose\nThe role of depot brigades was to receive and organize recruits, provide them with uniforms, equipment and initial military training, and then send them to France to fight on the front lines. The depot brigades also received soldiers returning home at the end of the war and completed their out processing and discharges. Depot brigades were often organized, reorganized, and inactivated as requirements to receive and train troops rose and fell, and later ebbed and flowed during post-war demobilization.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014727-0003-0000", "contents": "162d Depot Brigade (United States), Purpose\nDepot brigades were organized into numbered battalions (1st Battalion, 2d Battalion, etc. ), which in turn were organized into numbered companies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014727-0004-0000", "contents": "162d Depot Brigade (United States), Purpose\nThe major U.S. depot brigades organized for World War I, which remained active until after post-war demobilization included: 151st (Camp Devens); 152d (Camp Upton); 153d (Camp Dix); 154th (Camp Meade); 155th (Camp Lee); 156th (Camp Jackson); 157th (Camp Gordon); 158th (Camp Sherman); 159th (Camp Taylor); 160th (Camp Custer); 161st (Camp Grant); 162d (Camp Pike); 163d (Camp Dodge); 164th (Camp Funston); 165th (Camp Travis); 166th (Camp Lewis); and 167th (Camp McClellan).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014728-0000-0000", "contents": "162d Reconnaissance Squadron\nThe 162d Reconnaissance Squadron (162 RS) is a unit of the Ohio Air National Guard 178th Intelligence Surveillance and Reconnaissance Wing located at Springfield Air National Guard Base, Springfield, Ohio. The 162d is equipped with the General Atomics MQ-1 Predator UAV.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014728-0001-0000", "contents": "162d Reconnaissance Squadron, History, World War II\nThe 362d Fighter Squadron was established at Hamilton Field, California in December 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 51], "content_span": [52, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014728-0002-0000", "contents": "162d Reconnaissance Squadron, History, World War II\nBecame part of the United States Air Forces in Europe army of occupation in Germany during 1945. Inactivated in Germany during August 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 51], "content_span": [52, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014728-0003-0000", "contents": "162d Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard\nThe wartime 362d Fighter Squadron was re-designated as the 162d Fighter Squadron, and was allotted to the Ohio Air National Guard, on 24 May 1946. It was organized at Cox-Dayton Municipal Airport, Ohio, and was extended federal recognition on 22 November 1947 by the National Guard Bureau. The 162d Fighter Squadron was bestowed the lineage, history, honors, and colors of the 362d Fighter Squadron. The squadron was equipped with F-51D Mustangs and was assigned initially to the Illinois ANG 66th Fighter Wing, operationally gained by Continental Air Command. On 7 December 1947 the Ohio ANG 55th Fighter Wing, was federally recognized and the squadron was transferred.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 62], "content_span": [63, 733]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014728-0004-0000", "contents": "162d Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Air Defense\nWith the formation and federal recognition of the Ohio ANG 121st Fighter Group at Lockbourne Field, near Columbus, the squadron was reassigned. The mission of the 162d Fighter Squadron was the air defense of Ohio. Parts were no problem and many of the maintenance personnel were World War II veterans so readiness was quite high and the planes were often much better maintained than their USAF counterparts. In some ways, the postwar Air National Guard was almost like a flying country club and a pilot could often show up at the field, check out an aircraft and go flying.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 75], "content_span": [76, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014728-0004-0001", "contents": "162d Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Air Defense\nHowever, the unit also had regular military exercises that kept up proficiency and in gunnery and bombing contests they would often score at least as well or better than active-duty USAF units, given the fact that most ANG pilots were World War II combat veterans. In 1950 the squadron exchanged its F-51Ds for F-51H Mustang very long range escort fighters that were suitable for long-range interception of unknown aircraft identified by Ground Control Interceptor radar stations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 75], "content_span": [76, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014728-0005-0000", "contents": "162d Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Air Defense\nWith the surprise invasion of South Korea on 25 June 1950, and the regular military's complete lack of readiness, most of the Air National Guard was federalized placed on active duty. However, the 162d was not federalized and remained at Cox-Dayton Municipal Airport and continued its air defense mission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 75], "content_span": [76, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014728-0006-0000", "contents": "162d Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Air Defense\nIn September 1955 Air Defense Command wanted to re-equip the squadron from F-51Hs to jet-powered F-84E Thunderjets in accordance with the USAF directive to phase out propeller-driven fighter-interceptor aircraft from the inventory. However, because the runways at the Cox-Dayton Municipal Airport were too short at that time to support jet fighter operations, the National Guard Bureau approved the relocation request by the Ohio ANG to move the squadron to Springfield Municipal Airport, just east of Dayton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 75], "content_span": [76, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014728-0007-0000", "contents": "162d Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Air Defense\nWith new facilities under construction at Springfield, the 162d Fighter-Interceptor Squadron conducted their transition training from temporary facilities at Wright-Patterson AFB. The F-84E Thunderjets were Korean War veteran aircraft and the squadron received training in the equipment from the Ohio ANG 164th and 166th Tactical Fighter Squadrons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 75], "content_span": [76, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014728-0008-0000", "contents": "162d Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command\nIn November 1957 the squadron received new F-84F Thunderstreak jet interceptors and the squadron was re-designated as the 162nd Fighter-Interceptor Squadron (Day) (Special Delivery). This designation reflected a dual mission which the squadron was tasked. The day interceptor mission of Air Defense Command, and a tactical nuclear weapon delivery mission by Tactical Air Command. Although the 162d trained for the delivery of tactical nuclear weapons, it never had any actual nuclear weapons on hand, nor did the base at Springfield ever had nuclear weapon storage facilities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 84], "content_span": [85, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014728-0009-0000", "contents": "162d Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command\nOn 10 November 1958, the squadron was re-designated as the 162nd Tactical Fighter Squadron and the squadron ended its attachment to Air Defense Command, returning to Tactical Air Command control. In 1959 and 1960 the squadron participated in exercises Dark Cloud and Pine Cone III, the latter taking place at Congaree AFB, South Carolina. In the exercises, the squadron practiced delivery of tactical nuclear weapons in the fictitious country of \"North Saladia\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 84], "content_span": [85, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014728-0010-0000", "contents": "162d Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command\nDuring the 1961 Berlin Crisis, the 162nd was federalized as part of the 121st Tactical Fighter Wing and Group for a period of twelve months beginning on 1 October. When activated, the 121st TFW consisted of three operational units, the 164th Tactical Fighter Squadron, based at Mansfield Lahm Regional Airport, Mansfield, Ohio; the 166th Tactical Fighter Squadron based at Lockbourne AFB, Ohio, and the 162d TFS at Springfield. However, due to funding shortages, only 26 F-84F's of 166th TFS were deployed to \u00c9tain-Rouvres Air Base, France, although several ground support units from the 162d and 164th were also deployed. The squadron, however, remained under Federal USAF control until the crisis ended and it was returned to Ohio state control on 31 August 1962.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 84], "content_span": [85, 850]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014728-0011-0000", "contents": "162d Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command\nAfter the Berlin Federalization ended, 15 October 1962, the 162d was authorized to expand to a group level, and the 178th Tactical Fighter Group was established by the National Guard Bureau. The 162d TFS becoming the group's flying squadron. Other squadrons assigned into the group were the 178th Headquarters, 178th Material Squadron (Maintenance), 178th Combat Support Squadron, and the 178th USAF Dispensary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 84], "content_span": [85, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014728-0012-0000", "contents": "162d Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command\nIn 1967, the 162d TFS deployed to Hickam AFB, Hawaii for Tropic Lighting III, an exercise designed to assist in the training of Army ground units prior to their deployment to South Vietnam. This deployment required two over-water air refuelings in either direction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 84], "content_span": [85, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014728-0013-0000", "contents": "162d Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command\n1968 was the first time the 162d participated in a North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) exercise. It deployed to Greece, participating in Operation Deep Furrow 68 at Larrossa Air Base. On this exercise fourteen F-84Fs were deployed, staging though Lajes Field, Azores and Torrejon Air Base, Spain. During Deep Furrow, they performed air-to-ground maneuvers with the United States Navy's Sixth Fleet. Upon their return, the 162d TFS deployed eight aircraft to Alaska in November for Operation Punch Card IV.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 84], "content_span": [85, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014728-0014-0000", "contents": "162d Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command\nIn the spring of 1970, the F-84F Thunderstreaks were sent to Davis-Monthan AFB for storage, the squadron receiving Vietnam War Veteran F-100D/F Super Sabres. Concentration on the qualifications of aircrews, munitions load crews and the attainment of a C-3 combat readiness rating were the primary objectives for 1971. The squadron achieved C-3 on 30 August, a \"first\" for F-100D-equipped Air Guard units. January 1972 saw the squadron in extensive practice for their pending 9th Air Force Operational Readiness Inspection (ORI). The ORI was conducted in March and the 9th Air Force did not agree with the unit's C-3 rating. A retake was scheduled in June, with the 162d coming away with the TAC-confirmed rating of C-1, the first F-100D squadron to achieve this feat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 84], "content_span": [85, 852]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014728-0015-0000", "contents": "162d Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command\nDuring April 1973, the squadron participated in \"Gallant Hand '73,\" a large-scale U.S. Readiness Command Joint Forces Training exercise at Fort Hood, Texas. Flying a 98 percent sortie rate. In August, the 162d took part in another joint training exercise called Operation Ember Dawn/Punch Card XIX at Eielson AFB, Alaska. In October, the TAC Unit Achievement Award was received for the fourth consecutive time, and the General Frank P. Lahm Air Safety Trophy was awarded for the second consecutive year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 84], "content_span": [85, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014728-0016-0000", "contents": "162d Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command\n31 May 1974 saw the 162d's accident-free flying streak end at 69 months when a pilot was forced to eject from his out-of-control F-100D. The unit participated in \"Sentry Guard Strike V\" at Volk Field, Wisconsin during 13\u201327 July the same year. In September 1975, the 162d was selected as a replacement for another unit to participate in NATO's \"Reforger '75\" Cornet Razor exercise at Ramstein AB, West Germany as part of a series of NATO exercises called \"Autumn Forge.\" Deploying thirteen F-100D aircraft, 162d pilots provided close air support as the aggressor in exercise \"Captain Trek,\" flying 121 sorties with 198 hours of flying time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 84], "content_span": [85, 725]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014728-0017-0000", "contents": "162d Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command\nJanuary 1976 saw the unit preparing for Operation Snowbird and the pending April ORI. \"Snowbird\" was conducted at Davis-Monthan AFB, Arizona. and was designed to give pilots favorable weather locations for clear weather flying opportunities. To provide its pilots with proficiency for real combat conditions, the 162d took part in \"Red Flag 77-9.\" Captain Edward J. Mechenbier, a former Vietnam War POW, was selected as the outstanding fighter pilot for 1977.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 84], "content_span": [85, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014728-0018-0000", "contents": "162d Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command\nJanuary 1978 initiated the conversion to the Vought Corporation's A-7D Corsair II attack aircraft. The conversion from the F-100 to the A-7 was accomplished in less than three months, the fastest ever for an Air Force or Air National Guard unit. The first major deployment with the A-7 was to Patrick AFB, Florida, on 12 August in support of Forward Air Controller training. Also in 1978, the 162d participated in \"Red Flag 78-9\" on 23 September, and \"Tequilla Shooter\" at Marine Corps Air Station Yuma, Arizona, from 14 to 20 November.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 84], "content_span": [85, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014728-0019-0000", "contents": "162d Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command\nThe first deployment in 1979 was \"Operation Snowbird\" again as 118 enlisted and 30 officers deployed to Davis-Monthan AFB, Arizona. in support of the exercise. \"Sabre Sluff 79-2,\" a locally generated version of \"Red Flag\" was conducted at Springfield during 26\u201328 April, providing realistic training for the 162d's flying, communications, and radar control units. 13\u201315 September saw a second \"Sabre Sluff\" exercise, now known as \"Buckeye Flag,\" carried out.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 84], "content_span": [85, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014728-0020-0000", "contents": "162d Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command\nThe 1980 exercise year started with \"Empire Glacier\" at Fort Drum, New York. The 162d was awarded the Air Force Outstanding Unit Award for its meritorious service from 1 March 1978 to 28 February 1979. In April, the 162d was teamed with the Ohio ANG 166th Tactical Fighter Squadron in support of exercise \"Cope Elite.\" The exercise which was carried out at NAS Barbers Point, Hawaii, involved combat training for U.S. Army and Air Force units based in Hawaii.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 84], "content_span": [85, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014728-0021-0000", "contents": "162d Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command\nIn February 1981, Major John Smith commanded a six-aircraft deployment to the 49th TFW at Holloman AFB, New Mexico for Dissimilar air combat training (DACT). In March, the squadron flew close air support (CAS) missions for opposing forces during \"Eagle Strike I,\" an exercise involving two brigades for the 101st Airborne Division at Fort Campbell, Kentucky. During the May exercise \"Maple Flag 7,\" support was given to the Ohio ANG 112th Tactical Fighter Squadron for a 30-day rotation TDY to Howard AFB, Panama. This deployment provided the only operational fighters in the Southern Command. In July, the 162d participated in the Michigan-based combat readiness exercise \"Sentry Buckeye XI,\" the first \"Sentry Buckeye\" to be flown from the Alpena Combat Readiness Training Center.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 84], "content_span": [85, 867]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014728-0022-0000", "contents": "162d Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command\n1982 was a busy year with the unit taking part in eight individual exercises, including \"Red Flag 82-4\" at Nellis AFB, Nevada. The 162d won the annual Ohio ANG \"Turkey Shoot\" competition in October at the Jefferson Proving Ground air-to-ground range. The squadron also celebrated its 35th anniversary with an open house and a military ball.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 84], "content_span": [85, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014728-0023-0000", "contents": "162d Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command\nMore deployments were in store for 1983, starting with \"Coronet Castle\" in April. In June, the 162d completed five and one-half years of accident-free flying and earned the Tactical Air Command Flight Safety Award.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 84], "content_span": [85, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014728-0024-0000", "contents": "162d Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command\n1984's first deployment was the Panama rotation. In April, it was up to Canada for exercise \"Maple Flag.\" The June \"Sentry Buckeye\" at Alpena Mich. pitted \"friendly\" forces against \"aggressor\" forces from the Missouri ANG 131st Tactical Fighter Wing, St. Louis. A deployment in December for another Operation Snowbird at Davis-Monthan AFB, Arizona. rounded out the year. A \"Red Flag\" exercise at Nellis AFB, Nevada was the first deployment for 1985. \"Solid Shield,\" a joint exercise with the 166th TFS was conducted in May at the Naval Air Station, Key West, Florida. In June, it was off to the Panama Canal Zone for a deployment involving 50 personnel and four aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 84], "content_span": [85, 756]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014728-0025-0000", "contents": "162d Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command\nIn 1986, DACT missions were conducted from January to April at various locations. Also in April, CAS sorties were flown for the Canadian Forces Operation School. \"Coronet Miami,\" a six-week NATO exercise, was begun at RAF Sculthorpe, England. There the 162d trained with military elements of NATO and the U.S. Air Forces in Europe. In November, 14 aircraft and 149 personnel supported \"Operation Snowbird.\" The final 162d deployment for 1986 was at CFB Chatham, New Brunswick. There, CAS missions were provided for the school that trains forward controller for the Canadian Armed Forces. With all of the flying, the 162d ended the year with the prestigious Tappan Memorial Trophy, awarded to Ohio's outstanding Air National Guard Unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 84], "content_span": [85, 820]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014728-0026-0000", "contents": "162d Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command\nOn 28 February 1987, the 162d deployed five A-7D aircraft and 41 personnel to MacDill AFB, Florida in support of the 9th Air Force FAC (Forward Air Controller Training). In March 1987, the 162d rotated to support CORNET COVE XII, a 30-day mission to Howard AFB, Panama in which the 162d maintained the only operational fighter in the Southern Air Command. Nine officers and 43 members deployed four A-7D aircraft to provide the 24th Composite Wing the support they needed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 84], "content_span": [85, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014728-0027-0000", "contents": "162d Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command\nIn 1988, the 162d took twelve aircraft to participate in SNOWBIRD for the December deployment that allowed the jets to schedule heavy air operations in Davis-Monthan AFB, Arizona. 1989 saw the 162d participate in Panama for the 11th time in 19 years to support CORONET COVE. Nine officers and 46 enlisted provided five aircraft to support the 24th Composite Wing operations. In May 1989, the 162d deployed in support of CORONET PINE I and II at RAF Sculthorpe, England. After a series of groundings, the 162d deployed five aircraft and 295 personnel to participate in a major NATO exercise called CENTRAL ENTERPRISE at RAF Boscombe Down, England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 84], "content_span": [85, 731]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014728-0028-0000", "contents": "162d Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command\nIn 1990, Operation Desert Storm saw 93 unit members deploy to the Middle East, but the A-7D aircraft remained in Ohio as by then, they were considered second-line aircraft, being replaced by the A-10 Thunderbolt II in front-line combat service. In September 1990, the 162d deployed to the Alpena Combat Readiness Training Center, Michigan for field training. The 162d ended 1990 at Davis-Monthan AFB, Arizona, in support of the December exercise SNOWBIRD. In March 1991, the 162d deployed to the Gulfport Combat Readiness Training Center, Mississippi and flew a total of 219 sorties during the deployment exercise.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 84], "content_span": [85, 699]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014728-0028-0001", "contents": "162d Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command\nIn September 1991, the 162d deployed seven aircraft to Nellis AFB, Nevada, to participate in AIR WARRIOR exercise. The 162d deployed again to support SNOWBIRD at Davis-Monthan AFB in November 1991. In 1992 the 162d deployed to Savannah Air National Guard Base, Georgia to support practicing units for the William Tell Competition and then traveled to Otis Air National Guard Base, Massachusetts for DACT training soon after.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 84], "content_span": [85, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014728-0029-0000", "contents": "162d Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command\nIn May 1993 the 162d hosted a farewell to the A-7D Corsair II. The SLUF Salute was an Air Force sanctioned event to say farewell to this great aircraft that the 162d flew from 1978 to 1993. The 162d flew the last public demonstration of the A-7D Corsair II in the United States. While assigned to the unit, the aircraft flew a total of 55,357.4 hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 84], "content_span": [85, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014728-0030-0000", "contents": "162d Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Air Combat Command\nIn March 1992, the unit adopted the USAF Objective Wing organization and the 178th Tactical Fighter Group became simply the 178th Fighter Group; the 162d as a Fighter Squadron. On 1 June of that year, Tactical Air Command was inactivated as part of the Air Force re-organizing after the end of the Cold War. Air Combat Command (ACC) became the gaining major command for the 178th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 82], "content_span": [83, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014728-0031-0000", "contents": "162d Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Air Combat Command\nDuring May 1993 the squadron marked the end of 15 years of A-7D operations with the 162d Fighter Squadron. Later in the year the conversion to the Block 30 F-16C Fighting Falcon. The 162d took twelve F-16's, 20 pilots and over 600 personnel to Operation WINTERBASE at the Gulfport Combat Readiness Training Center, Mississippi, to perform flight training for the first big deployment with the new F-16Cs. During the month long deployment, 30 aircrew certifications were attained and the sortie generation was the largest ever by the 178th Fighter Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 82], "content_span": [83, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014728-0031-0001", "contents": "162d Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Air Combat Command\nFor LONGSHOT 94, the 162d launched four F-16's in support of the competition. The mission was for the aircraft to rendezvous with the various units fly to Nellis AFB, Nevada to drop ordnance on target and on time. Opposing Red Air Enemy attempted to thwart the attack. The 162d was part of the outstanding 3rd place team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 82], "content_span": [83, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014728-0032-0000", "contents": "162d Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Air Combat Command\nIn 1995, Operation SNOWBIRD occurred in February, with the 162d flying 223 sorties for live weapons and desert combat simulations. Later in April 1995, the 162d provided RED AIR for Tyndall AFB, Florida air training in Dissimilar air combat training (DACT) called LONGSHOT 95. In June 1995, the 162d deployed to Karup Air Base, Denmark to participate in NATO exercises BALTOP 95 and CENTRAL ENTERPRISE. The 162d provided RED AIR for the BALTOP exercise and flew 225 sorties in CENTRAL ENTERPRISE with eight of the F-16 aircraft from the 162d.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 82], "content_span": [83, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014728-0033-0000", "contents": "162d Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Air Combat Command\nOn 11 October 1995, in accordance with the Air Force One Base-One Wing directive, the 178th Fighter Group was expanded and changed in status to the 178th Fighter Wing. Under the Objective Wing organization, the 162d Fighter Squadron was assigned to the 178th Operations Group. Support groups to the wing were the 178th Maintenance Group, 178th Mission Support Group and the 178th Medical Group. In December 1995, DACT training occurred again for the 162d at the Gulfport CRTC, Mississippi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 82], "content_span": [83, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014728-0034-0000", "contents": "162d Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Air Combat Command\nDuring the period of 1995 to 1998, the 162d took first place in the \"Turkey Shoot\" Competition in Indiana, taking on units from the Ohio ANG and other participating states showing the 162d skill and accuracy in air-to-ground employment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 82], "content_span": [83, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014728-0035-0000", "contents": "162d Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Air Combat Command\nIn mid-1996, the Air Force, in response to budget cuts, and changing world situations, began experimenting with Air Expeditionary organizations. The Air Expeditionary Force (AEF) concept was developed that would mix Active-Duty, Reserve and Air National Guard elements into a combined force. Instead of entire permanent units deploying as \"Provisional\" as in the 1991 Gulf War, Expeditionary units are composed of \"aviation packages\" from several wings, including active-duty Air Force, the Air Force Reserve Command and the Air National Guard, would be married together to carry out the assigned deployment rotation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 82], "content_span": [83, 700]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014728-0036-0000", "contents": "162d Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Air Combat Command\nIn August 1996, the 162d Expeditionary Fighter Squadron (162d EFS) was first formed from 178th personnel and aircraft and deployed to Al Jaber Air Base, Kuwait to support Operation Southern Watch and Operation Desert Strike with the mission to enforce the southern no-fly zone imposed by the United Nations over Iraq. In 1997, the 162d Fighter Squadron deployed to Tyndall AFB, Florida for a COMBAT ARCHER exercise to perform supersonic air-to-air combat with drones.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 82], "content_span": [83, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014728-0037-0000", "contents": "162d Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Air Combat Command\nIn May 1997, the 162d EFS was again formed, deploying to Incirlik Air Base, Turkey to support Operation Northern Watch. Later in 1997, the 162d Fighter Squadron invited past members to attend the 50th Anniversary Celebration of the squadron at Springfield. In 1998 the 162d deployed to Eielson Air Force Base, Alaska for Exercise Cope Thunder arctic training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 82], "content_span": [83, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014728-0038-0000", "contents": "162d Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Air Education and Training Command\nIn 1998 the mission of the 178th Fighter Wing was changed to become a flying training unit under Air Education and Training Command (AETC). Its new mission was to skillfully train and support Active Duty, Guard and Reserve F-16 pilots as an Advanced Flight Training Unit. Its gaining command was officially changed from Air Combat Command to AETC on 17 March 1999. As part of the new mission, the 162d received Block 30 F-16D twin-seat trainers which provided the aircraft required for training. Courses included the Basic Course, or also known as the B-course, which was for students who have never flown a fighter aircraft, but are graduates of Air Force Undergraduate Pilot Training. Students were put through an 8.5-month training module. This included in class time, simulator training and in-flight training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 98], "content_span": [99, 913]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014728-0039-0000", "contents": "162d Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Air Education and Training Command\nIn 2000 the 162d took their F-16's to Savannah Air National Guard Base, Georgia for Annual Training. In 2001, the 162d went back to Hickam AFB, Hawaii for the first time in 20 years to participate in exercise SENTRY ALOHA 01.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 98], "content_span": [99, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014728-0040-0000", "contents": "162d Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Air Education and Training Command\nIn September 2001, while on Annual Training at the Alpena Combat Readiness Training Center, Michigan, 11 September 2001 terrorist attack on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon occurred. The 162d flew numerous missions in support of homeland defense and for Operation Noble Eagle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 98], "content_span": [99, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014728-0041-0000", "contents": "162d Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, BRAC 2005 and closeout of F-16 operations\nUnder the 2005 Base Closure and Realignment Commission (BRAC), a decision came down that the parent 178th Fighter Wing would lose its sixteen F-16s and ultimately convert to a drone squadron. The Springfield aircraft would be distributed to the 132d Fighter Wing, Des Moines IAP AGS, IA (nine aircraft); the 140th Wing (ANG), Buckley AFB, CO (three aircraft) and 149th Fighter Wing (ANG), Lackland AFB, TX (four aircraft). It was later revealed that the decision may have been a mistake as the 2005 BRAC decision did not take into account that the 162d FS was indeed a training squadron, however the decision stood.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 105], "content_span": [106, 721]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014728-0042-0000", "contents": "162d Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, BRAC 2005 and closeout of F-16 operations\nIn the interim, through the Foreign Military Sales program, the 178th was able to obtain another training mission with the Royal Netherlands Air Force. In April 2007 the Dutch 306 Detachment from Tucson Air National Guard Base, Arizona moved to Springfield to provide a different training environment. The detachment was not associated directly to the 162d FS. However the Springfield facilities were F-16 ready so as a result, when the 162d FS shut down their F-16 operations, the Dutch detachment would leave shortly after. The current RNlAF training mission at Springfield ANGB ended in 2010 when the unit returned for Arizona. About 6 classes graduated out of the Dutch detachment while at Springfield.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 105], "content_span": [106, 812]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014728-0043-0000", "contents": "162d Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, BRAC 2005 and closeout of F-16 operations\nThe 162d FS graduated its final American F-16 Basic Course class on 12 December 2009. The class had started on 30 March 2009. In the squadron's tenure, as a training squadron, a total 77 pilots went through the B-course. Another 273 people went for pilots upgrading to operational or formal training instructor pilot. This made a total of 350 pilots that received any pilot training at Springfield.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 105], "content_span": [106, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014728-0044-0000", "contents": "162d Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, BRAC 2005 and closeout of F-16 operations\nKnowing the American training mission would be ending soon, the 178th pursued another foreign military trainingmission with the Singapore Air Force. However, in 2009 it became apparent that mission would not be coming to Springfield due to economic limitations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 105], "content_span": [106, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014728-0045-0000", "contents": "162d Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, BRAC 2005 and closeout of F-16 operations\nJust prior to the squadron closing out Viper operations, on 22 April 2010 the squadron had a more well received deployment in Hungary. The fifteen-day deployment allowed USAF F-16s to fly with Hungarian Air Force Saab JAS 39 Gripens, MiG-29s and the Mi-24s. The American pilots and Hungarian AF pilots had the opportunity to engage in various air-to-air scenarios.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 105], "content_span": [106, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014728-0046-0000", "contents": "162d Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, BRAC 2005 and closeout of F-16 operations\nFor the 162d FS the final sortie was on 30 July 2010. To celebrate the squadron's history, F-16C #86-0364 was painted up in special markings and incorporated some markings from the famous Second World War P-51 Mustang 'Old Crow'. On the last flight four of the most senior pilots in the squadron with the most hours in the F-16 flew. The four pilots had a combined 100 years in fighters and topped out at 15,920 hours in fighters with 12,380 of those hours in the Viper.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 105], "content_span": [106, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014728-0047-0000", "contents": "162d Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, BRAC 2005 and closeout of F-16 operations\nAlthough the last sortie had been a few months earlier, the last American aircraft departed Springfield on 20 September 2010. This ended the manned flying mission of the 162d FS. The Dutch detachment was scheduled to return to Tucson AGB, Arizona by January 2011. Instead they pulled out early and were gone from Springfield by 15 November 2010 when the last Dutch F-16 departed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 105], "content_span": [106, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014728-0048-0000", "contents": "162d Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Reconnaissance mission\nOn 7 May 2010 the DoD and the Air Force decided to assign the 178th a new mission as a ground control station for the General Atomics MQ-1 Predator and an extension of the intelligence analysis mission from the National Air and Space Intelligence Center.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 86], "content_span": [87, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014728-0049-0000", "contents": "162d Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Reconnaissance mission\nConversion to the MQ-1 began in 2010. The mission is under the control of the Air Combat Command. Pilots based in Springfield can fly MQ-1s on the other side of the world in Iraq or Afghanistan. A second component works under the National Air and Space Intelligence Center (NASIC).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 86], "content_span": [87, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014728-0050-0000", "contents": "162d Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Reconnaissance mission\nThe 178th Operations Group was re-designated as the 178th Reconnaissance Group and consists of the 162d Reconnaissance Squadron and the 178th Operational Support Squadron with 131 traditional and 81 full-time personnel. The 178th maintenance group was re-designated as the 178th Intelligence Group with the Air Force ISR Agency (AFISRA) as the gaining major command and consists of four intelligence squadrons: geospatial intelligence (GEOINT) squadron, space analysis squadron, cyberspace analysis squadron and a foreign military exploitation (FME) squadron. The 178 IG has 175 traditional Guardsmen and 124 full-time personnel assigned.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 86], "content_span": [87, 725]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014729-0000-0000", "contents": "162nd (East Midland) Brigade\nThe East Midland Brigade was an infantry brigade of the Territorial Force, part of the British Army, that was raised in 1908. As the name suggests, it commanded infantry battalions recruited in the East Midlands of England: Bedfordshire, Northamptonshire, Cambridgeshire and Hertfordshire. The brigade was an integral part of the East Anglian Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014729-0001-0000", "contents": "162nd (East Midland) Brigade\nIt was numbered as the 162nd (East Midland) Brigade (and the division as 54th (East Anglian) Division) and saw active service in the First World War at Gallipoli in 1915, Egypt in 1916 and in the Sinai and Palestine Campaign in 1917 and 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014729-0002-0000", "contents": "162nd (East Midland) Brigade\nDisbanded after the war, the brigade was reformed in the Territorial Army as the 162nd Infantry Brigade and continued to be part of the 54th (East Anglian) Infantry Division. In the Second World War, the brigade remained in the United Kingdom throughout the war and did not see service and was disbanded in August 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014729-0003-0000", "contents": "162nd (East Midland) Brigade\nThe brigade was reformed in 1947 as 162nd Independent Infantry Brigade before being finally disbanded in 1961.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014729-0004-0000", "contents": "162nd (East Midland) Brigade, History, Formation\nThe Territorial Force (TF) was formed on 1 April 1908 following the enactment of the Territorial and Reserve Forces Act 1907 (7 Edw.7, c.9) which combined and re-organised the old Volunteer Force, the Honourable Artillery Company and the Yeomanry. On formation, the TF contained 14 infantry divisions and 14 mounted yeomanry brigades. One of the divisions was the East Anglian Division and the East Midland Brigade formed one of its constituent brigades.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014729-0005-0000", "contents": "162nd (East Midland) Brigade, History, Formation\nAs the name suggests, the brigade recruited in the East Midlands of England and commanded four infantry battalions:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014729-0006-0000", "contents": "162nd (East Midland) Brigade, History, Formation\nIn peacetime, the brigade headquarters was in Bedford. The battalions were organized on an 8-company basis, but shortly after the outbreak of the First World War they were reorganized on the regular army standard of four companies in January 1915.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014729-0007-0000", "contents": "162nd (East Midland) Brigade, History, First World War\nThe brigade was on its annual fortnight's training camp when the First World War broke out on 4 August 1914. It immediately mobilized and concentrated at Bury St Edmunds; it was employed on coastal defence duties in East Anglia until May 1915.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 54], "content_span": [55, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014729-0008-0000", "contents": "162nd (East Midland) Brigade, History, First World War\nIn accordance with the Territorial and Reserve Forces Act 1907 (7 Edw.7, c.9) which brought the Territorial Force into being, the TF was intended to be a home defence force for service during wartime and members could not be compelled to serve outside the country. However, on the outbreak of war on 4 August 1914, many members volunteered for Imperial Service. Therefore, TF units were split into 1st Line (liable for overseas service) and 2nd Line (home service for those unable or unwilling to serve overseas) units. 2nd Line units performed the home defence role, although in fact most of these were also posted abroad in due course. The East Midland Brigade formed the 2nd East Midland Brigade in this manner with an identical structure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 54], "content_span": [55, 797]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014729-0009-0000", "contents": "162nd (East Midland) Brigade, History, First World War\nThe 1/1st Battalion, Hertfordshire Regiment left the brigade on 6 November 1914, landed at Le Havre and joined the 4th (Guards) Brigade in 2nd Division on the Western Front. It was to remain on the Western Front for the rest of the war. Likewise, the 1/1st Battalion, Cambridgeshire Regiment landed at Le Havre on 15 February 1915 and joined the 82nd Brigade in 27th Division. It also spent the rest of the war on the Western Front. They were replaced by the 10th (Hackney) and 11th (Finsbury Rifles) battalions of the London Regiment, transferred from 3rd London Brigade, 1st London Division in April 1915.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 54], "content_span": [55, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014729-0010-0000", "contents": "162nd (East Midland) Brigade, History, First World War, Gallipoli\nIn May 1915, the brigade concentrated with its division in the St Albans area to prepare for overseas service. In mid-May, the East Anglian Division was numbered as 54th (East Anglian) Division and the brigade became 162nd (East Midland) Brigade. On 8 July it was warned for service at Gallipoli and between 28 and 30 July it departed Devonport (Beds and Northants battalions) and Liverpool (London battalions) for the Mediterranean. On the night of 10/11 August 1915 the brigade landed at Suvla with its division as part of IX Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 65], "content_span": [66, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014729-0011-0000", "contents": "162nd (East Midland) Brigade, History, First World War, Gallipoli\nThe brigade's first attack was against Kiretch Tepe Ridge and Kidney Hill in support of the 10th (Irish) Division on 15 August which cost a high price: the 1/5th Bedfords suffered casualties of 14 officers and 300 other ranks, the 1/10th Londons 6 and 260 and the 1/11th Londons 9 and 350 (the 1/4th Northants had not yet landed). After the failure of the Battle of Scimitar Hill (21 August), the Suvla front subsided into trench warfare.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 65], "content_span": [66, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014729-0011-0001", "contents": "162nd (East Midland) Brigade, History, First World War, Gallipoli\nThe brigade spent September, October and November serving turns in frontline trenches with names like Finsbury Vale and New Bedford Road, battalions normally spending about a week at a time in the frontline with the enemy lines being as little as 15\u201350 yards away. Sniping and artillery attacks were a constant problem, as was the heat, flies, and lack of sanitation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 65], "content_span": [66, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014729-0012-0000", "contents": "162nd (East Midland) Brigade, History, First World War, Gallipoli\nThe brigade was withdrawn from Suvla in early December, departing for Mudros and from there to Egypt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 65], "content_span": [66, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014729-0013-0000", "contents": "162nd (East Midland) Brigade, History, First World War, Sinai and Palestine\nThe brigade arrived at Mena Camp, Cairo on 19 December 1915. It would spend the rest of the war in Egypt, Palestine and Syria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 75], "content_span": [76, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014729-0014-0000", "contents": "162nd (East Midland) Brigade, History, First World War, Sinai and Palestine\nOn 2 April 1916, the brigade joined No. 1 (Southern) Section of the Suez Canal Defences.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 75], "content_span": [76, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014729-0015-0000", "contents": "162nd (East Midland) Brigade, History, First World War, Sinai and Palestine\nIn 1917, the brigade took part in the invasion of Palestine. It fought in the First Battle of Gaza (26 and 27 March), the Second Battle of Gaza (17\u201319 April) under Eastern Force, and the Third Battle of Gaza (27 October \u2013 7 November), the Capture of Gaza (1\u20137 November) and the Battle of Jaffa (21 and 22 December) as part of XXI Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 75], "content_span": [76, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014729-0016-0000", "contents": "162nd (East Midland) Brigade, History, First World War, Sinai and Palestine\nStill with XXI Corps, in 1918 the brigade took part in the Fight at Ras el'Ain (12 March) and Berukin (9 and 10 April). It then took part in the Final Offensive in Palestine in the Battle of Sharon (19\u201323 September). The brigade reached Haifa by 4 October, and advanced on Beirut via Acre, Tyre and Sidon concentrating at Beirut by 5 November. However, the Armistice of Mudros had ended the war with the Ottoman Empire on 31 October.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 75], "content_span": [76, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014729-0017-0000", "contents": "162nd (East Midland) Brigade, History, First World War, Sinai and Palestine\nThe division and brigade were withdrawn to Egypt in late November and December, concentrating at Helmie by 7 December. On 6 January 1919, the 162nd Brigade Trench Mortar Battery was disbanded marking the start of the demobilization process. By 30 September 1919 the division had disappeared in Egypt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 75], "content_span": [76, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014729-0018-0000", "contents": "162nd (East Midland) Brigade, History, Inter-war period\nThe Territorial Force was effectively disbanded in 1919, but started to reform from 1 February 1920 as the units commenced recruiting. From 1 October 1921, it was renamed as the Territorial Army (TA). In 1920, the 54th (East Anglian) Infantry Division (and the brigade) began to reform in Eastern Command with the same structure as the pre-war formation, and the brigade was reconstituted as 162nd (East Midland) Infantry Brigade. However, in the early 1920s, the 1st Battalion, Cambridgeshire Regiment was transferred to 163rd (Norfolk and Suffolk) Infantry Brigade and replaced by the 5th (Huntingdonshire) Battalion, Northamptonshire Regiment, previously the Huntingdonshire Cyclist Battalion of the Army Cyclist Corps", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 55], "content_span": [56, 777]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014729-0019-0000", "contents": "162nd (East Midland) Brigade, History, Inter-war period\nIn 1938, a major reorganization of the Territorial Army saw infantry divisions reduced from twelve to nine battalions and so the 162nd Brigade was reduced from four to three battalions. Consequently, the 4th Northants were transferred to the Royal Engineers and converted as 50th (The Northamptonshire Regiment) Anti - Aircraft Battalion, Royal Engineers with a searchlight role and became part of 32nd (South Midland) Anti - Aircraft Group, 2nd Anti - Aircraft Division. The 5th Northants were transferred to the 143rd (Warwickshire) Infantry Brigade of the 48th (South Midland) Infantry Division in 1938 and received the 1st Cambridgeshires as a replacement (which had transferred to 163rd (Norfolk and Suffolk) Infantry Brigade in the 1920s).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 55], "content_span": [56, 801]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014729-0020-0000", "contents": "162nd (East Midland) Brigade, History, Inter-war period\nBy 1939, it became clear that a new European war was likely to break out, and as a direct result of the German invasion of Czechoslovakia on 15 March, the doubling of the Territorial Army was authorised, with each unit and formation forming a duplicate. The 162nd Brigade formed the 55th Infantry Brigade which became part of a new 18th Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 55], "content_span": [56, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014729-0021-0000", "contents": "162nd (East Midland) Brigade, History, Second World War\nAt the outbreak of Second World War on 3 September 1939, the 162nd Infantry Brigade was part of 54th (East Anglian) Infantry Division in Eastern Command. Apart from a period (5 December 1942 \u2013 15 August 1943) when it served under London District, as 162nd Independent Infantry Brigade from 10 November 1942 to 5 September 1943, the brigade remained with the 54th Division until the division was disbanded in December 1943. Thereafter, the brigade formed part of the Line of communication (LoC) for 21st Army Group, the last two months of its existence under 12th LoC Area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 55], "content_span": [56, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014729-0022-0000", "contents": "162nd (East Midland) Brigade, History, Second World War\nThe brigade headquarters disbanded on 31 August 1944, having never left the United Kingdom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 55], "content_span": [56, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014729-0023-0000", "contents": "162nd (East Midland) Brigade, History, Post war\nThe Territorial Army was formally disbanded at the end of the war. TA units were reactivated on 1 January 1947, though no personnel were assigned until commanding officers and permanent staff had been appointed in March and April 1947. The brigade was reformed in 1947 as the 162nd Independent Infantry Brigade and commanded:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 47], "content_span": [48, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014729-0024-0000", "contents": "162nd (East Midland) Brigade, History, Post war\nOn 1 May 1961, the ten existing TA divisions were merged with the districts, and the number of infantry brigades were reduced from 31 to 23. On 1 April 1961, the 5th Battalion, Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire Regiment was amalgamated with the 1st Battalion, Hertfordshire Regiment to form the 1st Battalion, Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire Regiment. On 1 May 1961, the 5th (Huntingdonshire) Battalion, Northamptonshire Regiment amalgamated with  R (The Northamptonshire Regiment) Battery, 438th Light Anti- Aircraft Regiment RA (formerly 4th Battalion, Northamptonshire Regiment) to form 4th/5th Battalion, Northamptonshire Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 47], "content_span": [48, 679]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014729-0025-0000", "contents": "162nd (East Midland) Brigade, Victoria Cross\nThe Victoria Cross is the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. Two soldiers won the award while serving with the brigade:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 44], "content_span": [45, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014730-0000-0000", "contents": "162nd (Parry Sound) Battalion, CEF\nThe 162nd  (Parry Sound) Battalion, CEF was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War. Based in Parry Sound, Ontario, the unit began recruiting in late 1915 in that city. After sailing to England in November 1916, the battalion was absorbed into the 3rd and 4th Reserve Battalions on January 4, 1917. The 162nd Battalion, CEF had one Officer Commanding: Lieut-Col. J. M. Arthurs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014730-0001-0000", "contents": "162nd (Parry Sound) Battalion, CEF, Pre-War Militia\nThe Northern Pioneers, or the \"23rd Regiment, The Northern Fusiliers\" was formed on September 1, 1903. The Department of Militia and Defence authorized the formation in 1903 in order to fill the geographical gap between the 35th Simcoe Foresters in Huntsville and the 97th Algonquin Rifles in Sudbury. The Northern Pioneers headquarters in Parry Sound, embraced Muskoka-Parry Sound and as far north as North Bay. To cover the vast territory the regiment was sub-divided into various companies. Parry Sound, geographically speaking, was not an idealistic military district.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 51], "content_span": [52, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014730-0001-0001", "contents": "162nd (Parry Sound) Battalion, CEF, Pre-War Militia\nOther regiments in more urban centres drilled in armouries throughout the year, the Northern Pioneers would get together in summer months for two-week training periods in regular army bases such as Niagara\u2013on-the-Lake. To get to Parry Sound for the summer camp of 1912, the company from Loring had to travel west for 48\u00a0km on a wagon road through the bush to catch a CNR train at Salines (later called Drocourt).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 51], "content_span": [52, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014730-0002-0000", "contents": "162nd (Parry Sound) Battalion, CEF, Pre-War Militia, Regiment command\nWhen the regiment was first activated it was under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel John Henry Knifton who first came to Parry Sound 1895 as the new town clerk. He had 24 years of militia experience with the Queen's Own Rifles of Canada and another nine years with the 36th Peel Regiment. Lieutenant Colonel J.B. Miller was promoted Lieutenant Colonel to command the regiment on 15 September 1909. Miller was the President of the Parry Sound Lumber Company and was appointed Commanding Officer following the retirement of Knifton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 69], "content_span": [70, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014730-0003-0000", "contents": "162nd (Parry Sound) Battalion, CEF, Pre-War Militia, Regiment badge\nLieutenant-Colonel Knifton commissioned Duncan F. Macdonald to create a badge to represent the regiment. He tried to combine northern objects into the badge; a canoe is recognizable in the final product.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 67], "content_span": [68, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014730-0004-0000", "contents": "162nd (Parry Sound) Battalion, CEF, Pre-War Militia, War is declared\nWar was declared on 4 August 1914. Hundreds of men were members of the Northern Pioneers, yet only a fraction, just a little over 100 members, enlisted in the Great War. The members who did join left Parry Sound on August 20, 1914, for Val Cartier near Quebec City. The Northern Pioneers, being too small of a group to form a battalion, had to blend with the London-based 1st Canadian Infantry Battalion, 1st Brigade, 1st Canadian Contingent. Francis Pegahmagabow was one of the men who voluntarily enlisted in Parry Sound days after war had been declared and became a member of this 1st battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 68], "content_span": [69, 667]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014730-0005-0000", "contents": "162nd (Parry Sound) Battalion, CEF, Pre-War Militia, After the war\nThe Northern Pioneers came back into existence after the war and remained in existence until 1936 when it was absorbed into the Algonquin Regiment, based out of North Bay.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 66], "content_span": [67, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014730-0006-0000", "contents": "162nd (Parry Sound) Battalion, CEF, The 162nd Battalion\nA year into the First World War the Prime Minister of Canada, Robert Borden, decided the Canadian forces were to be doubled in size to half a million soldiers. This number was going to be difficult to garner since the total population of Canada at the time was around 8 million. A plan was devised by Minister of Militia, Sam Hughes, to turn each electoral district into a battalion area. The thought process was that more people would be willing to enlist if they knew they would be going overseas with their friends and neighbours. The plan worked and on 2 December 1915 the 23rd Regiment in Parry Sound was authorized to raise the 162nd Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 55], "content_span": [56, 706]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014730-0007-0000", "contents": "162nd (Parry Sound) Battalion, CEF, The 162nd Battalion, Battalion Numbers and Insignia\nNumbers and insignia were randomly drawn for each battalion; Parry Sound drew 162 whereas the neighbouring Muskoka drew 122. The 162nd Battalion badge was a pair of axes parked in a pine stump. The battalion referred to themselves as the \"Timber Wolves from Parry Sound\" due to their lineage tracing back to the 23rd Northern Pioneers, whose badge had the head of a wolf on it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 87], "content_span": [88, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014730-0008-0000", "contents": "162nd (Parry Sound) Battalion, CEF, The 162nd Battalion, Call to Arms and Absorption\nOver 700 men enlisted and went to war. On 11 August 1916 the Battalion made its way to Camp Niagara-on-the-Lake for advanced training. On October 31, 1916, the ranks in training in Niagara sailed from Halifax on the Caronia. The 162nd Battalion existed for a short time though. They operated out of Canada from 2 December 1915 to November 1, 1916. They then went to Europe but were only a whole group from 11 November 1916 to 4 January 1917. From that point on they were broken up and absorbed into the 3rd and 4th battalion, used as reinforcement for the Canadian Corps. out in the field.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 84], "content_span": [85, 674]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014731-0000-0000", "contents": "162nd Division (1st Formation)(People's Republic of China)\nThe 162nd Division(Chinese: \u7b2c50\u5e08) was created in November 1948 under the Regulation of the Redesignations of All Organizations and Units of the Army, issued by Central Military Commission on November 1, 1948, basing on the 13th Independent Division of Northeastern People's Liberation Army,  formed in September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014731-0001-0000", "contents": "162nd Division (1st Formation)(People's Republic of China)\nThe division was part of 49th Corps. Under the flag of 162nd division it took part in the Chinese civil war. In October 1949 the division was disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014732-0000-0000", "contents": "162nd Division (Israel)\nThe Israel Defense Forces 162nd Armor Division, also known as the Steel Formation (Hebrew: \u05e2\u05bb\u05e6\u05b0\u05d1\u05b7\u05bc\u05ea \u05d4\u05b7\u05e4\u05b0\u05bc\u05dc\u05b8\u05d3\u05b8\u05d4\u200e, Utzbat HaPlada), is a regular-service armor division in the IDF. It is subordinate to the Southern Regional Command. The division is led by Brigadier-General Moti Baruch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014732-0001-0000", "contents": "162nd Division (Israel)\nIt played a critical role in the 1973 Yom Kippur War in the Sinai under Abraham Adan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014732-0002-0000", "contents": "162nd Division (Israel)\nAlthough attached to the Central Command at the time, the 162nd Division participated in battles against Hezbollah, from July to August 2006, in the western sector of southern Lebanon and north of Bint Jbail. The division reached the strategic Litani River, that separates Hezbollah-controlled Lebanon from central Lebanon. The division participated in additional skirmishes with Hezbollah as late as September 27.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014733-0000-0000", "contents": "162nd Fighter Aviation Regiment\nThe 162nd Fighter Aviation Regiment (Russian: 162-\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0430\u0432\u0438\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043a) was a fighter regiment (IAP) of the Soviet Air Force during World War II that became part of the Soviet Air Defense Force (PVO) during the Cold War as the 162nd Fighter Aviation Regiment PVO. It was disbanded in 1959 during the reorganization of the PVO.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014733-0001-0000", "contents": "162nd Fighter Aviation Regiment, World War II\nThe 162nd IAP was formed on 1 January 1941 at Mogilev in the Western Special Military District. Equipped with the Polikarpov I-16 monoplane and  Polikarpov I-153 biplane fighters, the regiment was formed from young graduates of flight-technical schools. It was assigned to the 43rd Fighter Aviation Division (IAD) of the Air Forces (VVS) of the Western Special Military District (which became the VVS of the Western Front after 22 June). When Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union, began on 22 June, the regiment began flying sorties with its I-16s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 45], "content_span": [46, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014733-0002-0000", "contents": "162nd Fighter Aviation Regiment, World War II\nIt was withdrawn to Kursk on 29 June and transferred to the 60th Mixed Aviation Division (SmAD) of the VVS of the Orel Military District. There, between 3 July and 18 August, the regiment converted to newer Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-3 fighters and was reorganized to a structure that included three aviation squadrons and a total of 32 combat aircraft from its prewar structure of four squadrons with 63 combat aircraft. The 162nd IAP flew sorties on the MiG-3 with the 60th SmAD, now part of the Bryansk Front, between 20 August and 16 October.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 45], "content_span": [46, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014733-0002-0001", "contents": "162nd Fighter Aviation Regiment, World War II\nThe first regimental commander, Major Mikhail Reznik, was severely wounded in October and evacuated to a hospital, but did not return to combat and spent the rest of the war on staff duty. He was replaced by Captain Boris Kukin in November, who was later promoted to major and commanded the regiment until February 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 45], "content_span": [46, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014733-0003-0000", "contents": "162nd Fighter Aviation Regiment, World War II\nIt was soon withdrawn to Ob in the Siberian Military District, where it retrained on the Lavochkin-Gorbunov-Gudkov LaGG-3 with the 19th Reserve Fighter Aviation Regiment between 26 November and 15 January 1942, and reorganized to include two squadrons with a total of twenty combat aircraft. The regiment was then moved west to Seyma in the Moscow Military District, where it completed its LaGG-3 training with the 2nd Reserve IAP between 25 January and 28 February.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 45], "content_span": [46, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014733-0004-0000", "contents": "162nd Fighter Aviation Regiment, World War II\nThe 162nd reentered combat on 9 March, directly subordinated to the command of the VVS Western Front. The regiment became part of the 5th Shock Aviation Group of the Reserve of the Supreme High Command on 15 April, which was directly subordinated to the VVS Western Front. A month later, it was reorganized as a mixed aviation regiment (SAP) while retaining its number; the regiment now included one LaGG-3 squadron and two squadrons of Polikarpov U-2 reconnaissance aircraft. The 162nd SAP flew sorties with the VVS of the 5th Army of the Western Front until February 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 45], "content_span": [46, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014733-0005-0000", "contents": "162nd Fighter Aviation Regiment, World War II\nThe regiment became an IAP again on 18 February, this time with three squadrons allotted a total of 32 combat aircraft (ten per squadron and two in headquarters flight). Simultaneously, it was re-equipped with newer Yakovlev Yak-1 and Yak-7B fighters in the rear of the front, and Major Aleksandr Lopukhovsky took command. Four days later, the 162nd returned to combat as part of the 309th IAD of the 1st Air Army of the Western Front (which became the 3rd Belorussian Front on 24 April 1944); it would serve with the 309th for the rest of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 45], "content_span": [46, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014733-0005-0001", "contents": "162nd Fighter Aviation Regiment, World War II\nMajor Pyotr Kolomin replaced Lopukhovsky on 27 July; he would command the regiment for the rest of the war and be promoted to lieutenant colonel. While in combat between 1943 and 1944, the regiment received upgraded Yakovlev Yak-9 fighters as replacement aircraft. During its time with the 1st Air Army, the regiment flew 2,548 sorties with the loss of 44 aircraft and 29 pilots.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 45], "content_span": [46, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014733-0006-0000", "contents": "162nd Fighter Aviation Regiment, World War II\nTogether with the 309th IAD, the regiment transferred to the 4th Air Army of the 2nd Belorussian Front on 28 April 1944. For its contributions in the capture of Grodno during Operation Bagration in midyear, the 162nd received the name of the city as an honorific on 25 July. It was further decorated with the Order of the Red Banner on 2 August in recognition of its \"exemplary performance of sorties\" and \"courage and valor\". The regiment was reorganized to include three squadrons with a total of 40 aircraft (12 to each squadron and four in headquarters flight) in November.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 45], "content_span": [46, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014733-0006-0001", "contents": "162nd Fighter Aviation Regiment, World War II\nThe regiment ended the war with the 2nd Belorussian Front on 9 May. It received its final decoration, the Order of Suvorov, 3rd class, on 4 June, for its actions in the capture of Prenzlau and Angerm\u00fcnde during the Berlin Offensive. During its service with the 4th Air Army, the regiment flew 6,001 sorties with the loss of 29 aircraft and seventeen pilots.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 45], "content_span": [46, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014733-0007-0000", "contents": "162nd Fighter Aviation Regiment, World War II\nOut of 58 combat and 30 operational aircraft losses between 1943 and 1945, the regiment lost one I-16 and two LaGG-3s in 1943, nine Yak-1s, 33 Yak-7Bs, and 43 Yak-9s. Having flown 1,400 sorties in 1941 and 1,873 in 1942, the regiment made a total of 11,822 sorties during the war. It claimed 31 enemy aircraft downed in 1941, nineteen in 1942, 144 in 1943, 43 in 1944, and fourteen in 1945. Pilot losses between 1943 and 1945 totalled 45, with 22 in 1943, nineteen in 1944, and four in 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 45], "content_span": [46, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014733-0008-0000", "contents": "162nd Fighter Aviation Regiment, Postwar\nAfter the end of the war, the regiment remained with the 4th Air Army in the Northern Group of Forces and was re-equipped with the Yakovlev Yak-3 fighter in October. It transferred with the 309th to the 7th Air Army of the Baku Military District between November and December. After arriving in the Baku Military District, it again transferred with the 309th to the 11th Air Army of the Transcaucasian Military District in April 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014733-0008-0001", "contents": "162nd Fighter Aviation Regiment, Postwar\nThis proved to be brief, and in May the regiment was sent to Kubinka in the Moscow Military District to retrain on the American Bell P-63 Kingcobra Lend-Lease fighter, returning to the 309th after the completion of its conversion and being transferred with the division to the 5th Fighter Aviation Corps (IAK) of the 7th Air Army of the Transcaucasian Military District in December 1947.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014733-0009-0000", "contents": "162nd Fighter Aviation Regiment, Postwar\nReceiving its first Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-9 jet fighters in April 1949, the regiment was sent to Gunshulin in the People's Republic of China with the 309th IAD between October 1950 and March 1952 to train People's Liberation Army Air Force pilots on jet fighters and provide air defense. After returning from China, the regiment and its division became part of the 37th IAK of the 64th (later the 52nd) Fighter Air Defense Army. On the disbandment of the 309th IAD in November 1958, the regiment joined the 297th IAD PVO of the Moscow Air Defense District. This assignment proved brief, as it was disbanded with the 297th on 5 October 1959 during a reorganization of the PVO.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 715]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014734-0000-0000", "contents": "162nd Fighter Wing\nThe 162nd Fighter Wing (162 FW sometimes 162d) is a unit of the Arizona Air National Guard, stationed at Tucson Air National Guard Base, Arizona. If activated to federal service, the wing is gained by the United States Air Force Air Education and Training Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014734-0001-0000", "contents": "162nd Fighter Wing, Mission\nThe primary mission of the 162nd Fighter Wing is education and flight training of international F-16 Fighting Falcon aircrews. In addition, the wing performs air defense and homeland protection of the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014734-0002-0000", "contents": "162nd Fighter Wing, History\nOn 1 July 1969, the Arizona Air National Guard 152nd Tactical Fighter Training Squadron was authorized to expand to a group level, and the 162nd Tactical Fighter Training Group was established by the National Guard Bureau. The 152nd TFTS becoming the group's flying squadron. Other squadrons assigned into the group were the 162nd Headquarters, 162nd Material Squadron (Maintenance), 162nd Combat Support Squadron, and the 162nd USAF Dispensary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014734-0003-0000", "contents": "162nd Fighter Wing, History\nAs part of Tactical Air Command, the 162nd TFTG's mission was producing combat-ready pilots for the F-100 aircraft. The 152nd TFTS equipped with the F-100C Super Sabre, and the group graduated their first students in 1970. Shortly afterward, the unit formed the Air National Guard Fighter Weapons School (FWS) in Tucson. This school taught Air Guard and Reserve fighter pilots from throughout the country to effectively use advanced tactics and weapons technology.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014734-0004-0000", "contents": "162nd Fighter Wing, History\nIn 1977, the group received A-7D Corsair II ground support aircraft and replaced the F-100s. In the early 1980s the group also received the A-7K, a two-seat combat-capable training aircraft derived from the single-seat A-7D. This was the first time an aircraft manufacturer produced a new aircraft specifically designed for Air National Guard use.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014734-0005-0000", "contents": "162nd Fighter Wing, History\nThe unit received its second Air Force Outstanding Unit Citation for successfully continuing to train F-100 students while completing the most challenging conversion in the unit's history. That tasking was to convert from F-100s to A-7Ds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014734-0006-0000", "contents": "162nd Fighter Wing, History\nIn February 1984, a second squadron, the 195th Tactical Fighter Squadron was assigned to the group and additional A-7Ds were assigned. A third A-7D squadron, the 148th Fighter Squadron was assigned in October 1985. These three squadrons shared a common tail code (AZ), and the group's aircraft were formed in a common pool from which all three squadrons used for training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014734-0007-0000", "contents": "162nd Fighter Wing, History\nDuring the 1980s the unit received its fourth Outstanding Unit Citation and the Spaatz Trophy. The Spaatz Trophy recognized the 162nd Fighter Wing as the outstanding Air National Guard unit in the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014734-0008-0000", "contents": "162nd Fighter Wing, History\nIn 1985, the unit began a dual training mission using a mixture of F-16 Fighting Falcon and its A-7 aircraft. With the A-7s being retired from the inventory, conversion from the A-7D/K started in 1986 when the group started to receive older F-16A aircraft from other USAF units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014734-0009-0000", "contents": "162nd Fighter Wing, History\nThe mission of the unit was to train combat-ready pilots for the Air National Guard (Replacement Training Unit or RTU), but the older F-16A Block 5 airframes were not quite suited to fulfill this mission. Therefore, a number of more modern F-16A block 15 airframes were introduced in the squadron after 1989 to be able to maintain a more modern training syllabus. The last of the A-7Ds were retired in 1992.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014734-0010-0000", "contents": "162nd Fighter Wing, History\nIn 1987, the group was awarded the Sistema de Cooperacion Entre Las Fuerzas Aereas Americanas (SICOFAA), the Safety Award of the Americas. In 1989 the Netherlands and the United States formally agreed to use the 162nd Fighter Group's first-rate facilities and people to train Dutch fighter pilots in the F-16 aircraft. In 1990 the unit received its fifth Air Force Outstanding Unit Citation. Midsummer 1991 saw the retirement of all its A-7D aircraft. Now the unit flies the F-16A/B/C/D and the newer F-16E/F Fighting Falcon aircraft plus a single C-26A Metroliner light transport aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014734-0011-0000", "contents": "162nd Fighter Wing, History, International training unit\nIn 1992 the status of the 162nd was upgraded from group to wing, and the ANG staff decided to modernize the training that the squadron was providing to ANG crews as well as regular USAF units or NATO F-16 pilots. Therefore, more modern F-16C block 42 airframes were delivered to the group. This opened a lot of opportunities. Beginning in April of that year, the 162nd began training fighter pilots for the Republic of Singapore, followed in 1993 by Bahrain, by Portugal in 1994, and by Thailand, Indonesia and Turkey in 1995.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 56], "content_span": [57, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014734-0011-0001", "contents": "162nd Fighter Wing, History, International training unit\nThe unit was designated a wing in October 1995 and the international training mission continued to expand, adding Belgium in 1996 followed by Jordan and Norway in the first half of 1997. Denmark began training with the 162nd in June 1998, and Japan began training in late 1998. Italy sent their first pilot to Tucson in October 2000, Greece began training with the wing in January 2001 and the United Arab Emirates sent their first students in August 2001. Oman and Poland both began sending students in 2004. Other nations who have trained or are currently training in Tucson are Israel, Italy, Chile and Taiwan. Additional nations are currently negotiating training programs with the 162nd FW.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 56], "content_span": [57, 752]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014734-0012-0000", "contents": "162nd Fighter Wing, History, International training unit\nIn addition to the training done at the ANG base in Tucson, the wing conducts training at individual client nations. Mobile Training Teams have conducted classes in numerous countries around the world, most recently in Turkey, the Netherlands, Thailand and Poland. The Thailand Mobile Training Team conducted the unit's premier international training course, known as the Advanced Weapons Course. This program provides \"graduate-level\" training to assist allied nations in meeting their need for highly trained F-16 pilots.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 56], "content_span": [57, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014734-0013-0000", "contents": "162nd Fighter Wing, History, International training unit\nOn 9 June 1997, the wing embarked on a new mission, training international maintenance technicians on F-16 systems. Jordan sent the first six of nearly 60 technicians to observe and learn 162nd Fighter Wing maintenance techniques so they can emulate what they learn here at their home stations. The training they receive here supplements the technical training they received from the aircraft manufacturer. Italy and the United Arab Emirates have also sent their technicians to Tucson for maintenance training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 56], "content_span": [57, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014734-0014-0000", "contents": "162nd Fighter Wing, History, International training unit\nFrom October 1998 until August 1999, the unit conducted a program to convert three former air defense units to the general-purpose role. This air-to-ground training program taught current F-16 air defense pilots how to employ the F-16 in the ground attack mission. Air defense units from the Vermont, New Jersey, Texas and California Air National Guards transferred eight F-16C/Ds to the 162nd FW. These aircraft were used to train nearly 60 pilots from the three air defense units. Maintenance people from these states also provided maintenance support for these aircraft under 162nd Maintenance Group supervision.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 56], "content_span": [57, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014734-0015-0000", "contents": "162nd Fighter Wing, History, Global War on Terrorism\nThe September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks on the United States brought immediate change to the 162nd Fighter Wing. Within hours of the first attack on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon, the 162nd FW placed F-16 aircraft on alert. In the days and weeks that followed, the wing met every requirement of this new air defense mission, dubbed Operation Noble Eagle, with outstanding results. Many members of the wing volunteered to support this new mission and others have stepped up and answered the president's call to \"mobilize\" in support of this critical mission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 52], "content_span": [53, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014734-0016-0000", "contents": "162nd Fighter Wing, History, Global War on Terrorism\nThe unit received its sixth Outstanding Unit Award in 2003 for mobilizing more than 300 personnel to support the North American Air Defense Command's Operation Noble Eagle, providing more than 50 personnel to support Central Command's Operation Enduring Freedom, for supporting Joint Forge, Coronet Oak, Coronet Nighthawk and providing personnel to Southern Command and European Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 52], "content_span": [53, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014734-0017-0000", "contents": "162nd Fighter Wing, History, Current status\nOn 27 June 2004, the 162nd Fighter Wing and the United Arab Emirates initiated a unique training program. The UAE F-16 Training Program is a dedicated F-16 squadron, the 148th Fighter Squadron. The squadron will operate in the long-term with 13 F-16E/F (Block 60) aircraft. The first aircraft arrived on 2 September 2004.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 43], "content_span": [44, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014734-0018-0000", "contents": "162nd Fighter Wing, History, Current status\nAlong with the homeland defense mission, the 162nd FW continues its primary mission of international F-16 pilot training. The 162nd Fighter Wing now features new modern buildings, up-to-date equipment and continually updated technology that keeps pace with its rapidly changing roles and missions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 43], "content_span": [44, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014734-0019-0000", "contents": "162nd Fighter Wing, History, Current status\nThe Iraqi government purchased 36 F-16 Fighting Falcons to help rebuild their air force. However, the security situation in Iraq made delivering the aircraft impractical. The decision was made to instead deliver eight of the fighters to Tucson and continue the Iraqi Air Force pilots' training there. The Arizona ANG's 162nd Wing was chosen to provide the training due to its already established experience with foreign students. The wing is home to pilots in training from many nations, including the Netherlands, Norway, Singapore and Japan. All the Iraqi pilots have gone through U.S. pilot training and then move to Arizona for their F-16 training. The first two Iraqi air force F-16D were delivered on 16 December 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 43], "content_span": [44, 768]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014734-0020-0000", "contents": "162nd Fighter Wing, Lineage, Stations\nAircraft flown through the years:-1956-1957: F-86A Sabre-1957-1958: F-84F Thunderstreak-1958-1966: F-100A Super Sabre-1966-1969: F-102A Delta Dagger-1969-1976: F-100CD Super Sabre-1975-1987: A-7D/K Corsair II-1985\u2013Present: F-16A/C/CG/CJ/E Fighting Falcon", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 37], "content_span": [38, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014735-0000-0000", "contents": "162nd Infantry Brigade (United States)\nThe 162nd Infantry Brigade was an active duty Infantry training brigade of the United States Army based at Fort Polk, Louisiana. The brigade was responsible for training the Security Forces Assistance \u2013 Security Cooperation teams, also known as Military Transition Teams, prior to their deployment to Operations Enduring Freedom and New Dawn from 2010 until its inactivation in 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014735-0001-0000", "contents": "162nd Infantry Brigade (United States), During World War One\nThe 81st Infantry Division \"Wildcats\" was organized as a National Division of the United States Army in August 1917 during World War I at Camp Jackson, South Carolina. The division was originally organized with a small cadre of Regular Army officers, while the soldiers were predominantly Selective Service men drawn from the southeastern United States. After organizing and finishing training, the 81st Division deployed to Europe, arriving on the Western Front in August 1918. Elements of the 81st Division first saw limited action by defending the St. Di\u00e9 sector in September and early October.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 60], "content_span": [61, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014735-0001-0001", "contents": "162nd Infantry Brigade (United States), During World War One\nAfter relief of mission, the 81st Division was attached to the American First Army in preparation for the Meuse-Argonne Offensive. In the last days of World War I, the 81st Division attacked a portion of the German Army's defensive line on 9 November 1918, and remained engaged in combat operations until the Armistice with Germany at 1100 hours on 11 November 1918. After the cessation of hostilities, the 81st Division remained in France until May 1919; after which the division was shipped back to the United States and inactivated on 11 June 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 60], "content_span": [61, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014735-0001-0002", "contents": "162nd Infantry Brigade (United States), During World War One\nDuring World War I, infantry brigades were purely tactical formations. Administrative and logistical functions were conducted by the division headquarters. The brigade headquarters was composed of the commander (a brigadier general), his three aides, a brigade adjutant, and eighteen enlisted men who furnished mess, transportation, and communications services. During World War I, the 162nd Infantry Brigade was composed of 8,134 personnel organized in a Headquarters Detachment with 5 Officers and 18 Enlisted Soldiers, the 321st and 322nd Infantry Regiments each with 3,755 Officers and Enlisted Soldiers, and the 317th Machine Gun Battalion with 581 Officers and Enlisted Soldiers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 60], "content_span": [61, 746]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014735-0002-0000", "contents": "162nd Infantry Brigade (United States), During the Global War on Terror\nThe 162nd Infantry Brigade was organized to assume the advisory training mission and replace the 1st Brigade, 1st Infantry Division which reorganized as a deployable formation. U.S. forces were trained to prepare foreign civilian and military security forces within Afghanistan and Iraq for the transfer of security responsibilities back to the host nations. The Security Forces Assistance \u2013 Security Cooperation Team Training Brigade has provided rotational units with the capability to provide training, coaching, and mentoring to the Afghanistan National Army and other Afghan Security forces in Afghanistan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 71], "content_span": [72, 683]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014735-0002-0001", "contents": "162nd Infantry Brigade (United States), During the Global War on Terror\nThe brigade was inactivated as the mission changed to the deployment of brigade combat teams to mentor their foreign counterparts. This mission evolved into the Security Force Assistance Brigade (SFAB) to prevent the disruption to the brigade combat teams' core warfighting competencies and better focus the training and expertise in the dedicated SFABs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 71], "content_span": [72, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014736-0000-0000", "contents": "162nd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)\nThe 162nd Infantry Division (162. Infanterie-Division) was a infantry division of the Wehrmacht during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014736-0001-0000", "contents": "162nd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History\nThe division saw its first action in Operation Barbarossa as part of the XX Army Corps. It advanced over Bialystok and Smolensk to Moscow, where it was dissolved on 23 December 1941, after its destruction in the Battles of Kalinin and Rzhev.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014736-0002-0000", "contents": "162nd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History\nThe Division's command served for the formation of the 162nd Turkoman Division in 1942. The Division's only commander was Generalleutnant Hermann Franke.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014737-0000-0000", "contents": "162nd Infantry Regiment (United States)\nThe 162nd Infantry Regiment is a regiment of the Oregon Army National Guard with headquarters in Springfield, Oregon. In January 2006 as part of the Army's transformation towards a modular force, the 1st Battalion, 162nd Infantry Regiment was inactivated. Many members continued to serve with the 2nd Battalion and other units within the 41st Infantry Brigade Combat Team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014737-0001-0000", "contents": "162nd Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II\nAt one point in World War II, from 1943 until early 1944, the 2d battalion of the 162d was commanded by Archibald Roosevelt, the son of 26th US President, Theodore Roosevelt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 53], "content_span": [54, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014737-0002-0000", "contents": "162nd Infantry Regiment (United States), Present\nMembers of C Company, 1st Battalion, 162nd Infantry Regiment, deployed to Eskan Village in Kuwait in June 1999 through April 2000 to provide security for Patriot sites there. The unit was set to replace a National Guard unit from Arkansas who were deployed there.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014737-0003-0000", "contents": "162nd Infantry Regiment (United States), Present\nSoldiers from the 1st Battalion, 162nd Infantry Regiment deployed to Asahikawa, Japan to participate in NORTHWIND 94 to partake in extreme cold weather training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014737-0004-0000", "contents": "162nd Infantry Regiment (United States), Present\nSoldiers from the 1st Battalion, 162nd Infantry Regiment were deployed on 14 February 2003 in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom. Upon arrival in the Middle East, individual companies of the 1st Battalion were then split up, dividing assignments in Kuwait, Iraq, and Saudi Arabia. No casualties were reported, and the 1st Battalion returned in April, 2004.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014737-0005-0000", "contents": "162nd Infantry Regiment (United States), Present\nSoldiers from the 2nd Battalion, 162nd Infantry Regiment deployed to Japan to participate in the annual bilateral U.S.-Japan cold weather training exercise NORTHWIND 96. For this exercise, the soldiers arrived at Camp Obihiro, Japan, on 18 February 1996, for their annual training mission before moving to the Shikaribetsu Training Area north of Camp Obihiro for the field training exercise.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014737-0006-0000", "contents": "162nd Infantry Regiment (United States), Present\n2nd Battalion was deployed in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom twice. 2004 to 2005 and 2009 to 2010. There were 9 KIAs during the 2004-2005 Deployment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014737-0007-0000", "contents": "162nd Infantry Regiment (United States), Present\nIn June 2014 the 2nd Battalion deployed to Afghanistan and return in May 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014737-0008-0000", "contents": "162nd Infantry Regiment (United States), Present\nPrior to this, the unit had deployed to take part in Team Spirit in Korea in 1988; to the Naval Amphibious Warfare School, Coronado in 1992; and to the Jungle Warfare Center in Panama in 1994. In 2011 they deployed to Thailand in support of Cobra Gold.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014737-0009-0000", "contents": "162nd Infantry Regiment (United States), Present\nA Company, 2nd Battalion, 162nd Infantry Regiment, also deployed in 1990 to Scotland and in 1991 to Puerto Rico.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014737-0010-0000", "contents": "162nd Infantry Regiment (United States), Distinctive unit insignia\nA Gold color metal and enamel device 1+1\u20448 inches (2.9\u00a0cm) in height overall consisting of a shield blazoned: Azure, a fess Gules fimbriated Or between in chief a fasces and in base a giant cactus, both of the last. Attached below and to the sides of the shield a Blue scroll inscribed \"FIRST TO ASSEMBLE\" in Gold letters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014737-0011-0000", "contents": "162nd Infantry Regiment (United States), Distinctive unit insignia\nThe shield is blue for Infantry, the red fess with the gold edges gives the Spanish colors and the red fess and the blue shield give the colors of the Philippine service ribbon. The cactus indicates the Mexican Border service and the fasces from the arms of the French Republic indicates service in France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014737-0012-0000", "contents": "162nd Infantry Regiment (United States), Distinctive unit insignia\nThe distinctive unit insignia approved on 16 May 1925. It was amended by addition of the word \"giant\" in the description on 29 June 1964.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014737-0013-0000", "contents": "162nd Infantry Regiment (United States), Coat of arms, Blazon\nAzure, a fess Gules fimbriated Or between in chief a fasces and in base a giant cactus, both of the last.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014737-0014-0000", "contents": "162nd Infantry Regiment (United States), Coat of arms, Blazon\nThat for the regiments and separate battalions of the Oregon Army National Guard: On a wreath of the colors Or and Azure, a demi-disc Gules charged with the setting sun with twelve light rays Or (the shoulder sleeve insignia of the 41st Division), behind a beaver sejant Proper. Motto FIRST TO ASSEMBLE.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014737-0015-0000", "contents": "162nd Infantry Regiment (United States), Coat of arms, Symbolism\nThe shield is blue for Infantry, the red fess with the gold edges gives the Spanish colors and the red fess and the blue shield give the colors of the Philippine service ribbon. The cactus indicates the Mexican Border service and the fasces from the arms of the French Republic indicates service in France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 64], "content_span": [65, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014737-0016-0000", "contents": "162nd Infantry Regiment (United States), Coat of arms, Symbolism\nThe crest is that of the Oregon Army National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 64], "content_span": [65, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014737-0017-0000", "contents": "162nd Infantry Regiment (United States), Coat of arms, Background\nThe coat of arms was originally approved for the 162d Infantry Regiment on 23 August 1924. It was amended by addition of the word \"giant\" in the blazonry of the shield on 29 June 1964.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 65], "content_span": [66, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014738-0000-0000", "contents": "162nd Motorized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China)\nThe 135th Division (Chinese: \u7b2c135\u5e08) was created in November 1948 under the Regulation of the Redesignations of All Organizations and Units of the Army, issued by Central Military Commission on November 1, 1948, basing on the 24th Division, 8th Column of the Northeastern Field Army. Its history can be traced to the 27th Brigade of Jireliao Military Region, formed in November 1945. Its first commander was Ding Sheng.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014738-0001-0000", "contents": "162nd Motorized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China)\nThe division was part of 45th Army. Under the flag of 135th division it took part in several major battles in the Chinese Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014738-0002-0000", "contents": "162nd Motorized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China)\nIn October 1952 45th Corps was re-organized as 54th Corps, and the division stayed under the command of the Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014738-0003-0000", "contents": "162nd Motorized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China)\nIn May 1953 the division entered Korea as a part of People's Volunteer Army. The division was involved in the Battle of Kumsong.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014738-0004-0000", "contents": "162nd Motorized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China)\nIn 1953 the division was renamed as 135th Infantry Division(Chinese: \u6b65\u5175\u7b2c135\u5e08).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014738-0005-0000", "contents": "162nd Motorized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China)\nIn July 1958 the division pulled out from Korea. In April 1960 the division was renamed as 135th Army Division(Chinese: \u9646\u519b\u7b2c135\u5e08).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014738-0006-0000", "contents": "162nd Motorized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China)\nIn January 1963 the division became a combat alert unit, making it a big division in PLA glossaries that was fully manned and equipped. By then the division was composed of:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014738-0007-0000", "contents": "162nd Motorized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China)\nIn December 1969 the division was renamed as 162nd Army Division(Chinese: \u9646\u519b\u7b2c162\u5e08). All its regiments were renamed as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014738-0008-0000", "contents": "162nd Motorized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China)\nIn February 1979 the division took part in the Sino-Vietnam War under the command of the Corps. During the war it inflicted 2085 casualties to the confronting PAVN units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014738-0009-0000", "contents": "162nd Motorized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China)\nIn November 1985 the division was renamed as 162nd Motorized Infantry Division(Chinese: \u6469\u6258\u5316\u6b65\u5175\u7b2c162\u5e08). Tank Regiment and Antiaircraft Artillery Regiment activated. From 1985 to 1998 the division maintained as a Northern Motorized Infantry Division, Catalogue A. In April 1989 it became one of the first Emergency Mobile Operations divisions. By then the division was composed of:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014738-0010-0000", "contents": "162nd Motorized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China)\nIn 1998 Tank Regiment was renamed as Armored Regiment. Since then the division was composed of:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014738-0011-0000", "contents": "162nd Motorized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China)\nThe division is now one of the only two six-regiment infantry divisions in PLA ground force. The other one is 61st Motorized Infantry Division of the 21st Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014739-0000-0000", "contents": "162nd New York Infantry Regiment\nThe 163rd New York Infantry Regiment (a.k.a. \"3rd Metropolitan Guard\") was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014739-0001-0000", "contents": "162nd New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 163rd New York Infantry was organized at New York City, New York, beginning August 22, 1862 and mustered in October 14, 1862, under the command of Colonel Lewis Benedict.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014739-0002-0000", "contents": "162nd New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to Abercrombie's Division, Defenses of Washington, D.C., to November 1862. Sherman's Division, Department of the Gulf, to January 1863. 3rd Brigade, 3rd Division, XIX Corps, Department of the Gulf, to March 1863. 1st Brigade, 3rd Division, XIX Corps, to May 1863. 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, XIX Corps, to August 1863. 1st Brigade, 3rd Division, XIX Corps, to February 1864. 3rd Brigade, 1st Division, XIX Corps, Department of the Gulf, to July 1864, and Army of the Shenandoah, Middle Military Division, to February 1865. 3rd Brigade, 1st Provisional Division, Army of the Shenandoah, to April 1865. 3rd Brigade, Dwight's Division, Department of Washington, to June 1865. District of Savannah, Georgia, Department of Georgia, to October 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 810]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014739-0003-0000", "contents": "162nd New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 163rd New York Infantry mustered out on October 12, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014739-0004-0000", "contents": "162nd New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nLeft New York for Washington, D, C., October 24, 1862, then moved to New Orleans, Louisiana, November. Duty at Carrollton, Louisiana, until March 1863. Plaquemine December 31, 1862, and January 3, 1863. Moved to Baton Rouge, Louisiana, March 7 (3 companies). Operations against Port Hudson until March 27. Moved to Algiers April 3, then to Brashear City April 9. Operations in Western Louisiana April 9 \u2013 May 14. Bayou Teche Campaign April 11\u201320. Fort Bisland, near Centreville, April 12\u201313. Franklin April 14. Expedition from Opelousas to Barre Landing April 21. Advance on Port Hudson, Louisiana, May 17\u201324.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014739-0004-0001", "contents": "162nd New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nSiege of Port Hudson May 24-July 9. Assaults on Port Hudson May 27 and June 14. Surrender of Port Hudson July 9. Moved to Baton Rouge, Louisiana, and duty there until September. Sabine Pass Expedition September 4\u201311. Moved from Algiers to Brashear City September 16, then to Berwick September 26. Western Louisiana Campaign October 3 \u2013 November 30. At New Iberia until January 7, 1864. Moved to Franklin January 7, and duty there until March. Red River Campaign March 10 \u2013 May 22. Advance from Franklin to Alexandria March 14\u201326. Battle of Sabine Cross Roads April 8.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014739-0004-0002", "contents": "162nd New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nPleasant Hill April 9. Monett's Ferry, Cane River Crossing, April 23. At Alexandria April 26 \u2013 May 13. Retreat to Morganza May 13\u201320. Mansura May 16. Duty at Morganza until July. Moved to New Orleans, then to Fort Monroe, Virginia, and Washington, D.C., July 1\u201313. Snicker's Gap Expedition July 14\u201323. Sheridan's Shenandoah Valley Expedition August 7 \u2013 November 28. Detached with the brigade as supply train guard for the army August 14 to October 27. Duty near Middletown and Newtown until December, and at Stephenson's Depot and Winchester until April 1865. Moved to Washington, D.C., and duty there until June. Grand Review of the Armies May 23\u201324. Moved to Savannah, Georgia, June 30 \u2013 July 7. Duty there and at various points in the Department of the South until October.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 827]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014739-0005-0000", "contents": "162nd New York Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 221 men during service; 8 officers and 58 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 3 officers and 152 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014740-0000-0000", "contents": "162nd New York State Legislature\nThe 162nd New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 4, 1939, to October 22, 1940, during the seventh and eight years of Herbert H. Lehman's governorship, in Albany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014740-0001-0000", "contents": "162nd New York State Legislature, Background\nUnder the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1894, re-apportioned in 1917, 51 Senators and 150 assemblymen were elected in single-seat districts. The senatorial districts consisted either of one or more entire counties; or a contiguous area within a single county. The counties which were divided into more than one senatorial district were New York (nine districts), Kings (eight), Bronx (three), Erie (three), Monroe (two), Queens (two) and Westchester (two). The Assembly districts were made up of contiguous area, all within the same county.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014740-0002-0000", "contents": "162nd New York State Legislature, Background\nIn November 1937, an amendment to the State Constitution to increase the term in office of the members of the New York State Assembly to two years, and of the statewide elected state officers (Governor, Lieutenant Governor, Comptroller, Attorney General) to four years, was accepted. Thus, beginning at the state election in 1938, all members (senators and assemblymen) of the Legislature were elected to two-year terms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014740-0003-0000", "contents": "162nd New York State Legislature, Background\nAt this time there were two major political parties: the Democratic Party and the Republican Party. The American Labor Party, the Socialist Party and the Communist Party also nominated tickets. The Socialist Labor Party nominated an \"Industrial Government\" ticket. The Republicans also nominated an \"Independent Progressive\" ticket so that their nominee Thomas E. Dewey would appear in two columns on the ballot, like Gov. Lehman who was endorsed by the American Labor Party. In New York City, \"City Fusion\", \"Progressive\" and \"Liberal\" tickets were also nominated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014740-0004-0000", "contents": "162nd New York State Legislature, Elections\nThe New York state election, 1938, was held on November 8. Governor Herbert H. Lehman was re-elected, and Charles Poletti was elected Lieutenant Governor, both Democrats endorsed by the American Labor Party. The other six statewide elective offices were also carried by the Democrats. The approximate party strength at this election, as expressed by the vote for Governor, was: Republicans 2,303,000; Democrats 1,971,000;  American Labor 420,000; Communists 106,000; Socialists 25,000; Independent Progressives 24,000; and Industrial Government 3,500.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014740-0005-0000", "contents": "162nd New York State Legislature, Elections\nBoth woman legislators\u2014State Senator Rhoda Fox Graves (Rep.), of Gouverneur, and Assemblywoman Jane H. Todd (Rep.), of Tarrytown\u2014were re-elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014740-0006-0000", "contents": "162nd New York State Legislature, Elections\nThe New York state election, 1939, was held on November 7. Two vacancies in the State Senate and six vacancies in the State Assembly were filled. Edith C. Cheney, the widow of Assemblyman Guy W. Cheney, was elected to the seat previously held by her husband.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014740-0007-0000", "contents": "162nd New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for the first regular session (the 162nd) at the State Capitol in Albany on January 4, 1939; and adjourned on May 20.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014740-0008-0000", "contents": "162nd New York State Legislature, Sessions\nPerley A. Pitcher (Rep.) was elected Temporary President of the State Senate. Pitcher died on February 20, 1939.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014740-0009-0000", "contents": "162nd New York State Legislature, Sessions\nOn February 27, 1939, Joe R. Hanley (Rep.) was elected Temporary President of the State Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014740-0010-0000", "contents": "162nd New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for a special session at the State Capitol in Albany on June 23, 1939; and adjourned on July 10. This session was called because the New York Court of Appeals had declared the state budget, enacted during the regular session, as unconstitutional, and a new budget was required to be made.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014740-0011-0000", "contents": "162nd New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for the second regular session (the 163rd) at the State Capitol in Albany on January 3, 1940; and adjourned at half past midnight on March 31.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014740-0012-0000", "contents": "162nd New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for another special session at the State Capitol in Albany on October 22, 1940; and adjourned after a session of four hours. This session was held to enact an extension of three hours to the voting time on the next election day, so that the polls would close at 9 p.m. instead of at 6 p.m.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014740-0013-0000", "contents": "162nd New York State Legislature, Sessions\nOn November 16, the State Senate rejected, with a vote of 29 to 18, the removal from office of Kings County Judge George W. Martin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014740-0014-0000", "contents": "162nd New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature. Peter H. Ruvolo, Phelps Phelps, Carl Pack, Fred A. Young and James W. Riley changed from the Assembly to the Senate at the beginning of this Legislature. Assemblymen Daniel Gutman and Chauncey B. Hammond were elected to fill vacancies in the Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014740-0015-0000", "contents": "162nd New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members\nNote: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words \"...the Committee on (the)...\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014740-0016-0000", "contents": "162nd New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Assemblymen\nNote: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words \"...the Committee on (the)...\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 61], "content_span": [62, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014741-0000-0000", "contents": "162nd Ohio Infantry Regiment\nThe 162nd Ohio Infantry Regiment, sometimes 162nd Ohio Volunteer Infantry (or 162nd OVI) was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014741-0001-0000", "contents": "162nd Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 162nd Ohio Infantry was organized at Camp Chase in Columbus, Ohio, and mustered in May 20, 1864, for 100 days service under the command of Colonel Ephraim Ball.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014741-0002-0000", "contents": "162nd Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nCompanies A, C, F, and K served duty at Tod Barracks, Columbus, Ohio, until September 4. Companies B, D, E, G, H, and I moved to Covington, Kentucky (two companies were given horses), June 11 and participated in the expedition to Carrollton, Kentucky, in search of Moses Webster's men. Served duty at Carrollton and Covington, recruiting for the 117th United States Colored Troops and arresting prominent Rebels until September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014741-0003-0000", "contents": "162nd Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 162nd Ohio Infantry mustered out of service September 4, 1864, at Camp Chase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014741-0004-0000", "contents": "162nd Ohio Infantry Regiment, Ohio National Guard\nOver 35,000 Ohio National Guardsmen were federalized and organized into regiments for 100 days service in May 1864. Shipped to the Eastern Theater, they were designed to be placed in \"safe\" rear areas to protect railroads and supply points, thereby freeing regular troops for Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant\u2019s push on the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia. As events transpired, many units found themselves in combat, stationed in the path of Confederate Gen. Jubal Early\u2019s veteran Army of the Valley during its famed Valley Campaigns of 1864. Ohio Guard units met the battle-tested foe head on and helped blunt the Confederate offensive thereby saving Washington, D.C. from capture. Ohio National Guard units participated in the battles of Monacacy, Fort Stevens, Harpers Ferry, and in the siege of Petersburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 49], "content_span": [50, 863]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014741-0005-0000", "contents": "162nd Ohio Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost 20 enlisted men during service, all due to disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014742-0000-0000", "contents": "162nd Regiment Royal Armoured Corps\nThe 162nd Regiment Royal Armoured Corps was a short-lived armoured regiment of the Royal Armoured Corps raised by the British Army during World War II by the conversion of the 9th Battalion, Queen's Own Royal West Kent Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014743-0000-0000", "contents": "162nd Turkestan Division\nThe 162nd Turkistan Division was a military division that was formed by the German Army during the Second World War. It drew its men from prisoners of war who came from the Caucasus and from Turkic lands further east.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014743-0001-0000", "contents": "162nd Turkestan Division, History\nThe 162nd Turkistan Division was formed in May 1943 and comprised five Azeri and six Turkestan artillery and infantry units. The unit retained many enlisted German personnel, and also contained Georgian and Armenians Ost-legion, although they were collectively referred to as \u201cTurks\u201d. The soldiers were trained at Neuhammer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014743-0002-0000", "contents": "162nd Turkestan Division, History\nThe division was sent, in October 1943, to northern Italy. The 162nd became the largest division of all the ost-legion. Infantry battalion No. 450 was also drawn from ethnic Turks and Azeris. The division also had many Georgian, Armenian, and", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014743-0003-0000", "contents": "162nd Turkestan Division, History\nIn early 1944 the division was assigned with guarding the Ligurian coast. In June 1944 the division was assigned to combat in Italy but was withdrawn due to poor performance. For the remainder of the war, the division fought the Italian resistance movement near Spezia and the Val di Taro in Italy. After initial setbacks, the division proved to be quite effective.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014743-0004-0000", "contents": "162nd Turkestan Division, History\nThe main body of the division surrendered near Padua in May 1945 to the Western Allies and was dispatched to Taranto. In accordance with the agreements signed by the British and Americans at the Yalta Conference, the soldiers were repatriated to the Soviet Union. According to Nikolai Tolstoy, they received a twenty-year sentence of corrective labor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014743-0005-0000", "contents": "162nd Turkestan Division, War crimes\nThe division has been implicated in a number of war crimes in Italy between December 1943 and May 1945, two of those, in January 1945 in the Emilia-Romagna resulted in the execution of at least 20 civilians each.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014744-0000-0000", "contents": "162nd meridian east\nThe meridian 162\u00b0 east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014744-0001-0000", "contents": "162nd meridian east\nThe 162nd meridian east forms a great circle with the 18th meridian west.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014744-0002-0000", "contents": "162nd meridian east, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 162nd meridian east passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014745-0000-0000", "contents": "162nd meridian west\nThe meridian 162\u00b0 west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014745-0001-0000", "contents": "162nd meridian west\nThe 162nd meridian west forms a great circle with the 18th meridian east.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014745-0002-0000", "contents": "162nd meridian west, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 162nd meridian west passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014746-0000-0000", "contents": "163\nYear 163 (CLXIII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Laelianus and Pastor (or, less frequently, year 916 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 163 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014747-0000-0000", "contents": "163 (number)\n163 (one hundred [and] sixty-three) is the natural number following 162 and preceding 164.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014747-0001-0000", "contents": "163 (number), In mathematics\n163 is a strong prime in the sense that it is greater than the arithmetic mean of its two neighboring primes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014747-0002-0000", "contents": "163 (number), In mathematics\n163 is a strictly non-palindromic number, since it is not palindromic in any base between base 2 and base 161.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014747-0003-0000", "contents": "163 (number), In mathematics\nGiven 163, the Mertens function returns 0, it is the fourth prime with this property, the first three such primes are 2, 101 and 149.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014747-0004-0000", "contents": "163 (number), In mathematics\n163 figures in an approximation of \u03c0, in which \u03c0\u224829163\u22483.1411{\\displaystyle \\pi \\approx {2^{9} \\over 163}\\approx 3.1411}.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014747-0005-0000", "contents": "163 (number), In mathematics\n163 figures in an approximation of e, in which e\u22481633\u22c54\u22c55\u22482.7166\u2026{\\displaystyle e\\approx {163 \\over 3\\cdot 4\\cdot 5}\\approx 2.7166\\dots }.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014747-0006-0000", "contents": "163 (number), In mathematics\n163 is a Heegner number, the largest of the nine such numbers. That is, the ring of integers of the field Q(\u2212a){\\displaystyle \\mathbb {Q} ({\\sqrt {-a}})} has unique factorization for a=163{\\displaystyle a=163}. The only other such integers area=1,2,3,7,11,19,43,67{\\displaystyle a=1,2,3,7,11,19,43,67}. (sequence  in the OEIS)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014747-0007-0000", "contents": "163 (number), In mathematics\n163 is the number of Z-independent McKay-Thompson series for the monster group. This fact about 163 might be a clue for understanding monstrous moonshine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014747-0008-0000", "contents": "163 (number), In mathematics\n163 is a permutable prime in base 12, which it is written as 117, the permutations of its digits are 171 and 711, the two numbers in base 12 is 229 and 1021 in base 10, both of them are primes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014747-0009-0000", "contents": "163 (number), In mathematics\nThe function f(n)=n2+n+41{\\displaystyle f(n)=n^{2}+n+41} gives prime values for all values of n{\\displaystyle n} between 0 and 39, and for n<107{\\displaystyle n<10^{7}} approximately half of all values are prime. 163 appears as a result of solving f(n)=0{\\displaystyle f(n)=0}, which gives n=(\u22121+\u2212163)/2{\\displaystyle n=(-1+{\\sqrt {-163}})/2}.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014747-0010-0000", "contents": "163 (number), In mathematics\n163{\\displaystyle {\\sqrt {163}}}appears in the Ramanujan constant, since -163 is a quadratic nonresidue to modulo all the primes 3, 5, 7, ..., 37. In which e\u03c0163{\\displaystyle e^{\\pi {\\sqrt {163}}}} almost equals the integer 262537412640768744 = 6403203 + 744. Martin Gardner famously asserted that this identity was exact in a 1975 April Fools' hoax in Scientific American; in fact the value is 262537412640768743.99999999999925007259...", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014748-0000-0000", "contents": "163 BC\nYear 163 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Gracchus and Thalna (or, less frequently, year 591 Ab urbe condita) and the First Year of Houyuan (\u5f8c\u5143). The denomination 163 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014749-0000-0000", "contents": "163 Erigone\n163 Erigone is an asteroid from the asteroid belt and the namesake of the Erigone family of asteroids that share similar orbital elements and properties. It was discovered by French astronomer Henri Joseph Perrotin on April 26, 1876, and named after one of the two Erigones in Greek mythology.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014749-0001-0000", "contents": "163 Erigone\nErigone is a relatively large and dark asteroid with an estimated size of 73\u00a0km. Based upon its spectrum, it is classified as a C-type asteroid, which indicates that it probably has a carbonaceous composition. It is the largest member of the eponymously-named Erigone collisional family.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014749-0002-0000", "contents": "163 Erigone, 2014 occultation of Regulus\nIn the early morning hours of March 20, 2014, Erigone occulted the first-magnitude star Regulus as first predicted by A. Vitagliano in 2004. This would have been a rare case of an occultation of a very bright star visible from a highly populated area, since the shadow path moved across New York state and Ontario, including all five boroughs of New York City. Observers in the shadow path would have seen the star wink out for as long as 14 seconds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 40], "content_span": [41, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014749-0003-0000", "contents": "163 Erigone, 2014 occultation of Regulus\nHowever, heavy clouds and rain blocked the view for most if not all people on the shadow path. The website of the International Occultation Timing Association does not list any successful observations at all.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 40], "content_span": [41, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014749-0004-0000", "contents": "163 Erigone, 2014 occultation of Regulus\nTwo single chord Asteroid Occultation events have been observed, in 2013 and 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 40], "content_span": [41, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014750-0000-0000", "contents": "163 North Street, Brighton\nThe building at 163 North Street in Brighton, part of the English coastal city of Brighton and Hove, was erected in 1904 for an insurance company and has since been used as a branch by several banks and building societies. It now houses a bookmaker's shop. The distinctive pink granite Edwardian Baroque-style office, embellished with towers, decorative carvings and a landmark cupola, has been called \"the most impressive building\" on Brighton's main commercial thoroughfare. One of many works by prolific local architecture firm Clayton & Black, it has been described as their chef d'\u0153uvre. English Heritage has listed it at Grade II for its architectural and historical importance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 711]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014750-0001-0000", "contents": "163 North Street, Brighton, History\nNorth Street formed the northern boundary of the ancient fishing village of Brighthelmston, from which the town of Brighton developed. It was part of the main route out of Brighton towards London, so was well placed to develop quickly once the town started to grow in the 18th century. By about 1800 it was considered the main commercial area of Brighton. The first of several road widening schemes was completed in 1879: it cleared most buildings from the north side of the street and encouraged the development of large banks and offices.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014750-0002-0000", "contents": "163 North Street, Brighton, History\nThe architecture firm Clayton & Black had been based in Brighton since the 1870s, originally at North Street. By the early 20th century they had designed a wide range of buildings in the town and in neighbouring Hove, where they also carried out surveying work. Their portfolio included churches, schools, residential buildings, a convalescent home and a furniture depository, completed in 1904.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014750-0002-0001", "contents": "163 North Street, Brighton, History\nBy this time they were working mostly on commercial buildings, and in 1904 the Royal Assurance Society commissioned them to design a new office on a site next to the Chapel Royal at the junction of North Street and New Road\u2014a prominent corner site. Other banks and financial institutions followed, and the north side of North Street has been \"dominated\" by them ever since.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014750-0003-0000", "contents": "163 North Street, Brighton, History\nFrom 21 April 1936, the building was shared with a branch of Martins Bank. A weather vane decorated with a liver bird\u2014part of the bank's logo\u2014was added to the roof. The branch closed on 5 March 1957 when a new one was opened elsewhere on North Street. By 1987, the building was occupied by a branch of the Leeds Permanent Building Society. On 1 August 1995, this company merged with the Halifax Building Society and the \"Leeds Permanent\" brand disappeared; thereafter the branch operated under the Halifax brand. By 2013 the building housed a branch of Metrobet, a bookmaker with several branches in London and southeast England, but in 2020 it was a branch of the Paddy Power bookmaker chain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 729]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014750-0004-0000", "contents": "163 North Street, Brighton, Heritage\n163 North Street was listed at Grade II by English Heritage on 26 August 1999. This status is given to \"nationally important buildings of special interest\". As of February 2001, it was one of 1,124 Grade II-listed buildings and structures, and 1,218 listed buildings of all grades, in the city of Brighton and Hove.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 36], "content_span": [37, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014750-0005-0000", "contents": "163 North Street, Brighton, Heritage\nThe building is within the Valley Gardens Conservation Area, one of 34 conservation areas in the city of Brighton and Hove. This was designated by Brighton Council in 1973 and covers 92.84 acres (37.57\u00a0ha).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 36], "content_span": [37, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014750-0006-0000", "contents": "163 North Street, Brighton, Architecture\n163 North Street has been widely praised for its design. Descriptions include \"the chef d'\u0153uvre of Clayton & Black, an ebullient essay in Edwardian Baroque\", \"an example of Edwardian Baroque at its best: a confident composition\" and \"the most impressive\" of North Street's many banks and offices. The building has a roof of green slate tiles, and the walls are faced entirely in \"delicate\" pink granite.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 40], "content_span": [41, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014750-0006-0001", "contents": "163 North Street, Brighton, Architecture\nIt occupies the whole New Road/North Street corner, presenting wide fa\u00e7ades to both: the nine-window range is arranged as a 4\u20131\u20134 composition with the middle set forming an entrance bay at the corner, which is chamfered. This entrance bay has a straight-headed door set in a deep Tuscan-columned porch with a protruding arched pediment and brackets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 40], "content_span": [41, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014750-0006-0002", "contents": "163 North Street, Brighton, Architecture\nThe building rises to three storeys with an attic storey above (lit by dormer windows); the outermost bays rise one storey higher in the form of small towers, and the entrance bay is five storeys high and topped with an open-sided cupola and weather vane. This tower also has a clock face. The four-storey outer bays have their own entrances set in small porches with arched fanlights. The ground-floor windows are recessed, arched and set in surrounds with deep rustication and large keystones.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 40], "content_span": [41, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014750-0006-0003", "contents": "163 North Street, Brighton, Architecture\nA cornice between the ground and first floors supports Ionic columns in antis which rise through two storeys. The three bays which form towers are heavily rusticated\u2014the outermost right to the top, and the chamfered entrance bay just at first- and second-floor levels, as far as a flattened semicircular pediment with the Royal Assurance Company's arms and an inscription. Above this is the clock face, then the slightly recessed cupola. Many of the windows have cornices or pediments of different styles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 40], "content_span": [41, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014751-0000-0000", "contents": "163-169 Sussex Street, Sydney\n163-169 Sussex Street  were heritage-listed terrace houses located at 163-169 Sussex Street, in the Sydney central business district, in the City of Sydney local government area of New South Wales, Australia. The property is owned by Property NSW, an agency of the Government of New South Wales. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014751-0001-0000", "contents": "163-169 Sussex Street, Sydney\nAs of 2019 the terrace houses were removed and the site forms part of a major hotel development, with street markers indicating some of the heritage of the area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014751-0002-0000", "contents": "163-169 Sussex Street, Sydney, Description\nAs of 2016 the terrace houses that were previously located at 163-169 Sussex Street were demolished and made way for the Hyatt Regency Sydney/Four Point development. All that remains is a heritage marker on the driveway in the hotel forecourt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 42], "content_span": [43, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014751-0003-0000", "contents": "163-169 Sussex Street, Sydney, Description\nTypical mid-nineteenth century terrace houses; painted brick with iron roof. No. 163 has largely original exterior; Nos. 165-169 have been renovated and refaced but have maintained the original scale of the facade and fenestration.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 42], "content_span": [43, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014751-0004-0000", "contents": "163-169 Sussex Street, Sydney, Heritage listing\n163-169 Sussex Street was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014751-0005-0000", "contents": "163-169 Sussex Street, Sydney, References, Attribution\nThis Wikipedia article was originally based on , entry number 415 in the New South Wales State Heritage Register published by the State of New South Wales and Office of Environment and Heritage 2018 under  , accessed on 13 October 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 54], "content_span": [55, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014752-0000-0000", "contents": "1630\n1630 (MDCXXX) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar, the 1630th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 630th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 30th  year of the 17th\u00a0century, and the  1st   year of the 1630s decade. As of the start of 1630, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014753-0000-0000", "contents": "1630 AM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1630 kHz: 1630 AM is a Regional broadcast frequency.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014753-0001-0000", "contents": "1630 AM, United States\nAll stations operate with 10 kW during the daytime and 1 kW at nighttime and are Class B stations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 22], "content_span": [23, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014754-0000-0000", "contents": "1630 Crete earthquake\nThe 1630 Crete earthquake reportedly occurred at around 09:00 on 9 March 1630 in the Kythira Strait, off the coast of Crete. Until the mid 1990s, the earthquake had traditionally been referred to as the 1629 Crete earthquake, which had been documented to have occurred at about 10:00 on Saturday 27 February 1629. Extensive research by several experts on the subject since the late 1980s has revealed that a calculation error mis-dated the occurrence by several days and a year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014754-0001-0000", "contents": "1630 Crete earthquake, Background\nThe exact epicentre of the earthquake is unknown, although it has been cited to have been in the Kythira Strait. The Venetians, who ruled Crete at the time, recorded it as a major earthquake, and it has been cited as one of three major earthquakes to have taken place in the Antikythira seismic gap, the others occurring in 1750 and 1798.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 33], "content_span": [34, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014754-0002-0000", "contents": "1630 Crete earthquake, Description\nGreek seismological reports indicated that the earthquake occurred on 27 February 1629, resulting in extensive losses to property in much of Crete, and also causing a few deaths in Heraklion, where houses fell down, trapping people. Churches experienced significant damage. In 1893, De Viazis unearthed a series of official documents of the Venetian  Administration of Zakynthos revealing that three captains sailing independently in the strait at the time of the earthquake had reported their observations, which was in the form of tsunami waves travelling in the direction of south and southeast posing threats to their ships.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 34], "content_span": [35, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014754-0002-0001", "contents": "1630 Crete earthquake, Description\nTwo reported the \"remnants of wrecks and bodies of shipwrecked persons\" and ships being affected by a tsunami. Another captain who had landed on the coast of Kythira stated that the people on the island had also experienced earthquake shocks at the same time as the captains had experienced it in the sea, and that it had resulted in some degree of flooding near the pier of the harbour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 34], "content_span": [35, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014754-0003-0000", "contents": "1630 Crete earthquake, Recent findings and corrections\nIn 1988, K. G. Tsiknakis published in the Cretica Chronica two previously unpublished accounts of the earthquake. In 1994, after conducting further research, Tsiknakis stated that he believed the previously-established year of the earthquake was wrong, and it was in fact 1630. In 1997 and 2003, Papazachos and Papazachou stated that they believed the date was 10 March 1630, which has since been moved back a day. In 2010, Papadopoulos and others reported that tsunamis had been recorded when strong earthquakes struck the area between the Peloponnese and Crete, not only on 9 March 1630 but also on 6 February 1866, and 20 September 1867.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 54], "content_span": [55, 695]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014760-0000-0000", "contents": "1630 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1630.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014761-0000-0000", "contents": "1630 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014761-0001-0000", "contents": "1630 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014761-0002-0000", "contents": "1630 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014762-0000-0000", "contents": "1630 in science\nThe year 1630 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014763-0000-0000", "contents": "1630s\nThe 1630s decade ran from January 1, 1630, to December 31, 1639.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014764-0000-0000", "contents": "1630s BC\nThe 1630s BC was a decade lasting from January 1, 1639 BC to December 31, 1630 BC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 91]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014766-0000-0000", "contents": "1630s in South Africa\nThe following lists events that happened during the 1630s in South Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 96]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014767-0000-0000", "contents": "1630s in archaeology\nThe decade of the 1630s in archaeology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014768-0000-0000", "contents": "1631\n1631 (MDCXXXI) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar, the 1631st year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 631st  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 31st  year of the 17th\u00a0century, and the  2nd   year of the 1630s decade. As of the start of 1631, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014769-0000-0000", "contents": "1631 Kopff\n1631 Kopff, provisional designation 1936 UC, is a stony Florian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 9 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 11 October 1936, by Finnish astronomer Yrj\u00f6 V\u00e4is\u00e4l\u00e4 at Turku Observatory in Southwest Finland. It was later named after German astronomer August Kopff.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014769-0001-0000", "contents": "1631 Kopff, Classification and orbit\nKopff is a member of the Flora family, one of the largest collisional families of stony S-type asteroid. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.8\u20132.7\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 4 months (1,220 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.21 and an inclination of 7\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. First identified as 1926 TH at Heidelberg in 1926, the body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Turku in 1936.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014769-0002-0000", "contents": "1631 Kopff, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn November 2003, a rotational lightcurve of Kopff was obtained from remote photometric observations at the Tenagra and Tenagra II Observatories. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 6.683 hours with a brightness variation of 0.41 magnitude (U=3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 53], "content_span": [54, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014769-0003-0000", "contents": "1631 Kopff, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Kopff measures between 8.64 and 9.66 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.2497 and 0.342. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.271 and a diameter of 9.71 kilometers, with an absolute magnitude of 12.1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 57], "content_span": [58, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014769-0004-0000", "contents": "1631 Kopff, Naming\nThis minor planet was named for German astronomer August Kopff (1882\u20131960). He was first an assistant to Max Wolf, and became later a prolific discoverer of minor planets himself. In 1924, Kopff became Director of the Astronomisches Rechen-Institut in Berlin, and, after the western section moved to Heidelberg, he also became director of the Heidelberg Observatory. Under his leadership, the third Catalogue of Fundamental Stars (FK3) was compiled and the work on the fourth catalogue (FK4) was initiated. The lunar crater Kopff is also named in his honour. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 February 1976 (M.P.C. 3931).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014770-0000-0000", "contents": "1631 eruption of Mount Vesuvius\nIn December 1631, Mount Vesuvius in Italy erupted. The eruption began on 16 December 1631 and culminated the day after. The Volcanic Explosivity Index was VEI-5, and it was a Plinian eruption that buried many villages under the resulting lava flows. It is estimated that between 3000 and 6000 people were killed by the eruption, making it the highest death toll for a volcanic disaster in the Mediterranean in the last 1800 years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014770-0000-0001", "contents": "1631 eruption of Mount Vesuvius\nThe 1631 eruption was considered to be of minor proportions regarding its eruptive magnitude and erupted volumes compared to the AD 79 eruption, but the damage was not. By the 1631 eruption, the summit of Mount Vesuvius had been reduced by 450m, making its total height lower than that of Mount Somma.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014777-0000-0000", "contents": "1631 in literature\nThis article is a summary of the literary events and publications of 1631.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014779-0000-0000", "contents": "1631 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014779-0001-0000", "contents": "1631 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014779-0002-0000", "contents": "1631 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014780-0000-0000", "contents": "1631 in science\nThe year 1631 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014781-0000-0000", "contents": "1632\n1632 (MDCXXXII) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a leap year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar, the 1632nd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 632nd  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 32nd  year of the 17th\u00a0century, and the  3rd   year of the 1630s decade. As of the start of 1632, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014782-0000-0000", "contents": "1632 (novel)\n1632 is the initial novel in the best-selling alternate history book series, \"1632\", written by American historian, writer, and editor Eric Flint (published in 2000).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014782-0001-0000", "contents": "1632 (novel)\nThe flagship novel kicked off a collaborative writing effort that has involved hundreds of contributors and dozens of authors. The premise involves a small American town of three thousand, sent back to May 1631, in an alternate Holy Roman Empire during the Thirty Years' War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014782-0002-0000", "contents": "1632 (novel), Plot summary\nThe fictional town of Grantville, West Virginia (modeled on the real West Virginia town of Mannington) and its power plant are displaced in space-time, through a side effect of a mysterious alien civilization.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 26], "content_span": [27, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014782-0003-0000", "contents": "1632 (novel), Plot summary\nA hemispherical section of land about three miles in radius measured from the town center is transported back in time and space from April 2000 to May 1631, from North America to the central Holy Roman Empire. The town is thrust into the middle of the Thirty Years' War, in the German province of Thuringia in the Thuringer Wald, near the fictional German free city of Badenburg. This Assiti Shards effect occurs during a wedding reception, accounting for the presence of several people not native to the town, including a doctor and his daughter, a paramedic. Real Thuringian municipalities located close to Grantville are posited as Weimar, Jena, Saalfeld and the more remote Erfurt, Arnstadt, and Eisenach well to the south of Halle and Leipzig.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 26], "content_span": [27, 775]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014782-0004-0000", "contents": "1632 (novel), Plot summary\nGrantville, led by Mike Stearns, president of the local chapter of the United Mine Workers of America (UMWA), must cope with the town's space-time dislocation, the surrounding raging war, language barriers, and numerous social and political issues, including class conflict, witchcraft, feminism, the reformation and the counter-reformation, among many other factors. One complication is a compounding of the food shortage when the town is flooded by refugees from the war. The 1631 locals experience a culture shock when exposed to the mores of contemporary American society, including modern dress, sexual egalitarianism, and boisterous American-style politics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 26], "content_span": [27, 690]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014782-0005-0000", "contents": "1632 (novel), Plot summary\nGrantville struggles to survive while trying to maintain technology sundered from twenty-first century resources. Throughout 1631, Grantville manages to establish itself locally by forming the nascent New United States of Europe (NUS) with several local cities even as war rages around them. But once Count Tilly falls during the Battle of Breitenfeld outside of Leipzig, King Gustavus Adolphus rapidly moves the war theater to Franconia and Bavaria, just south of Grantville. This leads to the creation of the Confederated Principalities of Europe (CPoE) and some measure of security for Grantville's up-timer and down-timer populations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 26], "content_span": [27, 665]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014782-0006-0000", "contents": "1632 (novel), Reception\nF&SF reviewer Charles de Lint received the novel favorably, describing it as \"a fine, thoroughly engaging story about real people in an extraordinary situation.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014782-0007-0000", "contents": "1632 (novel), Reception\nKirkus Reviews called the book a \"[s]inewy shoot-'em-up, with pikes and muzzle-loaders squared off against modern automatics and 20th-century tactics: a rollicking, good-natured, fact-based flight of fancy that should appeal to alternate-history buffs as well as military-fantasy fans.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014782-0008-0000", "contents": "1632 (novel), Reception\nA reviewer for the Tech Republic called the book \"relentlessly positive, celebrating honest, hardworking folk of two eras who come together to make a better world\" and should \"appeal to fans of many subgenres\". The reviewer also wrote that \"Flint succeeds at making the whole adventure palatable by populating his tale with thoughtful, likeable, fallible characters with well drawn motivations.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014782-0009-0000", "contents": "1632 (novel), Reception\nRT Book Reviews called the novel \"an outstanding, positive reading experience for those who appreciate living history, indomitable courage and the unsung gallantry of the everyday man.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014782-0010-0000", "contents": "1632 (novel), Reception\nLibrary Journal praised the author, saying he \"convincingly re-creates the military and political tenor of the times in this imaginative and unabashedly positive approach to alternative history.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014782-0011-0000", "contents": "1632 (novel), Reception\nA reviewer for SFRevu wrote \"1632 is a fun read and marks Flint as an author to watch for\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014782-0012-0000", "contents": "1632 (novel), Reception\nIn contrast to the other reviews, the reviewer for The New York Review of Science Fiction criticized the book for being \"almost pure mind candy\" by appearing to be a comedy at times and later appearing to be very serious work by \"seriously explore anachronism shock by injecting highly dramatic, life-altering decisions filled with much introspection\" at other times.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014782-0013-0000", "contents": "1632 (novel), Reception\n1632 was listed on the Locus Hardcovers Bestsellers List for two months in a row during 2000, topping at number 4, and also later on the Paperbacks Bestsellers List for a single month in 2001 at number 3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014782-0014-0000", "contents": "1632 (novel), Reception\nAs of February 2020, twenty years after it was first released, the book has remained in print while still generating small annual royalty payments to the author for print copies sold even though free electronic copies have also been available directly from the publisher for most of that time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014782-0015-0000", "contents": "1632 (novel), Legacy\nThe book generated an unusual amount of fan involvement. When first contemplating a sequel, Flint decided to throw open the universe\u2014perhaps instigated by reception of fan-fiction on 1632 Tech Manual\u2014and invited other authors to help shape the series milieu and fictional canon and began putting together the anthology Ring of Fire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014782-0016-0000", "contents": "1632 (novel), Legacy\nThe market for anthologies in fiction is but a small percentage of the market for novels, and the alternate history genre is a smallish niche to begin with\u2014leading publisher Jim Baen to \"hold up\" the Ring of Fire collection to see if the series would get a boost from New York Times best selling author David Weber, who had just contracted to do five novels with Flint. Flint had to set aside several planned projects (the Assiti Shards novels were in outline form at the time) and do some additional co-writing with Weber as Ring of Fire gestated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014783-0000-0000", "contents": "1632 Polish\u2013Lithuanian royal election\nThe Election Sejm of 1632 (September 27 \u2013 November 8, 1632, extended to November 13, 1632)  was the Polish\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth's election sejm that elevated W\u0142adys\u0142aw IV to the Polish throne. W\u0142adys\u0142aw had won the support of most of the political factions; and in the absence of any other serious contenders, he was elected King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014783-0001-0000", "contents": "1632 Polish\u2013Lithuanian royal election, Prelude\nWhile W\u0142adys\u0142aw and his father Sigismund III Vasa tried to ensure W\u0142adys\u0142aw's election during Sigismund's lifetime, the option of premature succession was not popular with the nobility; the Vasas' repeated attempts failed, up to and including at the Sejm of 1631. The question of succession was resolved soon enough however, upon Sigismund's sudden heart attack on 23 April 1632 and death in the morning hours of 30 April.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014783-0002-0000", "contents": "1632 Polish\u2013Lithuanian royal election, Prelude\nEvery Polish\u2013Lithuanian election sejm was preceded by a convocation sejm. In accordance with the dictates of the law, the Primate of Poland, Jan W\u0119\u017cyk, acting as Interrex, summoned a convocation sejm for June 22, 1632, which lasted through August 17. Krzysztof Radziwi\u0142\u0142 was selected as Marshal of the Sejm. Non -Catholics, led by Marshal Radziwi\u0142\u0142 and the magnate Bogus\u0142aw Leszczy\u0144ski, demanded increased rights; they were opposed by Voivode Tomasz Zamoyski and the future Bishop Aleksander Trzebi\u0144ski, but managed to gather enough support that this question dominated the ensuing election sejm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014783-0003-0000", "contents": "1632 Polish\u2013Lithuanian royal election, Candidates\nThere was little doubt W\u0142adys\u0142aw would succeed his father Sigismund. Some of the Commonwealth's magnates and Catholic clergy did favor W\u0142adys\u0142aw's brother, Jan Kazimierz, in the royal election. However, he had less support than W\u0142adys\u0142aw and his candidacy was never officially put forward, since he was additionally disadvantaged as a younger son in the royal chain of succession and by Sigismund's deathbed blessing of W\u0142adys\u0142aw as his successor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 49], "content_span": [50, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014783-0004-0000", "contents": "1632 Polish\u2013Lithuanian royal election, Candidates\nForeign courts did not avail themselves of the opportunity to promote their own candidates for the Polish throne. Austria's Habsburgs were well disposed toward the Polish Vasas and did not put forward a contender. Fears that King Gustavus II Adolphus, of the Swedish Vasas, would put forward his own candidacy proved unfounded, though his envoy Steno Belke did argue that W\u0142adys\u0142aw should renounce his claim to the Swedish throne  (W\u0142adys\u0142aw declined.) Foreign envoys such as Papal Nuncio Honorat Visconti and the Holy Roman Emperor's envoy Count Julius Mosberg declared their support for W\u0142adys\u0142aw.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 49], "content_span": [50, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014783-0004-0001", "contents": "1632 Polish\u2013Lithuanian royal election, Candidates\nThe Duke of Prussia, George William, Elector of Brandenburg, asked to be permitted to participate in the election sejm but this request was turned down. Muscovy was just then preparing for war with the Commonwealth and failed to put forward a candidate\u2014indeed, it attacked while the election sejm was subsequently in session.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 49], "content_span": [50, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014783-0005-0000", "contents": "1632 Polish\u2013Lithuanian royal election, Candidates\nConsequently, W\u0142adys\u0142aw's was the first uncontested election in nearly sixty years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 49], "content_span": [50, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014783-0006-0000", "contents": "1632 Polish\u2013Lithuanian royal election, Election\nThe Election Sejm of 1632 convened on 27 September at its traditional site at Wola near Warsaw to consider both the royal election and legislative items, with Marshal of the Sejm Jakub Sobieski presiding.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 47], "content_span": [48, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014783-0007-0000", "contents": "1632 Polish\u2013Lithuanian royal election, Election\nThe indecisiveness of the Catholic faction allowed W\u0142adys\u0142aw to campaign for increased rights for Protestants and Eastern Orthodox Christians, and thus he obtained their support. At the same time, his evident religious tolerance did not lose him the support of his Catholic backers. Nor did W\u0142adys\u0142aw's breaking custom to go to Warsaw during the election generate noticeable disapproval.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 47], "content_span": [48, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014783-0008-0000", "contents": "1632 Polish\u2013Lithuanian royal election, Election\nA commission headed by W\u0142adys\u0142aw drafted \"Measures for the Appeasement of the Ruthenian People of the Greek Faith that Live in the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania,\" by which Ukrainian Greek Catholic and Orthodox metropolitans were granted legal jurisdiction. W\u0142adys\u0142aw, lobbied by Peter Mogila, also granted the Orthodox Church the right to its own hierarchs, subject to the candidates' confirmation by the government. Many differences regarding the Orthodox Church and the Union of Brest were thus settled.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 47], "content_span": [48, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014783-0008-0001", "contents": "1632 Polish\u2013Lithuanian royal election, Election\nThe religious freedoms that had been established in 1573 by the Warsaw Confederation were reaffirmed, and a new tax was adopted, the kwarta, which sent 1/4 of starostwos' incomes to the Royal Treasury. It was decided to fortify Puck and to create there a port for the Commonwealth Navy. The Cossack delegation's proposal for increased funding and a Cossack register was turned down; similarly, requests from the Royal Army were rejected. Some of the Sejm's proposals were vetoed by the Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 47], "content_span": [48, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014783-0009-0000", "contents": "1632 Polish\u2013Lithuanian royal election, Election\nThe decision on who would be the Commonwealth's next king was reached on November 8, but as the pacta conventa were not yet ready, the official announcement was delayed until November 13.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 47], "content_span": [48, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014783-0009-0001", "contents": "1632 Polish\u2013Lithuanian royal election, Election\nIn the pacta conventa, W\u0142adys\u0142aw pledged himself to fund a military school and equipment; to find a way to fund a naval fleet; to maintain current alliances; not to raise armies, give offices or military ranks to foreigners, negotiate peace treaties or declare war without the Sejm's approval; not to take a wife without the Senate's approval; to convince his brothers to take an oath to the Commonwealth; and to transfer the profits from the Royal Mint to the Royal Treasury rather than to a private treasury.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 47], "content_span": [48, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014783-0010-0000", "contents": "1632 Polish\u2013Lithuanian royal election, Election\nAt least 3,543 votes were cast for W\u0142adys\u0142aw. When the election result were announced by the Crown Grand Marshal, \u0141ukasz Opali\u0144ski, the nobility (szlachta) who had taken part in the election began festivities in honor of the new king, which lasted three hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 47], "content_span": [48, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014783-0011-0000", "contents": "1632 Polish\u2013Lithuanian royal election, Election\nThis election sejm was the third sejm of 1632. It had been preceded by an ordinary general sejm (March 11 \u2013 April 2, 1632) and by the convocation sejm (June - August 1632) .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 47], "content_span": [48, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014783-0012-0000", "contents": "1632 Polish\u2013Lithuanian royal election, Aftermath\nThe next day, November 14, 1632, W\u0142adys\u0142aw signed his pacta conventa and the Henrician Articles that had been required of new Polish kings since the 1573 election of France's Henri de Valois to the Polish throne.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 48], "content_span": [49, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014783-0013-0000", "contents": "1632 Polish\u2013Lithuanian royal election, Aftermath\nW\u0142adys\u0142aw was crowned king on February 5, 1633, the proceedings continuing into the next day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 48], "content_span": [49, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014783-0014-0000", "contents": "1632 Polish\u2013Lithuanian royal election, Aftermath\nThe coronation sejm, presided over by Marshal of the Sejm Miko\u0142aj Ostror\u00f3g, took place from February 8 to March 17, 1633. It confirmed the Orthodox rights that had been pledged by W\u0142adys\u0142aw, but did not support W\u0142adys\u0142aw's proposal to create a Kawaleria, an honorary brotherhood for his supporters. This would be one of many setbacks that W\u0142adys\u0142aw would suffer at the hands of the Sejm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 48], "content_span": [49, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014783-0015-0000", "contents": "1632 Polish\u2013Lithuanian royal election, Aftermath\nThe 1633 Sejm would also take more direct control of the royal mint, deepen the sway of serfdom, and accept the petition of Polish Jews to forbid the printing of antisemitic literature, its importation from Western Europe, and its distribution in the Commonwealth. The Sejm also declared war on Muscovy, which had invaded the Commonwealth the previous fall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 48], "content_span": [49, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014784-0000-0000", "contents": "1632 Sieb\u00f6hme\n1632 Sieb\u00f6hme, provisional designation 1941 DF, is an asteroid and relatively slow rotator from the middle region of the asteroid belt, approximately 27 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 26 February 1941, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg Observatory in southern Germany. It was later named after ARI-astronomer Siegfried B\u00f6hme.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014784-0001-0000", "contents": "1632 Sieb\u00f6hme, Orbital characteristics\nSieb\u00f6hme orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.3\u20133.0\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 4 months (1,581 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.14 and an inclination of 6\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. In 1907, the body was first identified as A917 SO at the Crimean Simeis Observatory, extending its observation arc by 34 years prior to its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 38], "content_span": [39, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014784-0002-0000", "contents": "1632 Sieb\u00f6hme, Physical characteristics\nIn August 2012, two rotational lightcurves of Sieb\u00f6hme were obtained at the Palomar Transient Factory in California, and by Italian astronomer Albino Carbognani. These lightcurves gave a rotation period of 56.8129 and 56.81 hours with a brightness variation of 0.44 and 0.45 magnitude, respectively (U=2/2). One month later, photometric observations by amateur astronomer Pierre Antonini gave a period of 56.65 hours and an amplitude of 0.47 magnitude (U=2). As most minor planets rotate within 2 to 20 hours around their axis, Sieb\u00f6hme has a relatively long period, despite not being a slow rotator.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014784-0003-0000", "contents": "1632 Sieb\u00f6hme, Physical characteristics\nAccording to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Sieb\u00f6hme measures between 25.16 and 29.38 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.043 and 0.064. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link (CALL) derives an albedo of 0.0477 and a diameter of 26.56 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 11.80. Although CALL derives an albedo that is darker than that of a carbonaceous asteroid, it classifies Sieb\u00f6hme as a stony asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014784-0004-0000", "contents": "1632 Sieb\u00f6hme, Naming\nThis minor planet was named in honor of German astronomer Siegfried B\u00f6hme (1909\u20131996), staff member at Astronomisches Rechen-Institut in Heidelberg since 1949. He improved upon the orbital elements of many asteroids, in particular upon 919 Ilsebill. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 February 1976 (M.P.C. 3931).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014785-0000-0000", "contents": "1632 in Belgium\nEvents in the year 1632 in the Spanish Netherlands and Prince-bishopric of Li\u00e8ge (predecessor states of modern Belgium).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014791-0000-0000", "contents": "1632 in Sweden, Deaths\nNovember 16 - Gustav II Adolf, King of Sweden (died 1632)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 80]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014793-0000-0000", "contents": "1632 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1632.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014795-0000-0000", "contents": "1632 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014795-0001-0000", "contents": "1632 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014795-0002-0000", "contents": "1632 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014796-0000-0000", "contents": "1632 in science\nThe year 1632 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014797-0000-0000", "contents": "1632 series\nThe 1632 series, also known as the 1632-verse or Ring of Fire series, is an alternate history book series and sub-series created, primarily co-written, and coordinated by American author Eric Flint and published by Baen Books.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014797-0001-0000", "contents": "1632 series\nThe series is set in 17th-century Europe, in which the small fictional town of Grantville, West Virginia, in the year 2000 was sent to the past in central Germany in the year 1631, during the Thirty Years' War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014797-0002-0000", "contents": "1632 series\nAs of 2015, the series has five published novels propelling the main plot and over ten published novels moving several subplots and threads forward. The series also includes fan-written, but professionally edited, collaborative material which are published in bi-monthly magazine titled The Grantville Gazettes and some collaborative short fictions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014797-0003-0000", "contents": "1632 series\nIn terms of the history of Time Travel literature, the 1632 series can be considered an extension and modification of the basic idea dating back to Mark Twain's \"A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court\", in which a 19th-century American engineer, finding himself in 5th-century England, is able\u2014all by himself\u2014to introduce into the past society the full range of his time's technologies. In Flint's version, a whole modern community is transplanted into the past, in possession of a considerable amount of the material and written resources of modern society\u2014making their success in changing the past more plausible.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014797-0004-0000", "contents": "1632 series, Series overview\nThe 1632 series began with Flint's stand alone novel 1632 (released February 2000). It is, excepting the lead novel and the serialized e-novel The Anaconda Project (2007), virtually all collaboratively written, including some \"main works\" with multiple co-authors. However, Flint has mentioned contracts with the publisher for at least two additional solo novels he has in planning on his website. Flint, whose bibliography is dominated by collaborative work, claims that this approach encourages the cross-fertilization of ideas and styles, stimulating the creative process and preventing stale, formulaic works.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 28], "content_span": [29, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014797-0005-0000", "contents": "1632 series, Series overview\nAs stated in the first Grantville Gazette and on his site, Flint's novel 1632 was an experiment wherein he explores the effect of transporting a mass of people through time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 28], "content_span": [29, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014797-0006-0000", "contents": "1632 series, Series overview\n1632 occurs in the midst of the Thirty Years' War (1618\u20131648). The plot situation allows pragmatic, American, union-oriented, political thought to grind against the authoritarian, religion-driven societies of an unconsolidated Holy Roman Empire barely out of the Middle Ages. Flint explores examples of suffering due to the petty politics of self-aggrandizement and self-interest on the one hand, and the irreconcilable differences of the schism in Christianity such as the Protestant Reformation and the Counter-Reformation on the other. Despite the fact that the shift puts Grantville in May 1631 initially, because of the ongoing war and the primitive transportation networks of the day Grantville's arrival has something of a delayed impact, so the bulk of the book's action takes place in 1632, hence the name.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 28], "content_span": [29, 844]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014797-0007-0000", "contents": "1632 series, Series overview\nThe series was initially continued with two collaborative works that were more or less written concurrently: 1633 (with best selling novelist David Weber) and an anthology called Ring of Fire (with other established science-fiction writers, including long, \"deep background\" stories by both Weber and Flint).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 28], "content_span": [29, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014797-0008-0000", "contents": "1632 series, Series overview\nOverall, the narratives are not oriented on one group of protagonists with a strong lead character, but instead are carried by an ensemble cast\u2014though most books or short stories do have several strong characters who carry the action and plot forward. Flint had intended from the outset that the whole town would be the collective protagonist; a reflection of his philosophy that historic forces are not centered in the main on the actions of one or two key individuals, but on the many small independent actions of the many going about their daily lives and coping as best they can.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 28], "content_span": [29, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014797-0009-0000", "contents": "1632 series, Series overview\nBy late in 1632, the New United States-led coalition of the Confederated Principalities of Europe had become the arsenal and financier (through Jewish connections of real historical interest) for Swedish King Gustavus Adolphus (the displaced Americans' intervention in history already had the effect of preventing Gustavus from being killed in the Battle of L\u00fctzen, as happened in the \"original\" history). This leads the scheming Cardinal Richelieu, who'd been previously financing him to spite and weaken the Habsburgs, to turn on the Swedes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 28], "content_span": [29, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014797-0009-0001", "contents": "1632 series, Series overview\nVarious books from up-time Grantville, especially history books, had found avid readers amongst Europe's ruling elites, changing the plans and strategies of major players of the time. The readers, not understanding the chaotic nature of events (i.e., trivial-seeming changes can have large effects, and vice versa), often believe that these histories give them a strong idea of how they can guide events in a different direction. The \"players\" sent back through time have no intention of strongly guiding events, but understand how key forces (democracy, sanitation, medicine, egalitarianism, etc.) affect things in the long run to the betterment of mankind, and intend to promote and spread those even if they themselves are not \"in control\" of what results.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 28], "content_span": [29, 788]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014797-0010-0000", "contents": "1632 series, Series overview\nRichelieu forms a four-way alliance, the League of Ostend, to oppose the New United States, Gustavus' expeditionary army, and allied princes of the German states. After the first book, the series begins multiple plot lines or story threads reflecting this independence of action by a multitude of characters. The sequel 1633 spreads the Americans out geographically over Central Europe. Next, the novel 1634: The Galileo Affair, and the first of the anthologies called the Grantville Gazettes introduced new strong characters. The former begins what is called the South European thread, and some of the stories in the latter and Ring of Fire began the Eastern European thread (Austria-Hungary northwards to Poland).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 28], "content_span": [29, 744]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014797-0011-0000", "contents": "1632 series, Series overview\nCo -author of 1633, New York Times best-selling author David Weber was contracted for no less than five books in the series in what is called the Central European thread or Main thread of the series, but there was a delay before the two authors synchronized their schedules to write that next mainline sequel, 1634: The Baltic War, released in May 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 28], "content_span": [29, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014797-0012-0000", "contents": "1632 series, Series overview\nWithout waiting for Weber, other sequels such as 1634: The Ram Rebellion, 1635: The Cannon Law, and the Grantville Gazettes continue in one thread or another with in-depth looks at societal ramifications from technology, religion, and social unrest as Europe deals with the outlandish ideas of Grantville's influential presence, to machinations of Europe's elites trying to maintain their hold on power, or leverage off of Grantville-triggered events or knowledge for reasons of self-interest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 28], "content_span": [29, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014797-0013-0000", "contents": "1632 series, Collective collaborative effort\nWhen the novel 1632 was written, Flint did not intend to write an immediate sequel. However, following popular demand for a sequel Flint (a relatively new writer, but an experienced editor) invited other authors contracted to Baen to share the universe to rapidly develop its potential. As a result, while the first long sequel was being written, Flint concurrently put together the Ring of Fire anthology of short fiction by a wide range of authors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 44], "content_span": [45, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014797-0014-0000", "contents": "1632 series, Collective collaborative effort\nIn parallel, the online message board Baen's Bar received a strong response from fans following the release of the digital advance copy of 1632. The forum rapidly evolved into several sub-communities, some act as technical consultant to Flint - for example on how modern technology could be implemented within the series. The high quality of fan fiction submitted to the message board prompted to creation of the official Grantville Gazette magazine that publishes short stories and factual articles as part of the official 1632 series canon, reviewed by Flint.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 44], "content_span": [45, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014797-0014-0001", "contents": "1632 series, Collective collaborative effort\nOriginally released sporadically, the Gazette has since evolved to become an online subscription magazine, published every 2 months, with authors paid for their submissions. Several volumes of the Gazette were released in print form by Baen Books, and serialized stories that were originally published in multiple issues of the Gazette have been released in print form by The Ring of Fire Press. The Ring of Fire anthologies of commissioned short fiction also continue, with one volume approximately every 4\u20135 years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 44], "content_span": [45, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014797-0015-0000", "contents": "1632 series, Collective collaborative effort\nThe end result is a collaborative alternative history series consisting of interlinked novels and short stories, that can be regarded as adding additional layers of depth into the canon - the first level consisting of the \"mainline\" novels; the second level consisting of novels that take place in parallel \"threads\" (usually representing events in separate geographic regions); the third level consisting short fiction that has been published in print form (either drawn from the Grantville Gazette, or commissioned separately as part of the Ring of Fire anthology series); and the fourth level consisting of the stories published in the Grantville Gazette. The third and fourth levels frequently provide more in-depth background, and show the impact of the events in the novels on the ordinary population. The entire series canon is maintained by Flint.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 44], "content_span": [45, 900]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014797-0016-0000", "contents": "1632 series, 1632 plot threads\nThe \"mainline\" novels (many of which are written by Flint alone) focus on the principal political developments within the series, along with several key characters. However, the opening of the canon to other writers allows for plot threads in other geographical regions to be explored in more details. As with real history, none of these are in isolation, and plot threads converge and diverge according to the needs of the story.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 30], "content_span": [31, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014797-0017-0000", "contents": "1632 series, 1632 plot threads, North-Central and Western European thread\nThe Central European thread or more correctly, the Central and Southwest Central European thread, is the main plot thread of the series. It concerns events in the region from west to east of the Kingdom of England and Kingdom of Scotland, Northern France, the Spanish Netherlands, French Netherlands, and the Dutch Republic, and the whole of western Germany eastwards to Brandenburg and the Electorate of Saxony, and southerly to the northern reaches of Bavaria. Bavaria proper, Switzerland, Austria, Bohemia, and points easterly and north are properly geographically part of the Eastern European thread.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 73], "content_span": [74, 678]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014797-0018-0000", "contents": "1632 series, 1632 plot threads, South European thread\nThe Southern European thread, or Western South Europe and South Central European thread, or perhaps more appropriately, the South-Central and Southwestern European thread, involves characters introduced in the short story \"To Dye For\" by Mercedes Lackey but the thread plot action proper continued in the second published novel sequel of the series, the best-selling 1634: The Galileo Affair and its direct sequel, 1635: The Cannon Law, both co-written by Flint and Andrew Dennis. The main characters are, in part, Lackey's The Stone Family, combined with Flint's Sharon Nichols and Larry Mazzare.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 53], "content_span": [54, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014797-0019-0000", "contents": "1632 series, 1632 plot threads, Eastern European thread\nThe Eastern European thread is taken to be east of modern-day Germany, Austria, and western Hungary, to include mainly modern-day Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, and parts of Ukraine and Belarus, but not Russia. The first fiction written within this thread was the novelette \"The Wallenstein Gambit\" and the prequel short stories leading up to it, all published in Ring of Fire, but subsequent long fiction planned in the setting had to await authors' scheduling issues.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 55], "content_span": [56, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014797-0020-0000", "contents": "1632 series, 1632 plot threads, Russian thread\nThe Russian thread was started by authors Paula Goodlett and Gorg Huff in the eighth issue of the Grantville Gazette with their introduction of the serial Butterflies in the Kremlin, which later became the novel 1636: The Kremlin Games. Goodlett and Huff has since written at least 5 novels within this thread with more on the way.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 46], "content_span": [47, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014797-0021-0000", "contents": "1632 series, 1632 plot threads, Naval thread\nDavid Weber and Eric Flint in 2002 (writing 1633 and Ring of Fire) originally contracted together and with Baen's Books to co-write five \"main series\" books\u2014the first two and perhaps some as yet unrevealed others being known as the naval thread. When working on the long-delayed 1634:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 44], "content_span": [45, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014797-0021-0001", "contents": "1632 series, 1632 plot threads, Naval thread\nThe Baltic War novel and with the prolonged and ongoing demand for the series sequels, and considering the already-experienced delays imposed by the difficulty of getting schedules between themselves synchronized (it took three planned \"windows of opportunity\" before one worked in The Baltic War) well enough for the two to have the three to six months or so needed to collaborate successfully, the two decided to alter their original planning and spin off a new thread\u2014one based on the United States of Europe as a naval power. The thread is continued in 1636:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 44], "content_span": [45, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014797-0021-0002", "contents": "1632 series, 1632 plot threads, Naval thread\nCommander Cantrell in the West Indies, which is the story of the United States of Europe's naval task force, operating in the Caribbean Sea and surrounding waters, and the various forces it comes into contact with (including the surviving remnants of the Dutch naval force destroyed in 1633), and its sequel 1637: No Peace Beyond the Line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 44], "content_span": [45, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014797-0022-0000", "contents": "1632 series, 1632 plot threads, The Americas thread\nThis agreement for Weber to leave aside European threads likely will follow up foreshadowings of overt dislike evinced by various Grantville natives for both the African slave trade and the Amerindian encounters with colonizing Europeans\u2014and Flint has already written a very sympathetic, two-volume alternate history from the American Native's viewpoint in his Arkansas Wars series\u2014and he'd written similar foreshadowings into the series' earlier works that were spun into pro-democracy and anti-anti-Semitic social themes now manifesting in the series in the Eastern Europe thread in particular, as well as an overall, muted sub-theme. This revised author's decision released a logjam of backup of other novels in the series, so that since rehashing their arrangement, 1632 series books have been released regularly every 4\u20136 months.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 51], "content_span": [52, 886]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014797-0023-0000", "contents": "1632 series, 1632 plot threads, The Americas thread\nStories in 1632 Slushpile regarding obtaining strategically important materials and some which have reached publication in regard to the Essen Steel Corporation and Essen Chemical are foreshadowing activities (mining chromium for one) in North America, and others are pursuing latex rubber in South America. In addition, the three books contracted between Flint and David Weber will in part involve expeditions sent by Gustavus and Mike Stearns to American shores.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 51], "content_span": [52, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014797-0024-0000", "contents": "1632 series, The Ring of Fire Press\nIn June 2013, the Ring of Fire Press was created to reissue certain materials originally published online in the Grantville Gazette. First, it would publish certain stories that were serialized across several issues of the Gazette, so they can be read without hunting through the various Gazette issues. Second, it would publish several themed collections of fact articles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 35], "content_span": [36, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014797-0025-0000", "contents": "1632 series, The Ring of Fire Press\nIn 2018, the scope of the Ring of Fire Press expanded, with the hiring of managing editor Walt Boyes and Joy Ward, and graphic artist Laura Givens. The release schedule was increased to two books per month, including original novels in the 1632 series (the first being 1635: The Battle for Newfoundland), collections of serialized 1632 stories, and non-1632 related novels - both new and reprinted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 35], "content_span": [36, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014797-0026-0000", "contents": "1632 series, The Ring of Fire Press\nThe initial volumes were made available through Amazon as Kindle editions or print on demand paperback books. Later Baen began distributing selected titles for Ring of Fire Press through their web store and their other distribution channels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 35], "content_span": [36, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014797-0027-0000", "contents": "1632 series, Assiti Shards novels\nFollowing the success of the 1632 series, two other alternative history series were started by Eric Flint, following the same conceit as 1632 - that there was a time displacement caused by an \"Assiti Shard\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 33], "content_span": [34, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014797-0028-0000", "contents": "1632 series, Literary significance and reception\nAs of 2014, four books in the series had significantly large number of sales of hardcover editions to become eligible for The New York Times Best Seller list. 1634: The Galileo Affair was on the best seller list for hardcover fiction for two weeks during April 2004 while reaching number 27. 1634: The Baltic War was on the same list for two weeks during May 2007, peaking at number 19. 1634: The Bavarian Crisis was on this list for a week in October 2007 at number 29. The most recent book, 1636: The Kremlin Games was on the NY Times list for a week during June 2012 at number 30.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 48], "content_span": [49, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014797-0029-0000", "contents": "1632 series, Literary significance and reception\nAlmost all of the books in the series sold well enough to get listed on the various Locus Magazine Bestsellers Lists with some titles listed multiple times, and a few even reached the top spot for the month.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 48], "content_span": [49, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014797-0030-0000", "contents": "1632 series, Literary significance and reception\n1635: The Papal Stakes is the first book in the series to get listed on the Wall Street Journal Best-Selling Books list.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 48], "content_span": [49, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014797-0031-0000", "contents": "1632 series, Literary significance and reception\nA few titles were nominated for the Dragon Awards. Up-time Pride and Down-time Prejudice was a finalist for the Dragon Award for Best Alternate History Novel for 2020 while 1637: No Peace Beyond the Line has been awarded the Dragon Award for Best Alternate History Novel for 2021.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 48], "content_span": [49, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014798-0000-0000", "contents": "1632-verse glossary of terminology\nThe following are some of the terms used in the 1632 series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014799-0000-0000", "contents": "1633\n1633 (MDCXXXIII) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar, the 1633rd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 633rd  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 33rd  year of the 17th\u00a0century, and the  4th   year of the 1630s decade. As of the start of 1633, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014800-0000-0000", "contents": "1633 (novel)\n1633 is an alternate history novel co-written by American authors Eric Flint and David Weber published in 2002, and sequel to 1632 in the 1632 series. 1633 is the second major novel in the series and together with the anthology Ring of Fire, the two sequels begin the series hallmarks of being a shared universe with collaborative writing being very common, as well as one that, far more unusually, mixes many canonical anthologies with its works of novel length.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014800-0000-0001", "contents": "1633 (novel)\nThat is because Flint wrote 1632 as a stand-alone novel, though with enough \"story hooks\" for an eventual sequel, and because Flint feels \"history is messy\" and the books reflect that real life is not a smooth, polished linear narrative flow from the pen of some historian but is instead clumps of semi-related or unrelated happenings that somehow sum up how different people act in their own self-interests.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014800-0001-0000", "contents": "1633 (novel), Premise\nThe series begins in the Modern era on May 31, 2000, during a small town wedding when the small West Virginia town of Grantville trades places in both time and geographic location with a nearly unpopulated countryside region within the Holy Roman Empire during the convulsions of the Thirty Years' War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014800-0002-0000", "contents": "1633 (novel), Premise\nFlint's goal was to explore the short- and long-term effects of placing a single American town, complete with modern culture, technology and modes of thought, in certain periods of history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014800-0003-0000", "contents": "1633 (novel), Premise\nThe town elects the charismatic former pro-boxer Mike Stearns as president, and he quickly decides to provide refuge for those displaced as a result of the constant fighting, to branch out and grow as quickly as possible\u2014to launch the American Revolution \"150 years early\", and found a \"New United States\". The Grantvillers undertake to defend south central Thuringia with the aid of a cavalry detachment from king Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden's Green Regiment, and fights several battles which convince various polities to join the NUS.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014800-0004-0000", "contents": "1633 (novel), Premise\nBy early 1632, their informal alliance with Gustavus and with Jews, their manufacturing capabilities, and their defeats of Catholic armies draws serious and well-designed concerted efforts to attack the \"republican cancer\" growing in Thuringia, and Grantville itself is attacked, teaching Stearns that he needs a protector to \"buy time\", even as the \"up-timers\" have determined that to retain as much technology as possible they need to \"gear down\" to a late nineteenth-century technology base while their modern equipment is still operable.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014800-0005-0000", "contents": "1633 (novel), Plot summary\n1633 continues where 1632 left off. Most of the novel details various political machinations of the new \"United States\" and the attempts of Cardinal Richelieu to nullify the threat posed by the technological advantage the up-timers have given to Gustavus Adolphus and his \"Confederated Principalities of Europe\". Richelieu completely changes France's foreign policy and forms an alliance aimed squarely at the NUS and Gustavus called the League of Ostend.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 26], "content_span": [27, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014800-0005-0001", "contents": "1633 (novel), Plot summary\nMike Stearns sends emissaries looking for allies, some of whom end up behind enemy lines as they already belong to the secret League of Ostend, which announces its presence in the Battle of Four Fleets. The Dutch Republic nearly falls and Stearns' emissary voluntarily stays behind, becoming trapped in the Siege of Amsterdam.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 26], "content_span": [27, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014800-0006-0000", "contents": "1633 (novel), Plot summary\nAt this point, the newly created timeline start to diverge greatly from the actual history of the 17th Century, in no small part because the news of a town from the future brought spies and emissaries, and a fair number of encyclopedias and history textbooks found their way into European courts. One theme of the series is of down-timer leaders trying to change, hasten or head off their histories while the acts of ordinary citizens going about their day-to-day affairs and of the leaders of Grantville effect more fundamental societal and political changes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 26], "content_span": [27, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014800-0007-0000", "contents": "1633 (novel), A mix of methodology\nIn the series the major novels carry the majority of internationally significant events, but the characters who perform the action are all too likely to have been introduced in one of the ground-eye view short stories which build deep background and form a backdrop for the overarching story lines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 34], "content_span": [35, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014800-0007-0001", "contents": "1633 (novel), A mix of methodology\nFlint is on record of stating \"history is messy\" but is not the stuff of the linear narrative cleaned up, categorized and written into a history book\u2014and that he wanted to capture some sense of how individual actions on the behalf of one's own self-interest actually form the essence of history, not some idealized superman controlling the throttle and steering wheel at the heart of changing events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 34], "content_span": [35, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014800-0008-0000", "contents": "1633 (novel), A mix of methodology\nTo a great extent, the short stories are fundamental to the main novels in the series, introducing characters and development which play again later in the longer works. Much of writing in Ring of Fire (ROF) antedated this work, and events in this novel were correlated with the stories in that which in many cases, cover events and personalities referenced in this at the least, moreover, there is not a single story in the anthology which happens after the start of this book, they all take place ahead of its exposition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 34], "content_span": [35, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014800-0009-0000", "contents": "1633 (novel), A mix of methodology\nOne ROF story, \"In the Navy\", by Weber is a direct prequel to a main plot element in this book and its plot threads' direct sequel 1634: The Baltic War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 34], "content_span": [35, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014800-0010-0000", "contents": "1633 (novel), Reception\nPublishers Weekly gives a positive review and praised the authors, Flint \"for at showing how the new converts can make even the 'old Americans' uncomfortable in their zeal to achieve the blessings of 'life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness,'\" while Weber \"helps smooth out characters who were stereotypes in the first book.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014800-0011-0000", "contents": "1633 (novel), Reception\nBooklist gave a mostly positive review saying that \"if it takes too many pages for some, others will turn every one and cry for more, which the authors intend to provide.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014800-0012-0000", "contents": "1633 (novel), Reception\nThe reviewer for the School Library Journal wrote that the book is \"cleanly written, with an enormous cast of interesting characters...with constant action and the hint of danger.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014800-0013-0000", "contents": "1633 (novel), Reception\nLibrary Journal gave a positive review saying that the authors \"take historic speculation to a new level in a tale that combines accurate historical research with bold leaps of the imagination.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014800-0014-0000", "contents": "1633 (novel), Reception\n1633 was listed on the Locus (magazine) Hardcovers Bestsellers List for three months in a row during 2002, topping at number 2, and also later on the Paperbacks Bestsellers List for a single month in 2003 at number 1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014801-0000-0000", "contents": "1633 Chimay\n1633 Chimay, provisional designation 1929 EC, is a Themistian asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 37 kilometers in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014801-0001-0000", "contents": "1633 Chimay\nIt was discovered on 3 March 1929, by Belgian astronomer Sylvain Arend at the Royal Observatory of Belgium in Uccle. Five nights later, the body was independently discovered by Max Wolf at Heidelberg Observatory in southern Germany. It was later named for the Belgian town of Chimay.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014801-0002-0000", "contents": "1633 Chimay, Classification and orbit\nChimay is a member of the Themis family, a dynamical family of asteroids with nearly coplanar ecliptical orbits. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.8\u20133.6\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 9 months (2,085 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.12 and an inclination of 3\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. Chimay was first identified as A917 BB at Heidelberg in 1917, extending the body's observation arc by 12 years prior to its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014801-0003-0000", "contents": "1633 Chimay, Physical characteristics\nSeveral rotational lightcurves were obtained from photometric observations. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined, concurring rotation period of 6.58\u20136.63 hours with a brightness variation between 0.31 and 0.58 magnitude (U=3/3-/2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014801-0004-0000", "contents": "1633 Chimay, Physical characteristics\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Chimay measures between 36.1 and 37.7 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has a low albedo between 0.079 and 0.089. In accordance with the space-based surveys, the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link (CALL) derives an albedo of 0.078, and calculates a diameter of 36.1 kilometers. CALL also classifies Chimay as a S-type rather than a carbonaceous C-type asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014801-0005-0000", "contents": "1633 Chimay, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the Belgian town Chimay, home of the discoverer, who also co-discovered Comet Arend\u2013Roland. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 February 1976 (M.P.C. 3931).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014802-0000-0000", "contents": "1633 in Belgium\nEvents in the year 1633 in the Spanish Netherlands and Prince-bishopric of Li\u00e8ge (predecessor states of modern Belgium).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014810-0000-0000", "contents": "1633 in literature\nThis article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1633.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014812-0000-0000", "contents": "1633 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014812-0001-0000", "contents": "1633 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014812-0002-0000", "contents": "1633 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014813-0000-0000", "contents": "1633 in science\nThe year 1633 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014814-0000-0000", "contents": "1634\n1634 (MDCXXXIV) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar, the 1634th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 634th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 34th  year of the 17th\u00a0century, and the  5th   year of the 1630s decade. As of the start of 1634, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014815-0000-0000", "contents": "1634 Valletta explosion\nOn 12 September 1634, a Hospitaller gunpowder factory in Valletta, Malta accidentally blew up, killing 22 people and causing severe damage to a number of buildings. The factory had been built at some time in the late 16th or early 17th centuries, replacing an earlier one in Fort St. Angelo in Birgu. It was located in the lower part of Valletta, close to the Slaves' Prison.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014815-0001-0000", "contents": "1634 Valletta explosion\nThe explosion damaged the nearby Jesuit church and college. The church's fa\u00e7ade was rebuilt in around 1647 by the architect Francesco Buonamici, while the damaged parts of the college were also rebuilt after the explosion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014815-0002-0000", "contents": "1634 Valletta explosion\nThe gunpowder factory was not rebuilt. In around 1667, a new factory was constructed in Floriana, far away from any residential areas. This factory was incorporated into the Ospizio complex in the early 18th century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014816-0000-0000", "contents": "1634 in Belgium\nEvents in the year 1634 in the Spanish Netherlands and Prince-bishopric of Li\u00e8ge (predecessor states of the nation of Belgium).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014816-0001-0000", "contents": "1634 in Belgium, Events\n13 March \u2013 Great Council of Mechelen sentences Henry, Count of Bergh, in absentia to death and forfeiture of goods for his role in the Conspiracy of Nobles (1632).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014824-0000-0000", "contents": "1634 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1634.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014826-0000-0000", "contents": "1634 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014826-0001-0000", "contents": "1634 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014826-0002-0000", "contents": "1634 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014827-0000-0000", "contents": "1634 in science\nThe year 1634 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014828-0000-0000", "contents": "1634: The Baltic War\n1634: The Baltic War is a sequel to both the first-of-type sequels, Ring of Fire and 1633, co-written by American authors Eric Flint and David Weber published in 2007. It had to await schedule co-ordination by the two authors, which proved difficult and delayed the work by nearly two years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014828-0000-0001", "contents": "1634: The Baltic War\nIt continues the Main or Central European thread centered on the newly organized United States of Europe birthed in Central Germany under the protection-by-arms of Emperor Gustavus Adolphus (in the previous novel 1633) and in particular, the role of the citizens of Grantville, now of Thuringia, and the capital city of Magdeburg have to play on the world stage. With the stability imposed by the protection of Gustavus's armies, up-timers began migrating to other locales in the \"neohistories\" world as the year 1633 closed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014828-0001-0000", "contents": "1634: The Baltic War\nThis \"second half novel\" wraps up two plot threads left hanging in Flint and Weber's 1633 (2002): the resolution of the captive Grantville diplomatic mission that Charles I is holding in the Tower of London, and how Admiral Simpson's awkward looking fleet of ironclad warships managed to get out of the Elbe past the Imperial Free City of Hamburg to effect the lifting of Siege of Luebeck. The book also details ground battles as the Americans have been busy upgrading Gustavus's army into a highly trained professional army at the expense of the mercenaries so prevalent in the era.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014828-0002-0000", "contents": "1634: The Baltic War, Literary significance and reception\nPublishers Weekly called the book \"exciting\" and that the authors \"emphasize the effect that the ideas of liberty, equality and the rule of law have\" in the shaping the transition from absolutism to democracy. Although the reviewer for SFRevu gave a mostly positive review, he wrote that the book \"does have a feel of being unfocused\" since there \"are a large and growing number of characters to follow.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 57], "content_span": [58, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014828-0002-0001", "contents": "1634: The Baltic War, Literary significance and reception\nThe reviewer for the Midwest Book Review wrote that the \"fast-paced storyline contains several fronts in which the advanced twenty-first technology plays key roles in the war, but it is a psychological and philosophical battle for the minds and hearts of the people that is perhaps more critical to the cause of freedom and democracy.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 57], "content_span": [58, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014828-0003-0000", "contents": "1634: The Baltic War, Literary significance and reception\n1634: The Baltic War is the second book in the 1632 series to be listed on the New York Times Best Seller list for hardcover fiction. During May 2007, this book was able to stay on the NY Times list for a period of 2 weeks while peaking at number 19.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 57], "content_span": [58, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014828-0004-0000", "contents": "1634: The Baltic War, Literary significance and reception\nBesides being listed on the NY Times Best Seller list, 1634: The Baltic War was also listed on the Locus (magazine) Hardcovers Bestsellers List for two months in a row during 2007, topping at number 2, and also later on the Paperbacks Bestsellers List for a single month in 2009 at number 8.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 57], "content_span": [58, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014829-0000-0000", "contents": "1634: The Bavarian Crisis\n1634: The Bavarian Crisis is a novel in the alternate history 1632 series, written by Virginia DeMarce and Eric Flint as sequel to Flint's novella \"The Wallenstein Gambit\"; several short stories by DeMarce in The Grantville Gazettes; 1634: The Ram Rebellion; and 1634: The Baltic War. The novel's first draft was completed in 2005, before work on The Baltic War began. Many chapters of that \"early draft version\" were available on line, but the final production reached print on October 1, 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014829-0001-0000", "contents": "1634: The Bavarian Crisis, Publication\nDeMarce, who wrote Flint congratulating him on his research and verisimilitude found in the novel 1632 soon joined with him as an expert collaborator and is one of the regular contributing writers to 1632 Tech Manual, the canonical Grantville Gazettes and a key member of the 1632 Research Committee with a PhD in history and an international expert specialized in European Genealogy. Her stories regularly deal with historical social and social science matters, as may be expected from DeMarce's PhD dissertation about the 1525 German Peasants' War and her life work as a 17th-century European history specialist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 38], "content_span": [39, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014829-0002-0000", "contents": "1634: The Bavarian Crisis, Publication\nThe Bavarian Crisis was delayed due to the delayed start and completion of the preceding major work in the set, The Baltic War. If The Bavarian Crisis had been published first, it would have contained plot spoilers for 1634: The Baltic War. As it begins concurrently with the events revealed in that book and that of 1634: The Galileo Affair as well as 1634: The Ram Rebellion, the overall scope of plot detail (historical canvas) in the series might be readily intuited.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 38], "content_span": [39, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014829-0002-0001", "contents": "1634: The Bavarian Crisis, Publication\nAs it is, most of the narrative in all four novels span the same period of 1634, the late winter-to-early summer, though 1634: The Galileo Affair expends a few early chapters within the year 1633 as backdrop activities within the Catholic Church and Richelieu's offices are germane to the arch of the plotting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 38], "content_span": [39, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014829-0003-0000", "contents": "1634: The Bavarian Crisis, Plot summary\nEarly revelations detail machinations by the Habsburg heiress Archduchess Maria Anna of Austria (1610\u20131665) to gather information as aided and abetted by a dowager aunt and her younger sister behind the backs of her father Emperor Ferdinand II of the Holy Roman Empire and his Jesuit watchdogs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 39], "content_span": [40, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014829-0003-0001", "contents": "1634: The Bavarian Crisis, Plot summary\nDuke Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria becomes a widower in need of a suitable Catholic bride, while the Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand whose armies have reconquered 80\u201385% of the Low Countries by the summer of 1634 is contemplating a dynastic move of his own which his brother King Philip IV of Spain will find a bit disconcerting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 39], "content_span": [40, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014829-0003-0002", "contents": "1634: The Bavarian Crisis, Plot summary\nVeronica Dreeson and Mary Simpson meanwhile plan a trip to tend to personal matters to the Upper Palatinate border region conquered by Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden and administered for him from Amberg by ally Duke Ernest of Saxe-Gotha, one of the four Wettin dukes that were supplanted by Grantville's (formation of the NUS) actions in 1631 and 1632. Events in the other 1634 novels (1634: The Galileo Affair, 1634: The Ram Rebellion, 1634: The Baltic War) are integrated into the action and political events behind the scenes, and this book ties a host of little oddities into a coherent canvas capturing a snapshot of the state of Europe in early summer of 1634.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 39], "content_span": [40, 703]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014829-0004-0000", "contents": "1634: The Bavarian Crisis, Plot summary\nConcurrent with their pet projects, the formidable Dreeson and Simpson women are accompanied by a trade delegation with the strategic goal of restoring the iron production of the Upper Palatinate to feed the war needs of the USE.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 39], "content_span": [40, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014829-0005-0000", "contents": "1634: The Bavarian Crisis, Literary significance and reception\nPublishers Weekly gives a positive review finding it a \"complicated but coherent story\" and \"refreshing to read an alternate history that doesn't depend upon the clash of anachronistic arms, but rather on how modern ideas of human rights, education, sanitation and law might have affected the Europe of the 30 Years War.\" A reviewer for the SFRevu wrote that this is not a \"stand alone novel\" and that reading other books in the series first would \"make some of the inside jokes and intricate politics more clear.\" The Midwest Book Review said that the \"story line is fast-paced, but contains a more serious tone than its predecessors.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 62], "content_span": [63, 699]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014829-0006-0000", "contents": "1634: The Bavarian Crisis, Literary significance and reception\n1634: The Bavarian Crisis was the third book in the 1632 series to be listed on the New York Times Best Seller list for hardcover fiction. During October 2007, this book was able to be on the NY Times list for one week while peaking at number 29.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 62], "content_span": [63, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014829-0007-0000", "contents": "1634: The Bavarian Crisis, Literary significance and reception\n1634: The Bavarian Crisis was listed on the Locus (magazine) Hardcovers Bestsellers List for one month in 2008 at number 8.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 62], "content_span": [63, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014830-0000-0000", "contents": "1634: The Galileo Affair\n1634: The Galileo Affair is the fourth book and third novel published in the 1632 series. It is co-written by American authors Eric Flint and Andrew Dennis and was published in 2004. It follows the activities of an embassy party sent from the United States of Europe (Grantville) to Venice, Italy, where the three young Stone brothers become involved with the local Committees of Correspondence and the Inquisition's trial of Galileo Galilei.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014830-0001-0000", "contents": "1634: The Galileo Affair, Plot summary\nFollowing Grantville's alliance with Gustavus Adolphus and their military successes, texts of modern-day history books of the seventeenth century have become very popular among the powerful personages of Europe and made dramatic effects and turmoil on the continent. Among those that are affected are the Holy Roman Catholic Church with their religious holdings. Father Lawrence Mazzare started the controversy by allowing Father Fredrich von Spee to read his own entry in the Catholic Encyclopedia, thereby stiffening the Jesuit's resistance to the Inquisition. Also Mazzare provided copies of the papers of the Second Vatican Council and other documents to Monsignor Giulio Mazarini, which led Pope Urban VIII to request a summary of Catholic theological reforms over the following centuries in the original timeline.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 38], "content_span": [39, 858]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014830-0002-0000", "contents": "1634: The Galileo Affair, Plot summary\nThe newly formed USE acts to open a trade corridor with the Middle East via Venice to insure supplies of materials unavailable within Western Europe; gaining political allies within these regions; and religious allies to spread the doctrines of religious tolerance and the separation of church and state. Michael Stearns selects Lawrence Mazzare to lead the delegation to Venice because of his current fame (or notoriety) among Catholics. Mazzare asks Simon Jones, the Methodist minister, to accompany him as a sign of religious tolerance and Father Augustus Heinzerling. Jones goes along as Mazzare's assistant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 38], "content_span": [39, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014830-0002-0001", "contents": "1634: The Galileo Affair, Plot summary\nStearns also sends Tom Stone and his family to assist with the production of pharmaceuticals, Sharon Nichols to aid in medical education (and to give her something useful to do while she is grieving over Hans Richter's death in 1633), and Ernst Mauer to advise on public sanitation. Lieutenant Conrad Ursinus is sent as the naval attach\u00e9 and advisor on shipbuilding and Scottish Captain Andrew Lennox is assigned as the military attach\u00e9 and commander of the Marine Guard. Lieutenant Billy Trumble is sent as XO of the Marine escort as well as sports advisor. However, the delegation is opposed by the French embassy in Venice led by Claude de Mesmes, comte d'Avaux, who is given orders by Cardinal Richelieu to disrupt trade negotiations between the USE and Venice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 38], "content_span": [39, 804]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014830-0003-0000", "contents": "1634: The Galileo Affair, Literary significance and reception\nPublishers Weekly in their review said that \"It's refreshing to read an alternate history where the problems of two people do amount to a hill of beans, which isn't surprising, since all the installments in this popular series to date have focused as much on ordinary people as on kings and generals. The closing chase sequence is literally a riot.\" School Library Journal was mixed in their review saying \"this is a good choice for fans of alternative history, although those who prefer the more serious work of Harry Turtledove may find it too upbeat for their taste.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 61], "content_span": [62, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014830-0003-0001", "contents": "1634: The Galileo Affair, Literary significance and reception\nAlso, familiarity with previous titles is a must as the authors place readers right in the middle of the action.\" Booklist also noted that the book is \"challenging for newcomers, but Young Adults who know the series will enjoy this latest installment\" and it would help if the reader have the previous books available.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 61], "content_span": [62, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014830-0004-0000", "contents": "1634: The Galileo Affair, Literary significance and reception\n1634: The Galileo Affair was the first book in the 1632 series to be listed on the New York Times Best Seller list for hardcover fiction. During April 2004, this book was able to stay on the NY Times list for a period of 2 weeks while peaking at number 27.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 61], "content_span": [62, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014830-0005-0000", "contents": "1634: The Galileo Affair, Literary significance and reception\nBesides being listed on the NY Times Best Seller list, 1634: The Galileo Affair was also the first book in the 1632 series to be listed at the top of the Locus (magazine) Hardcovers Bestsellers List for the month of July in 2004 and was also able to reach number 3 while staying on the Locus Paperbacks Bestsellers List for 2 months in 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 61], "content_span": [62, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014831-0000-0000", "contents": "1634: The Ram Rebellion\n1634: The Ram Rebellion is the seventh published work in the 1632 alternate history book series, and is the third work to establish what is best considered as a \"main plot line or thread\" of historical speculative focus that are loosely organized and classified geographically.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014831-0000-0001", "contents": "1634: The Ram Rebellion\nThe initial main thread is called the \"Western and North-Central Europe thread\" (encompassing northern and western Germany, Denmark, England, France, the Low Countries, Sweden and the Baltic); the second plot line, encompassing events in Italy, Spain, the Mediterranean region, and France, the \"South European thread\", and this book can be considered the starting novel of the \"South-Central/South-East thread\" being set in southern Germany, Austria, Bavaria, and Bohemia. This geographically organized plot thread actually began in Ring of Fire in Flint's novelette \"The Wallenstein Gambit\" which is set in Bohemia, Austria, and Germany, which tied into stories in various Grantville Gazettes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 718]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014831-0001-0000", "contents": "1634: The Ram Rebellion, Contents\nThe book is hard to classify as it is an oddity, as acknowledged by series creator Eric Flint in the foreword; an anthology in fact, with several longer novelettes sandwiching seemingly unrelated short stories under a (hidden for a while) overarching story line that is capped off by a short novel that finally brings all the seemingly unrelated and disparate contents together in the latter part of the book.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014831-0002-0000", "contents": "1634: The Ram Rebellion, Contents\nUnlike most works in the 1632 series, much of this book is written from the standpoint of common people \"in the street\", including Germans trying to cope with Grantville, West Virginia, up-timers trying to cope with their new world around Grantville, and both trying to deal with the problems of two widely different cultures meeting in the new United States of Europe. These merging dynamics are the milieu shaping stories Flint felt necessary to include even though they are set in 1631\u20131632. Their impact extends throughout the book and into 1634, as well as across political boundaries and battle lines as the historical imperatives developed in this book extend into the direct sequel 1634: The Bavarian Crisis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 750]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014831-0003-0000", "contents": "1634: The Ram Rebellion, Plot summary\nThe book spot-covers local events and a few related diplomatic discussions from a few days after the Ring of Fire (May\u2013June 1631) to October in the fall of 1634\u2014giving it the largest time footprint of the four\u2014though narrowly focused. The short novel that concludes the work begins in late August 1633 and overlaps many of the shorter works earlier in the book. Two of the three other books set in 1634 refer to the events in the work (usually as the \"troubles in Franconia\") setting its canonical place in the \"greater\" neo-historical international politics covered in the other two works.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 37], "content_span": [38, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014831-0004-0000", "contents": "1634: The Ram Rebellion, Plot summary, \"Recipes for Revolution\"\nThe two Larkin \"Birdie\" Newhouse tales along with two flashback vignettes by Flint begin the Ram Rebellion book, all four set in the weeks immediately after the Ring of Fire. In the Flint stories which are sandwiched around the Birdie tales, Mike Stearns goes back to school under the tutelage of Melissa Mailey. Stearns has a problem, he has to get a handle on likely complications from the local population, as the stories are set just a few days after he is elected as Chairman of the Emergency Committee. As a result, Mailey gives Stearns several very thick history books on European history in the era.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 63], "content_span": [64, 671]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014831-0005-0000", "contents": "1634: The Ram Rebellion, Plot summary, \"Recipes for Revolution\"\nBirdie Newhouse has an immediate problem, he's a farmer with most of his farm's arable land 300 years off and a continent away. The stories by Gorg Huff and Paula Goodlett explore the alien land practices and ownership of down-time Germany as Birdie seeks to gain additional lands. Land sales are rare; worse, the lawyers are in control and there are three general levels of vested interest: The owners-in-fact, a variable number of other claimants, and the tenants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 63], "content_span": [64, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014831-0005-0001", "contents": "1634: The Ram Rebellion, Plot summary, \"Recipes for Revolution\"\nThe tenants have certain rights and obligations over and above monetary rent while leases are generally for the lesser of three generations or 99 years. In between the owner in fact and the tenants is usually a monetary transaction which gives the rents to any number of claimants\u2014depending upon the finances of the landholding family. The claimants all have a say in the farm operation to some extent, as do the occupants of the farm villages, which also have the right to disapprove or accept new co-farmers, for the land is farmed cooperatively with another set of obligations and entitlements. Birdie can't just go and buy a piece of land, he has to buy it from three different and diverse groups of people... and get them all to agree to terms. As the story notes, seventeenth century Germany was a lawyer's paradise.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 63], "content_span": [64, 886]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014831-0006-0000", "contents": "1634: The Ram Rebellion, Plot summary, \"Enter the Ram\"\nFlo Richards is a farmer's wife with four grown children who had bought a small flock of type C Delaine Merino sheep and some angora rabbits before the Ring of Fire in the hope that she'd see more of her youngest daughter, Jen, once she'd finished her studies out of town. The Ring of Fire had consequently left Jan behind in the present in which Flo dealt with this loss by concentrating on her livestock. She and her husband JD have local Germans living with them as partners now that farming has become more labour-intensive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 54], "content_span": [55, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014831-0006-0001", "contents": "1634: The Ram Rebellion, Plot summary, \"Enter the Ram\"\nFlo's laments about the poor quality wool from the locally obtained ram (who comes to be known as Brillo for that reason) strike a chord with someone and subsequently a number of 'Brillo fables' start to appear in the local broadsheet; the fables concern the titular ram escaping from his pen and interfering with her merino breeding program. The ram's fame spreads through Grantville out into the rest of Germany. The Women's League of Voters uses a Ram's Head as its emblem, schoolchildren sing songs about Brillo, and even adapt it into a ballet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 54], "content_span": [55, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014831-0007-0000", "contents": "1634: The Ram Rebellion, Plot summary, \"The Trouble in Franconia\"\nWith the example of future Grantville, a peasant revolt becomes a revolutionary movement in the fractured Holy Roman Empire south and east of Thuringia while the Machiavellian maneuvers in the neo-historical governments and various field armies now dance to counter-act those aimed at the Americans' new heartland. Up-timers, from the original USA space-time want the serfs to succeed and liberate themselves\u2014but also know what a bloodbath the French Revolution became and various individuals act to help one and prevent the others.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 65], "content_span": [66, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014831-0007-0001", "contents": "1634: The Ram Rebellion, Plot summary, \"The Trouble in Franconia\"\nAvoiding that path will take all sorts of resources and efforts, and Americans from both uptime and down-time act resolutely to mitigate the problems, diplomacy to head off wars headed by authoritarians threatened by the new American ideals, and a deft appreciation of when not to fight and dangle an irresistible carrot instead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 65], "content_span": [66, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014831-0008-0000", "contents": "1634: The Ram Rebellion, Plot summary, \"The Ram Rebellion\"\nIn Franconia, schoolteacher Constantin Ableidinger has been reading Common Sense by Thomas Paine. He also finds the Brillo stories interesting. The farmers in Franconia (and Thuringia for that matter) have a history of dissent concerning serfdom and Mike Stearns has hopes of getting some fundamental changes made in the way that Franconia is run as a result of a farmer's rebellion of sorts. He neglects to include this in the briefing given to the civil servants sent down to administer Franconia although these people, Johnny F. and Noelle Murphy, among others have an effect on the schoolteacher's \"Ram rebellion\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 58], "content_span": [59, 677]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014831-0009-0000", "contents": "1634: The Ram Rebellion, Literary significance and reception\nDana Blankenhorn of ZDNet called the book \"a sort of open source novel\" as a way of describing how Eric Flint invited other authors to contribute stories to this book in which it extends the franchise. Another reviewer wrote that \"the book gets mired down in detail. It was just too much information.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 60], "content_span": [61, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014831-0010-0000", "contents": "1634: The Ram Rebellion, Literary significance and reception\n1634: The Ram Rebellion was listed on the Locus (magazine) Hardcovers Bestsellers List for two months in a row during 2006, topping at number 2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 60], "content_span": [61, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014832-0000-0000", "contents": "1635\n1635 (MDCXXXV) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar, the 1635th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 635th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 35th  year of the 17th\u00a0century, and the  6th   year of the 1630s decade. As of the start of 1635, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014833-0000-0000", "contents": "1635 Bohrmann\n1635 Bohrmann, provisional designation 1924 QW, is a stony Koronian asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 17 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 7 March 1924, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg Observatory in southern Germany, and named for astronomer Alfred Bohrmann.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014833-0001-0000", "contents": "1635 Bohrmann, Orbit and classification\nThe stony S-type asteroid belongs to the Koronis family, a group consisting of few hundred known bodies with nearly ecliptical orbits. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.7\u20133.0\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 10 months (1,761 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.06 and an inclination of 2\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014833-0002-0000", "contents": "1635 Bohrmann, Orbit and classification\nAs no precoveries were taken, Bohrmann's observation arc begins with the first used observation taken on the night following its discovery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014833-0003-0000", "contents": "1635 Bohrmann, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Bohrmann measures between 16.6 and 19.1 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.187 and 0.255. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for members of the Koronian family of 0.24, and calculates a diameter of 17.1 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 11.0.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 34], "content_span": [35, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014833-0004-0000", "contents": "1635 Bohrmann, Lightcurves\nIn September and October 2003, four rotational lightcurves were obtained for this asteroid from photometric observations at several observatories around the world, including the Whitin Observatory in Wellesley, Massachusetts, as well as by U.S. astronomers Robert Stephens and Brian Warner. The lightcurves gave two different solutions for the Bohrmann's rotation period. One solution gave 5.864\u00b10.001 and 5.86427\u00b10.00005 hours, while the alternative solution gave 11.73\u00b10.01 and 11.730\u00b10.005 hours. The lightcurves had a concurring brightness variation of 0.25 in magnitude (U=2/2/3/n.a. ).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 26], "content_span": [27, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014833-0005-0000", "contents": "1635 Bohrmann, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after German astronomer Alfred Bohrmann (1904\u20132000), a long-time observer of minor planets at the discovering Heidelberg Observatory and a discoverer of minor planets himself. During his career he had published several hundreds of precise observations of asteroids. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 February 1976 (M.P.C. 3931).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014834-0000-0000", "contents": "1635 in Belgium\nEvents in the year 1635 in the Spanish Netherlands and Prince-bishopric of Li\u00e8ge (predecessor states of modern Belgium).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014840-0000-0000", "contents": "1635 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1635.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014842-0000-0000", "contents": "1635 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014842-0001-0000", "contents": "1635 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014843-0000-0000", "contents": "1635 in science\nThe year 1635 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014844-0000-0000", "contents": "1635: The Cannon Law\n1635: The Cannon Law is the sixth book and fifth novel published in the 1632 series by Eric Flint and Andrew Dennis. It is the second novel in the French-Italian plot thread, which began with 1634: The Galileo Affair and was published by Baen Books in 2006. The book explores the reactions of the Roman Catholic hardliners to Pope Urban VIII's actions in tolerating the new freedom of religion taking root in Central Europe during the climax of The Galileo Affair.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014844-0001-0000", "contents": "1635: The Cannon Law\nLike all the preceding books in the series, it is set in the Thirty Years' War. The series deals with history and political life, American culture and a host of other things taken for granted in today's First World countries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014844-0002-0000", "contents": "1635: The Cannon Law, Plot summary\nFollowing the events of 1634: The Galileo Affair, Pope Urban VIII has been won over to the actions of the Americans after being saved from his attempted assassination and his subsequent pardon of Galileo Galilei. However, Pope Urban's relations with the Americans and their allies earns the scorn of his historical enemy Cardinal Gaspar Borja y Velasco, who had been loudly critical of the actions, or inactions, of the Holy See in regard to Gustavus Adolphus, Galileo, and now Cardinal Larry Mazzare, and had been briefly banned from Rome by Urban.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 34], "content_span": [35, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014844-0003-0000", "contents": "1635: The Cannon Law, Plot summary\nCardinal Borja returns to Rome, though living in the outskirts of the city, and having cultivated allies with the Spanish element of the Vatican and acquiring the aid of Francisco de Quevedo y Villega, a mercenary agent provocateur, is ordered by King Philip IV of Spain to stir up trouble within Rome with the efforts of discrediting Urban and turning him into a lame duck pope after Urban failed to support Spain in her war against the United States of Europe (USE).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 34], "content_span": [35, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014844-0003-0001", "contents": "1635: The Cannon Law, Plot summary\nBorja exceeds these orders, orchestrating a military coup to overthrow Urban, which also caused the deaths of Urban's political allies including his  cardinal-nephew Antonio Barberini, and replace him with a Spanish puppet. Urban escapes from his second attempted death with the help from the American Roman embassy, leading to Borja being declared an Anti- Pope, with only Spain and its satellites recognizing his authority as the new Pope.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 34], "content_span": [35, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014844-0004-0000", "contents": "1635: The Cannon Law, Literary significance and reception\nPublishers Weekly was somewhat critical in their review saying \"If this novel is not as rollicking as its predecessor, that may be because there really isn't anything funny about the Spanish Inquisition, Monty Python notwithstanding.\" Roland Green reviewing for Booklist was more positive saying \"this is probably the strongest book in the magnificent saga since the opening volume 1632.\" The reviewer or SFRevu wrote that \"the book has that iceburg feeling of inevitability\" and that the \"people of 1635 may be trying to get out of the path history set for them, but they're still driven by the same events and pressures that decided their fates the first time.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 57], "content_span": [58, 721]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014844-0005-0000", "contents": "1635: The Cannon Law, Literary significance and reception\n1635: The Cannon Law was listed on the Locus (magazine) Hardcovers Bestsellers List for two months in a row at the end of 2006 and the beginning of 2007, topping at number 8.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 57], "content_span": [58, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014845-0000-0000", "contents": "1635: The Dreeson Incident\n1635: The Dreeson Incident (2008) is a novel in the alternate history 1632 series, written by Virginia DeMarce and Eric Flint, as a sequel to Flint's novella 1634: The Bavarian Crisis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014845-0001-0000", "contents": "1635: The Dreeson Incident, Plot summary\nThe novel takes place after the events of 1634: The Galileo Affair, and 1635: The Cannon Law in which French Huguenot extremist Michel Ducos came close to assassinating Pope Urban VIII and forced to flee with his followers from Rome. The leaders of the French Huguenot group under Ducos settled in Scotland making plans to embarrass Cardinal Richelieu. Michel also has left strict instructions for several of his followers, led by Guillaume Locquifier, in Frankfurt to do nothing until he gives them new orders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 40], "content_span": [41, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014845-0002-0000", "contents": "1635: The Dreeson Incident, Plot summary\nMeanwhile, Duke Henri de Rohan, the highest ranking Huguenot, has his own group of agents monitoring events throughout Europe. He also would like to see Richelieu removed from office, but he views the radical actions of Ducos as self-defeating. After having learning the events in Rome, Henri writes letters to his agents in Grantville, Frankfurt and elsewhere warning of the escape of Ducos and ordering them to notify him if Ducos appears. Rohan has two double agents working within the Ducos operation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 40], "content_span": [41, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014845-0002-0001", "contents": "1635: The Dreeson Incident, Plot summary\nJacques-Pierre Dumais is one of the double agents working for the Duke, who works in Grantville as a garbage collector while secretly examining 20th century knowledge discarded by the American residents. Spymaster Francisco Nasi has also been trying to track down Ducos. His agents and others have been sending reports on activities in Grantville and elsewhere within the State of Thuringia-Franconia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 40], "content_span": [41, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014845-0003-0000", "contents": "1635: The Dreeson Incident, Plot summary\nIn the midst of this, the United States of Europe elections are taking place. Incumbent Prime Minister Mike Stearns is sure that his political party will lose, but figures that his opponent William Wettin will overextend himself and his respective Crown Loyalists party. Ducos' Huguenots in Frankfurt plan a demonstration and action in Grantville to vilify Richelieu by plotting assassinations on Grantville's powerful figures: Mayor Henry Dreeson and Presbyterian minister Enoch Wiley (as attempts on individuals such as Mike Stearns and Gustavus Adolphus remain impossible to do).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 40], "content_span": [41, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014845-0003-0001", "contents": "1635: The Dreeson Incident, Plot summary\nThe assassinations are successfully carried out during several manipulated demonstrations against vaccination and autopsies through down-timers and an anti-Semitic incident at Grantville's synagogue as covers for the assassination. In the aftermath, the results do not come out as the Huguenots had planned: Nasi, Stearns, and several others figure out the cause for the assassinations. They and other like-minded individuals are shocked by the provocative actions of the anti-Semites and decide to use the incident to justify the total eradication of all antisemitic forces in the area controlled by Grantville's allies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 40], "content_span": [41, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014845-0004-0000", "contents": "1635: The Dreeson Incident, Literary significance and reception\nA reviewer for SFRevu liked the book but wrote that \"it is easy to get drawn in by these characters, although sometimes it is hard to keep track of all the subplots that have developed\". The Library Journal gave a more positive review by saying that the authors \"keeps the action moving and the history honest as ordinary citizens of the 20th century bring their skills and their hopes to a dark time in European history.\" The reviewer for Booklist wrote that this book is a \"solid addition to the Ring of Fire alternate history saga.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 63], "content_span": [64, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014845-0005-0000", "contents": "1635: The Dreeson Incident, Literary significance and reception\n1635: The Dreeson Incident was listed on the Locus (magazine) Hardcovers Bestsellers List for a single month in 2009 at number 5.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 63], "content_span": [64, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014846-0000-0000", "contents": "1635: The Eastern Front\n1635: The Eastern Front is an alternate history novel by Eric Flint in the 1632 series, first published in hardcover by Baen Books on October 5, 2010, with a paperback edition following from the same publisher in November 2011. It is a sequel to 1635: The Tangled Web and is directly continued by 1636: The Saxon Uprising.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014846-0001-0000", "contents": "1635: The Eastern Front, Plot summary\nIn the alternative history scenario of the novel and series, Swedish king Gustavus Adolphus, has with the aid of the time-displaced citizens of Grantville, West Virginia, tipped the balance in the Thirty Years' War and become emperor of much of Germany, now reorganized as the United States of Europe. Having at least temporarily sidelined Austria and France, the main enemies of the new state, he is free to turn his attention to the rebellious states of Brandenburg and Saxony and pursue his dream of conquering Poland. The former are duly reconquered and the latter invaded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 37], "content_span": [38, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014846-0002-0000", "contents": "1635: The Eastern Front, Plot summary\nWest Virginian Mike Stearns, former prime minister of the USE and now a major general in command of the army's third division of the USE army, acquits himself well in the campaign, but atrocities committed by some of his men lead him to establish the Hangman Regiment to police his own forces, under the command of new-minted Light Colonel Jeff Higgins.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 37], "content_span": [38, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014846-0003-0000", "contents": "1635: The Eastern Front, Plot summary\nMeanwhile, on the home front, other sequences of events involve Mike's wife Rebecca Abrabanel and the Swedish royal family. French Huguenots attempt to assassinate Gustavus's daughter Princess Kristina and her betrothed Prince Ulrik in an attempt to provoke the wrath of the Swedes and Danes against Cardinal Richelieu and the government of their Catholic-ruled country. The prince and princess escape, though her mother, the queen Maria Eleonora, is murdered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 37], "content_span": [38, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014846-0004-0000", "contents": "1635: The Eastern Front, Plot summary\nGustavus's eastern war is stalled in the battle of Lake Bledno, in which he gains a strategic victory but receives a life-threatening wound. His hitherto-loyal chancellor Axel Oxenstierna takes the opportunity to seize power in an attempt to reverse the democratizing influence of the West Virginians, endangering the USE at a critical juncture.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 37], "content_span": [38, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014846-0005-0000", "contents": "1635: The Eastern Front, Literary significance and reception\nThe reviewer for SFRevu gave a positive review and wrote \"One of the best things about Flint\u2019s writing is the smooth flow of his battle descriptions. He presents the majesty and the horror without getting bogged down in a blow by blow recounting of the action. He seamlessly meshes the multitude of points of view into a coherent tale that spans the limits of the USE. It is enjoyable to read the way he brings action in the side books into the main plot. That has always been one of the hallmarks of the series.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 60], "content_span": [61, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014846-0005-0001", "contents": "1635: The Eastern Front, Literary significance and reception\nThe reviewer for a Shiny Book Review wrote that the \"story takes awhile to get going\" while also praised the author by writing that \"with typical deftness, Eric Flint can usually create a great story\" and \"this is an Eric Flint novel, so you know the editing is going to be sound.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 60], "content_span": [61, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014846-0006-0000", "contents": "1635: The Eastern Front, Literary significance and reception\n1635: The Eastern Front barely missed getting listed on the Locus Hardcovers Bestsellers List in 2011, but did well enough to be labeled as a runner-up.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 60], "content_span": [61, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014847-0000-0000", "contents": "1635: The Papal Stakes\n1635: The Papal Stakes is novel in the 1632 series written by Charles Gannon and Eric Flint. It was published in 2012 and is the direct sequel to 1635: The Cannon Law published in 2006. This book is the third in the South European fork to the main 1632 series storyline. The story follows the exploits of younger members of the Stone family in Italy and describes the impact of Grantville on the Roman Catholic church and on the patchwork of independent countries in the Italian peninsula.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014847-0001-0000", "contents": "1635: The Papal Stakes, Literary significance and reception\nThe reviewer for SFRevu writes that \"Charles Gannon takes the helm in this installment\" and that \"Gannon hits all the right notes.\" The Midwest Book Review called the book \"a fabulous thriller as Eric Flint and Charles E. Gannon prove a deft pairing.\" The reviewer for the Mixed Book Bag also agrees that Flint and Gannon make a good writing team and adds \"This is a story that flows smoothly and is focused on the problems the characters face\" and \"the action is great and keeps the story arc moving along\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 59], "content_span": [60, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014847-0002-0000", "contents": "1635: The Papal Stakes, Literary significance and reception\n1635: The Papal Stakes is the first book in the 1632 series to get listed on The Wall Street Journal Best-Selling Books list for Hardcover Science Fiction, which gets its data from NPD BookScan (formerly Nielsen BookScan). This book was able to stay on this list for two weeks during October 2012, topping at number 6.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 59], "content_span": [60, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014848-0000-0000", "contents": "1635: The Tangled Web\n1635: The Tangled Web is a novel in the alternate history 1632 series, written by Virginia DeMarce.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014848-0001-0000", "contents": "1635: The Tangled Web\nTwo of the stories were previously published in the online version of The Grantville Gazettes with the Prince and Abbot first published in Volume 8 and Mail Stop first published in Volume 9. The rest of the stories are original material.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014848-0002-0000", "contents": "1635: The Tangled Web, Plot summary\nThe main setting takes place in Fulda in 1633 and follows in four interlinking stories which ties together near the end of the novel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 35], "content_span": [36, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014848-0003-0000", "contents": "1635: The Tangled Web, Plot summary, \"Prince and Abbot\"\nThe New United States decided to accept the return of Johann Bernhard Schenk von Schweinsberg as the Abbot of Fulda, but the Abbot will have to give up the title of prince. Moreover, he will not be allowed to collect tithes. The N.U.S. is now the secular authority in Fulda and will collect the taxes. The Abbot surprises Wes Jenkins - the administrator of Fulda - in his attempts to persuade the monks to abide by the new rules of his order. The local monks have resisted abiding by these rules.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 55], "content_span": [56, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014848-0003-0001", "contents": "1635: The Tangled Web, Plot summary, \"Prince and Abbot\"\nEven the importation of Saint Gall monks hasn't won them over to the Tridentine doctrines. Dissatisfied Catholic conspirators in Bonn decide to unsettle affairs in Fulda, in which they initially arrange to post scurrilous flyers all over the town and then hire Irish mercenaries led by Walter Leslie to abduct the Abbot and several N.U.S. administrators.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 55], "content_span": [56, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014848-0004-0000", "contents": "1635: The Tangled Web, Plot summary, \"Mail Stop\"\nThe story focus on Martin Wackernagel. As a private courier, Martin delivers correspondence and small packages on a route stretching from Grantville to Gelnhausen along the imperial road. He also makes side trips to Barracktown and other locations near his route. Martin visits his mother now and then during his travels, but he is reluctant to face her. She keeps asking when he will be married, but things are not as they seems. There is a secondary thread involving a pair of fourteen-year-olds operating a downtime mimeograph machine and unwittingly producing propaganda material that could lead to local unrest that is always in the background of the first three stories.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 48], "content_span": [49, 725]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014848-0005-0000", "contents": "1635: The Tangled Web, Plot summary, \"Mail Stop\"\nA third thread involves a young teenaged Jewish boy named David who wanted to leave his village and see the world as a postal carrier instead of being tied to his village in an unwanted profession and an arranged marriage to a vapid young girl. All of the different thread diverge and intersects along Wackernagel's postal route.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 48], "content_span": [49, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014848-0006-0000", "contents": "1635: The Tangled Web, Plot summary, \"Happy Wanderer\"\n\u201cMAIL STOP\u201d and \u201cHAPPY WANDERER\u201d tell the story of Martin Wackernagel, a private courier with a regular route. Martin maintains three separate households complete with wife and children unknown to his mother or his other \u201cwives\u201d. The woman he hopes to make his fourth wife is niece to Clara Bachmeierin, who married Wes Jenkins in the first story.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 53], "content_span": [54, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014848-0007-0000", "contents": "1635: The Tangled Web, Plot summary, \"Window of Opportunity\"\nThe story examines the actions of the Mainz Committee of Correspondence. Bernard Eberhard \u2013 Captain Duke of the Swedish Army \u2013 is sent to Fulda by General Brahe to observe the interplay between NUS administrators and Abbot von Schweinsberg. Bernhard takes his brothers and his fellow CoC members with him to Fulda. He and his brothers began working for Major Derek Utt. Later, Utt plans an operation against the Irish soldiers who had abducted the Abbot. He sends Sergeant Helmut Herke and a small band of soldiers to determine the whereabouts of the colonels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 60], "content_span": [61, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014848-0008-0000", "contents": "1635: The Tangled Web, Literary significance and reception\nOne reviewer thought that the first half of the book was a \"little boring\" since it describes  events that were mentioned in previous books but from a different POV. For the second half of the book, the reviewer said that this \"section of the book starts out light and turns dark but is all fresh material.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 58], "content_span": [59, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014848-0009-0000", "contents": "1635: The Tangled Web, Literary significance and reception\n1635: The Tangled Web was listed on the Locus (magazine) Hardcovers Bestsellers List for one month during 2010 at number 5.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 58], "content_span": [59, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014849-0000-0000", "contents": "1636\n1636 (MDCXXXVI) was a leap year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a leap year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar, the 1636th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 636th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 36th  year of the 17th\u00a0century, and the  7th   year of the 1630s decade. As of the start of 1636, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014850-0000-0000", "contents": "1636 Imperial election\nThe imperial election of 1636 was an imperial election held to select the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. It took place in Regensburg on December 22.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014850-0001-0000", "contents": "1636 Imperial election, Background\nThis was the sixth imperial election to take place during the Reformation. On October 31, 1517, Martin Luther, a professor of moral theology at the University of Wittenberg, now part of the Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, had delivered the Ninety-five Theses to Albert of Brandenburg, the elector of Mainz. This list of propositions criticized the practice of selling indulgences, remissions of the punishment meted out for sin in Purgatory. Luther's criticism snowballed into a massive schism in the church, and from there into a split among the states of the empire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014850-0002-0000", "contents": "1636 Imperial election, Background\nThe accession of the fiercely Catholic Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor as king of Bohemia led to unrest among the Protestant estates of the kingdom. On May 23, 1618, a group of members of the Protestant estates threw two of Ferdinand II's representatives from the third story of Prague Castle in an event known as the Defenestration of Prague. On August 26, 1619, the full Bohemian estates declared Ferdinand II deposed. They offered the throne to Frederick V of the Palatinate, elector of the Electoral Palatinate, who accepted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014850-0003-0000", "contents": "1636 Imperial election, Background\nFerdinand II called on Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria, duke of Bavaria and leader of the Catholic League, a political confederation-cum-military alliance, for help suppressing the Bohemian Revolt and removing Frederick. In a treaty of October 21, he promised the Upper Palatinate and its electoral rights in exchange for this help. At the Diet of Regensburg on February 25, 1623, the Duchy of Bavaria received the Palatine electoral dignity, to be returned on Maximilian's death.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014850-0004-0000", "contents": "1636 Imperial election, Background\nOn May 30, 1635, the Peace of Prague was signed, ending the conflict between the Holy Roman Empire and its Protestant states. However, the larger war in Germany, the Thirty Years' War, which involved other great powers in Europe, continued.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014850-0005-0000", "contents": "1636 Imperial election, Background\nFerdinand II called for the election of his successor. In addition to Maximilian, the electors called to Regensburg were:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014850-0006-0000", "contents": "1636 Imperial election, Background\nOf these, only the elector of Saxony was Lutheran and only the elector of Brandenburg was Calvinist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014850-0007-0000", "contents": "1636 Imperial election, Aftermath\nFerdinand III acceded to the throne on his father's death on February 15, 1637 and was crowned on November 18.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014851-0000-0000", "contents": "1636 in Belgium\nEvents in the year 1636 in the Spanish Netherlands and Prince-bishopric of Li\u00e8ge (predecessor states of modern Belgium).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014859-0000-0000", "contents": "1636 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1636.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014861-0000-0000", "contents": "1636 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014861-0001-0000", "contents": "1636 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014861-0002-0000", "contents": "1636 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014862-0000-0000", "contents": "1636 in science\nThe year 1636 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014863-0000-0000", "contents": "163693 Atira\n163693 Atira /\u0259\u02c8t\u026ar\u0259/, provisional designation 2003 CP20, is a stony asteroid, dwelling in the interior of Earth's orbit. It is classified as a near-Earth object. Atira is a binary asteroid, a system of two asteroids orbiting their common barycenter. The primary component with a diameter of approximately 4.8 kilometers (3 miles) is orbited by a minor-planet moon that measures about 1\u00a0km (0.6\u00a0mi). Atira was discovered on 11 February 2003, by astronomers with the Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research at Lincoln Laboratory's Experimental Test Site near Socorro, New Mexico, in the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014863-0001-0000", "contents": "163693 Atira\nIt is the namesake and the first numbered body of the Atira asteroids, a new subclass of near-Earth asteroids, which have their orbits entirely within that of Earth and are therefore alternatively called Interior-Earth Objects (IEO). As of 2019, there are only 36 known members of the Atira group of asteroids. Atiras are similar to the larger group of Aten asteroids, as both are near-Earth objects and both have a semi-major axis smaller than that of Earth (<\u20091.0\u00a0AU).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014863-0001-0001", "contents": "163693 Atira\nHowever, and contrary to Aten asteroids, the aphelion for Atiras is always smaller than Earth's perihelion (<\u20090.983\u00a0AU), which means that they do not approach Earth as close as Atens do in general. Atira has an Earth minimum orbit intersection distance of 0.2059\u00a0AU (30,800,000\u00a0km) or approximately 80.1 lunar distances.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014863-0002-0000", "contents": "163693 Atira, Physical properties\nAtira is a S-type asteroid and orbits the Sun at a distance of 0.5\u20131.0\u00a0AU once every 8 months (233 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.32 and an inclination of 26\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. With a perihelion of 0.50\u00a0AU the body also classifies as a Venus-crosser\u00a0\u2013  as Venus orbits the Sun at a distance of 0.72\u20130.73\u00a0AU\u00a0\u2013  but does not get as close to the Sun as Mercury (which orbits between 0.31 and 0.47\u00a0AU). As no precoveries were found, Atira's observation arc begins with its discovery observation in 2003. It has a rotation period of 3.3984 hours with a brightness variation of 0.36 magnitude (U=2) and a very low albedo of 0.0231.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 33], "content_span": [34, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014863-0003-0000", "contents": "163693 Atira, Physical properties\nWith a diameter of 4.8 kilometers, Atira is one of the largest Near-Earth objects. Early estimates of its size ranged from 1 to 2 kilometers, but those were based on an assumed higher albedo of 0.20. Its larger size and low albedo were discovered when Atira was imaged by radar in early 2017. These radar images also revealed that Atira is a binary asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 33], "content_span": [34, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014863-0004-0000", "contents": "163693 Atira, Binary system\nAtira came within 0.207\u00a0AU (31,000,000\u00a0km) from Earth in January 2017, the closest since its discovery in 2003. This provided an opportunity to study the asteroid by radar. Images taken at Arecibo Observatory on 20 January 2017 revealed that Atira is a synchronous binary asteroid with a minor-planet moon in orbit. The primary with a diameter of 4.8\u00b10.5\u00a0km is possibly elongated and very angular in shape. The secondary is tidally locked and has a diameter of 1.0\u00b10.3\u00a0km. Additional images taken on 23 January 2017 showed that the two components are orbiting each other at a distance of about 6\u00a0km with an orbital period of 15.5 hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 27], "content_span": [28, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014863-0005-0000", "contents": "163693 Atira, Atira class\nKnowing that traditionally the first known object in a new class of asteroids will become the name of the new class of asteroids, due consideration was given to the name for (163693). The other classes of near-Earth asteroids are Amors, Apollos, and Atens (as mentioned above), named after a Roman, Greek, and Egyptian god, so a preference was given to a god or goddess beginning with the letter \"A\". Given (163693) was discovered by the LINEAR program which operates out of the southwestern United States, preference was also given to a name of local origin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 25], "content_span": [26, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014863-0005-0001", "contents": "163693 Atira, Atira class\nThe minor planet was named after Atira [\u0259t\u00ed\u027e\u0259\u0294], the title of a goddess of the Native American Pawnee people. She is the wife of the creator god, Tirawa, and goddess of Earth and the evening star. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 22 January 2008 (M.P.C. 61768).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 25], "content_span": [26, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014864-0000-0000", "contents": "1636: Commander Cantrell in the West Indies\n1636: Commander Cantrell in the West Indies is a novel in the 1632 series written by Eric Flint and Charles E. Gannon and published on June 3, 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014864-0001-0000", "contents": "1636: Commander Cantrell in the West Indies\nThe story follows the adventures of Eddie Cantrell a supporting character in 1633 and 1634: The Baltic War. Eddie is married to the daughter of the Danish King and is sent to America to set up a colony and to explore for oil in the Gulf of Mexico while defending against the Spanish and even pirates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014864-0002-0000", "contents": "1636: Commander Cantrell in the West Indies, Literary significance and reception\nEric S. Raymond called the book \"a solid installment in the ongoing series\". The reviewer for SFRevu wrote that \"This is a pretty standard Ring of Fire novel. Fans of the series will find a lot to enjoy here, even though it isn't advancing the main story line.\" However, he still finds the story interesting and looks forward to the continuation of this storyline. Mark Lardas of the Galveston Daily News gave a positive review.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 80], "content_span": [81, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014864-0002-0001", "contents": "1636: Commander Cantrell in the West Indies, Literary significance and reception\nOne reviewer for the Midwest Book Review called the book \"an enjoyable thriller that provides readers with plenty of operational military maneuvers at sea and in Trinidad, and understanding of strategic concerns though the latter sometimes turns boring due TMI detail\" while another reviewer for the same publication called it \"an engrossing alternate history read highly recommended for fan of the genre\". A reviewer for another publication wrote, \"He [Flint] and Gannon write an intriguing tale filled with what-ifs that never strain the reader\u2019s ability to believe this might occur. Although unfamiliar with the backstory and characters, I had no trouble following the various story threads, and the book begins with a short overview to set the stage.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 80], "content_span": [81, 836]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014865-0000-0000", "contents": "1636: Seas of Fortune\n1636: Seas of Fortune is an anthology of short stories written by Iver Cooper and set in the 1632 series. The anthology was released in the United States on January 7, 2014. It is divided into two roughly equal novella-length parts, Stretching Out and Rising Sun. Each part (\"braid\") consists of several linked (\"braided\") short stories, seven in the case of Stretching Out and five in Rising Sun. The compilation was published in trade paperback in 2014 and in mass market paperback in 2015. The book received moderate reviews, with respectable sales. Stretching Out is set in northern South America and the Caribbean while Rising Sun is set in Japan, in the North Pacific, and on the west coast of North America.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 736]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014865-0001-0000", "contents": "1636: Seas of Fortune\nSix of the seven Stretching Out stories were  previously released electronically in the online version of the Grantville Gazette in serial form, starting with Volume 11 and continuing in six installments until Volume 21.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014865-0001-0001", "contents": "1636: Seas of Fortune\nThis part contains two threads, one centering on Maria Vorst, a Grantville-trained downtimer who heads an expedition to what is now Suriname to set up a colony that could export rubber, bauxite, minerals, tropical products, and other natural resources that are not obtainable in Europe, but are necessary for sustaining Grantville's industrial development, and the other thread centers on Henrique Pereira da Costa, a Portuguese Marrano (secret Jew), and his half-brother indentured servant Maur\u00edcio, who initially are roaming the jungles of Brazil in search for rubber trees.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014865-0002-0000", "contents": "1636: Seas of Fortune\nAll of the Rising Sun short stories were first published in this anthology. This part is primarily about the expansion of the Japanese empire that is a response to the introduction of history books obtained from Grantville. The main storyline centers on exiling of Japanese Christians to California to found a colony in the vicinity of Monterey Bay that would exploit the resources of North America and also hinder European expansion into the Pacific. This colonization expedition is headed by Date Masamune. Only the first story (Where the Cuckoo Flies) and a portion of the second story (Fallen Leaves) are set in Japan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014865-0003-0000", "contents": "1636: Seas of Fortune, Literary significance and reception\nThe reviewer for SFRevu wrote that \"This is a rare collection from a shared universe. There is a fairly low bar to entry as none of the action is truly dependent upon the main action of the Ring of Fire series... Cooper is exploring a part of the world that has been rarely mentioned.\" The Midwest Book Review writes \"Both segues expand the Ring of Fire universe into new or previously limited geography and culture\" and \"built on real events enhanced by historical speculation but with a nice Grantville twist.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 58], "content_span": [59, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014865-0003-0001", "contents": "1636: Seas of Fortune, Literary significance and reception\nAlthough he \"strongly recommends\" the book, the reviewer for the Fistful of Wits wrote that he \"had not expected it to be a series of mostly interconnected short stories\" and that, as could \"be expected in a collection of short stories like this one,\" it didn't tell the whole story of any of the characters involved.\" Nonetheless, he added that he \"liked the settings, liked the characters, and liked where Cooper took them both.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 58], "content_span": [59, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014865-0004-0000", "contents": "1636: Seas of Fortune, Literary significance and reception\n1636: Seas of Fortune barely missed getting listed on the Locus Trade Paperback List in 2014, but did well enough to be labeled as a runner-up.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 58], "content_span": [59, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014866-0000-0000", "contents": "1636: The Devil's Opera\n1636: The Devil's Opera is a stand-alone novel in the alternative history 1632 series with minor character overlaps. Published on October 1, 2013 the book is written by David Carrico and Eric Flint. It is a semi-detective novel set in a growing industrial city that is a continuation of two series of stories that David Carrico had originally written in the electronic versions of the Grantville Gazette that were serialized over several issues and later compiled into the compilation 1635: Music and Murder, one series involving criminal investigation and crime fighting and other series involving music and social revolution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014866-0001-0000", "contents": "1636: The Devil's Opera\nThe novel starts with the discovery of a body floating in a river by a new character, but things are not as simple as they first appear to be since more unsolved crimes begin to occur. Later, detectives Byron Chieske and Gotthilf Hoch of the recently formed Magdeburg Police, formerly the city watch, are called in to investigate. These two characters were first introduced in the story \"None So Blind\" that was published in the tenth issue of the Grantville Gazette. Some of the criminals involved in this novel were also developed in these serials.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014866-0002-0000", "contents": "1636: The Devil's Opera\nThe other main storyline involves musician Marla Linder and her husband Franz Sylwester and how they used music to motivate the common people to resist the conservative forces that were trying to take over and return the world to medieval way of doing things after the emperor was incapacitated during battle. These two characters were first introduced in the story \"The Sound of Music\" that was published in the third issue of the Grantville Gazette.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014866-0003-0000", "contents": "1636: The Devil's Opera, Literary significance and reception\nThe reviewer for Booklist wrote that the book is \"Another engaging alternate history from a master of the genre.\" However, he does warn readers that \"familiarity with previous stories is, if not essential, at least strongly recommended.\" The reviewer for SFRevu wrote \"This is a later book in a well-established world and is not the best entry point.\" Mark Lardas of the Galveston Daily News called it \"an old-style police-procedural mystery, set in 17th century Germany.\" Two separate reviews were published in the Midwest Book Review. One reviewer called the book \"a powerful and fast-paced story\" while the other called it \"an engaging for the most part low key tale\". The Fistful of Wits reviewer admired \"the pacing and denouement\" of the novel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 60], "content_span": [61, 811]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014866-0004-0000", "contents": "1636: The Devil's Opera, Literary significance and reception\n1636: The Devil's Opera barely missed getting listed on the Locus (magazine) Hardcovers Bestsellers List in 2014, but did well enough to be labeled as a runner-up.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 60], "content_span": [61, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014867-0000-0000", "contents": "1636: The Kremlin Games\n1636: The Kremlin Games is a novel in the 1632 series written by Gorg Huff and Paula Goodlett along with Eric Flint. It is the fourth book in the series to be listed on the New York Times bestseller list for hardcover fiction. This book reached number 30 on the NY Times list during a single week in June 2012. Besides being listed on the NY Times Best Seller list, 1636: The Kremlin Games was also listed on the Locus Hardcovers Bestsellers List for the month of September in 2012 at number 6.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014867-0001-0000", "contents": "1636: The Kremlin Games, Plot\nThe story follows Bernie Zeppi, an  auto mechanic from Grantville, as he travels East to Russia and helps to set in motion various chains of events that leads to fundamental reordering of Russian history and a massive shift from a primarily agrarian economy to a more industrialized one. In writing the review for 1636:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 29], "content_span": [30, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014867-0001-0001", "contents": "1636: The Kremlin Games, Plot\nThe Kremlin Games, the reviewer for the SFRevu wrote a positive review stating that the book \"is another side story in the ongoing Grantville saga\" and that the \"action is carried on by characters that haven't played a significant role in earlier parts of the series\" and the book \"allowed fans to get involved in the development.\" The reviewer for the San Francisco Book Review wrote that this book \"is a standout even in a wonderful series\" and it has \"war, political intrigue, romance, [and] even car chases.\" The Midwest Book Review said that this installment \"is an enjoyable thriller with a wonderful second order effect on Bernie and the Russians.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 29], "content_span": [30, 685]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014867-0002-0000", "contents": "1636: The Kremlin Games, Plot\nA sequel, 1637: The Volga Rules, was published in 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 29], "content_span": [30, 85]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014868-0000-0000", "contents": "1636: The Saxon Uprising\n1636: The Saxon Uprising is an alternate history novel by Eric Flint in the 1632 series, first published in hardcover by Baen Books on March 29, 2011, with a paperback edition following from the same publisher in March 2012. It is a direct continuation of 1635: The Eastern Front. The threads mentioned in this novel are taken up in 1637: The Polish Maelstrom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014868-0001-0000", "contents": "1636: The Saxon Uprising, Plot summary\nIn the alternative history scenario of the novel and series, Emperor Gustav Adolphus, ruler of the new United States of Europe, has suffered a head trauma in battle, rendering him unable to rule. The Swedish chancellor Axel Oxenstierna seizes this opportunity to try to reestablish the power of the nobility in the USE. He keeps the USE army occupied fighting against Poland and reinforcing Bohemia, leaving Swedish and Provincial forces as the only professional soldiers in the country.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 38], "content_span": [39, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014868-0001-0001", "contents": "1636: The Saxon Uprising, Plot summary\nHe uses this advantage to co-opt the ruling Crown Loyalist Party and bully its leader, Prime Minister Wilhelm Wettin, into co-operating with him. Other conservative leaders remain wary, such as the landgravine of Hesse-Kassel, which has the strongest provincial force; she chooses to keep neutral in the conflict. When Bavaria invades the Upper Palatinate the only soldiers available to meet them are the Thuringia-Franconia National Guard and one battalion of USE forces. Wettin, discovering that Bavaria invaded on the covert invitation of the Chancellor to ensure the defense forces cannot oppose his coup, confronts Oxenstierna, only to be arrested and removed from office.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 38], "content_span": [39, 716]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014868-0002-0000", "contents": "1636: The Saxon Uprising, Plot summary\nMeanwhile, Swedish general Johan Ban\u00e9r lays siege to Dresden, the capital of Saxony, which is under the control of Oxenstierna's opponents. Ernst Wettin is the official Imperial Administrator, but Gretchen Richter and the Committees of Correspondence hold the real power there. They enter into an informal alliance with Saxon rebel forces in Vogtland in order to protect as many people as possible from Ban\u00e9r's butchery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 38], "content_span": [39, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014868-0003-0000", "contents": "1636: The Saxon Uprising, Plot summary\nRebecca Stearns and the opposition Fourth of July Party coordinate with the CoC to act in a restrained manner and undermine the legitimacy of Axel Oxenstierna and the Crown Loyalists gathered in Berlin. Meanwhile, Princess Christina and Prince Ulric travel to the capital at Magdeburg, symbolically aligning themselves with Oxenstierna's opponents and further undermining the Swedish Chancellor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 38], "content_span": [39, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014868-0004-0000", "contents": "1636: The Saxon Uprising, Plot summary\nMike Stearns, leader of the USE army in Bohemia, takes this opportunity to lead his Third Division into Saxony to break the siege of Dresden. He meets General Ban\u00e9r in battle during a snow storm in which his troops are more prepared to battle. Ban\u00e9r is killed, the Swedish forces routed, and the siege broken. Gustav Adolphus regains his wits soon after that and puts an end to Oxenstierna's bid for power. Wilhelm Wettin is released from custody and reinstated as Prime Minister, but with his Crown Loyalists discredited agrees to call early elections. Gustav Adolphus meets with Mike Stearns to negotiate an orderly transition of power, and the emperor commissions Stearns to take on the invading Bavarians.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 38], "content_span": [39, 748]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014868-0005-0000", "contents": "1636: The Saxon Uprising, Literary significance and reception\nThe reviewer for SFRevu gave a mostly positive review by saying \"The main plot moves forward with a huge cast of characters and lots of bouncing around. There are numerous little interludes that tell the reaction to events from the point of view of multiple areas.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 61], "content_span": [62, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014868-0006-0000", "contents": "1636: The Saxon Uprising, Literary significance and reception\nIn contrast, the reviewer for the Shiny Book Review gave a more mixed review by writing \"Confused yet? Yeah, I was too actually.\" and \"The story was okay, though the author does have some memorable one-liners in it that made me laugh out loud and caused more than one person to look at me funny. The writing itself is good, as you would expect from Eric Flint, and the series continues to chug along.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 61], "content_span": [62, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014868-0007-0000", "contents": "1636: The Saxon Uprising, Literary significance and reception\nThe Fantasy Book Critic gave the most positive review by saying that the \"book is also very entertainingly written with so many moments that make one laugh out loud, with action galore, but also with tragedy, suspense and the occasional heartbreak.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 61], "content_span": [62, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014868-0008-0000", "contents": "1636: The Saxon Uprising, Literary significance and reception\n1636: The Saxon Uprising was listed on the Locus Hardcovers Bestsellers List for a single month in 2011 at number 4.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 61], "content_span": [62, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014869-0000-0000", "contents": "1637\n1637 (MDCXXXVII) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar, the 1637th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 637th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 37th  year of the 17th\u00a0century, and the  8th   year of the 1630s decade. As of the start of 1637, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014870-0000-0000", "contents": "1637 Swings\n1637 Swings, provisional designation 1936 QO, is a dark asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 50 kilometers in diameter. Discovered by Joseph Hunaerts in 1936, it was named after Belgian astronomer Pol Swings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014870-0001-0000", "contents": "1637 Swings, Discovery\nSwings was discovered on 28 August 1936, by Belgian astronomer Joseph Hunaerts at the Royal Observatory of Belgium in Uccle, Belgium. In the following month, it was independently discovered by astronomer Cyril Jackson at Johannesburg Observatory in South Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014870-0002-0000", "contents": "1637 Swings, Orbit and classification\nThe asteroid orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.9\u20133.2\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 5 months (1,967 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.04 and an inclination of 14\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. In 1907, Swings was first identified as 1907 YT at Heidelberg Observatory. However, the body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Uccle in 1936.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014870-0003-0000", "contents": "1637 Swings, Physical characteristics\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Swings' surface has an albedo of 0.042, and measures 45.15 and 52.99 kilometers in diameter, respectively. It has an absolute magnitude of 10.4.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014870-0004-0000", "contents": "1637 Swings, Physical characteristics\nAs of 2017, the body's spectral type, rotation period and shape remain unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014870-0005-0000", "contents": "1637 Swings, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Pol Swings (1906\u20131983), a Belgian astrophysicist, astronomer and president of the International Astronomical Union during 1964\u20131967, who significantly contributed to the understanding of the physics of comets and their spectra. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 February 1976 (M.P.C. 3932).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014871-0000-0000", "contents": "1637 in Belgium\nEvents in the year 1637 in the Spanish Netherlands and Prince-bishopric of Li\u00e8ge (predecessor states of modern Belgium).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014872-0000-0000", "contents": "1637 in England\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by InternetArchiveBot (talk | contribs) at 03:31, 19 November 2019 (Bluelink 1 book for verifiability.) #IABot (v2.0) (GreenC bot). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014877-0000-0000", "contents": "1637 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1637.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014879-0000-0000", "contents": "1637 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014879-0001-0000", "contents": "1637 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014879-0002-0000", "contents": "1637 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014880-0000-0000", "contents": "1637 in science\nThe year 1637 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014881-0000-0000", "contents": "1638\n1638 (MDCXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar, the 1638th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 638th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 38th  year of the 17th\u00a0century, and the  9th   year of the 1630s decade. As of the start of 1638, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014882-0000-0000", "contents": "1638 AM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1638\u00a0kHz:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 72]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014883-0000-0000", "contents": "1638 New Hampshire earthquake\nThe 1638 New Hampshire earthquake struck central New Hampshire on June 1, 1638 (Julian calendar). It was the first major earthquake to strike New England following the start of European colonization. Modern analysis places its epicenter somewhere near what is now central New Hampshire, with an estimated magnitude between 6.0 and 7.0 mbLg. This makes it the largest earthquake on record in New Hampshire and New England, and the second strongest in northeastern North America after the 1663 Charlevoix earthquake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014884-0000-0000", "contents": "1638 in Belgium\nEvents in the year 1638 in the Spanish Netherlands and Prince-bishopric of Li\u00e8ge (predecessor states of modern Belgium).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014890-0000-0000", "contents": "1638 in Sweden\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by BHGbot (talk | contribs) at 13:31, 18 June 2020 (WP:BHGbot 6 (List 5): fixed sort key; WP:GENFIXES). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014891-0000-0000", "contents": "1638 in art\nThis is a list of events that occurred in the year 1638 in art.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 75]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014892-0000-0000", "contents": "1638 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1638.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014894-0000-0000", "contents": "1638 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014894-0001-0000", "contents": "1638 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014894-0002-0000", "contents": "1638 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014895-0000-0000", "contents": "1638 in science\nThe year 1638 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014896-0000-0000", "contents": "1639\n1639 (MDCXXXIX) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar, the 1639th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 639th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 39th  year of the 17th\u00a0century, and the  10th  and last year of the 1630s decade. As of the start of 1639, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014897-0000-0000", "contents": "1639 Amatrice earthquake\nThe 1639 Amatrice earthquake occurred on 7 October near Amatrice, in the upper valley of the river Tronto, at the time part of the Kingdom of Naples, now Italy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014897-0001-0000", "contents": "1639 Amatrice earthquake, History\nThe princes Orsini left the city destroyed by the earthquake, whose shock lasted 15 minutes and caused about 500 deaths (although many bodies remained under the rubble). Damage was estimated between 400,000 and 1 million scudi of the time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014897-0002-0000", "contents": "1639 Amatrice earthquake, History\nMany inhabitants fled to the countryside, where tents were set up, while others found refuge in the church of San Domenico. Among the buildings destroyed or badly damaged, there were: the princes Orsini's palace  (that at the time of the earthquake they were out of town), the Palazzo del Reggimento (Regiment's palace), the church of the Holy Crucifix, and other houses. Rosaries and processions were organized by the people to invoke the end of earthquakes. There were also heavy losses of the cattle (the main source of income at the time), which forced the population to migrate to Rome and Ascoli Piceno.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014897-0003-0000", "contents": "1639 Amatrice earthquake, History\nThe effects of the earthquake were described in detail in a report published by Carlo Tiberi in 1639, subsequently revised and updated in a second edition of the same year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014901-0000-0000", "contents": "1639 in Ireland, Deaths\nThis Ireland-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 91]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014906-0000-0000", "contents": "1639 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1639.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014908-0000-0000", "contents": "1639 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014908-0001-0000", "contents": "1639 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014908-0002-0000", "contents": "1639 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014909-0000-0000", "contents": "1639 in science\nThe year 1639 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014910-0000-0000", "contents": "1639 transit of Venus\nThe first known observations and recording of a transit of Venus were made in 1639 by the English astronomers Jeremiah Horrocks and his friend and correspondent William Crabtree. The pair made their observations independently on 4\u00a0December that year (24\u00a0November under the Julian calendar then used in England); Horrocks from Carr House, then in the village of Much Hoole, Lancashire, and Crabtree from his home in Broughton, near Manchester.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014910-0001-0000", "contents": "1639 transit of Venus\nThe friends, followers of the new astronomy of Johannes Kepler, were self-taught mathematical astronomers who had worked methodically to correct and improve Kepler's Rudolphine tables by mere observation and measurement. In 1639, Horrocks was the only astronomer to realise that a transit of Venus was imminent; others became aware of it only after the event when Horrocks's report of it was circulated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014910-0001-0001", "contents": "1639 transit of Venus\nAlthough the friends both died within five years of making their observations, their ground-breaking work was influential in establishing the size of the Solar System; for this and their other achievements Horrocks and Crabtree, along with their correspondent William Gascoigne, are considered to be the founding fathers of British research astronomy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014910-0002-0000", "contents": "1639 transit of Venus, Background\nBy the 17th century, two developments allowed for the transits of planets across the face of the Sun to be predicted and observed: the telescope and the new astronomy of Johannes Kepler, which assumed elliptical, rather than circular, planetary orbits.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 33], "content_span": [34, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014910-0003-0000", "contents": "1639 transit of Venus, Background\nIn 1627, Kepler published his Rudolphine Tables. Two years later he published extracts from the tables in his pamphlet De raris mirisque Anni 1631 Phaenomenis which included an admonitio ad astronomos (warning to astronomers) concerning a transit of Mercury in 1631 and transits of Venus in 1631 and 1761. The Mercury transit occurred as predicted and was observed by Johann Baptist Cysat in Innsbruck, Johannes Remus Quietanus in Rouffach and Pierre Gassendi in Paris, vindicating the Keplerian approach. But their observations threw into question previous theories about the Solar System, as Mercury was shown to be much smaller than expected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 33], "content_span": [34, 679]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014910-0004-0000", "contents": "1639 transit of Venus, Background\nAlthough Kepler's calculations indicated that the 1631 transit of Venus would best be visible from the American continent, he was not fully confident of his prediction, and advised that European astronomers should be prepared to observe the event. Gassendi and others in Europe watched for it but, as predicted, the Sun was below the horizon during the transit. According to modern calculations, observers in much of Italy and along the eastern Mediterranean should have been able to view the last stage of the transit, but no such observations were recorded. Kepler had predicted a near miss for a Venus transit in 1639 and, as the next full transit was not expected for another 121\u00a0years, Gassendi and the other astronomers concentrated their efforts in other areas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 33], "content_span": [34, 802]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014910-0005-0000", "contents": "1639 transit of Venus, Background, Jeremiah Horrocks\nJeremiah Horrocks (1618\u00a0\u2013 3\u00a0January 1641) was born in Lower Lodge, Toxteth Park \u2013 now part of Liverpool but at that time a separate town. His father James was a watchmaker, and his mother Mary Aspinwall was from a notable Toxteth Park family. Several members of the Aspinwall family were also in the watchmaking trade, and it is said that a watchmaker uncle first interested Jeremiah in astronomy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 52], "content_span": [53, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014910-0005-0001", "contents": "1639 transit of Venus, Background, Jeremiah Horrocks\nJeremiah joined Emmanuel College on 11 May 1632 and matriculated as a member of the University of Cambridge on 5 July 1632 as a sizar, which meant he did not have the means to fully support himself and was given specific duties to compensate for a reduction in fees. At Cambridge, he would have studied the arts, classical languages, a little geometry, and some traditional astronomy, but not the latest work by Galileo, Tycho Brahe and Kepler. He used his spare time to teach himself the more demanding mathematical astronomy and familiarise himself with the latest thinking. Horrocks read most of the astronomical treatises of his day, identified their weaknesses, and was suggesting new lines of research by the age of 17. In 1635, he left Cambridge without formally graduating, presumably owing to the cost of the graduation ceremony.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 52], "content_span": [53, 891]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014910-0006-0000", "contents": "1639 transit of Venus, Background, Jeremiah Horrocks\nAfter leaving Cambridge, Horrocks returned to his home in Lancashire and began collecting books and instruments in order to pursue his main interest, the study of astronomy. In the summer of 1639, he left home and moved about 18 miles (29\u00a0km) along the coast to the village of Much Hoole. This was probably to become tutor to the children of the Stones family, prosperous haberdashers who lived at Carr House, within the Bank Hall Estate, Bretherton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 52], "content_span": [53, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014910-0007-0000", "contents": "1639 transit of Venus, Background, Jeremiah Horrocks\nHorrocks was the first to demonstrate that the Moon moved in an elliptical path around the Earth. He also wrote a treatise on Keplerian astronomy and began to explore mathematically the properties of the force that became known as gravity. Decades later, Isaac Newton acknowledged Horrocks's work in relation to the Moon in Newton's Principia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 52], "content_span": [53, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014910-0008-0000", "contents": "1639 transit of Venus, Background, William Crabtree\nWilliam Crabtree (1610\u20131644) was a cloth merchant from Broughton Spout, a hamlet in the township of Broughton near Manchester, which is now part of Salford. The son of John Crabtree, a Lancashire farmer of comfortable means, and Isabel Crabtree (n\u00e9e Pendleton), he was educated at a grammar school in Manchester\u00a0\u2013 probably the forerunner of Manchester Grammar School, which was then situated between the Collegiate Church and what is now Chetham's School of Music. He worked in Manchester, married into a wealthy family and in his spare time studied mathematics and astronomy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 51], "content_span": [52, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014910-0008-0001", "contents": "1639 transit of Venus, Background, William Crabtree\nHe carefully measured the movements of the planets, undertook precise astronomical calculations and rewrote the existing Rudolphine Tables with improved accuracy. He maintained an active correspondence, much of it now lost, with Horrocks, two other young astronomers\u00a0\u2013 William Gascoigne and Christopher Towneley\u00a0\u2013 and Samuel Foster, Professor of astronomy at Gresham College, London and alumnus of Emmanuel College. It is not known whether Horrocks and Crabtree ever met in person but from 1636 they corresponded regularly, and, because of their shared interest in the work of Johannes Kepler, referred to themselves, along with William Gascoigne, as nos Keplari (we Keplarians).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 51], "content_span": [52, 731]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014910-0009-0000", "contents": "1639 transit of Venus, Background, William Crabtree\nCrabtree's observations had convinced him that, despite their errors, Kepler's Rudolphine Tables were superior to the commonly used Lansberg's tables, and he became one of the first converts to Kepler's new astronomy. By 1637, he had convinced Horrocks of the superiority of the Keplerian system, and, using their own planetary observations, both men made many corrections to Kepler's tables, which Crabtree converted to decimal form.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 51], "content_span": [52, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014910-0010-0000", "contents": "1639 transit of Venus, Background, Transit of Mercury\nOn 29 September 1638, Horrocks wrote to Crabtree about a likely forthcoming transit of Mercury on 21 October 1638 (Old Style) which Kepler had not predicted. He explained that he intended to construct what would later be called a helioscope by attaching his telescope to an \"oblong stick, carrying a plane surface at right angles to itself on which to receive the Sun\u2019s image\", and that he would draw a circle with numerical markings on a sheet of paper on which to project the image of the Sun. In the event, no such transit took place as Mercury passed over the Sun well outside the limit for a transit, but the exercise proved to be an important dry-run for the later observation of the transit of Venus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 53], "content_span": [54, 761]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014910-0011-0000", "contents": "1639 transit of Venus, Background, Transit of Mercury\nIn October 1639, Horrocks had calculated that transits of Venus occur not singly, but in pairs eight years apart, and realised that the second transit would occur in less than four weeks. He was convinced that a measurement could be made of the apparent diameter of the planet to within a fraction of a second of arc when it was seen as a dull black disk on the face of the Sun, compared to an accuracy of around one minute of arc when seen in its normal position as the bright morning star close to the Sun. He wrote to his younger brother and to Crabtree in Broughton, advising them to observe the event on Sunday, 24 November (4 December New Style). To quote Horrocks: \"The more accurate calculations of Rudolphi very much confirmed my expectations; and I rejoiced exceedingly in the prospect of seeing Venus\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 53], "content_span": [54, 867]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014910-0012-0000", "contents": "1639 transit of Venus, Observation of the transit\nHorrocks was concerned that the weather would be unfavourable for the transit as he believed the rare planetary conjunction would produce severe weather:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 49], "content_span": [50, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014910-0013-0000", "contents": "1639 transit of Venus, Observation of the transit\nThe chance of a clouded atmosphere caused me much anxiety; for Jupiter and Mercury were in conjunction with the Sun almost at the same time as Venus. This remarkable assemblage of the planets (as if they were desirous of beholding, in common with ourselves, the wonders of the heavens, and of adding to the splendour of the scene), seemed to forebode great severity of weather. Mercury, whose conjunction with the Sun is invariably attended with storm and tempest, was especially to be feared. In this apprehension I coincide with the opinion of the astrologers, because it is confirmed by experience; but in other respects I cannot help despising their more puerile vanities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 49], "content_span": [50, 726]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014910-0014-0000", "contents": "1639 transit of Venus, Observation of the transit\nAt around midday on 23 November Horrocks darkened his room and focused the rays of sunlight coming through the window onto the paper where the image could be observed safely. At his location in Much Hoole (the latitude of which he determined to be 53\u00b0 35'), he calculated that the transit should begin at about 3:00\u00a0P.M. on Sunday the 24th, but he began his observations the previous day fearing that he might miss the event if his calculations proved to be inaccurate. On the Sunday he began observing at sunrise, the weather was cloudy, but he first saw the tiny black shadow of Venus crossing the Sun at about 3:15\u00a0P.M., and observed for half an hour until sunset at 3:53\u00a0P.M.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 49], "content_span": [50, 729]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014910-0015-0000", "contents": "1639 transit of Venus, Observation of the transit\nWhen the time of the observation approached, I retired to my apartment, and having closed the windows against the light, I directed my telescope, previously adjusted to a focus, through the aperture towards the Sun and received his rays at right angles upon the paper\u00a0... I watched carefully on the 24th from sunrise to nine o'clock, and from a little before ten until noon, and at one in the afternoon, being called away in the intervals by business of the highest importance which, for these ornamental pursuits, I could not with propriety neglect\u00a0...", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 49], "content_span": [50, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014910-0015-0001", "contents": "1639 transit of Venus, Observation of the transit\nAbout fifteen minutes past three in the afternoon, when I was again at liberty to continue my labours, the clouds, as if by divine interposition, were entirely dispersed\u00a0... I then beheld a most agreeable spectacle, the object of my sanguine wishes, a spot of unusual magnitude and of a perfectly circular shape, which had already fully entered upon the Sun's disk on the left\u00a0...", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 49], "content_span": [50, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014910-0015-0002", "contents": "1639 transit of Venus, Observation of the transit\nNot doubting that this was really the shadow of the planet, I immediately applied myself sedulously to observe it\u00a0... although Venus continued on the disk for several hours, she was not visible to me longer than half-an-hour, on account of [the Sun] so quickly setting\u00a0... The inclination was the only point upon which I failed to attain the utmost precision; for, owing to the rapid motion of the Sun, it was difficult to observe with certainty to a single degree\u00a0... But all the rest is sufficiently accurate, and as exact as I could desire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 49], "content_span": [50, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014910-0016-0000", "contents": "1639 transit of Venus, Observation of the transit\nCrabtree made his observations using a similar set-up but had insufficient time to make any measurements, as it was cloudy in Broughton, and thus he only saw the transit briefly. According to Horrocks: \"Rapt in contemplation he stood for some time, scarcely trusting his own senses, through excess of joy\u00a0... In a little while, the clouds again obscured the face of the Sun, so that he could observe nothing more than that Venus was certainly on the disc at the time.\" Afterwards, he made \"so rapid a sketch\" of Venus as it had passed across the Sun's disc, allowing Crabtree to estimate the angular size of Venus to be 1'\u00a03\", accurate to within 1 second of arc of its actual size; Horrocks's estimate of 1' 12\" was less accurate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 49], "content_span": [50, 780]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014910-0017-0000", "contents": "1639 transit of Venus, Results\nKepler had found that the distance between the planets increased in proportion to their distance from the Sun, and this led him to assume that the universe was created with a divine harmony, and that the size of the planets would increase in the same way. He had written in 1618, \"Nothing is more in concord with nature than that the order of magnitude should be the same as the order of the spheres\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014910-0017-0001", "contents": "1639 transit of Venus, Results\nWhen Horrocks's measurements of Venus, coupled with some erroneous measurements by Kepler and Gassendi, seemed to confirm this, Horrocks tentatively proposed a law which stated that all planets (with the exception of Mars) would be the same angular size when viewed from the Sun, this being 28 arc seconds. This meant that the assumption Kepler had made about the sizes of the planets held true, and led Horrocks to the false conclusion that the distance between each planet and the Sun was about 15,000 times its radius.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014910-0017-0002", "contents": "1639 transit of Venus, Results\nThus he estimated the average distance from the Earth to the Sun to be approximately 60\u00a0million miles (97\u00a0million km), suggesting that the Solar System was ten times larger than traditionally believed. His figure was much lower than the 93\u00a0million miles (150\u00a0million km) that the Astronomical Unit is known to be today, but, despite being based on a false premise, was more accurate than any suggested up to that time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014910-0018-0000", "contents": "1639 transit of Venus, Results\nBy 1640, William Gascoigne had developed a reticle and a micrometer for his telescope, both of which would have been invaluable to Horrocks. Gascoigne showed them to Crabtree, who told Horrocks about them, and reported back to Gascoigne saying: \"My friend Mr Horrox professeth, that little Touch I gave him, hath ravished his mind quite from itself, and left him in an Exstasie between Admiration and Amazement. I beseech you, Sir, slack not your Intentions for the Perfection of your begun Wonders.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014910-0019-0000", "contents": "1639 transit of Venus, Results\nHorrocks produced several drafts of a Latin treatise Venus in sole visa (Venus seen on the Sun) based on his observations, which he presumably intended to publish, but he died suddenly from unknown causes on 3 January 1641, aged 22.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014910-0020-0000", "contents": "1639 transit of Venus, Legacy\nSome of the drafts of Venus in Sole Visa were kept by Crabtree, who died in 1644, three years after Horrocks. Their other correspondent, William Gascoigne, died the same year in the Battle of Marston Moor. Horrocks's papers remained with his family for a short time; some were destroyed during the civil war, some were taken to Ireland by a brother, Jonas, and never seen again, and others passed into the collection of antiquarian and astronomer, Christopher Towneley, where they were consulted by Jeremy Shakerley, who wrote three books on astronomy in the mid-17th century. Others were destroyed in the Great Fire of London in 1666. The manuscripts were widely circulated from the late 1650s although they remained unpublished for many years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 29], "content_span": [30, 775]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014910-0021-0000", "contents": "1639 transit of Venus, Legacy\nThe coronation of King Charles II took place on 23 April 1661 (3 May, New Style), the day of a Mercury transit across the Sun. Dutch astronomer Christiaan Huygens attended the coronation, during which he heard about the Horrocks's manuscript, found in 1659 by John Worthington (Master of Jesus College, Cambridge and alumnus of Emmanuel College, where he was a contemporary of Horrocks), together with some fragments of correspondence with Crabtree.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 29], "content_span": [30, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014910-0021-0001", "contents": "1639 transit of Venus, Legacy\nHuygens knew the eminent Polish astronomer Johannes Hevelius, and gave him the manuscript copy; Hevelius appended the manuscript to his report on the Mercury transit, Mercurius in sole visus Gedani, published in 1662. The publication of Venus in Sole Visa by Hevelius caused great consternation at the newly founded Royal Society when it was realised that such an elegant and important paper by an Englishman had been neglected in his own country for so long. The mathematician John Wallis, who was a friend of Horrocks at Emmanuel College, and a founder member and leading light of the society, summed up the view of its members when he wrote:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 29], "content_span": [30, 674]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014910-0022-0000", "contents": "1639 transit of Venus, Legacy\nI cannot help being displeased, that this valuable observation, purchasable with no money, elegantly described and prepared for the press, should have laid for two-and-twenty years, and that no-one should have been found to take charge of so fair an offspring at its father's death, to bring to light a treatise of such importance to astronomy and to preserve a work for our country's credit and for the advantage of mankind.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 29], "content_span": [30, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014910-0023-0000", "contents": "1639 transit of Venus, Legacy\nThe Royal Society assumed responsibility for publication of most of the remainder of Horrocks's work as Jeremiae Horroccii Opera Posthuma in 1672\u201373.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 29], "content_span": [30, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014910-0024-0000", "contents": "1639 transit of Venus, Legacy\nThe recording of the transit is seen by many as the birth of modern astronomy in Britain. John Flamsteed later said he regarded Horrocks, Crabtree and Gascoigne as the founding fathers of British research astronomy and the intellectual heirs to Galileo and Kepler. and began his three folio volume, Historia Coelestis Britannica (1745) by printing five pages of their letters and observations made between 1638 and 1643.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 29], "content_span": [30, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014910-0025-0000", "contents": "1639 transit of Venus, Commemorations\nDuring the 19th century there was a revival of interest in Horrocks's and Crabtree's achievement. Rev. A. B. Whatton, who translated Venus in sole visa from Latin, assumed that Horrocks's comment about \"business of the highest importance which, for these ornamental pursuits, I could not with propriety neglect\" must have referred to the duties of a curate, although it seems more probable they were his duties as tutor at the house, or perhaps his \"business\" was merely to attend the church. The notion of the impoverished curate gained popular traction and in 1874, after much lobbying, a memorial was mounted in Westminster Abbey opposite to that of Newton which reads:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 37], "content_span": [38, 710]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014910-0026-0000", "contents": "1639 transit of Venus, Commemorations\nIn memory of Jeremiah Horrocks, Curate of Hoole in Lancashire who died on 3rd of Jan, 1641 in or near his 22nd year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 37], "content_span": [38, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014910-0027-0000", "contents": "1639 transit of Venus, Commemorations\nHaving in so short a life detected the long inequality in the mean motion of Jupiter and Saturn discovered the orbit of the moon to be an ellipse determined the motion of the lunar apse suggested the physical cause of its revolution and of Venus which was seen by himself and his friend William Crabtree on Sunday the 24th of November (O.S.) 1639. This tablet facing the monument of Newton was raised after the lapse of more than two centuries. Dec. 9, 1874.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 37], "content_span": [38, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014910-0028-0000", "contents": "1639 transit of Venus, Commemorations\nThe Rev. Robert Brickel, Rector of St. Michael's Church, Hoole from 1848 to 1881, raised money by public subscription in Lancashire, Oxford and Cambridge to fund the creation of a new chancel and sanctuary to the church to be named \"The Horrocks Chapel\". The chancel was completed by 1824, and the sanctuary by 1858. The vestry was extended in 1998\u20131999, and the first window in the north wall, originally installed in 1872, has stained glass roundels commemorating the transits of Venus of 1874 and 2004. There is also a marble tablet commemorating Horrocks. The church clock, contributed by the parishioners as their commemoration of Horrocks, was installed in 1859; the sundial, installed in 1875, has a quotation from Horrocks (\"Sine Sole Sileo\") that translates as \"Without the sun I am silent\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 37], "content_span": [38, 838]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014910-0029-0000", "contents": "1639 transit of Venus, Commemorations\nIn 1903 the artist Ford Madox Brown was commissioned to produce the murals known as The Manchester Murals for Manchester Town Hall. The painting entitled Crabtree watching the transit of Venus AD 1639 is a romanticised depiction of Crabtree's observation of the event.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 37], "content_span": [38, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014910-0030-0000", "contents": "1639 transit of Venus, Commemorations\nThy return posterity shall witness; years must roll away, but then at length the splendid sight again shall greet our distant children's eyes. Jeremiah Horrocks", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 37], "content_span": [38, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014910-0031-0000", "contents": "1639 transit of Venus, Commemorations\nOn 9\u00a0June 2004, the day after the first of a 21st-century pair of Venus transits occurred as predicted by Horrocks, a commemorative street nameplate in memory of William Crabtree was unveiled at the junction of Lower Broughton Road and Priory Grove, which marks the northern boundary of Crabtree Croft. In December 2005, a commemorative plaque was unveiled a few yards away near Ivy Cottage on Lower Broughton Road, which is thought to have been the home of Crabtree and his family at the time he was collaborating with Horrocks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 37], "content_span": [38, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014910-0031-0001", "contents": "1639 transit of Venus, Commemorations\nThe second transit of the pair occurred on 5 and 6\u00a0June 2012, and was marked by a celebration held in the church at Much Hoole, which was streamed live worldwide on the NASA website. A celebration was also held at Crabtree's former home in Broughton when NASA broadcast a re-creation of the observation at Ivy Cottage, inspired by the Ford Madox Brown mural, to millions of viewers, and projected a live video stream of the transit from Hawaii onto the side of the house.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 37], "content_span": [38, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014910-0032-0000", "contents": "1639 transit of Venus, References, Bibliography\nMedia related to 1639 Transit of Venus at Wikimedia Commons", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 47], "content_span": [48, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014911-0000-0000", "contents": "163P/NEAT\n163P/NEAT is a periodic comet discovered on November 5, 2004 by Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking (NEAT) using the 1.2 meter Samuel Oschin telescope at Palomar Observatory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014911-0001-0000", "contents": "163P/NEAT\nPrecovery images of the comet were found by Maik Meyer in December 2004. There were two images from 1997, two images from 1991, and three images from 1990.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014911-0002-0000", "contents": "163P/NEAT\nDuring the 2005 perihelion passage the comet brightened to about apparent magnitude 16.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014911-0003-0000", "contents": "163P/NEAT\nAround November 17, 2114, the comet will pass about 0.117\u00a0AU (17,500,000\u00a0km; 10,900,000\u00a0mi) from Jupiter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014912-0000-0000", "contents": "163d Aero Squadron\nThe 163d Aero Squadron was a United States Army Air Service unit that fought on the Western Front during World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014912-0001-0000", "contents": "163d Aero Squadron\nThe squadron was assigned as a Day Bombardment Squadron, assigned to the 2d Day Bombardment Group, United States Second Army. Its mission was to perform long-range bombing attacks on roads and railroads; destruction of materiel and massed troop formations behind enemy lines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014912-0002-0000", "contents": "163d Aero Squadron\nWith Second Army's planned offensive drive on Metz cancelled due to the 1918 Armistice with Germany, the squadron returned to the United States in June 1919 and was demobilized.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014912-0003-0000", "contents": "163d Aero Squadron\nThe squadron has never been re-activated and there is no United States Air Force or Air National Guard unit with its lineage or history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014912-0004-0000", "contents": "163d Aero Squadron, History, Origins\nThe 163d Aero Squadron was organized at Kelly Field, Texas on 18 December 1917. After a brief period, the squadron was moved to Wilbur Wright Field, Fairfield, Ohio on 24 December. At Wright Field, the men of the squadron were classified into their assigned duties. After a Christmas Day holiday with a pass into Dayton, the training of the squadron began on the 26th, Long days were endured from 05:00 to 21:00 when each soldier was instructed in his specialty, for which he was expected to perform in combat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 36], "content_span": [37, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014912-0005-0000", "contents": "163d Aero Squadron, History, Origins\nFinally on 20 February 1918, the squadron was ordered to proceed from Wilbur Wright Field to the Aviation Concentration Center, Garden City, Long Island, New York for overseas duty. There the squadron waited until 25 February when it boarded the liner RMS Olympic and departed on its trans-Atlantic crossing. It arrived at the port of Liverpool, England on 6 March, one day after a slight skirmish with a submarine that the anti-submarine patrol engaged in. From Liverpool, the squadron traveled by train to the Romsey Rest Camp, near Winchester. There the squadron waited for orders, which it received on 16 March to proceed to Royal Flying Corps (RFC) station Narborough, Norfolk for combat training under the auspices of the RFC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 36], "content_span": [37, 769]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014912-0006-0000", "contents": "163d Aero Squadron, History, Training in England\nRFC Narborough was destined to be the home of the 163d for the next five and a half months, as it began practical training for service and maintaining aircraft at the Front and all the other support duties necessary for an active combat squadron. On 16 August, the squadron was divided into four Flights, each one being sent to a different RFC station for final instruction prior to being assigned to France. Flight \"A\" went to RFC Easton-on-Hill; Flight \"B\" to RFC Wittering; Flight \"C\" to RFC Crail in Scotland and Flight \"D\" to RFC Witney. After two weeks, the squadron was re-assembled at the Flower Down Rest Camp, Winchester where a final inspection and overview was made by the RFC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 48], "content_span": [49, 738]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014912-0007-0000", "contents": "163d Aero Squadron, History, Training in England\nWith training completed, on 2 September the squadron was moved across the English Channel to Le Havre, France. There, the squadron boarded a French troop train bound for the Replacement Concentration Center, AEF, St. Maixent Replacement Barracks on 4 September for equipping, and personnel processing. There, the squadron was designated as a Day Bombardment squadron, and would be equipped with American-built de Havilland DH-4, configured as bombers. The RFC had trained the squadron on British DH-4s, and the men were fully trained on the type. After a week at St. Maixent, on 11 September, the squadron moved to the 1st Air Depot at Colombey-les-Belles Airdrome. There the men were given gas masks and trained how to use the mask with tear gas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 48], "content_span": [49, 796]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014912-0008-0000", "contents": "163d Aero Squadron, History, Toul Sector\nOn 30 September, another move was made, this time to the \"Zone of Advance\" (Western Front), to a new Airdrome at Delouze. Delouze Aerodrome was devoid of any facilities, being, essentially, an empty field. Work was immediately started with new buildings being erected, barracks being constructed, roads built and sanitary provisions installed. Assigned to the Second Army Air Service, the squadron was informed this would be their base of operations, so no effort was spared in improving the station. After a month of preparation, the pilots and observers began to arrive on 20 October, along with its first DH-4 aircraft. On 23 October, the squadron suffered its first casualty, when Lt Wilson fell as his airplane was taking off, and was instantly killed. Flight Mechanic Davis was with Lt Wilson as a passenger, but was only slightly injured.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 40], "content_span": [41, 886]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014912-0009-0000", "contents": "163d Aero Squadron, History, Toul Sector\nThe squadron was formally assigned to the 2d Day Bombardment Group, however at Delouze, the squadron was too far from the front to effectively enter combat. Consequently, the group was moved to Ourches Aerodrome, some 20 miles closer to the Front on 1 November. By 4 November, the squadron had received its full quota of planes and flying personnel. It had already begun flying familiarization flights in the Toul Sector in order to learn the country and give those who were new to the front an opportunity to engage in combat behind our own lines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 40], "content_span": [41, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014912-0009-0001", "contents": "163d Aero Squadron, History, Toul Sector\nDuring the next several days, several enemy aircraft were encountered by no combats were engaged in. The next several days, bad weather kept the squadron on the ground, and it wasn't until the morning of 11 November that a bombing mission over enemy territory was planned. However, the Armistice with Germany ended combat operations at 11am and the mission was cancelled.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 40], "content_span": [41, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014912-0010-0000", "contents": "163d Aero Squadron, History, Demobilization\nAfter the signing of the Armistice and the conclusion of the war, flying continued on a limited basis to keep the pilots proficient in their skills. However, the main endeavors of the squadron were infantry drill guard duty, and Army administrative paperwork. On 23 November while on an aerial photographic mission, Lt Martin fell with his aircraft from an altitude of 500 feet, both him and the pilot being instantly killed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 43], "content_span": [44, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014912-0011-0000", "contents": "163d Aero Squadron, History, Demobilization\nThe squadron remained at Ourches Airdrome until 15 April 1919 when, with the inactivation of the Second Army Air Service, orders were received for the squadron to report to the 1st Air Depot, Colombey-les-Belles Airdrome to turn in all of its supplies and equipment and was relieved from duty with the AEF. The squadron's DH-4 aircraft were delivered to the Air Service Production Center No. 2. at Romorantin Aerodrome, and there, practically all of the pilots and observers were detached from the squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 43], "content_span": [44, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014912-0012-0000", "contents": "163d Aero Squadron, History, Demobilization\nPersonnel at Colombey were subsequently assigned to the commanding general, services of supply, and ordered to report to one of several staging camps in France. There, personnel awaited scheduling to report to one of the base ports in France for transport to the United States", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 43], "content_span": [44, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014912-0013-0000", "contents": "163d Aero Squadron, History, Demobilization\nUpon return to the US, the 163d Aero Squadron was demobilized at Mitchell Field, New York on 13 June 1919", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 43], "content_span": [44, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014913-0000-0000", "contents": "163d Attack Wing\nThe 163d Attack Wing (163 ATKW) is a unit of the California Air National Guard (CA ANG), stationed at March Air Reserve Base in Riverside, California. If it were activated into federal service, elements of the 163 ATKW would be gained by the United States Air Force's Air Combat Command (ACC) and Air Education and Training Command (AETC).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014913-0001-0000", "contents": "163d Attack Wing, Overview\nThe 163 ATKW is one of the first Air National Guard units to fly the MQ-1 Predator. The unit was featured in an ABC News story on 12 January 2010. The wing has since retired the MQ-1 and currently flies the MQ-9 Reaper remotely piloted aircraft (RPA).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 26], "content_span": [27, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014913-0002-0000", "contents": "163d Attack Wing, Overview\nThe mission of the 163 ATKW is to execute global unmanned aerial systems, combat support, and humanitarian missions by Air National Guard men and women.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 26], "content_span": [27, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014913-0003-0000", "contents": "163d Attack Wing, History, Air Defense Command\nOn 17 May 1958, the California Air National Guard's196th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron (196 FIS) at Ontario International Airport was authorized to expand to a group level and the 163d Fighter-Interceptor Group (163 FIG) was established with the 196 FIS became the group's flying squadron. Other units assigned into the group were the 163d Material Squadron, 163d Air Base Squadron, and the 163d USAF Dispensary. The group's mobilization gaining command was Air Defense Command (ADC)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 46], "content_span": [47, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014913-0004-0000", "contents": "163d Attack Wing, History, Air Defense Command\nInitially flying North American F-86A Sabre day interceptors, the squadron upgraded to F-86Hs in 1959 and to Convair F-102 Delta Daggers in 1965. The F-102 was being phased out of active duty units in the early 1960s and the 163d was one of the last ANG units to replace its F-86 Sabres. The F-102, however, was obsolescent as an interceptor by the time it was received by the 163 FIG. The Delta Daggers soldiered into the early 1970s until they were retired to the Aerospace Maintenance and Regeneration Center at Davis-Monthan Air Force Base, Arizona.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 46], "content_span": [47, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014913-0005-0000", "contents": "163d Attack Wing, History, Air Defense Command\nServing with distinction, the unit received two Air Force Outstanding Unit Awards for extended periods ending in 1964 and 1974.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 46], "content_span": [47, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014913-0006-0000", "contents": "163d Attack Wing, History, Tactical Air Command\nOn 8 March 1975, the unit took on the challenge of a new mission and its mobilization gaining command became Tactical Air Command as the group became the 163d Tactical Air Support Group. The 163d received the 0-2A/B \"Super Skymaster\" to accomplish the unit's new role.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 47], "content_span": [48, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014913-0007-0000", "contents": "163d Attack Wing, History, Tactical Air Command\nIn October 1982, the 163d assumed a tactical fighter role flying the McDonnell Douglas F-4C Phantom II. The group concurrently moved to March Air Force Base, near Riverside, into new facilities specifically built for the unit and became a tenant ANG wing at the then-Strategic Air Command (SAC) installation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 47], "content_span": [48, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014913-0008-0000", "contents": "163d Attack Wing, History, Tactical Air Command\nOn 21 March 1987, Captain Dean Paul Martin (\"Dino\", son of entertainer Dean Martin), a pilot in the 196th Tactical Fighter Squadron crashed his F-4C into San Gorgonio Mountain, California shortly after departure from March AFB during a snow storm. Both Martin and his Weapons System Officer (WSO), Capt Ramon Ortiz were killed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 47], "content_span": [48, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014913-0009-0000", "contents": "163d Attack Wing, History, Tactical Air Command\nThe 163d transitioned to the upgraded F-4E Phantom II on 1 April 1987. This newer aircraft incorporated more sophisticated electronics and weaponry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 47], "content_span": [48, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014913-0010-0000", "contents": "163d Attack Wing, History, Tactical Air Command\nIn July 1990, the unit once again changed missions and was redesignated the 163d Tactical Reconnaissance Group. The 163d was equipped with RF-4C unarmed reconnaissance model of the Phantom II aircraft and maintained a dual state/federal mission. The unit's primary mission was to provide tactical reconnaissance to all friendly forces. The unit was also actively involved in statewide missions. This was accomplished by using a system of visual, optical, electronic, and other sensors. During this time the aircrews accumulated over 30,000 hours of flying time and the unit deployed across both the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 47], "content_span": [48, 675]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014913-0011-0000", "contents": "163d Attack Wing, History, Tactical Air Command\nThe 163d deployed to Pisa Airport, Italy, in support of Operation Decisive Endeavor. While deployed, the unit flew as the lead unit in support of flight operations over Bosnia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 47], "content_span": [48, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014913-0012-0000", "contents": "163d Attack Wing, History, Air Refueling\nAfter the end of Operation Desert Storm in 1991, the phaseout of the RF-4C Phantom II with the Air National Guard was accelerated. In 1993, the RF-4s were retired to Davis-Monthan. The squadron became an air refueling group and was equipped with Boeing KC-135E Stratotankers. As a result of this change in mission and aircraft, the 163d's mobilization gaining command became Air Mobility Command. In 1995, the group expanded and became the 163d Air Refueling Wing. The wing later transitioned to the KC-135R Stratotanker.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 40], "content_span": [41, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014913-0013-0000", "contents": "163d Attack Wing, History, Air Refueling\nIn one of the highest profile military events of the year, nearly 100 members and three KC-135R aircraft from the 163d wing deployed in support of Operation Allied Force. The 163d flew combat missions around-the-clock refueling North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) aircraft, including complex night formation sorties with the F-117A Nighthawk Stealth Fighter. 1999 also saw the 163d's Pacer Crag conversion begin in June and complete by the end of the year. This extensive aircraft modernization project meant intensive aircrew training and was expected to extend the life of the 40-year-old Boeing jet beyond the year 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 40], "content_span": [41, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014913-0014-0000", "contents": "163d Attack Wing, History, Air Refueling\nThe wing and its 196th Air Refueling Squadron were widely recognized for achievements in 1999 and earned the Air Force Outstanding Unit Award for the fourth time. The award covers a period during which the unit deployed 300 personnel and three aircraft to Pisa Airport, Italy in support of Operation Decisive Endeavor and also flew as the lead unit in support of flight operations over Bosnia. The 163d Operations Support Flight, 163d Logistics Group, 163d Logistics Squadron, and the 196th Air Refueling Squadron also earned the Governor's Outstanding Unit Citation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 40], "content_span": [41, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014913-0015-0000", "contents": "163d Attack Wing, History, Air Refueling\nThe 163d provided support to NATO's Operation Joint Forge while deployed to Istres Air Base, France from 31 October through 3 December 2000, deploying three KC-135 Stratotanker air refueling aircraft along with nearly 210 personnel. As part of Air Expeditionary Force 9, the 163d \"Grizzlies\" also sent personnel to Kuwait, Germany, France, Saudi Arabia and Turkey from October through December 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 40], "content_span": [41, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014913-0016-0000", "contents": "163d Attack Wing, History, Unmanned Aerial Vehicle operations\nDuring a ceremony 28 November 2007 at March Air Reserve Base, the 163d Air Refueling Wing became the 163d Reconnaissance Wing, taking on the Predator mission in place of its KC-135R tankers. The wing's last KC-135R left in April 2008. The wing was the first Air National Guard unit to receive the MQ-1 Predator armed unmanned reconnaissance aircraft and was the first to become a fully functional ANG Flying Training Unit (FTU) and to operate a Field Training Detachment (FTD) for the Predator.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 61], "content_span": [62, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014913-0017-0000", "contents": "163d Attack Wing, History, Unmanned Aerial Vehicle operations\nThe wing operates its MQ-1s out of March ARB, but also uses the restricted airspace near Edwards Air Force Base in southern California for training, operating a detachment from Southern California Logistics Airport, the former George Air Force Base, northeast of March ARB in Victorville. The 163d also flies its Predators under the service's \"remote split operations\" approach. This means that the aircraft and a contingent of maintainers are deployed forward, along with some pilots to handle takeoffs and landings. However, the majority of the wing's pilots remain stateside and operate the aircraft via satellite communications links.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 61], "content_span": [62, 700]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014913-0018-0000", "contents": "163d Attack Wing, History, Unmanned Aerial Vehicle operations\nThe wing's FTU falls under Air Combat Command and previously trained pilots and sensor operators to become Predator aircrew and now trains them as MQ-9 Reaper aircrew. The FTD, which falls under Air Education and Training Command, previously trained enlisted personnel to build, maintain and repair the Predator and now performs the same training mission utilizing the Reaper.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 61], "content_span": [62, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014913-0019-0000", "contents": "163d Attack Wing, History, Unmanned Aerial Vehicle operations\nOn 28 August 2013, a Predator flew over the Rim Fire in California providing infrared video of lurking fires, after receiving emergency approval.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 61], "content_span": [62, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014913-0020-0000", "contents": "163d Attack Wing, History, Unmanned Aerial Vehicle operations\nOn 1 July 2015 the 163d Reconnaissance Wing became the 163d Attack Wing, and switched from flying the MQ-1 Predator to the MQ-9 Reaper", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 61], "content_span": [62, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014914-0000-0000", "contents": "163d Combat Communications Group\nThe United States Air Force's 163d Combat Communications Group communications unit, headquartered in Sacramento, California, is one of eight Air National Guard Combat Communications Groups nationwide, which make up 80% of the U.S. Air Force tactical communications capability. The 163d CCG is one of five major organizations that make up the California Air National Guard. The 163d provides command, control, supervisory management, and training of four Combat Communications Squadrons, as well as administrative management of one Engineering Installation Squadron, one Intelligence Squadron, and one Space Operations Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014914-0001-0000", "contents": "163d Combat Communications Group, History\nThe 163d's history goes back to the 599th Signal Aircraft Warning Battalion activated at Drew Field in Tampa, Florida on 30 March 1944. Shortly thereafter, the unit moved to Oahu, Hawaii. Some of its components saw action in the Marshall and Mariana Islands during World War II. The unit was inactivated on 29 July 1946, but was reactivated on 13 May 1948 as the 162nd Aircraft Control and Warning Group of the California Air National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014914-0002-0000", "contents": "163d Combat Communications Group, History\nOn 1 May 1951 the unit mobilized to serve state side during the Korean War until its inactivation on 6 February 1952. The following year, it returned to the State of California and was re-designated the 162nd Tactical Control Group, stationed at Van Nuys Air National Guard Base. At that time three of the presently assigned units (the 147th, 148th and 149th) were Aircraft Control and Warning Squadrons under the 162nd Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014914-0003-0000", "contents": "163d Combat Communications Group, History\nOn 1 March 1961, the Group Headquarters moved to the North Highlands ANG Station in Sacramento, and was re-designated the 162nd Communications Group (Mobile). By that time the 222nd, 234th, and 261st units had joined the Group. In 1966 the Group was re-designated again, to the 162nd Mobile Communications Group. This designation they kept until 10 February 1976, when they were given their present designation of 162nd Combat Communications Group. The 162nd falls under the command of Air Force Air Combat Command at Langley AFB, Virginia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014915-0000-0000", "contents": "163d Fighter Squadron\nThe 163d Fighter Squadron is a unit of the Indiana Air National Guard 122d Fighter Wing located at Fort Wayne Air National Guard Station, Indiana. The 163d is equipped with the A-10 Thunderbolt II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014915-0001-0000", "contents": "163d Fighter Squadron, History, World War II\nThe squadron was first activated as the 365th Fighter Squadron on 1 January 1943 at Richmond Army Air Base, Virginia as one of the original squadrons of the 358th Fighter Group. The squadron initially began training with the Curtiss P-40 Warhawk. Later that year, the unit replaced its Warhawks with the Republic P-47 Thunderbolt, which it flew for the remainder of the war. The squadron left the United States in September 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014915-0002-0000", "contents": "163d Fighter Squadron, History, World War II\nThe 365th arrived in England during October 1943, where it began operations with Eighth Air Force on 20 December 1943, but was transferred to Ninth Air Force in February 1944. The unit engaged primarily in missions escorting bombers attacking targets on the continent of Europe until April 1944. The squadron then dive bombed marshalling yards and airfields and attacked enemy communications during April and May from its new station, an advanced landing ground at RAF High Halden, to help prepare for the invasion of Normandy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014915-0003-0000", "contents": "163d Fighter Squadron, History, World War II\nThe squadron escorted troop carrier formations on D Day and the following day as the formations dropped paratroopers on the Cotentin Peninsula. For the remainder of June, it attacked rail lines, troop concentrations, bridges and transport. The squadron moved to France in July and, from its base at Cretteville, took part in operations that resulted in the Allied breakthrough at St Lo. The squadron continued to fly escort, interdiction and close air support missions during the Allied drive across France and into Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014915-0004-0000", "contents": "163d Fighter Squadron, History, World War II\nThe squadron received a Distinguished Unit Citation for its actions between 24 December 1944 and 2 January 1945, when it supported Seventh Army attacking railroads and rolling stock, other vehicles and enemy artillery formations. It also destroyed numerous Luftwaffe fighters while defending against Operation Bodenplatte, an attack concentrating on forward Allied air bases in an attempt by the Luftwaffe to attain air superiority in the area of the Battle of the Bulge. In March, the squadron attacked German forces attempting to withdraw across the Rhine River, destroying motor transport and hampering the withdrawal efforts, earning a second Distinguished Unit Citation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 720]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014915-0004-0001", "contents": "163d Fighter Squadron, History, World War II\nThe following month, the squadron attacked enemy airfields near Munich and Ingolstadt, engaging aircraft and supporting the advance of ground forces in the area, earning a third award of the Distinguished Unit Citation. The squadron was also awarded the French Croix de Guerre with Palm by the Government of France for its assistance in the liberation of France. The squadron was credited with the destruction of 27 enemy aircraft during the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014915-0005-0000", "contents": "163d Fighter Squadron, History, Indiana Air National Guard\nThe wartime 365th Fighter Squadron was re-designated as the 163d Fighter Squadron, and was allotted to the Indiana Air National Guard, on 24 May 1946. It was organized at Stout Field, Indianapolis, Indiana and was extended federal recognition on 9 December 1946 by the National Guard Bureau. The 163d Fighter Squadron was bestowed the lineage, history, honors, and colors of the 365th Fighter Squadron. The squadron was assigned to the 122d Fighter Group, Indiana Air National Guard and equipped with F-51D Mustang fighters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 58], "content_span": [59, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014915-0006-0000", "contents": "163d Fighter Squadron, History, Indiana Air National Guard\nThe 163d and the 113th Fighter Squadron at Baer Field, Fort Wayne, were the operational squadrons of the 122d Fighter Group. Its mission was the air defense of Indiana. The 113th flew training missions primarily over the northern part of Indiana, while the 163d operated from Indianapolis south to the Ohio River border with Kentucky.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 58], "content_span": [59, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014915-0007-0000", "contents": "163d Fighter Squadron, History, Indiana Air National Guard\nDuring the postwar years, the Air National Guard was almost like a flying country club and a pilot could often show up at the field, check out an aircraft and go flying. However, these units also had regular military exercises that kept up proficiency and in gunnery and bombing contests they would often score better than full-time USAF units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 58], "content_span": [59, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014915-0008-0000", "contents": "163d Fighter Squadron, History, Indiana Air National Guard, Korean War Federalization\nWith the surprise invasion of South Korea on 25 June 1950, and the regular military's complete lack of readiness, most of the Air National Guard was federalized and placed on active duty. The 163d Fighter Squadron and its parent 122d Fighter Group were federalized on 10 February 1951.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 85], "content_span": [86, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014915-0009-0000", "contents": "163d Fighter Squadron, History, Indiana Air National Guard, Korean War Federalization\nThe 163d initially remained at Baer Field, Fort Wayne and the 122d Fighter Group established headquarters at Stout Field, Indianapolis along with the 113th Fighter Squadron under Air Defense Command. ADC established the 122d Fighter-Interceptor Wing with the 122d Fighter-Interceptor Group as its operational unit with a mission for the air defense of Indiana and the upper midwest as part of the Eastern Air Defense Force. Both squadrons were re-equipped with very long range (VLR) F-51H Mustangs that were developed during World War II for long distance B-29 Superfortress bomber escort missions in the Pacific Theater.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 85], "content_span": [86, 707]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014915-0010-0000", "contents": "163d Fighter Squadron, History, Indiana Air National Guard, Korean War Federalization\nOn 1 May the 113th FIS was dispersed to Scott AFB, Illinois and the 163d FIS to Sioux City MAP, Iowa; the 122d FIW being transferred to the ADC Central Air Defense Force. Now assigned for the air defense of the Central United States, the squadrons flew interception missions for ADC. The 122d FIW/FIG were inactivated on 6 February 1952, the squadron being reassigned to the 31st Air Division. Its period of federalization ended, the squadron was returned to Indiana State Control on 1 November 1952.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 85], "content_span": [86, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014915-0011-0000", "contents": "163d Fighter Squadron, History, Indiana Air National Guard, Air Defense mission\nThe unit was re-formed at Baer Field, Fort Wayne, and continued to fly the F-51H Mustangs, returning to its pre-federalization air defense mission of Indiana. With the end of the line for the Mustang in USAF service, the United States Air Force, in an effort to upgrade to an all jet fighter force, required Air National Guard Air Defense Command units to upgrade to jet-powered aircraft. In July 1954 the Mustangs were retired and the squadron was re-equipped with F-80C Shooting Star jets that had seen combat in the Korean War. In March 1956, conversion to refurbished and reconditioned F-86A Sabres commenced, and in April 1958 new F-84F Thunderstreaks were received.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 79], "content_span": [80, 751]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014915-0012-0000", "contents": "163d Fighter Squadron, History, Indiana Air National Guard, Tactical Fighters\nIn July 1959, the 163d was designated as a Tactical Fighter Squadron (Special Delivery), with a mission of the delivery of Tactical nuclear weapons. Although the 163d trained for the delivery of tactical nuclear weapons, it never had any actual nuclear weapons on hand, nor did the base at Fort Wayne ever have nuclear weapon storage facilities. In 1959 and 1960 the squadron participated in exercises Dark Cloud and Pine Cone III, the latter taking place at Congaree AFB, South Carolina. In the exercises, the squadron practiced delivery of tactical nuclear weapons in the fictitious country of \"North Saladia\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 77], "content_span": [78, 690]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014915-0013-0000", "contents": "163d Fighter Squadron, History, Indiana Air National Guard, 1961 Berlin Crisis\nOn 1 October 1961, the 163d and the 122d Tactical Fighter Wing were federalized and ordered to active service as part of Operation Tack Hammer, the United States response to the 1961 Berlin Crisis. Due to DOD budget restrictions, the 122d TFW was instructed to deploy only a portion of its total strength and only the 163d Tactical Fighter Squadron was deployed to Chambley-Bussi\u00e8res Air Base, France, with the other two squadrons being on active duty at their home stations, ready to reinforce the 163d if necessary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 78], "content_span": [79, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014915-0014-0000", "contents": "163d Fighter Squadron, History, Indiana Air National Guard, 1961 Berlin Crisis\nOn 6 November, twenty-six F-84F Thunderstreaks arrived at Chambley, with the wings support aircraft (C-47 and T-33A's) arriving by mid-November. Due to its reduced force structure, the wing was designated the 7122d Tactical Wing while in France. By 1 December the ground support units arrived and the 7122d prepared for an estimated overseas deployment of 10 months.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 78], "content_span": [79, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014915-0015-0000", "contents": "163d Fighter Squadron, History, Indiana Air National Guard, 1961 Berlin Crisis\nRotations of Air National Guard pilots from the stateside squadrons in Indiana was performed to train them in local flying conditions in Europe. This allowed the 163d to maintain 100 percent manning and also to relieve the boredom of the national guard pilots on active duty in CONUS and kept them connected to the overseas part of the Wing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 78], "content_span": [79, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014915-0016-0000", "contents": "163d Fighter Squadron, History, Indiana Air National Guard, 1961 Berlin Crisis\nThe mission of the 7122d was to support Seventeenth Air Force and various NATO exercises in Europe, flying up to 30 sorties a day exercising with Seventh Army units in West Germany. NATO exchanges with the West German 32d Fighter-Bomber Wing occurred in April 1962 to increase understanding of NATO air integration and terminology.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 78], "content_span": [79, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014915-0017-0000", "contents": "163d Fighter Squadron, History, Indiana Air National Guard, 1961 Berlin Crisis\nBy April, the Berlin Crisis appeared to be settled and the Kennedy Administration was interested in saving money on this emergency call-up of national guard units. On 7 June the 163d was directed to return to CONUS with all personnel, however the aircraft and equipment were to remain at Chambley.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 78], "content_span": [79, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014915-0018-0000", "contents": "163d Fighter Squadron, History, Indiana Air National Guard, 1961 Berlin Crisis\nThe support C-47 and T-33s were flown back to Indiana, and in July the Air National Guardsmen of the 122 TFW/163 TFS returned to CONUS. On 16 July the 7122nd Tactical Wing was discontinued with its F-84F aircraft being turned over to the new 366th Tactical Fighter Wing. The Guardsmen were released from active duty and returned to Indiana state control, 31 August 1962.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 78], "content_span": [79, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014915-0019-0000", "contents": "163d Fighter Squadron, History, Indiana Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command\nAfter the Berlin Federalization, the 113th transferred its 25 F-84Fs to the active-duty USAF to fill gaps in TAC Wings; the aircraft being temporally replaced by RF-84Fs from the 363d Tactical Reconnaissance Wing at Shaw AFB, South Carolina that was upgrading to the RF-101 Voodoo. The squadron flew the RF-84F until May 1964 to maintain proficiency but did not train in photo-reconnaissance. Re -equipped with F-84Fs the squadron continued normal peacetime training throughout the 1960s. Individual squadron members volunteered for duty during the Vietnam War, however the 163d was not federalized in 1968 as the F-84Fs were not considered front line combat aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 80], "content_span": [81, 749]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014915-0020-0000", "contents": "163d Fighter Squadron, History, Indiana Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command\nIn June 1971, the unit converted to the F-100 Super Sabre as a result of the American draw-down from the Vietnam War, the squadron receiving former combat veteran aircraft. In 1976, the unit participated in its first Red Flag Exercise and also deployed overseas to RAF Lakenheath, England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 80], "content_span": [81, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014915-0021-0000", "contents": "163d Fighter Squadron, History, Indiana Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command\nThe F-4C Phantom II aircraft arrived on 18 November 1979, and the Tail Code \"FW\" (Fort Wayne) was adopted by the 122d TFW. The unit flew this new aircraft to Balikesir Air Base, Turkey in 1983 for exercise \"Coronet Crown,\" and once again in 1986 for exercise \"Coronet Cherokee\". In 1986 the F-4Cs were replaced with more up-to-date F-4E Phantom IIs. In 1989, the squadron again deployed to Southwest Asia for exercise \"Coronet Brave\" in conjunction with \"Bright Star\". The unit continued its standard of excellence by supporting Operation Desert Shield and Desert Storm with deployments to Saudi Arabia by the Security Police, January through June 1991, and to Tyndall Air Force Base, Florida, by the Tactical Hospital in September/October 1991.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 80], "content_span": [81, 826]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014915-0022-0000", "contents": "163d Fighter Squadron, History, Indiana Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command\nThe squadron started receiving their first F-16C/D Fighting Falcon aircraft in 1991. These were of the block 25 type, replacing the venerable F-4E in the air defense and attack roles with the retirement of the Phantom. The transition process was quite fast since the first F-16s arrived in October 1991 and the last F-4 flight was on 21 January 1992. The first four F-16Cs were from the 50th Tactical Fighter Wing, Hahn Air Base, Germany. Twenty additional aircraft were received: twelve more from Hahn Air Base, seven from 363d Fighter Wing, Shaw Air Force Base, South Carolina, and one from the 184th Fighter Group, McConnell Air Force Base, Kansas when the 184th converted to B-1B Lancer bombers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 80], "content_span": [81, 780]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014915-0023-0000", "contents": "163d Fighter Squadron, History, Indiana Air National Guard, Air Combat Command\nIn 1992 with the end of the Cold War, Tactical Air Command was inactivated and the Air Force reorganized its combat forces, with Air Combat Command (ACC) being established on 1 June as a successor organization to TAC and Strategic Air Command (SAC). The Air National Guard was assigned a new priority, taking over the Air Defense Mission of Air Defense, Tactical Air Command (ADTAC), which had replaced Aerospace Defense Command in 1979.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 78], "content_span": [79, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014915-0024-0000", "contents": "163d Fighter Squadron, History, Indiana Air National Guard, Air Combat Command\nIn the case of the 163d, this was already the case in the F-4 and even in the F-100 days. In the early days of F-16 operations the emphasis was more on air defense than on the attack role. With the absence of modern targeting pods the deployment of air-to-ground weapons was somewhat hampered since other units had to be called upon to perform the target designation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 78], "content_span": [79, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014915-0025-0000", "contents": "163d Fighter Squadron, History, Indiana Air National Guard, Air Combat Command\nIn February 1993, the 122d FW successfully completed its first overseas deployment with the F-16C aircraft. The exercise, \"Coronet Avenger,\" took place in Egypt, and served as a training exercise, testing the capability of the unit to deploy and operate at an overseas location.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 78], "content_span": [79, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014915-0026-0000", "contents": "163d Fighter Squadron, History, Indiana Air National Guard, Air Combat Command\nFiscal Year 1994 saw the 122d FW participate in various humanitarian relief efforts throughout the world. Members of the base Hospital participated in Operation Sea Signal, which is the Air National Guard's effort to support the refugees at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 78], "content_span": [79, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014915-0027-0000", "contents": "163d Fighter Squadron, History, Indiana Air National Guard, Air Combat Command\nIn mid-1996, the Air Force, in response to budget cuts, and changing world situations, began experimenting with Air Expeditionary organizations. The Air Expeditionary Force (AEF) concept was developed that would mix Active-Duty, Reserve and Air National Guard elements into a combined force. Instead of entire permanent units deploying as \"Provisional\" as in the 1991 Gulf War, Expeditionary units are composed of \"aviation packages\" from several wings, including active-duty Air Force, the Air Force Reserve Command and the Air National Guard, would be married together to carry out the assigned deployment rotation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 78], "content_span": [79, 696]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014915-0028-0000", "contents": "163d Fighter Squadron, History, Indiana Air National Guard, Air Combat Command\nDuring fiscal year 1996, the 122d FW was involved in a critical series of rigorous exercises designed to determine our operational readiness in mobility and war fighting capabilities. The 122d FW met every challenge and completed the Operational Readiness Inspection in September 1996 with outstanding results.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 78], "content_span": [79, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014915-0029-0000", "contents": "163d Fighter Squadron, History, Indiana Air National Guard, Air Combat Command\nIn 1997 the name of the squadron was changed from Marksmen to Blacksnakes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 78], "content_span": [79, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014915-0030-0000", "contents": "163d Fighter Squadron, History, Indiana Air National Guard, Modern era\nIn 2005 the squadron introduced a reconnaissance asset with the Theater Airborne Reconnaissance System (TARS) coming available to the unit. The 163d FS was one of a few ANG units to fly with this reconnaissance pod.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 70], "content_span": [71, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014915-0031-0000", "contents": "163d Fighter Squadron, History, Indiana Air National Guard, Modern era\nIn 2008, after having flown for 17 years with the block 25 aircraft, a number of those came to the end of their operational lifespan. It was therefore decided that the aircraft of the 163d FS were to be replaced with more modern examples. More modern is quite relative since the aircraft they received were Block 30 F-16C/Ds manufactured between 1987 and 1989. These large-intake models were mainly coming from the Michigan Air National Guard 107th Fighter Squadron which was transitioning to the A-10 Thunderbolt II at the time. With the upgrade to the Block 30 aircraft, the tail code of the 163d was changed from \"FW\" (Fort Wayne) to \"IN\" (Indiana) in 2009 when the 181st Fighter Wing at Hulman Field became a non-flying unit. However, only a few of the F-16s were re-coded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 70], "content_span": [71, 848]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014915-0032-0000", "contents": "163d Fighter Squadron, History, Indiana Air National Guard, Modern era\nIn 2009 \u2013 the year the unit honored its predecessor unit \u2013 the 358th FG \u2013 with a heritage jet \u2013 it was decided that the squadron was to retire their 20-year-old F-16s and become an A-10 Thunderbolt II squadron. The conversion happened in 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 70], "content_span": [71, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014916-0000-0000", "contents": "163rd (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery\n163rd (Mixed) Heavy Anti- Aircraft Regiment was an air defence unit of Britain's Royal Artillery formed during World War II. Around two-thirds of its personnel were women from the Auxiliary Territorial Service (ATS). The regiment defended London, operating the heaviest guns serving with Anti- Aircraft Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [59, 59], "content_span": [60, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014916-0001-0000", "contents": "163rd (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Organisation\nBy 1941, after two years of war Anti- Aircraft Command, tasked with defending the UK against air attack, was suffering a manpower shortage. In April its commander-in-chief, Lieutenant-General Sir Frederick 'Tim' Pile, proposed to overcome this by utilising the women of the Auxiliary Territorial Service (ATS). The ATS was by law a non-combatant service, but it was decided that Defence Regulations permitted the employment of women in anti-aircraft (AA) roles other than actually firing the guns. They worked the radar and plotting instruments, range-finders and predictors, ran command posts and communications, and carried out many other duties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 73], "content_span": [74, 722]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014916-0001-0001", "contents": "163rd (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Organisation\nWith the increasing automation of heavy AA (HAA) guns, including gun-laying, fuze-setting and ammunition loading under remote control from the predictor, the question of who actually fired the gun became blurred as the war progressed. The ATS rank and file, if not always their officers, took to the new role with enthusiasm and 'Mixed' batteries and regiments with the ATS supplying two-thirds of their personnel quickly proved a success.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 73], "content_span": [74, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014916-0002-0000", "contents": "163rd (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Organisation\nBy 1942 the training regiments were turning out a regular stream of Mixed HAA batteries, which AA Command formed into regiments to take the place of the all-male units being sent to overseas theatres of war. One such new unit was 163rd (Mixed) HAA Regiment. Regimental Headquarters (RHQ) was formed on 28 June 1942 at Wimbledon in South London and 553 (M) Bty was regimented with it. This battery had been intended for 132nd (M) HAA Rgt, but its formation had been delayed because of a shortage of ATS personnel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 73], "content_span": [74, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014916-0002-0001", "contents": "163rd (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Organisation\nIt had finally been formed on 16 April by 205th HAA Training Rgt at Arborfield from a cadre provided by 105th HAA Rgt. Two other batteries joined the regiment at this time: 350 Bty from 105th HAA Rgt and 538 (M) Bty from 141st (M) HAA Rgt. 565 (M) Bty joined the regiment on 14 September 1942; this had been formed on 10 June at 24th HAA Training Rgt, Blackdown Camp, from a cadre provided by 132nd HAA Rgt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 73], "content_span": [74, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014916-0003-0000", "contents": "163rd (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Defending London\nThe new regiment was assigned to 48th Anti - Aircraft Brigade in 1st Anti - Aircraft Division (later 1 AA Group) defending the London Inner Artillery Zone (IAZ), and apart from a few weeks remained with it throughout its service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 77], "content_span": [78, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014916-0004-0000", "contents": "163rd (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Defending London, Baby Blitz\nThe Luftwaffe carried out few bombing raids on London during 1942\u201343, preferring to concentrate on softer targets such as provincial cities (the Baedeker Blitz) or on 'hit and run' attacks by Fighter-bombers against coastal targets. However, in January 1944 it resumed night raids on London, which became known as the 'Baby Blitz'. These raids employed new faster bombers with sophisticated 'pathfinder' techniques and radar jamming. For example, on the night of 21 January 200 hostile aircraft were plotted approaching the South Coast in two waves, which intermingled with returning aircraft of RAF Bomber Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 89], "content_span": [90, 705]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014916-0004-0001", "contents": "163rd (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Defending London, Baby Blitz\nThis caused problems of identification and restrictions on fire, but the guns of 2 AA Group and then 1 AA Group engaged as the raiders approached London. Only one-fifth of the raiders reached the city, the remainder turning away to bomb open country. AA guns brought down eight aircraft. At the end of January London Docks received a 130-strong raid dropping flares and incendiaries as they had in the London Blitz of 1940\u201341: about one-third reached their target and five were shot down.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 89], "content_span": [90, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014916-0004-0002", "contents": "163rd (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Defending London, Baby Blitz\nFebruary began with a 75-strong raid, of which only 12 reached the IAZ and four were shot down. On 13 February only six out of 115 bombers reached London. The climax came with five raids in the week 18\u201325 February varying from 100 to 140 in strength. These met intense AA fire from the Thames Estuary onwards and fewer than half made it to central London: the AA score was 13 shot down while the night fighters added 15.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 89], "content_span": [90, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014916-0004-0003", "contents": "163rd (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Defending London, Baby Blitz\nFacing these casualty rates, the Luftwaffe switched to targets away from London until 24 March, when a 100-strong raid on London lost four aircraft, and finally on 18 April a raid of 125 aircraft lost 14 shot down and only 30 reached the IAZ. Although much damage was caused in London, the rising efficiency of the HAA guns and radar made the enemy's losses unsustainable.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 89], "content_span": [90, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014916-0005-0000", "contents": "163rd (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Defending London, Baby Blitz\nBy the autumn of 1944, the regiment was serving on 5.25-inch guns \u2013 the heaviest guns in service with AA Command \u2013 with 350 Bty operating the powered twin ex-naval turrets covering London. This required a higher personnel establishment of 8 officers, 186 male other ranks and 211 ATS per 5.25-inch battery, 12 officers, 147 male other ranks, 293 ATS for the turrets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 89], "content_span": [90, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014916-0006-0000", "contents": "163rd (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Defending London, Operation Diver\nSoon after the Allied invasion of Normandy began on D-Day, V-1 flying bombs, codenamed 'Divers', began to be launched against London from Northern France. V-1s (known to Londoners as 'Doodlebugs') presented AA Command's biggest challenge since the Blitz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 94], "content_span": [95, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014916-0006-0001", "contents": "163rd (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Defending London, Operation Diver\nDefences had been planned against this new form of attack (Operation Diver), but it presented a severe problem for AA guns, and after two weeks' experience AA Command carried out a major reorganisation, stripping guns from the London IAZ and other parts of the UK and repositioning them along the South Coast to target V-1s coming in over the English Channel, where a 'downed' V-1 would cause no damage. This meant that the remaining HAA guns around the IAZ, including the fixed 5.25-inch guns, were silenced, to the rage of Londoners, who were unaware of the tactics being employed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 94], "content_span": [95, 678]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014916-0006-0002", "contents": "163rd (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Defending London, Operation Diver\nAs the launching sites were overrun by 21st Army Group, the Luftwaffe switched to air-launching V-1s over the North Sea, so 1 AA Group had to redeploy again to the east of London. This reorganisation entailed 163rd (M) HAA Rgt transferring within 1 AA Group to come under the command of 26th (London) AA Bde in November\u2013December 1944. It returned to 48th AA Bde within weeks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 94], "content_span": [95, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014916-0007-0000", "contents": "163rd (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Defending London, Operation Diver\nBy now, AA Command was being forced to release personnel, both male and ATS, for service with 21st Army Group fighting in North West Europe, and a large number of units had to be disbanded. 565 (M) Battery began disbanding on 18 September, and completed the process by 16 October. It was replaced on 7 February 1945 when 505 (M) Bty joined from 157th HAA Rgt, but by then the war in Europe was coming to an end. 553 (M) Battery disbanded at Southend-on-Sea on 31 March 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 94], "content_span": [95, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014916-0008-0000", "contents": "163rd (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Postwar\n163rd (M) HAA Regiment remained with 48 AA Bde in 1 AA Group after the war had ended. When the RA was reorganised on 1 April 1947, 163rd (M) HAA Rgt was redesignated 101 (M) HAA Regiment in the postwar Regular Army, (taking the number of a pre-war Territorial Army unit in Scotland that had been redesignated 501 HAA Rgt). 350, 505 and 538 Batteries were redesignated 241, 296 and 323 (M) Btys. It was one of only three Mixed regiments in the postwar Regular RA. The regiment formed part of 15 AA Bde \u2013 the Regular Army element of the old 48 AA Bde \u2013 in 1 AA Group of AA Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 68], "content_span": [69, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014916-0009-0000", "contents": "163rd (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Postwar\nHowever, the new regiment did not last very long under postwar cuts. It was reduced to a cadre in London on 30 June 1948, 323 Bty was disbanded on 10 October, and RHQ and the other two batteries were placed in suspended animation on 10 November, completing the process by the end of the month.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 68], "content_span": [69, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014916-0010-0000", "contents": "163rd (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Insignia\nWhile the male members of the regiment wore the Royal Artillery's 'gun' cap badge, the women wore the ATS cap badge, but in addition they wore the RA's 'grenade' collar badge as a special badge above the left breast pocket of the tunic. Both sexes wore the white RA lanyard on the right shoulder.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 69], "content_span": [70, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014917-0000-0000", "contents": "163rd Battalion (French-Canadian), CEF\nThe 163rd (Canadien-Francais) Battalion, CEF was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War. Based in Montreal, Quebec, the unit began recruiting in late 1915 throughout the province of Quebec. In May 1916, the battalion sailed for Bermuda, where it remained on garrison duty until late November of the same year. After arriving in England, the battalion was absorbed into the 10th Reserve Battalion on January 8, 1917. The 163rd (Canadien-Francais) Battalion, CEF had one Officer Commanding: Lieut-Col. H. DesRosiers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014917-0001-0000", "contents": "163rd Battalion (French-Canadian), CEF\nThe journalist Olivar Asselin was a member of the battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014918-0000-0000", "contents": "163rd Division (1st Formation)(People's Republic of China)\nThe 163rd Division(Chinese: \u7b2c163\u5e08) was created in November 1948 under the Regulation of the Redesignations of All Organizations and Units of the Army, issued by Central Military Commission on November 1, 1948, basing on the 14th Independent Division of Northeastern People's Liberation Army,  formed in September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014918-0001-0000", "contents": "163rd Division (1st Formation)(People's Republic of China)\nThe division was under direct control of Northeastern Military Region. Under the flag of 163rd division it took part in the Chinese civil war. In November 1951 the division was disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014919-0000-0000", "contents": "163rd Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)\nThe 163rd Infantry Brigade was an infantry brigade of the British Army that saw active service during the First World War in Gallipoli and the Middle Eastern Theatre as part of the 54th (East Anglian) Division. In the Second World War the brigade remained in the United Kingdom until it was disbanded in late 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014919-0001-0000", "contents": "163rd Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), History, Formation\nThe brigade was raised in 1908 upon the creation of the Territorial Force, originally as the Norfolk and Suffolk Brigade and was part of the East Anglian Division. The brigade consisted of two Volunteer battalions, the 4th and 5th, of the Norfolk Regiment and two, the 4th and 5th, of the Suffolk Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 59], "content_span": [60, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014919-0002-0000", "contents": "163rd Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), History, First World War\nThe division was mobilised on 5 August 1914, the day after Britain declared war on Germany. On 20 August the entire division moved to Chelmsford, Bury St Edmunds and Norwich. The division spent the next few months on home service and coastal defence and started training in preparation to eventually go overseas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 65], "content_span": [66, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014919-0003-0000", "contents": "163rd Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), History, First World War\nIn May 1915 the East Anglian Division was numbered as the 54th (East Anglian) Division and all the brigades in the division were also numbered\u2014the Norfolk and Suffolk Brigade became 163rd (Norfolk and Suffolk) Brigade. As happened in all Territorial Force divisions, the battalions were also numbered and adopted the '1/' prefix (1/4th Suffolks), to distinguish them from their 2nd Line units which were being formed. The 2nd Line were initially intended to act as a draft-finding reserve for the 1st Line. They were the 208th (2/1st Norfolk and Suffolk) Brigade, 69th (2nd East Anglian) Division. In November 1914 the 1/4th Battalion, Suffolk Regiment was transferred to the 3rd (Lahore) Division of the British Indian Army and were replaced in the brigade by the 1/8th (Isle of Wight Rifles) Battalion, Hampshire Regiment, which was previously unattached to a field formation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 65], "content_span": [66, 944]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014919-0004-0000", "contents": "163rd Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), History, First World War\nIn July 1915 the division was ordered to prepare for overseas service. The brigade served with the 54th Division in the Middle Eastern theatre and fought in the Gallipoli Campaign, landing at Suvla Bay on 10 August 1915, as part of IX Corps. During the fighting  on 12 August the 1/5th Norfolks", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 65], "content_span": [66, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014919-0005-0000", "contents": "163rd Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), History, First World War\n\"...were on the right of the line\", wrote Sir Ian Hamilton, commanding all forces in the region \"and found themselves for a moment less strongly opposed than the rest of the brigade. Against the yielding forces of the enemy Colonel Sir Horace Beauchamp, a bold, self-confident officer, eagerly pressed forward, followed by the best part of the battalion. The fighting grew hotter, and the ground became more wooded and broken. At this stage many men were wounded, or grew exhausted with thirst. These found their way back to camp during the night. But the colonel, with sixteen officers and 250 men, still kept pushing on, driving all the enemy before them. Nothing more was ever seen or heard of any of them. They charged into the forest and were lost to sight or sound. Not one of them ever came back.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 65], "content_span": [66, 870]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014919-0006-0000", "contents": "163rd Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), History, First World War\nThe men, the so-called vanishing Norfolks, were the subject of a BBC TV film, All the King's Men. The division was evacuated from Gallipoli in early December and spent the most of 1916 in Cairo, Egypt, occupying No. 1 (Southern) Section of the Suez Canal defences.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 65], "content_span": [66, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014919-0007-0000", "contents": "163rd Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), History, First World War\nThe division (and the brigade) fought again in 1917 and invaded Palestine. The brigade fought in the First Battle of Gaza in late March, Second Battle of Gaza in mid-April and Third Battle of Gaza in late October \u2013 early November battles of Gaza and the Battle of Jaffa in December.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 65], "content_span": [66, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014919-0008-0000", "contents": "163rd Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), History, First World War\nIn 1918 the brigade fought at Berukin from April to May and finally at the Battle of Sharon in mid-September. The division concentrated at Beirut between 31 October and 5 November, but the Ottoman Empire surrendered on 31 October with the signing of the Armistice of Mudros.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 65], "content_span": [66, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014919-0009-0000", "contents": "163rd Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), History, Inter-war period\nThe brigade (and the division) was disbanded after the war, along with the rest of the Territorial Force. However, it was reformed, as the 163rd (Norfolk and Suffolk) Infantry Brigade, in the Territorial Army and continued to serve with the 54th (East Anglian) Division and had the same four battalions as it did before the First World War. However, in 1921, the 4th and 5th battalions of the Suffolks were amalgamated as the 4th/5th Battalion, Suffolk Regiment. The brigade later received the 1st Battalion, Cambridgeshire Regiment from the 162nd (East Midland) Infantry Brigade. The composition of the brigade remained this throughout much of the inter-war period.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 733]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014919-0010-0000", "contents": "163rd Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), History, Inter-war period\nIn 1938, however, the 1st Battalion, Cambridgeshire Regiment was transferred back to 162nd (East Midland) Infantry Brigade, when all British infantry brigades were reduced to three battalions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014919-0011-0000", "contents": "163rd Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), History, Second World War\nIn the Second World War, the brigade continued to be part of the 54th (East Anglian) Infantry Division from 3 September 1939 to 13 December 1943, when that division was disbanded. The brigade then became a Lines of Communication unit for the 21st Army Group. It stayed in the United Kingdom for the duration of its service. The original battalions of the brigade were converted into the 53rd Infantry Brigade, joining the 18th Infantry Division, on 18 September 1939 and the 163rd Infantry Brigade was reformed from the redesignation of the 161st Infantry Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014919-0012-0000", "contents": "163rd Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), History, Second World War\nSecond World War commanders of the brigade included Brig. M.D. Jephson, Brig. R.A.D. Moseley, Brig. O.M. Wales, and Lieut.Col. A.L. Taffs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014920-0000-0000", "contents": "163rd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)\nThe 163rd Infantry Division (German: 163. Infanterie-Division) was a German Army infantry division in World War II. Formed in November 1939, it was engaged in the invasion of Norway the following year. It fought alongside the Finnish Army during Operation Barbarossa against the Soviet Union. During this time, the division's transit through neutral Sweden caused the Midsummer Crisis of 1941. The division spent most of the war in Finland, before being returned to Germany. It was destroyed in March 1945 in Pomerania by the First Polish Army, subordinated to the Soviet 1st Belorussian Front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014920-0001-0000", "contents": "163rd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History\nThe 163rd Infantry Division was raised in November 1939. In April 1940 it was employed in the invasion of Norway, landing at Oslo, Kristiansand, Arendal, and Stavanger. It was troops from this division that was present on the heavy cruiser Blucher when it was sunk in the Battle of Dr\u00f8bak Sound in the early hours of the invasion of Norway. Thereafter it remained on occupation duty in Norway until June 1941, when it was subordinated to the Finnish army to support operations along the River Svir during Operation Barbarossa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014920-0002-0000", "contents": "163rd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History\nIn the early stages of Operation Barbarossa and the Continuation War the 163rd Division was to be transferred from Norway to Finland, and Sweden decided to allow safe transit of the division by railway through Swedish territory. The decision was in conflict with the Swedish neutrality-policy causing a political crisis (the \"Midsummer Crisis\" of 1941), and it raised many challenging questions about Sweden's neutrality during World War II. Today this remains a highly debated subject in Sweden and in the Nordic countries. The division was transferred 25 June to 12 July. In Swedish literature the division is better known as \"Division Engelbrecht\", after its commander at the time. The transport took the route Charlottenberg-Lax\u00e5-Hallsberg-Krylbo-\u00c5nge-V\u00e4nn\u00e4s-Boden-Haparanda.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 824]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014920-0003-0000", "contents": "163rd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History\nIn February 1942 it joined the German XXXVI Mountain Corps near Kandalaksha, and remained there until the Germans withdrew from Finland back into Norway in autumn 1944. In early 1945 it was transferred back to Germany, standing in reserve for a time at Berlin, then destroyed by the Soviets in Pomerania in March.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014921-0000-0000", "contents": "163rd Infantry Regiment (United States)\nThe 163rd Infantry Regiment is a regiment of the Montana National Guard. It went overseas with the 41st Infantry Division in World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014921-0001-0000", "contents": "163rd Infantry Regiment (United States), History\nIn December 1942, General Douglas MacArthur decided to commit more American troops to the Battle of Buna-Gona. The 163rd Regimental Combat Team, under the command of Colonel Jens A. Doe, was alerted on 14 December 1942. It arrived at Port Moresby on 27 December. The first elements, which included the 1st Battalion and regimental headquarters, flew over the Owen Stanley Range to Popondetta and Dobodura on 30 December, where they came under the command of Lieutenant General Edmund Herring's Advanced New Guinea Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014921-0002-0000", "contents": "163rd Infantry Regiment (United States), History\nThe 163rd Regimental Combat Team was attached to Major General George Alan Vasey's 7th Division and Doe assumed command of the Sanananda Front from Brigadier Ivan Dougherty on 3 January 1943. The front line consisted of a raised road with Japanese positions on relatively dry ground astride it, surrounded by jungle swamp. Roadblocks had been established behind the Japanese positions but they had not been budged; both sides resupplied their positions through the swamp. Vasey's plan was for the Americans to fix the Japanese in position while he attacked with Brigadier George Wootten's 18th Infantry Brigade, supported by M3 Stuart light tanks of the 2/6th Armoured Regiment and 25 pounders of the 2/1st Field Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 771]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014921-0003-0000", "contents": "163rd Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage\nConstituted in the Montana National Guard as the 1st Regiment of Infantry and organized 1884- 1887 from existing companies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014921-0004-0000", "contents": "163rd Infantry Regiment (United States), Distinctive unit insignia\nA Gold color metal and enamel device 1 1/8 inches (2.86\u00a0cm) in height overall consisting of a shield blazoned:  Per fess Argent and Azure, in chief a palm tree on a mount Proper and in base a giant cactus and fleur-de-lis Or. Attached below the shield is a Blue scroll doubled and inscribed \"MEN, DO YOUR DUTY\" in Gold letters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014921-0005-0000", "contents": "163rd Infantry Regiment (United States), Distinctive unit insignia\nThe palm tree represents Philippine service, the giant cactus Mexican Border duty and the fleur-de-lis service in France during World War I. Blue and white are the colors associated with Infantry and refer to the organization's combat service as the 163d Infantry during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014921-0006-0000", "contents": "163rd Infantry Regiment (United States), Distinctive unit insignia\nThe distinctive unit insignia was originally approved for the 163d Infantry Regiment, Montana National Guard on 8 December 1941. It was redesignated for the 163d Armored Cavalry Regiment, Montana National Guard on 17 September 1953. It was amended to change the symbolism on 21 January 1970. The insignia was updated to include both the Montana and Nevada Army National Guard on 20 January 1975. It was redesignated for the 163d Infantry Regiment, Montana Army National Guard on 1 February 1989.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014921-0007-0000", "contents": "163rd Infantry Regiment (United States), Coat of arms\nPer fess Argent and Azure, in chief a palm tree on mount Proper and in base a giant cactus and a fleur-de-lis Or.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 53], "content_span": [54, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014921-0008-0000", "contents": "163rd Infantry Regiment (United States), Coat of arms\nThat for the regiments and separate battalions of the Montana Army National Guard:  On a wreath of the colors Argent and Azure a fleur-de-lis the middle leaf and tie Or, and outside leaves Argent. Motto:   MEN, DO YOUR DUTY.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 53], "content_span": [54, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014921-0009-0000", "contents": "163rd Infantry Regiment (United States), Coat of arms\nThe palm tree represents Philippine service, the giant cactus Mexican Border duty and the fleur-de-lis service in France during World War I. Blue and white are the colors associated with Infantry and refer to the organization's combat service as the 163d Infantry during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 53], "content_span": [54, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014921-0010-0000", "contents": "163rd Infantry Regiment (United States), Coat of arms\nThe crest is that of the Montana Army National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 53], "content_span": [54, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014921-0011-0000", "contents": "163rd Infantry Regiment (United States), Coat of arms\nThe coat of arms was originally approved for the 163d Infantry Regiment, Montana National Guard on 15 December 1941. It was redesignated for the 163d Armored Cavalry Regiment, Montana National Guard on 17 September 1953. The insignia was amended to change the symbolism on 21 January 1970. It was amended to add the crest of the State of Oregon on 22 March 1971. It was amended to delete the crest of the State of Oregon and add the crest of the State of Nevada on 20 January 1975. The insignia was redesignated for the 163d Infantry Regiment and amended to delete the crest of the State of Nevada on 1 February 1989", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 53], "content_span": [54, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014922-0000-0000", "contents": "163rd Military Intelligence Battalion (United States)\nThe 163rd Military Intelligence Battalion is a military intelligence battalion of the United States Army based at Fort Hood under the 504th Military Intelligence Brigade (Expeditionary) supporting III Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014923-0000-0000", "contents": "163rd New York Infantry Regiment\nThe 163rd New York Infantry Regiment (a.k.a. \"3rd Regiment, Empire Brigade\") was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014923-0001-0000", "contents": "163rd New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 163rd New York Infantry was organized at New York City, New York beginning July 11, 1862, and mustered in October 10, 1862 in Washington, D.C., under the command of Lieutenant Colonel John B. Leverick.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014923-0002-0000", "contents": "163rd New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to Carroll's Brigade, Whipple's Division, Defenses of Washington, to November 1862. 2nd Brigade, 3rd Division, III Corps, Army of the Potomac, to January 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014923-0003-0000", "contents": "163rd New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 163rd New York Infantry ceased to exist on January 20, 1863 when it was consolidated with the 73rd New York Volunteer Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014923-0004-0000", "contents": "163rd New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nLeft New York for Washington October 5, 1862. Moved to Pleasant Valley, Maryland, October 18\u201319, 1862. Moved toward Warrenton, Virginia, October 24\u00a0\u2013 November 16. Moved to Falmouth November 18\u201324. Battle of Fredericksburg, Virginia, December 12\u201315, Duty at Falmouth, until January 20, 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014923-0005-0000", "contents": "163rd New York Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 26 men during service; 3 officers and 15 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 8 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014924-0000-0000", "contents": "163rd New York State Legislature\nThe 163rd New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 8, 1941, to April 24, 1942, during the ninth and tenth years of Herbert H. Lehman's governorship, in Albany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014924-0001-0000", "contents": "163rd New York State Legislature, Background\nUnder the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1894, re-apportioned in 1917, and amended in 1937, 51 Senators and 150 assemblymen were elected in single-seat districts for two-year terms. The senatorial districts consisted either of one or more entire counties; or a contiguous area within a single county. The counties which were divided into more than one senatorial district were New York (nine districts), Kings (eight), Bronx (three), Erie (three), Monroe (two), Queens (two) and Westchester (two). The Assembly districts were made up of contiguous area, all within the same county.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014924-0002-0000", "contents": "163rd New York State Legislature, Background\nAt this time there were two major political parties: the Democratic Party and the Republican Party. The American Labor Party endorsed the whole Democratic ticket, which included one Republican judge  of the Court of Appeals. The Prohibition Party also nominated a ticket.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014924-0003-0000", "contents": "163rd New York State Legislature, Elections\nThe New York state election, 1940, was held on November 5. All six statewide elective offices were carried by the nominees on the Democratic-American Labor fusion ticket. The approximate party strength at this election, as gathered from the results, was: Democrats 2,843,000; Republicans 2,837,000; American Labor 365,000; and Prohibition 5,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014924-0004-0000", "contents": "163rd New York State Legislature, Elections\nAll three women legislators\u2014State Senator Rhoda Fox Graves (Rep.), of Gouverneur; and Assemblywomen Jane H. Todd (Rep.), of Tarrytown, and Edith C. Cheney (Rep.), of Corning\u2014were re-elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014924-0005-0000", "contents": "163rd New York State Legislature, Elections\nThe New York state election, 1941, was held on November 4. Two vacancies in the State Senate and two vacancies in the State Assembly were filled.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014924-0006-0000", "contents": "163rd New York State Legislature, Elections\nOn March 10, 1942, Mary A. Gillen, the widow of Assemblyman Michael J. Gillen, was elected to the seat previously held by her husband.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014924-0007-0000", "contents": "163rd New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for the first regular session (the 164th) at the State Capitol in Albany on January 8, 1941; and adjourned at 2.30 a.m. on April 4.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014924-0008-0000", "contents": "163rd New York State Legislature, Sessions\nJoe R. Hanley (Rep.) was re-elected Temporary President of the State Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014924-0009-0000", "contents": "163rd New York State Legislature, Sessions\nOn December 7, 1941, happened the Attack on Pearl Harbor, and the United States entered World War II. Subsequently, some legislators resigned their seats to join the armed forces, among them Robert F. Wagner, Jr., Phelps Phelps, Francis E. Dorn and Henry J. Latham.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014924-0010-0000", "contents": "163rd New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for the second regular session (the 165th) at the State Capitol in Albany on January 7, 1942; and adjourned on April 24.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014924-0011-0000", "contents": "163rd New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature. Francis J. McCaffrey Jr and Charles O. Burney Jr changed from the Assembly to the Senate at the beginning of this Legislature. Assemblymen Carmine J. Marasco and William Kirnan were elected to fill vacancies in the Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014924-0012-0000", "contents": "163rd New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members\nNote: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words \"...the Committee on (the)...\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014924-0013-0000", "contents": "163rd New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Assemblymen\nNote: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words \"...the Committee on (the)...\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 61], "content_span": [62, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014925-0000-0000", "contents": "163rd Ohio Infantry Regiment\nThe 163rd Ohio Infantry Regiment, sometimes 163rd Ohio Volunteer Infantry (or 163rd OVI) was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014925-0001-0000", "contents": "163rd Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 163rd Ohio Infantry was organized at Camp Chase in Columbus, Ohio, and mustered in May 12, 1864, for 100 days service under the command of Colonel Hiram Miller.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014925-0002-0000", "contents": "163rd Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment left Ohio for Washington, D.C., May 13 and was assigned to 1st Brigade, Haskins' Division, XXII Corps, to June 1864. Served duty in the defenses of Washington, D.C., with headquarters at Fort Reno, until June 8. Moved to Bermuda Hundred, Virginia, June 8\u201312 and attached to 1st Brigade, 3rd Division, X Corps, Army of the James. Reconnaissance on the Petersburg & Richmond Railroad June 14\u201315. Skirmish on Petersburg and Richmond Turnpike June 15\u201316. Moved to Wilson's Landing June 16. Fatigue duty building Fort Pocahontas and scouting on west side of the James River until August. Ordered to Columbus, Ohio, August 29.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 671]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014925-0003-0000", "contents": "163rd Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 163rd Ohio Infantry mustered out of service September 10, 1864, at Camp Chase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014925-0004-0000", "contents": "163rd Ohio Infantry Regiment, Ohio National Guard\nOver 35,000 Ohio National Guardsmen were federalized and organized into regiments for 100 days service in May 1864. Shipped to the Eastern Theater, they were designed to be placed in \"safe\" rear areas to protect railroads and supply points, thereby freeing regular troops for Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant\u2019s push on the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia. As events transpired, many units found themselves in combat, stationed in the path of Confederate Gen. Jubal Early\u2019s veteran Army of the Valley during its famed Valley Campaigns of 1864. Ohio Guard units met the battle-tested foe head on and helped blunt the Confederate offensive thereby saving Washington, D.C. from capture. Ohio National Guard units participated in the battles of Monacacy, Fort Stevens, Harpers Ferry, and in the siege of Petersburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 49], "content_span": [50, 863]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014925-0005-0000", "contents": "163rd Ohio Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost 29 enlisted men during service, all due to disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014926-0000-0000", "contents": "163rd Regiment Royal Armoured Corps\nThe 163rd Regiment Royal Armoured Corps (163 RAC) was a short-lived armoured regiment of the British Army's Royal Armoured Corps that served in India during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014926-0001-0000", "contents": "163rd Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, Origin\n163 RAC was formed by the conversion to the armoured role of the 13th Battalion, Sherwood Foresters, a hostilities-only battalion raised in 1940, on 30 July 1942, the day after it arrived in India. In common with other infantry battalions transferred to the Royal Armoured Corps, the personnel of 163 RAC would have continued to wear their Foresters cap badge on the black beret of the Royal Armoured Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 43], "content_span": [44, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014926-0002-0000", "contents": "163rd Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, Service\n163 RAC was stationed at Rawalpindi under command of 267th Indian Armoured Brigade. However, there was a change of policy, and on 1 December 1944 (also reported as 1 December 1943) the regiment was re-converted to infantry, reverting to its previous title of 13th Foresters and coming under command of 67 Indian Training Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014927-0000-0000", "contents": "163rd Street\u2013Amsterdam Avenue station\n163rd Street\u2013Amsterdam Avenue is a local station on the IND Eighth Avenue Line of the New York City Subway, located in Washington Heights, Manhattan, at the intersection of Amsterdam and Saint Nicholas Avenues. It is served by the C train at all times except nights, when the A train takes over service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014927-0001-0000", "contents": "163rd Street\u2013Amsterdam Avenue station, History\nThe station opened on September 10, 1932, as part of the city-operated Independent Subway System (IND)'s initial segment, the Eighth Avenue Line between Chambers Street and 207th Street. Construction of the whole line cost $191.2 million. While the IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line already provided service to Washington Heights, the new Eighth Avenue subway via St. Nicholas Avenue provided an alternative route.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014927-0002-0000", "contents": "163rd Street\u2013Amsterdam Avenue station, History\nUnder the 2015\u20132019 MTA Capital Plan, the station underwent a complete overhaul as part of the Enhanced Station Initiative and was entirely closed for several months. Updates included cellular service, Wi-Fi, USB charging stations, interactive service advisories and maps. A request for proposals for the 72nd Street, 86th Street, Cathedral Parkway\u2013110th Street, and 163rd Street\u2013Amsterdam Avenue stations was issued on June 1, 2017, and the New York City Transit and Bus Committee officially recommended that the MTA Board should award the $111 million contract to ECCO III Enterprises in October 2017. As part of the renovations, the station was closed on March 12, 2018 and reopened on September 27, 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 755]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014927-0003-0000", "contents": "163rd Street\u2013Amsterdam Avenue station, Station layout\nThis underground station has two local tracks and two side platforms. Two express tracks, used by the A train during daytime hours, run below the station and are not visible from the platforms. To the north, the upper level local tracks become the center tracks of 168th Street, allowing C trains to terminate there, while the lower level express tracks become the outer tracks, continuing towards 207th Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 53], "content_span": [54, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014927-0004-0000", "contents": "163rd Street\u2013Amsterdam Avenue station, Station layout\nBoth platforms have mosaic name tablets reading \"163RD STREET - AMSTERDAM AVE.\" in white sans-serif lettering broken onto two lines. The background is yellow with a black border. Small black \"163\" and directional signs in white lettering run at regular intervals, but there is no trim line on either platform. Grey (previously yellow) I-beam columns run along both platforms, alternating ones having the standard black station name plate with white lettering.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 53], "content_span": [54, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014927-0005-0000", "contents": "163rd Street\u2013Amsterdam Avenue station, Station layout\nThis station has a full length mezzanine supported by I-beam columns above the platforms, but only the southern half is opened. The open southern half has three staircases from each platform, black I-beams, and two sets of turnstile banks leading to the center or the extreme south end of the mezzanine. The closed northern half is walled off and retained the original yellow-colored I-beams. The staircases from the platforms to this portion have been removed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 53], "content_span": [54, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014927-0006-0000", "contents": "163rd Street\u2013Amsterdam Avenue station, Station layout\nPrior to the station's renovation, the open southern half was split into three sections by two black steel fences, and free transfers between directions were not possible. Outside fare control, there is a token booth. The closed northern half was gated off and had an exit-only turnstile leading to the fare control area at the center, and three gated staircases from each platform.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 53], "content_span": [54, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014927-0007-0000", "contents": "163rd Street\u2013Amsterdam Avenue station, Station layout\nThe 2018 artwork at this station is Ciguapa Antellana, me llamo sue\u00f1o de la madrugada. (who more sci-fi than us), a glass mosaic by Firelei Baez. The artwork consists of four pieces, two on the mezzanine and one on each platform. The mosaic contains leaves and vines, as well as symbolism that is evocative of Baez's Caribbean ancestry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 53], "content_span": [54, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014927-0008-0000", "contents": "163rd Street\u2013Amsterdam Avenue station, Station layout, Exits\nThe open southern half of the mezzanine has three exits:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 60], "content_span": [61, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014927-0009-0000", "contents": "163rd Street\u2013Amsterdam Avenue station, Station layout, Exits\nThe closed northern half had three exits leading to 163rd Street. One exit, which has temporarily been uncovered as an area to haul out debris from renovations, goes to the southeast corner. The other two went to the southwest corner and remain sealed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 60], "content_span": [61, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014928-0000-0000", "contents": "163rd meridian east\nThe meridian 163\u00b0 east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014928-0001-0000", "contents": "163rd meridian east\nThe 163rd meridian east forms a great circle with the 17th meridian west.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014928-0002-0000", "contents": "163rd meridian east, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 163rd meridian east passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014929-0000-0000", "contents": "163rd meridian west\nThe meridian 163\u00b0 west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014929-0001-0000", "contents": "163rd meridian west\nThe 163rd meridian west forms a great circle with the 17th meridian east.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014929-0002-0000", "contents": "163rd meridian west, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 163rd meridian west passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014930-0000-0000", "contents": "164\nYear 164 (CLXIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Macrinus and Celsus (or, less frequently, year 917 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 164 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014931-0000-0000", "contents": "164 (number)\n164 (one hundred [and] sixty-four) is the natural number following 163 and preceding 165.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014931-0001-0000", "contents": "164 (number), In mathematics\nIn base 10, 164 is the smallest number that can be expressed as a concatenation of two squares in two different ways: as 1 concatenate 64 or 16 concatenate 4.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014932-0000-0000", "contents": "164 AM\nMNB Radio 1, transmitting from Ulaanbaatar, is the only currently licensed station to use 164 kHz for broadcasting. The frequency however is within the 160\u2013190 kHz Part 15 band authorized by the United States of America's Federal Communications Commission, and low-powered stations in the United States may use this frequency to broadcast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014932-0001-0000", "contents": "164 AM\nThis Mongolia-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 75]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014932-0002-0000", "contents": "164 AM\nThis article about a radio station in Asia is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014933-0000-0000", "contents": "164 BC\nYear 164 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Torquatus and Longinus (or, less frequently, year 590 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 164 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014934-0000-0000", "contents": "164 Eva\n164 Eva is a main-belt asteroid that was discovered by the French brothers Paul Henry and Prosper Henry on July 12, 1876, in Paris. The reason the name Eva was chosen remains unknown. The orbital elements for 164 Eva were published in 1877 by American astronomer Winslow Upton. It is categorized as a C-type asteroid and is probably composed of primitive carbonaceous chondritic materials.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014934-0001-0000", "contents": "164 Eva\nPhotometric observations of this asteroid at the Palmer Divide Observatory in Colorado Springs, Colorado, during 2008 gave a light curve with a period of 13.672 \u00b1 0.003 hours and a small brightness variation of 0.04 \u00b1 0.01 in magnitude. This is consistent with a previous study reported in 1982 that listed a period estimate of 13.66 hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014934-0002-0000", "contents": "164 Eva\nBetween 2000 and 2021, 164 Eva has been observed to occult fourteen stars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 82]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014934-0003-0000", "contents": "164 Eva\nWith a perihelion of 1.718 AU 164 Eva is the closest asteroid over 100 kilometers to approach the orbit of Mars. Its closest approach is about 0.05 AU or about 19.5 lunar distances.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014935-0000-0000", "contents": "164 GPIE \"Miguel de Cervantes\"\n164 GPIE \"Miguel de Cervantes\" (Bulgarian: 164 \u0413\u041f\u0418\u0415 \"\u041c\u0438\u0433\u0435\u043b \u0434\u0435 \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0441, 164th High School with Advanced Studies in Spanish Language \"Miguel de Cervantes) is among the top and most prestigious secondary schools in Bulgaria and the Balkans, based in the capital city of Sofia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014935-0001-0000", "contents": "164 GPIE \"Miguel de Cervantes\"\nThe school, founded in 1991, is the first school in Bulgaria in which the first language is Spanish and one of the three out now.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014935-0002-0000", "contents": "164 GPIE \"Miguel de Cervantes\"\n164 GPIE \"Miguel de Cervantes\" and the American College of Sofia are considered to be the best high schools in Bulgaria. The students of the two schools almost always take the first two places, with very small differences, in the Bulgarian matriculations, with results higher than 5,60 which is considered an \"A+++\" in Bulgaria, and almost always they are the only schools, whose average results are \"A++++\"s. The differences are small, mostly in the range 1\u0435-20.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014935-0003-0000", "contents": "164 GPIE \"Miguel de Cervantes\", Name\nThe school's name comes from the famous Miguel de Cervantes, a Spanish novelist, poet, and playwright, also the author of Don Quixote, born on 9 October 1547, in Alcal\u00e1 de Henares.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 36], "content_span": [37, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014936-0000-0000", "contents": "1640\n1640 (MDCXL) was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a leap year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar, the 1640th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 640th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 40th  year of the 17th\u00a0century, and the  1st   year of the 1640s decade. As of the start of 1640, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014937-0000-0000", "contents": "1640 AM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1640 kHz: 1640 AM is a Regional broadcast frequency.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014937-0001-0000", "contents": "1640 AM, In the United States\nAll stations operate with 10 kW during the daytime and are Class B stations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 29], "content_span": [30, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014944-0000-0000", "contents": "1640 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1640.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014945-0000-0000", "contents": "1640 in paleontology\nPaleontology, palaeontology or pal\u00e6ontology (from Greek: paleo, \"ancient\"; ontos, \"being\"; and logos, \"knowledge\") is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because mankind has encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1640. Robert Plot, the first man to illustrate a dinosaur fossil, is born.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 730]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014946-0000-0000", "contents": "1640 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014946-0001-0000", "contents": "1640 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014946-0002-0000", "contents": "1640 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014947-0000-0000", "contents": "1640 in science\nThe year 1640 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014948-0000-0000", "contents": "1640s\nThe 1640s decade ran from January 1, 1640, to December 31, 1649.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014949-0000-0000", "contents": "1640s BC\nThe 1640s BC was a decade lasting from January 1, 1649 BC to December 31, 1640 BC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 91]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014950-0000-0000", "contents": "1640s in South Africa\nThe following lists events that happened during the 1640s in South Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 96]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014951-0000-0000", "contents": "1640s in archaeology\nThe decade of the 1640s in archaeology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014952-0000-0000", "contents": "1641\n1641 (MDCXLI) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar, the 1641st year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 641st  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 41st  year of the 17th\u00a0century, and the  2nd   year of the 1640s decade. As of the start of 1641, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014953-0000-0000", "contents": "1641 Caracas earthquake\nThe 1641 Caracas earthquake took place in Venezuela on 11 June 1641. It is often known as the San Bernab\u00e9 earthquake because 11 June is the feast day of Barnabas in the Catholic calendar. The earthquake caused extensive damage in Caracas and the destruction of La Guaira; the event led the Caracas City Council to propose rebuilding its city in what was then the savannah of Chacao, a move that was opposed by the Governor, Ruy Fern\u00e1ndez de Fuenmayor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014962-0000-0000", "contents": "1641 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1641.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014964-0000-0000", "contents": "1641 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014964-0001-0000", "contents": "1641 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014964-0002-0000", "contents": "1641 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014965-0000-0000", "contents": "1641 in science\nThe year 1641 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014966-0000-0000", "contents": "1642\n1642 (MDCXLII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar, the 1642nd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 642nd  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 42nd  year of the 17th\u00a0century, and the  3rd   year of the 1640s decade. As of the start of 1642, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014967-0000-0000", "contents": "1642 Yellow River flood\nThe 1642 Yellow River flood or Kaifeng flood was a man-made disaster that principally affected Kaifeng and Xuzhou.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014967-0001-0000", "contents": "1642 Yellow River flood\nKaifeng is located on the south bank of the Yellow River, prone to violent flooding throughout its history. During the early Ming dynasty, the town was the site of major floods in 1375, 1384, 1390, 1410, and 1416. By the mid-15th century, the Ming had completed restoration of the area's flood-control system and operated it with general success for over a century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014967-0002-0000", "contents": "1642 Yellow River flood\nThe 1642 flood, however, was not natural, but directed by the Ming governor of the city in the hopes of using the floodwaters to break the six-month siege the city had endured from the peasant rebels led by Li Zicheng.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014967-0003-0000", "contents": "1642 Yellow River flood\nThe dikes were burst in an attempt to flood the rebels, but the water destroyed Kaifeng. Over 300,000 of the 378,000 residents were killed by the flood and ensuing peripheral disasters such as famine and plague. If treated as a natural disaster, it would be one of the deadliest floods in history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014967-0004-0000", "contents": "1642 Yellow River flood\nAfter this disaster the city was abandoned until 1662 when it was rebuilt under the rule of the Kangxi Emperor in the Qing dynasty. Archaeological research in the city has provided evidence for the 1642 flood and subsequent occupation in 1662. It remained a rural backwater city of diminished importance and experienced several other less devastating floods.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014967-0005-0000", "contents": "1642 Yellow River flood\nThe flood also brought an end to the \"golden age\" of the Jewish settlement of China, said to span about 1300\u20131642. China's small Jewish population, estimated at around 5,000 people, was centered at Kaifeng. Furthermore, the flood destroyed the synagogue and most of the community's irreplaceable Torah.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014969-0000-0000", "contents": "1642 in England\nEvents from the year 1642 in England, opening year of the English Civil War and Wars of the Three Kingdoms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014976-0000-0000", "contents": "1642 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1642.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014978-0000-0000", "contents": "1642 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014978-0001-0000", "contents": "1642 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014978-0002-0000", "contents": "1642 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014979-0000-0000", "contents": "1642 in science\nThe year 1642 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014980-0000-0000", "contents": "1642 \u00e5rs tiggareordning\n1642 \u00e5rs tiggareordning (English: Beggar regulation of 1642) was a Swedish Poor Law which organized the public Poor relief in the Sweden. The regulations of the law, with some alterations, was in effect until the 1847 \u00e5rs fattigv\u00e5rdf\u00f6rordning (Poor relief regulation of 1847).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014980-0001-0000", "contents": "1642 \u00e5rs tiggareordning\nIn the middle ages, poor care in Sweden was traditionally handled through the roteg\u00e5ngsystem in the country side, and by the poor houses of the church in the cities, a system which was kept after the Swedish Reformation, though the responsibility was formally (though not in practice) transferred from the church to the civil authorities (as the church itself became owned by the state).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014980-0002-0000", "contents": "1642 \u00e5rs tiggareordning\nThe regulation of 1642 stated that the every parish were responsible for their own paupers. Every parish should have a poor house for old and sick people, and an orphanage for children, financed by the parish church collection. If such facilities did not exist in the parish (and in rural communities, they seldom did, except for the occasional backstuga), then the paupers should either be housed with the parishioners in accordance with the established traditional roteg\u00e5ngsystem, or be given a beggar permit, legal only in their own parish: all other forms of beggary were banned.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014980-0003-0000", "contents": "1642 \u00e5rs tiggareordning\nThe 1642 regulation were given some complements and smaller alterations, but it remained as the ground for the poor care system in Sweden until the 1847 \u00e5rs fattigv\u00e5rdf\u00f6rordning (Poor relief regulation of 1847).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014981-0000-0000", "contents": "1643\n1643 (MDCXLIII) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar, the 1643rd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 643rd  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 43rd  year of the 17th\u00a0century, and the  4th   year of the 1640s decade. As of the start of 1643, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014983-0000-0000", "contents": "1643 in England\nEvents from the year 1643 in England. This is the second year of the First English Civil War, fought between Roundheads (Parliamentarians) and Cavaliers (Royalist supporters of King Charles I).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014989-0000-0000", "contents": "1643 in literature\nThis article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1643.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014991-0000-0000", "contents": "1643 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014991-0001-0000", "contents": "1643 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014991-0002-0000", "contents": "1643 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014992-0000-0000", "contents": "1643 in science\nThe year 1643 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014993-0000-0000", "contents": "1644\n1644 (MDCXLIV) was a leap year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a leap year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar, the 1644th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 644th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 44th  year of the 17th\u00a0century, and the  5th   year of the 1640s decade. As of the start of 1644, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014993-0001-0000", "contents": "1644\nIt is one of eight years (CE) to contain each Roman numeral once (1000(M)+500(D)+100(C)+(-10(X)+50(L))+(-1(I)+5(V)) = 1644).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014994-0000-0000", "contents": "1644 Baptist Confession of Faith\nThe 1644 Baptist Confession of Faith, also called the First London Baptist Confession, is Particular Baptist confession of faith.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014994-0001-0000", "contents": "1644 Baptist Confession of Faith, Origin\nIn 1644, 7 Particular Baptist (Reformed Baptist or Calvinistic Baptist) churches met in London to write a confession of faith. The document called First London Baptist Confession, was published in 1644.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 40], "content_span": [41, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014994-0002-0000", "contents": "1644 Baptist Confession of Faith, Doctrine\nThis confession of faith contains 53 articles. It contains the doctrine of the believers' Church and the believer's baptism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014995-0000-0000", "contents": "1644 Rafita\n1644 Rafita, provisional designation 1935 YA, is a stony asteroid from the middle region of the asteroid belt, approximately 15 kilometers in diameter. It is the namesake of the Rafita family, a family of stony asteroids in the intermediate main-belt. However, Rafita is a suspected interloper in its own family. It was discovered on 16 December 1935, by Spanish astronomer Rafael Carrasco Garrorena at the Royal Observatorio Astron\u00f3mico de Madrid in Spain, and named in memory of the discoverer's son.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014995-0001-0000", "contents": "1644 Rafita, Orbit and classification\nRafita asteroid orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.2\u20132.9\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 1 month (1,486 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.15 and an inclination of 7\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. Rafita was first observed as A906 RB at Heidelberg Observatory in 1906, extending the body's observation arc by 29 years prior to its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014995-0002-0000", "contents": "1644 Rafita, Lightcurves\nRafita's first rotational lightcurve was obtained by American astronomer Alan Harris of JPL in January 1981. It gave a rotation period of 5.100 hours with a brightness variation of 0.31 magnitude (U=2). Photometric observations by French amateur astronomer Laurent Bernasconi in December 2004, gave a period of 6.800 hours and an amplitude of 0.13 magnitude (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 24], "content_span": [25, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014995-0003-0000", "contents": "1644 Rafita, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Rafita measures between 13.96 and 17.69 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.106 and 0.164. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link agrees with Petr Pravec's revised WISE-results, that is an albedo of 0.1329 and a diameter of 15.482 kilometers, based on an absolute magnitude of 11.86.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 32], "content_span": [33, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014995-0004-0000", "contents": "1644 Rafita, Naming\nThis minor planet was named by the discoverer in honor of his late son, Rafael Carrasco. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 30 January 1964 (M.P.C. 2277).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00014997-0000-0000", "contents": "1644 in England\nEvents from the year 1644 in England. This is the third year of the First English Civil War, fought between Roundheads (Parliamentarians) and Cavaliers (Royalist supporters of King Charles I).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015005-0000-0000", "contents": "1644 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1644.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015006-0000-0000", "contents": "1644 in music\nThe year 1644 in music involved some significant events and new musical works.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 92]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015007-0000-0000", "contents": "1644 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015007-0001-0000", "contents": "1644 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015007-0002-0000", "contents": "1644 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015008-0000-0000", "contents": "1644 in science\nThe year 1644 AD in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 92]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015009-0000-0000", "contents": "1644 papal conclave\nThe 1644 papal conclave was called upon the death of Pope Urban VIII. It lasted from 9 August to 15 September 1644; the cardinal electors chose Giovanni Battista Pamphili, who took office as Pope Innocent X.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015009-0001-0000", "contents": "1644 papal conclave, Background\nPope Urban VIII died on July 29, 1644. His reign (which included the costly First War of Castro) had been financially troubling for Rome and for the Church, and the conflict for control of the Church between Spain and France and the ongoing Thirty Years' War meant many cardinals arrived at the conclave seeking a compromise that would bring stability to the Church.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015009-0002-0000", "contents": "1644 papal conclave, Background\nBut Urban's reign had also subjected the Church to his notorious nepotism. He had appointed three family members as Cardinals; his brother Antonio Marcello Barberini and his two nephews, Francesco Barberini and Antonio Barberini. His nephews, especially, were keen to retain the wealth, power and property they had amassed during their uncle's reign and both sought to move the conclave in their favour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015009-0003-0000", "contents": "1644 papal conclave, Background\nThey started by hiring, it was rumoured, bands of brigands and mercenaries to roam the streets of the city causing trouble, creating noise and generally making it uncomfortable for the cardinals inside the conclave.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015009-0004-0000", "contents": "1644 papal conclave, Conclave\nAnne of Austria, French Queen Mother and sister to Philip IV of Spain, was adamant that none of the older cardinals appointed by the pro-Spanish Pope Paul V should be elected to the Papal throne.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015009-0005-0000", "contents": "1644 papal conclave, Conclave\nFrancesco Barberini sided with the cardinals loyal to Spain. Urban VIII had been a strong francophile and the mood of the conclave was with Spain from the beginning. Antonio, at the direction of Cardinal Jules Mazarin, sided with the cardinals loyal to France and was supported with funding from the French with which he was to buy wavering votes. Maria Antonietta Visceglia suggests that it may have been part of Spain's strategy to split the influence of the Barberini family.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015009-0006-0000", "contents": "1644 papal conclave, Conclave\nWith the Habsburgs in Spain as well as the Empire, the results of a papal election often depended on the strength, or lack thereof, of anti-Spain groups, and whether these could unite. Conclave protodeacon Cardinal Carlo de' Medici led a prestigious coalition of non-aligned Italian cardinal-princes connected to the Roman aristocracy. Urban's practice of concentrating power and curial appointments in his family and those related to his relatives came as a disappointment to those very cardinal-princes instrumental in his election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015009-0007-0000", "contents": "1644 papal conclave, Conclave\nAntonio Barberini continued to promote the candidacy of Cardinal Sacchetti, in accordance with the French policy. Urban VIII and his family had been so overly partial to the French that the Imperialists and the Spanish were determined that no supporter of French interests would be elected. On August 9, Spain's Cardinal Gil de Albornoz presented a veto against Sacchetti, signed by the king. Cardinal Antonio Barberini let it be known that the Barberini were prepared to stay in conclave until everyone died before they allowed someone who was not a member of their faction to be elected pope, and that their candidate was Sacchetti. The effect, however, was to increase opposition to Sacchetti.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 726]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015009-0008-0000", "contents": "1644 papal conclave, Conclave\nThe French Ambassador, Saint-Chamont, became alarmed by reports of the movement of Spanish Neapolitan troops on the southern border of the Papal States. He feared that this might be an invasion, with the purpose of capturing the College of Cardinals and forcing the election of a pope favorable to the Spanish interest. He assured the Cardinals the full support of the French, and informed them that the Marshal de Br\u00e9z\u00e9 was at Marseille, with a fleet and troops, prepared to rush to the assistance of the College of Cardinals. There were also French troops in Lombardy and Savoy who could be called upon to defend the Papal States if necessary. Similar assurances were offered by the Spanish ambassador and the Prince of Parma. Nothing came of the saber-rattling, except to unnerve some members of the Sacred College.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 848]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015009-0009-0000", "contents": "1644 papal conclave, Conclave\nCardinal Mazarin was furious and blamed the ambassador who in turn claimed Antonio Barberini had included the clause is his own agreement as an excuse for turning on the French and siding with the Spanish. Mazarin, keen to remain on good terms with the Barberini, recalled the ambassador and continued to support the Barberini. Mazarin later provided shelter for the Barberini nephews (including the cardinals' brother, Taddeo Barberini) after Innocent X had them investigated and exiled to Paris.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015009-0010-0000", "contents": "1644 papal conclave, Election of Innocent X\nThough it's likely he didn't have to, Francesco Barberini countered with a generous offer from the Spanish delegation, which included a promise of the protection of the King Philip IV of Spain for the Barberini (including Francesco himself). Antonio and his delegation agreed and the following morning, on 15 September 1644, Pamphili was elected and took the papal throne as Pope Innocent X.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015009-0011-0000", "contents": "1644 papal conclave, Election of Innocent X\nAmong Innocent X's first orders of business was to order the removal of the soldiers guarding the various palaces, princes, ambassadors and other notables. He also disbanded the conscripted mounted troops and foot soldiers so that Rome would be less of an armed camp.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015009-0012-0000", "contents": "1644 papal conclave, Election of Innocent X\nFurious at the power Innocent's election gave to his already-powerful sister-in-law, Olimpia Maidalchini, Cardinal Alessandro Bichi was said to have exclaimed, \"We have just elected a female pope\". Supporters of Bichi and the French delegation hung banners in churches calling her \"Pope Olimpia I\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015010-0000-0000", "contents": "1645\n1645 (MDCXLV) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar, the 1645th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 645th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 45th  year of the 17th\u00a0century, and the  6th   year of the 1640s decade. As of the start of 1645, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015011-0000-0000", "contents": "1645 Luzon earthquake\nThe 1645 Luzon earthquake was one of the most destructive earthquakes to hit the Philippines. It occurred on November 30 at about 08:00 PM local time on Luzon Island in the northern part of the country. The island was struck by a 7.5 Ms tremor produced by the San Manuel and Gabaldon Faults (Nueva Ecija) in the central section of the island.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015011-0001-0000", "contents": "1645 Luzon earthquake\nAftershocks continued a few days, then on December 4 at 11:00 pm, another event (allegedly equal or stronger than November 30) hit the area, causing further death and destruction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015011-0002-0000", "contents": "1645 Luzon earthquake\nIn Manila, damage was entirely severe: it almost \"crumbled\" ten newly constructed cathedrals in the capital, residential villas and other buildings. An estimated number of 600 Spanish people were killed, and about 3,000 Spanish were injured.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015014-0000-0000", "contents": "1645 in England\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by Camboxer (talk | contribs) at 17:04, 14 March 2020 (addition). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015014-0001-0000", "contents": "1645 in England\nEvents from the year 1645 in England. This is the fourth year of the First English Civil War, fought between Roundheads (Parliamentarians) and Cavaliers (Royalist supporters of King Charles I).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015021-0000-0000", "contents": "1645 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1645.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015023-0000-0000", "contents": "1645 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015023-0001-0000", "contents": "1645 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015023-0002-0000", "contents": "1645 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015024-0000-0000", "contents": "1645 in science\nThe year 1645 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015025-0000-0000", "contents": "164589 La Sagra\n164589 La Sagra, provisional designation 2007 PC11, is an asteroid of the Euterpe family from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 1.2 kilometers (0.75 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 11 August 2007, by astronomers of the Astronomical Observatory of Mallorca at its robotic La Sagra Observatory in Grenada, Spain. It was named after Mount La Sagra and the discovering La Sagra Observatory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015025-0001-0000", "contents": "164589 La Sagra, Orbit and classification\nLa Sagra is a member of the Euterpe family (410), a small family of stony asteroids named after its principal body, 27\u00a0Euterpe. It orbits the Sun in the inner asteroid belt at a distance of 1.9\u20133.0\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 10 months (1,395 days; semi-major axis of 2.44\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.22 and an inclination of 1\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with a precovery taken by Spacewatch in October 1992, nearly 15 years prior to its official discovery observation at La Sagra Observatory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015025-0002-0000", "contents": "164589 La Sagra, Naming\nThis minor planet takes its name from the mountain La Sagra (\"Sierra de La Sagra\"; 2,382 meters above sea level), the highest mountain of the Prebetic mountain range, on whose north hillside the La Sagra Observatory is located. This asteroid was the observatory's first numbered discovery. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 21 March 2008 (M.P.C. 62357).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015025-0003-0000", "contents": "164589 La Sagra, Physical characteristics\nSince Euterpe asteroids are of silicaceous rather than carbonaceous composition, with a relatively high albedo around 0.26 (also see list of families), La Sagra measures approximately 1.2 kilometer in diameter, based on an absolute magnitude of 16.6. As of 2018, no rotational lightcurve of La Sagra has been obtained from photometric observations. The body's rotation period, pole and shape remain unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015026-0000-0000", "contents": "1646\n1646 (MDCXLVI) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar, the 1646th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 646th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 46th  year of the 17th\u00a0century, and the  7th   year of the 1640s decade. As of the start of 1646, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015026-0001-0000", "contents": "1646\nIt is one of eight years (CE) to contain each Roman numeral once (1000(M)+500(D)+100(C)+(-10(X)+50(L))+5(V)+1(I) = 1646).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015027-0000-0000", "contents": "1646 Rosseland\n1646 Rosseland, provisional designation 1939 BG, is a stony asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 12 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 19 January 1939, by Finnish astronomer Yrj\u00f6 V\u00e4is\u00e4l\u00e4 at Turku Observatory in Southwest Finland. It was later named after Norwegian astrophysicist Svein Rosseland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015027-0001-0000", "contents": "1646 Rosseland, Orbit and classification\nThe S-type asteroid orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 2.1\u20132.6\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 8 months (1,324 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.12 and an inclination of 8\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. Rosseland was first observed at Johannesburg Observatory as 1937 QH, extending the body's observation arc by 2 years prior to its official discovery observation in 1939.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015027-0002-0000", "contents": "1646 Rosseland, Physical characteristics, Photometry\nAmerican astronomer Richard Binzel obtained the first rotational lightcurve of Rosseland in the early 1980s. It gave a rotation period of 69.2 hours with a brightness variation of 0.13 magnitude (U=2). During a survey of presumed slow rotators, photometric observations by Brazilian Cl\u00e1udia Angeli and colleges gave a period of 69.2 hours and an amplitude of 0.45 magnitude (U=1).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 52], "content_span": [53, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015027-0003-0000", "contents": "1646 Rosseland, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Rosseland measures between 11.48 and 13.49 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.18 and 0.2253. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 12.85 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 11.82.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 61], "content_span": [62, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015027-0004-0000", "contents": "1646 Rosseland, Naming\nThis minor planet was named in honor of renowned Norwegian astrophysicist Svein Rosseland (1894\u20131985), founder and first director of the Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics in Oslo. His work on the theory of stellar interiors included studies of stellar rotation and stability and the derivation of the Rosseland mean opacity. The lunar crater Rosseland is also named after him. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 February 1976 (M.P.C. 3932).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015029-0000-0000", "contents": "1646 in England\nEvents from the year 1646 in England. This is the fifth and last year of the First English Civil War, fought between Roundheads (Parliamentarians) and Cavaliers (Royalist supporters of King Charles I).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015035-0000-0000", "contents": "1646 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1646.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015037-0000-0000", "contents": "1646 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015037-0001-0000", "contents": "1646 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015037-0002-0000", "contents": "1646 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015038-0000-0000", "contents": "1646 in science\nThe year 1646 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015039-0000-0000", "contents": "1647\n1647 (MDCXLVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar, the 1647th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 647th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 47th  year of the 17th\u00a0century, and the  8th   year of the 1640s decade. As of the start of 1647, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015040-0000-0000", "contents": "1647 AM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1647\u00a0kHz:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 72]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015041-0000-0000", "contents": "1647 Menelaus\n1647 Menelaus /m\u025bn\u0259\u02c8le\u026a\u0259s/ is a mid-sized Jupiter trojan from the Greek camp, approximately 42 kilometers (26 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 23 June 1957 by American astronomer Seth Nicholson at the Palomar Observatory in California, and later named after the Spartan King Menelaus from Greek mythology. The dark asteroid has a rotation period of 17.7 hours. It is the principal body of the proposed Menelaus cluster, which encompasses several, mostly tentative Jovian asteroid families.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015041-0001-0000", "contents": "1647 Menelaus, Orbit and classification\nMenelaus is a dark Jovian asteroid in a 1:1 orbital resonance with Jupiter. It is located in the leading Greek camp at the Gas Giant's L4 Lagrangian point, 60\u00b0 ahead on its orbit (see Trojans in astronomy). Since the discovery of the first Jupiter trojan, 588 Achilles, by astronomer Max Wolf in 1906, more than 7000 Jovian asteroids have already been discovered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015041-0002-0000", "contents": "1647 Menelaus, Orbit and classification\nIt orbits the Sun at a distance of 5.1\u20135.3\u00a0AU once every 11 years and 11 months (4,347 days; semi-major axis of 5.21\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.02 and an inclination of 6\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. Menelaus was first imaged at Palomar in November 1951. This precovery extends the body's observation arc by more than 5 years prior to its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015041-0003-0000", "contents": "1647 Menelaus, Orbit and classification, Menelaus cluster\nIn 1993, Andrea Milani suggested that Menelaus might be the parent body of an asteroid family based on a modified HCM-analysis. The finding was also mentioned by David Jewitt in 2004, who noted that the Menelaus family is the largest proposed dynamical family to exist among the Jupiter trojans, despite having only 8 members.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 57], "content_span": [58, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015041-0004-0000", "contents": "1647 Menelaus, Orbit and classification, Menelaus cluster\nIn 2008, Fernando Roig and Ricardo Gil-Hutton described this particular aggregation of Jupiter trojans as the \"Menelaus clan\", which, similar to the Flora family in the inner asteroid belt, is composed of several families (or subfamilies). In this publication, the Menelaus clan encompasses a dozen clusters, if the separation criteria used in the HCM analysis are sufficiently relaxed. The principal bodies of these proposed family-like clusters include: 1647 Menelaus, 3548\u00a0Eurybates, 1749\u00a0Telamon, 12973\u00a0Melanthios, 13062\u00a0Podarkes, 5436\u00a0Eumelos, 2148\u00a0Epeios, 4007\u00a0Euryalos, 4138\u00a0Kalchas, 3063\u00a0Makhaon and others.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 57], "content_span": [58, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015041-0005-0000", "contents": "1647 Menelaus, Orbit and classification, Menelaus cluster\nWith the exception of the Eurybates family, which was studies in more detail by Jakub Rozehnal and Miroslav Bro\u017e in 2011 (also see 3548 Eurybates \u00a7\u00a0Eurybates family), all other proposed families with their principal bodies in the Menelaus clan, including Menelaus itself, are tentative and not listed neither on the Asteroids\u2014Dynamic Site (Milani and Kne\u017eevi\u0107), nor included in the robust HCM-analysis by Nesvorn\u00fd (also see Asteroid family \u00a7\u00a0All families). Instead, these bodies are considered non-family asteroids of the Jovian background population.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 57], "content_span": [58, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015041-0006-0000", "contents": "1647 Menelaus, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the Greek mythological figure, Menelaus, husband of Helen of Troy, brother of Agamemnon, and king and leader of the Spartan contingent of the Greek army during the Trojan War. The discoverer followed the convention to name bodies located in the camp to the east of Jupiter after famous Greek heroes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015041-0007-0000", "contents": "1647 Menelaus, Naming\nThe Dictionary of Minor Planet Names also mentions that the lunar crater Menelaus was named after the Greek hero. However, based on the official International Astronomical Union\u2013WGPSN nomenclature, it is named after Greek geometer and astronomer Menelaus of Alexandria (70\u2013140). The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center in June 1960 (M.P.C. 2019).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015041-0008-0000", "contents": "1647 Menelaus, Physical characteristics\nMenelaus is an assumed C-type, while most larger Jupiter trojans are D-type asteroids. It has a V\u2013I color index of 0.866.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015041-0009-0000", "contents": "1647 Menelaus, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nThe Palomar Transient Factory in California obtained a rotational lightcurve of Menelaus from photometric observation in the R-band in October 2010. It gave a rotation period of 17.7390 hours with a brightness variation of 0.32 magnitude in the R-band (U=2). In February 2014, a refined period of 17.74\u00b10.01 hours with an amplitude of 0.15 magnitude was determined by American astronomer Robert D. Stephens at the Center for Solar System Studies (U=3-).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 56], "content_span": [57, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015041-0010-0000", "contents": "1647 Menelaus, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Menelaus measures 42.72 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.056. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for carbonaceous asteroids of 0.057 and calculates a diameter of 44.22 kilometers using an absolute magnitude of 10.5.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015041-0011-0000", "contents": "1647 Menelaus, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nNote: missing data was completed with figures from the JPL SBDB () and from the LCDB () for the WISE/NEOWISE and SIMPS catalogs, respectively. These figures are given in italics. Also, listing is incomplete above #100.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015042-0000-0000", "contents": "1647 Santiago earthquake\nThe 1647 Santiago earthquake struck Santiago, Chile on the night of 13 May (22:30 local time, 02:30 UTC on 14 May) and is said to have brought virtually every building in the city to the ground. The earthquake was felt throughout the so-called Captaincy General of Chile, an administrative territory of the Spanish Empire. The maximum felt intensity was XI on the Mercalli intensity scale and there were about a thousand casualties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015042-0001-0000", "contents": "1647 Santiago earthquake, Tectonic setting\nChile lies along the destructive plate boundary between the Nazca Plate and the South American Plate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 42], "content_span": [43, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015042-0002-0000", "contents": "1647 Santiago earthquake, Damage\nThe earthquake was the most damaging in the history of Santiago. Damaged buildings included the Iglesia San Agust\u00edn (Saint Augustine Church). Inside the church, the Cristo de Mayo crucifix was undamaged except for its crown of thorns which had fallen to Christ's neck, despite the diameter of the crown being smaller than that of the head. The Bishop of Santiago, friar Gaspar de Villaroel, salvaged the image from the debris and dragged it from the church to the Plaza de Armas to display to the gathering survivors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 32], "content_span": [33, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015042-0003-0000", "contents": "1647 Santiago earthquake, Characteristics\nThe cause of the earthquake is not known with certainty, although from contemporary reports, it appears unlikely to have been a megathrust event. It may have been either an extensional event within the Benioff zone, or a shallow focus intraplate event, possibly along the San Ram\u00f3n Fault.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 41], "content_span": [42, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015042-0004-0000", "contents": "1647 Santiago earthquake, Aftermath\nAfter the earthquake the Cristo de Mayo crucifix was kept in the home of the landowner Catalina de los R\u00edos y Lisperguer, better known as La Quintrala, until her death in 1665. Each year since 1647 on May 13, many townspeople gather to commemorate the earthquake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 35], "content_span": [36, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015042-0005-0000", "contents": "1647 Santiago earthquake, Aftermath\nSome days after the earthquakes the city was affected by heavy rains which made the problems of sanitation worse. Over the next few weeks an estimated 2,000 people died of \"chabalongo\", the name then used for typhus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 35], "content_span": [36, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015042-0006-0000", "contents": "1647 Santiago earthquake, Aftermath\nDue to the high level of damage caused by the earthquake the government considered moving the capital a few kilometers farther north (in the area that is currently known as Quillota). The decision was made, however, to reconstruct Santiago on the same site.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 35], "content_span": [36, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015042-0007-0000", "contents": "1647 Santiago earthquake, Aftermath\nGaspar de Villarroel, Bishop of Santiago, said that the earthquake should not be considered as divine punishment for the sins of the inhabitants, adding that \"it will be a mortal sin to judge that their (the citizens') sins destroyed this city\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 35], "content_span": [36, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015042-0008-0000", "contents": "1647 Santiago earthquake, In literature\nThe earthquake was the subject of a novella, The Earthquake in Chile, by the German author Heinrich von Kleist, published in 1807.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 39], "content_span": [40, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015050-0000-0000", "contents": "1647 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1647.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015052-0000-0000", "contents": "1647 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015052-0001-0000", "contents": "1647 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015052-0002-0000", "contents": "1647 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015053-0000-0000", "contents": "1647 in science\nThe year 1647 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015054-0000-0000", "contents": "1648\n1648 (MDCXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a leap year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar, the 1648th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 648th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 48th  year of the 17th\u00a0century, and the  9th   year of the 1640s decade. As of the start of 1648, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015054-0001-0000", "contents": "1648\n1648 has been suggested as possibly the last year in which the overall human population declined, coming towards the end of a broader period of global instability which included the collapse of the Ming dynasty and the Thirty Years' War, the latter of which ended in 1648 with the Peace of Westphalia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015055-0000-0000", "contents": "1648 Polish\u2013Lithuanian royal election\nThe 1648 free election in the Polish\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth began on October 6, 1648, and ended on November 17 of the same year. The new King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania was John II Casimir, the younger brother of previous king, W\u0142adys\u0142aw IV, who had died on May 20, 1648.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015055-0001-0000", "contents": "1648 Polish\u2013Lithuanian royal election, Background\nThe death of King W\u0142adys\u0142aw IV, which took place in the town of Merecz (now Merkine), was not a surprise, as the king, despite being only 52 years of age, suffered from gout and kidney failure. W\u0142adys\u0142aw died at the beginning of the Khmelnytsky Uprising, which devastated southeastern part of the enormous country. Following the customary rule, Poland\u2013Lithuania was ruled by an interrex, the senile Primate Maciej \u0141ubie\u0144ski. Due to \u0141ubie\u0144ski\u2019s health problems, the powerful Crown Chancellor Jerzy Ossoli\u0144ski became the de facto interrex.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 49], "content_span": [50, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015055-0002-0000", "contents": "1648 Polish\u2013Lithuanian royal election, Background\nThe 1648 free election was, to a large degree, influenced by the ongoing conflict in the Ukrainian provinces of Poland. The two opposing factions that emerged during the election were:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 49], "content_span": [50, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015055-0003-0000", "contents": "1648 Polish\u2013Lithuanian royal election, Background\nApart from the two House of Vasa candidates, the Protestant nobility supported Sigismund Rakoczi, son of Duke of Transilvania, George I Rakoczi. Sigismund was also backed by Orthodox Christians, and by Bohdan Khmelnytsky.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 49], "content_span": [50, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015055-0004-0000", "contents": "1648 Polish\u2013Lithuanian royal election, Convocation Sejm\nThe so-called Convocation Sejm convened in Warsaw on July 16, 1648, and deliberated until August 1. The two camps argued with each other, as the pro-war faction blamed late King W\u0142adys\u0142aw and Jerzy Ossoli\u0144ski for the outbreak of the uprising in the Polish Ukraine. Upon the request of Ossolinski, the Sejm became a confederation, in order to begin negotiations with Khmelnytsky, and to break down the Zaporizhian Cossack - Crimean Tatar alliance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 55], "content_span": [56, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015055-0005-0000", "contents": "1648 Polish\u2013Lithuanian royal election, Election\nThe election, which began on October 6, 1648, took place in the shadow of a disastrous Polish defeat in the Battle of Pilawce, in which Polish forces were commanded by  W\u0142adys\u0142aw Dominik Zas\u0142awski, Miko\u0142aj Ostror\u00f3g and Aleksander Koniecpolski. All three supported the Prince-Bishop of Breslau Charles Ferdinand, but despite this, the outcome of the election was uncertain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 47], "content_span": [48, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015055-0006-0000", "contents": "1648 Polish\u2013Lithuanian royal election, Election\nSince both candidates enjoyed widespread support among the electors, there was a danger that a double election would take place, similar to the one in 1587. The situation did not change after Queen Marie Louise Gonzaga expressed her support of John Casimir. Furthermore, John Casimir was backed by the Kingdom of France, the Swedish Empire and Brandenburg-Prussia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 47], "content_span": [48, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015055-0007-0000", "contents": "1648 Polish\u2013Lithuanian royal election, Election\nThe stalemate ended when Sigismund Rakoczi backed out of the election, after the death of his father (on October 11). Hetman Janusz Radziwi\u0142\u0142, who had supported Rakoczi, then decided to back John Casimir. Also, Bohdan Khmelnytsky, himself a Polish subject, who at the same time commanded the siege of Zamo\u015b\u0107 Fortress, sent a letter to Warsaw, expressing his support of John. Khmelnytsky\u2019s letter was welcomed by the electors, who hoped for a truce with the Cossacks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 47], "content_span": [48, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015055-0008-0000", "contents": "1648 Polish\u2013Lithuanian royal election, Election\nSince Charles was well aware that his election would mean war, and that the situation in the Commonwealth was difficult, he decided to withdraw his nomination (November 11, 1648). In exchange, he received the Duchy of Opole and Racib\u00f3rz and two abbeys.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 47], "content_span": [48, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015055-0009-0000", "contents": "1648 Polish\u2013Lithuanian royal election, Election\nOn November 17, John Casimir Vasa was elected as the new King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania. Three days later, he signed the pacta conventa, and Primate \u0141ubie\u0144ski confirmed the nomination. The coronation took place in Krak\u00f3w\u2019s Wawel Cathedral, on January 17, 1649.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 47], "content_span": [48, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015056-0000-0000", "contents": "1648 Shajna\n1648 Shajna, provisional designation 1935 RF, is a stony asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 9 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 5 September 1935, by Russian astronomer Pelageya Shajn at Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula. Two weeks later, it was independently discovered by Cyril Jackson at Johannesburg Observatory, South Africa. It was later named after the discoverer and her husband, Russian astronomers Grigory Shajn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015056-0001-0000", "contents": "1648 Shajna, Orbit and classification\nShajna orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.8\u20132.7\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 4 months (1,221 days). Its well-determined orbit has an eccentricity of 0.21 and an inclination of 5\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. In 1921, Shajna was first identified as 1921 GB at Heidelberg Observatory. Its first used observation was taken at Uccle in 1934, when it was identified as 1934 CK1, extending the body's observation arc by one year prior to its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015056-0002-0000", "contents": "1648 Shajna, Rotation period\nIn July 2005, a rotational lightcurve of was obtained by French amateur astronomer Laurent Bernasconi. It gave a well-defined rotation period of 6.4140 hours with a brightness variation of 0.65 magnitude (U=3). Two modeled lightcurves from various surveys including the Lowell photometric database gave similar periods of 6.41368 and 6.41369 hours (U=n.a.). Photometric observations at the Palomar Transient Factory in September 2012, gave nearly identical periods of 6.4140 and 6.4248 hours in the R- and S-band, respectively (U=2/2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 28], "content_span": [29, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015056-0003-0000", "contents": "1648 Shajna, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Shajna measures between 8.26 and 9.45 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.191 and 0.35. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 9.23 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 12.54.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 32], "content_span": [33, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015056-0004-0000", "contents": "1648 Shajna, Naming\nThis minor planet was named in honor of the late couple of Russian astronomers Grigory Shajn (1892\u20131956) and the discoverer herself, Pelageya Shajn (1894\u20131956), first woman ever to discover a minor planet. The asteroid 1190\u00a0Pelagia is also named after her, while her husband is honored by the lunar crater Shayn. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 February 1962 (M.P.C. 2117).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015058-0000-0000", "contents": "1648 in England\nEvents from the year 1648 in England. The Second English Civil War begins.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015065-0000-0000", "contents": "1648 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1648.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015067-0000-0000", "contents": "1648 in poetry\n\u2014 First lines from Robert Herrick's To the Virgins, to Make Much of Time, first published this year", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015067-0001-0000", "contents": "1648 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015067-0002-0000", "contents": "1648 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015067-0003-0000", "contents": "1648 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015068-0000-0000", "contents": "1648 in science\nThe year 1648 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015069-0000-0000", "contents": "1649\n1649 (MDCXLIX) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar, the 1649th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 649th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 49th  year of the 17th\u00a0century, and the  10th  and last year of the 1640s decade. As of the start of 1649, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015071-0000-0000", "contents": "1649 in England\nEvents from the year 1649 in England. The Second English Civil War ends and the Third English Civil War begins.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015074-0000-0000", "contents": "1649 in Norway, Deaths\nThis year in Norway article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015077-0000-0000", "contents": "1649 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1649.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015079-0000-0000", "contents": "1649 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015079-0001-0000", "contents": "1649 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015079-0002-0000", "contents": "1649 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015080-0000-0000", "contents": "1649 in science\nThe year 1649 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015082-0000-0000", "contents": "164th (North Lancashire) Brigade\nThe 164th (North Lancashire) Brigade was an infantry brigade of the British Army that saw active service in the First World War as part of the 55th (West Lancashire) Division. As the 164th Infantry Brigade, it remained in the United Kingdom throughout the Second World War, as part of the 55th (West Lancashire) Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015082-0001-0000", "contents": "164th (North Lancashire) Brigade, Formation\nThe brigade was raised in 1908 when the Territorial Force was created and was originally formed as the North Lancashire Brigade, attached to the West Lancashire Division. The brigade was composed of two Volunteer battalions of the King's Own Royal Regiment (Lancaster) and two of the Loyal Regiment (North Lancashire).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015082-0002-0000", "contents": "164th (North Lancashire) Brigade, First World War\nThe division was mobilised on 5 August 1914, the day after Britain declared war on Germany, thus beginning the First World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 49], "content_span": [50, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015082-0003-0000", "contents": "164th (North Lancashire) Brigade, First World War\nFrom late 1914 to early 1915 units of the brigade began to be sent independently overseas, mainly to France and Belgium, and were replaced by the 2nd Line units being formed, the 170th (2/1st North Lancashire) Brigade of 57th (2nd West Lancashire) Division. To differentiate the 1st Line battalions from the 2nd Line, the prefix '1/' was adopted by all 1st Line battalions (1/4th King's Own) and '2/' for all 2nd Line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 49], "content_span": [50, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015082-0004-0000", "contents": "164th (North Lancashire) Brigade, First World War\nIn April 1915 the 164th Brigade was redesignated 154th Brigade and joined the 51st (Highland) Division. In June 1916 the brigade, now again redesignated 164th (1st North Lancashire) Brigade, returned to the West Lancashire Division, now the 55th (West Lancashire) Division, and served with it for the rest of the war on the Western Front in battles at Passchendaele, Cambrai and Estaires in 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 49], "content_span": [50, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015082-0005-0000", "contents": "164th (North Lancashire) Brigade, Interwar years\nBoth the brigade and division were disbanded after the war in 1919 but later reformed in 1920 in the Territorial Army as the 164th (North Lancashire) Infantry Brigade and continued to serve with the 55th Division. The brigade was reconstituted with the same four battalions as it had before the First World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 48], "content_span": [49, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015082-0006-0000", "contents": "164th (North Lancashire) Brigade, Interwar years\nHowever, in the late 1930s the brigade saw all of its battalions posted away or converted to other roles: in 1938 the 4th Battalion, King's Own Royal Regiment (Lancaster) was transferred to the Royal Artillery and converted into the 56th (King's Own) Anti -Tank Regiment, Royal Artillery, the 5th Battalion, King's Own was transferred to the 126th (East Lancashire) Infantry Brigade, 55th (West Lancashire) Infantry Division. They were both replaced in the brigade by the 4th and 5th battalions of the South Lancashire Regiment, from the 166th (South Lancashire) Infantry Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 48], "content_span": [49, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015082-0007-0000", "contents": "164th (North Lancashire) Brigade, Interwar years\nThe 4th Battalion, Loyal Regiment (North Lancashire) was transferred to the Royal Engineers and became the 62nd (Loyals) Searchlight Regiment and the 5th Battalion was converted into a reconnaissance motorcycle battalion when the 55th Division was reorganised as a motorised infantry division and the 164th Brigade was disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 48], "content_span": [49, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015082-0008-0000", "contents": "164th (North Lancashire) Brigade, Interwar years\nIt was, however, reformed in mid-1939, now as the 164th Infantry Brigade, when the 55th Division was ordered to form a duplicate division, the 59th (Staffordshire) Infantry Division. The 164th Brigade again came under command of the 55th (West Lancashire) Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 48], "content_span": [49, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015082-0009-0000", "contents": "164th (North Lancashire) Brigade, Second World War\nThe brigade again served in the Second World War with the division throughout the war and, in October 1941, no longer was an operational formation to be sent overseas. In January 1942 it was reduced to a Lower Establishment yet it was not reduced to a training division as most others were. In December 1943, with the division, it was sent to Northern Ireland and was raised to a Higher Establishment in May 1944, before returning to the United Kingdom in July. It served there until the war finally ended in 1945 and the division was disbanded in 1946 and was not reformed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015083-0000-0000", "contents": "164th Air Defense Artillery Brigade (United States)\nThe 164th Air Defense Artillery Brigade is an air defense artillery brigade of the United States Army as part of the Florida Army National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015083-0001-0000", "contents": "164th Air Defense Artillery Brigade (United States)\nThe unit is headquartered in Orlando, Florida on the site of the former McCoy Air Force Base and is composed of two air defense artillery battalions and one field artillery battalion located at 12 National Guard armories across Central Florida.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015083-0002-0000", "contents": "164th Air Defense Artillery Brigade (United States), Recent Activities\nThe unit has supported the homeland defense mission through seven deployments commanding a multi-component task force responsible for securing the airspace in and around the National Capital Region. The latest deployment is Task Force Apollo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 70], "content_span": [71, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015083-0003-0000", "contents": "164th Air Defense Artillery Brigade (United States), Recent Activities\nIn 2016, the brigade headquarters participated in Warfighter 16\u20133, a corps-level exercise in Fort Carson, Colorado, that allowed the unit to practice its warfighting functions, integrate as a fully functioning staff, and achieve its training objectives of planning and executing a theater-level air defense mission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 70], "content_span": [71, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015083-0004-0000", "contents": "164th Air Defense Artillery Brigade (United States), Recent Activities\nIn response to Hurricane Matthew, the brigade was activated in its entirety, with 1,139 Soldiers assigned to 14 counties from 6\u201310 October 2016. Brigade Soldiers staffed 21 shelter in 5 counties for 3,304 displaced persons; distributed 34,824 bottles of water, 17,364 MREs, and 377 tarps at 6 Point of Distribution Sites; and conducted one security mission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 70], "content_span": [71, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015083-0005-0000", "contents": "164th Air Defense Artillery Brigade (United States), Recent Activities\nLater in 2016, the brigade headquarters participated in Yama Sakura 71, a theater-level exercise on Kyushu, Japan to enhance the U.S. and Japan's combat readiness and interoperability, strengthen bilateral relationships, and demonstrate U.S. resolve to support the security interests of allies and partners in the Indo-Asia-Pacific region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 70], "content_span": [71, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015083-0006-0000", "contents": "164th Air Defense Artillery Brigade (United States), Recent Activities\nIn response to Hurricane Irma, the brigade was activated in its entirety and augmented with almost 400 Airmen, as well as Emergency Assistance Compact (EMAC) forces from the Georgia National Guard (both Army and Air), the New Jersey Army National Guard, and the United States Army Reserve, performing missions in 27 counties from 7\u201323 September 2017. Brigade Soldiers rescued hundreds of persons from rising water; staffed 79 shelters for 10,260 displaced persons; distributed 1,914,864 bottles of water, 1,013,808 MREs, and 366 tons of ice at 40 Point of Distribution Sites; and conducted six security missions. The University of Central Florida housed many brigade units in their stadium and practice field house, made available because of a canceled football game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 70], "content_span": [71, 838]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015084-0000-0000", "contents": "164th Airlift Squadron\nThe 164th Airlift Squadron (164 AS) is a squadron of the Ohio Air National Guard 179th Airlift Wing located at Mansfield Lahm Air National Guard Base, Mansfield, Ohio. The 164th is equipped with the C-130 Hercules.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015084-0001-0000", "contents": "164th Airlift Squadron, History, World War II\nThe 363d Fighter Squadron was established at Hamilton Field, California in December 1942. Began training on the P-39 Airacobra at Tonopah Army Airfield, Nevada.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015084-0002-0000", "contents": "164th Airlift Squadron, History, World War II\nBecame part of the United States Air Forces in Europe army of occupation in Germany during 1945. Inactivated in Germany during August 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015084-0003-0000", "contents": "164th Airlift Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard\nThe wartime 363d Fighter Squadron was re-designated as the 164th Fighter Squadron, and was allotted to the Ohio Air National Guard, on 24 May 1946. It was organized at Mansfield Lahm Regional Airport, Ohio, and was extended federal recognition on 20 June 1948 by the National Guard Bureau. The 164th Fighter Squadron was bestowed the lineage, history, honors, and colors of the 363d Fighter Squadron. The squadron was equipped with F-51D Mustangs and was assigned to the Ohio ANG 55th Fighter Wing, operationally gained by Continental Air Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 56], "content_span": [57, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015084-0004-0000", "contents": "164th Airlift Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Air Defense\nWith the formation and federal recognition of the Ohio ANG 121st Fighter Group at Lockbourne Field, near Columbus, the squadron was reassigned. The mission of the 164th Fighter Squadron was the air defense of Ohio. Parts were no problem and many of the maintenance personnel were World War II veterans so readiness was quite high and the planes were often much better maintained than their USAF counterparts. In some ways, the postwar Air National Guard was almost like a flying country club and a pilot could often show up at the field, check out an aircraft and go flying.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 69], "content_span": [70, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015084-0004-0001", "contents": "164th Airlift Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Air Defense\nHowever, the unit also had regular military exercises that kept up proficiency and in gunnery and bombing contests they would often score at least as well or better than active-duty USAF units, given the fact that most ANG pilots were World War II combat veterans. In 1949 the squadron exchanged its F-51Ds for F-51H Mustang very long range escort fighters that were suitable for long-range interception of unknown aircraft identified by Ground Control Interceptor radar stations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 69], "content_span": [70, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015084-0005-0000", "contents": "164th Airlift Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Air Defense\nWith the surprise invasion of South Korea on 25 June 1950, and the regular military's complete lack of readiness, most of the Air National Guard was federalized and placed on active duty. The 164th Fighter Squadron was federalized on 10 February 1951. The 164th, however, was selected to remain in Ohio and continue the air defense mission, being operationally gained by the Eastern Air Defense Force, Air Defense Command. With the end of the federalization of the Air National Guard in 1952, the 164th again was assigned to the 121st Tactical Fighter Group at Columbus, however the squadron remained in an attached status to Air Defense Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 69], "content_span": [70, 716]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015084-0006-0000", "contents": "164th Airlift Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Air Defense\nIn September 1953 after the Korean War, the 164th received its first jet aircraft, refurbished F-80A Shooting Stars that had been modified and upgraded to F-80C standards. The squadron only operated the Shooting Star for a year when in October 1954 the equipment was changed to F-84E Thunderjets that had returned from wartime duty in Korea. In August 1954, the 164th began standing daytime air defense alert at Mansfield, placing two aircraft at the end of the runway with pilots in the cockpit from one hour before sunrise until one hour after sunset. This ADC alert lasted each and every day until 30 June 1956.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 69], "content_span": [70, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015084-0007-0000", "contents": "164th Airlift Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Air Defense\nIn early 1957, the squadron sent their war-weary Thunderjets to storage at Davis-Monthan AFB, Arizona and received new F-84F Thunderstreak swept-wing interceptors. Later in 1957, the 164th Fighter-Bomber Squadron received the 1st Air Force Flying Safety Award for three consecutive years of accident-free flying, an impressive accomplishment as in the previous three years the squadron had flown three different types of aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 69], "content_span": [70, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015084-0008-0000", "contents": "164th Airlift Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command\nOn 10 November 1958, the squadron was re-designated as the 164th Tactical Fighter Squadron and the squadron ended its attachment to Air Defense Command, returning to Tactical Air Command control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 78], "content_span": [79, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015084-0009-0000", "contents": "164th Airlift Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command\nDuring the 1961 Berlin Crisis, the 164th was federalized as part of the 121st Tactical Fighter Wing and Group for a period of twelve months beginning on 1 October. When activated, the 121st TFW consisted of three operational units, the 162d Tactical Fighter Squadron, based at Springfield Municipal Airport, Springfield Ohio; the 166th Tactical Fighter Squadron based at Lockbourne AFB, Ohio, and the 164th TFS at Mansfied. However, due to funding shortages, only 26 F-84F's of 166th TFS were deployed to \u00c9tain-Rouvres Air Base, France, although several ground support units from the 162d and 164th were also deployed. The squadron, however, remained under Federal USAF control until the crisis ended and it was returned to Ohio state control on 31 August 1962.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 78], "content_span": [79, 840]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015084-0010-0000", "contents": "164th Airlift Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command\nAfter the Berlin Federalization ended on 15 October 1962, the 164th was authorized to expand to a group level, and the 179th Tactical Fighter Group was established by the National Guard Bureau. The 164th TFS becoming the group's flying squadron. Other squadrons assigned into the group were the 179th Headquarters, 179th Material Squadron (Maintenance), 179th Combat Support Squadron, and the 179th USAF Dispensary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 78], "content_span": [79, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015084-0011-0000", "contents": "164th Airlift Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command\nThe squadron continued normal peacetime training throughout the 1960s. Individual squadron members volunteered for duty during the Vietnam War, however the 164th was not federalized in 1968 as the F-84Fs were not considered front line combat aircraft. In February 1972, the squadron retired its Thunderstreaks and converted to the F-100 Super Sabre as a result of the American draw-down from the Vietnam War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 78], "content_span": [79, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015084-0012-0000", "contents": "164th Airlift Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Tactical Airlift\nThe squadron flew the F-100s until the winter of 1976 when the 179th was transferred from Tactical Air Command to Military Airlift Command on 5 January. At this time, the unit converted to the C-130B Hercules and received a complement of eight aircraft. With the change of equipment, the unit was designated a Tactical Airlift Group. Upgrade to the C-130H was completed in 1991.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 74], "content_span": [75, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015084-0013-0000", "contents": "164th Airlift Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Tactical Airlift\nThe 179th Airlift Group was active during Desert Shield/Storm providing airlift support throughout the Continental United States and Europe. Portions of the 179th were activated during Desert Shield/Storm and served in the US, Europe and Saudi Arabia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 74], "content_span": [75, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015084-0014-0000", "contents": "164th Airlift Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Tactical Airlift\nIn March 1992, the 179th adopted the USAF Objective Wing organization and became simply the 179th Airlift Group; the 164th as an Airlift Squadron. On 1 June of that year, Military Airlift Command was inactivated as part of the Air Force restructuring after the end of the Cold War. Air Mobility Command (AMC) initially became the gaining major command for the 179th, although on 1 October 1993, it was moved to Air Combat Command (ACC) along with the other C-130 units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 74], "content_span": [75, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015084-0015-0000", "contents": "164th Airlift Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Tactical Airlift\nWith the Air National Guard in the post Cold War era providing nearly 50% of the USAF's tactical airlift capability, the 179th Airlift Group supported combat and humanitarian operations and exercises around the world, beginning in July 1992 as part of Operation Provide Promise; a humanitarian relief operation in Bosnia and Herzegovina during the Yugoslav War. Ongoing until 1996 airlift units delivered food, medicine, and supplies and evacuating over 1,300 wounded people from the region. It the longest running humanitarian airlift in history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 74], "content_span": [75, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015084-0016-0000", "contents": "164th Airlift Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Tactical Airlift\nIn late 1992, the 179th began airlifting personnel, equipment and supplies to Somalia as part of Operation Restore Hope. The Air Force enlisted Air National Guard units being charged with carrying out United Nations Security Council Resolution 794: to create a protected environment for conducting humanitarian operations in the southern half of Somalia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 74], "content_span": [75, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015084-0017-0000", "contents": "164th Airlift Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Tactical Airlift\nThe 179th was also engaged in Operation Uphold Democracy (19 September 1994 \u2013 31 March 1995) providing airlift support to United States military forces in Hati during its military intervention designed to remove the military regime installed by the 1991 Haitian coup d'\u00e9tat that overthrew the elected President Jean-Bertrand Aristide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 74], "content_span": [75, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015084-0018-0000", "contents": "164th Airlift Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Tactical Airlift\nOn 11 October 1995, in accordance with the Air Force One Base-One Wing directive, the 179th Airlift Group was expanded and changed in status to the 179th Airlift Wing. Under the Objective Wing organization, the 164th Airlift Squadron was assigned to the 179th Operations Group. Support groups to the wing were the 179th Maintenance Group, 179th Mission Support Group and the 179th Medical Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 74], "content_span": [75, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015084-0019-0000", "contents": "164th Airlift Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Tactical Airlift\nIn mid-1996, the Air Force, in response to budget cuts, and changing world situations, began experimenting with Air Expeditionary organizations. The Air Expeditionary Force (AEF) concept was developed that would mix Active-Duty, Reserve and Air National Guard elements into a combined force. Instead of entire permanent units deploying as \"Provisional\" as in the 1991 Gulf War, Expeditionary units are composed of \"aviation packages\" from several wings, including active-duty Air Force, the Air Force Reserve Command and the Air National Guard, would be married together to carry out the assigned deployment rotation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 74], "content_span": [75, 692]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015084-0020-0000", "contents": "164th Airlift Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Tactical Airlift\nIn December 1996, the 164th Expeditionary Airlift Squadron (164th EAS) was first formed from 179th personnel and aircraft and deployed to Pisa Airport, Italy in support of Operation Joint Guard. It assisted in providing logistical support to NATO-led multinational peacekeeping force in Bosnia and Herzegovina which was tasked with upholding the Dayton Peace Agreement. This ongoing commitment continued until 1998. Other Air Expeditionary Force deployments in the late 1990s included Operation Joint Endeavor, Operation Joint Forge and Operation Shining Hope, all addressing the Yugoslavian crises of the era.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 74], "content_span": [75, 685]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015084-0021-0000", "contents": "164th Airlift Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Modern Era\nAfter the events of 11 September 2001 the 164th EAS has been activated on several occasions, initially providing logistic support for Air Force fighter squadrons engaged in Combat Air Patrols over major cities during Operation Noble Eagle in late 2001 and 2002. The EAS has seen duty in Afghanistan as part of Operation Enduring Freedom and Iraq as part of Operation Iraqi Freedom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 68], "content_span": [69, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015084-0022-0000", "contents": "164th Airlift Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Modern Era\nIn its 2005 BRAC Recommendations, DoD recommended to close Mansfield-Lahm Municipal Airport Air Guard Station (AGS), Ohio. The 179th Airlift Squadron would distribute its eight C-130H aircraft The 908th Airlift Wing (AFR), Maxwell AFB, Alabama (four aircraft), and the 314th Airlift Wing, Little Rock AFB, Arkansas (four aircraft). Flying related Expeditionary Combat Support (ECS) moves to Louisville IAP AGS, KY (aerial port) and Toledo Express Airport AGS, OH (fire fighters). However, due to the base's superior record and recommendations for reconsideration by state and local officials, the base was incorporated into the Ohio Air National Guard's future by receiving a bridge mission of flying a C-21 Learjet mission until it becomes operational in the C-27J Spartan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 68], "content_span": [69, 843]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015084-0023-0000", "contents": "164th Airlift Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Modern Era\nOn 20 July 2008, the 179th AW continued its growth by the standing up of the 200th Red Horse (Rapid Engineer Deployable Heavy Operational Repair Squadron Engineers) detachment. The Mansfield base has been assigned with 200 Red Horse personnel and another 200 will be assigned to Port Clinton. A new building across the airfield is to be constructed to house the attachment with an approximated completion in 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 68], "content_span": [69, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015084-0024-0000", "contents": "164th Airlift Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Modern Era\nThe 179th AW, along with the 175th Wing of the Maryland Air National Guard, was the first unit to train and deploy the C-27J Spartan in 2010. Airmen from the 179th Airlift Wing made Air National Guard history 26 July 2011, by deploying in support of Operation Enduring Freedom for the first time with the C-27J Spartan, one of the Air Force's newest aircraft. This joint mission is being conducted with aircrew from the 164th Airlift Squadron, a subordinate unit of the 179th Airlift Wing, and Soldiers from the Oklahoma and Georgia National Guard. They will be working in conjunction with the 159th Combat Aviation Brigade, from Fort Campbell, Kentucky, in direct support of the Army for airlift and airdrop operations. The 179th AW made history with a nine-month overseas rotation, as opposed to the typical four-to-six-month Air National Guard deployment schedule.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 68], "content_span": [69, 936]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015084-0025-0000", "contents": "164th Airlift Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Modern Era\nAs of 25 August 2021, the 179th AW was chosen as the preferred site for the Air National Guard's first cyber warfare wing (CWW). The decision came after many months of uncertainty, starting in mid 2020. The original proposal was that either the 133d AW of the Minnesota ANG or the 179th AW of the Ohio ANG would host the new CWW mission, and in the process divesting the respective unit's C-130H fleet. Initially, local officials were defenders of the 179th's role in supporting the Air Force's tactical airlift mission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 68], "content_span": [69, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015084-0025-0001", "contents": "164th Airlift Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Modern Era\nIn time, however, their focus shifted towards support in securing the CWW mission for the 179th AW. Despite many citing the need to maintain a larger fleet of the world's foremost tactical airlifter, the Air Force has continued with plans to reduce the C-130 fleet by approximately 50 aircraft, mainly by retiring the oldest of the C-130H fleet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 68], "content_span": [69, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015084-0026-0000", "contents": "164th Airlift Squadron, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 48], "content_span": [49, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015085-0000-0000", "contents": "164th Airlift Wing\nThe 164th Airlift Wing is a unit of the Tennessee Air National Guard, stationed at Memphis Air National Guard Base, Tennessee. If activated to federal service in the United States Air Force, the 164th is gained by Air Mobility Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015085-0001-0000", "contents": "164th Airlift Wing\nThe wing has been an airlift unit since it was established as the 164th Air Transport Group in 1961, and has flown a variety of strategic and tactical airlift aircraft. After 34 years as a group, it was expanded to become a wing in 1995.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015085-0002-0000", "contents": "164th Airlift Wing, Overview\nThe 164 Airlift Wing mission includes carrying fully equipped combat-ready military units to any point in the world on short notice and to provide field support required to sustain the fighting force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 28], "content_span": [29, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015085-0003-0000", "contents": "164th Airlift Wing, History\nThe origins of the 164th Airlift Wing can be traced to December 1942, when the Army Air Forces activated the 359th Fighter Squadron. The 359th served during World War II in the European Theater of Operations. In 1946, the squadron was allotted to the National Guard as the 155th Fighter Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015085-0004-0000", "contents": "164th Airlift Wing, History, Strategic airlift operations\nThe 155th served as a fighter and tactical reconnaissance until 1 April 1961, when it converted to the Boeing C-97 Stratofreighter. With this transition, the unit that would eventually become the 164th Airlift Wing was activated as the 164th Air Transport Group, the headquarters for the 155th Air Transport Squadron and its supporting organizations. The entire organization was gained (when called to federal service) by Military Air Transport Service. Conversion to the Stratlfreighter brought a worldwide airlift mission to the group with operations to such places as Europe, Japan, South America, Australia and South Vietnam. On 1 January 1966, the group became the 164th Military Airlift Group as Military Air Transport Service was replaced by Military Airlift Command (MAC). Peak operations with the C-97 occurred in May 1966, when the unit flew 1702 hours and made ten round trips to Southeast Asia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 57], "content_span": [58, 964]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015085-0005-0000", "contents": "164th Airlift Wing, History, Strategic airlift operations\nMay 1967 brought the introduction of the Douglas C-124 Globemaster II, affectionately known as \"Old Shakey\", to the group. The group personnel performed numerous humanitarian missions as well as routine support missions for MAC. The Globemaster brought with it the capability to airdrop personnel and equipment, which the C-97 lacked, and the group assumed a secondary mission of tactical airlift. The C-124 was replaced in group service in 1974 by the Lockheed C-130 Hercules.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 57], "content_span": [58, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015085-0006-0000", "contents": "164th Airlift Wing, History, Tactical airlift operation\nThe 164th's gaining command changed to the Tactical Air Command (TAC) as it assumed a C-130 tactical airlift mission and was redesignated as the 164th Tactical Airlift Group. However, its association with TAC was short-lived (although \"Tactical\" remained in its name), for in early 1975 all United States Air Force C-130 airlift aircraft were transferred to MAC, which again became the group's command upon mobilization. Throughout the remainder of the 1970s into 1990, the 164th provided worldwide tactical airlift support. Operation Desert Storm in 1991 brought on the activation of several units of the group. Its 164th Mobile Aerial Port Squadron was the first Air National Guard Aerial Port unit activated, subsequently serving a six-month tour in Southwest Asia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 55], "content_span": [56, 824]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015085-0007-0000", "contents": "164th Airlift Wing, History, Return to strategic airlift\nIn April 1992, the 164th's C-130s were transferred to other units and the 164th received the first of eight C-141 Starlifter aircraft and returned to the strategic airlift mission. The conversion had been planned to occur earlier. but was delayed by the unit's partial mobilization during Desert Storm. For nearly three months the group flew both types. The Air Force dropped the distinction between \"Tactical\" and \"Military\" airlift units and the unit became the 164th Airlift Group. With the inactivation of MAC in June 1992, the unit was gained by the newly established Air Mobility Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 56], "content_span": [57, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015085-0008-0000", "contents": "164th Airlift Wing, History, Return to strategic airlift\nAs the National Guard implemented the Objective Wing organization, the group was assigned subordinate groups in 1994 and was redesignated the 164th Airlift Wing on 1 October 1995. In 2004, the 164th, one of the last units to operate the C-141C. retired its Starlifters and began operating the C-5 Galaxy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 56], "content_span": [57, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015085-0009-0000", "contents": "164th Airlift Wing, History, Return to strategic airlift\nIn 2006, Colonel Bob Wilson, a former commander of the 155th Airlift Squadron, and former director of operations of the 164th Airlift Wing and a veteran Command Pilot of over 30 years experience in the Air Force and Air National Guard, was inducted into the Tennessee Aviation Hall of Fame in 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 56], "content_span": [57, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015085-0010-0000", "contents": "164th Airlift Wing, History, Return to strategic airlift\nIn 2008, due to restructuring in the Air Force, the 164th Aerial Port Squadron was inactivated and its personnel were reassigned into other functional areas including logistical readiness and traffic management, among others. In September 2008, the 164th relocated from its former facility on Democrat Road to a new Air National Guard base on Swinnea Road. The new base was designed to provide adequate facilities to support the size and mission of the C-5A, including 3 maintenance hangars large enough to fully enclose a C-5. The old Air National Guard facility and property was purchased by FedEx to utilize for its operations at Memphis International Airport. This was the first Air Force facility constructed from the beginning to meet post 9/11 security standards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 56], "content_span": [57, 827]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015085-0011-0000", "contents": "164th Airlift Wing, History, Return to strategic airlift\nIn February 2013, the 164th Airlift Wing began to convert from the Lockheed C-5 Galaxy to the Boeing C-17 Globemaster III, a conversion completed December 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 56], "content_span": [57, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015085-0012-0000", "contents": "164th Airlift Wing, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015086-0000-0000", "contents": "164th Battalion (Halton and Dufferin), CEF\nThe 164th Battalion (Halton and Dufferin), CEF, was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War. Based in Orangeville, Ontario, the unit began recruiting in late 1915 in Halton and Dufferin Counties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015086-0001-0000", "contents": "164th Battalion (Halton and Dufferin), CEF\nPrior to sailing for England in April 1917, the battalion was reinforced by a draft from the 205th (Tiger) Battalion, CEF from Hamilton, Ontario. In June 1917, the battalion was further reinforced by drafts from the 2nd, 5th, and 12th Reserve Battalions totalling over 400 men. The 164th (Halton and Dufferin) Battalion, CEF was assigned to the 13th Brigade of the 5th Canadian Division, and was based at Witley Camp.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015086-0002-0000", "contents": "164th Battalion (Halton and Dufferin), CEF\nOn February 12, 1918, it was learned that the 5th Canadian Division would cease to exist. Over the course of the next two months, the battalion was slowly broken up through a series of drafts for frontline units, in particular the 102nd and 116th Battalions, CEF. Sizeable drafts were also sent to the 21st Battalion, CEF, Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry, and the Canadian Machine Gun Depot at Seaford. On April 16, 1918, the remaining members of the battalion\u2014six officers and 92 other ranks\u2014were absorbed into the 8th Reserve Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015086-0003-0000", "contents": "164th Battalion (Halton and Dufferin), CEF\nThe 164th Battalion, CEF, had two Commanding Officers: Lieutenant Colonel  (April 22, 1917 \u2013 June 19, 1917) and Lieutenant Colonel B. M. Green (June 19, 1917 \u2013 April 16, 1918).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015086-0004-0000", "contents": "164th Battalion (Halton and Dufferin), CEF\nA listing of 164th soldiers from Dufferin County can be found in the Dufferin County Museum and Archives. It includes where they enlisted, enlisted number, next of kin, date of birth, plus, if known, if they earned a medal, if they were wounded, or killed in battle. A copy of the enlistment papers is also included in the binders holding The 164th Battalion Project. These binders are available for the public to view in the archives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015086-0005-0000", "contents": "164th Battalion (Halton and Dufferin), CEF\nThe 164 Battalion (Halton and Dufferin), CEF, is perpetuated by The Lorne Scots (Peel, Dufferin and Halton Regiment).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015087-0000-0000", "contents": "164th Division (2nd Formation)(People's Republic of China)\nThe 164th Division (Chinese: \u7b2c164\u5e08)(2nd Formation) was created in October 1950 basing on the Security Division of Northeastern Military Region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015087-0001-0000", "contents": "164th Division (2nd Formation)(People's Republic of China)\nIn July 1950 502nd Infantry Regiment of the inactivating 168th Division was attached to the division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015087-0002-0000", "contents": "164th Division (2nd Formation)(People's Republic of China)\nIn January 1952 the division was disbanded. Its divisional HQ was absorbed into 3rd Armored Troops Tank Organization Base, while its regiments were renamed as 3rd, 5th and 6th Independent Infantry Regiments of Northeastern Military Districts, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015088-0000-0000", "contents": "164th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)\nThe 164th Infantry Division (German: 164. Infanterie-Division) was an infantry division of the German Army during World War II. Formed in November 1939, the division took part in the invasion of Greece in April 1941. In January 1942, consolidating the Axis seizure of the island during the Battle of Crete, the 164th was reorganized as Fortress Division Kreta (FDK). In mid-1942 the division was transferred to North Africa and re-designated as 164th Light Afrika Division (German: Leichte Afrika Division). It surrendered in May 1943 in Tunisia at the end of the North African Campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015088-0001-0000", "contents": "164th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), Operational history\nThe 164th Infantry Division was formed on 27 November 1939 with Oberst Konrad Haase as its commander. Stationed at Dresden, Wehrkreis IV, by January 1940, it included three infantry regiments and Haase had been promoted to generalmajor on 1 January 1940. It was held in reserve during the Battle of France and was later involved in the invasion of Greece in April 1941. After the end of the campaign, it was stationed in Salonika on occupation duty. During this time, one of its infantry regiments was detached to serve on the Greek island of Rhodes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 56], "content_span": [57, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015088-0002-0000", "contents": "164th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), Operational history\nIn early 1942, the division was moved to the island of Crete and organised as Fortress Division Kreta. Reinforced with the experienced 125th Infantry Regiment, it remained here until mid-1942 at which time it was transferred to North Africa to serve with the Panzer Armee Afrika. It was now designated as the 164th Light Afrika Division; each of its regiments only had two battalions. The division fought at El Alamein and performed well. During the battle, one of its regiments was instrumental in preventing the capture of the headquarters of Panzer Armee Afrika by advancing Allied infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 56], "content_span": [57, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015088-0002-0001", "contents": "164th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), Operational history\nAlong with the remainder of the Axis forces, the division gradually retreated into Tunisia. It spent the final stages of the campaign in Tunisia fighting against Free French troops as part of the 1st Italian Army. Liebenstein, the division's final commander, surrendered to Lieutenant General Bernard Freyberg, commander of the 2nd New Zealand Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 56], "content_span": [57, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015088-0003-0000", "contents": "164th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), Commanding officers\nThe following officers commanded the 164th Infantry Division during the course of World War II:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 56], "content_span": [57, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015089-0000-0000", "contents": "164th Marine Brigade (People's Republic of China)\nThe 145th Division (Chinese: \u7b2c145\u5e08) was created in November 1948 under the Regulation of the Redesignations of All Organizations and Units of the Army, issued by Central Military Commission on November 1, 1948, basing on the 34th Division, 12th Column of the PLA Northeastern Field Army. Its history can be traced to Eastern Harbin Security Command, formed in September 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015089-0001-0000", "contents": "164th Marine Brigade (People's Republic of China)\nThe division is part of 49th Corps. Under the flag of 145th division it took part in several major battles during the Chinese Civil War. The division was composed of 433rd, 434th and 435th Regiments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015089-0002-0000", "contents": "164th Marine Brigade (People's Republic of China)\nIn April 1952 the division absorbed the disbanding 219th Division (former a part of People's Liberation Army of the Nationalist Party of China), and renamed as 219th Infantry Division(Chinese: \u6b65\u5175\u7b2c219\u5e08). The division was then transferred to 55th Corps' control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015089-0003-0000", "contents": "164th Marine Brigade (People's Republic of China)\nIn 1960 the division renamed as 219th Army Division(Chinese: \u9646\u519b\u7b2c219\u5e08).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015089-0004-0000", "contents": "164th Marine Brigade (People's Republic of China)\nIn January 1970 the division was renamed as 164th Army Division(Chinese: \u9646\u519b\u7b2c164\u5e08). All its regiments were renamed as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015089-0005-0000", "contents": "164th Marine Brigade (People's Republic of China)\nIn February 1979 the division took part in the Sino-Vietnamese War. During the conflict it inflicted 2195 casualties and 10 POWs to opposing PAVN forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015089-0006-0000", "contents": "164th Marine Brigade (People's Republic of China)\nIn October 1985 the division renamed as 164th Infantry Division(Chinese: \u6b65\u5175\u7b2c164\u5e08) and transferred to 41st Army's control following 55th Army Corps' disbandment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015089-0007-0000", "contents": "164th Marine Brigade (People's Republic of China)\nFrom 1985 to 1998 it maintained as a Southern Infantry Division, Catalogue B.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015089-0008-0000", "contents": "164th Marine Brigade (People's Republic of China)\nIn 1998, the division was transferred to People's Liberation Army Navy's control, under the command of South Sea Fleet, and reduced and renamed as 164th Marine Brigade(Chinese: \u6d77\u519b\u9646\u6218\u7b2c164\u65c5).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015089-0009-0000", "contents": "164th Marine Brigade (People's Republic of China)\nThe brigade is now stationing in Zhanjiang, Guangdong, as one of the two major maneuver brigades of People's Liberation Army Marine Corps. Since then the brigade is composed of:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015090-0000-0000", "contents": "164th New York Infantry Regiment\nThe 164th New York Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015090-0001-0000", "contents": "164th New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 164th New York Infantry was organized at New York City, New York, in September and October 1862. It was reorganized at Newport News, Virginia, and mustered in November 19, 1862, under the command of Colonel John Eugene McMahon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015090-0002-0000", "contents": "164th New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to District of Newport News, Virginia, Department of Virginia, to December 1862. Corcoran's Brigade, Division of Suffolk, VII Corps, Department of Virginia, to April 1863. 3rd Brigade, 1st Division, VII Corps, to July 1863. Corcoran's Brigade, King's Division, XXII Corps, Department of Washington, to November 1863. 1st Brigade, Corcoran's Division, XXII Corps, to December 1863. 2nd Brigade, Tyler's Division, XXII Corps, to May 1864. 4th Brigade, 2nd Division, II Corps, Army of the Potomac, to June 1864. 2nd Brigade, 2nd Division, II Corps, to July 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015090-0003-0000", "contents": "164th New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 164th New York Infantry mustered out of service July 15, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015090-0004-0000", "contents": "164th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nLeft New York for Newport News, Virginia, November 6, 1862. Duty at Newport News, Va., until December 1862, and at Suffolk, Virginia, until May 1863. Action at Deserted House, Va., January 30, 1863. Siege of Suffolk April 12-May 4. Edenton Road April 15 and 24. Providence Church Road, Nansemond River, May 3. Siege of Suffolk raised May 4. Blackwater May 12 and June 17. Dix's Peninsula Campaign June 24-July 7. Moved to Washington, D.C., July 12. Provost duty in the defenses of that city, and at Alexandria, Va., and guard duty on the Orange & Alexandria Railroad until May 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015090-0004-0001", "contents": "164th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nOrdered to join the Army of the Potomac in the field May 1864. Rapidan Campaign May 17 to June 15. Spotsylvania Court House, Va., May 17\u201321. North Anna River May 23\u201326. On line of the Pamunkey May 26\u201328. Totopotomoy May 28\u201331. Cold Harbor June 1\u201312. Before Petersburg June 16\u201318. Siege of Petersburg June 16, 1864, to April 2, 1865. Jerusalem Plank Road, Weldon Railroad, June 22\u201323, 1864. Demonstration on north side of James River July 27\u201329. Deep Bottom July 27\u201328. Demonstration north of James River August 13\u201320. Strawberry Plains, Deep Bottom, August 14\u201318. Ream's Station August 25.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015090-0004-0002", "contents": "164th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nBoydton Plank Road, Hatcher's Run, October 27\u201328. Dabney's Mills, Hatcher's Run, February 5\u20137, 1865. Watkins' House March 25. Appomattox Campaign March 28-April 9. Boydton Road March 30\u201331. Crow's House March 31. Fall of Petersburg April 2. Pursuit of Lee April 3\u20139. Sailor's Creek April 6. High Bridge, Farmville, April 7. Appomattox Court House April 9. Surrender of Lee and his army. At Burkesville until May 2. March to Washington, D.C., May 2\u201312. Grand Review of the Armies May 23. Duty at Washington until July.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015090-0005-0000", "contents": "164th New York Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 245 men during service; 10 officers and 106 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 3 officers and 126 enlisted men died of disease. 26% of the men who served would die during the regiment's time of service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015091-0000-0000", "contents": "164th New York State Legislature\nThe 164th New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 6, 1943, to October 30, 1944, during the first and second years of Thomas E. Dewey's governorship, in Albany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015091-0001-0000", "contents": "164th New York State Legislature, Background\nUnder the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1894, re-apportioned in 1917, and amended in 1937, 51 Senators and 150 assemblymen were elected in single-seat districts for two-year terms. The senatorial districts consisted either of one or more entire counties; or a contiguous area within a single county. The counties which were divided into more than one senatorial district were New York (nine districts), Kings (eight), Bronx (three), Erie (three), Monroe (two), Queens (two) and Westchester (two). The Assembly districts were made up of contiguous area, all within the same county.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015091-0002-0000", "contents": "164th New York State Legislature, Background\nAt this time there were two major political parties: the Republican Party and the Democratic Party. The American Labor Party, the Communist Party, the Socialist Party and the Socialist Labor Party (running under the name of \"Industrial Government Party\") also nominated tickets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015091-0003-0000", "contents": "164th New York State Legislature, Elections\nThe New York state election, 1942, was held on November 3. Thomas E. Dewey and Thomas W. Wallace were elected Governor and Lieutenant Governor, both Republicans. Of the other four statewide elective offices, three were also carried by Republicans, and one by a Democrat with American Labor endorsement. The approximate party strength at this election, as expressed by the vote for Governor, was: Republicans 2,149,000; Democrats 1,501,000; American Labor 404,000; Communists 45,000; Socialists 22,000; and Industrial Government 3,500.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015091-0004-0000", "contents": "164th New York State Legislature, Elections\nAll four women legislators\u2014State Senator Rhoda Fox Graves (Rep.), of Gouverneur; and Assemblywomen Jane H. Todd (Rep.), of Tarrytown; Edith C. Cheney (Rep.), of Corning; and Mary A. Gillen (Dem. ), of Brooklyn\u2014were re-elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015091-0005-0000", "contents": "164th New York State Legislature, Elections\nLt . Gov. Thomas W. Wallace died on July 17, 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 94]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015091-0006-0000", "contents": "164th New York State Legislature, Elections\nThe New York state election, 1943, was held on November 2. Temporary President of the State Senate Joe R. Hanley (Rep.) was elected Lieutenant Governor; and Thomas D. Thacher (Rep.) was elected unopposed to succeed himself as Judge of the New York Court of Appeals. Two vacancies in the State Senate and seven vacancies in the Assembly were filled.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015091-0007-0000", "contents": "164th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for the first regular session (the 166th) at the State Capitol in Albany on January 6, 1943; and adjourned on March 26.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015091-0008-0000", "contents": "164th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nJoe R. Hanley (Rep.) was re-elected Temporary President of the State Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015091-0009-0000", "contents": "164th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature finally re-apportioned the Senate and Assembly districts. Re -apportionment was overdue since the figures of the 1925 state census had been published, but the Assembly, the Senate and the Governor had been at odds over the question ever since. Now, for the first time since then, both Houses of the Legislature had majorities of the same party of which the Governor was a member, all Republican. The Re-Apportionment Bill was introduced in the Legislature on March 8; and signed by Gov. Dewey on April 8. The re-apportionment was contested in the courts by the Democrats, but was upheld unanimously by the New York Court of Appeals on November 18, 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 712]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015091-0010-0000", "contents": "164th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe total number of state senators was increased to 56. Chautauqua, Dutchess, Monroe, Oneida, Rensselaer, St. Lawrence, Schenectady and Steuben counties lost one Assembly seat each; and New York County lost seven seats. Kings and Westchester counties gained one seat each; Nassau County gained two; Bronx County gained five; and Queens County gained six seats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015091-0011-0000", "contents": "164th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for the second regular session (the 167th) at the State Capitol in Albany on January 5, 1944; and adjourned on March 18.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015091-0012-0000", "contents": "164th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nBenjamin F. Feinberg (Rep.) was elected Temporary President of the State Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015091-0013-0000", "contents": "164th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for a special session at the State Capitol in Albany on October 30, 1944. This session was held to enact an extension of the voting time on the next election day, and to increase the pay for election workers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015091-0014-0000", "contents": "164th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature. Floyd E. Anderson changed from the Assembly to the Senate at the beginning of this Legislature. Assemblymen John V. Downey and James A. Corcoran were elected to fill vacancies in the Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015091-0015-0000", "contents": "164th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members\nNote: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words \"...the Committee on (the)...\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015091-0016-0000", "contents": "164th New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Assemblymen\nNote: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words \"...the Committee on (the)...\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 61], "content_span": [62, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015092-0000-0000", "contents": "164th Ohio Infantry Regiment\nThe 164th Ohio Infantry Regiment, sometimes 164th Ohio Volunteer Infantry (or 164th OVI) was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015092-0001-0000", "contents": "164th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 164th Ohio Infantry was organized at Camp Cleveland in Cleveland, Ohio, and mustered in May 11, 1864, for 100 days service under the command of Colonel John Calvin Lee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015092-0002-0000", "contents": "164th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment left Ohio for Washington, D.C., May 14 and was attached to 1st Brigade, DeRussy's Division, XXII Corps. It was assigned to duty on south side of the Potomac River as garrison at Fort C. F. Smith, Fort Strong, Fort Bennett, Fort Haggerty and other forts and batteries in the defenses of Washington, D.C. until August. Participated in the repulse of Early's attack on Washington July 11\u201312.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015092-0003-0000", "contents": "164th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 164th Ohio Infantry mustered out of service August 27, 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015092-0004-0000", "contents": "164th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Ohio Militia\nOver 35,000 Ohio Militiamen were federalized and organized into regiments for 100 days service in May 1864. Shipped to the Eastern Theater, they were designed to be placed in \"safe\" rear areas to protect railroads and supply points, thereby freeing regular troops for Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant\u2019s push on the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia. As events transpired, many units found themselves in combat, stationed in the path of Confederate Gen. Jubal Early\u2019s veteran Army of the Valley during its famed Valley Campaigns of 1864. Ohio Guard units met the battle-tested foe head on and helped blunt the Confederate offensive thereby saving Washington, D.C. from capture. Ohio Militia units participated in the battles of Monacacy, Fort Stevens, Harpers Ferry, and in the siege of Petersburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 42], "content_span": [43, 841]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015092-0005-0000", "contents": "164th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost 18 enlisted men during service, all due to disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015093-0000-0000", "contents": "164th Quartermaster Group (United States)\nThe 164th Quartermaster Group is a Major Subordinate Command (MSC) of the 4th Sustainment Command (Expeditionary) (ESC) and one of only three of its kind in the Army Reserve. The unit manages a peacetime downtrace that has command and control of almost 600 Army Reservists located throughout Oklahoma and Texas, and its Soldiers support diverse missions that are logistical in nature. The units of the 164th Quartermaster Group have served in Operations Joint Forge in Bosnia, Joint Endeavor in Kosovo, Desert Storm in Iraq, Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan, and Iraqi Freedom in Iraq. Additionally, most of the subordinate units and over 90% of the Soldiers in the Group have mobilized and deployed in support of all ONE, OEF, OIF, Global War on Terrorism missions since 2002.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 818]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015093-0001-0000", "contents": "164th Quartermaster Group (United States), Mission\nThe 164th Quartermaster Group mission is to plan, control and supervise the supply of bulk petroleum products and water to designated units in a designated area. It also coordinates theater petroleum and water distribution systems. Distributes bulk petroleum to US Army, Navy, Air Force, and other supported activities within theater. Provides command and control for two to five battalions (petroleum pipeline and terminal operating, petroleum supply, transportation, or water supply) and supervises other assigned or attached units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 50], "content_span": [51, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015093-0002-0000", "contents": "164th Quartermaster Group (United States), History\nThe 164th Quartermaster Group activated on September 16, 2006. Its structure came from the 172nd Corps Support Group which deactivated in September 2006 under the command of COL Christopher T. Serpa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 50], "content_span": [51, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015093-0003-0000", "contents": "164th Quartermaster Group (United States), History\nSince its activation, the 164th Quartermaster Group has participated in the Quartermaster Liquid Logistics Exercise (QLLEX) and has performed duty under that exercise at Fort Devens, MA and at Yakima Training Center, WA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 50], "content_span": [51, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015093-0004-0000", "contents": "164th Quartermaster Group (United States), History\nIn May 2007 the 164th mobilized and deployed a detachment to Kuwait and Afghanistan in support of OIF. In November 2007 they deployed additional personnel to Kuwait to join the detachment already on ground.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 50], "content_span": [51, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015093-0005-0000", "contents": "164th Quartermaster Group (United States), History\nIn 2009 the 164th QM GRP deployed two more detachments to Iraq. The first deployed in February 2009 and the second in April 2009 resulting in deployment of more than 50 personnel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 50], "content_span": [51, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015094-0000-0000", "contents": "164th Regiment (United States)\nThe 164th Regiment (Regional Training Institute) is a training unit of the North Dakota Army National Guard. As the 164th Infantry Regiment, it was formed in the 1920s but traced its history to North Dakota units formed in the 1900s. The regiment was the first United States Army unit to land on Guadalcanal during World War II", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015094-0001-0000", "contents": "164th Regiment (United States), History, World War I and interwar years\nThe 164th Infantry Regiment began its history on 8 December 1906 in the North Dakota Army National Guard as Company E, First Infantry Regiment, Williston, North Dakota. It entered federal service on 18 June 1916 for service on the Mexican border. On 14 February 1917, Company E was mustered out of service at Fort Snelling, Minnesota.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 71], "content_span": [72, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015094-0002-0000", "contents": "164th Regiment (United States), History, World War I and interwar years\nCompany E was later reorganized on 25 March 1917, and drafted into federal service on 5 August 1917. The company was reorganized and redesignated 4 October 1917 as Company E, 164th Infantry, an element of the 41st Infantry Division. The company was demobilized 28 February 1919 at Camp Dix, New Jersey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 71], "content_span": [72, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015094-0003-0000", "contents": "164th Regiment (United States), History, World War I and interwar years\nThe company was later reorganized and federally recognized 22 January 1921 as Company E, 1st Infantry, Williston, North Dakota. It was reorganized and redesignated 21 October 1921 as Company E, 164th Infantry, an element of the 34th Infantry Division. L. R. Baird attained the rank of brigadier general and commanded the 164th Infantry from 1931 to 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 71], "content_span": [72, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015094-0004-0000", "contents": "164th Regiment (United States), History, World War I and interwar years\nThe 164th Infantry, Company G was based out of Glendive, Montana.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 71], "content_span": [72, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015094-0005-0000", "contents": "164th Regiment (United States), History, World War II\nThe 164th Infantry, a unit of the North Dakota National Guard, entered federal service 10 February 1941 at Williston. Before deployment overseas, the 164th was relieved from assignment to the 34th Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 53], "content_span": [54, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015094-0006-0000", "contents": "164th Regiment (United States), History, World War II\nCommanded by Colonel Earle Sarles, the 164th transited the South Pacific ferry route in March 1942 to New Caledonia. There they joined the 182nd Infantry Regiment and the 132nd Infantry Regiment, in addition to artillery, engineer and other support units to form a new division on 24 May 1942, designated the Americal Division. The name Americal was derived from a combination of the words America and New Caledonia. The regiment spent nearly five months in combat training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 53], "content_span": [54, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015094-0006-0001", "contents": "164th Regiment (United States), History, World War II\nIn September, Colonel Sarles, a National Guard officer, was replaced as commander of the regiment by Colonel Bryant E. Moore, a West Point graduate. Moore would subsequently be promoted to command an infantry division in Europe, and the regiment would serve under other commanders, almost all of whom advanced to general's stars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 53], "content_span": [54, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015094-0007-0000", "contents": "164th Regiment (United States), History, World War II\nArriving at Guadalcanal on 13 October 1942 ahead of its brother regiments as emergency reinforcement for the 1st Marine Division, the Regiment was the first U.S. Army unit to engage in offensive action during World War II in the Battle of Guadalcanal. Between 24 and 27 October, elements of the regiment withstood repeated assaults from Japanese battalions and inflicted some two thousand enemy casualties. The 1st Marine Division commander, Major General Alexander Vandegrift, was so impressed by the soldiers' stand that he issued a unit commendation to the regiment for having demonstrated \"an overwhelming superiority over the enemy.\" In addition, the Marines took the unusual step of awarding Lt. Colonel Robert Hall, commander of the 3rd Battalion, 164th, with the Navy Cross for his role in these battles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 53], "content_span": [54, 866]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015094-0008-0000", "contents": "164th Regiment (United States), History, World War II\nUntil the Americal Division commander, Major General Alexander M. Patch, and other units of the division arrived, the 164th fought alongside the Marines in a series of encounters with Japanese units in the Point Cruz area, where they successfully dislodged enemy troops from two hilltop strongpoints. The action earned them the nickname \"The 164th Marines.\" Members of the 164th were also known as \"jungle fighters\" within the U.S. media because of the terrain on which they fought.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 53], "content_span": [54, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015094-0009-0000", "contents": "164th Regiment (United States), History, World War II\nLater, the 164th participated in extensive jungle patrols as well as organized offensive sweeps of the island to eliminate remaining Japanese resistance. This experience gained the regiment valuable combat experience in jungle travel and navigation, ambush and counter-ambush, and small-unit tactics using small arms and light support weapons. After the Battle of Guadalcanal, the regiment returned to Fiji with the rest of the Americal Division to refit and replenish losses. At this point, many veteran officers and men of the 164th volunteered to join the 5307th Composite Unit, better known as Merrill's Marauders, for service in Burma. With the rest of the Americal, the Regiment later participated in the Bougainville campaign, then fought to secure the islands of Leyte, Cebu, Negros, and Bohol, in the Philippines. The regiment was slated to be part of the invasion of Japan when the war ended in August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 53], "content_span": [54, 966]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015094-0010-0000", "contents": "164th Regiment (United States), History, World War II\nWoodrow W. Keeble, the first Sioux Medal of Honor recipient, served with the 164th throughout the war. He was wounded several times and awarded the Purple Heart and multiple awards for valor during World War II. His Medal of Honor, officially recognized in 2008, came for his actions in the Korean War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 53], "content_span": [54, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015094-0011-0000", "contents": "164th Regiment (United States), History, World War II\nCorporal Kenneth S. Foubert of the 164th Infantry has been recognized as the first U.S. Army soldier to die in combat after the attack on Pearl Harbor. As he landed on the beach on Guadalcanal, he was struck by shrapnel from a bomb dropped by a Japanese plane.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 53], "content_span": [54, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015094-0012-0000", "contents": "164th Regiment (United States), History, Inter war service\nThe 164th was inactivated 24 November 1945 at Fort Lawton, Washington. On 10 June 1946, the 164th Infantry was relieved from assignment to the Americal Division and assigned to the 47th Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 58], "content_span": [59, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015094-0013-0000", "contents": "164th Regiment (United States), History, Inter war service\nOn 1 May 1947, the 164th was reorganized and federally recognized 1 May 1947 as Company E of the 164th Infantry at Williston.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 58], "content_span": [59, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015094-0014-0000", "contents": "164th Regiment (United States), History, Korean War service\nThe 164th was ordered to federal service 16 January 1951 at Williston. Company C of the 164th Infantry (NGUS) organized and federally recognized 16 January 1953 at Williston while the 164th Infantry was on federal service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 59], "content_span": [60, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015094-0015-0000", "contents": "164th Regiment (United States), History, Korean War service\nThe 164th was inactivated from active federal Service 2 December 1954 and reverted to state control and redesignated as Company C, 164th Infantry; federal recognition was concurrently withdrawn from Company C, 164th Infantry (NGUS).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 59], "content_span": [60, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015094-0016-0000", "contents": "164th Regiment (United States), Distinctive unit insignia\nA gold color metal and enamel device 1+1\u20448 inches (2.9\u00a0cm) in height overall consisting of a shield blazoned: Azure, a Spanish castle Gules door of the first and fimbriated Or between three six-pointed mullets one and two and debruised in base by a demi-sun issuing from base of the last. Attached below the shield is a blue scroll inscribed \"JE SUIS PRET\" in gold.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 57], "content_span": [58, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015094-0017-0000", "contents": "164th Regiment (United States), Distinctive unit insignia\nThe service of the former organization, 142d Engineer Battalion, is indicated by the blue shield for Infantry, with the Spanish castle taken from the Spanish Campaign medal representing Spanish War service. The Philippine Insurrection service is indicated by the three mullets from the Philippine Island flag. The sun in base, from the 41st Division shoulder sleeve insignia, denotes World War I service with that division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 57], "content_span": [58, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015094-0018-0000", "contents": "164th Regiment (United States), Distinctive unit insignia\nThe distinctive unit insignia was originally approved for the 164th Regiment Infantry on 11 an 1933. It was redesignated for the 142d Engineer Battalion on 8 May 1956. On 26 December 1974 the insignia was rescinded (cancelled). The insignia was approved for the 164th Regiment, with description and symbolism revised, on 6 November 1997.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 57], "content_span": [58, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015094-0019-0000", "contents": "164th Regiment (United States), Coat of arms, Blazon\nAzure, a Spanish castle Gules door of the first and fimbriated Or between three six-pointed mullets one and two and debruised in base by a demi-sun issuing from base of the last.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 52], "content_span": [53, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015094-0020-0000", "contents": "164th Regiment (United States), Coat of arms, Blazon\nThat for the regiments and separate battalions of the North Dakota Army National Guard: From a wreath Or and Azure, a sheaf of three arrows Argent armed and flighted Gules behind a string bow fesswise Or with a grip of the second. Motto JE SUIS PRET (I Am Ready).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 52], "content_span": [53, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015094-0021-0000", "contents": "164th Regiment (United States), Coat of arms, Symbolism\nThe service of the former organization, 142d Engineer Battalion, is indicated by the blue shield for Infantry, with the Spanish castle taken from the Spanish Campaign medal representing Spanish War service. The Philippine Insurrection service is indicated by the three mullets from the Philippine Island flag. The sun in base, from the 41st Division shoulder sleeve insignia, denotes World War I service with that division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 55], "content_span": [56, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015094-0022-0000", "contents": "164th Regiment (United States), Coat of arms, Symbolism\nThe crest is that of the North Dakota Army National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 55], "content_span": [56, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015094-0023-0000", "contents": "164th Regiment (United States), Coat of arms, Background\nThe coat of arms was originally approved for the 164th Regiment Infantry on 11 an 1933. It was redesignated for the 142d Engineer Battalion on 8 May 1956. On 26 December 1974 the coat of arms was rescinded (cancelled). The coat of arms was approved for the 164th Regiment, with description and symbolism revised, on 6 November 1997.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 56], "content_span": [57, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015095-0000-0000", "contents": "164th meridian east\nThe meridian 164\u00b0 east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015095-0001-0000", "contents": "164th meridian east\nThe 164th meridian east forms a great circle with the 16th meridian west.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015095-0002-0000", "contents": "164th meridian east, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 164th meridian east passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015096-0000-0000", "contents": "164th meridian west\nThe meridian 164\u00b0 west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015096-0001-0000", "contents": "164th meridian west\nThe 164th meridian west forms a great circle with the 16th meridian east.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015096-0002-0000", "contents": "164th meridian west, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 164th meridian west passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015097-0000-0000", "contents": "165\nYear 165 (CLXV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Orfitus and Pudens (or, less frequently, year 918 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 165 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015098-0000-0000", "contents": "165 (number)\n165 (one hundred [and] sixty-five) is the natural number following 164 and preceding 166.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015099-0000-0000", "contents": "165 BC\nYear 165 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Torquatus and Octavius (or, less frequently, year 589 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 165 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015100-0000-0000", "contents": "165 Loreley\n165 Loreley is a main-belt asteroid that was discovered by C. H. F. Peters on August 9, 1876, in Clinton, New York and named after the Lorelei, a figure in German folklore.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015100-0001-0000", "contents": "165 Loreley\nIn the late 1990s, a network of astronomers worldwide gathered light curve data that was ultimately used to derive the spin states and shape models of 10 new asteroids, including (165) Loreley. The light curve of this asteroid varies by no more than 0.2 in magnitude, while the derived shape model shows multiple flat spots on the surface.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015100-0002-0000", "contents": "165 Loreley\nOne stellar occultation by Loreley has been observed, on July 20, 2003.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 83]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015100-0003-0000", "contents": "165 Loreley\nThe asteroid has an oblate shape with a size ratio of 1.26 \u00b1 0.08 between the major and minor axes, as determined from the W. M. Keck Observatory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015101-0000-0000", "contents": "165 Port and Maritime Regiment RLC\n165 Port and Maritime Regiment RLC is an Army Reserve regiment of the British Army's Royal Logistic Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015101-0001-0000", "contents": "165 Port and Maritime Regiment RLC, History\nThe regiment was formed in Grantham as 165 Port Regiment, RLC (Volunteers) in 1995. 266 Squadron was re-formed at Southampton in 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015102-0000-0000", "contents": "165 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force\nThe 165 Squadron is an Air Defence Group squadron of the Air Defence and Operations Command, Republic of Singapore Air Force. It operates the Rapier missile purchased from British Aerospace since 1983, providing air defence cover against low-flying aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015102-0001-0000", "contents": "165 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force\nWith its motto, \"Pride in Protection\", the squadron conducted its first live-firing exercise at the Royal Artillery Range in Hebrides, the United Kingdom in July 1984, and participated in its first overseas deployment exercise in 1985 in Exercise Air Thai-Sing (now known as Exercise Cope Tiger) at Chandy Range in Thailand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015102-0002-0000", "contents": "165 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force, History\nThe 165 Squadron, then known as 165 SADA, was officially formed on 1 August 1983 with the acquisition of the Rapier missile after an air defence study in 1978. Formed at Changi Camp, it was established on 1 September 1985, before becoming fully operationally ready a year later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015102-0003-0000", "contents": "165 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force, History\nIn 1987, the battalion shifted to Lim Chu Kang Camp II, where it is currently located. Full -time National Servicemen were added to its ranks in 1988. In July 2006, ADSD became ADOC (Air Defence Operations Command) and ADB became ADG (Air Defence Group).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015102-0004-0000", "contents": "165 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force, History\nIt current operates the Surface-to-Air PYthon and DERby - Short Range (SPYDER-SR) ground-based air defence system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015103-0000-0000", "contents": "165 University Avenue\nCoordinates: 165 University Avenue or Karma building is a small rented office building on University Avenue, the main commercial street in downtown Palo Alto, California, that gave rise to Plug and Play Tech Center and to the Amidi Group. It is run by Rahim & Saeed Amidi, whose family fled from the Iranian revolution in the 1970s. Located near Stanford University, the building has served as an incubator for several noted Silicon Valley companies, including Logitech, Google, PayPal, Danger, Inc (bought by Microsoft), BetterWorks, Milo.com (bought by eBay), and Yummly (bought by Whirlpool). YouTube also provides this location as the example address when setting the location of an uploaded video. Until 2000, the ground floor was home to a Palo Alto institution, Chimaera Books & Music. Like many independent bookstores, its closure was due, in part, to competition from the dot com economy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 919]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015104-0000-0000", "contents": "165 West 57th Street\n165 West 57th Street, originally the Louis H. Chalif Normal School of Dancing headquarters, is a building in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City. It is along the northern sidewalk of 57th Street between Sixth Avenue and Seventh Avenue. The five-story building was designed by George A. and Henry Boehm for dance instructor Louis H. Chalif. It  was designed as an event space, a school, and Chalif's apartment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015104-0001-0000", "contents": "165 West 57th Street\n165 West 57th Street has an asymmetrical facade. The original ground story was originally built with ivory-colored Dover marble but was later refaced with limestone. At the second and third stories, the facade contains a diagonal pattern resembling a diamond, with terracotta molding. Inside were a ballroom at the second story (later known as the Carl Fischer Hall, Judson Hall, or CAMI Hall) and a dining area at the third story. The fourth floor has terracotta panels and windows; it was originally used as Chalif's family residence. The fifth floor, used as an event space, has a loggia behind a colonnade. The building is topped by an overhanging cornice and an asphalt roof.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 701]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015104-0002-0000", "contents": "165 West 57th Street\nConstruction started in 1914 and was completed in 1916. The building was occupied by the Louis H. Chalif Normal School of Dancing until 1932 or 1933. Three clients were listed as occupying the building until 1937, after which it remained vacant for five years. The Federation of Crippled and Disabled moved its headquarters to the building in 1943 and operated there for several years. Carl Fischer Music acquired the building in 1946 and had a shop and performance hall there until 1959, when it was sold to Columbia Artists Management Inc (CAMI). The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission designated 165 West 57th Street as a city landmark in 1999. It was sold to the Clover Foundation in 2007 and has been occupied by IESE Business School since then.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 784]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015104-0003-0000", "contents": "165 West 57th Street, Site\n165 West 57th Street is on the north side of 57th Street between Sixth Avenue and Seventh Avenue, two blocks south of Central Park, in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City. The site covers 3,930 square feet (365\u00a0m2), with a width of 39.83 feet (12\u00a0m) on 57th Street and a depth of 100 feet (30\u00a0m). 165 West 57th Street shares the city block with the Alwyn Court to the northwest and One57, the Nippon Club Tower, the Calvary Baptist Church, and 111 West 57th Street to the east.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 26], "content_span": [27, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015104-0003-0001", "contents": "165 West 57th Street, Site\nIt is also near the Saint Thomas Choir School to the northwest; the American Fine Arts Society (also known as the Art Students League of New York building) and the Osborne Apartments to the west; the Rodin Studios to the southwest; Carnegie Hall and Carnegie Hall Tower to the south; and Russian Tea Room, Metropolitan Tower, and 130 and 140 West 57th Street to the southeast. 165 West 57th Street is part of an artistic hub that developed around West 57th Street between Sixth Avenue and Broadway during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, following the opening of Carnegie Hall in 1891.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 26], "content_span": [27, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015104-0004-0000", "contents": "165 West 57th Street, Design\nThe Louis H. Chalif Normal School of Dancing building at 165 West 57th Street was designed by George A. and Henry Boehm. It was developed for Russian-born dance instructor Louis H. Chalif, founder of the Louis H. Chalif Normal School of Dancing. The school, one of the first in the United States to train dance instructors, taught children and amateur dancers as well. The building's exterior design generally reflects the original layout of the interior. As built, it had a first-floor reception area, a second-floor ballroom, a third-floor banquet hall, a fourth-floor living space for Chalif's family, and a fifth-floor gymnasium and solarium.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 28], "content_span": [29, 675]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015104-0005-0000", "contents": "165 West 57th Street, Design\nThe Murphy Construction Company was the general contractor and S. C. Weiskopf was the structural steel contractor. The subcontractors included foundation contractor R. D. Coombs & Co., elevator supplier Otis Elevator Co., exterior marble contractor B. A. & G. N. Williams, terracotta contractor Federal Terra Cotta Co., plastering contractor P. J. Durcan Inc., and interior marble contractor McLaury Tile & Marble Corporation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 28], "content_span": [29, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015104-0005-0001", "contents": "165 West 57th Street, Design\nIn addition, Empire City-Gerard Co. performed the trim and cabinet work, Liberty Sheet Metal Works installed the copper roofing and skylights, Standard Arch Co. installed the fireproof floor arches, American Kalamein Works Inc. installed the kalamein doors and windows, and Lieberman & Sanford Co. was responsible for ornamental iron work. The plumbing was installed by Charles H. Darmstadt, steam heating by Reis & O'Donovan Inc., and ventilation and electrical installation by Reis & O'Donovan Inc.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 28], "content_span": [29, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015104-0006-0000", "contents": "165 West 57th Street, Design, Facade\nThe street facade of 165 West 57th Street is designed with elements of Mannerism and the Italian Renaissance styles. The facade was designed with marble at its first story and buff brick with polychrome terracotta at the upper stories. The fifth story has a loggia made of marble, as well as an overhanging cornice. The street facade is asymmetrical, being divided into five vertical bays at the fourth and fifth stories.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 36], "content_span": [37, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015104-0006-0001", "contents": "165 West 57th Street, Design, Facade\nOn the first through third stories, the section corresponding to the westernmost bay is designed differently from the portion corresponding to the four other bays, which is largely symmetrical on these stories. There were windows on the side facades, The terracotta decorations contain classical Greek and Roman motifs, some of which relate to theater.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 36], "content_span": [37, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015104-0007-0000", "contents": "165 West 57th Street, Design, Facade, Ground story\nThe ground story was originally built with ivory-colored Dover marble. A horizontal band course of terracotta ran above it. In its initial design, there were two windows from the raised basement, which had iron grilles in front of them. A marble step led to the entrance, which was slightly offset. The entrance consisted of a pair of recessed wooden doors, above which was a transom and letters spelling Chalif's name. The doorway was flanked by gray-green scones, which were subsequently removed and taken to the Central Park Zoo. On each side of the entrance was a window. The westernmost section of the facade had an additional recessed service doorway at ground level and a small window at the height of the band course.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 50], "content_span": [51, 776]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015104-0008-0000", "contents": "165 West 57th Street, Design, Facade, Ground story\nThe existing ground story dates from 1983 and is similar in design to the original. The current base is made of Indiana limestone and has a band of polished granite at its base. In addition, there is a polished-granite ramp and step leading to the center doorway, and the sconces flanking the main entrance are darker in color. The band course above the top story is also made of terracotta but has no window interrupting it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 50], "content_span": [51, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015104-0009-0000", "contents": "165 West 57th Street, Design, Facade, Upper stories\nThere is tan-gray brick cladding at the second and third stories, which is laid in a diagonal pattern resembling a diamond. The wall bricks were originally installed in blue, cream, and gray-green hues, while the terracotta was cream and yellow. The westernmost bay of those stories has terracotta panels and three window openings. To the east (right) of that bay, the second story has a pair of round-arched windows surrounded by brick and terracotta, with carvings of female heads above them. These windows were originally casement windows with multiple panes, but they were replaced with single-pane windows. The third story has a pair of rectangular windows surrounded by terracotta frames, with louvers below the windows and lyres above them. There are flagpoles below these two third-story windows.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 51], "content_span": [52, 856]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015104-0010-0000", "contents": "165 West 57th Street, Design, Facade, Upper stories\nThe fourth story has five window openings, though the westernmost opening is a blind opening with marble inside it. There are carved terracotta panels between each set of windows. Above the fourth story is a terracotta frieze containing depictions of swags and masks, as well as a denticulated cornice. The fourth floor panels were designed with an orange background.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 51], "content_span": [52, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015104-0011-0000", "contents": "165 West 57th Street, Design, Facade, Upper stories\nThere is a loggia on the fifth story, which contains a colonnade of several paired columns and a solitary column on the far east. The bases and the Ionic-style capitals of the columns are made of terracotta, while the rest of the columns are coated in concrete. There is a terracotta balustrade interspersed with the columns' bases. Above these columns is a frieze made of terracotta. On the loggia behind the colonnade are French doors, as well as a ceiling containing three light bulbs. Projecting from the top of the loggia is a sloped copper cornice that contains modillions and rosettes. Above the cornice are a metal railing, a gutter, an asphalt-tile pitched roof, and chimneys. As designed, the roof had green Spanish tiles, a skylight, and iron grilles and lanterns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 51], "content_span": [52, 827]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015104-0012-0000", "contents": "165 West 57th Street, Design, Features\nThe interior structure was designed with fireproof material. The superstructure is constructed in such a manner that two extra stories could be added if there was a need for more space. The structure was initially heated by steam and ventilated by a system of intake and exhaust fans, including a rooftop exhaust fan. Two electric elevators serving all floors were installed: one for passengers and the other for service. The building also had an interior staircase and an enclosed exterior fire escape in case of emergency. The asymmetrical arrangement of the facade reflected the fact that the elevators and staircase were on the western wall of the building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 38], "content_span": [39, 700]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015104-0013-0000", "contents": "165 West 57th Street, Design, Features\nThe building was intended to allow the Louis H. Chalif Normal School of Dancing to host classes and periodical exhibitions, as well as summer classes for dance teachers. In addition, an apartment for the Chalif family was provided in the design. As a result, the second and third floors were designed with few columns in the center of the space. The building was also designed so it could be rented for private social functions. For the decorations of the interior, cast ornamental plaster and paint were used frequently, but wood was used sparingly except in the ground-floor foyers. The wall hangings and furniture were designed to fit in with the color schemes. Crystal chandeliers provided artificial light. The ballrooms were planned with parquet floors and 23-foot (7.0\u00a0m) ceilings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 38], "content_span": [39, 827]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015104-0014-0000", "contents": "165 West 57th Street, Design, Features\nWhen it was used by the Chalif School, the ground floor had a large wooden reception foyer, which led to the stairs and elevators. Also at ground level were offices, a coat room, dressing rooms, bathrooms with four shower baths, and a large studio. The second floor was devoted to the grand ballroom, with a mezzanine gallery at the south end. The third floor included a banquet hall, where a pantry connected to the basement kitchen via a service elevator. The fourth floor had the living apartments of the Chalif family.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 38], "content_span": [39, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015104-0014-0001", "contents": "165 West 57th Street, Design, Features\nChalif's apartment was planned as a nine-room apartment with three bathrooms and housekeeping. The Real Estate Record and Guide described it as having \"all of the features now to be found in apartments of the highest type.\" The gymnasium floor at the top was a glass-enclosed space used by the summer school, with an open steel-trussed roof. It could be enclosed in winter and open on all sides in summer, and it was meant to be used for social functions and recreation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 38], "content_span": [39, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015104-0015-0000", "contents": "165 West 57th Street, History\nIn 1905, Louis Chalif opened the Louis H. Chalif Normal School of Dancing. The school was initially situated on the Upper West Side and then at 360 Fifth Avenue inside the Aeolian Company's showroom. At the school, one of the first in the United States to train dance instructors, Chalif also taught children and amateur dancers. In 1907, the school relocated to the Aeolian Building at 7 West 42nd Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015104-0016-0000", "contents": "165 West 57th Street, History, Construction\nIn October 1914. Chalif purchased a 21-by-100-foot (6.4 by 30.5\u00a0m) lot at 165 West 57th Street from Louis de Bebian. At the time, the lot contained a four-story dwelling. Chalif acquired the adjacent 19-by-100-foot (5.8 by 30.5\u00a0m) lot at 163 West 57th Street, which also contained a four-story dwelling, from the Wilmurt Realty Company in May 1915. The two lots gave Chalif a combined frontage of nearly 40 feet (12\u00a0m) on 57th Street. Chalif had selected the site because it was convenient for pupils. The Sun described the building that August as \"a Temple of Terpsichore\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 43], "content_span": [44, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015104-0017-0000", "contents": "165 West 57th Street, History, Construction\nGeorge and Henry Boehm had been hired to design a building for the Chalif school by that August. The Boehms had probably become involved with Chalif in 1907, when George Boehm had designed a building for the Acker, Merrall & Condit Company on 42nd Street, next to the Chalif School. The architects identified seven terracotta firms, consisting of three manufacturers and four modelers, to manufacture the building's terracotta in November 1915, and exact details of the terracotta were finalized later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 43], "content_span": [44, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015104-0017-0001", "contents": "165 West 57th Street, History, Construction\nSusan Tunick, an expert on terracotta, stated that an unusually large amount of documentation still existed about the terracotta contracting process. The architects submitted plans to the New York City Department of Buildings in December 1915. The site was cleared starting in January 1916 and work began that April. The building's construction was completed by that December.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 43], "content_span": [44, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015104-0018-0000", "contents": "165 West 57th Street, History, 1910s to 1940s\nThe building sometimes served as an event space in its early years. In 1918, the building hosted an event for the Red Cross Institute for Crippled and Disabled Men after the original hosts, Daniel Webster Herrman and his wife, could not accommodate all the guests at their house. The building also hosted a meeting for the Women's Freedom Congress in 1919, as well as the Roosevelt Anniversary Ball and a dance for the Semper Fidelis Post's female marines in 1921. The school had a beginner course for delegates to the Democratic National Convention in 1924.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 45], "content_span": [46, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015104-0018-0001", "contents": "165 West 57th Street, History, 1910s to 1940s\nThe building also hosted the 21st birthday celebration of Dutch princess Juliana of the Netherlands in 1930, and the weddings of Louis's daughter Helen in 1928 and 1934. Other events included a 1929 performance by a group of instrumental orchestra performers, as well as sermons given by minister Charles Francis Potter in 1929 and 1930. Chalif's son Amos, who grew up in the building, said it had been \"a wonderful place to grow up\", as he learned to ride a bicycle there with his brother Selmer accompanying him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 45], "content_span": [46, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015104-0019-0000", "contents": "165 West 57th Street, History, 1910s to 1940s\nGaly Russian Art Gowns moved into the building in 1930. The Chalif School had moved out of the building by 1932 or 1933. In October 1934, the Harlem Savings Bank took over the building through foreclosure. Amos Chalif said the bank providing a mortgage loan for the building and several nearby structures had gone bankrupt. Afterward, the building was occupied by Galy Russian Art Gowns, as well as the Vanity Fair Theater Restaurant and Georgian Hall. These tenants had moved out by 1937 and the building remained empty for the next five years. Documents from February 1939 indicate that the Harlem Savings Bank was planning to convert the second story into a 222 seat auditorium. At the same time, an arcade with an iron balcony was installed at the ground story.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 45], "content_span": [46, 811]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015104-0020-0000", "contents": "165 West 57th Street, History, 1910s to 1940s\nThe Federation of Crippled and Disabled bought the building in September 1942 and moved its headquarters to the building in January 1943. That December, the New York state government sued to disband the organization as fraudulent, accusing the officers and directors of using disabled persons solely for fundraising. The disbanding was averted the next year when the federation was reorganized. Carl Fischer Music acquired the building in February 1946. The Federation of Crippled and Disabled continued to occupy the building for some time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 45], "content_span": [46, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015104-0020-0001", "contents": "165 West 57th Street, History, 1910s to 1940s\nIn 1947, five disabled students taking classed with the federation became the first-ever palsy and paralysis victims to receive diplomas from the New York City public school system. A Carl Fischer music store opened in the building in May 1948. The Carl Fischer Concert Hall on the second floor opened the same October.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 45], "content_span": [46, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015104-0021-0000", "contents": "165 West 57th Street, History, 1950s to present\nThrough the 1950s, the concert hall and the \"Sky Room\" at 165 West 57th Street held various musical performances and recitals. The musical programming at the hall was directed by Eric Simon, who invited composers such as Benjamin Britten and John Cage to perform there. Other events included a series of lectures by the Fashion Group Inc. in 1950, as well as a showcase in 1956 for performers who completed a two-year course with the American Theatre Wing. In 1959, Carl Fischer sold the building to Columbia Artists Management Inc (CAMI).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 47], "content_span": [48, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015104-0021-0001", "contents": "165 West 57th Street, History, 1950s to present\nThe Fischer company planned to move to Cooper Square and Columbia Artists was relocating from the nearby Steinway Hall. CAMI hired William Lescaze to remodel portions of the building, including at the ground story, where red mosaic tiles and new signage were added. At the time, Carnegie Hall was being proposed for demolition, and CAMI officials believed 165 West 57th Street would become an important music venue with the demolition of Carnegie Hall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 47], "content_span": [48, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015104-0022-0000", "contents": "165 West 57th Street, History, 1950s to present\nCAMI moved into the building in 1960 and the Carl Fischer Concert Hall was renamed the Judson Hall. The renovated 275-seat auditorium was named for musician Arthur Judson and formally reopened in October 1960. Further work on the building continued until 1963. Shortly afterward, Arthur Judson decided to leave CAMI, and he requested that his name be removed from the concert hall. Accordingly, the hall was renamed CAMI Hall. An advertisement from 1964 advertised the hall as being available for rent for private functions from 8 to 11 p.m. for $125 per night (equivalent to $1,043 in 2020).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 47], "content_span": [48, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015104-0022-0001", "contents": "165 West 57th Street, History, 1950s to present\nCAMI hired Marlo & De Chiara in 1983 to redesign the ground-story exterior to resemble the original appearance. The Polonia Restoration Company conducted the reconstruction. CAMI moved its Community Concerts division from the building in 1990. The building served many of CAMI's late-20th-century clients. Ronald A. Wilford, president of CAMI in the 1990s, was quoted in The New York Times as \"cast[ing] a long shadow from the music canyon of West 57th Street\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 47], "content_span": [48, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015104-0023-0000", "contents": "165 West 57th Street, History, 1950s to present\nThe New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission designated 165 West 57th Street as a city landmark on October 17, 1999. At the time, Extell Development Company president Gary Barnett was acquiring several nearby plots to build a residential skyscraper, which would later become One57. By 2002, Barnett had acquired the air rights over 165 West 57th Street to develop his skyscraper. At the time, the second-story recital hall was described as having 168 seats. CAMI moved to 1790 Broadway in 2005, and 165 West 57th Street was placed on sale for $20 million in 2006. The building was purchased by the Clover Foundation in 2007. The same year, IESE Business School opened its New York City campus in the building. IESE continues to occupy 165 West 57th Street as of 2021.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 47], "content_span": [48, 822]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015104-0024-0000", "contents": "165 West 57th Street, Critical reception\nWhen it was completed, 165 West 57th Street was described by the Real Estate Record and Guide as being in a \"purely modern style\". The Real Estate Record stated, \"The facade will add considerable interest to the locality in which it is being erected.\" Some architectural publications focused on the use of multiple colors of terracotta and brick. Architectural Forum characterized the upper stories' facade as having a \"rich, cool color\", with the terracotta \"adding warmth to the color scheme without strong contrast\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 40], "content_span": [41, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015104-0024-0001", "contents": "165 West 57th Street, Critical reception\nA brochure from the National Terra Cotta Society described the building as having \"a very successful polychrome treatment\" that contributed to the overall facade's \"beautiful harmony\", and Good Furniture & Decoration characterized the building as having \"a golden charm that is all its own\". According to architectural writer Robert A. M. Stern, the \"Tuscan overtones\" of the design \"responded with refinement to the less tutored Italianate vocabulary of Carnegie Hall\". The AIA Guide to New York City also cited the building's Tuscan design details.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 40], "content_span": [41, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015104-0025-0000", "contents": "165 West 57th Street, Critical reception\n165 West 57th Street was also shown in exhibits and publications. When it was completed, Architectural Forum and Architecture and Building magazines both published images of the building. The Boehms showed a model of the Chalif School building during the 1921 Paris Salon. The same year, in his textbook about Russian pageants and dancing, Chalif advertised the building as being \"unparalleled for its purposes in America\" as well as \"striking evidence\" of the school's success. The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography of 1927 called the school \"a surprisingly beautiful building\". An early 1930s catalog for the Chalif School advertised the building as being a \"spacious and beautiful\" dancing facility that received many architectural accolades.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 40], "content_span": [41, 795]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015104-0026-0000", "contents": "165 West 57th Street, Critical reception\nIn 1949, after Chalif's death, Dance Magazine characterized the building as \"the greatest highlight and dream of Chalif's lifetime\", noting that Chalif would walk past the building even after other parties had purchased it. Amos Chalif stated in the 2000s that he also walked past his father's school building often. The New York Times described the building as a \"sumptuous dancing school\" in 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 40], "content_span": [41, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015105-0000-0000", "contents": "165 series\nThe 165 series (165\u7cfb, 165-kei) was an express electric multiple unit (EMU) train type introduced in 1963 by Japanese National Railways (JNR).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015105-0001-0000", "contents": "165 series, History\nDuring the early 1960s, the Ch\u016b\u014d Main Line and Shinetsu Line were electrified, requiring new EMUs for the express services. New powerful trains were required, as the earlier 153 series trains were designed for operation in flat, warm areas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015105-0002-0000", "contents": "165 series, Joyful Train conversions\nA number of 165 series trains were converted for use as Joyful Train sets including the following.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015105-0003-0000", "contents": "165 series, Joyful Train conversions\nThe Y\u016b Y\u016b T\u014dkai joyful train on Yamakita station in 1992", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015105-0004-0000", "contents": "165 series, Resale\nNine withdrawn 165 series cars were sold to the Chichibu Railway in 1992 and converted to become Chichibu Railway 3000 series 3-car sets for use on express services.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015106-0000-0000", "contents": "1650\n1650 (MDCL) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar, the 1650th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 650th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 50th  year of the 17th\u00a0century, and the  1st   year of the 1650s decade. As of the start of 1650, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015107-0000-0000", "contents": "1650 AM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1650\u00a0kHz: 1650 AM is a Regional broadcast frequency.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015108-0000-0000", "contents": "1650 Heckmann\n1650 Heckmann, provisional designation 1937 TG, is a rare-type Nysian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 29 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 11 October 1937, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg Observatory in southern Germany, and later named after astronomer Otto Heckmann.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015108-0001-0000", "contents": "1650 Heckmann, Classification and orbit\nHeckmann is a member of the Polanian subgroup of the Nysa family of asteroids and shows a rare F-type spectrum in the Tholen classification scheme. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 2.0\u20132.8\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 10 months (1,389 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.16 and an inclination of 3\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. Heckmann was first identified as A906 OC at the discovering observatory in 1906. Its first used observation was taken at Heidelberg in 1909, when it was identified as A909 DF, extending the body's observation arc by 28 years prior to its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015108-0002-0000", "contents": "1650 Heckmann, Rotation period\nFrench amateur astronomer Ren\u00e9 Roy obtained the first rotational lightcurve of Heckmann in September 2005. It gave a rotation period of 12.05 hours with a brightness variation of 0.06 in magnitude (U=2). A more refined lightcurve with a period of 14.893 hours and an amplitude of 0.16 magnitude was obtained by Australian amateur astronomer David Higgins at the Hunters Hill Observatory and collaborating stations in March 2008 (U=3). In September 2013, photometric observations at the Palomar Transient Factory, California, gave a low rated lightcurve with a similar period of 14.9042 hours (\u0394 0.09 mag; U=1).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 30], "content_span": [31, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015108-0003-0000", "contents": "1650 Heckmann, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Heckmann measures between 24.93 and 35.15 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.034 and 0.06. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link agrees with the results obtained by IRAS, that is an albedo of 0.0497 and a diameter of 29.07 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 11.56.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 34], "content_span": [35, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015108-0004-0000", "contents": "1650 Heckmann, Naming\nThis minor planet was named in honor of German astronomer Otto Heckmann (1901\u20131983), director of the Bergedorf Observatory in Hamburg, president of the International Astronomical Union (1967\u20131970) and the first director of ESO, the European Southern Observatory, which foundation had been initiated by him. He was active in the fields of cosmology and several aspects of fundamental astronomy. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 February 1976 (M.P.C. 3932).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015110-0000-0000", "contents": "1650 in England\nEvents from the year 1650 in England, second year of the Third English Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015112-0000-0000", "contents": "1650 in Germany, Events\nTopographia Bohemiae, Moraviae et Silesiae in Topographia Germaniae is published", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015117-0000-0000", "contents": "1650 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1650.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015119-0000-0000", "contents": "1650 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015119-0001-0000", "contents": "1650 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015119-0002-0000", "contents": "1650 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015120-0000-0000", "contents": "1650 in science\nThe year 1650 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015121-0000-0000", "contents": "1650s\nThe 1650s decade ran from January 1, 1650, to December 31, 1659.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015122-0000-0000", "contents": "1650s BC\nThe 1650s BC was a decade lasting from January 1, 1659 BC to December 31, 1650 BC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 91]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015124-0000-0000", "contents": "1650s in South Africa\nJan van Riebeeck landed at the Cape on 6 April 1652, setting up a supply station and fortifications for the Dutch East India Company. The decade saw the beginning of European settlement, marked by the introduction of crops from Europe and the New World and culminating in war with the Khoikhoi in 1659.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015124-0001-0000", "contents": "1650s in South Africa, Milestones\nBernert Willemsz Wijlant, the first European baby, was born at the Cape on 6 June 1652. In 1654, Batavian convicts and political opponents were banished to the Cape bringing Islam to South Africa. Hout Bay, a sheltered cove just south of the Cape settlement is proposed as a settlement for Dutch families on 6 October 1654. Van Riebeeck sent Jan Wintervogel, a Dutch ensign, to scout the interior in 1655. Wintervogel went as far as Saldanha Bay. Van Riebeeck sent Willem Muller, a Dutch corporal, with the Khoikhoi interpreter, Autsumao, to explore the Hottentots Holland region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 33], "content_span": [34, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015124-0001-0001", "contents": "1650s in South Africa, Milestones\nMaize and Grape vines were planted in the Cape that same year. In 1657, Abraham Gabbema was sent to scout the interior and explored as far as the Berg River and Paarl regions. Doman, the leader of the Goringhaiqua Khoikhoi, was sent to Batavia to be trained as an interpreter. Nine Dutch East India Company servants were freed to become free burghers (free citizens) on 21 February. They settled along the Liesbeeck River (now Rondebosch area). The first wine was pressed from Cape grapes on 2 February 1659. Jan van Riebeeck established the Burgher Militia on 1 May 1659. A few days later on 19 May, the Khoikhoi protested against white encroachment, leading to the first Khoikhoi-Dutch War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 33], "content_span": [34, 726]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015124-0002-0000", "contents": "1650s in South Africa, Slavery\nThe Dutch East India Company gave van Riebeeck authority to bring slaves to South Africa in 1654. The Roode Vos ship sailed to Mauritius and Anongil Bay, Madagascar in search of slaves, but brought back none. In 1658, the Amersfoort ship stole 250 slaves from a Portuguese slave trading trafficking slaves from Angola to Brazil. The ship arrived in South Africa on 28 March with 170 slaves. 80 died during the trip. Later that year, the Hassalt ship brought 228 out of an initial 271 slaves from the Gulf of Guinea to South Africa on 6 May. 43 died at sea. After these two shipments, the Dutch East and West companies agreed to stop enslaving natives from lands controlled by the other company. Slave traffickers brought 63,000 slaves to South Africa between 1658 and 1808, when the British abolished the slave trade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 848]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015124-0003-0000", "contents": "1650s in South Africa, Slavery\nCatharina Anthonis, became the first slave to be freed to marry Jan Woutersz, a Dutch settler, in 1656. In 1658 a Portuguese slaver was captured and 174 slaves were taken. About 80 were shipped to Batavia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015125-0000-0000", "contents": "1650s in archaeology\nThe decade of the 1650s in archaeology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015126-0000-0000", "contents": "1650s in piracy, Events, 1657\nBrethren of the Coast is invited to use Port Royal as a base by Governor Edward D'Oley. This was done so that the Brethren would defend Port Royal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 29], "content_span": [30, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015127-0000-0000", "contents": "1650\u20131700 in Western European fashion\nFashion in the period 1650\u20131700 in Western European clothing is characterized by rapid change. The style of this era is known as Baroque. Following the end of the Thirty Years' War and the Restoration of England's Charles II, military influences in men's clothing were replaced by a brief period of decorative exuberance which then sobered into the coat, waistcoat and breeches costume that would reign for the next century and a half. In the normal cycle of fashion, the broad, high-waisted silhouette of the previous period was replaced by a long, lean line with a low waist for both men and women. This period also marked the rise of the periwig as an essential item of men's fashion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 725]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015127-0001-0000", "contents": "1650\u20131700 in Western European fashion, Women's fashion, Overview\nThe wide, high-waisted look of the previous period was gradually superseded by a long vertical line, with horizontal emphasis at the shoulder. Full , loose sleeves ended just below the elbow at mid century and became longer and tighter in keeping with the new trend. The body was tightly corseted, with a low, broad neckline and dropped shoulder. In later decades, the overskirt was drawn back and pinned up to display the petticoat, which was heavily decorated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 64], "content_span": [65, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015127-0002-0000", "contents": "1650\u20131700 in Western European fashion, Women's fashion, Overview\nSpanish court fashion remained out of step with the fashions that arose in France and England, and prosperous Holland also retained its own modest fashions, especially in headdress and hairstyles, as it had retained the ruff in the previous period.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 64], "content_span": [65, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015127-0003-0000", "contents": "1650\u20131700 in Western European fashion, Women's fashion, Romantic negligence\nA daring new fashion arose for having one's portrait painted in undress, wearing a loosely fastened gown called a nightgown over a voluminous chemise, with tousled curls. The style is epitomized by the portraits of Peter Lely, which derive from the romanticized style originated by Anthony van Dyck in the 1630s. The clothing in these portraits is not representative of what was worn on the street or at court.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 75], "content_span": [76, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015127-0004-0000", "contents": "1650\u20131700 in Western European fashion, Women's fashion, Mantua\nThe mantua or manteau was a new fashion that arose in the 1680s. Instead of a bodice and skirt cut separately, the mantua hung from the shoulders to the floor (in the manner of dresses of earlier periods) started off as the female version of the men's Banyan, worn for 'undress' wear. Gradually it developed into a draped and pleated dress and eventually evolved into a dress worn looped and draped up over a contrasting petticoat and a stomacher. The mantua-and-stomacher resulted in a high, square neckline in contrast to the broad, off-the-shoulder neckline previously in fashion. The new look was both more modest and covered-up than previous fashions and decidedly fussy, with bows, frills, ribbons, and other trim, but the short string of pearls and pearl earrings or eardrops worn since the 1630s remained popular.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 62], "content_span": [63, 884]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015127-0005-0000", "contents": "1650\u20131700 in Western European fashion, Women's fashion, Mantua\nThe mantua, made from a single length of fabric pleated to fit with a long train, was ideal for showing the designs of the new elaborately patterned silks that replaced the solid-colored satins popular in mid-century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 62], "content_span": [63, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015127-0006-0000", "contents": "1650\u20131700 in Western European fashion, Women's fashion, Hunting and riding dress\nIn a June 1666 diary entry, Samuel Pepys describes the Maids of Honour in their riding habits of mannish coats, doublets, hats, and periwigs, \"so that, only for a long petticoat dragging under their men's coats, nobody could take them for women in any point whatever\". For riding side-saddle, the costume had a long, trailing petticoat or skirt. This would be looped up or replaced by an ankle-length skirt for shooting or walking.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 80], "content_span": [81, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015127-0007-0000", "contents": "1650\u20131700 in Western European fashion, Women's fashion, Hairstyles and headgear\nEarly in the period, hair was worn in a bun at the back of the head with a cluster of curls framing the face. The curls grew more elaborate through the 1650s, then longer, until curls were hanging gracefully on the shoulder. In the 1680s hair was parted in the center with height over the temples, and by the 1690s hair was unparted, with rows of curls stackedhigh over the forehead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 79], "content_span": [80, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015127-0008-0000", "contents": "1650\u20131700 in Western European fashion, Women's fashion, Hairstyles and headgear\nThis hairstyle was often topped with a fontange, a frilly cap of lace wired to stand in vertical tiers with streamers to either side, named for a mistress of the French King. This was popular from the 1690s to the first few years of the 18th century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 79], "content_span": [80, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015127-0009-0000", "contents": "1650\u20131700 in Western European fashion, Men's fashion, Overview\nWith the end of the Thirty Years' War, the fashions of the 1650s and early 1660s imitated the new peaceful and more relaxed feeling in Europe. The military boots gave way to shoes, and a mania for baggy breeches, short coats, and hundreds of yards of ribbon set the style. The breeches (see Petticoat breeches) became so baggy that Samuel Pepys wrote in his diary: \"And among other things, met with Mr. Townsend, who told of his mistake the other day to put both his legs through one of his Knees of his breeches, and so went all day.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 62], "content_span": [63, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015127-0009-0001", "contents": "1650\u20131700 in Western European fashion, Men's fashion, Overview\n(April 1661) The wide breeches that made such an error possible were soon being gathered at the knee: Pepys noted, 19 April 1663 \"this day put on my close-kneed coloured suit, which, with new stockings of the colour, with belt, and new gilt-handled sword, is very handsome.\" This era was also one of great variation and transition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 62], "content_span": [63, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015127-0010-0000", "contents": "1650\u20131700 in Western European fashion, Men's fashion, Overview\nIn 1666, Charles II of England, Scotland and Ireland, following the earlier example of Louis XIV of France, decreed that at court, men were to wear a long coat, a vest or waistcoat (originally called a petticoat, a term which later became applied solely to women's dress), a cravat, a periwig or wig, and breeches gathered at the knee, as well as a hat for outdoor wear. By 1680, this more sober uniform-like outfit of coat, waistcoat, and breeches became the norm for formal dress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 62], "content_span": [63, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015127-0011-0000", "contents": "1650\u20131700 in Western European fashion, Men's fashion, Coat and waistcoat\nThe unfitted looser fit of the 1640s continued into the 1650s. In the 1650s, sleeves ranged from above to below the elbow. The sleeves could be slashed, unslashed, or dividing into two parts and buttoned together. The length of the coat reached the waist but by the late 1650s and early 1660s, the coat became very short, only reaching the bottom of the rib cage, much like a bolero jacket. During the 1660s, the sleeves varied a lot from elbow length to no sleeves at all. The coat could be worn opened or buttoned in the front. One common factor were many yards of ribbon loops arranged on the shoulders and the lower parts of the sleeves.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 72], "content_span": [73, 714]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015127-0012-0000", "contents": "1650\u20131700 in Western European fashion, Men's fashion, Coat and waistcoat\nA longer and rather baggy coat (still with sleeves rarely going below the elbow) made an appearance in the early 1660s and as the decade progressed became the most popular coat. By the late 1660s, an upturned cuff became popular although the sleeves had still remained above the elbows. By the 1670s, a vest or waistcoat was worn under the coat. It was usually made of contrasting, often luxurious, fabric, and might have a plain back since that was not seen under the coat. It was a long garment which by the 1680s reached just above the knees.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 72], "content_span": [73, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015127-0012-0001", "contents": "1650\u20131700 in Western European fashion, Men's fashion, Coat and waistcoat\nWith the end of the 1670s the sleeves became longer and the coat more fitted. The 1680s saw larger upturned cuffs and the waist of the coat became much wider. The coat could have lapels or none. This coat is known as the justacorps. The pockets on both sides of the coats were arranged horizontally or vertically (especially the mid to late 1680s) until the 1690s when the pockets were usually always arranged horizontally. The waistcoat could be sleeveless or have long sleeves. Typically, a long-sleeved waistcoat was worn in winter for added warmth. By the mid-1680s, ribbons were reduced to one side of the shoulder until by the 1690s, they were gone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 72], "content_span": [73, 728]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015127-0013-0000", "contents": "1650\u20131700 in Western European fashion, Men's fashion, Shirt, collar and cravat\nThe ruffled long-sleeved white shirt remained the only constant throughout the period, although less of it was seen with the advent of the waistcoat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 78], "content_span": [79, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015127-0014-0000", "contents": "1650\u20131700 in Western European fashion, Men's fashion, Shirt, collar and cravat\nDuring the early to mid-1650s, a rather small falling collar was in fashion. This increased in size and encompassed much of the shoulders by 1660. Cravats and jabots around the neck started to be worn during the early 1660s. By the mid-1660s, the collar had disappeared with just the cravat remaining, sometimes tied with a small bow of ribbon. Red was the most common color for the bow, although pink, blue, and other colors were also used.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 78], "content_span": [79, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015127-0014-0001", "contents": "1650\u20131700 in Western European fashion, Men's fashion, Shirt, collar and cravat\nBy the 1670s, the bow of ribbons had increased in size and in the 1680s, the bow of ribbons became very large and intricate with many loops of ribbon. By the mid-1690s, the very large bow of ribbons was discarded. Also, a new style of cravat made its appearance in the 1690s, the Steinkerk (named after the Battle of Steenkerque in 1692). Before, the cravat was always worn flowing down the chest; the Steinkerk cravat looped through a buttonhole of the coat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 78], "content_span": [79, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015127-0015-0000", "contents": "1650\u20131700 in Western European fashion, Men's fashion, Breeches and stockings\nThe previous decade saw Spanish breeches as the most popular. These were stiff breeches which fell above or just below the knee and were rather moderately fitted. By the mid-1650s, in Western Europe, much looser, uncollected breeches, called petticoat breeches became the most popular. As the 1650s progressed, they became larger and looser, very much giving the impression of a lady's petticoat. They were usually decorated with many yards of ribbon around the waist and around the ungathered knee on the outside of the leg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 76], "content_span": [77, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015127-0015-0001", "contents": "1650\u20131700 in Western European fashion, Men's fashion, Breeches and stockings\nAlongside the petticoat breeches, a collected but still loose fitted breeches called rhinegraves, were also worn. By the early 1660s, their popularity surpassed petticoat breeches. They could be worn with an overskirt over them, in this case the rhinegraves would be white. The overskirt was heavily decorated with ribbon on the waist and the bottom of the skirt. Its length was usually just above the knee, but could also extend past the knee so that the rhinegraves underneath could not be seen and only the bottom of the stocking-tops was visible.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 76], "content_span": [77, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015127-0016-0000", "contents": "1650\u20131700 in Western European fashion, Men's fashion, Breeches and stockings\nWith the rising popularity of the longer coat and waistcoat, the large collected rhinegraves and overskirt were abandoned in favor of more close fitting breeches. By the late 1670s, close fitted breeches were worn with the stockings worn over them and on or above the knee, often being gartered with a garter below the knee. With the long waistcoat and stockings worn over the knee, very little of the breeches could be seen. A possible reason that the stockings were worn over the knee, was to give the impression of longer legs since the waist coat fell very low, just above the knee. The breeches tended to be of the same material as the coat. The stockings varied in color.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 76], "content_span": [77, 754]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015127-0017-0000", "contents": "1650\u20131700 in Western European fashion, Men's fashion, Footwear and accessories\nShoes again became the most popular footwear during the 1650s, although boots remained in use for riding and outdoor pursuits. Boothose, originally of linen with lace cuffs and worn over the fine silk stockings to protect them from wear, remained in fashion even when boots lost their popularity. Boothose lasted well in the mid-1660s, attached right under where the rhinegraves were gathered below the knee, or fashionably slouched and unfastened. Shoes from the 1650s through the 1670s tended to be square toed and slightly long in appearance. Usually the shoes were tied with ribbon and decorated with bows. By the 1680s, the shoe became a bit more fitted; the heel increased in height (with red heels being very popular, especially for attendance at Court), and only a small ribbon if any remained.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 78], "content_span": [79, 881]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015127-0018-0000", "contents": "1650\u20131700 in Western European fashion, Men's fashion, Footwear and accessories\nThe baldric (a sword hanger worn across one shoulder) was worn until the mid-1680s, when it was replaced by the sword belt (a sword hanger worn across the hips).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 78], "content_span": [79, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015127-0019-0000", "contents": "1650\u20131700 in Western European fashion, Men's fashion, Hairstyles\nThroughout the period, men wore their hair long with curls well past the shoulders. The bangs (fringe) were usually combed forward and allowed to flow over the forehead a bit. Although men had worn wigs for years to cover up thinning hair or baldness, the popularity of the wig or periwig as standard wardrobe is usually credited to King Louis XIV of France. Louis started to go bald at a relatively young age and had to cover up his baldness with wigs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 64], "content_span": [65, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015127-0019-0001", "contents": "1650\u20131700 in Western European fashion, Men's fashion, Hairstyles\nHis early wigs very much imitated what were the hairstyles of the day, but they gave a thicker and fuller appearance than natural hair. Due to the success of the wigs, other men started to wear wigs as well. By 1680, a part in the middle of the wig became the norm. The hair on either side of the part continued to grow in the 1680s until by the 1690s two very high pronounced points developed on the forehead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 64], "content_span": [65, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015127-0019-0002", "contents": "1650\u20131700 in Western European fashion, Men's fashion, Hairstyles\nAs well, during the 1680s, the wig was divided into three parts: the front including the center part and the long curls which fell well past the shoulders, the back of the head which was combed rather close to the head, and a mass of curls which flowed down the shoulders and back. The curls of the wig throughout the 1660s until 1700 were rather loose. Tighter curls would not make their appearance until after 1700. Every natural color of wig was possible. Louis XIV tended to favor a brown wig. His son, commonly referred to as Monseigneur, was well known for wearing blond wigs. Facial hair declined in popularity during this period although thin moustaches remained popular up until the 1680s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 64], "content_span": [65, 763]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015127-0020-0000", "contents": "1650\u20131700 in Western European fashion, Men's fashion, Hats and headgear\nHats vary greatly during this period. Hats with very tall crowns, derived from the earlier capotain but with flat crowns, were popular until the end of the 1650s. The brims varied as well. Hats were decorated with feathers. By the 1660s, a very small hat with a very low crown, little brim, and large amount of feathers was popular among the French courtiers. Later in the 1660s, very large brims and moderate crowns became popular. Sometimes one side of the brim would be turned up. These continued fashionable well into the 1680s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 71], "content_span": [72, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015127-0020-0001", "contents": "1650\u20131700 in Western European fashion, Men's fashion, Hats and headgear\nFrom the 1680s until 1700, various styles and combinations of upturned brims were in fashion, from one brim upturned to three brims upturned (the tricorne). Even the angle at which the brims were situated on the head varied. Sometimes with a tricorne, the point would meet over the forehead or it would be set at a 45 degree angle from the forehead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 71], "content_span": [72, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015127-0021-0000", "contents": "1650\u20131700 in Western European fashion, Children's fashion\nYoung boys wore skirts with doublets or back-fastening bodices until they were breeched at six to eight. They wore smaller versions of men's hats over coifs or caps. Small children's clothing featured leading strings at the shoulder.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 57], "content_span": [58, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015127-0022-0000", "contents": "1650\u20131700 in Western European fashion, Children's fashion\nDress worn by Charles XI of Sweden in ca 1660.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 57], "content_span": [58, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015128-0000-0000", "contents": "1651\n1651 (MDCLI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar, the 1651st year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 651st  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 51st  year of the 17th\u00a0century, and the  2nd   year of the 1650s decade. As of the start of 1651, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015129-0000-0000", "contents": "1651 Behrens\n1651 Behrens, provisional designation 1936 HD, is a stony Florian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 10 kilometers in diameter. Discovered by  Marguerite Laugier in 1936, it was named after Johann Behrens.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015129-0001-0000", "contents": "1651 Behrens, Discovery\nBehrens was discovered on 23 April 1936, by French astronomer Marguerite Laugier at Nice Observatory in southeastern France. It was independently discovered by Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg Observatory, Germany in the following month.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015129-0002-0000", "contents": "1651 Behrens, Classification and orbit\nBehrens is an S-type asteroid and member of the Flora family, a large group of stony asteroids in the inner main-belt. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.0\u20132.3\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 3 months (1,175 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.07 and an inclination of 5\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. As no precoveries were taken, and no prior identifications were made, the body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015129-0003-0000", "contents": "1651 Behrens, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nAstronomers Laurent Bernasconi and St\u00e9phane Charbonnel obtained a rotational lightcurve of Behrens from photometric observations made in August 2001. It gave a longer than average rotation period of 34.34 hours with a brightness variation of 0.16 magnitude (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 55], "content_span": [56, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015129-0004-0000", "contents": "1651 Behrens, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Behrens measures between 8.96 and 10.33 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.20 and 0.318. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.24 \u2013 derived from 8\u00a0Flora, the largest member and namesake of this orbital family \u2013 and calculates a diameter of 10.31 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 12.1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015129-0005-0000", "contents": "1651 Behrens, Naming\nBased on a proposal by Otto Kippes, who verified the discovery, this minor planet was named after Johann Gerhard Behrens (1889\u20131978), German amateur astronomer and pastor at Detern, in lower Saxony. He was known for his orbit computations on comets and minor planets. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 October 1980 (M.P.C. 5523).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015131-0000-0000", "contents": "1651 in England\nEvents from the year 1651 in England, third and final year of the Third English Civil War and final year of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015138-0000-0000", "contents": "1651 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1651.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015140-0000-0000", "contents": "1651 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015140-0001-0000", "contents": "1651 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015140-0002-0000", "contents": "1651 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015141-0000-0000", "contents": "1651 in science\nThe year 1651 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015142-0000-0000", "contents": "1652\n1652 (MDCLII) was a leap year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a leap year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar, the 1652nd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 652nd  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 52nd  year of the 17th\u00a0century, and the  3rd   year of the 1650s decade. As of the start of 1652, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015143-0000-0000", "contents": "1652 Herg\u00e9\n1652 Herg\u00e9, provisional designation 1953 PA, is a stony Florian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 9 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 9 August 1953, by Belgian astronomer Sylvain Arend at the Royal Observatory of Belgium in Uccle, Belgium. It was later named after Belgian cartoonist Herg\u00e9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015143-0001-0000", "contents": "1652 Herg\u00e9, Orbit and classification\nHerg\u00e9 is a member of the Flora family, one of the largest families of stony asteroids. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.9\u20132.6\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 5 months (1,234 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.15 and an inclination of 3\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. It was first identified as 1933 UE1 at Heidelberg Observatory in 1933, extending the body's observation arc by 20 years prior to its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015143-0002-0000", "contents": "1652 Herg\u00e9, Physical characteristics\nHerg\u00e9 has been characterized as a common S-type asteroid by Pan-STARRS photometric survey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015143-0003-0000", "contents": "1652 Herg\u00e9, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nAstronomer Petr Pravec obtained a rotational lightcurve of Herg\u00e9 from photometric observations taken at Ond\u0159ejov Observatory in September 2014. It gave a rotation period of 16.36 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.42 magnitude (U=3-).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 53], "content_span": [54, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015143-0004-0000", "contents": "1652 Herg\u00e9, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Herg\u00e9 measures between 8.68 and 8.95 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.116 and 0.308. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.24 \u2013 derived from 8\u00a0Flora, the largest member and namesake of this orbital family \u2013 and calculates a diameter of 9.41 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 12.54.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 57], "content_span": [58, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015143-0005-0000", "contents": "1652 Herg\u00e9, Naming\nThis minor planet was named in honor of Belgian cartoonist Georges Remi, better known under his pseudonym Herg\u00e9. He is considered to be the father of the fictional Adventures of Tintin, one of the most popular European comics of the 20th century, and creator of its hero, Tintin, in 1929. The asteroid 1683 Castafiore was also named after the comic-strip character Bianca Castafiore from the series. The approved naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 8 April 1982 (M.P.C. 6831).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015151-0000-0000", "contents": "1652 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1652.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015153-0000-0000", "contents": "1652 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015153-0001-0000", "contents": "1652 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015153-0002-0000", "contents": "1652 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015154-0000-0000", "contents": "1652 in science\nThe year 1652 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015155-0000-0000", "contents": "16525 Shumarinaiko\n16525 Shumarinaiko, provisional designation 1991 CU2, is a stony Nysian asteroid and synchronous binary system from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 5 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 14 February 1991, by Japanese astronomers Kin Endate and Kazuro Watanabe at the Kitami Observatory on the island of Hokkaid\u014d in northern Japan. The asteroid was named after the Japanese Lake Shumarinai. Its sub-kilometer sized minor-planet moon was discovered in 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015155-0001-0000", "contents": "16525 Shumarinaiko, Orbit and classification\nShumarinaiko is a member of the Nysa family (405), the largest asteroid family of the main belt, consisting of stony and carbonaceous subfamilies. The family, named after 44\u00a0Nysa, is located in the inner belt near the Kirkwood gap (3:1 orbital resonance with Jupiter), a depleted zone that separates the central main belt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015155-0002-0000", "contents": "16525 Shumarinaiko, Orbit and classification\nIt orbits the Sun in the inner asteroid belt at a distance of 2.1\u20132.7\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 9 months (1,358 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.14 and an inclination of 2\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015155-0003-0000", "contents": "16525 Shumarinaiko, Orbit and classification\nThe body's observation arc begins with a precovery from the Digitized Sky Survey. It was taken at Palomar Observatory in March 1950, almost 41 years prior to the asteroid's official discovery observation at Kitami in 1991.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015155-0004-0000", "contents": "16525 Shumarinaiko, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn January 2013, a rotational lightcurve of Shumarinaiko was obtained from photometric observations by Brian Warner at the Palmer Divide Observatory (716) in Colorado, and Dan Coley at DanHenge Observatory (U80) in California. Analysis of the bimodal lightcurve gave a well-defined rotation period of 2.5932 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.08 magnitude (U=3), superseding the results from previous observations that gave a period of 2.6425 and 8.8 hours, respectively (U=1/1). A low brightness amplitude typically indicates that the body is rather spherical in shape.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 61], "content_span": [62, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015155-0005-0000", "contents": "16525 Shumarinaiko, Physical characteristics, Moon\nDuring the photometric observation by Warner and Coley in January 2013 (see above), mutual occultation and eclipsing events revealed that Shumarinaiko is a synchronous binary asteroid with an elongated minor-planet moon in orbit. The satellite, provisionally designated S/2013 (16525) 1, seems to be tidally locked to its orbital period of 14.409 hours. It measures least 16% of its primary (Ds/Dp of <0.16\u00b10.02), which translates into a diameter of approximately 830 meters. There are more than 100 binary asteroids known to exist in the asteroid belt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 50], "content_span": [51, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015155-0006-0000", "contents": "16525 Shumarinaiko, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Shumarinaiko measures 5.253 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.306, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 5.66 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 13.6.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 65], "content_span": [66, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015155-0007-0000", "contents": "16525 Shumarinaiko, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Lake Shumarinai. The lake is located within the Shumarinai Prefectural Natural Park in northern Hokkaid\u014d, Japan. Artificially created to generate hydroelectricity in the 1940s, it is now known for its scenery. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 15 December 2005 (M.P.C. 55722).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 26], "content_span": [27, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015156-0000-0000", "contents": "1653\n1653 (MDCLIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar, the 1653rd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 653rd  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 53rd  year of the 17th\u00a0century, and the  4th   year of the 1650s decade. As of the start of 1653, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015157-0000-0000", "contents": "1653 East Smyrna earthquake\nThe 1653 East Smyrna earthquake occurred on 23 February, with an estimated magnitude of 6.72\u00b10.3 Mw and a maximum felt intensity of X (Extreme) on the Mercalli intensity scale.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015158-0000-0000", "contents": "1653 Imperial election\nThe imperial election of 1653 was an imperial election held to select the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. It took place in Augsburg on May 31.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015158-0001-0000", "contents": "1653 Imperial election, Background\nThis was the first imperial election to take place after the Thirty Years' War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015158-0002-0000", "contents": "1653 Imperial election, Background\nOn October 31, 1517, Martin Luther, a professor of moral theology at the University of Wittenberg, now part of the Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, had delivered the Ninety-five Theses to Albert of Brandenburg, the elector of Mainz. This list of propositions criticized the practice of selling indulgences, remissions of the punishment meted out for sin in Purgatory. Luther's criticism snowballed into a massive schism in the church, and from there into a split among the states of the empire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015158-0003-0000", "contents": "1653 Imperial election, Background\nOn August 26 and 27, 1619, the Protestant estates of Kingdom of Bohemia deposed the Catholic king Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor and invited the Lutheran elector of the Electoral Palatinate, Frederick V of the Palatinate, to take his place. This Bohemian Revolt was put down with the help of the Catholic League, a confederation of Catholic princes of the empire. The league's leader, Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria, was granted the Upper Palatinate and its electoral rights in a treaty of 1619, confirmed at the Diet of Regensburg on February 25, 1623.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015158-0004-0000", "contents": "1653 Imperial election, Background\nThe revolt ignited a broader religious war across Germany, the Thirty Years' War, which would involve not only the states of the empire but also Sweden, the Dutch Republic, France, Denmark\u2013Norway, England, Scotland, Spain and Hungary and which would kill some eight million people before its end. The Peace of Westphalia which ended the war in 1648 revived the principle of cuius regio, eius religio established in 1555 by the Peace of Augsburg and established the modern concept of Westphalian sovereignty. It additionally reinstated the electoral rights of the Electoral Palatinate, though not its territorial rights in the Upper Palatinate. Bavaria was raised to the Electorate of Bavaria, bringing the number of electors of the empire to eight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 783]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015158-0005-0000", "contents": "1653 Imperial election, Background\nFerdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor called for the election of his successor. To avoid a tie, his son, Ferdinand IV, King of the Romans, king of Bohemia and the presumptive favorite, agreed to abstain. The remaining seven electors were:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015158-0006-0000", "contents": "1653 Imperial election, Aftermath\nFerdinand IV predeceased his father, dying of smallpox on July 9, 1654.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015167-0000-0000", "contents": "1653 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1653.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015169-0000-0000", "contents": "1653 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015169-0001-0000", "contents": "1653 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015169-0002-0000", "contents": "1653 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015170-0000-0000", "contents": "1653 in science\nThe year 1653 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015171-0000-0000", "contents": "1654\n1654 (MDCLIV) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar, the 1654th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 654th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 54th  year of the 17th\u00a0century, and the  5th   year of the 1650s decade. As of the start of 1654, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015172-0000-0000", "contents": "1654 Anglo-Swedish alliance\nThe 1654 Anglo-Swedish alliance was signed by Bulstrode Whitelocke, representing the Commonwealth of England, and Christina, Queen of Sweden, in Uppsala, Sweden in 1654. Its main purpose was to offset the alliance between Denmark and the Netherlands. It was signed on April 28, but antedated April 11.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015180-0000-0000", "contents": "1654 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1654.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015182-0000-0000", "contents": "1654 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015182-0001-0000", "contents": "1654 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015182-0002-0000", "contents": "1654 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015183-0000-0000", "contents": "1654 in science\nThe year 1654 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015184-0000-0000", "contents": "1655\n1655 (MDCLV) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar, the 1655th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 655th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 55th  year of the 17th\u00a0century, and the  6th   year of the 1650s decade. As of the start of 1655, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015185-0000-0000", "contents": "1655 Comas Sol\u00e0\n1655 Comas Sol\u00e0, provisional designation 1929 WG, is a rare-type asteroid from the central region of the asteroid belt, approximately 36 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 28 November 1929, by Spanish astronomer of Catalan origin, Josep Comas i Sol\u00e0 at the Fabra Observatory in Barcelona, Spain. It was later named after the discoverer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015185-0001-0000", "contents": "1655 Comas Sol\u00e0, Orbit and classification\nIt orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.1\u20133.4\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 8 months (1,693 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.24 and an inclination of 10\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. It was first observed as A901 VG at Heidelberg Observatory in 1901, extending the body's observation arc by 28 years prior to its official discovery observation at Barcelona.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015185-0002-0000", "contents": "1655 Comas Sol\u00e0, Physical characteristics\nComas Sol\u00e0 shows as rare XFU-type and B-type spectrum in the Tholen and SMASS classification scheme, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015185-0003-0000", "contents": "1655 Comas Sol\u00e0, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves\nA rotational lightcurve obtained by American amateur astronomer Robert Stephens gave a well-defined rotation period of 20.456 hours with a brightness variation of 0.20 magnitude (U=3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 54], "content_span": [55, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015185-0004-0000", "contents": "1655 Comas Sol\u00e0, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Comas Sol\u00e0 measures between 30.57 and 40 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.04 and 0.073. More recently published revised WISE/NEOWISE-data gave a refined diameter of 35.6 and 35.94 kilometers, respectively. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link agrees with IRAS, and adopts an albedo of 0.0726 with a diameter of 30.57 kilometers and an absolute magnitude of 11.04.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 62], "content_span": [63, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015185-0005-0000", "contents": "1655 Comas Sol\u00e0, Naming\nThis minor planet was named in memory of its discoverer Josep Comas i Sol\u00e0 (1868\u20131937), first director of the discovering Fabra Observatory, Barcelona, capital of the Catalonia region in northeastern Spain. He was a prolific observer of minor planets and comets in the 1920s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015185-0006-0000", "contents": "1655 Comas Sol\u00e0, Naming\nIt is one of the rare cases where a minor planet bears the name of its discoverer. Sol\u00e0 is also honored by the asteroid 1102 Pepita, named after his nickname, and by the 127-kilometer wide Martian crater Comas Sola. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 June 1980 (M.P.C. 5357).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015186-0000-0000", "contents": "1655 Malta plague outbreak\nThe 1655 Malta plague outbreak was a minor outbreak of plague (Maltese: pesta) on the island of Malta, then ruled by the Order of St John. The outbreak appeared in Kalkara and some cases were reported in \u017babbar and the urban area around the Grand Harbour. Restrictive measures were imposed and the outbreak was contained after causing 20 deaths.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015186-0001-0000", "contents": "1655 Malta plague outbreak, Background\nAt the time of the outbreak, Malta was ruled by the Order of St John. In 1592\u20131593 a plague epidemic had killed about 3,000 people on the island and there was a small outbreak in 1623.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 38], "content_span": [39, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015186-0002-0000", "contents": "1655 Malta plague outbreak, Outbreak\nIn 1655 the plague was introduced to Malta through ships which had travelled from the Eastern Mediterranean to the island. They were anchored in Kalkara Creek, and the disease was first detected in a man from the village of Kalkara who had contact with them. The plague spread to other family members in \u017babbar, and physicians were informed of the possibility of a contagious disease. Some cases later appeared in the urban area around the Grand Harbour: in Valletta, Birgu, Senglea and Bormla.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 36], "content_span": [37, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015186-0003-0000", "contents": "1655 Malta plague outbreak, Outbreak, Containment measures\nA medical commission was set up to investigate when the outbreak was detected, and it concluded that the disease was contagious and recommended the setting up of containment measures. Those who were infected were isolated at the Lazzaretto on Bishop's Island and those who had been in contact with them were quarantined. Their house and its contents were burnt down, and a cordon sanitaire was imposed on the town of \u017babbar. When the disease appeared in the other Grand Harbour settlements, similar restrictions on movement were imposed and through these measures the outbreak was successfully contained.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 58], "content_span": [59, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015186-0004-0000", "contents": "1655 Malta plague outbreak, Outbreak, Containment measures\nDuring the 1655 outbreak, contact between Malta and Sicily was limited due to restrictions imposed by the Viceroy of Sicily.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 58], "content_span": [59, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015186-0005-0000", "contents": "1655 Malta plague outbreak, Impact\nThe outbreak caused the deaths of 20 people over a period of three months.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 34], "content_span": [35, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015194-0000-0000", "contents": "1655 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1655.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015196-0000-0000", "contents": "1655 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015196-0001-0000", "contents": "1655 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015196-0002-0000", "contents": "1655 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015197-0000-0000", "contents": "1655 in science\nThe year 1655 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015198-0000-0000", "contents": "1655 papal conclave\nThe 1655 papal conclave was convened following the death of Pope Innocent X and ended with the election of Fabio Chigi as Alexander VII. The conclave quickly reached a deadlock, with Giulio Cesare Sacchetti receiving 33 votes throughout the conclave, but never securing enough for his own election. Chigi was eventually elected Pope when Cardinal Mazarin, the leader of the French government, consented to his election at the request of Sacchetti.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015198-0001-0000", "contents": "1655 papal conclave, Background\nInnocent X created Camillo Francesco Maria Pamphili, his only nephew, a cardinal. Camillo would later renounce his status as a cardinal in order to marry. Instead, Innocent's sister-in-law Olimpia Maidalchini handled all of the functions that would ordinarily have been the realm of a cardinal nephew.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015198-0002-0000", "contents": "1655 papal conclave, Background\nDuring Innocent's papacy, the Peace of Westphalia brought an end to the Thirty Years' War, and it was the most significant secular event that occurred during his reign. Innocent did not approve of the treaty because his representatives had not been a part of the discussions and he had not been consulted or asked to approve the recognition of the Protestant religion in Germany. He called upon secular Catholic leaders to renounce the peace,but they did not do so. Innocent in return refrained from appointing cardinals outside of Italy during his reign. He only created six non-Italian cardinals during his pontificate, and five of those were Crown-cardinals that Catholic monarchs insisted upon. Aside from these, the remainder of his 40 creations all came from Italy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 803]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015198-0003-0000", "contents": "1655 papal conclave, Conclave\nThe College of Cardinals at the time of Innocent X's death had 69 members, and the conclave that followed saw 66 electors participate. 32 of the cardinals had been created either by Urban VIII or Innocent X. Because Olimpia Maidalchini was not a cardinal, she was not allowed to participate in the conclave, even though she was the only woman to have been allowed to give a speech to the cardinals. This left Innocent's creations without a natural leader during the process.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015198-0003-0001", "contents": "1655 papal conclave, Conclave\nThere were 18 cardinals loyal to Spain in the conclave, and while the French had less loyalty, Urban VIII's nephew Francesco Barberini was a member of their faction. Barberini's allegiance to France was due to the marriage of one of his nieces to the brother of Rinaldo d'Este, the cardinal who led the French faction. Barberini had the capacity to bring up to 20 additional cardinals to support a candidate he favoured.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015198-0004-0000", "contents": "1655 papal conclave, Conclave\nGiulio Cesare Sacchetti, who had been considered the most likely to become pope in 1644, was the strongest candidate again, but some cardinals did not vote for him because he had been vetoed in the previous conclave by the Spanish. Sacchetti also was the favoured candidate of Cardinal Mazarin, the leader of the French government at that time. During the initial scrutiny Sacchetti received 33 votes, a number he consistently received throughout the conclave. The early scrutinies also were unique because there were a large amount of electors who wrote in no one, peaking at 27 votes on 22 January.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015198-0004-0001", "contents": "1655 papal conclave, Conclave\nThese votes came primarily from electors that had been created by Innocent X who did not want to vote for a cardinal who had been created by Urban VIII. 11 of the votes for no candidate came from the Squadrone Volante, a group of cardinals who were willing to support a candidate for any faction that they thought would be beneficial to the office of pope.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015198-0005-0000", "contents": "1655 papal conclave, Conclave\nThe stalemate continued through February, and younger members of the College of Cardinals began to play pranks on older members of the College in order to entertain themselves. This supposedly led to one older cardinal dying from pneumonia after a younger cardinal had caused him to fall and lie on a cold floor by startling him dressed as a ghost. There were also other illnesses amongst the cardinals that led several of them to leave the conclave.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015198-0006-0000", "contents": "1655 papal conclave, Election of Alexander VII\nIn mid-February, Sacchetti, recognizing that his own candidacy was lost, contacted Mazarin and requested that the French cardinals move their support to Fabio Chigi. Chigi was initially speculated as a candidate for pope before the death of Innocent X. Contemporary accounts reported that he was held to be the best suited for the position if the human considerations of the elector were not taken into account. Cardinal Mazarin of France was convinced to support Chigi by the Squadrone, even though he did not like him. Mazarin's hatred of Chigi dated to Mazarin's exile in Cologne during the Fronde while Chigi was serving as the papal nuncio in that city.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 46], "content_span": [47, 705]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015198-0007-0000", "contents": "1655 papal conclave, Election of Alexander VII\nIn April 1655, Mazarin wrote back to Sacchetti agreeing to allow electors loyal to France to vote for Chigi should Sacchetti's own election become impossible. Sacchetti then proceeded to ask his supporters to transfer their support to Chigi. On the first scrutiny on 7 April 1655, 20 written ballots were cast for Chigi, before the other electors acclaimed him pope after a conclave lasting 80 days. Upon his election, Chigi took the name Alexander VII.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 46], "content_span": [47, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015199-0000-0000", "contents": "16550 UART\nThe 16550 UART (universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter) is an integrated circuit designed for implementing the interface for serial communications. The corrected -A version was released in 1987 by National Semiconductor. It is frequently used to implement the serial port for IBM PC compatible personal computers, where it is often connected to an RS-232 interface for modems, serial mice, printers, and similar peripherals. It was the first serial chip used in the IBM PS/2 line, which were introduced in 1987.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015199-0001-0000", "contents": "16550 UART\nThe part was originally made by National Semiconductor. Similarly numbered devices, with varying levels of compatibility with the original National Semiconductor part, are made by other manufacturers. A UART function that is register-compatible with the 16550 is usually a feature of multifunction I/O cards for IBM PC-compatible computers, and may be integrated on the motherboard of other compatible computers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015199-0002-0000", "contents": "16550 UART\nReplacement of the factory-installed 8250 UART was a common upgrade for owners of IBM PC, XT, and  compatible computers when high-speed modems became available. At speeds higher than 9600\u00a0baud, owners discovered that the serial ports of the computers were not able to handle a continuous flow of data without losing characters. Exchange of the 8250 (having only a one-byte received data buffer) with a 16550, and occasionally patching or setting system software to be aware of the FIFO feature of the new chip, improved the reliability and stability of high-speed connections.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015199-0003-0000", "contents": "16550 UART, Features\nBoth the computer hardware and software interface of the 16550 are backward compatible with the earlier 8250 UART and 16450 UART. The current version (since 1995) by Texas Instruments which bought National Semiconductor is called the 16550D.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 20], "content_span": [21, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015199-0004-0000", "contents": "16550 UART, Features\nThe 16550A and newer is pin-compatible with the 16450, but the Microsoft diagnostics program (MSD) supplied with MS-DOS 6.x, Windows 9x, Windows Me, and Windows 2000 often report the 16450 chip as an 8250 chip.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 20], "content_span": [21, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015199-0005-0000", "contents": "16550 UART, The 16550 FIFO\nOne drawback of the earlier 8250 UARTs and 16450 UARTs was that interrupts were generated for each byte received. This generated high rates of interrupts as transfer speeds increased. More critically, with only a 1-byte buffer there is a genuine risk that a received byte will be overwritten if interrupt service delays occur. To overcome these shortcomings, the 16550 series UARTs incorporated a 16-byte FIFO buffer with a programmable interrupt trigger of 1, 4, 8, or 14\u00a0bytes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 26], "content_span": [27, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015199-0006-0000", "contents": "16550 UART, The 16550 FIFO\nThe original 16550 had a bug that prevented this FIFO from being used. National Semiconductor later released the 16550A which corrected this issue. Not all manufacturers adopted this nomenclature, however, continuing to refer to the fixed chip as a 16550.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 26], "content_span": [27, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015199-0007-0000", "contents": "16550 UART, The 16550 FIFO\nAccording to another source, the FIFO issue was corrected only in the 16550AF model, with the A model still being buggy. (The C and CF models are okay too, according to this source.) The 16550AFN model added DMA transfers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 26], "content_span": [27, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015199-0008-0000", "contents": "16550 UART, The 16550 FIFO\nThe 16550 also incorporates a transmit FIFO, though this feature is less critical as delays in interrupt service would only result in sub-optimal transmission speeds and not actual data loss.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 26], "content_span": [27, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015199-0009-0000", "contents": "16550 UART, The 16550 FIFO\nThe 16550A(F) version was a must-have to use modems with a data transmit rate of 9600\u00a0baud. Dropouts occurred with 14.4\u00a0kbit/s (v.32bis and higher) units and as compression was added with v.42 getting more data per interrupt was critical as data speed continued to increase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 26], "content_span": [27, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015200-0000-0000", "contents": "1656\n1656 (MDCLVI) was a leap year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a leap year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar, the 1656th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 656th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 56th  year of the 17th\u00a0century, and the  7th   year of the 1650s decade. As of the start of 1656, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015201-0000-0000", "contents": "1656 AM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1656\u00a0kHz:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 72]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015202-0000-0000", "contents": "1656 Suomi\n1656 Suomi (prov. designation:1942 EC) is a binary Hungaria asteroid and sizable Mars-crosser from the innermost regions of the asteroid belt. It was discovered on 11 March 1942, by Finnish astronomer Yrj\u00f6 V\u00e4is\u00e4l\u00e4 at Turku Observatory in Southwest Finland, who named it \"Suomi\", the native name of Finland. The stony asteroid has a short rotation period of 2.6 hours and measures approximately 7.9 kilometers in diameter. In June 2020, a companion was discovered by Brian Warner, Robert Stephens and Alan Harris. The satellite measures more than 1.98 kilometers in diameter, about 26% of the primary, which it orbits once every 57.9 hours at an average distance of 30 kilometers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 690]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015202-0001-0000", "contents": "1656 Suomi, Orbit and classification\nSuomi is a member of the Hungaria family, which form the innermost dense concentration of asteroids in the Solar System. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 1.6\u20132.1\u00a0AU once every 2 years and 7 months (940 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.12 and an inclination of 25\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015202-0002-0000", "contents": "1656 Suomi, Orbit and classification\nIt is also classified as a Mars-crossing asteroid, since its perihelion \u2013 the point in its orbit, where it is nearest to the Sun \u2013 is less than the average orbital distance of the planet Mars (1.666\u00a0AU). Suomi's observation arc begins on the preceding night of its discovery, with an observation taken at Johannesburg Observatory on 10 March 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015202-0003-0000", "contents": "1656 Suomi, Naming\nAs with 1453 Fennia, this minor planet was named after Finland (Finnish: Suomi). The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 February 1976 (M.P.C. 3932).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015202-0004-0000", "contents": "1656 Suomi, Physical characteristics\nIn the Tholen taxonomy, Suomi is a stony S-type asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 94]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015202-0005-0000", "contents": "1656 Suomi, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, Suomi measures 7.86 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.156, making it one of the largest Mars crossing asteroid with a known diameter. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link (CALL) agrees with IRAS, and adopts an albedo of 0.157 and a diameter of 7.9 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 13.146.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 57], "content_span": [58, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015202-0006-0000", "contents": "1656 Suomi, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nSince 1991, a large number of rotational lightcurves of Suomi have been obtained from photometric observations (also see infobox). CALL adopts a rotation period of 2.583 hours with a brightness variation of 0.20 magnitude (U=3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 53], "content_span": [54, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015210-0000-0000", "contents": "1656 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1656.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015212-0000-0000", "contents": "1656 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015212-0001-0000", "contents": "1656 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015212-0002-0000", "contents": "1656 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015213-0000-0000", "contents": "1656 in science\nThe year 1656 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015214-0000-0000", "contents": "16560 Daitor\n16560 Daitor /\u02c8de\u026at\u0259r/ is a large Jupiter trojan from the Trojan camp, approximately 44 kilometers (27 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 2 November 1991, by Belgian astronomer Eric Elst at the La Silla site of the European Southern Observatory in Chile. The carbonaceous C-type asteroid is one of the largest Jupiter trojans with an unknown rotation period. It was named after the Trojan warrior Daitor from Greek mythology.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015214-0001-0000", "contents": "16560 Daitor, Orbit and classification\nDaitor is a Jovian asteroid in the so-called Trojan camp, located in the L5 Lagrangian point, 60\u00b0 behind Jupiter, orbiting in a 1:1 resonance with the Gas Giant (see Trojans in astronomy).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015214-0002-0000", "contents": "16560 Daitor, Orbit and classification\nIt is also a non-family asteroid of the Jovian background population. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 4.9\u20135.3\u00a0AU once every 11 years and 4 months (4,152 days; semi-major axis of 5.06\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.04 and an inclination of 15\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with a precovery published by the Digitized Sky Survey and taken at Palomar Observatory in October 1955, more than 36 years prior to its official discovery observation at La Silla.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015214-0003-0000", "contents": "16560 Daitor, Naming\nThis minor planet was named from Greek mythology after the Trojan warrior Daitor (Dai'tor), who was killed by Teucer (Teukros) during the Trojan War. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 27 May 2010 (M.P.C. 70409).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015214-0004-0000", "contents": "16560 Daitor, Physical characteristics\nIn the SDSS-based taxonomy, Daitor is a carbonaceous C-type, while most Jupiter trojans are D-type asteroids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015214-0005-0000", "contents": "16560 Daitor, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nAs of 2018, no rotational lightcurve of Daitor has been obtained from photometric observations. The body's rotation period, pole and shape remain unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 55], "content_span": [56, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015214-0006-0000", "contents": "16560 Daitor, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite, the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, and the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, Daitor measures between 43.38 and 51.42 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.029 and 0.053. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for a carbonaceous asteroid of 0.057 and calculates a diameter of 40.33 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.7.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015214-0007-0000", "contents": "16560 Daitor, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nNote: missing data was completed with figures from the JPL SBDB () and from the LCDB () for the WISE/NEOWISE and SIMPS catalogs, respectively. These figures are given in italics. Also, listing is incomplete above #100.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015215-0000-0000", "contents": "1657\n1657 (MDCLVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar, the 1657th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 657th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 57th  year of the 17th\u00a0century, and the  8th   year of the 1650s decade. As of the start of 1657, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015216-0000-0000", "contents": "1657 Roemera\n1657 Roemera, provisional designation 1961 EA, is a stony Phocaea asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 8 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 6 March 1961, by Swiss astronomer Paul Wild at Zimmerwald Observatory near Bern, Switzerland, and later named after American astronomer Elizabeth Roemer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015216-0001-0000", "contents": "1657 Roemera, Orbit and classification\nRoemera is a member of the Phocaea family (701), a large family of stony asteroids with nearly two thousand known members. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.8\u20132.9\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 7 months (1,315 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.24 and an inclination of 23\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. Roemera was first identified as 1932 AB at Heidelberg Observatory in 1932, extending the body's observation arc by 29 years prior to its official discovery observation at Zimmerwald.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015216-0002-0000", "contents": "1657 Roemera, Physical characteristics\nIn the Tholen classification, Roemera is a stony S-type asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015216-0003-0000", "contents": "1657 Roemera, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves\nIn May 2008, American astronomer Brian Warner obtained a rotational lightcurve of Roemera from photometric observations at his Palmer Divide Observatory in Colorado. It gave a longer than average rotation period of 34.0 hours with a brightness variation of 0.15 magnitude (U=2). Polish astronomer Wies\u0142aw Z. Wi\u015bniewski found a different period solution of 4.5 hours with a low amplitude of 0.09 magnitude in March 1990 (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 51], "content_span": [52, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015216-0004-0000", "contents": "1657 Roemera, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Roemera measures 7.66 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.220, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 8.04 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 12.89.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015216-0005-0000", "contents": "1657 Roemera, Naming\nThis minor planet was named by the discoverer in honor American astronomer Elizabeth Roemer (1929\u20132016), U.S. Naval Observatory, in appreciation of her untiring and successful efforts to advance the knowledge of the motions and physical properties of comets and minor planets. Roemer herself discovered the asteroids 1930\u00a0Lucifer and 1983\u00a0Bok. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 February 1965 (M.P.C. 2347).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015217-0000-0000", "contents": "1657 in Belgium\nEvents in the year 1657 in the Spanish Netherlands and Prince-bishopric of Li\u00e8ge (predecessor states of modern Belgium).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015225-0000-0000", "contents": "1657 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1657.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015227-0000-0000", "contents": "1657 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015227-0001-0000", "contents": "1657 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015227-0002-0000", "contents": "1657 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015228-0000-0000", "contents": "1657 in science\nThe year 1657 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015229-0000-0000", "contents": "1658\n1658 (MDCLVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar, the 1658th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 658th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 58th  year of the 17th\u00a0century, and the  9th   year of the 1650s decade. As of the start of 1658, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015230-0000-0000", "contents": "1658 Imperial election\nThe imperial election of 1658 was an imperial election held to select the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. It took place in Frankfurt on July 18.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015230-0001-0000", "contents": "1658 Imperial election, Background\nThe death of the previous emperor Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor, on April 2, 1657 was followed by the longest interregnum since the 13th century. This was largely a result of the youth of Ferdinand's surviving son Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor, who was only seventeen at the time of his father's death. It was generally agreed that the emperor had to be at least eighteen years old.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015230-0001-0001", "contents": "1658 Imperial election, Background\nCardinal Mazarin, the French chief minister, hoped to prevent Leopold's election and to secure either the election of his king Louis XIV of France or, at least, a candidate from outside the House of Habsburg such as Ferdinand Maria, Elector of Bavaria, the elector of Bavaria. The electors called to choose Ferdinand's successor were:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015230-0002-0000", "contents": "1658 Imperial election, Background\nFollowing the precedent set by his elder brother in the election of 1653, Leopold abstained from the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015230-0003-0000", "contents": "1658 Imperial election, Elected\nMazarin's efforts were unsuccessful and Leopold was elected with little difficulty. He was crowned at Frankfurt on August 1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015231-0000-0000", "contents": "1658 Innes\n1658 Innes, provisional designation 1953 NA, is a rare-type asteroid from the middle region of the asteroid belt, approximately 15 kilometers in diameter. It was named after Robert T. A. Innes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015231-0001-0000", "contents": "1658 Innes, Discovery\nInnes was discovered on 13 July 1953, by South African astronomer Jacobus Bruwer at Johannesburg Observatory in South Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 21], "content_span": [22, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015231-0002-0000", "contents": "1658 Innes, Discovery\nIt was the first numbered discovery of astronomer Jacobus Bruwer. In addition, he also discovered the minor planets 1660 Wood, 1794 Finsen, and 3284 Niebuhr. The asteroid 1811 Bruwer was named in his honour by the Dutch, Dutch-American astronomer trio of the Palomar\u2013Leiden survey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 21], "content_span": [22, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015231-0003-0000", "contents": "1658 Innes, Orbit and classification\nIt orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.1\u20133.0\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 1 month (1,495 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.18 and an inclination of 9\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. Innes was first identified as 1940 GB at Turku Observatory in 1940, extending the body's observation arc by 13 years prior to its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015231-0004-0000", "contents": "1658 Innes, Physical characteristics\nIn the Tholen taxonomy, Innes has an AS-spectral type, an intermediate form of the rare A-types to the common stony asteroids (also see category listing).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015231-0005-0000", "contents": "1658 Innes, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn May 2005, astronomers Robert Stephens at the Center for Solar System Studies, California, and Lorenzo Franco at Balzaretto Observatory, near Rome, each obtained a rotational lightcurve of Innes. The photometric observations gave an identical rotation period of 3.191\u00b10.001 hours with a brightness variation of 0.22 and 0.25 magnitude, respectively (U=3/3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 53], "content_span": [54, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015231-0006-0000", "contents": "1658 Innes, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the 2014-revised survey result of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Innes measures 13.35 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.248, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 14.76 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 11.52.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 57], "content_span": [58, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015231-0007-0000", "contents": "1658 Innes, Naming\nThis minor planet was named for Scottish\u2013South African astronomer Robert T. A. Innes (1861\u20131933), first director of the discovering Union Observatory from 1903 to 1927 (originally named Transvaal Observatory). He was a skilled observational astronomer, famous for his deliberate search and discovery of the nearest star, Proxima Centauri, in 1915. He also made important theoretical and computational contributions to celestial mechanics and to the irregular rotation of the Earth. The astronomer is also honored by the lunar crater Innes. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 July 1972 (M.P.C. 3297).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015238-0000-0000", "contents": "1658 in art, Paintings\nde Hooch \u2013 The Courtyard of a House in Delft", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 67]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015239-0000-0000", "contents": "1658 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1658.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015241-0000-0000", "contents": "1658 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015241-0001-0000", "contents": "1658 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015241-0002-0000", "contents": "1658 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015242-0000-0000", "contents": "1658 in science\nThe year 1658 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015243-0000-0000", "contents": "1659\n1659 (MDCLIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar, the 1659th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 659th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 59th  year of the 17th\u00a0century, and the  10th  and last year of the 1650s decade. As of the start of 1659, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015244-0000-0000", "contents": "1659 Punkaharju\n1659 Punkaharju, provisional designation 1940 YL, is a stony Postremian asteroid from the middle region of the asteroid belt, approximately 30 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 28 December 1940, by Finnish astronomer Yrj\u00f6 V\u00e4is\u00e4l\u00e4 at Turku Observatory in Southwest Finland. It is named for the municipality of Punkaharju.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015244-0001-0000", "contents": "1659 Punkaharju, Orbit\nPunkaharju is a member of the Postrema family (541), a mid-sized central asteroid family of little more than 100 members. The S-type asteroid orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.1\u20133.5\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 8 months (1,698 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.26 and an inclination of 16\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. Punkaharju was first identified as 1930 QB at Uccle Observatory in 1930, extending the body's observation arc by 10 years prior to its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 22], "content_span": [23, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015244-0002-0000", "contents": "1659 Punkaharju, Rotation period\nBetween 2000 and 2011, several rotational lightcurves of Punkaharju were obtained from photometric observations by astronomers Brian Warner and Pierre Antonini. They gave a well-defined rotation period of 5.01 hours with a brightness variation between 0.26 and 0.43 magnitude (U=3/3/3). In addition, a concurring period of 5.01327 hours was published in 2016, using the Uppsala Asteroid Photometric Catalogue as the main-data source. French CCD-specialist Cyril Cavadore also derived a less secure period of 5.028 hours from his observations in October 2005 (U=2-).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 32], "content_span": [33, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015244-0003-0000", "contents": "1659 Punkaharju, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, the asteroid measures between 28.01 and 31.21 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.165 and 0.271. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.196 and a diameter of 31.41 kilometers using an absolute magnitude of 9.9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 36], "content_span": [37, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015244-0004-0000", "contents": "1659 Punkaharju, Naming\nThis minor planet is named for the former municipality of Punkaharju, an isthmus region in southeastern Finland (also see Karelian Isthmus). The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 February 1976 (M.P.C. 3933).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015250-0000-0000", "contents": "1659 in Ireland\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by Sarah777 (talk | contribs) at 21:15, 19 November 2019 (rem stub tag). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015255-0000-0000", "contents": "1659 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1659.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015257-0000-0000", "contents": "1659 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015257-0001-0000", "contents": "1659 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015257-0002-0000", "contents": "1659 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015258-0000-0000", "contents": "1659 in science\nThe year 1659 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015259-0000-0000", "contents": "165P/LINEAR\n165P/LINEAR is a periodic comet in the Solar System. 165P/LINEAR has a perihelion distance of 6.8\u00a0AU, and is a Chiron-type comet with (TJupiter smaller than 3 and a semi-major axis larger than Jupiter's).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015260-0000-0000", "contents": "165th (Liverpool) Brigade\nThe 165th (Liverpool) Brigade was an infantry brigade of the British Army that served during the First World War, with the 55th (West Lancashire) Division. During the Second World War, as part of the 55th (West Lancashire) Infantry Division, the brigade remained in the United Kingdom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015260-0001-0000", "contents": "165th (Liverpool) Brigade, Formation\nThe brigade was raised in 1908 when the Territorial Force was created, by the amalgamation of the Yeomanry and the Volunteer Force, and was originally formed as the Liverpool Brigade attached to the West Lancashire Division. The brigade was composed of the 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th battalions of the King's Regiment (Liverpool).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 36], "content_span": [37, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015260-0002-0000", "contents": "165th (Liverpool) Brigade, First World War\nThe First World War began in August 1914 and most of the men of the brigade immediately volunteered for Imperial Service overseas although they were not obliged to do so, as the Territorial Force was initially intended to act as a home defence force during wartime. The Territorial Force was, therefore, split into a 1st Line and a 2nd Line. The 1st Line was liable for service overseas and the 2nd Line was intended to perform a home defence role and to send drafts of replacements to the 1st Line units serving overseas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 42], "content_span": [43, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015260-0002-0001", "contents": "165th (Liverpool) Brigade, First World War\nThe West Lancashire Division and Liverpool Brigade formed a duplicate 2nd Line units, the 2nd West Lancashire Division and 2nd Liverpool Brigade. To distinguish the 1st Line battalions from the 2nd Line, they adopted the fractional '1/', for all 1st Line units, (1/5th King's) and '2/' (2/5th King's) for all 2nd Line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 42], "content_span": [43, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015260-0003-0000", "contents": "165th (Liverpool) Brigade, First World War\nHowever, between November 1914 and March 1915, all the infantry battalions of the West Lancashire Division were sent overseas to France and Belgium to reinforce the British Expeditionary Force on the Western Front which had suffered heavy casualties and was struggling to hold the line. As a result, the division was temporarily disbanded and the 1st Liverpool Brigade joined with its 2nd Line, now numbered as the 171st (2/1st Liverpool) Brigade, and the division 57th (2nd West Lancashire) Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 42], "content_span": [43, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015260-0004-0000", "contents": "165th (Liverpool) Brigade, First World War\nIn early 1916 the West Lancashire Division was reformed, and now numbered as the 55th (West Lancashire) Division and the brigades were also numbered, the 1st Liverpool Brigade becoming 165th (1st Liverpool) Brigade", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 42], "content_span": [43, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015260-0005-0000", "contents": "165th (Liverpool) Brigade, First World War\nThe brigade served with the 55th Division for the rest of the war on the Western Front at the Third Battle of Ypres, Battle of Cambrai and the Battle of Estaires in 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 42], "content_span": [43, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015260-0006-0000", "contents": "165th (Liverpool) Brigade, Between the wars\nThe brigade was disbanded after the war in 1919 when the Territorial Force was disbanded. It was later renamed in 1920 as the Territorial Army. The brigade came into existence again as the 165th (Liverpool) Infantry Brigade, again assigned to the 55th (West Lancashire Division) and again had the same four battalions of the King's Regiment (Liverpool). However, under the Geddes Axe, the 8th (Irish) Battalion was disbanded on 31 March 1922 and were replaced in the brigade by the 10th (Scottish) Battalion, previously from the 166th (South Lancashire) Infantry Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 43], "content_span": [44, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015260-0007-0000", "contents": "165th (Liverpool) Brigade, Between the wars\nThe composition of the brigade remained unchanged throughout most of the inter-war years. In the late 1930s, however, many infantry battalions of the Territorial Army were converted to new roles, mainly anti-aircraft or searchlight units. The 6th (Rifle) Battalion was transferred to the Royal Engineers and converted to 38th (The King's) Anti - Aircraft Battalion, Royal Engineers, assigned to the 33rd (Western) Anti - Aircraft Group, 2nd Anti - Aircraft Division, serving alongside other units converted from infantry battalions. They replaced in the brigade by the 4th/5th Battalion, Cheshire Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 43], "content_span": [44, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015260-0007-0001", "contents": "165th (Liverpool) Brigade, Between the wars\nIn 1938, the 10th (Scottish) Battalion was transferred to the Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders and was re-titled as the Liverpool Scottish but remained with the brigade. In the same year, when all infantry brigades of the British Army were reduced from four to three battalions, the 7th Battalion, King's was transferred to the Royal Tank Regiment and became 40th (The King's) Royal Tank Regiment, assigned to 23rd Army Tank Brigade. When the 7th Battalion left to become 40th RTR they were replaced by 4th Battalion, South Lancashire Regiment, previously from 166th (South Lancashire) Infantry Brigade. Sometime in 1939, the brigade was redesignated 165th Infantry Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 43], "content_span": [44, 717]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015260-0008-0000", "contents": "165th (Liverpool) Brigade, Second World War\nThe brigade again served in the Second World War with the 55th Division throughout the war and, in October 1941, no longer was an operational formation to be sent overseas. In January 1942 it was reduced to a Lower Establishment yet it was not reduced to a training division as most others were. In December 1943, with the division, it was sent to Northern Ireland and was raised to a Higher Establishment in May 1944, before returning to the United Kingdom in July. It served there until the war finally ended in 1945 and the division was disbanded in 1946 and was not reformed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 43], "content_span": [44, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015261-0000-0000", "contents": "165th Air Support Operations Squadron\nThe 165th Air Support Operations Squadron (165 ASOS) is a combat support and geographically separated unit of the 165th Airlift Wing (AW) in the Georgia Air National Guard. The 165 ASOS is located at Savannah-Hilton Head International Airport, in the U.S. state of Georgia. The 165 ASOS falls under jurisdiction of Air Combat Command (ACC) along with other Tactical Air Control Party (TACP) squadrons, whereas the 165 AW falls under the jurisdiction of Air Mobility Command. The 165 ASOS provides TACP members; Air Liaison Officer (ALO) members; Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance Liaison Officer (ISRLO) members; and support personnel to aligned units in support of combat operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 735]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015261-0001-0000", "contents": "165th Air Support Operations Squadron, Mission\nThe mission of the 165 ASOS is to provide combat mission ready TACP to aligned and supported units. The 165 ASOS provides support to the 48th Infantry Brigade Combat Team (IBCT) of the Georgia Army National Guard, the 53rd IBCT of the Florida Army National Guard, the 29th Infantry Division (ID), and augments any active duty conventional and special operations units. TACP specialist members of the 165 ASOS become fully trained and certified Joint Terminal Attack Controllers (JTACs), allowing them to provide terminal attack guidance of fixed and rotary wing attack aircraft. They also deploy with, advise, and assist joint force commanders in planning, requesting, coordinating and controlling, close air support, reconnaissance, and tactical airlift missions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 811]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015261-0002-0000", "contents": "165th Air Support Operations Squadron, Mission\nAs a unit of the Georgia National Guard, the 165 ASOS also provides domestic support capabilities to the Governor of Georgia, and the greater region. Members are capable of responding to natural disasters and provide search and rescue operations, preservation of property, protection of life, public safety, maintenance of vital public services, logistic support, and manpower to meet any emergency relief support missions that arise.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015261-0003-0000", "contents": "165th Air Support Operations Squadron, History\nOn September 15, 1988 the federal government recognized the 111th Tactical Control Party Flight. The unit was first located at the Jekyll Island Airport, but moved to Brunswick, Georgia in January 1998 and was designated the 165 ASOS. It has undergone three separate conversions and held residence in five different places. The unit received a new facility at its current location in Garden City, Georgia, just east of Savannah on October 10, 2012. The 165 ASOS has been awarded five Air Force Outstanding Unit Awards for meritorious achievement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015261-0004-0000", "contents": "165th Air Support Operations Squadron, Operations\nThe unit was first mobilized during Desert Storm in 1991. Following 9/11, members of the 165 ASOS have been deployed overseas supporting combat operations every year since 2002, except in 2013. Members have supported the 48th IBCT during Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) and Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) (Afghanistan), and the 53rd IBCT in AFRICOM. Members have also supported numerous other groups in Special Operations Command, Combined Joint Task Force - Horn of Africa for Operation Octave Shield, and in South America. Additionally, the 165 ASOS has supported the 1st Cavalry Division; the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th IDs; the 82nd Airborne; the 101st Airborne; the 37th IBCT; and 1st Armored Division (AD).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 49], "content_span": [50, 753]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015261-0005-0000", "contents": "165th Air Support Operations Squadron, Operations\nThe 165 ASOS stood up a fully operational Small Unmanned Aerial Systems (SUAS) program in 2015. Its program is the largest SUAS program of conventional ASOS units in the United States Air Force and Air National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 49], "content_span": [50, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015261-0006-0000", "contents": "165th Air Support Operations Squadron, Operations\nThe 165 ASOS has also played a role in support of domestic operations. During the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, members deployed to New Orleans, set up communications, and conducted search and rescue operations. In 2007, thirty members of the squadron helped authorities conduct a weeklong search for a missing child in the Brunswick area. During severe winter ice storms in northern and eastern Georgia during 2014, the unit also responded and established a task force. This task force was able to clear downed trees, aided in the restoration of power and clearing of roads, and located and assisted stranded motorists. 165 ASOS members also assisted in moving families from homes without power to shelters throughout the area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 49], "content_span": [50, 780]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015261-0007-0000", "contents": "165th Air Support Operations Squadron, Operations\n165 ASOS members conduct domestic training in a wide variety of specializations, and participate in exercises throughout the United States and world.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 49], "content_span": [50, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015262-0000-0000", "contents": "165th Airlift Squadron\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by 2601:c4:8201:c980:d7e:e6e8:5726:6a6e (talk) at 01:51, 5 October 2021 (\u2192\u200eAircraft: The 165th Airlift Squadron now flies the C-130J Super Hercules.). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015262-0001-0000", "contents": "165th Airlift Squadron\nThe 165th Airlift Squadron (165 AS) is a unit of the Kentucky Air National Guard 123d Airlift Wing located at Louisville Air National Guard Base, Kentucky. The 165th is equipped with the C-130J Super Hercules.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015262-0002-0000", "contents": "165th Airlift Squadron, History, World War II\nOrganized and trained in New England during 1943. Moved to England in January 1944, being assigned to VIII Fighter Command. Entered combat in mid-December 1943, supported the invasion of Normandy during June 1944 by patrolling the English Channel, escorting bombardment formations to the French coast, and dive-bombing and strafing bridges, locomotives, and rail lines near the battle area. After D-Day, engaged chiefly in escorting bombers to oil refineries, marshalling yards, and other targets in such cities as Ludwigshafen, Stuttgart, Frankfurt, Berlin, Merseburg, and Brux. Continued combat operations until the German capitulation in May 1945. Returned to the United States and was inactivated in November, 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 765]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015262-0003-0000", "contents": "165th Airlift Squadron, History, Kentucky Air National Guard\nThe wartime 368th Fighter Squadron was re-designated as the 165th Fighter Squadron, and was allotted to the Kentucky Air National Guard, on 16 February 1947 . It was organized at Standiford Field, Louisville, Kentucky, and was extended federal recognition on 9 June 1947 by the National Guard Bureau. The 165th Fighter Squadron was bestowed the history, honors, and colors of the 368th Fighter Squadron. The squadron was equipped with 25 F-51D Mustangs and was assigned to the 123d Fighter Group, with an air defense mission for the state of Kentucky.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 60], "content_span": [61, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015262-0004-0000", "contents": "165th Airlift Squadron, History, Kentucky Air National Guard\nDuring the postwar years, the Air National Guard was almost like a flying country club and a pilot could often show up at the field, check out an aircraft and go flying. However, these units also had regular military exercises that kept up proficiency and in gunnery and bombing contests they would often score better than full-time USAF units. The unit's aircrews rapidly attained a high level of combat readiness, and just two years later, the unit earned its first Spaatz Trophy\u2014an award given each year to the premier Air National Guard flying unit. In 1948, Captain Thomas Francis Mantell Jr., a pilot in the 165th Fighter Squadron, was killed while in pursuit of an Unidentified Flying Object in the Mantell UFO incident.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 60], "content_span": [61, 788]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015262-0005-0000", "contents": "165th Airlift Squadron, History, Kentucky Air National Guard, Korean War Federalization\nWith the surprise invasion of South Korea on 25 June 1950 all three squadrons were equipped with F-51Ds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 87], "content_span": [88, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015262-0006-0000", "contents": "165th Airlift Squadron, History, Kentucky Air National Guard, Korean War Federalization\nAfter over a year of training at Godman AFB, the 123d was re-designated as a Fighter-Bomber Group and deployed to RAF Manston, Kent, England to replace the Strategic Air Command 12th Fighter-Escort Wing which was returned to Bergstrom AFB, Texas. In England, the mission of the 123d was to provide fighter escort for SAC B-50 Superfortress and B-36 Peacemaker bombers while flying over Western European airspace on their deterrence alert missions. The 123d left their F-51Ds at Godman AFB and the personnel boarded C-124 Globemaster II transports to England where they initially began conversion training on F-84E Thunderjets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 87], "content_span": [88, 714]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015262-0007-0000", "contents": "165th Airlift Squadron, History, Kentucky Air National Guard, Korean War Federalization\nThe training program began with the inexperienced F-51D pilots experiencing training difficulties with the jet aircraft, with several aircraft being lost in accidents. However, by March 1952 the 134th was judged to be 80% combat ready on the Thunderjets. However, the period of federalization for the 123d was expiring and in July 1952, the unit personnel were returned to the United States, the aircraft at RAF Manston being passed on to the active-duty 406th Fighter-Bomber Wing was activated in place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 87], "content_span": [88, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015262-0008-0000", "contents": "165th Airlift Squadron, History, Kentucky Air National Guard, Tactical Fighter mission\nAfter returning from England, the unit re-formed at Louisville. Because most jet aircraft were still in USAF use, the squadron received F-51D Mustangs and initially returned to its pre-federalization air defense mission, being designated as a Fighter-Interceptor unit. However, with the F-51s, the Kentucky Air National Guard was limited to daylight training only.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 86], "content_span": [87, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015262-0009-0000", "contents": "165th Airlift Squadron, History, Kentucky Air National Guard, Tactical Fighter mission\nOn 1 January 1953, the Group was transferred to Tactical Air Command jurisdiction and re-equipped with refurbished F-86A Sabre air superiority fighter. With the switchover to TAC, the unit designation was changed to \"Fighter-Bomber\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 86], "content_span": [87, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015262-0010-0000", "contents": "165th Airlift Squadron, History, Kentucky Air National Guard, Tactical Reconnaissance mission\nThe 165th only flew the Sabre for two years, when it was re-equipped with Martin RB-57A Canberra reconnaissance aircraft. The 123d became a Tactical Reconnaissance Wing, in which it would remain for the next thirty years. The 165th would perform day and night, high and low, and visual and photographic reconnaissance. Unlike the Sabre fighters, the RB-57A was totally unarmed. The crew was two\u2014one pilot and one photo-navigator One of their major activities of the 123d in the United States was to carry out photographic surveys of areas hit by natural disasters such as hurricanes or tornadoes. In 1965, the 123d was awarded its second Spaatz Trophy for superior combat readiness and flight training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 93], "content_span": [94, 796]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015262-0011-0000", "contents": "165th Airlift Squadron, History, Kentucky Air National Guard, Tactical Reconnaissance mission\nIn 1965, the unit transferred its RB-57s to active duty to be deployed to South Vietnam. In return the 123d was re-equipped, receiving the RF-101G Voodoo. The RF-101G was a derivative aircraft from twenty-nine ex-USAF F-101A Tactical Fighters that were withdrawn from fighter duty and were modified by Lockheed Aircraft Service Company of Ontario, California to serve as unarmed tactical reconnaissance aircraft for use by the Air National Guard. These aircraft were re-designated as RF-101G. As compared to the RF-101A dedicated photo-reconnaissance version of the F-101A, the RF-101G had a shorter and broader nose. These aircraft went to the Kentucky Air National Guard in July 1965, replacing the RB-57B.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 93], "content_span": [94, 802]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015262-0012-0000", "contents": "165th Airlift Squadron, History, Kentucky Air National Guard, Tactical Reconnaissance mission\nOn 26 January 1968, the Pueblo Crisis precipitated the 123d's recall to federal service. Now officially known as the 123d Tactical Reconnaissance Wing, the unit flew just under 20,000 tactical flying hours with the RF-101G and delivered nearly 320,000 reconnaissance prints to requesting agencies. Assigned personnel served on active duty for 16 months.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 93], "content_span": [94, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015262-0013-0000", "contents": "165th Airlift Squadron, History, Kentucky Air National Guard, Tactical Reconnaissance mission\nThe 123d TRW experienced a rocky tour of active duty. The wing had not been rated combat-ready when mobilized on 26 January 1968 primarily due to equipment shortages. It was not part of Secretary McNamara's Selected Reserve Force. The unit was given an unsatisfactory ORI rating in October 1968. Despite those problems, the 123d made a significant contribution to active force operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 93], "content_span": [94, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015262-0013-0001", "contents": "165th Airlift Squadron, History, Kentucky Air National Guard, Tactical Reconnaissance mission\nIt began functioning as the primary Air Force tactical reconnaissance unit in the continental U.S. Elements of its squadrons rotated temporary duty assignments in Japan and South Korea from July 1968 until April 1969 providing photo reconnaissance support to American forces in those areas, including service in South Vietnam flying combat reconnaissance missions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 93], "content_span": [94, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015262-0014-0000", "contents": "165th Airlift Squadron, History, Kentucky Air National Guard, Tactical Reconnaissance mission\nThe 123d was released from active duty and returned to Kentucky state control on 8 June 1969. The wing earned its first Air Force Outstanding Unit Award for its exceptional performance during this period.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 93], "content_span": [94, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015262-0015-0000", "contents": "165th Airlift Squadron, History, Kentucky Air National Guard, Tactical Reconnaissance mission\nIn 1971, there was a re-organization of Air National Guard tactical reconnaissance units, with all the RF-101Gs being sent to the Arkansas ANG 184th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron. The Kentucky ANG transferred its RF-101Gs to the Arkansas ANG and transitioned to the RF-101H Voodoo, a follow-on to the RF-101G. Being derived from the F-101C tactical fighter, the RF-101H differed from the RF-101G in having a strengthened airframe designed to allow maneuvers at up to 7.33 G. and having different fuel pumps and fuel feed and control systems, increasing its maximum available afterburner time from six minutes to 15.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 93], "content_span": [94, 712]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015262-0016-0000", "contents": "165th Airlift Squadron, History, Kentucky Air National Guard, Tactical Reconnaissance mission\nDuring 1976, a no-notice conversion announced by the National Guard Bureau brought the two-seat RF-4C Phantom II to the Kentucky Air National Guard, with the RF-101Hs aircraft being retired to AMARC. The unit attained combat-ready status within seven months\u2014a record time. The Phantom years were marked with many overseas deployments, participation in international photo reconnaissance competitions and a remarkable flight safety record. In 1981, the unit placed first in the Air National Guard Photo Finish Competition and earned an unprecedented third Spaatz Trophy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 93], "content_span": [94, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015262-0017-0000", "contents": "165th Airlift Squadron, History, Kentucky Air National Guard, Tactical Reconnaissance mission\nIn May 1983 the unit reached another historic milestone when it earned the highest possible rating from Tactical Air Command during its Operational Readiness Inspection. This was the first time that a TAC unit had received an outstanding rating. On 1 January 1989 the unit was awarded its seventh Air Force Outstanding Unit Award\u2014a record for any Air National Guard unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 93], "content_span": [94, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015262-0018-0000", "contents": "165th Airlift Squadron, History, Kentucky Air National Guard, Tactical airlift\nThe collapse of the Soviet Union and the dissolution of the Warsaw Pact led to accelerated retirement plans for active duty USAF RF-4Cs. In 1988, the Kentucky Air National Guard's Phantoms were sent to AMARC, and on 9 January 1989 the 123d was officially re-designated the 123d Tactical Airlift wing and began conversion to the C-130B Hercules transport aircraft. By the end of the year, the unit had been involved in many worldwide airlift missions, including exercise Volant Oak in Panama. The unit also participated in an airlift competition, Sentry Rodeo. The wing's first humanitarian airlift came in the aftermath of Hurricane Hugo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 78], "content_span": [79, 717]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015262-0019-0000", "contents": "165th Airlift Squadron, History, Kentucky Air National Guard, Tactical airlift\nAlthough the 165th Tactical Airlift Squadron, the wing's flying component, was not federally mobilized for Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm, unit volunteers stepped forward to support the war effort. From August 1990 to March 1991, the 165th flew 1,240 airlift sorties worldwide in direct support of the Gulf War\u2014the most for any Air National Guard unit. An additional 88 wing members were activated in support of Desert Shield/Storm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 78], "content_span": [79, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015262-0020-0000", "contents": "165th Airlift Squadron, History, Kentucky Air National Guard, Post Cold War era\nIn May 1992 the 123d received the 2000th C-130 straight off the assembly line as it began conversion to the C-130H Hercules. Eight months later, the 123rd deployed to Mombassa, Kenya, to fly relief missions into Somalia for Operation Restore Hope and Operation Provide Relief. Citizen-soldiers from the 123d flew 150 sorties and transported 720 tons of relief supplies and 1,444 passengers into some of the hardest-hit areas in Somalia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 79], "content_span": [80, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015262-0021-0000", "contents": "165th Airlift Squadron, History, Kentucky Air National Guard, Post Cold War era\nWhen the world's attention shifted to Eastern Europe in February 1993, the 123d responded again, deploying in support of Operation Provide Promise. The unit's all-volunteer force flew 1,082 airdrop and air-land sorties and delivered 2,215 tons of food and supplies into war-torn Bosnia-Herzegovina. To support the operation, the wing deployed 451 personnel into Rhein-Main Air Base, Germany, over several rotations until May 1994.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 79], "content_span": [80, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015262-0022-0000", "contents": "165th Airlift Squadron, History, Kentucky Air National Guard, Post Cold War era\nIn July 1994 the 123d answered another call for help and deployed within 72 hours of notification to fly relief missions into Rwanda and Zaire for Operation Support Hope. Operating out of Mombassa, Kenya, unit personnel flew 147 sorties, transporting 652.5 tons of relief supplies to the beleaguered Rwandan refugees. Personnel from the unit's 205th Combat Communications Squadron also deployed to Haiti that year as part of Operation Uphold Democracy, providing satellite communications links for the theater commander.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 79], "content_span": [80, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015262-0023-0000", "contents": "165th Airlift Squadron, History, Kentucky Air National Guard, Post Cold War era\nIn September 1994 the wing's sustained record of achievement was recognized by award of the 1993 Curtis N. Rusty Metcalf Trophy, presented annually to the best Air National Guard airlift or air refueling unit. The wing also earned the Air National Guard Distinguished Flying Unit Plaque and Air Force Flight Safety Plaque. In November 1994 the unit was granted its eighth Air Force Outstanding Unit Award.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 79], "content_span": [80, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015262-0024-0000", "contents": "165th Airlift Squadron, History, Kentucky Air National Guard, Post Cold War era\nThe wing returned to Bosnia in 1996 to provide airlift for U.S. and NATO troops who were protecting the fragile peace. More than 170 Kentuckians volunteered for the mission, which delivered 913 tons of cargo and transported 2,296 passengers. The wing also achieved the highest readiness rate of any unit in the theater. That commitment to service continued in 1997, when the unit participated in several overseas deployments while offering a helping hand at home. More than 100 Kentucky Air Guard troops provided security forces, medical aid, communications links and civil engineering crews after record flooding ravaged several Kentucky communities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 79], "content_span": [80, 731]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015262-0025-0000", "contents": "165th Airlift Squadron, History, Kentucky Air National Guard, Post Cold War era\nThe unit also made its presence felt overseas, offering civil engineering skills in Spain and airlift services in Saudi Arabia as part of Operation Southern Watch, which enforced the no-fly zone in Southern Iraq. Other wing members deployed to Egypt as part of a multinational training exercise that integrated 7,000 troops from every branch of the U.S. military and six foreign countries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 79], "content_span": [80, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015262-0026-0000", "contents": "165th Airlift Squadron, History, Kentucky Air National Guard, Post Cold War era\nIn February 1998, the 123d Airlift Wing received its ninth Air Force Outstanding Unit Award. The following month, the wing accepted its sixth Distinguished Flying Unit Plaque, recognizing the 123d Airlift Wing as one of the top five Air Guard flying units in the nation for 1997. A mere three months later, the wing as presented with the 15th Air Force Reserve Forces Trophy as the top reserve unit in the numbered Air Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 79], "content_span": [80, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015262-0027-0000", "contents": "165th Airlift Squadron, History, Kentucky Air National Guard, Post Cold War era\n1998 continued the 123rd Airlift Wing's tradition of global deployments with missions to Panama as part of Operation Coronet Oak and Ecuador for Nuevos Horizontes '98. The latter operation, whose name means New Horizons in Spanish, was a Southern Command joint training exercise that gave Kentucky Army and Air Guard engineers the opportunity to fine-tune military skills while constructing clinics, schools, and latrines in rural areas of the South American nation. Nearly 1,300 of the Commonwealth's citizen-soldiers participated in the effort, which also provided impoverished Ecuadorians with basic dental and medical care.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 79], "content_span": [80, 707]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015262-0028-0000", "contents": "165th Airlift Squadron, History, Kentucky Air National Guard, Post Cold War era\nThe following year, the wing returned to Bosnia once more to provide theater airlift for the continuing peacekeeping mission, now called Operation Joint Forge. More than 350 Kentucky aircrew, maintainers, and support personnel deployed for the operation, along with about 200 members of the Ohio Air National Guard's 179th Airlift Wing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 79], "content_span": [80, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015262-0029-0000", "contents": "165th Airlift Squadron, History, Kentucky Air National Guard, Post Cold War era\nThe two unit's C-130s flew nearly 500 sorties during the deployment, delivering 3,500 passengers and more than 1,000 tons of cargo to sites across Europe and inside Bosnia, including Sarajevo and Tuzla. The units also were tasked with helping stockpile equipment for what became Operation Allied Force, the NATO air campaign against Serbian forces in the former Republic of Yugoslavia. Working around the clock with the 37th Airlift Squadron at Ramstein Air Base, Germany, the Kentucky and Ohio crews flew more than 70 tons of fighter support equipment from RAF bases in England and Germany to bases in Italy. The Kentucky Air Guard closed out 1999 by again deploying for Operation Southern Watch, providing theater airlift services from an air base in Muscat, Oman.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 79], "content_span": [80, 846]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015262-0030-0000", "contents": "165th Airlift Squadron, History, Kentucky Air National Guard, Air Expeditionary deployments\nIn mid-1996, the Air Force, in response to budget cuts, and changing world situations, began experimenting with Air Expeditionary organizations. The Air Expeditionary Force (AEF) concept was developed that would mix Active-Duty, Reserve and Air National Guard elements into a combined force. Instead of entire permanent units deploying as \"Provisional\" as in the 1991 Gulf War, Expeditionary units are composed of \"aviation packages\" from several wings, including active-duty Air Force, the Air Force Reserve Command and the Air National Guard, would be married together to carry out the assigned deployment rotation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 91], "content_span": [92, 709]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015262-0031-0000", "contents": "165th Airlift Squadron, History, Kentucky Air National Guard, Air Expeditionary deployments\nShortly thereafter, the unit began planning for a 90-day deployment to Muscat, Oman, to again support U.S. troops enforcing the no-fly zone in Southern Iraq. More than 160 personnel were joined by members of the Ohio Air Guard's 179th Airlift Wing to support Operation Northern Watch. Together, the two units flew 345 sorties during their three-month tasking, delivering 895 tons of cargo and 1,122 passengers to destinations in Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates. The mission, which was part of the Air Force's first-ever Aerospace Expeditionary Force, concluded in December 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 91], "content_span": [92, 687]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015262-0032-0000", "contents": "165th Airlift Squadron, History, Kentucky Air National Guard, Air Expeditionary deployments\nBy April 2000 the 123d Airlift Wing had received its 10th Air Force Outstanding Unit Award, and global deployments continued to mark the wing's activities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 91], "content_span": [92, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015262-0033-0000", "contents": "165th Airlift Squadron, History, Kentucky Air National Guard, Air Expeditionary deployments\nMore than 580 Kentucky Air Guard members deployed overseas from December 2000 to March 2001 as part of Air Expeditionary Forces based in Germany and Southwest Asia. Other unit members were sent to South America to participate in drug interdiction efforts. The largest contingent of Kentucky forces\u2014nearly 470 aircrew, maintenance and support personnel\u2014operated from Ramstein Air Base, Germany, in support of Operation Joint Forge, the multinational peacekeeping mission in Bosnia-Herzegovina. While there, unit members transported approximately 2,500 passengers and 410 tons of cargo to locations like Sarajevo and Tuzla, Bosnia; and Taszar, Hungary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 91], "content_span": [92, 742]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015262-0034-0000", "contents": "165th Airlift Squadron, History, Kentucky Air National Guard, Air Expeditionary deployments\nOther 123d members deployed to Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates and Turkey in support of Operation Joint Forge, Operation Southern Watch and Operation Northern Watch. The latter two missions are responsible for enforcing no-fly zones imposed upon Iraq following the 1991 Gulf War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 91], "content_span": [92, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015262-0035-0000", "contents": "165th Airlift Squadron, History, Kentucky Air National Guard, Global War on Terrorism\nAfter the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, unit members were tasked to participate in the war against terrorism and in homeland defense. Currently, more than 500 Kentucky ANG troops have been called to active duty for at least a year while scores of additional troops are serving on short-term duty as needed to support Operation Noble Eagle and Operation Enduring Freedom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 85], "content_span": [86, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015262-0036-0000", "contents": "165th Airlift Squadron, History, Kentucky Air National Guard, Global War on Terrorism\nIn the first half of 2002, the wing received three major honors recognizing its superior performance in 2001. The awards were the 15th Air Force Solano Trophy, given each year to the top reserve unit in the 15th Air Force; the Metcalf Trophy, given annually to the best tanker or airlift unit in the Air National Guard; and the Air Force Outstanding Unit Award\u2014the wing's 11th such honor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 85], "content_span": [86, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015262-0037-0000", "contents": "165th Airlift Squadron, History, Kentucky Air National Guard, Global War on Terrorism\nThe wing also stood up the Air National Guard's first Contingency Response Group\u2014a rapid-reaction \"airbase in a box\" with all the personnel, training and equipment needed to deploy to a remote site, open up a runway and establish airfield operations so that aid and troops can begin to flow into affected areas after a disaster.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 85], "content_span": [86, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015262-0038-0000", "contents": "165th Airlift Squadron, History, Kentucky Air National Guard, Global War on Terrorism\nThe group was instrumental in responding to the statewide ice storm last year that left nearly 770,000 households without power and water for days. All told, the wing deployed more than 380 Airmen across the Commonwealth to clear roads, distribute food and water and conduct house-to-house \"wellness checks\" credited with saving two people from death by carbon monoxide poisoning.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 85], "content_span": [86, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015262-0039-0000", "contents": "165th Airlift Squadron, History, Kentucky Air National Guard, Global War on Terrorism\nThe unit was equally engaged back home. When Hurricane Gustav began closing in on the Gulf Coast in August 2008, the 123d Airlift Wing provided the facilities and support for relief agencies to evacuate more than 1,400 New Orleans residents to Louisville and then repatriate them after the danger had passed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 85], "content_span": [86, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015262-0040-0000", "contents": "165th Airlift Squadron, History, Kentucky Air National Guard, Global War on Terrorism\nIn 2009, the Wing was awarded its 14th Air Force Outstanding Unit Award for accomplishments from 1 October 2007 to 30 September 2009. During those two years, the wing stepped up to perform numerous critical missions at home and abroad, deploying 759 personnel\u2014many of them in harm's way. For example, about 300 Kentucky Airmen and multiple C-130 aircraft were deployed to Bagram Air Base, Afghanistan, from March through May 2009 to provide key airlift support for U.S. forces engaged with the enemy in Operation Enduring Freedom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 85], "content_span": [86, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015262-0041-0000", "contents": "165th Airlift Squadron, History, Kentucky Air National Guard, Global War on Terrorism\nThe unit maintained an unprecedented 100 percent mission-capable rate during the deployment, never missing a single scheduled flight due to aircraft maintenance issues while completing more than 1,500 combat sorties that delivered 3,900 tons of cargo and transported 20,000 troops throughout the theater of operations. The wing also deployed more than 120 Airmen and two C-130 aircraft to the Caribbean in support of Operation Coronet Oak, an ongoing U.S. Southern Command mission to provide theater airlift capability for U.S. military and government agencies in Central and South America.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 85], "content_span": [86, 676]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015262-0042-0000", "contents": "165th Airlift Squadron, History, Kentucky Air National Guard, Global War on Terrorism\nA third major overseas deployment saw more than 200 Kentucky Air Guardsmen and three C-130 aircraft deploy to Ramstein Air Base, Germany, from January through March 2008 and August through September 2009 as part of Operation Joint Enterprise. Kentucky aircrews transported more than 200 tons of cargo and 700 troops to 18 nations across Europe and Africa during their tours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 85], "content_span": [86, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015262-0043-0000", "contents": "165th Airlift Squadron, History, Kentucky Air National Guard, BRAC 2005\nIn its BRAC 2005 Recommendations, DoD recommended to realign Berry Field Air National Guard Base, Nashville, Tennessee. This recommendation would distribute the C-130H Hercules aircraft of the 118th Airlift Wing (ANG) to the 123d Airlift Wing (ANG), Louisville Air National Guard Base (four aircraft) and another installation. Military judgment was the predominant factor in this recommendation\u2014this realignment would create one right-sized squadron at Louisville (79) and would retain experienced ANG personnel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 71], "content_span": [72, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015263-0000-0000", "contents": "165th Airlift Wing\nThe 165th Airlift Wing (165 AW) is a unit of the Georgia Air National Guard, stationed at Savannah Air National Guard Base, in the U.S. state of Georgia. If activated to federal service, the wing is gained by the United States Air Force Air Mobility Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015263-0001-0000", "contents": "165th Airlift Wing, Overview\nThe mission of the 165th Airlift Wing is to provide tactical airlift of personnel, equipment and supplies worldwide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 28], "content_span": [29, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015263-0002-0000", "contents": "165th Airlift Wing, History\nOn 10 July 1958, the Georgia Air National Guard 158th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron was authorized to expand to a group level, and the 165th Fighter-Interceptor Group was established by the National Guard Bureau. The 158th FIS becoming the group's flying squadron. Other squadrons assigned into the group were the 165th Headquarters, 165th Material Squadron (Maintenance), 165th Combat Support Squadron, and the 165th USAF Dispensary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015263-0003-0000", "contents": "165th Airlift Wing, History\nGained by Air Defense Command, along with the activation of the group, the 158th FIS was re-equipped with the F-86L Sabre Interceptor, a day/night/all-weather aircraft designed to be integrated into the ADC SAGE interceptor direction and control system. In 1958, the 116th implemented the ADC Runway Alert Program, in which interceptors of the 128th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron were committed to a five-minute runway alert.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015263-0004-0000", "contents": "165th Airlift Wing, History, Airlift mission\nReorganization came in 1962 when the unit transitioned from a fighter mission to an airlift mission The 158th Fighter Squadron became 158th Air Transport Squadron on 1 July 1962 assigned to the 165th Air Group. They traded in its Sabre interceptors for 4-engines C-97 Stratofreighter transports. With air transportation recognized as a critical wartime need, the squadron was re-designated the 128th Air Transport Squadron (Heavy). The 116th ATG was assigned to the MATS Eastern Transport Air Force, (EASTAF), and the squadron flew long-distance transport missions in support of Air Force requirements, frequently sending aircraft to the Caribbean, Europe Greenland, and the Middle East in support of Air Force requirements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 769]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015263-0005-0000", "contents": "165th Airlift Wing, History, Airlift mission\nIn 1966 MATS became the Military Airlift Command (MAC) and EASTAF became the MAC Twenty-First Air Force. The 116th ATG was upgraded to the C-124 Globemaster II strategic heavy airlifter in 1965. Due to requirements generated by the Vietnam War, missions were flown across the Pacific to Hawaii, Japan, the Philippines, South Vietnam, Okinawa and Thailand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015263-0006-0000", "contents": "165th Airlift Wing, History, Airlift mission\nOn 8 August 1975, the first of the C-130E aircraft, aptly named \"Hercules\", came to the City of Savannah at the international airport to replace the older C-124's. While the C-124's were being retired from the Air Force inventory, the C-130s were arriving at the 165th Tactical Airlift Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015263-0007-0000", "contents": "165th Airlift Wing, History, Airlift mission\nThe 158th received seven new C-130H Hercules aircraft directly from the Lockheed Factory manufactured for the unit during September and October 1981. On 15 April 1992, the unit was redesignated the 165th Airlift Group. On 1 October 1995, the unit received its current designation, the 165th Airlift Wing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015263-0008-0000", "contents": "165th Airlift Wing, History, Airlift mission\nIn 2005, the unit deployed aircraft and more than 100 personnel to Karshi-Khanabad, Uzbekistan, for 11 months. During this period, the unit airlifted more than 35,660 tons of cargo in support of the Global War on Terror.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015263-0009-0000", "contents": "165th Airlift Wing, History, Airlift mission\nSince the beginning of operations in the Persian Gulf, the 165th Airlift Wing has been integrally involved in air operations. Several elements of the wing have been deployed throughout the region, with airmen serving in Uzbekistan, Turkey, Kuwait, Iraq and Afghanistan. In 2009, the 165th Airlift Wing deployed to Afghanistan in support of Operation Enduring Freedom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015263-0010-0000", "contents": "165th Airlift Wing, History, Recent deployments\nOn 25 January 2010, a small group of airmen deployed from the 165th Airlift Wing to Haiti in support of the Haitian relief efforts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 47], "content_span": [48, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015263-0011-0000", "contents": "165th Airlift Wing, History, Recent deployments\nIn January 2011, the last of six C-130H2 Hercules aircraft began a three-month stint at Bagram Air Base. This was the ninth time the 165th has deployed \u2013 to Iraq or Afghanistan \u2013 since 11 September 2001, in support of the War on Terror. Deploying with the aircraft were more than 150 Georgia Guard airmen, including all of the wing's operations division and more than 50 percent of its maintenance department.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 47], "content_span": [48, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015263-0012-0000", "contents": "165th Airlift Wing, History, Recent deployments\nDuring the summer of 2011, Air Guard personnel from Savannah's 165th Airlift Wing assisted the Georgia Forestry Commission in fighting wildfires in southern Georgia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 47], "content_span": [48, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015263-0013-0000", "contents": "165th Airlift Wing, History, Recent deployments\nFrom August 2012 until March 2013, 14 airmen from the 165th Airlift Wing's Aerial Port Squadron deployed to Camp Bastion, Afghanistan, in support of Operation Enduring Freedom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 47], "content_span": [48, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015263-0014-0000", "contents": "165th Airlift Wing, History, Disaster response\nIn January 2010, in response to the earthquake in Haiti, the 165th Airlift Wing placed a C-130 aircraft and crew on standby for the relief effort as ordered by the National Guard Bureau. The 165th quickly established a kitchen and dining area, one of fifteen in the burgeoning military sections of the city.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 46], "content_span": [47, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015264-0000-0000", "contents": "165th Battalion (Acadiens), CEF\nThe 165th (French Acadian) Battalion, CEF was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War. Based in Moncton, New Brunswick, the unit began recruiting in late 1915 throughout the Maritime provinces. After sailing to England in March 1917, the battalion was absorbed into the 13th Reserve Battalion on April 7, 1917. The 165th (French Acadian) Battalion, CEF had one Officer Commanding: LCol L. C. D'Aigle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015264-0001-0000", "contents": "165th Battalion (Acadiens), CEF\nThe 165th Battalion is perpetuated by The Royal New Brunswick Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015265-0000-0000", "contents": "165th Division (People's Republic of China)\nThe 165th Army Division (Chinese: \u9646\u519b\u7b2c165\u5e08)(3rd Formation) was activated in January 1970 in Longchuan, Guangdong province.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015265-0001-0000", "contents": "165th Division (People's Republic of China)\nThe division was a part of 55th Army Corps. The division was composed of:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015265-0002-0000", "contents": "165th Division (People's Republic of China)\nIn February 1979 the division took part in the Sino-Vietnamese War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015266-0000-0000", "contents": "165th Infantry Brigade (United States)\nThe 165th Infantry Brigade is a brigade of the United States Army. It no longer serves a combat role, and instead is a training unit of the United States Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015266-0001-0000", "contents": "165th Infantry Brigade (United States), History, World War I\nThe 165th Infantry Brigade, constituted 5 August 1917 in the National Army as headquarters, 165th Infantry Brigade, and assigned to the 83rd Division. Organized 25 August 1917 at Camp Sherman, Ohio, and demobilized 12 February 1919 at Camp Sherman, Ohio.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 60], "content_span": [61, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015266-0002-0000", "contents": "165th Infantry Brigade (United States), History, World War I\nThe unit was reconstituted 24 June 1921 in the Organized Reserves as headquarters and Headquarters Company, 165th Infantry Brigade, and assigned to the 83rd Division. Organized in November 1921 at Columbus, Ohio. Redesignated 23 March 1925 as Headquarters and headquarters Company, 165th Brigade. The location of the garrison was changed 22 March 1934 to Dayton, Ohio, then Redesignated 24 August 1936 as headquarters and Headquarters Company, 165th Infantry Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 60], "content_span": [61, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015266-0003-0000", "contents": "165th Infantry Brigade (United States), History, World War II\nConverted and redesignated 23 February 1942 as the 83rd Reconnaissance Troop (less 3rd Platoon), 83rd division Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 165th infantry Brigade, concurrently converted and redesignated as the 3rd Platoon, 83rd reconnaissance Troop, 83 Division. Troop ordered into active military service 15 August 1942 and reorganized at Camp Atterbury, Indiana, as the 83rd Cavalry reconnaissance Troop, and element of the 83rd Infantry division. Reorganized and redesignated 12 August 1943 as the 83rd Reconnaissance troop, Mechanized. Inactivated 23 March 1945 at Camp Kilmer, New Jersey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 61], "content_span": [62, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015266-0004-0000", "contents": "165th Infantry Brigade (United States), History, Cold War\nDuring the Cold War, the unit underwent more changes. On 28 October 1946, it was redesignated as the 83rd Mechanized Cavalry Reconnaissance Troop and Activated 14 November 1946 as the 83rd Mechanized Cavalry Reconnaissance troop at Cleveland, Ohio. It was then Organized Reserves re-designated 25 March 1948 as the Organized Reserve Corps; redesignated 9 July 1952 as the Army reserve, and later reorganized and redesignated 15 August 1949 as the 83rd Reconnaissance Company. Location changed 21 April 1954 to Athens, Ohio; on 7 April 1956 to Toledo, Ohio, and later Inactivated on 20 March 1959 at Toledo, Ohio.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 57], "content_span": [58, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015266-0005-0000", "contents": "165th Infantry Brigade (United States), History, Cold War\nConverted and redesignated (less 3rd Platoon) 27 March 1963 as headquarters and headquarters Company, 2nd Brigade, 83rd Infantry Division (3rd Platoon, 83rd reconnaissance Company \u2013 hereafter separated lineage).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 57], "content_span": [58, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015266-0006-0000", "contents": "165th Infantry Brigade (United States), History, Cold War\nThe unit saw one last period of activity during the Cold War. It was activated 15 April 1963 at Columbus, Ohio and then inactivated 31 December 1965 at Columbus, Ohio", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 57], "content_span": [58, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015266-0007-0000", "contents": "165th Infantry Brigade (United States), History, Today\nThe unit was again activated on 26 January 2007 as headquarters and Headquarters Company, 165th Infantry Brigade and transferred to the United States Army Training and Doctrine Command; Headquarters concurrently activated at Fort Jackson, South Carolina to serve as a Training Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 54], "content_span": [55, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015267-0000-0000", "contents": "165th New York Infantry Regiment\nThe 165th New York Infantry Regiment (aka, \"2nd Battalion Dury\u00e9e's Zouaves\" and \"Smith's Zouaves\") was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015267-0001-0000", "contents": "165th New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 165th New York Infantry was organized at New York City, New York beginning August 1862 and mustered in for three-years service from August through December 1862 under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Abel Smith Jr.. Ten companies were eventually recruited for the regiment, but the last four companies recruited were consolidated with the first six companies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015267-0002-0000", "contents": "165th New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 165th New York Infantry was regarded as a sister regiment to the 5th New York Volunteer Infantry. The regiment wore the same uniform as the 5th New York Infantry with the exception of the tassel of the fez, which was dark blue instead of yellow-gold. Photographic evidence suggests that later in the war the 165th New York Infantry was given replacement sashes that were a solid red color without the light blue trim.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015267-0003-0000", "contents": "165th New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to Independent Command, Department of the Gulf, to January 1863. 3rd Brigade, 2nd Division, XIX Corps, Department of the Gulf, to July 1863. 1st Brigade, 3rd Division, XIX Corps, to February 1864. 3rd Brigade, 1st Division, XIX Corps, Department of the Gulf, to July 1864, and Army of the Shenandoah, Middle Military Division, to February 1865. 3rd Brigade, 1st Provisional Division, Army of the Shenandoah, to April 1865. 3rd Brigade, Dwight's Division, Department of Washington, to June 1865. Dwight's Division, Department of the South, to September 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015267-0004-0000", "contents": "165th New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 165th New York Infantry mustered out of service September 1, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015267-0005-0000", "contents": "165th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nLeft New York for New Orleans, La., December 2, 1862. Expedition from New Orleans, La., to Ponchatoula March 21\u201330, 1863. Action at North Pass March 23. Capture of Ponchatoula March 24. Berwick Bay March 26. Expedition to Amite River May 7\u201319. Moved to Baton Rouge May 20\u201324. Siege of Port Hudson May 24-July 9. Assaults on Port Hudson May 27 and June 14. Surrender of Port Hudson July 9. Moved to Baton Rouge July 22 and duty there until September. Sabine Pass Expedition September 4\u201311. Sabine Pass September 8. Moved from Algiers to Brashear City, then to Berwick.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015267-0005-0001", "contents": "165th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nWestern Louisiana Campaign October 3-November 30. Bayou Vermillion October 9\u201310. Carrion Crow Bayou October 11. Bayou Vermillion November 11. At New Iberia until January 7, 1864. Moved to Franklin January 7, and duty there until March. Red River Campaign March 10-May 22. Advance from Franklin to Alexandria March 14\u201326. Battle of Sabine Cross Roads April 8. Pleasant Hill April 9. Monett's Ferry, Cane River Crossing, April 23. At Alexandria April 26-May 13. Construction of dam at Alexandria April 30-May 10. Retreat to Morganza May 13\u201320. Mansura May 16. Duty at Morganza until July.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015267-0005-0002", "contents": "165th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nMovement to New Orleans, then to Fort Monroe, Va., and Washington, D.C., July. Sheridan's Shenandoah Valley Campaign August 7-November 28. Detached with the brigade as supply train guard for the army August 14 to October 27. Duty near Middletown and Newtown until December 1864, and at Stevenson's Depot and Winchester until April 1865. Moved to Washington, D.C., and duty there until June. Grand Review of the Armies May 23\u201324. Moved to Savannah, Ga., June 30-July 7. Duty Savannah, Ga., and at Charleston, S.C., until September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015267-0006-0000", "contents": "165th New York Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 124 men during service; 2 officers and 41 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 2 officers and 79 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015268-0000-0000", "contents": "165th New York State Legislature\nThe 165th New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 3, 1945, to March 26, 1946, during the third and fourth years of Thomas E. Dewey's governorship, in Albany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015268-0001-0000", "contents": "165th New York State Legislature, Background\nIn 1943, the Legislature re-apportioned the Senate and Assembly districts. The total number of state senators was increased to 56. Chautauqua, Dutchess, Monroe, Oneida, Rensselaer, St. Lawrence, Schenectady and Steuben counties lost one Assembly seat each; and New York County lost seven seats. Kings and Westchester counties gained one seat each; Nassau County gained two; Bronx County gained five; and Queens County gained six seats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015268-0002-0000", "contents": "165th New York State Legislature, Background\nThus, under the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1938, re-apportioned in 1943, 56 Senators and 150 assemblymen were elected in single-seat districts for two-year terms. The senatorial districts consisted either of one or more entire counties; or a contiguous area within a single county. The counties which were divided into more than one senatorial district were Kings (nine districts), New York (six), Bronx (five), Queens (four), Erie (three), Westchester (three), Monroe (two) and Nassau (two). The Assembly districts consisted either of a single entire county (except Hamilton Co.), or of contiguous area within one county.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 683]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015268-0003-0000", "contents": "165th New York State Legislature, Background\nAt this time there were two major political parties: the Republican Party and the Democratic Party. The American Labor Party, the newly organized Liberal Party and the Socialist Labor Party (running under the name of \"Industrial Government Party\") also nominated tickets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015268-0004-0000", "contents": "165th New York State Legislature, Elections\nThe New York state election, 1944, was held on November 7. The two statewide elective offices up for election were carried by Democrats with American Labor and Liberal endorsement. The approximate party strength at this election, as expressed by the average vote for U.S. Senator and Judge of the Court of Appeals, was: Republicans 2,913,000; Democrats 2,432,000; American Labor 476,000; Liberals 320,000; and Industrial Government 16,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015268-0005-0000", "contents": "165th New York State Legislature, Elections\nTwo of the four women members of the previous legislature\u2014State Senator Rhoda Fox Graves (Rep.), of Gouverneur; and Assemblywoman Mary A. Gillen (Dem. ), of Brooklyn\u2014were re-elected. Gladys E. Banks (Rep.), of the Bronx; and Genesta M. Strong (Rep.), of Plandome Heights, were also elected to the Assembly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015268-0006-0000", "contents": "165th New York State Legislature, Elections\nThe New York state election, 1945, was held on November 6. No statewide elective offices were up for election. Three vacancies in the State Senate and five vacancies in the Assembly were filled.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015268-0007-0000", "contents": "165th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for the first regular session (the 168th) at the State Capitol in Albany on January 3, 1945; and adjourned on March 24.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015268-0008-0000", "contents": "165th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nBenjamin F. Feinberg (Rep.) was re-elected Temporary President of the State Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015268-0009-0000", "contents": "165th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for the second regular session (the 169th) at the State Capitol in Albany on January 2, 1946; and adjourned on March 26.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015268-0010-0000", "contents": "165th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature. John D. Bennett, William S. Hults Jr, Roy H. Rudd, Fred G. Moritt, Louis L. Friedman, Isidore Dollinger and Mortimer A. Cullen changed from the Assembly to the Senate at the beginning of this Legislature. Assemblymen Arthur Wachtel and Fred S. Hollowell were elected to fill vacancies in the Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015268-0011-0000", "contents": "165th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members\nNote: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words \"...the Committee on (the)...\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015268-0012-0000", "contents": "165th New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Assemblymen\nNote: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words \"...the Committee on (the)...\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 61], "content_span": [62, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015269-0000-0000", "contents": "165th Ohio Infantry Regiment\nThe 165th Ohio Infantry Regiment, sometimes 165th Ohio Volunteer Infantry (or 165th OVI) was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015269-0001-0000", "contents": "165th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 165th Ohio Infantry was organized at Camp Dennison near Cincinnati, Ohio, and mustered in May 15, 1864, for 100 days service under the command of Colonel Alexander Rohlander. The regiment only had enough men for eight companies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015269-0002-0000", "contents": "165th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment served duty at Camp Dennison until May 20 then moved to Johnson's Island, Ohio, May 20, and served guard duty there until June 25. Moved to Kentucky June 25, and served duty there until August. Moved to Cumberland, Maryland, August 8, and served in Maryland and Virginia until August 27.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015269-0003-0000", "contents": "165th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 165th Ohio Infantry mustered out of service August 31, 1864, at Camp Dennison.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015269-0004-0000", "contents": "165th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Ohio National Guard\nOver 35,000 Ohio National Guardsmen were federalized and organized into regiments for 100 days service in May 1864. Shipped to the Eastern Theater, they were designed to be placed in \"safe\" rear areas to protect railroads and supply points, thereby freeing regular troops for Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant\u2019s push on the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia. As events transpired, many units found themselves in combat, stationed in the path of Confederate Gen. Jubal Early\u2019s veteran Army of the Valley during its famed Valley Campaigns of 1864. Ohio Guard units met the battle-tested foe head on and helped blunt the Confederate offensive thereby saving Washington, D.C. from capture. Ohio National Guard units participated in the battles of Monacacy, Fort Stevens, Harpers Ferry, and in the siege of Petersburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 49], "content_span": [50, 863]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015269-0005-0000", "contents": "165th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost 2 enlisted men during service, both due to disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015270-0000-0000", "contents": "165th Street Bus Terminal\nThe 165th Street Bus Terminal, also known as Jamaica Bus Terminal, the Long Island Bus Terminal (the name emblazoned on the entranceway's red tiles), Jamaica\u2212165th Street Terminal (as signed on buses towards the terminal), or simply 165th Street Terminal,  is a major bus terminal in Jamaica, Queens. Owned by MTA Regional Bus Operations, the terminal serves both NYCT and MTA Bus lines as well as NICE Bus lines to Nassau County, and was a hub to Green Bus Lines prior to MTA takeover. It is located at 89th Avenue and Merrick Boulevard, near the Queens Library. Most buses that pass through Jamaica serve either this terminal, the Jamaica Center subway station at Parsons Boulevard, or the LIRR station at Sutphin Boulevard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 752]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015270-0001-0000", "contents": "165th Street Bus Terminal\nUnlike other major bus centers in New York City, there is currently no direct subway transfer available at the terminal. The closest subway station is 169th Street on Hillside Avenue served by the E, \u200bF, and <F> trains. Most buses traveling to/from the east, which operate via Hillside Avenue, also stop at 179th Street served by the E, \u200bF, and <F> trains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015270-0002-0000", "contents": "165th Street Bus Terminal, History\nConstruction on the \"Long Island Bus Terminal\" began in 1930, built by the Shore Road Development Company, Inc. with the intent of expanding transit service to and from Long Island. On August 11, 1936, Bee-Line, Inc. (one of the predecessors to the Nassau Inter-County Express) opened the terminal, operating routes from the terminal to the rest of Jamaica and Southeast Queens, and to Nassau County. It replaced the company's former terminal \u2212 the Jamaica Union Bus Terminal \u2212 at Jamaica Avenue and New York Boulevard (now Guy R. Brewer Boulevard), which was taken over by Green Bus Lines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015270-0002-0001", "contents": "165th Street Bus Terminal, History\nThe new terminal, which cost $1.5 million to build, featured a waiting room, lounge, and ticket offices. The bus terminal was enclosed by two one-story buildings on 165th Street and Merrick Boulevard respectively. Upon opening, the terminal served the BMT Jamaica Line's nearby terminal at 168th Street and Jamaica Avenue, and would serve the IND Queens Boulevard Line's 169th Street station on Hillside Avenue upon its completion in 1937. In May 1939, Bee-Line relinquished its Queens routes; these routes began operation from the terminal under North Shore Bus Company (a predecessor to the NYCT bus operations) on June 25, 1939.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015270-0003-0000", "contents": "165th Street Bus Terminal, History\nIn March 1947, North Shore Bus would be taken over by the New York City Board of Transportation, making the bus routes from the terminal city operated. In 1952, the terminal was purchased by the Jamaica Realty Corporation, and in 1953 the New York City Transit Authority (today part of the MTA) took over operations of the terminal from the Board of Transportation. The terminal would later be served by the Green Bus Lines company (predecessor to the JFK Depot-based MTA Bus Company lines). Following the closure of the 168th Street station in 1977, the bus terminal lost its only direct subway connection.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015270-0004-0000", "contents": "165th Street Bus Terminal, History\nAs originally built, the terminal had only one entry point, on its north side from 89th Avenue. At some point, the structure on Merrick Boulevard was removed, allowing buses to turn directly onto the street or into the terminal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015270-0005-0000", "contents": "165th Street Bus Terminal, List of routes\nThe terminal serves seven routes operated by MTA New York City Bus, four operated by MTA Bus Company, and six operated by Nassau Inter-County Express (NICE; formerly MTA Long Island Bus). All terminate here, except for the Q17, which is a through route. The southbound Q17 bus stops outside the terminal on Merrick Boulevard, while the northbound Q17 to Flushing stops on 168th Street, one block east.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 41], "content_span": [42, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015270-0006-0000", "contents": "165th Street Bus Terminal, 165th Street Mall\nAdjacent to the bus terminal is the 165th Street Mall, a pedestrian shopping mall running the entire length of 165th Street between 89th Avenue and Jamaica Avenue. Within the block are over 160 stores, including several apparel and footwear stores and a food court. The strip on 165th Street was originally constructed as part of the terminal, opening just after the terminal debuted in 1936. Shops were also built on 166th Street (today's Merrick Boulevard), but are not present today. In 1943 a massive fire damaged eleven stores along the strip, and a four-alarm fire in 1959 destroyed six shops and caused over $1 million in damage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 44], "content_span": [45, 681]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015270-0007-0000", "contents": "165th Street Bus Terminal, 165th Street Mall\nFrom 1947 to 1979, the mall housed a large Macy's location constructed by Robert D. Kohn, one of the department chain's first locations in Queens. The Macy's closed due to several issues, including the threat of burglary, the transition of Jamaica from a middle-class White neighborhood to a working class Black and immigrant neighborhood, and the closure and demolition of the BMT Jamaica Avenue El east of 121st Street that led many other businesses in the area to suffer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 44], "content_span": [45, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015270-0008-0000", "contents": "165th Street Bus Terminal, 165th Street Mall\nIn May 1979, 165th Street was redeveloped as a pedestrian mall, with the street closed to vehicular traffic and repaved with red brick. In May 1983, a third fire occurred damaging 12 stores.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 44], "content_span": [45, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015270-0009-0000", "contents": "165th Street Bus Terminal, 165th Street Mall\nOne of the primary attractions of the mall today is the Jamaica Colosseum Mall, which took over the former Macy's building in 1984. The Colosseum is one of New York City's largest jewelry exchanges. It has over 120 merchants and jewelers, a rooftop parking lot, and houses the 165th Street Mall's food court. Several New York rappers including Jamaica native 50 Cent shopped in the Colosseum growing up, and music videos have been filmed at the facility.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 44], "content_span": [45, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015270-0010-0000", "contents": "165th Street Bus Terminal, 165th Street Mall\nFollowing the opening of the Archer Avenue Lines in 1988, merchants from the mall sued the NYCT due to the loss of business after the diversion of several bus lines to the new subway stations. The NYCT proceeded to extend the Q76 and Q77 from the 179th Street station, while Green Bus Lines added five bus routes to the terminal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 44], "content_span": [45, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015270-0011-0000", "contents": "165th Street Bus Terminal, Nearby points of interest\nOne block west of the terminal on 164th Street is the First Presbyterian Church, built in 1662. The Jamaica Main Post Office is located one block north of the church at 89th Avenue and 164th Street. The Queens Central Library and the Children's Library Discovery Center are located directly across Merrick Boulevard, as is the former Loew's Valencia Theater (now the Tabernacle of Prayer Church) one block south. On the southeast corner of 165th Street and Jamaica Avenue, across from the mall, is the former control tower of the 168th Street station, rented by retail shops since the 1930s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 52], "content_span": [53, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015271-0000-0000", "contents": "165th meridian east\nThe meridian 165\u00b0 east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015271-0001-0000", "contents": "165th meridian east\nThe 165th meridian east forms a great circle with the 15th meridian west.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015271-0002-0000", "contents": "165th meridian east, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 165th meridian east passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015272-0000-0000", "contents": "165th meridian west\nThe meridian 165\u00b0 west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015272-0001-0000", "contents": "165th meridian west\nThe 165th meridian west forms a great circle with the 15th meridian east.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015272-0002-0000", "contents": "165th meridian west\nThe Samoa Time Zone and Phoenix Islands Time Zone is based on the mean solar time of this meridian.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015272-0003-0000", "contents": "165th meridian west, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 165th meridian west passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015273-0000-0000", "contents": "166\nYear 166 (CLXVI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Pudens and Pollio (or, less frequently, year 919 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 166 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015274-0000-0000", "contents": "166 (number)\n166 (one hundred [and] sixty-six) is the natural number following 165 and preceding 167.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015274-0001-0000", "contents": "166 (number), In mathematics\n166 is an even number and a composite number. It is a centered triangular number.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015274-0002-0000", "contents": "166 (number), In mathematics\nGiven 166, the Mertens function returns 0. 166 is a Smith number in base 10.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015275-0000-0000", "contents": "166 BC\nYear 166 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Marcellus and Galus (or, less frequently, year 588 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 166 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015276-0000-0000", "contents": "166 Medium Regiment (India)\n166 Medium Regiment  is an artillery regiment which is part of the Regiment of Artillery of the Indian Army. The war cry of the unit is \u201cHar Maidan Fateh\u201d. It is a Single Class Composition Regiment composed entirely of Sikh gunners.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015276-0001-0000", "contents": "166 Medium Regiment (India), Formation\nThe regiment was raised as a Field Regiment on November 1, 1963 at Jalandhar Cantonment by its first CO, Lt Col (later Maj Gen) Rajeshwar Singh.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 38], "content_span": [39, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015276-0002-0000", "contents": "166 Medium Regiment (India), History\nThe regiment was the first unit to be equipped with the Indian Field Gun. It saw action in the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 and Indo-Pakistani War of 1971. It participated in Operation Meghdoot and Operation Parakram (2002).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015276-0003-0000", "contents": "166 Medium Regiment (India), History\nNagrota Attack On 29th November 2016, two officers and five soldiers were killed and half a dozen others wounded in a fierce gun battle with a group of heavily armed militants which stormed the Army camp housing the regiment at Nagrota. Among the martyred was Major Gosavi Kunal Mannadir, who was subsequently awarded the Shaurya Chakra.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015276-0004-0000", "contents": "166 Medium Regiment (India), Operations\nSome of the major operations undertaken by the Regiment include:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015276-0005-0000", "contents": "166 Medium Regiment (India), Achievements\nSub Hardeep Singh was awarded the Arjuna Award in 1992 for Kabbadi, he represented India in the International Kabaddi Tournament in 1984 and 1990, 3rd SAF Games in 1997 and the Asian Games in 1990. His team won Gold in all these events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 41], "content_span": [42, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015277-0000-0000", "contents": "166 Rhodope\nRhodope (minor planet designation: 166 Rhodope) is a dark background asteroid from the central region of the asteroid belt, approximately 55 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 15 August 1876, by German\u2013American astronomer Christian Peters at the Litchfield Observatory in Clinton, New York, United States. The asteroid was named after Queen Rhodope from Greek mythology.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015277-0001-0000", "contents": "166 Rhodope, Orbit and classification\nRhodope is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population, when applying the Hierarchical Clustering Method to its proper orbital elements. Alternatively, it has been dynamically assigned to the stony Eunomia family (502), which have a different spectral class and albedo than that of Rhodope though. The asteroid has also been considered a member of the Adeona family.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015277-0002-0000", "contents": "166 Rhodope, Orbit and classification\nRhodope orbits the Sun in the central asteroid belt at a distance of 2.1\u20133.3\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 5 months (1,607 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.21 and an inclination of 12\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with the first recorded observation by the MPC at Vienna Observatory on 10 September 1885, or more than 9 years after its official discovery observation at Clinton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015277-0003-0000", "contents": "166 Rhodope, Orbit and classification\nOn 19 October 2005, it was observed occulting the prominent star Regulus from Vibo Valentia, Italy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015277-0004-0000", "contents": "166 Rhodope, Physical characteristics, Spectral type\nRhodope's spectral type is ambiguous. In the Tholen classification, the noisy spectrum is closest to a G-type and somewhat similar to a common C-type (GC:). In the SMASS classification, it is an Xe-subtype, that transitions from the X-type to the very bright E-type. In addition, Rhodope has also been characterized as a primitive P-type and carbonaceous C-type by the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) and by Pan-STARRS photometric survey, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 52], "content_span": [53, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015277-0005-0000", "contents": "166 Rhodope, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nTwo well-defined rotational lightcurves of Rhodope were obtained from photometric observations by French astronomer Matthieu Conjat and by an anonymous observer of the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link (CALL). Lightcurve analysis gave a consolidated rotation period of 4.715 hours with a brightness variation of 0.35 to 0.36 magnitude (U=3/3). The result supersedes a period of 7.87 hours measured by Alan Harris in the early 1980s (U=1).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 54], "content_span": [55, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015277-0006-0000", "contents": "166 Rhodope, Physical characteristics, Poles\nIn 2013, the asteroid's lightcurve was also modeled from combined dense and sparse photometry. It gave a concurring sidereal period of 4.714793 hours. The modelling also determined two spin axis of (345.0\u00b0, \u221222.0\u00b0) and (173.0\u00b0, \u22123.0\u00b0) in ecliptic coordinates (\u03bb,\u2009\u03b2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 44], "content_span": [45, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015277-0007-0000", "contents": "166 Rhodope, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's WISE telescope, Rhodope measures between 39.04 and 65.29 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.046 and 0.10.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015277-0008-0000", "contents": "166 Rhodope, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nCALL adopts Petr Pravec's revised WISE-data, that is, an albedo of 0.0747 and a diameter of 54.56 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 9.75.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015277-0009-0000", "contents": "166 Rhodope, Naming\nThis minor planet was named from Greek mythology after Queen Rhodope of Thrace, wife of King Haemus and attendant of Artemis, also see (105). In vanity, Rhodope and Haemus compared themselves to the gods Zeus and Hera, see (5731) and (103), who punished the couple by changing them into the Rhodope Mountains and Balkan Mountains, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015278-0000-0000", "contents": "166 Squadron (Israel)\nThe 166 Squadron of the Israeli Air Force, also known as the Fire Birds Squadron, is an Elbit Hermes 900 squadron based at Palmachim Airbase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015279-0000-0000", "contents": "1660\n1660 (MDCLX) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a leap year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar, the 1660th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 660th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 60th  year of the 17th\u00a0century, and the  1st   year of the 1660s decade. As of the start of 1660, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015280-0000-0000", "contents": "1660 AM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1660 kHz: 1660 AM is a Regional broadcast frequency.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015280-0001-0000", "contents": "1660 AM, In the United States\nAll stations operate with 10 kW during the daytime and are Class B stations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 29], "content_span": [30, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015281-0000-0000", "contents": "1660 Wood\n1660 Wood, provisional designation 1953 GA, is a stony Phocaea asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 12 kilometers in diameter. It was named after British\u2013South African astronomer Harry Edwin Wood.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015281-0001-0000", "contents": "1660 Wood, Discovery\nWood was discovered on 7 April 1953, by South African astronomer Jacobus Bruwer at Johannesburg Observatory in South Africa. It was the second numbered discovery made by Bruwer. He also discovered the minor planets 1658 Innes, 1794 Finsen, and 3284 Niebuhr. The asteroid 1811 Bruwer was named in his honour by the Dutch, Dutch-American astronomer trio of the Palomar\u2013Leiden survey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 20], "content_span": [21, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015281-0002-0000", "contents": "1660 Wood, Orbit and classification\nWood is a S-type asteroid and member of the Phocaea family (701). It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.7\u20133.1\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 9 months (1,354 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.30 and an inclination of 21\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. It was first identified as 1931 KL at Lowell Observatory in 1931, extending the body's observation arc by 22 years prior to its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 35], "content_span": [36, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015281-0003-0000", "contents": "1660 Wood, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nFrom January to March 2012, four rotational lightcurves of Wood were obtained from photometric observations taken by astronomers Julian Oey, Kevin Hills, and Xianming Han. Lightcurve analysis gave a concurring rotation period of 6.809 hours with a brightness variation between of 0.14 and 0.26 magnitude (U=3/3/3/2+).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 52], "content_span": [53, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015281-0004-0000", "contents": "1660 Wood, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Wood measures 11.34 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo of 0.239. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.23 and calculates a diameter of 12.67 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 11.7.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 56], "content_span": [57, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015281-0005-0000", "contents": "1660 Wood, Naming\nThis minor planet was named for British\u2013South African astronomer Harry Edwin Wood (1881\u20131946), who was the second director of the Union Observatory at which the asteroid was discovered, and who had discovered 12 asteroids himself between 1911 and 1928. He had the prime responsibility for the famous Franklin-Adams Star Camera (Franklin-Adams photographic refractor) since its acquisition in 1909 (also see 1925 Franklin-Adams). The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 July 1972 (M.P.C. 3297).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 17], "content_span": [18, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015282-0000-0000", "contents": "1660 destruction of Safed\nThe 1660 destruction of Safed occurred during the Druze power struggle in Mount Lebanon, at the time of the rule of Ottoman sultan Mehmed IV. The towns of Safed and nearby Tiberias, with substantial Jewish communities, were destroyed in the turmoil. Only a few of the former residents of Safed had returned to the town after the destruction. Gershom Scholem considers the 1662 reports about the destruction of Safed as \"exaggerated\". The community, however, recovered within several years, whereas Tiberias lay in waste for decades.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015282-0001-0000", "contents": "1660 destruction of Safed, Safed: historical context\nSafed's central role in Jewish life in Galilee declined after the late 16th century, when it had been a major city with a population of 15,000 Jews. By the second half of the 17th century Safed still had a majority Jewish community with 200 \"houses\" and some 4,000 to 5,000 Jewish residents, while about 100 \"houses\" (multiple family units) in the town were Muslim. The district was under control of Druze emirs from the Maan family until 1660, when the Ottomans sought to regain local control by reorganizing the sanjaks of Safed and Sidon-Beirut into the new province of Sidon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 52], "content_span": [53, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015282-0001-0001", "contents": "1660 destruction of Safed, Safed: historical context\nFrom the 1658 death of Emir Mulhim Ma'n to 1667, a struggle for power between his sons and other Ottoman-backed Druze rulers took place in the region. Mulhim's son Ahmad Ma\u02bfn emerged victorious among the Druze, but the Ma\u02bfn\u012bs lost control of the area and retreated to the Shuf mountains and Kisrawan. In the second half of the 17th century, Safed became the capital of the Ottoman sanjak of the same name.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 52], "content_span": [53, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015282-0002-0000", "contents": "1660 destruction of Safed, Year of the destruction\nAdler, Franco and Mendelssohn claim that the destruction of Safed took place in 1660, Mendelssohn writing that the Jews of Safed \"had suffered severely\" when the city had been destroyed by the Arabs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 50], "content_span": [51, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015282-0003-0000", "contents": "1660 destruction of Safed, Year of the destruction\nGershom Scholem places the attack in 1662, and Rappel writes that by 1662 both Safed and Tiberias were destroyed, with only a few of former Safed's Jewish residents to return to the town. A publication by the General Council of the Jewish Community of Eretz Yisrael states that the Druze of Lebanon raided and destroyed both Safed and Tiberias in 1662, \"and the inhabitants fled to the adjacent villages, to Sidon or to Jerusalem\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 50], "content_span": [51, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015282-0004-0000", "contents": "1660 destruction of Safed, Claims of massacre\nRosanes brings a claim of Safed's Jewish community \"utter destruction\" in his book \"History of the Jews in Turkish realm\". Jacob de Haas, in his History of Palestine, asserts the near-total destruction of the Safed Jewish community, claiming that \"its community had been massacred in 1660, when the town was destroyed by Arabs, and only one Jew escaped.\" However, Gershom Scholem writes that the reports of the \"utter destruction\" of the Jewish community in Safed in this time period \"seem greatly exaggerated, and the conclusions based on them are false.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 45], "content_span": [46, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015282-0004-0001", "contents": "1660 destruction of Safed, Claims of massacre\nHe points out that Sabbatai Sevi's mystical movement was active in Safed in 1665. Scholem also attributes to the \"French trader d'Arvieux who visited Safed in 1660\" an understanding of \"the religious factor which enabled the community to survive,\" a belief \"'that the Messiah who will be born in Galilee, will make Safed the capital of his new kingdom on earth'\" Scholem wrote that there was definitely a Jewish community in Safed in 1664\u20131667.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 45], "content_span": [46, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015282-0005-0000", "contents": "1660 destruction of Safed, Safed's Jewish community in the later years\nOnly a few of the former residents of Safed had returned to the town after the destruction. Altogether, the town's Jewish community kept existing despite the events, with Barnai saying that \"in the second half of the 17th century the Jewish presence in Palestine dwindled, and the Jewish presence in the Galilee also shrank. Only in Safed was there a small community.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 70], "content_span": [71, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015283-0000-0000", "contents": "1660 destruction of Tiberias\nThe 1660 destruction of Tiberias occurred during the Druze power struggle in the Galilee, in the same year as the destruction of Safed. The destruction of Tiberias by the Druze resulted in abandonment of the city by its Jewish community, until it was rebuilt by Zahir al-Umar in early eighteenth century. Altshuler however attributes the destruction of Tiberias in 1660 to an earthquake. The destruction could have also been a combination of both events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015283-0001-0000", "contents": "1660 destruction of Tiberias, Tiberias in the sixteenth century\nAs the Ottoman Empire expanded along the southern Mediterranean coast under sultan Selim I, the Catholic Monarchs began establishing Inquisition commissions. Many Conversos, (Marranos and Moriscos) and Sephardi Jews fled to the Ottoman provinces, settling at first in Constantinople, Salonika, Sarajevo, Sofia and Anatolia. The Sultan encouraged them to settle in Palestine. In 1558, a Portuguese-born marrano, Do\u00f1a Gracia, was granted tax collecting rights in Tiberias and its surrounding villages by Suleiman the Magnificent. She envisaged the town becoming a refuge for Jews and obtained a permit to establish Jewish autonomy there.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 63], "content_span": [64, 699]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015283-0001-0001", "contents": "1660 destruction of Tiberias, Tiberias in the sixteenth century\nIn 1561 her nephew Joseph Nasi, the Sultan-appointed Lord of Tiberias, encouraged Jews to settle in Tiberias. Securing a firman from the Sultan, he and Joseph ben Adruth rebuilt the city walls and laid the groundwork for a  textile (silk) industry, planting mulberry trees and urging craftsmen to move there. In 1624, when the Sultan recognized Fakhr-al-Din II as Lord of Arabistan (from Aleppo to the borders of Egypt), the Druze leader made Tiberias his capital.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 63], "content_span": [64, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015283-0002-0000", "contents": "1660 destruction of Tiberias, The 1660 destruction\nThe destruction of Tiberias by the Druze resulted in the Jewish community fleeing entirely. Unlike Tiberias, which became desolate for many years, the nearby city of Safed recovered from its destruction by Arabs in 1660 relatively quickly, not becoming entirely abandoned, remaining an important Jewish center in the Galilee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015283-0003-0000", "contents": "1660 destruction of Tiberias, Aftermath\nIn the 1720s, Zahir al-Umar a Bedouin ruler of Ottoman Galilee, fortified the town of Tiberias and signed an agreement with the neighboring Bedouin tribes to prevent looting. Richard Pococke, who visited Tiberias in 1738, witnessed the building of a fort to the north of the city, and the strengthening of the old walls, attributing it to a dispute with the pasha (ruler) of Damascus. Under Zahir's patronage, Jewish families were encouraged to settle in Tiberias. He invited Chaim Abulafia of Smyrna to rebuild the Jewish community.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 39], "content_span": [40, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015285-0000-0000", "contents": "1660 in England\nEvents from the year 1660 in England. This is the year of Restoration.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 86]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015292-0000-0000", "contents": "1660 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1660.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015294-0000-0000", "contents": "1660 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015294-0001-0000", "contents": "1660 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015294-0002-0000", "contents": "1660 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015295-0000-0000", "contents": "1660 in science\nThe year 1660 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015296-0000-0000", "contents": "1660 state of emergency in Denmark\nA state of emergency was declared by the King of Denmark, Frederick III of Denmark in 1660. Its purpose was to put pressure on the nobility of the first estate which in Denmark at the time took the form of the Riksr\u00e5d, which were reluctant to a proposal from the second (bishoprics) and third estates (burghers) to replace the elective monarchy with hereditary monarchy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015296-0001-0000", "contents": "1660 state of emergency in Denmark, Background\nPrior to the state of emergency, Denmark had an elective monarchy. The king was elected upon the death of the previous king by a council of noblemen known as the Riksr\u00e5d, which also functioned as a counterbalance to the king's power while they were in office.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 46], "content_span": [47, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015296-0002-0000", "contents": "1660 state of emergency in Denmark, Background\nFrederik III was elected king in 1648, following the death of his father, Christian IV of Denmark. However, the political situation surrounding his election was tense, and following a brief period of interregnum he had to offer several concessions to the riksr\u00e5d in return for their vote. Part of this process was a concession fixing the number of nobles on the council to 23, where previously the number had been chosen by the king.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 46], "content_span": [47, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015296-0002-0001", "contents": "1660 state of emergency in Denmark, Background\nThese concessions meant that Frederik had limited use of his powers early on in his reign, up until the late 1650s where using some clever political manoeuvering the young king was able to oust two of his primary rivals from the council: Hannibal Sehested in 1651 over mismanagement of funds as the governor of Norway, and Corfitz Ulfeldt in 1657 over treasonous conduct in helping Sweden during the Dano-Swedish War (1657\u201358). This paved the way for him to begin to solidify his power.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 46], "content_span": [47, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015296-0003-0000", "contents": "1660 state of emergency in Denmark, Background, First war with Sweden\nOn 6 June 1654, Charles X Gustav became the king of Sweden. This was a source of concern to Frederick, who considered that the new Swedish king's temperament would lead to much aggression. An opportunity came when in July 1655, the Swedish king started a campaign against Poland, the Polish War. This was a source of relief to Frederick, who was concerned about a direct attack on Denmark.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 69], "content_span": [70, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015296-0003-0001", "contents": "1660 state of emergency in Denmark, Background, First war with Sweden\nHe saw this as a distinct opportunity, and with his power in the Riksr\u00e5d secured, he was able to convince them on 23 February 1657 to grant significant subsidies for a mass military mobilisation for a strike on Sweden while their army was overseas in Poland. On 23 April 1657, he got permission from the council to attack Swedish holdings in Germany, and war was formally declared on 5 June 1657. However, this proved to be a mis-step for the Danish king - the Swedish army quickly abandoned their polish campaign and invaded jutland, and then marched quickly across the frozen sea to unexpectedly conquer the rest of Denmark in the March Across the Belts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 69], "content_span": [70, 726]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015296-0004-0000", "contents": "1660 state of emergency in Denmark, Background, First war with Sweden\nThis was a crushing defeat for Frederick, who was forced to sign over almost a third of the territory he controlled in the Treaty of Roskilde. One of the provisions of the treaty was to renounce any anti-Swedish alliances, and a second condition was that Denmark must provide troops to fight in Sweden's wars, effectively making Denmark a Vassal of Sweden. Frederick, seeing the precarity of his position, resolved to make amends with his former enemy, inviting Charles X Gustav to his palace as an honoured guest, throwing banquets in his honour. The two kings were observed to speak amicably, and signs pointed towards friendship in the near future.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 69], "content_span": [70, 721]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015296-0005-0000", "contents": "1660 state of emergency in Denmark, Background, Second war with Sweden\nHowever, peace did not last long. The Swedish king was not content with his territorial gains, and made a surprise landing in Zealand on 17 July 1658. Nobody had foreseen the possibility of such a surprise attack, and the defences of the Danish capital, Copenhagen, were not well prepared or garrisoned at all. The situation seemed dire, but impressively the Danish king made a name for himself by dismissing advice given to him by the council to flee the city, famously insisiting that he would \"d\u00f8 i sin rede\", or \"die in my nest\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 70], "content_span": [71, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015296-0005-0001", "contents": "1660 state of emergency in Denmark, Background, Second war with Sweden\nThe king personally led the defence of the city. The Danes had only three weeks of warning of the invasion, and the unprepared and dilapadated line of defence had at first only 2,000 troops garrisoned. However, the city was led well and by September all the breaches in the wall had been repaired, cannons had been hoisted into positions around the walls, and the defending troops had swelled to over 7,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 70], "content_span": [71, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015296-0006-0000", "contents": "1660 state of emergency in Denmark, Background, Second war with Sweden\nIt was during this siege that the king worked with and struck up a personal friendship with the merchantman Hans Nansen, who also took a hand in the defence and spent much of his own money to assist in the equipping of the garrison, making him also popular. with the citizens. This friendship proved invaluble to the king later on at the meeting of the estates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 70], "content_span": [71, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015296-0007-0000", "contents": "1660 state of emergency in Denmark, Background, Second war with Sweden\nThe Swedish king had originally planned to directly assault the capital, but upon seeing the improved defences, began a protracted siege. The siege was broken just over a year after it had begun when the Dutch fleet came to copenhagen's aid, defeating the Swedish naval fleet at the Battle of the Sound and cutting off the besieging Swedish army from supply. The Dutch then assisted in liberating the rest of the Danish isles, and shortly afterwards the Treaty of Copenhagen (1660) was signed on 27 May 1660.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 70], "content_span": [71, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015296-0008-0000", "contents": "1660 state of emergency in Denmark, Background, Second war with Sweden\nThe king's well known and valiant defence as well as refusing to abandon his people caused him to become immensely popular with the people, setting the stage for his consolidation of power.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 70], "content_span": [71, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015296-0009-0000", "contents": "1660 state of emergency in Denmark, Declaration of Emergency\nFollowing the second war in under 3 years, the kingdom was on the verge of bankruptcy. Frederick's debts had reached over 5 million rigsdalers, which posed a significant problem.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 60], "content_span": [61, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015296-0010-0000", "contents": "1660 state of emergency in Denmark, Declaration of Emergency\nIn September 1660, a Declaration of Emergency was proclaimed. This called the estates together to meet to discuss problems in the realm. At the meeting the estates were to discuss the financial problems caused by the wars, and significant negotiations were made over the issue of tax. The three estates were represented as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 60], "content_span": [61, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015296-0011-0000", "contents": "1660 state of emergency in Denmark, Declaration of Emergency\nThe nobility were attempting to defend their traditional tax exemptions but were surprised by the fierce opposition from the clergy and the burghers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 60], "content_span": [61, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015296-0011-0001", "contents": "1660 state of emergency in Denmark, Declaration of Emergency\nThe nobles dug their feet in and refused to concede any ground, which irritated the leaders of the other two fanctions to the extent that at a hint from the king Hans Nansen, senior burgomaster of Copenhagen, made an impassioned speech to the other burgesses about a revolutionary proposal for a fundamental restructuring of the Danish state, calling for the abolition of Frederick's election charter, the Haandf\u00e6stning, as well as introducing a permanent hereditary monarchy and the abolition of all noble privileges in the form of tax exemptions and land grants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 60], "content_span": [61, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015296-0011-0002", "contents": "1660 state of emergency in Denmark, Declaration of Emergency\nThe nobles protested strongly, but the king backed the two non-nobility estates, forming a body that he called the \"Conjoined Estates\", and appointed the bishop Hans Svane as their chairman. On October 8, 1660, they then met at the bishop's palace. It was here that the bishop made his own motion, stating, \"Equal rights for all and a free hand for the king.\" A document was then made laying out these demands, and was taken to the nobles, who rejected the radical proposal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 60], "content_span": [61, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015296-0011-0003", "contents": "1660 state of emergency in Denmark, Declaration of Emergency\nOn the evening of the 20th of October, Frederick made it publicly known that he intended to accept the offer without the position of the council, and placed Copenhagen under martial law, as well as tightened military control across the country. The Riksr\u00e5d council was unpopular, and with the military acting on the side of the king they were completely outmanoeuvered and decided to yield under this extreme pressure. Three days later, Conjoined Estate representatives and delegates from the Riksr\u00e5d officially offered the hereditary throne to Frederik and his successors. A Commission was established, in which nobles were heavily outnumbered, to consider the constitutional implications, and on 27 October, Frederik's coronation charter ( Haandf\u00e6stning ) was ceremoniously returned to him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 60], "content_span": [61, 853]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015296-0012-0000", "contents": "1660 state of emergency in Denmark, Declaration of Emergency\nFor their parts in this process the King thanked Hans Svane by raising him to the rank of Archbishop, who was the only Danish archbishop to have ever existed. Hans Nansen mostly retired from politics and returned to his merchant work, but in high regard", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 60], "content_span": [61, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015296-0013-0000", "contents": "1660 state of emergency in Denmark, Kongeloven\nThe King's Law (Danish: Kongeloven) was the first assertion of Divine right of kings in Europe in a written constitution, stating that the king \"skal v\u00e6re hereffter og aff alle undersaatterne holdes og agtes for det ypperste og h\u00f8yeste hoffved her paa Jorden offver alle Menniskelige Lowe, og der ingen anden hoffved og dommere kiender offver sig enten i Geistlige eller Verdslige Sager uden Gud alleene.\" - the king \"shall from this day forth be revered and considered the most perfect and supreme person on the Earth by all his subjects, standing above all human laws and having no judge above his person, neither in spiritual nor temporal matters, except God alone.\" This in effect gave the king the right to overrule and abolish any other position of power unilaterally, which he then used to abolish the Riksr\u00e5d council, leaving the king without any limitations to his power.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 46], "content_span": [47, 927]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015297-0000-0000", "contents": "1660s\nThe 1660s decade ran from 1 January 1660, to 31 December 1669.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 68]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015298-0000-0000", "contents": "1660s BC\nThe 1660s BC was a decade lasting from January 1, 1669 BC to December 31, 1660 BC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 91]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015300-0000-0000", "contents": "1660s in South Africa\nThe following lists events that happened during the 1660s in South Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 96]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015301-0000-0000", "contents": "1660s in archaeology\nThe decade of the 1660s in archaeology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015302-0000-0000", "contents": "1661\n1661 (MDCLXI) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar, the 1661st year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 661st  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 61st  year of the 17th\u00a0century, and the  2nd   year of the 1660s decade. As of the start of 1661, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015303-0000-0000", "contents": "1661 English general election\nThe 1661 English general election returned a majority of members in accord with Charles II of England. This Parliament was called the Cavalier Parliament, since many of the MPs elected were former Cavaliers or the sons of Cavaliers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015303-0001-0000", "contents": "1661 English general election\nYet during the course of the Cavalier Parliament, there was considerable movement between the Cavaliers and the Roundheads.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015304-0000-0000", "contents": "1661 Granule\n1661 Granule, also designated A916 FA, is a stony Florian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 7 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 31 March 1916, by German astronomer Max Wolf at Heidelberg Observatiry in southern Germany, and named for American pathologist Edward Gall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015304-0001-0000", "contents": "1661 Granule, Classification and orbit\nThe S-type asteroid is a member of the Flora family, a large collisional population of stony asteroids in the inner main-belt. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.0\u20132.4\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 3 months (1,179 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.09 and an inclination of 3\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. Granule's observation arc begins with its observation at Bergedorf Observatory, one month after its official discovery observation. (It is unclear whether \"HD\u00a017\", Message from Heidelberg Observatory #17, is the official discovery observation due to a different time stamp).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015304-0002-0000", "contents": "1661 Granule, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn January 2006, the first rotational light-curve of Granule was obtained from photometric observations by French amateur astronomer Ren\u00e9 Roy. It gave a longer-than average rotation period of 24 hours with a brightness variation of 0.15 magnitude (U=2). No other light-curves have been obtained yet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 55], "content_span": [56, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015304-0003-0000", "contents": "1661 Granule, Physical characteristics, Size estimates\nGranule has neither been observed by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, nor the Japanese Akari satellite, nor NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.24 \u2013 derived from the family's principal body and namesake, the asteroid 8\u00a0Flora \u2013 and calculates a diameter of 7.14 kilometers using an absolute magnitude of 12.9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 54], "content_span": [55, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015304-0004-0000", "contents": "1661 Granule, Naming\nThis minor planet was named in honor of Edward A. Gall, an internationally renowned American pathologist, former director of the University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center and president of USCAP. It was named on the occasion of his retirement to commemorate his career and his discovery of the Gall's granule, a feature of lymphocytes. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 December 1974 (M.P.C. 3757).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015315-0000-0000", "contents": "1661 in literature\nThis article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1661.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015317-0000-0000", "contents": "1661 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015317-0001-0000", "contents": "1661 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015317-0002-0000", "contents": "1661 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015318-0000-0000", "contents": "1661 in science\nThe year 1661 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015319-0000-0000", "contents": "1662\n1662 (MDCLXII) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar, the 1662nd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 662nd  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 62nd  year of the 17th\u00a0century, and the  3rd   year of the 1660s decade. As of the start of 1662, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015324-0000-0000", "contents": "1662 in Ireland\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by IznoRepeat (talk | contribs) at 21:55, 15 February 2020 (replace soft-deprecated editors parameter, gen fixes, misc cite cleaning). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015328-0000-0000", "contents": "1662 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1662.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015330-0000-0000", "contents": "1662 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015330-0001-0000", "contents": "1662 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015330-0002-0000", "contents": "1662 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015330-0003-0000", "contents": "1662 in poetry, Notes\nThis year in poetry article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 21], "content_span": [22, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015331-0000-0000", "contents": "1662 in science\nThe year 1662 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015332-0000-0000", "contents": "1663\n1663 (MDCLXIII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar, the 1663rd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 663rd  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 63rd  year of the 17th\u00a0century, and the  4th   year of the 1660s decade. As of the start of 1663, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015333-0000-0000", "contents": "1663 Charlevoix earthquake\nThe 1663 Charlevoix earthquake occurred on February 5 in New France (now the Canadian province of Quebec), and was assessed to have a moment magnitude of between 7.3 and 7.9. The earthquake occurred at 5:30\u00a0p.m. local time and was estimated to have a maximum perceived intensity of X (Extreme) on the Mercalli intensity scale. The main shock epicentre is suggested to have occurred along the Saint Lawrence River, between the mouth of the Malbaie River on the north and the mouth of the Ouelle River on the south. A large portion of eastern North America felt the effects. Landslides and underwater sediment slumps were a primary characteristic of the event with much of the destruction occurring near the epicentral region of the St. Lawrence estuary and also in the area of the Saguenay Graben.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 823]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015333-0001-0000", "contents": "1663 Charlevoix earthquake\nThe event occurred during the early European settlement of North America and some of the best recorded first hand accounts were from Catholic missionaries that were working in the area. These records were scrutinized to help determine the scale of damage and estimate the magnitude of the quake in the absence of abundant records from that time period.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015333-0002-0000", "contents": "1663 Charlevoix earthquake, Tectonic setting\nThe Charlevoix Seismic Zone (CSZ) lies along the St. Lawrence River, northeast of Quebec City. Although eastern Canada has relatively infrequent earthquakes, due to its location away from active plate boundaries, the CSZ is its most active part, with five earthquakes of estimated magnitude of 6 or greater since historical records began. Focal mechanisms for earthquakes in this zone are consistent with rupture on both reverse faults and strike-slip faults of varied orientation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015333-0002-0001", "contents": "1663 Charlevoix earthquake, Tectonic setting\nThe main structures of the area are faults of the Saint Lawrence rift system that run parallel to the river, formed during the break-up of the supercontinent Rodinia in the late Neoproterozoic and early Paleozoic. The greatest seismicity occurs where the rift is overprinted by a ~300 Ma meteorite crater, the Charlevoix impact structure. Most CSZ earthquakes have hypocenters within the Grenvillian basement at depths between 7 and 15\u00a0km. Many of the smaller earthquakes do not appear to be located on the rift faults, but within the volumes of rock between them. Larger events lie outside the impact structure and have inferred nodal planes consistent with reactivation of the rift faults. The relatively weak impact structure is interpreted to cause a perturbation of the regional stress field, affecting the stability of the rift faults.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 886]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015333-0003-0000", "contents": "1663 Charlevoix earthquake, Tectonic setting\nThe estimated length of the most active portion of the CSZ was 73 kilometres (45\u00a0mi) and the fault area was put at 73\u00a0km \u00d7\u00a025\u00a0km (45\u00a0mi \u00d7\u00a016\u00a0mi). By comparison, the 7 February 1812 New Madrid event, which was thought to have taken place on the Reelfoot fault and was the largest event in that series, had a rupture zone that was less than that of the Charlevoix earthquake and caused chimney damage at distances of more than 600 kilometres (370\u00a0mi).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015333-0003-0001", "contents": "1663 Charlevoix earthquake, Tectonic setting\nThese things together suggest that the Charlevoix earthquake was similar in size to the largest of the New Madrid earthquakes and was at least a magnitude 6.8 event. The estimation of the earthquake's intensity was based on the condition of the soil where the damage occurred. A lower magnitude range would be preferred if the soil in the area was soft and loosely compacted and a range based on firm ground or bedrock would be proportionately higher.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015333-0004-0000", "contents": "1663 Charlevoix earthquake, Effects\nThe earthquake was felt sharply in New England, though the date recorded for the event was 26 January 1663, as New England was using the Julian calendar at the time. A church record entry made by Reverend S. Danforth from Roxbury, Massachusetts (~ 600\u00a0km from the CSZ) indicated the initial shock was felt around 6 pm that evening and several more shocks followed the next morning. On the shores of Massachusetts Bay, the tops of chimneys were broken on houses and pewter (a malleable metal alloy) was jarred from shelves.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015333-0004-0001", "contents": "1663 Charlevoix earthquake, Effects\nThis level of damage is consistent with a modified Mercalli intensity of VI though this may have been because the early colonials had the capability of producing only relatively weak mortar. Using this MMI value and the distance from the epicenter one can estimate the magnitude of the earthquake using published intensity-attenuation relations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015333-0004-0002", "contents": "1663 Charlevoix earthquake, Effects\nIn a June 2011 report on the earthquake that was published in the Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, John E. Ebel, a professor and researcher at Boston College, used these known relations that apply to earthquakes in northeastern North America and determined the magnitude to be 7.3 \u2013 7.9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015333-0005-0000", "contents": "1663 Charlevoix earthquake, Effects\nGreat landslides along the Saint Lawrence, Saint-Maurice, and Batiscan Rivers made these rivers muddy after the shock, with the waters of the St. Lawrence being affected for up to one month. Near Trois-Rivi\u00e8res several waterfalls were transformed by these landslides, and one waterfall on the St. Maurice River near Les Gr\u00e8s was said to have been nearly leveled. At Saint-Jean-Vianney, Quebec, there was a large earthflow landslide in a sensitive clay, interpreted to have been caused by the 1663 earthquake. In 1971 this was the site of another much smaller earthflow that destroyed 41 houses and killed 31 people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015333-0006-0000", "contents": "1663 Charlevoix earthquake, Effects\nMultibeam bathymetry data and high resolution seismic reflection data acquired in the Saguenay Fjord has been used to identify a series of landslide deposits that were probably triggered by the 1663 earthquake. The Saguenay region is the site of a geological graben and has been subject to several natural disasters since the turn of the seventeenth century. In 1996 it was the site of the largest flood in 20th-century Canadian history, which led to the investigation of the fjord bottom using bathymetric data to determine slope stability.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015333-0007-0000", "contents": "1663 Charlevoix earthquake, Historical records\nThe inhabitants of the land were the Algonquin and Iroquois people as well as several thousand French settlers. Religious groups like the Ursulines (a Roman Catholic religious institute for women) and the Augustinians left good records of the event. These groups accredited the earthquake to God as a retaliation for disobedience. Some very detailed, though inconsistent, summaries were given by several Jesuits, most notably J\u00e9r\u00f4me Lalemant who provided relatively reserved written accounts of the strong effects of the earthquake back to his superiors in Europe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 46], "content_span": [47, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015333-0007-0001", "contents": "1663 Charlevoix earthquake, Historical records\nLalemant was said to have been a disciplined priest with diverse experience and following his time in Canada was brought back to France to be posted the provincial superior of the Society of Jesus. Father Charles Simon, on the other hand, was said to have limited training and some written records of his were not received as readily or without hesitation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 46], "content_span": [47, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015333-0007-0002", "contents": "1663 Charlevoix earthquake, Historical records\nFather Simon seemed to not be of the same mind as the bulk of the devoted, saying \"...the Earthquake was rather a Scheme of Divine Mercy than a scourge of Justice,\u2014 especially since, in so great a confusion of affairs and perturbations of the elements, no one lost life or fortune. Fear came to all, penalty to none.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 46], "content_span": [47, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015333-0008-0000", "contents": "1663 Charlevoix earthquake, Aftermath\nImmediately after the earthquake, the missionaries, once it had become clear that no lives had been lost, regarded the earthquake not only as a timely warning to the population of New France for their sinfulness, but also as a sign of God's protection. They described it as \"miraculous\" rather than a disaster, regarding the date of the earthquake as particularly important, coming on the last day of the carnival, just before Mardi Gras. They were pleased to see all the colonists attending church regularly in the following days and that even the traffickers in wine and brandy appeared to repent. These effects were short-lived and Lalemant and other missionaries were soon left wishing for another great earthquake to help them in their cause.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 37], "content_span": [38, 785]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015334-0000-0000", "contents": "1663 in China\nEvents from the year 1663 in China. Also known as \u58ec\u5bc5 (Water Tiger) 4359 or 4299 to \u536f\u5e74 (Water Rabbit) 4360 or 4300 in the Earthly Branches calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015343-0000-0000", "contents": "1663 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1663.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015344-0000-0000", "contents": "1663 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015344-0001-0000", "contents": "1663 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015344-0002-0000", "contents": "1663 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015345-0000-0000", "contents": "1663 in science\nThe year 1663 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015346-0000-0000", "contents": "1663 van den Bos\n1663 van den Bos, provisional designation 1926 PE, is a stony Florian asteroid and an exceptionally slow rotator from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 12 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 4 August 1926, by English astronomer Harry Edwin Wood at Johannesburg Observatory in South Africa. It was later named after astronomer Willem Hendrik van den Bos.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015346-0001-0000", "contents": "1663 van den Bos, Orbit and classification\nThe S-type asteroid is a member of the Flora family, a large group of stony asteroids in the main-belt. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 1.8\u20132.6\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 4 months (1,224 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.18 and an inclination of 5\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015346-0002-0000", "contents": "1663 van den Bos, Orbit and classification\nIn March 2082, van den Bos will pass 29\u00a0Amphitrite at a distance of 0.0065\u00a0AU (972,000\u00a0km). The body's observation arc begins with a post-recovery observation taken at Johannesburg in 1936, when it was also identified as 1936 OM, which is a full decade after its official discovery observation from 1926.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015346-0003-0000", "contents": "1663 van den Bos, Physical characteristics, Slow rotator\nIn October 2010, a rotational lightcurve of van den Bos was obtained from photometric observations by astronomers Robert Stephens and David Higgins. It gave a rotation period of 740 hours with a brightness variation of 0.80 magnitude (U=3-). It is one of the slowest rotating minor planets (see list) and a suspected tumbler, that has a non-principal axis rotation. At the same time, photometric observations at the Shadowbox Observatory gave an alternative, yet ambiguous period of 155 hours with an amplitude of 0.5 magnitude (U=1).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 56], "content_span": [57, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015346-0004-0000", "contents": "1663 van den Bos, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, van den Bos measures between 7.58 and 13.54 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.171 and 0.255. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.2045 and a diameter of 12.25 kilometers using an absolute magnitude of 11.9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 63], "content_span": [64, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015346-0005-0000", "contents": "1663 van den Bos, Naming\nThis minor planet was named in honor of Dutch-born, South African astronomer Willem Hendrik van den Bos (1896\u20131974), former director of the Union Observatory (1941\u20131956) and president of the Astronomical Society of South Africa (1943\u20131955). He made visual micrometric observations and discovered thousands of double stars. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 July 1972 (M.P.C. 3297).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 24], "content_span": [25, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015347-0000-0000", "contents": "1664\n1664 (MDCLXIV) was a leap year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a leap year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar, the 1664th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 664th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 64th  year of the 17th\u00a0century, and the  5th   year of the 1660s decade. As of the start of 1664, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015347-0001-0000", "contents": "1664\nIt is one of eight years (CE) to contain each Roman numeral exactly once (1000(M)+500(D)+100(C)+50(L)+10(X)+(-1(I)+5(V)) = 1664).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015348-0000-0000", "contents": "1664 (beer)\nKronenbourg 1664 is a golden pale lager with an alcohol percentage of 5.5% ABV in continental Europe and 5.0% for the UK market. It was first brewed in 1664 by Canon Brewery in the Alsace region of France by master brewer Geronimus Hatt. It uses the exact same recipe as was first used in 1664. For the UK market only, Kronenbourg 1664 is owned and produced in the UK by Heineken after being bought from Scottish & Newcastle. However, the Carlsberg Group officially still owns and brews Kronenbourg in other markets. The French lager contains Strisselspalt hops, unique to the Alsace, which are used in its brewing process and give the beer its bitter and fragrant citrus taste.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 690]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015348-0001-0000", "contents": "1664 (beer), History\nIn 1649, Geronimus Hatt obtained his master brewer certificate. Fifteen years later in 1664, he then opened up his first brewery, Brasserie du Canon, in Strasbourg. Just under 200 years later, the brewery relocated to the village of Cronenbourg, to the west of Strasbourg, because of a consistent flooding problem in its original location.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015348-0002-0000", "contents": "1664 (beer), History\nStrisselspalt hops were used in the creation of the lager for the first time in 1885. This ingredient native to the Alsace region of France has been used in the creation of the beer ever since.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015348-0003-0000", "contents": "1664 (beer), History\nIn 1922, the Hatt Brewery changed its name to Tigre Brock. The name then changed again to Kronenbourg after the Second World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015348-0004-0000", "contents": "1664 (beer), History\nBy 1952, the beer now known as Kronenbourg 1664 was launched by Brasseries Kronenbourg to celebrate founder Geronimus Hatt. It was sold in France and imported to Britain in time for the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II. After its launch in Britain, it was exported to 68 other countries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015348-0005-0000", "contents": "1664 (beer), History\nIn 2001, brewing company Scottish & Newcastle acquired Kronenbourg for \u00a31.7\u00a0billion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015348-0006-0000", "contents": "1664 (beer), History\nDuring 2004\u20132005, Kronenbourg 1664 won an award at the International Brewing Awards for the first time. It finished first in Class 2: 4.6\u20136.9% ABV category.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015348-0007-0000", "contents": "1664 (beer), History\nIn 2008, Heineken purchased the licence to produce Kronenbourg 1664 in the UK from Scottish & Newcastle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015348-0008-0000", "contents": "1664 (beer), Production\nKronenbourg has breweries in the UK, France and Australia. Their UK brewery is based in Manchester and had a \u00a350\u00a0million investment to improve its facilities and production.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015348-0009-0000", "contents": "1664 (beer), Production\nThe Carlsberg Group officially owns and brews Kronenbourg globally, except in the UK where it is owned and brewed by Heineken International.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015348-0010-0000", "contents": "1664 (beer), Production\nKronenbourg is available in the UK on draught and in several packed sizes including 275ml bottles, 660ml bottles, 568ml and 440ml cans", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015348-0011-0000", "contents": "1664 (beer), Advertising in the UK\nIn the 1980s, Kronenbourg 1664 launched its 'A Different Kind of Strength' advertising campaign. The campaign was featured on television across the UK. It told the story of a young man who struggled to win a game of pool, however after training and drinking Kronenbourg 1664 he showed 'A Different Kind of Strength' in order to win.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 34], "content_span": [35, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015348-0012-0000", "contents": "1664 (beer), Advertising in the UK\nKronenbourg 1664 began its 'Femme fatale' advertising campaign in 2000. The television ad showed men being distracted by what is at first assumed to be a young woman, however, after a few fatal accidents the camera zooms out and you find out they were all actually staring at a glass of Kronenbourg 1664. The ad created by advertising agency Rainey Kelly received over 60 complaints, all rejected by the Advertising Standards Authority (UK)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 34], "content_span": [35, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015348-0013-0000", "contents": "1664 (beer), Advertising in the UK\nIn 2004, the \"Composer\" advertising campaign was launched. The advert plays on the idea that once you open a bottle of Kronenbourg 1664 you have to stop what you're doing and enjoy it. Malcolm Venville directed the ad at Therapy Films.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 34], "content_span": [35, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015348-0014-0000", "contents": "1664 (beer), Advertising in the UK\nThe \"Smaller Bubbles, Smoother Taste\" Kronenbourg 1664 advert first aired in 2009 and was directed by Tony Kaye. The ad tells the story of a group of chefs trying to turn a large bubble into a number of smaller ones. They do this through the use of cooking equipment such as knives, mincers, graters and more. By the end, they have created the perfect sized bubbles to go in a glass of Kronenbourg 1664.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 34], "content_span": [35, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015348-0015-0000", "contents": "1664 (beer), Advertising in the UK\nOctober 2010 saw Kronenbourg 1664 team up with two different British bands to create adverts for its \"Slow the Pace\" campaigns: the first was Mot\u00f6rhead who performed a slow acoustic version of their hit \"Ace of Spades\" in a busy pub. The second was Madness who played a toned down version of their song \"Baggy Trousers\". The slowed down version later featured on the Madness box set compilation A Guided Tour of Madness with the song title \"Le Grand Pantalon\". The two adverts created by ad agency BBH London encouraged the viewer to 'Slow the pace' and savour the taste.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 34], "content_span": [35, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015348-0016-0000", "contents": "1664 (beer), Advertising in the UK\nIn March 2013, Kronenbourg 1664's \"A Taste Supr\u00eame\" advertising campaign began and the slogan has become synonymous with the brand today. In the television advertisement, ex-professional footballer Eric Cantona played a starring role as brand ambassador. The ad plays on the idea that the hop farmers in France are treated like the celebrity footballers of the UK. The ad was created by advertising agency Ogilvy & Mather and featured the Queen song \"We Are the Champions\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 34], "content_span": [35, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015348-0017-0000", "contents": "1664 (beer), Advertising in the UK\nIn 2014, complaints were made to the Advertising Standards Authority which subsequently decided to ban the 2013 ad from being aired. Months later, this ruling was overturned after Heineken submitted a request for the ruling to be reconsidered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 34], "content_span": [35, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015348-0018-0000", "contents": "1664 (beer), Advertising in the UK\n2016 saw the return of Cantona featuring in four videos for the digital campaign #lebigswim, the premise being that if 10,000 British people agreed that Kronenbourg 1664 is the best tasting beer in the world then Cantona would swim the English Channel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 34], "content_span": [35, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015348-0019-0000", "contents": "1664 (beer), Advertising in the UK\nCantona was also to appear again on television screens in association with Kronenbourg 1664. In 2016, the ex-Manchester United player featured in a television advert called \"The Alsace-tians\". The concept of the TV ad plays off common depictions of St Bernard dogs with barrels around their necks, however in this ad they used Alsatians who deliver Kronenbourg 1664 to the deserving.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 34], "content_span": [35, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015349-0000-0000", "contents": "1664 in China\nEvents from the year 1664 in China. Also known as \u7678\u536f\u5e74 (Water Rabbit) 4360 or 4300 to \u7532\u8fb0\u5e74 (Wood Dragon) 4361 or 4301.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015357-0000-0000", "contents": "1664 in literature\nThis article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1664.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015359-0000-0000", "contents": "1664 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry and literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015359-0001-0000", "contents": "1664 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015359-0002-0000", "contents": "1664 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015360-0000-0000", "contents": "1664 in science\nThe year 1664 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015361-0000-0000", "contents": "1665\n1665 (MDCLXV) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar, the 1665th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 665th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 65th  year of the 17th\u00a0century, and the  6th   year of the 1660s decade. As of the start of 1665, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015362-0000-0000", "contents": "1665 AM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1665\u00a0kHz:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 72]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015363-0000-0000", "contents": "1665 Gaby\n1665 Gaby, provisional designation 1930 DQ, is a stony asteroid and a relatively slow rotator from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 11 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 27 February 1930, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg Observatory in southern Germany. It was later named after Gaby Reinmuth, the discoverer's daughter-in-law.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015363-0001-0000", "contents": "1665 Gaby, Orbit and classification\nGaby orbits the Sun at a distance of 1.9\u20132.9\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 9 months (1,370 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.21 and an inclination of 11\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. No precoveries were taken, and no prior identifications were made of Gaby. The body's observation arc begins 2 months after its official discovery observation at Heidelberg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 35], "content_span": [36, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015363-0002-0000", "contents": "1665 Gaby, Physical characteristics\nIn the Tholen classification, Gaby is a common S-type asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 35], "content_span": [36, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015363-0003-0000", "contents": "1665 Gaby, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves\nIn February 2005, French amateur astronomer Laurent Bernasconi obtained a rotational lightcurve of Gaby from photometric observations. It gave a rotation period of 66 hours with a brightness variation of 0.27 magnitude (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 48], "content_span": [49, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015363-0004-0000", "contents": "1665 Gaby, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves\nThis is a longer-than average rotation, since most minor planets have a period between 2 and 20 hours (see list). In 2016, concurring sidereal periods of 67.905 and 67.911 hours were obtained from modeled photometric observations derived from the Lowell Photometric Database and other sources (U=n.a. ).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 48], "content_span": [49, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015363-0005-0000", "contents": "1665 Gaby, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Gaby measures between 10.75 and 11.01 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.253 and 0.278. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts Petr Pravec's revised WISE data with an albedo of 0.2532 and a diameter of 11.01 kilometers using an absolute magnitude of 11.9\u00b10.2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 56], "content_span": [57, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015363-0006-0000", "contents": "1665 Gaby, Naming\nThis minor planet was named by the discoverer for his daughter-in-law, Gaby Reinmuth. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 15 December 1968 (M.P.C. 2901).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 17], "content_span": [18, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015372-0000-0000", "contents": "1665 in literature\nThis article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1665.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015374-0000-0000", "contents": "1665 in paleontology\nPaleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1665.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015375-0000-0000", "contents": "1665 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015375-0001-0000", "contents": "1665 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015375-0002-0000", "contents": "1665 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015376-0000-0000", "contents": "1665 in science\nThe year 1665 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015377-0000-0000", "contents": "1666\n1666 (MDCLXVI) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar, the 1666th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 666th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 66th  year of the 17th\u00a0century, and the  7th   year of the 1660s decade. As of the start of 1666, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015377-0001-0000", "contents": "1666\nThis is the first year to be designated as an Annus mirabilis, in John Dryden's 1667 poem so titled, celebrating England's failure to be beaten either by the Dutch or by fire. It is the only year to contain each Roman numeral once in descending order (1000(M)+500(D)+100(C)+50(L)+10(X)+5(V)+1(I) = 1666).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015378-0000-0000", "contents": "1666 Articles of Peace and Amity\nThe 1666 Articles of Peace and Amity were signed 20 April 1666 between the Province of Maryland and 12 Eastern Algonquian-speaking indigenous nations, including the Piscataway, Anacostanck, Doegs, Mikikiwomans, Manasquesend, Mattawoman, Chingwawateick, Hangemaick, Portobackes, Sacayo, Panyayo, and Choptico. The treaty established the right of Native peoples to remain on their lands and preserved the inviolable right of Native peoples to fishing, crabbing, hunting, and fowling. The treaty states \"If an Indian kill an Englishman he shall dye for itt\", however execution is only prescribed if an \"English man shall kill any Indian that shall come vnpaynted\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 694]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015378-0000-0001", "contents": "1666 Articles of Peace and Amity\nThe treaty permitted Englishmen to kill Native people who enter an English plantation \"painted\", stating that \"the English cannot easily distinguish one Indian from another.\" If a Native person and an Englishman meet accidentally in the forest, the \"Indian shall be bound immediately to throwe downe his Armes vpon call, and in case any Indian soe meeting an English man shall refuse to throwe downe his armes vpon Call he shall be deemed as an Enemy.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015378-0001-0000", "contents": "1666 Articles of Peace and Amity, History\nIn December 2020, the Council of the District of Columbia voted to honor the language of the treaty guaranteeing fishing rights to Native people by granting free fishing licences to members of the Piscataway Indian Nation and Tayac Territory and the Piscataway Conoy Tribe of Maryland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015379-0000-0000", "contents": "1666 census of New France\nThe 1666 census of New France was the first census conducted in Canada (and also North America). It was organized by Jean Talon, the first Intendant of New France, between 1665 and 1666.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015379-0001-0000", "contents": "1666 census of New France\nTalon and the French Minister of the Marine Jean-Baptiste Colbert had brought the colony of New France under direct royal control in 1663, and Colbert wished to make it the centre of the French colonial empire. To do this he needed to know the state of the population so that the economic and industrial basis of the colony could be expanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015379-0002-0000", "contents": "1666 census of New France\nJean-Talon conducted the census largely by himself, travelling door-to-door among the settlements of New France. He did not include Native American inhabitants of the colony, or the religious orders such as the Jesuits or Recollets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015379-0003-0000", "contents": "1666 census of New France\nAccording to Talon's census there were 3,215 people in New France, and 538 separate families. The census showed a difference in the number of men at 2,034 versus 1,181 women. Children and unwedded adults were grouped together; there were 2,154 of these, while only 1,019 people were married (42 were widowed). A total of 625 people lived in Montreal, the largest settlement; 547 people lived in Quebec; and 455 lived in Trois-Rivi\u00e8res. The largest single age group, 21- to 30-year-olds, numbered 842. 763 people were professionals of some kind, and 401 of these were servants, while 16 were listed as \"gentlemen of means\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015382-0000-0000", "contents": "1666 in England\n1666 in England was the first year to be designated as an Annus mirabilis, in John Dryden's 1667 poem, which celebrated England's failure to be beaten either by fire or by the Dutch. However, this year also saw the Great Fire of London.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015388-0000-0000", "contents": "1666 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1666.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015390-0000-0000", "contents": "1666 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015390-0001-0000", "contents": "1666 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015390-0002-0000", "contents": "1666 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015391-0000-0000", "contents": "1666 in science\nThe year 1666 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015392-0000-0000", "contents": "1666...Th\u00e9\u00e2tre Bizarre\n1666... Th\u00e9\u00e2tre Bizarre is the second studio album by the French progressive death metal band Misanthrope. It is sung in English on tracks 1, 3, 5 and 8; French on track 2, 4, 6, 7, and 11; and German on track 10.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015393-0000-0000", "contents": "1667\n1667 (MDCLXVII) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar, the 1667th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 667th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 67th  year of the 17th\u00a0century, and the  8th   year of the 1660s decade. As of the start of 1667, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015394-0000-0000", "contents": "1667 Dubrovnik earthquake\nThe 1667 Dubrovnik earthquake was one of the three most devastating earthquakes to hit what is now modern Croatia in the last 2,400 years, since records began. The entire city was almost destroyed and around 3,000 to 5,000 people were killed. The city's Rector Simone Ghetaldi was killed and over three quarters of all public buildings were destroyed. At the time, Dubrovnik was the capital of the Republic of Ragusa. The earthquake marked the beginning of the end of the Republic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015394-0001-0000", "contents": "1667 Dubrovnik earthquake, Tectonic setting\nDubrovnik's region is located in the eastern part of the Adriatic Sea and is a narrow strip of land, dotted by a series of bays, with the Dinaric Alps in the background, and hundreds of islands along the coast. The city of Dubrovnik was built in the most seismically active area in Croatia, which makes earthquakes the strongest in the whole country. It is the only Croatian town that is shown in red on the seismic map, which means that it is exposed to potential hazard of the strongest earthquakes, those of 10 degrees in the Mercalli scale.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 43], "content_span": [44, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015394-0002-0000", "contents": "1667 Dubrovnik earthquake, Earthquake\nThe earthquake occurred at around 8 in the morning on April 6, 1667. Survivors of the event witnessed a rumbling sound followed by a tremendous kick that rocked the city. It occurred at about 8:45 in the morning, lasted between 8 and 15 seconds, and had a set of 37 macro seismic intensities according to the EMS98. This event is thought to be the biggest one in the history of Dalmatia and practically defines seismic hazard in the coastal area of Croatia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015394-0003-0000", "contents": "1667 Dubrovnik earthquake, Earthquake\nThe effects of the earthquake were most keenly felt in the territory of the Republic of Ragusa, with a maximum intensity of 9 EMS98 being assigned to three settlements: Ragusa itself, Ombla and Gru\u017e. Other parts of the Republic were most likely affected as well, although no written records were found by historians that related to them. The Venetian enclave of Cattaro experienced a maximum intensity of 8 EMS98, with an estimated 250-300 people dead in a town of ~1300 residents. In total, 37 settlements were affected, with the EMS98 spanning 6 to 9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015394-0004-0000", "contents": "1667 Dubrovnik earthquake, Earthquake, Damage\nMany of the city buildings were reduced to rubble, with a majority of the ones that remained standing suffering significant damage. It is assumed that the large scale of destruction is due primarily to two factors: the previous earthquakes of 1520 and 1639, and the poor properties of the adhesives, prepared using brackish and sea water, used in the construction of the buildings. The Rector's Palace, the Major Council Hall and Sponza Palace all suffered severe damage. All the buildings lining the Stradun were destroyed, and passage through the street was blocked by rubble. Although the Franciscan Church and Monastery weren't destroyed by the earthquake, the subsequent fire destroyed much of the monastery, as well as its great library.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 45], "content_span": [46, 789]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015394-0005-0000", "contents": "1667 Dubrovnik earthquake, Earthquake, Damage\nCitizens of the city witnessed huge stones rolling down the hill of Sr\u0111 destroying everything in their way. Large cracks appeared in the land, and the city's water sources dried up. The dust created by the destroyed buildings were thick enough to obscure the sky. Later, a powerful tsunami devastated the port, flooding everything near the shore. Strong winds fueled fires from homes and bakeries, and the resulting blaze  would not be extinguished for almost 20 days.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 45], "content_span": [46, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015394-0006-0000", "contents": "1667 Dubrovnik earthquake, Aftermath\nThe Sponza and the Rector's palace were the only buildings that survived the natural disaster. The city was reconstructed in the baroque style that has survived intact to this day. Despite the reconstruction, the decline of the Mediterranean as a hub for trade meant that Dubrovnik, like other Mediterranean ports, began a steady decline. According to the historian Robin Harris, the earthquake killed around 2,000 inhabitants of the city and up to 1,000 in the rest of the republic. Among the dead were the Rector and half of the members of the Great council. The effects of the earthquake also resulted in the loss of half of the nobility population.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 36], "content_span": [37, 689]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015394-0007-0000", "contents": "1667 Dubrovnik earthquake, Aftermath, Thievery\nAlongside the fire, robbery had taken over the city as a result of the anarchy that followed, given that the earthquake killed the Rector and wiped out a great part of the government. The first claims filed before the Criminal Court concerned thefts of items and valuables from collapsed houses and rubble, with only a few cases of theft of construction material. By the beginning of 1668, the theft of construction material increased. It became the dominant form of thievery by the end of the year, and remained as such until 1674. In the period between June 21, 1667 and the December 31, 1676, ~70% of theft reports concerned material used in the city reconstruction, while 30% of the reports concerned theft of personal items and valuables.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 46], "content_span": [47, 790]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015394-0008-0000", "contents": "1667 Dubrovnik earthquake, Aftermath, Water shortages\nThe earthquake had done significant damage to various sources of fresh water, due to the damage done to the city's aqueduct. Furthermore, the wells around the city either dried up, or gave a yellowish, thick mass instead of water. Water had to be imported, gathered from the rainfall or drawn from the wells of the Gru\u017e Dominican monastery, which were surprisingly undamaged. Consequently, significant funds had to be diverted into the reconstruction of the aqueduct.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 53], "content_span": [54, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015395-0000-0000", "contents": "1667 Shamakhi earthquake\nThe 1667 Shamakhi earthquake occurred on 25 November 1667 with an epicenter close to the city of Shamakhi, Azerbaijan (then part of Safavid Iran). It had an estimated surface wave magnitude of 6.9 and a maximum felt intensity of X (Extreme) on the Mercalli intensity scale. An estimated 80,000 people died.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015404-0000-0000", "contents": "1667 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1667.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015404-0001-0000", "contents": "1667 in literature, Events\nThe Roman Catholic Church places the works of Ren\u00e9 Descartes on the Index Librorum Prohibitorum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 26], "content_span": [27, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015406-0000-0000", "contents": "1667 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015406-0001-0000", "contents": "1667 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015406-0002-0000", "contents": "1667 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015407-0000-0000", "contents": "1667 in science\nThe year 1667 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015408-0000-0000", "contents": "1667 papal conclave\nThe 1667 papal conclave was convened on the death of Pope Alexander VII and ended with the election of Giulio Rospigliosi as Pope Clement IX. The conclave was dominated by factions loyal to the cardinal nephews of Alexander VII and Urban VIII. It saw the continued existence of the Squadrone Volante, or Flying Squadron, that had emerged in the 1655 conclave. The conclave also saw Spain and France, the two largest Catholic powers at the time, both support Rospigliosi's election as pope. Ultimately, Rospigliosi's election was achieved when the French ambassador bribed Flavio Chigi, Alexander's nephew, to support Rospigliosi. Following the conclave all the parties believed they had elected the pope that they had wanted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 745]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015408-0001-0000", "contents": "1667 papal conclave, Background\nAfter his election Alexander VII had initially been opposed to nepotism, refusing to name a cardinal nephew. Members of the College of Cardinals urged him to reconsider appointing members of his family to positions of power, and he eventually relented, naming fellow members of his Chigi family to the papal government and appointing a cardinal nephew.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015408-0002-0000", "contents": "1667 papal conclave, Background\nThe diplomatic relationship between France and the Papal States became worse while Alexander was pope. France had invaded Avignon in 1664 after a confrontation between France's ambassador to the Holy See and papal troops. The French forces left Avignon only after an apology was rendered by Alexander. Cardinal Mazarin, the leader of the French government, further urged Alexander to create more French cardinals, but he did not do so. During his pontificate Alexander created 40 new cardinals with 33 of them being Italians.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015408-0003-0000", "contents": "1667 papal conclave, Background\nWithin the College of Cardinals a faction of cardinals that was not loyal to any of the Catholic monarchies were called the Squadrone Volante, and had risen during the conclave of 1655. The name, which translates as Flying Squadron, was given because of their support of candidates who they believed had the best interest of the papacy in mind rather than candidates supported by the secular monarch. Christina, Queen of Sweden, who had abdicated the Swedish throne and moved to Rome before converting to the Catholic Church, served as the secular supporter of the group, and became particularly close to Decio Azzolino.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015408-0004-0000", "contents": "1667 papal conclave, Conclave\nWhen the conclave opened it had 64 cardinal electors present. At the time of Alexander's death, the College was at its then-maximum capacity of 70 members. Between the time of his death and the opening of the conclave on 2 June 1667, two of the cardinals had died, and four members had yet to arrive in Rome. Since the conclaves of 1605, the College had consistently maintained 60 or more members take place in the conclave, and crowding had become an issue. The College debated whether it would be appropriate to hold the conclave in the Vatican given concerns about crowding and deaths of cardinals in previous conclaves, but older cardinals insisted on holding the conclave there.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 713]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015408-0005-0000", "contents": "1667 papal conclave, Conclave\nAlexander VII had created 34 of the cardinals present during the 1667 conclave. Of that group, 10 did not accept Flavio Chigi, Alexander's cardinal nephew, as their leader because his lifestyle was considered unseemly. Sixteen of the cardinals present in the conclave were creations of Urban VIII, and they all agreed to follow the lead of Antonio Barberini, one of Urban's nephew.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015408-0005-0001", "contents": "1667 papal conclave, Conclave\nThe conclave was dominated by the parties loyal to the cardinal nephews, and electors who were loyal to various monarchs or were members of the Flying Squadron remained divided, splitting evenly between the two larger parties headed by the nephews. The French had eight electors who were loyal to them, and the Spanish had six, while the Flying Squadron had eleven.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015408-0006-0000", "contents": "1667 papal conclave, Conclave\nFrom the beginning of the conclave, Giulio Rospigliosi was considered to be the papabile with the strongest chances. He was not opposed by any of the major factions at the conclave. Initially, the French sought to hide the fact that they supported Rospigliosi and promoted Scipione Pannocchieschi d\u2019Elci for the papacy in order to allow the Spanish to support Rospigliosi, who was on good terms with the Spanish government. The Spanish, however, initially preferred the election of Francesco Barberini, another of Urban VIII's nephews.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015408-0007-0000", "contents": "1667 papal conclave, Conclave\nThe other serious candidate at the beginning of the conclave was Girolamo Farnese. Farnese was not acceptable to the Flying Squadron, which left the conclave with Rospigliosi and d'Elci as the only viable options. Flavio Chigi promoted d'Elci as a candidate, but he was considered too zealous by some of the electors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015408-0008-0000", "contents": "1667 papal conclave, Election of Clement IX\nOn the morning of 20 June 1667 Rospigliosi received five votes during the first scrutiny. He had only received at most 10 votes during the scrutinies of the preceding weeks. Between the morning scrutiny and the one held in the evening Charles d'Albert d'Ailly, the French ambassador in Rome, promised Flavio Chigi income from France. Chigi then agreed to convince the electors who were loyal to him to vote for Rospigliosi's election. At the scrutiny that evening, Rospigliosi received 61 votes and was elected Pope Clement IX. Rospigliosi was the last pope to come from Tuscany. At the conclusion of the conclave, both France and Spain believed that they had succeeded in electing the pope that they had wanted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 756]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015409-0000-0000", "contents": "1668\n1668 (MDCLXVIII) was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a leap year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar, the 1668th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 668th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 68th  year of the 17th\u00a0century, and the  9th   year of the 1660s decade. As of the start of 1668, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015410-0000-0000", "contents": "1668 North Anatolia earthquake\nNorthern Anatolia was struck by a large earthquake on 17 August 1668 in the late morning. It had an estimated magnitude in the range 7.8\u20138.0 Ms and the maximum felt intensity was IX on the Modified Mercalli intensity scale. The epicenter of the earthquake was on the southern shore of Ladik Lake. It caused widespread damage from at least Bolu in the west to Erzincan in the east and resulted in about 8,000 deaths. It remains the most powerful earthquake recorded in Turkey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015410-0001-0000", "contents": "1668 North Anatolia earthquake, Tectonic setting\nNorth Anatolia lies across the mainly transform boundary between the Anatolian Plate and the Eurasian Plate. Relative to the Eurasian Plate the Anatolian Plate is being forced westwards by the continuing northward movement of the Arabian Plate. This motion is accommodated by a major dextral (right lateral) strike-slip fault system the North Anatolian Fault. This 1,500\u00a0km (930\u00a0mi) long structure extends from the Karl\u0131ova Triple Junction in the east to the Aegean Sea in the west. In detail the fault is formed of many separate segments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 48], "content_span": [49, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015410-0001-0001", "contents": "1668 North Anatolia earthquake, Tectonic setting\nMovement on parts of this fault zone have been responsible for many large and damaging earthquakes. They tend to form overall westward propagating sequences that can last for many decades. The most recent sequence began with the 1939 Erzincan earthquake, continuing with major earthquakes in 1942, 1943, 1944, 1949, 1951, 1957, 1966, 1967, 1992 and two in 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 48], "content_span": [49, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015410-0002-0000", "contents": "1668 North Anatolia earthquake, Earthquake\nAnalysis of historical records suggests that the 17 August earthquake was preceded by a number of foreshocks at the western end of the rupture zone. The mainshock was very large, with an estimated magnitude ranging from 7.8 Ms\u202f (based on the size of the area affected by shaking of intensity VI) to 8.0 Ms\u202f (based on the interpreted rupture length). The suggested rupture length varies from 380\u00a0km (240\u00a0mi) to 600\u00a0km (370\u00a0mi). In Tokat the earthquake was followed by at least six months of aftershocks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015410-0003-0000", "contents": "1668 North Anatolia earthquake, Earthquake\nEvidence of a major earthquake at about this time affecting the full 600\u00a0km (370\u00a0mi) has been found by trenching across the fault at many localities. The 600 km length is based on the assumption that there was a single large event rather than several smaller events, but that would require a propagating rupture to jump across a major extensional stepover (lateral offset) of 10\u00a0km (6.2\u00a0mi) in the fault at Niksar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015410-0003-0001", "contents": "1668 North Anatolia earthquake, Earthquake\nDespite evidence from past events, backed up by dynamic rupture modelling, that most earthquakes are unable to jump more than about 5\u00a0km (3.1\u00a0mi), the 2001 Kunlun earthquake shows clear evidence of propagating across a much wider stepover and this has been backed by further numerical modelling that suggests that ruptures can jump 8 km or more in the case of mature fault systems.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015410-0004-0000", "contents": "1668 North Anatolia earthquake, Earthquake\nThe 1668 earthquake is regarded as probably the first in a mainly westward propagating sequence that continued into the 19th century, including events in 1719, 1754, 1766, 1859 and 1893.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015410-0005-0000", "contents": "1668 North Anatolia earthquake, Damage\nThe town of Bolu was reported to be almost completely destroyed by the earthquake, with 1,800 fatalities. There was also severe damage further east along the fault, with another 6,000 reported casualties between Merzifon and Niksar. Some damage was also reported from as far east as Erzincan and at various locations along the Black Sea coast. The walls and towers of Samsun Castle were damaged and some parts of the structure \"were demolished\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 38], "content_span": [39, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015411-0000-0000", "contents": "1668 Shandong earthquake\nThe Great Tancheng earthquake (Chinese: \u90ef\u57ce \u5730\u9707; pinyin: T\u00e1nch\u00e9ng d\u00eczh\u00e8n), also known as the Shandong earthquake was a major seismic event that occurred during the rule of the Qing Dynasty somewhere in Shandong Province on July 25 of the year 1668. The earthquake had an estimated magnitude of Ms\u202f 8.5, making it the largest historical earthquake in Eastern China, and one of the largest in the world on land. The earthquake had cataclysmic implications to the region, shaking intensity was estimated to reach XII (Extreme) on the Mercalli intensity scale, the most destructive shaking an earthquake could achieve. An estimated 43,000 to 50,000 lives were lost in the earthquake, and its effects were widely felt. The epicenter may have been located between Juxian and Tancheng County, northeast of the prefecture-level city of Linyi in southern Shandong.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 878]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015411-0001-0000", "contents": "1668 Shandong earthquake, Geological setting\nThe earthquake of 1668 occurred along the Yishu Fault, which is part of the massive Tanlu Fault Zone which formed in the Mesozoic. This fault has an estimated silp rate of less than 1 to 2.6\u00a0mm/yr. The Yishu Fault runs through east Chine for a length of 360\u00a0km, and is part of the much longer, 2,000-km-long Tanlu Fault Zone that trends north northeast-south southwest in eastern China. During the earthquake, the Yishu Fault produced a surface rupture for a length of 160\u00a0km, with an average offset of 9 meters. Researchers found that the slip sense of the fault was mainly dextral strike-slip with a small thrust component. A hypocenter depth of between 22 and 28\u00a0km has been suggested for the 1668 event.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 44], "content_span": [45, 752]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015411-0002-0000", "contents": "1668 Shandong earthquake, Geological setting\nThe same fault may have also produced a magnitude 7.5 earthquake in Haicheng, 700\u00a0km north of this event.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 44], "content_span": [45, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015411-0003-0000", "contents": "1668 Shandong earthquake, Impact\nThe powerful earthquake was felt in 379 counties, 29 of which had catastrophic damage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 32], "content_span": [33, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015411-0004-0000", "contents": "1668 Shandong earthquake, Impact\nIn Ju County, many structures were totally destroyed. No building was left standing in the area with a diameter of more than 50\u00a0km. Wells erupted fountains of water and ground fissures opened, gushing out sand and water. The same was seen in Tancheng County where water shot through the air up to 10 meters high. Fissures were said to be so deep that the bottom of them could not be seen. The earthquake completely obliterated every single home, temple, battlement and storehouse. In Linyi, no house was left standing, and black water was said to emerge from fissures. Many nearby city had their walls fallen and some parts flooded by overflowing rivers and wells. Fissures caused water and sand to erupt, burying homes. Many livestocks also died as a result of the earthquakes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 32], "content_span": [33, 811]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015420-0000-0000", "contents": "1668 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1668.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015422-0000-0000", "contents": "1668 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015422-0001-0000", "contents": "1668 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015422-0002-0000", "contents": "1668 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015423-0000-0000", "contents": "1668 in science\nThe year 1668 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015424-0000-0000", "contents": "1669\n1669 (MDCLXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar, the 1669th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 669th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 69th  year of the 17th\u00a0century, and the  10th  and last year of the 1660s decade. As of the start of 1669, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015425-0000-0000", "contents": "1669 Act for annexation of Orkney and Shetland to the Crown\nThe 1669 Act of Annexation was a Parliamentary Act passed during 1669 by the Parliament of Scotland to establish Orkney and Shetland's status as Crown Dependencies following a legal dispute with William, Earl of Morton, who held the estates of Orkney and Shetland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [59, 59], "content_span": [60, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015425-0001-0000", "contents": "1669 Act for annexation of Orkney and Shetland to the Crown\nThe Act made Orkney and Shetland exempt from any \"dissolution of His Majesty\u2019s lands\". In 1742 a further Act of Parliament returned the estates to a later Earl of Morton, however, the original act of Parliament specifically proscribes this, stating that any such change is to be  \"considered null, void and of no effect\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [59, 59], "content_span": [60, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015425-0002-0000", "contents": "1669 Act for annexation of Orkney and Shetland to the Crown\nThe 1669 Act specifically removed Orkney and Shetland from the jurisdiction of the Scottish Parliament and places it firmly in the care of the Crown, restoring the situation as it was 200 years prior at the time of the pawning of the islands by King Christian I of Denmark/Norway to Scotland's James III.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [59, 59], "content_span": [60, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015426-0000-0000", "contents": "1669 Dagmar\n1669 Dagmar, provisional designation 1934 RS, is a rare-type Themistian asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 42 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 7 September 1934, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg Observatory in southern Germany, and named after a common German feminine name.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015426-0001-0000", "contents": "1669 Dagmar, Classification and orbit\nThe asteroid is a member of the Themis family, a large group of asteroids in the outer main-belt. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.8\u20133.5\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 7 months (2,032 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.11 and an inclination of 1\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. As no precoveries were taken, and no prior identifications were made, Dagmar's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015426-0002-0000", "contents": "1669 Dagmar, Physical characteristics\nDagmar has a rare spectra of a G-type asteroid (or Cg-type in the SMASS taxonomy), similar to 1 Ceres, the largest asteroid and only dwarf planet in the asteroid belt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015426-0003-0000", "contents": "1669 Dagmar, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nAstronomer Federico Manzini obtained a provisional lightcurve of Dagmar from photometric observations in March 2004. It gave a tentative rotation period of 12 hours with a brightness variation of 0.15 magnitude (U=1). As of 2017, no secure period has yet been published.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 54], "content_span": [55, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015426-0004-0000", "contents": "1669 Dagmar, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Dagmar measures between 35.78 and 45.194 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.035 and 0.057. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the results obtained by 17 observations made by IRAS, that is an albedo of 0.0565 and a diameter of 35.78 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 10.97.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015426-0005-0000", "contents": "1669 Dagmar, Naming\nThis minor planet was named by the discoverer after a common German feminine name. No special meaning is assigned to this name. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 15 December 1968 (M.P.C. 2901).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015427-0000-0000", "contents": "1669 Polish\u2013Lithuanian royal election\nOn 16 September 1668, King John II Casimir abdicated the Polish\u2013Lithuanian throne. He left for France and joined the Jesuits where he became Abbot of Saint-Germain-des-Pr\u00e9s Abbey in Paris which resulted in the Polish\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth being left without a monarch, making it necessary for a free election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015427-0001-0000", "contents": "1669 Polish\u2013Lithuanian royal election\nThe pro-French faction, which was backed by Michal Prazmowski and Crown Hetman Jan Sobieski, was strong. During the Convocation, several Sejm members of the szlachta urged the election of a native Piast king instead. There were widespread rumors that supporters of foreign candidates had been bribed. Under the circumstances, the Bishop of Che\u0142mno, Andrzej Olszowski, suggested that instead of a foreigner, a Pole should be elected. Olszowski suggested the candidacy of Micha\u0142 Korybut Wi\u015bniowiecki, who was the son of legendary Ruthenian magnate, Jeremi Wi\u015bniowiecki. Micha\u0142 Korybut was an exceptional individual, but the Szlachta who were afraid of growing French influences, decided to back him. Local sejmiks urged the nobility to come to Warsaw as pospolite ruszenie.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 809]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015427-0002-0000", "contents": "1669 Polish\u2013Lithuanian royal election\nThe free election, which took place in May and June 1669 in Wola, near Warsaw, is regarded as the epitome of szlachta anarchy (see Golden Liberty). After heated arguments on June 6, a crowd of nobility electors forced senators to void the candidacy of Louis, Grand Cond\u00e9. Some senators tried to oppose, but most gave way to the threats and eventually supported the Bishop of Kujawy, Florian Czartoryski, who stated: \u201cThe voice of the people is the voice of God\u201d.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015427-0003-0000", "contents": "1669 Polish\u2013Lithuanian royal election\nOn June 17, some districts of Warsaw burned in a fire and rumors soon spread that the fire was intentionally set. Szlachta surrounded the wooden shed in which the senators convened, accusing them of treason and conspiring with foreign envoys. Shots were fired and, as Jan Chryzostom Pasek later wrote in his diaries, \u201cbishops and senators hid themselves under chairs, emerging only after the situation had been defused.\u201d", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015427-0004-0000", "contents": "1669 Polish\u2013Lithuanian royal election\nTwo days later, on June 19, Wi\u015bniowiecki was elected the new king. A Polish nobleman, Jan Antoni Chrapowicki, who participated in the free election, wrote later: \u201cThere were different factions: some wanted the Neuburgian, others supported the Lotharingian. Since neither side wanted to resign their candidacy, it was decided that in order to avoid commotion, a Piast will be elected, who turned out to be  Micha\u0142 Korybut Wi\u015bniowiecki. Primate Prazmowski, who was hesitant at the choice, was eventually forced to sing the Te Deum hymn\u201d.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015427-0005-0000", "contents": "1669 Polish\u2013Lithuanian royal election\nEven though Wisniowiecki won the support of the majority of electors, a faction led by Prazmowski and Sobieski continued to oppose him. The Crowning by the Sejm, which took place in Krak\u00f3w, was dismissed. The Commonwealth, which suffered from continuous Crimean Tatar raids, was on the brink of civil war. Outbreak of the Polish\u2013Ottoman War (1672\u201376) changed this situation, ending internal conflicts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015428-0000-0000", "contents": "1669 eruption of Mount Etna\nThe 1669 eruption of Mount Etna is the largest-recorded historical eruption of  the volcano on the east coast of Sicily, Italy. After several weeks of increasing seismic activity that damaged the town of Nicolosi and other settlements, an eruption fissure opened on the southeastern flank of Etna during the night of 10-11 March. Several more fissures became active during 11 March, erupting pyroclastics and tephra that fell over Sicily and accumulated to form the Monti Rossi scoria cone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015428-0001-0000", "contents": "1669 eruption of Mount Etna\nLava disgorged from the eruption fissures flowed southwards away from the vent, burying a number of towns and farmland during March and April, eventually covering 37\u201340 square kilometres (14\u201315\u00a0sq\u00a0mi). The inhabitants of the towns fled to the city of Catania and sought refuge there; religious ceremonies were held in the city to implore the end of the eruption. In early April a branch of the lava flow advanced towards the city and on the 1 or 16 April it reached its city walls, provoking a crisis and the flight of many of its inhabitants. The city walls held up the lava, which began to flow into the Ionian Sea. More than two weeks later, parts of the flow surmounted the walls and penetrated Catania but did not cause much damage. The eruption ended in July.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 793]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015428-0002-0000", "contents": "1669 eruption of Mount Etna\nThe first recorded attempt to divert a lava flow occurred when priest Diego Pappalardo and fifty others worked to break up a lava flow in an effort to divert it. The effort was initially successful but the diverted flow threatened another town whose inhabitants chased Pappalardo and his men away and the lava flow resumed its original course towards Catania. There are no known fatalities of the 1669 eruption but many towns, parts of Catania and farmland were destroyed by the lava flow and the earthquakes that accompanied the eruption. News of the eruption spread as far as North America and a number of contemporaries described the event, leading to an increased interest in Etna's volcanic activity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 733]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015428-0003-0000", "contents": "1669 eruption of Mount Etna, Context\nMount Etna lies on the island of Sicily, at the coast facing the Ionian Sea. Etna is one of the most iconic and active volcanoes in the world; its eruptions\u2013including both effusive and explosive eruptions from flank and central vents\u2013have been recorded for 2,700 years. Etna had been unusually active during the 17th century, with several long lasting and voluminous eruptions and volcanic activity also increased on Vulcanello in the Aeolian Islands; a similar concordance between activity at Etna and in the Aeolian Islands was also observed in 2002. During the two months before the 1669 eruption, the output of gas and steam from Etna's summit craters had been higher than usual.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 720]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015428-0004-0000", "contents": "1669 eruption of Mount Etna, Context\nIn 1669, Sicily was part of the Kingdom of Aragon, which governed the island through a viceroy in Palermo. A highly productive agricultural sector existed on the heavily urbanized southeastern slopes of Etna; settlements had grown there during the High Middle Ages. Catania had a population of about 27,000 and was the third-largest city of the Kingdom of Naples and Sicily.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015428-0005-0000", "contents": "1669 eruption of Mount Etna, Events, Prelude\nSeismic activity at Mount Etna began on 25 February 1669 and increased over the next two weeks. It reached its zenith during the night of 10 and 11 March when earthquakes destroyed Nicolosi. The seismic activity caused damage in Gravina, Mascalucia, Pedara and Trecastagni, and was felt as far away as Catania. A number of seismic events are reported in contemporaneous records but their timing and frequency are not known. Early activity that lasted until 9 March reflects the ascent of deep magma within the mountain while subsequent earthquakes were associated with the opening of the eruption fissure. These early events impacted a wider area than the later ones; earthquake activity diminished after the eruption had begun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 44], "content_span": [45, 773]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015428-0006-0000", "contents": "1669 eruption of Mount Etna, Events, Eruption commences and events at the vent\nAfter midnight on 11 March, the first fissure opened up on Etna between the Monte Frumento Supino cinder cone and Piano San Leo. This 2-meter (6.6\u00a0ft) wide and 9-kilometer (5.6\u00a0mi) long fissure between 2,800\u20131,200\u00a0m (9,200\u20133,900\u00a0ft) elevation was accompanied by weak eruptive activity at its upper end and an intense glow on its lower end. During the afternoon of the same day, a second fissure opened and erupted lithics and ash clouds; historical records vary on the number of vents that became active.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 78], "content_span": [79, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015428-0006-0001", "contents": "1669 eruption of Mount Etna, Events, Eruption commences and events at the vent\nAn alternative reconstruction of events envisages the development of several fissure segments between 950\u2013700\u00a0m (3,120\u20132,300\u00a0ft) elevation, most of which underwent brief explosive and effusive eruptions. At 18:30, the main vent became active and lava began to flow from the second fissure from east of the Monte Salazara cone, close to Nicolosi, at 800\u2013850\u00a0m (2,620\u20132,790\u00a0ft) elevation in Etna's southern rift zone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 78], "content_span": [79, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015428-0007-0000", "contents": "1669 eruption of Mount Etna, Events, Eruption commences and events at the vent\nA fifth fissure segment south of the Monpilieri cinder cone was briefly active on 12 March and several vents \u2013 sources disagree on the exact number \u2013 became active on 12 March around the main vent with lava fountaining. The Monti Rossi cinder cone developed over the main vent and was almost fully formed by 13 March.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 78], "content_span": [79, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015428-0008-0000", "contents": "1669 eruption of Mount Etna, Events, Explosive eruption\nAn eruption column rose from the vent and deposited tephra, pyroclastics covered large parts of Etna's southeastern flank and ash from the eruption traveled as far as Calabria and Greece. Strombolian and lava fountaining took place, generating pyroclastics including lapilli and lava bombs, which fell over the southeastern flank for three months. These deposits reached a thickness of 12 centimetres (4.7\u00a0in) 5\u00a0km (3.1\u00a0mi) from the vent; roofs in Acireale, Pedara, Trecastagni and Viagrande collapsed under the weight of the tephra. Huge boulders were ejected to distances of several kilometers. Most of the tephra was produced within the first few days of the eruption.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 55], "content_span": [56, 727]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015428-0009-0000", "contents": "1669 eruption of Mount Etna, Events, Explosive eruption\nThe explosive stages of the 1669 eruption produced 0.066\u00a0km3 (0.016\u00a0cu\u00a0mi) of pyroclastics and have been classified as category 2\u20133 on the Volcanic Explosivity Index, making it one of the most intense eruptions of Etna. Subplinian eruptions on Etna's flanks are not common; other examples are the prehistoric eruptions of Monte Moio 28,600 \u00b1 4,700 years ago, Monte Frumento delle Concazze 3,500 years ago and Monte Salto del Cane 3,000 years ago.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 55], "content_span": [56, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015428-0010-0000", "contents": "1669 eruption of Mount Etna, Events, Explosive eruption\nOver three million tons of sulfur were released by the eruption. This sulfur may have risen into the upper troposphere, causing changes in the chemistry of the regional atmosphere and environmental hazards. The 1669 eruption, however, did not form a substantial atmospheric dust veil.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 55], "content_span": [56, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015428-0011-0000", "contents": "1669 eruption of Mount Etna, Events, Lava flow\nLava now flowed out of the volcano into a densely populated area at an average rate of 50\u2013100\u00a0m3/s (1,800\u20133,500\u00a0cu\u00a0ft/s), with a peak rate of 640\u00a0m3/s (23,000\u00a0cu\u00a0ft/s). Lava emanating from the vent flowed around the Mompilieri/Monpilieri cinder cone and during 12 March destroyed the villages of Malpasso. The town of Mompilieri fell victim to the lava flows during the night and Mascalucia was covered the day after. During and after 14 March, the lava flow branched out in three directions and began to advance southwards; the western branch destroyed villages close to Mascalucia, and houses around Camporotondo and San Pietro.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 46], "content_span": [47, 677]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015428-0012-0000", "contents": "1669 eruption of Mount Etna, Events, Lava flow\nThis fiery and burning deluge immediately spread itself to above six miles in breadth, seeming to be somewhat of the colour of melted and burning glass; but, as it cools, becomes hard and rocky, and everywhere in its passage leaves hills and pyramids of that matter behind it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 46], "content_span": [47, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015428-0013-0000", "contents": "1669 eruption of Mount Etna, Events, Lava flow\nAfter 15 March, the lava flow fronts began to slow down. The development of additional branches and of overlapping flows continued as lava tubes formed in the flow. On 15\u201317 March San Giovanni Galermo was partially destroyed, followed during the next week by agricultural land of Gravina. Between the 26 and 29 March the same fate struck Camporotondo and San Pietro, and on 29 March Misterbianco. Between the 18 and 25 March the western and eastern branches of the lava flow stopped advancing 10\u00a0km (6.2\u00a0mi) and 8.8\u00a0km (5.5\u00a0mi) away from the vent, respectively. Almost a century after the eruption, Sir William Hamilton reported the lava flows had shifted an otherwise undamaged vineyard by over 0.5\u00a0km (0.31\u00a0mi).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 46], "content_span": [47, 760]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015428-0014-0000", "contents": "1669 eruption of Mount Etna, Events, Lava flow\nThe southeastern branch of the flow, which was fed by lava tubes and ephemeral vents, continued to advance and destroyed farms close to Catania. On 20 March, a branch of the lava flow approached the city and after ponding in and filling the Gurna del Nicito lake, on the 1, 12 or 16 April, it reached the city walls about 15\u00a0km (9.3\u00a0mi) away from the vent. The walls deflected the lava flow southwards and after surrounding the Castello Ursino on 23 April and obliterating the valley that surrounded it, the lava flow began entering the Ionian Sea as a 2\u00a0km (1.2\u00a0mi)-wide flow front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 46], "content_span": [47, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015428-0015-0000", "contents": "1669 eruption of Mount Etna, Events, Lava flow\nThe city walls resisted the advancing lava for 15 days. Beginning on 30 April, some flows overtopped the walls and penetrated Catania, pushing aside weaker buildings and burying sturdier ones but did not cause much damage. Inside the city the flows advanced about 200 metres (660\u00a0ft). The 1669 eruption is the only historical eruption that impacted the urban area of Catania; other lava flows in the city are of prehistoric age and the presence of lava from the AD 252 eruption has been ruled out.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 46], "content_span": [47, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015428-0016-0000", "contents": "1669 eruption of Mount Etna, Events, Lava flow\nLava continued to flow into the sea, which was 17\u00a0km (11\u00a0mi) away from the vents, for two more months, and overlapping lava flows continued to form upstream yielding a complex lava field. On 11 July 1669 lava ceased to flow and on 15 July the eruption was definitively over. The eruption lasted 122 days, making it one of the longest in the history of Etna. Even after the eruption ended, the lava flows were still hot enough to boil water for many months and it reportedly took eight years for the lava to cool. Puffs of gas would escape when rods were poked into the lava.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 46], "content_span": [47, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015428-0017-0000", "contents": "1669 eruption of Mount Etna, Events, Events at the summit\nDuring the night of 24 March, a violent earthquake took place and was followed by activity on the main summit of Etna. The next day at 10:00 an explosive eruption occurred at the summit, and an \"immensely high\" eruption column rose over the volcano. No caldera collapse took place on the volcano but landslides affected the summit crater. There is disagreement between contemporaneous records that mention a collapse of the summit in 1669, those which do not, and 21st-century research that indicates there were no major changes in the morphology of the summit during the 1669 eruption.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 57], "content_span": [58, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015428-0018-0000", "contents": "1669 eruption of Mount Etna, Response\nWhen the eruption began to destroy settlements and land north of Catania, the people fled to the city. Authorities in Catania requested assistance from the then-viceroy of Sicily Francisco Fern\u00e1ndez de la Cueva, 10th Duke of Alburquerque and took care of about 20,000 refugees. These refugees sought out the city as a safe haven because it was distant from the eruption at that time and they were received with great hospitality. It appears that during this time, religious ceremonies took up much of the daily lives of Catania's populace.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015428-0019-0000", "contents": "1669 eruption of Mount Etna, Response\nAs the eruption continued and lava flows advanced towards Catania, law and order broke down, panic ensued \u2013 an unusual event during a natural disaster \u2013 and the authorities of Catania were overwhelmed. The viceroy appointed Prince Stefano Riggio as vicar-general to manage the crisis per l'incendio di Mongibello (\"for the fire of the Mongibello\"); Riggio arrived on 18 April and found a largely depopulated city as the artisanal class and the aristocracy had fled Catania and others had followed in their wake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015428-0019-0001", "contents": "1669 eruption of Mount Etna, Response\nRiggio prepared barracks north of Catania to take up refugees and evacuated both prisons, the city archives, food reserves and religious objects from the city. When lava broke over the city walls on 30 April, the evacuation of the city was considered but then rejected. Instead, the walls threatened by the lava flows were reinforced, gates blocked and when the lava penetrated them restraining walls and barriers were built from the debris of destroyed houses. The viceroy later sent also money for recovery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015428-0020-0000", "contents": "1669 eruption of Mount Etna, Response\nEruptions of Etna were interpreted as the consequence of divine wrath and suffering being inflicted on the sinful people. Religious services took place in Catania and other villages; during processions the relics of St. Agatha, the Martyr of Catania, were carried around and people flagellated themselves. Some sources suggest the veil of St. Agatha spared the city from total destruction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015428-0021-0000", "contents": "1669 eruption of Mount Etna, Response\nFifty inhabitants of Pedara led by priest Diego Pappalardo attempted to divert a lava flow by breaking up the margins with axes and picks while protecting themselves from the heat through water-soaked hides. This effort worked initially until 500 inhabitants of Patern\u00f2 put a stop to it because their town was threatened by the redirected lava flow. The diversion attempt failed when the breach healed. This effort constitutes the first recorded attempt at changing the course of a lava flow.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015428-0021-0001", "contents": "1669 eruption of Mount Etna, Response\nAs a consequence of the incident between Paterno and the people attempting the diversion, it was declared and formally ratified in the 19th century that people diverting a lava flow would be liable for the damage caused by it; this rule was only suspended during the eruption of 1983 although clandestine attempts, sometimes with official backing, had occurred before that year. There were religious objections to diverting lava flows; such an intervention was viewed as sacrilegious in the context of the relationship between God, man, and nature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015428-0022-0000", "contents": "1669 eruption of Mount Etna, Impact, On the volcano\nThe 1669 eruption is considered to be the most important historical flank eruption of Etna. With a volume of 0.5\u20131\u00a0km3 (0.12\u20130.24\u00a0cu\u00a0mi) lava, the 1669 eruption is Etna's largest during the last 400 years and its largest historical effusive eruption. Its lava field is the largest in the volcano's history and the longest flow at Etna during the last 15,000 years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 51], "content_span": [52, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015428-0023-0000", "contents": "1669 eruption of Mount Etna, Impact, On the volcano\nThe lava flow of 1669 covered an area of 37\u00a0km2 (14\u00a0sq\u00a0mi)-40\u00a0km2 (15\u00a0sq\u00a0mi),, radically changing the morphology of the volcano. It is considered an aa lava field that also contains \"toothpaste\" lava with tabular and plate-like structures of varying sizes and numerous lava channels. The lava extended the coast by 800\u00a0m (2,600\u00a0ft) over a width of 1.5\u00a0km (0.93\u00a0mi). An older volcanic cone and lava flows from earlier eruptions were partially buried.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 51], "content_span": [52, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015428-0024-0000", "contents": "1669 eruption of Mount Etna, Impact, On the volcano\nThe 1669 eruption came at the end of a period of high effusive activity that began in 1610. The behavior of Etna changed after the eruption, presumably due to the large volume of material erupted in the 1669 event and changes in the plumbing system it caused. After 1669, Etna's eruptions were smaller, shorter, and more sporadic with fewer flank eruptions, and mafic phenocrysts became more common in the lavas. The 1669 eruption has been defined as the starting point of a century-long cycle of activity that continues to this day and Etna's volcanic products are subdivided into pre-1669 and post-1669 formations in Italy's geological map.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 51], "content_span": [52, 694]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015428-0025-0000", "contents": "1669 eruption of Mount Etna, Impact, On the volcano, Scoria cone and lava caves\nThe about-200-metre (660\u00a0ft)-high and about 1-kilometre (0.62\u00a0mi) wide Monti Rossi scoria cone was formed by the 1669 eruption. It consists of two overlapping cones or a cone with two summits that was constructed by intense lava bomb and volcanic ash fallout that was observed by eyewitnesses. This cone was named \"Mount of Ruin\" after the eruption and was then renamed Monti Rossi (Red Mountains), either to cancel the memory of the destructive eruption or after its color. It is a prominent landmark.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 79], "content_span": [80, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015428-0026-0000", "contents": "1669 eruption of Mount Etna, Impact, On the volcano, Scoria cone and lava caves\nSeveral caves, such as the Grotta delle Palombe, are accessible from a small depression on the eruption fissure; Pietra Luna cave, a system of three caves between Belpasso and Nicolosi that contain cave formations; and several lava caves in the flow were formed by the 1669 eruption. Such caves form when lava flows develop a crust and drain out, leaving an empty space under the crust that forms the cave.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 79], "content_span": [80, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015428-0027-0000", "contents": "1669 eruption of Mount Etna, Impact, On the surrounding population\nThe 1669 eruption was the most destructive eruption of Mount Etna since the Middle Ages. Approximately fourteen villages and towns were destroyed by the lava flows or by earthquakes that preceded and accompanied the eruption. South of the volcano, ash and tephra fallout destroyed large but unclearly stated quantities of olive groves, orchards, pasture, vineyards, and mulberry trees that were used for silkworm rearing. Contemporaneous sources do not mention any fatalities from the eruption or the earthquakes that accompanied it; later reports of 10,000 \u2013 20,000 fatalities appear to be incorrect and apocryphal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 66], "content_span": [67, 683]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015428-0028-0000", "contents": "1669 eruption of Mount Etna, Impact, On the surrounding population\nContrary to common reports, not all of Catania was destroyed but its outskirts, and the western part of the city sustained damage. Canals, parts of the fortifications of Catania, and about 730-300 buildings were destroyed by the eruption. The Monastery of San Nicol\u00f2 l'Arena and the Castello Ursino were damaged; its moat was filled in and the lower part of the Castello Ursino was buried beneath 9\u201312\u00a0m (30\u201339\u00a0ft) of lava. Large parts of the population of Catania and 27,000 peasants were left homeless. The reconstruction costs, damages caused by the eruption, and a population decrease during the events depressed both industrial and commercial activity in the city.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 66], "content_span": [67, 736]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015428-0029-0000", "contents": "1669 eruption of Mount Etna, Impact, On the surrounding population\nThe eruption is also known as the Great eruption and the year of great ruin by contemporaries. News of the eruption spread to England, France, Portugal, Ireland, and Scotland, where government news pamphlets about the eruption were published. The news reached as far as Cambridge, Massachusetts, in North America. The 1669 eruption has been portrayed in a number of contemporaneous iconographic works and is the most commonly depicted eruption of Etna in its iconography. After 1669, the number of large eruptions of Etna decreased and the interest in portraying the volcano and its eruptions waned as a consequence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 66], "content_span": [67, 683]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015428-0030-0000", "contents": "1669 eruption of Mount Etna, Impact, Long-term effects\nDespite the lack of fatalities, the 1669 eruption had a long-term impact on society and economy of the wider region. Inhabitation patterns and thus the economic development of the southeastern flank of Etna were influenced by the eruption for centuries. The population of the region declined after the eruption.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 54], "content_span": [55, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015428-0031-0000", "contents": "1669 eruption of Mount Etna, Impact, Long-term effects\nSeveral towns were rebuilt in different locations and under different names. A new port and a new neighborhood were built in Catania. Its city walls were rendered ineffective by the lava flow, which provided a natural obstacle. New fortifications were built in 1676 on the lava flow and in sections that were unprotected after the eruption. In Catania, the damage caused by the eruption was exceeded by that caused by the 1693 Sicily earthquake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 54], "content_span": [55, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015428-0032-0000", "contents": "1669 eruption of Mount Etna, Impact, Long-term effects\nUnlike earthquakes, lava flows cause long-lasting damage to land; even a century later the land covered by the lava from the 1669 eruption was barren and today only limited agricultural activity is possible. As a consequence of this and other eruptions, about 13% of cultivable land south of Etna and below 1,000\u00a0m (3,300\u00a0ft) elevation was lost in the 17th century. A westward expansion of Catania was no longer possible over the terrain covered by lava. The impact of the tephra fallout was less; roof damage was quickly repaired and agriculture quickly recovered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 54], "content_span": [55, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015428-0033-0000", "contents": "1669 eruption of Mount Etna, Impact, Long-term effects\nRocks erupted in 1669 have been quarried, especially after the 1693 earthquake when they were used during the reconstruction of the city. Lava was used to pave roads, for constructions, and later for architectural elements, the production of bituminous conglomerate, concrete, and statues such as the Fountain of the Elephant in Catania. The present-day port of Catania is attached to the 1669 lava flow. Elsewhere in Catania, the lava flow is mostly hidden.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 54], "content_span": [55, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015428-0034-0000", "contents": "1669 eruption of Mount Etna, Impact, Impact on science\nMount Etna's 1669 eruption drew increased interest in the volcano's activity. During the 18th and 19th centuries, abbots and geologists compiled histories of the volcano and lists of its eruptions. Reports of eruptions at Etna became more complete and detailed. Francesco d'Arezzo melted the rocks erupted in 1669 to obtain information about their nature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 54], "content_span": [55, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015428-0035-0000", "contents": "1669 eruption of Mount Etna, Geology\nThe lavas erupted in 1669 define a sodic hawaiite suite with two distinct acidic and mafic members that were erupted before and after 20 March, respectively. These two magmas formed through fractional crystallization processes in different parts of Mount Etna's plumbing system. It appears that prior to the 1669 eruption, a batch of more acidic magma was residing underneath Etna. A batch of new, more mafic magma that was more buoyant than the residing magma penetrated and traversed the magmatic system, and reached the surface. Later, the more acidic magma erupted. Magma was accumulating prior to 1669 in the plumbing of Mount Etna; increased volatile content or increased magma volume might have eventually triggered the eruption.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 773]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015428-0036-0000", "contents": "1669 eruption of Mount Etna, Geology\nThe lava flows of 1669 contain up to 18% bubbles, a large proportion and considerably more than expected from lava flows on the surface that might explain the fluidity of the flows that maintained pahoehoe morphology 16\u00a0km (9.9\u00a0mi) from the vents. The lava also contains large phenocrysts of plagioclase, as do lavas of other eruptions of the 17th century; these lavas are called cicirara and they often appear at the end of an eruption cycle at Mount Etna.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015428-0037-0000", "contents": "1669 eruption of Mount Etna, Research history\nOwing to its magnitude, the eruption was well documented by contemporaries. Records range  from administrative documents that were part of the crisis management and the post-crisis management over memoirs to eyewitness reports. Italian scientist Giovanni Alfonso Borelli (1608\u20131679) in his 1670 publication Historia et Meteorologia and the British ambassador in Constantinople Heneage Finch, 3rd Earl of Winchilsea (1628\u20131689) in a report to King Charles II of England wrote about the eruption. Later reviews of the eruption were written by the British diplomat Sir William Hamilton (1730\u20131803).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 45], "content_span": [46, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015428-0037-0001", "contents": "1669 eruption of Mount Etna, Research history\nBorelli's history of the 1669 eruption is the oldest scientific description of Etna's volcanic activity. Anonymous reports published in 1669 include An answer to some inquiries concerning the eruptions of Mt. Aetna, 1669, communicated by some inquisitive merchants now residing in Sicily and A chronological account of several Incendiums or fires of Mt. Aetna. The large number of contemporary records makes it possible to reconstruct the course of the eruption with reasonable accuracy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 45], "content_span": [46, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015428-0038-0000", "contents": "1669 eruption of Mount Etna, Implications for volcanic hazards at Etna\nThe 1669 eruption represents a worst-case scenario of an effusive eruption at Etna; over 500,000 people live in Catania and a similar eruption today would cause about \u20ac7,000,000,000 damage. Apart from the lava, tephra and lapilli associated with explosive activity would damage critical infrastructure close to the vent, disrupt air travel, and impact both human health and the environment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 70], "content_span": [71, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015437-0000-0000", "contents": "1669 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1669.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015439-0000-0000", "contents": "1669 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015439-0001-0000", "contents": "1669 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015439-0002-0000", "contents": "1669 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015440-0000-0000", "contents": "1669 in science\nThe year 1669 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015441-0000-0000", "contents": "1669\u20131670 papal conclave\nThe 1669\u20131670 papal conclave (20 December \u2013 29 April)  was convened on the death of Pope Clement IX and ended with the election of Emilio Altieri as Pope Clement X. The election saw deference within the College of Cardinals to Louis XIV of France, and a freeing of the cardinals loyal to Spain to vote according to their conscience. Eventually the elderly Altieri was elected with support of the major factions within the College.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015441-0001-0000", "contents": "1669\u20131670 papal conclave, Background\nClement IX had primarily named Italian cardinals to the college, only appointing one French and one Spanish cardinal when he needed their assistance to fight back an invasion by the Ottoman Empire in Crete. He created his friends cardinals, with seven of the twelve that he created coming from his native Tuscany. Clement did not feel obligated to appoint a German cardinal because the Holy Roman Emperor had requested his assistance in Hungary. Within days of his death Clement IX had created seven additional cardinals, which brought the number of potential electors to its maximum of seventy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015441-0002-0000", "contents": "1669\u20131670 papal conclave, Background\nDuring his pontificate Clement strove diplomatically to bring Western European nations to the defense of Crete. The Ottomans were planning to advance on the Venetian owned capital of the island at Candia. He intervened in the War of Devolution and helped negotiate a peace, which increased the likelihood that Spain and France would both aid Crete. The French initially sent a small force to aid Crete in 1668, before increasing their troop commitment in 1669. This did affect the outcome of the Ottoman advance, and they captured Candia in September 1669.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015441-0003-0000", "contents": "1669\u20131670 papal conclave, Background\nWithin the College of Cardinals a faction of cardinals that was not loyal to any of the Catholic monarchies had developed; they were called the Squadrone Volante had and risen during the conclave of 1655. The name, which translates as Flying Squadron, was given because of their support of candidates who they believed had the best interest of the papacy in mind, rather than candidates supported by the secular monarch. Christina, Queen of Sweden, who had abdicated the Swedish throne and moved to Rome before converting to the Catholic Church, served as the secular supporter of the group, and became particularly close to Decio Azzolino.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 677]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015441-0004-0000", "contents": "1669\u20131670 papal conclave, Conclave\nThe cardinals delayed the conclave until the ambassador of Louis XIV of France and the French cardinals arrived, which demonstrated the influence France had in the College at that time. When it opened on 21 December 1669, fifty-four of the seventy members of the College of Cardinals were present, and twelve additional cardinals arrived as the conclave progressed. The factions broke down relatively evenly between the cardinals loyal to Spain and France, with each country controlling eight. Clement IX's nephew Jacopo Rospigliosi's influence in the conclave was relatively weak as Clement IX had only created eight cardinals, whereas Flavio Chigi led twenty-four creations of Alexander VII.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 34], "content_span": [35, 728]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015441-0005-0000", "contents": "1669\u20131670 papal conclave, Conclave\nThe College of Cardinals at the time did not have any cardinals that stood out as the obvious frontrunner, and the number of papabili was greater than at most conclaves. Accounts from contemporary sources listed up to 21 cardinals who were considered to have a chance of being elected pope.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 34], "content_span": [35, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015441-0006-0000", "contents": "1669\u20131670 papal conclave, Conclave\nPietro Vidoni had the support of members of the Flying Squadron as well as Christina of Sweden and her ally Azzolino. Also, he was opposed by neither France nor Spain. Francesco Barberini, the Dean of the College of Cardinals, opposed Vidoni because he had not been asked about his candidacy previously.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 34], "content_span": [35, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015441-0007-0000", "contents": "1669\u20131670 papal conclave, Conclave\nCharles d'Albert d'Ailly, the French ambassador to the conclave, arrived on 16 January 1670. He announced on 10 February that Louis XIV had vetoed Chigi's candidate for the papacy, Scipione Pannocchieschi d\u2019Elci. The exclusion caused d'Elci much embarrassment, and he became sick and quickly died after the French veto was announced. Following d'Elci's exclusion, there was confusion amongst the cardinals about whom they should elect, because none of the existing candidates had the numerical possibility of being elected pope.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 34], "content_span": [35, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015441-0008-0000", "contents": "1669\u20131670 papal conclave, Conclave\nThe cardinals then attempted to elect Vidoni again, but Chigi was now opposed to him out of anger at the French for excluding d'Elci. The Spanish cardinals also worked against Vidoni, implying at one point that Mariana of Austria, the Queen regent of Spain, had excluded Vidoni's candidacy. The Spanish then attempted to elect Benedetto Odescalchi, but d'Ailly declared that no one would be allowed to be elected unless they owed loyalty to Louis XIV. The Spanish soon sent word that their cardinals were free to vote for anyone. The letter was brought by courier and announced that Mariana of Austria had not actually excluded Vidoni nor any member of the college.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 34], "content_span": [35, 700]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015441-0009-0000", "contents": "1669\u20131670 papal conclave, Election of Clement X\nIn late April all the factions except the Flying Squadron had disappeared, and the cardinals had agreed to elect Emilio Altieri. On 29 April 1670 Altieri received three votes at the scrutiny in the morning, which was the same number he had received consistently since the beginning of the conclave. At the afternoon scrutiny, he received twenty-one votes, and was shortly acclaimed pope by an additional thirty-five cardinals. This brought his final total to fifty-six out of a total possible of fifty-nine electors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015441-0009-0001", "contents": "1669\u20131670 papal conclave, Election of Clement X\nAltieri was old and was in poor health, and resisted his own election to the point where he had to be dragged out of his room by two cardinals in order to be acclaimed. His election took place at 3 pm, but he resisted being elected for an hour. He took the name Clement in honour of Clement IX, who had created him a cardinal. At the age of 79, Altieri is the oldest person to have been elected pope.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015442-0000-0000", "contents": "166P/NEAT\n166P/NEAT is a periodic comet and centaur in the outer Solar System. It was discovered by the Near Earth Asteroid Tracking (NEAT) project in 2001 and initially classified a comet with provisional designation P/2001 T4 (NEAT), as it was apparent from the discovery observations that the body exhibited a cometary coma. It is one of few known bodies with centaur-like orbits that display a coma, along with 60558 Echeclus, 2060 Chiron, 165P/LINEAR and 167P/CINEOS. It is also one of the reddest centaurs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015442-0001-0000", "contents": "166P/NEAT\n166P/NEAT has a perihelion distance of 8.56 AU, and is a Chiron-type comet with (TJupiter > 3; a > aJupiter).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015443-0000-0000", "contents": "166th (South Lancashire) Brigade\nThe 166th (South Lancashire) Brigade was an infantry brigade of the British Army that saw active service in the First World War and remained in the United Kingdom throughout the Second World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015443-0001-0000", "contents": "166th (South Lancashire) Brigade, History, Formation\nRaised in the Territorial Force as the South Lancashire Brigade, it was attached to the West Lancashire Division and was composed of the 9th and 10th (Liverpool Scottish) battalions of the King's Regiment (Liverpool) and the 4th and 5th battalions of the South Lancashire Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 52], "content_span": [53, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015443-0002-0000", "contents": "166th (South Lancashire) Brigade, History, First World War\nThese later became 166th (South Lancashire) Brigade and 55th (West Lancashire) Division respectively, in 1915. The brigade served with the division on the Western Front during the First World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 58], "content_span": [59, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015443-0003-0000", "contents": "166th (South Lancashire) Brigade, History, Inter-war period\nThe brigade and division were both disbanded after the war as was the Territorial Force which was reformed in 1920 as the Territorial Army. The brigade was also reformed as the 166th (South Lancashire) Infantry Brigade and again joined the 55th (West Lancashire) Infantry Division which was also reformed in the Territorial Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 59], "content_span": [60, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015443-0004-0000", "contents": "166th (South Lancashire) Brigade, History, Second World War\nIn 1939 war with Nazi Germany was becoming increasingly likely and, as a consequence, the Territorial Army was doubled in size with each unit forming a duplicate. The 55th Division raised the duplicate 59th (Staffordshire) Infantry Division and the 166th Infantry Brigade was subsequently redesignated the 176th Infantry Brigade and was transferred to help form the new division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 59], "content_span": [60, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015443-0005-0000", "contents": "166th (South Lancashire) Brigade, History, Second World War\nA new 166th Infantry Brigade was raised in the Second World War from the redesignation of the 199th Infantry Brigade. The brigade had previously served with the 66th (East Lancashire) Infantry Division until it was disbanded in June 1940 and transferred to the 55th Division and reformed it as a standard infantry division. continued to serve with the 55th (West Lancashire) Division from 1944 until the end of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 59], "content_span": [60, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015444-0000-0000", "contents": "166th Aero Squadron\nThe 166th Aero Squadron was a United States Army Air Service unit that fought on the Western Front during World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015444-0001-0000", "contents": "166th Aero Squadron\nThe squadron was assigned as a Day Bombardment Squadron, performing long-range bombing attacks on roads and railroads; destruction of materiel and massed troop formations behind enemy lines. It also performed strategic reconnaissance over enemy-controlled territory, and tactical bombing attacks on enemy forces in support of Army offensive operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015444-0002-0000", "contents": "166th Aero Squadron\nAfter the 1918 Armistice with Germany, the squadron was assigned to the United States Third Army as part of the Occupation of the Rhineland in Germany. It returned to the United States in June 1919 and became part of the permanent United States Army Air Service in 1921, being re-designated as the 49th Squadron (Bombardment).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015444-0003-0000", "contents": "166th Aero Squadron\nThe current United States Air Force unit which holds its lineage and history is the 49th Test and Evaluation Squadron, assigned to the 53d Wing, Barksdale Air Force Base, Louisiana.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015444-0004-0000", "contents": "166th Aero Squadron, History, Organization and training\nThe squadron was organized at Kelly Field, San Antonio, Texas on 18 December 1917. After several days, the squadron was moved to Wilbur Wright Field, Dayton Ohio where it received its first training in the handling of Curtiss JN-4 and Standard J-1 aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 55], "content_span": [56, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015444-0005-0000", "contents": "166th Aero Squadron, History, Organization and training\nOn 20 February 1918, the squadron left Wright Field for Garden City, Long Island, New York, where it was one of a group of squadrons concentrated there for shipment overseas. On 5 March it embarked on a White Star Line ship, landing at Liverpool, England on 19 March. The squadron was then moved to Catterick Airdrome, Catterick Bridge, North Yorkshire in England for four and one-half months of training with the Royal Flying Corps. On 7 August the squadron was ordered to France for combat action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 55], "content_span": [56, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015444-0005-0001", "contents": "166th Aero Squadron, History, Organization and training\nIt was moved to Southampton on the channel coast where it embarked on a cross-channel ferry to Le Havre, Upper Normandy, France on the night of 12/13 August. From there it was moved to the St. Maixent Aerodrome which was the primary reception center for new units assigned to American Expeditionary Forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 55], "content_span": [56, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015444-0006-0000", "contents": "166th Aero Squadron, History, Organization and training\nAt St. Maixent, the squadron spent four days being equipped in all manner of equipment necessary for combat on the front, then was moved to Romorantin Aerodrome where the pilots of the squadron were equipped with De Haviland DH-4 aircraft with Liberty Engines. Initially the squadron was scheduled to remain at Romorantin for several weeks of flight training, however the order was given to move to Colombey-les-Belles Airdrome, after just two days. However, when the squadron arrived there, it was informed that the squadron was supposed to go to Delouze Aerodrome, which it arrived three days later. After a series of delays and moves to several different Airdromes the squadron arrived at Maulan Aerodrome in the early hours of 25 September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 55], "content_span": [56, 800]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015444-0007-0000", "contents": "166th Aero Squadron, History, Combat operations\nAt Maulan the squadron set up headquarters, mess and recreation tents and set up the airfield for combat operations. On 18 October, the 166th made its initial combat patrol, when at 14:00 thirteen pilots took off to attack Buzancy. Dropping 800\u00a0kg of bombs on the target, the formation was attacked by a formation of eight enemy Fokker aircraft. Two squadron aircraft were crippled, however they were able to make it back to friendly territory. One enemy aircraft was shot down.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 47], "content_span": [48, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015444-0008-0000", "contents": "166th Aero Squadron, History, Combat operations\nWeather conditions prevented further combat operations until 23 October. Thirteen planes took off to conduct a raid on Bois de Barricourt. Six planes reached the objective and dropped 600\u00a0kg of bombs. The formation was attacked by ten Fokkers who offered stubborn resistance all the way to the objective and then back to the lines when they turned off. During the combat, three squadron planes were forced to land, however the pilots reached the safety of Allied lines. Two Fokkers were shot down. Continuing poor weather conditions delayed further offensive operations until 27 October when fifteen planes took off on a raid to Briquenay. Nine planes reached the target and dropped 900\u00a0kg of bombs. A raid on Montigny two days later was a success with eleven planes reaching the target.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 47], "content_span": [48, 835]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015444-0009-0000", "contents": "166th Aero Squadron, History, Combat operations\nAdditional raids on 30 and 31 October ended combat actions when poor weather again moved in. 3 November saw two bombing raids, one on Stengy in the morning, then hitting Beaumont in the afternoon. The last raid by the 166th Aero Squadron occurred on 5 November when eleven planes attacked Montmedy. The attackers were intercepted by eight German Fokkers, one of which being a tri-plane. Severe cloud cover over the target made it impossible to bomb the target, so a secondary target at Raucourt was bombed instead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 47], "content_span": [48, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015444-0010-0000", "contents": "166th Aero Squadron, History, Combat operations\nWeather conditions prevented further operations up until the Armistice was declared. The squadron was in combat for less than one month. Twelve successful raids were carried out with six enemy aircraft destroyed. No squadrons planes were lost, although one observer was killed, two wounded along with a pilot being wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 47], "content_span": [48, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015444-0011-0000", "contents": "166th Aero Squadron, History, Demobilization\nAfter the armistice, the 166th remained at Maulan until being ordered to the Third Army Air Service, moving on 22 November to the Jopp\u00e9court Aerodrome, then on 5 January 1919 to Trier Aerodrome. On 15 April 1919 orders were received for the squadron to report to the 1st Air Depot, Colombey-les-Belles Airdrome to turn in all of its supplies and equipment and was relieved from duty with the AEF. The squadron's DH-4 aircraft were delivered to the Air Service Production Center No. 2. at Romorantin Aerodrome, and there, practically all of the pilots and observers were detached from the squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 44], "content_span": [45, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015444-0012-0000", "contents": "166th Aero Squadron, History, Demobilization\nPersonnel were subsequently assigned to the commanding general, services of supply, and ordered to report to a staging camp at Le Mans. There, personnel awaited scheduling to report to one of the base ports in France for transport to the United States and subsequent demobilization. The squadron finally embarked at Brest for the trans-Atlantic crossing home, arriving in New York Harbor in mid June 1919. There most of the men were demobilized and returned to civilian life.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 44], "content_span": [45, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015445-0000-0000", "contents": "166th Air Refueling Squadron\nThe 166th Air Refueling Squadron (166 ARS) is a unit of the Ohio Air National Guard 121st Air Refueling Wing located at Rickenbacker Air National Guard Base, Columbus, Ohio. The 166th is equipped with the KC-135R Stratotanker.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015445-0001-0000", "contents": "166th Air Refueling Squadron, History, World War II\nThe 364th Fighter Squadron was established at Hamilton Field, California in December 1942 and was part of the 357th Fighter Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 51], "content_span": [52, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015445-0002-0000", "contents": "166th Air Refueling Squadron, History, World War II\nBecame part of the United States Air Forces in Europe army of occupation in Germany during 1945. Inactivated in Germany during August 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 51], "content_span": [52, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015445-0003-0000", "contents": "166th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard\nThe wartime 364th Fighter Squadron was re-designated as the 166th Fighter Squadron, and was allotted to the Ohio Air National Guard, on 24 May 1946. It was organized at Lockbourne Army Airfield, Columbus, Ohio, and was extended federal recognition on 10 November 1947 by the National Guard Bureau. The 166th Fighter Squadron was bestowed the lineage, history, honors, and colors of the 364th Fighter Squadron. The squadron was equipped with F-51D Mustangs and was assigned initially to the Illinois ANG 66th Fighter Wing, operationally gained by Continental Air Command. On 7 December 1947 the Ohio ANG 55th Fighter Wing, was federally recognized and the squadron was transferred.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 62], "content_span": [63, 743]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015445-0004-0000", "contents": "166th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard\nWith the formation and federal recognition of the Ohio ANG 121st Fighter Group at Lockbourne Field, near Columbus, the squadron was reassigned. The mission of the 166th Fighter Squadron was the air defense of Ohio. Parts were no problem and many of the maintenance personnel were World War II veterans so readiness was quite high and the planes were often much better maintained than their USAF counterparts. In some ways, the postwar Air National Guard was almost like a flying country club and a pilot could often show up at the field, check out an aircraft and go flying. However, the unit also had regular military exercises that kept up proficiency and in gunnery and bombing contests they would often score at least as well or better than active-duty USAF units, given the fact that most ANG pilots were World War II combat veterans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 62], "content_span": [63, 902]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015445-0005-0000", "contents": "166th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard\nIn October 1948 the squadron exchanged its F-51Ds for F-51H Mustang very long range escort fighters that were suitable for long-range interception of unknown aircraft identified by Ground Control Interceptor radar stations, the 166th being one of the first ANG squadrons to receive the F-51H. In March 1950, the squadron entered the jet age with the receipt of Republic F-84C Thunderjets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 62], "content_span": [63, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015445-0006-0000", "contents": "166th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Korean War federalization\nWith the surprise invasion of South Korea on 25 June 1950, and the regular military's complete lack of readiness, most of the Air National Guard was called to active duty. The 166th Fighter Squadron was federalized on 10 February 1951 and assigned to the 122d Fighter-Interceptor Group of the Indiana Air National Guard of Air Defense Command as the 166th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron. The squadron initially remained at Lockbourne and flew air defense training missions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 89], "content_span": [90, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015445-0007-0000", "contents": "166th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Korean War federalization\nOn 20 September, the 166th was reassigned to the Federalized Oregon ANG 142d Fighter-Interceptor Group which was headquartered at O'Hare International Airport with no change of mission. However, ADC was experiencing difficulty under the existing wing base organizational structure in deploying its fighter squadrons to best advantage. Therefore, in February 1952 the squadron was reassigned to the 4706th Defense Wing, which was organized on a geographic basis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 89], "content_span": [90, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015445-0008-0000", "contents": "166th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Korean War federalization\nHowever, Strategic Air Command (SAC) had taken over Lockbourne AFB on 1 April 1951 and it was decided to move the 166th to Youngstown Municipal Airport, Ohio, which was accomplished in August 1952. The move resulted in a reassignment to the 4708th Air Defense Wing. The squadron was released from Federal Service and returned to Ohio state control on 1 November and its mission, personnel and F-84 aircraft at Youngstown were taken over by the 86th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 89], "content_span": [90, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015445-0009-0000", "contents": "166th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Air defense command\nAfter the Korean War mobilization ended, the ADC 86th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron assumed the assets of the 166th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron F-84Cs and many of their personnel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 83], "content_span": [84, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015445-0010-0000", "contents": "166th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Air defense command\nThe 166th was re-equipped with F-51H Mustangs which the squadron flew until 1954 when the 166th received refurbished F-80A Shooting Stars that had been modified and upgraded to F-80C standards. With the F-80s, the squadron began standing daytime air defense alert at Youngstown, placing two aircraft at the end of the runway with pilots in the cockpit from one hour before sunrise until one hour after sunset. The squadron only operated the Shooting Star until January 1955 when the 166th received F-84E Thunderjets that had returned from wartime duty in Korea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 83], "content_span": [84, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015445-0011-0000", "contents": "166th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Air defense command\nUpgraded with new F-84F Thunderstreaks in November 1957, the gaining command of the squadron became Tactical Air Command (TAC), however, it remained attached to Air Defense Command in a secondary role. In 1959, the need for active duty Air Defense Command bases and regular Air Force fighter-interceptor operations were diminishing and the intent to scale back operations at Youngstown AFB was announced on 28 October 1959. The Ohio Air National Guard moved the 121st FBG back to Lockbourne Air Force Base on 1 March 1960.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 83], "content_span": [84, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015445-0012-0000", "contents": "166th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, 1961 Berlin Crisis\nThe 121st Tactical Fighter Wing were called to active duty for a period of twelve months on 1 October. When activated, the wing consisted of three operational units, the Ohio ANG 162d Tactical Fighter Squadron, based at Springfield Municipal Airporto; the Ohio ANG 164th Tactical Fighter Squadron, based at Mansfield-Lahm Municipal Airport, and the 166th TFS.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 82], "content_span": [83, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015445-0013-0000", "contents": "166th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, 1961 Berlin Crisis\nThe mission of the activated 121st TFW was to reinforce the United States Air Forces in Europe (USAFE), and deploy to \u00c9tain-Rouvres Air Base, France, a standby USAFE base. However, due to funding shortages, only 26 F-84F Thunderstreaks of 166th TFS was deployed to France, although several ground support units from the 162nd and 164th were also deployed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 82], "content_span": [83, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015445-0014-0000", "contents": "166th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, 1961 Berlin Crisis\nOn 4 November the first ANG T-33 aircraft arrived at Etain, with the F-84's arriving on 16 November. On 11 December, the deployed units of the 121st TFW were redesignated the 7121st Tactical Wing. Ground shipments of equipment and supplies arrived from Ohio during January 1962 along with additional supplies and equipment from the Chateauroux-Deols Air Depot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 82], "content_span": [83, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015445-0015-0000", "contents": "166th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, 1961 Berlin Crisis\nThe mission of the 7121st TW was tactical air support of US Army units in case of an armed conflict with the Warsaw Pact, and alert began almost immediately upon arrival. Four F-84F's were loaded with armament and maintained on alert 24/7 for continual launch preparedness. However, as the F-84 was a day fighter only, its night alert was of limited use if necessary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 82], "content_span": [83, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015445-0016-0000", "contents": "166th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, 1961 Berlin Crisis\nRotational deployments to the gunnery range at Wheelus AB were also made, where the excellent weather and ranges there provided the Air National Guard pilots an opportunity to re-qualify in air-to-air and air-to-ground weapons delivery. Weather permitting, daily missions at U S Army training ranges in West Germany were also flown to exercise with ground units there. Several ANG fighter pilots were detached as Forward Air Controllers and Air Liaison Officers to work with Seventh Army units, and additional pilots were deployed from Ohio to keep the squadron at full strength.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 82], "content_span": [83, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015445-0017-0000", "contents": "166th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, 1961 Berlin Crisis\nA NATO exchange program was conducted with the West German Air Force, with 4 F-84's being deployed to Hopsten Air Base, West Germany with an equal number of German personnel and aircraft being deployed to Etain to fly missions with the 166th. This was the first German Air Force deployment to France since the end of World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 82], "content_span": [83, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015445-0018-0000", "contents": "166th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, 1961 Berlin Crisis\nIn July 1962 the deployed Air National Guardsmen were no longer needed in Europe and the 7121st began to redeploy its personnel to Ohio. All the aircraft and support equipment, however, remained at Etain to equip a new wing being formed there, the 366th Tactical Fighter Wing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 82], "content_span": [83, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015445-0019-0000", "contents": "166th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, 1961 Berlin Crisis\nThe last of the ANG personnel departed on 9 August 1962.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 82], "content_span": [83, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015445-0020-0000", "contents": "166th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Tactical air command\nHaving left their Thunderstreaks in France, the 166th TFW was re-equipped with F-100C Super Sabre fighter-bombers, which greatly enhanced its mission capabilities. During the mid-1960s the squadron trained with the supersonic jet, however on 26 January 1968, in response to the USS Pueblo incident, President Johnson mobilized a major portion of the Selected Reserve Force, which included the 166th TFS.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 84], "content_span": [85, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015445-0021-0000", "contents": "166th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Tactical air command\nAlong with the Kansas ANG F-100C 127th Tactical Fighter Squadron, the 166th was federalized and deployed to Kunsan Air Base, South Korea. The federalized ANG squadrons were assigned as part of the 354th Tactical Fighter Wing. The squadrons flew deterrent air defense missions over South Korean airspace during the next year. During the deployment some pilots flew combat missions in South Vietnam while performing temporary assignments with other units. The performance of the ANG units at Kusan in 1968\u201369 suggested the prerequisites of effective air reserve programs and paved the way for adoption of the total force policy in 1970 which exists today.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 84], "content_span": [85, 738]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015445-0022-0000", "contents": "166th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Tactical air command\nOn 10 June 1968, the ANG squadrons returned to the United States after the men of the Pueblo were released. However, the experience of the F-100's in South Korea showed the Air Force that the F-100C was not a good air defense aircraft. The F-100s were aging and clearly unsuited to the most pressing operational responsibilities in the event of an attack by the North Koreans. In addition, the F-100's were slow in attaining altitude and lacked an effective all-weather, air-to-air combat capability, essential in Korea. In 1971 the F-100Cs were retired and replaced by F-100D/F Super Sabres, being received from combat units in South Vietnam that were returning to the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 84], "content_span": [85, 769]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015445-0023-0000", "contents": "166th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Tactical air command\nIn 1974 Lockbourne AFB was renamed Rickenbacker AFB in honor of Captain Eddie Rickenbacker, the World War I \"Ace of Aces\" and a Columbus, Ohio native. Also in 1974, under the \"Total Force Policy\", Guard and Reserve units began to receive newer aircraft and equipment in the 1970s. The 121st began conversion to the A-7D Corsair II in December which brought with it additional missions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 84], "content_span": [85, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015445-0023-0001", "contents": "166th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Tactical air command\nBeginning in 1977, the 166th began a NATO commitment to the United States Air Forces in Europe (USAFE), and began deployments to West German and English bases exercising with NATO and USAFE units in a series of exercises. The first deployment, in May 1977 to Ingolstadt Manching Air Base, West Germany the 166th deployed 10 A-7Ds as part of \"Coronet Whist\". In Germany, the units A-7Ds exercised with A-7s from the PA ANG 146th TFS (Pittsburgh IAP) and West German aircraft. In July 1978, a deployment to RAF Wittering, England saw 3 A-7Ds as part of \"Coronet Teal\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 84], "content_span": [85, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015445-0024-0000", "contents": "166th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Tactical air command\nWhen the active duty units departed in 1979, Rickenbacker became an Air National Guard Base with the 121st as its largest flying unit. The 1980s brought new and more demanding tasks when the 121st became part of President Jimmy Carter's Rapid Deployment Joint Task Force (RDJTF) and was ultimately integrated into war plans as a part of United States Central Command Air Forces (CENTAF) in the 1980s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 84], "content_span": [85, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015445-0025-0000", "contents": "166th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Tactical air command\nTraining for this high priority mission was intense and included many deployments, exercises and evaluations. Additional deployments during the 1980s were Coronet Castle and Coronet Miami at RAF Sculthorpe, England, and \"Creek Corsair\". Cornet Fox, at Leck Air Base, West Germany in May 1986, saw the squadron stage though Lajes Air Base, Azores and RAF Mildenhall, England before arriving in West Germany A deployment in July and August 1988, to Spangdahlem Air Base, West Germany, being the last NATO deployment for the squadron with the Corsairs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 84], "content_span": [85, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015445-0026-0000", "contents": "166th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Tactical air command\nBy the time of Operation Desert Shield/Desert Storm in 1990, the A-7D Corsairs were not considered front-line aircraft and the squadron was not activated. However the 121st TFW provided support for operations at home station while smaller elements and individuals served as active duty augmenters in several locations. The 121st Security Forces Squadron was activated and deployed to the Persian Gulf in November 1990. Stationed at Sheik Isa Air Base, Bahrain, it served under combat conditions, returning home in April 1991.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 84], "content_span": [85, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015445-0027-0000", "contents": "166th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Air refueling\nWith the end of the Cold War, a major reorganization of the Air Force was soon underway which would bring about the most significant mission change in the history of the 121st. After 35 years of flying fighters it was to become an air refueling wing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 77], "content_span": [78, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015445-0028-0000", "contents": "166th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Air refueling\nIn 1992, the A-7D\u2019s were flown to storage at Davis-Monthan AFB, Arizona and the first KC-135R Stratotankers were received. The 121st also assumed base support responsibilities. In October 1993, the 121st Air Refueling Wing was consolidated with the 160th Air Refueling Group which was inactivated in the process. With this consolidation, the 121st became a \"Super Wing\" by gaining the 145th Air Refueling Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 77], "content_span": [78, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015445-0029-0000", "contents": "166th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Air refueling\nUnder the 120th ARW, the squadron began flying from bases in southern France to support strike aircraft during Operation Deny Flight missions over the Balkans. The unit was a fixture at Incirlik Air Base, Turkey, as well as Prince Sultan Air Base, Saudi Arabia, supporting Operations Northern Watch and Operation Southern Watch, respectively, over Iraq.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 77], "content_span": [78, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015445-0030-0000", "contents": "166th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Air refueling\nAfter the terrorist attacks on 11 September 2001, the 121st Air Refueling Wing launched into immediate action supporting armed aircraft over the United States during Operation Noble Eagle. The 121st ARW had the distinction of flying more missions than any other unit during this time. The 121st ARW has also deployed and participated in Operation Enduring Freedom over Afghanistan, as well as Operation Iraqi Freedom over Iraq.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 77], "content_span": [78, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015445-0031-0000", "contents": "166th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Air refueling\nIn addition to the combat deployments, the unit has also been very heavily tasked with airlift missions during national emergencies. Immediately following Hurricane Katrina in August 2005, the 121ARW was one of the first units to send aircraft into Louisiana filled with supplies and troops. Similar missions were flown in September 2005, after Hurricane Rita.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 77], "content_span": [78, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015445-0032-0000", "contents": "166th Air Refueling Squadron, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 54], "content_span": [55, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015446-0000-0000", "contents": "166th Airlift Wing\nThe 166th Airlift Wing (166th AW) of the Delaware Air National Guard (DANG) is stationed at New Castle Air National Guard Base, Delaware. If activated to federal service, the Wing is gained by the United States Air Force Air Mobility Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015446-0001-0000", "contents": "166th Airlift Wing, Overview\nThe 166th Airlift Wing is based at the New Castle County Airport just outside Wilmington, Delaware. Operating eight permanently assigned, Lockheed C-130H2 Hercules transport aircraft, the wing provides the U.S. Air Force with tactical airlift, airdrop capability of paratroops and cargo, and aeromedical evacuation of patients anywhere in the world. Additionally, the wing has a civil engineer function and a network warfare unit (the 166th Network Warfare Squadron).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 28], "content_span": [29, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015446-0002-0000", "contents": "166th Airlift Wing, Overview\nUnder command of the Governor of Delaware, the wing is prepared to support the State of Delaware with trained personnel and equipment for various humanitarian missions to protect life and property and to preserve peace, order and public safety. The wing's gaining command is the Air Mobility Command, U.S. Air Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 28], "content_span": [29, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015446-0003-0000", "contents": "166th Airlift Wing, History\nOn 7 April 1962 the Delaware Air National Guard, with the 142nd Tactical Fighter Squadron, enlarged to \"group status\" as the 166th Air Transport Group and then was reassigned from the Tactical Air Command to the Military Air Transport Service. The Delaware Air National Guard gave up its F-86 Sabrejets for the four engine C-97 Stratocruiser cargo planes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015446-0004-0000", "contents": "166th Airlift Wing, History\nDr. Harold Brown, Secretary of the Air Force, announced that effective 1 January 1966, the Military Air Transport Service would be redesignated as the Military Airlift Command. In addition to the name change certain Air National Guard units were also redesignated, including Delaware's. The unit was named the 166th Military Airlift Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015446-0005-0000", "contents": "166th Airlift Wing, History\nDuring the period from 1969 to 1971 the Delaware Air National Guard flew missions to Vietnam.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015446-0006-0000", "contents": "166th Airlift Wing, History\nOn 9 April 1968, the Delaware Air National Guard was called to state duty to quell civil disturbance and violence in the city of Wilmington, Delaware. The unit was released from state duty after several weeks. However, many individuals remained on state duty through 20 January 1969.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015446-0007-0000", "contents": "166th Airlift Wing, History\nOn 12 May 1971 the Delaware ANG changed its name from the 166th Military Airlift Group to the 166th Tactical Airlift Group and replaced its C-97s with C-130A Hercules turboprop cargo plane, and began transition from the Military Airlift Command to the Tactical Air Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015446-0008-0000", "contents": "166th Airlift Wing, History\nOn 16 October 1985, the Delaware Air National Guard began replacing its aging, antiquated C-130A's with the delivery of a brand new factory fresh C-130H. The last new C-130H aircraft arrived in January 1986.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015446-0009-0000", "contents": "166th Airlift Wing, History\nOn 25 January 1991 selected units of the Delaware Air National Guard were activated for the Persian Gulf War known as Operation Desert Storm. A majority of the unit was stationed at Al Kharj Air Base, Saudi Arabia. Over 150 personnel deployed to six other locations in Europe and two stateside bases. The 166th Civil Engineer Squadron voluntarily deployed to Dover Air Force Base, Delaware and performed the monumental accomplishment of enlarging Dover's Mortuary capacity - the assignment was completed in a record 23 days. On 30 June 1991 the units/personnel were released from active duty performed in support of the Persian Gulf War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 665]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015446-0010-0000", "contents": "166th Airlift Wing, History\nAnother name change occurred on 16 March 1992, with the 166th Tactical Airlift Group being redesignated the 166th Airlift Group. In 1993 an Air Force reorganization placed the 166th under Air Combat Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015446-0011-0000", "contents": "166th Airlift Wing, History\nOn 1 October 1995, the 166th Airlift Group was renamed the 166th Airlift Wing and was gained by the Air Mobility Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015447-0000-0000", "contents": "166th Aviation Brigade (United States)\nThe 166th Aviation Brigade is an aviation training brigade of the United States Army headquartered at Fort Hood, Texas. It was a subordinate unit of First Army \u2013 Division West. An \"AC/RC\" (Active Component / Reserve Component) formation, the 166th Aviation Brigade was the sole organization responsible for the post-mobilization training of United States Army Reserve & National Guard aviation units. The unit was formerly designated as 3rd Brigade, 75th Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015447-0001-0000", "contents": "166th Aviation Brigade (United States)\nFrom 1997, the 166th Aviation Brigade has trained other aviation units for front-line service. As such, it has never seen combat, and has thus never earned any campaign streamers or unit awards. As the only brigade in the First Army responsible for training aviation units, the 166th Aviation Brigade is the principal unit for training Army Reserve and Army National Guard assets preparing to deploy to contingencies around the world, which means it is responsible for 47 percent of all Army Aviation assets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015447-0002-0000", "contents": "166th Aviation Brigade (United States)\nThe 166th Aviation Brigade partnered with its First Army \u2013 Division West sister brigade, the 479th Field Artillery Brigade for its combat aviation brigade (CAB) mobilizations, but maintained validation authority, or final approval over a CAB's successful completion of mobilization training. The 166th Aviation Brigade inactivated at Fort hood on 24 June 2015. The 166th Aviation Brigade reactivated at Fort Hood on 17 August 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015447-0003-0000", "contents": "166th Aviation Brigade (United States), Organization\nThe 166th Aviation Brigade consisted of from 2006\u20132015 of eight battalions from five regiments. Its Headquarters and Headquarters Company is located at Fort Hood, its Reserve Component battalions were located at Fort Des Moines, Iowa, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, Fort Riley, Kansas and Jefferson Barracks, Missouri, and its Active Component battalions were located at Fort Riley, Kansas, Fort Stewart, Georgia, Fort Knox, Kentucky and Fort Hood, Texas. The 1st Battalion, 291st Aviation Regiment was the brigade's primary assault helicopter training unit, specializing in fast-attack helicopters such as the Boeing AH-64 Apache.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 52], "content_span": [53, 679]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015447-0003-0001", "contents": "166th Aviation Brigade (United States), Organization\nThe 2nd Battalion, 291st Aviation Regiment was the brigade's primary utility, lift, and air ambulance helicopter training unit, specializing in utility helicopters such as the Sikorsky UH-60 Black Hawk and the CH-47 Chinook. The 1st Battalion, 337th Regiment (Training Support) specialized in mobilization and de-mobilization for aviation units. The remaining battalions, including the 1st Battalion, 351st Regiment (Training Support), 3rd Battalion, 382nd Regiment (Logistics Support), and the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Battalions of the 383rd Regiment (Combat Support/Combat Sustainment Support) specialized in areas of general instruction about other aspects of mobilization, conducting exercises, and logistics management.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 52], "content_span": [53, 771]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015447-0003-0002", "contents": "166th Aviation Brigade (United States), Organization\nWhile its Reserve Component battalions have somewhat maintained their former mission of training National Guard and Army Reserve units in Iowa, Kansas, Nebraska, and Missouri as they did before the brigade reflagged, they have shifted toward supporting the brigade's primary mission \u2013 the mobilization of Combat Aviation Brigades (CABs) by either assisting with ground training, or training and evaluating the CABs' aviation support battalions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 52], "content_span": [53, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015447-0004-0000", "contents": "166th Aviation Brigade (United States), History\nThe 166th Aviation Brigade was first constituted 16 September 1988 in the Army Reserve as Headquarters, 166th Aviation Group. It took two years for the formation to be organized and the unit was finally activated on 16 September 1990 in Germany. It received a distinctive unit insignia on 3 April 1991. Its headquarters was at Illesheim.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015447-0005-0000", "contents": "166th Aviation Brigade (United States), History\nThe formation was inactivated on 15 June 1997 in Germany. Over the next four months, the unit's inactive components were reorganized and redesignated as a brigade sized unit, allowing it to take on a larger support staff that could command more soldiers. This transformation occurred as the brigade was reassigned to the continental United States. It was activated on 24 October 1997 as the 166th Aviation Brigade at Fort Riley, Kansas. It was also activated into the Active duty force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015447-0006-0000", "contents": "166th Aviation Brigade (United States), History\nThe brigade began to undertake training support duties for units in the process of mobilization and de-mobilization. It was also tasked to provide support for local authorities in the event of peacetime crises and natural disasters. Soldiers of the brigade also participated in assistance with community projects around the Fort Riley community, including repairing and refurbishing run down properties for shelter house projects as well as disabled veterans. After two years of duty, the brigade was inactivated on 16 October 1999 at Fort Riley, Kansas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015447-0007-0000", "contents": "166th Aviation Brigade (United States), History\nAs part of the Army's Transformation Plan, the 3rd Brigade, 75th Division was redesignated as the 166th Aviation Brigade, under the command of Division West of the First Army. Its mission would be to train and mobilize aviation units of the Army's reserve and national guard components. It was to be the only brigade under the First Army that specialized in training for Army aviation units. It was activated 1 December 2006 as a reserve unit at Fort Riley.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015447-0007-0001", "contents": "166th Aviation Brigade (United States), History\nThe brigade became a partner organization of the 1st Infantry Division, which was stationed at Fort Riley and could provide better support than the headquarters of First Army Division West, which was headquartered at Fort Carson, Colorado and maintained units all over the western United States. The brigade received a shoulder sleeve insignia on 13 June 2007, but it has not been authorized for wear due to First Army policy requiring its units to wear its SSI.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015447-0008-0000", "contents": "166th Aviation Brigade (United States), History\nIn the summer of 2008, the brigade's combat service/combat sustainment support battalions took part in equipment testing and training in Rapid City, South Dakota. It tested the Multifunction Agile Remote Control Robot IV, a route clearance robot, with the assistance of the South Dakota National Guard. The bulk of the brigade spent the summer at Fort Sill, Oklahoma to train aviation assets for deploying units. In June 2008, the brigade trained the aviation assets of the 34th Infantry Division in air combat, air assault, and other tactics related to aviation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015447-0008-0001", "contents": "166th Aviation Brigade (United States), History\nFor this mission, the brigade was assisted by the 479th Field Artillery Brigade, which handled ground exercises. As part of a new training routine, the brigade trained the 34th Infantry Division's aviation units at Fort Rucker, spending a longer time training the unit because it continued to train the brigade as it mobilized and prepared to deploy. Other units trained with the Division, but none through the entire mobilization process. This process used new and never-before-used facilities to streamline training exercises. Purportedly, it gave the 166th Aviation Brigade much additional time for training, as the streamlining process made some programs more efficient, cutting time needed to prepare for them in half.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 771]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015447-0009-0000", "contents": "166th Aviation Brigade (United States), History\nAfter extensive evaluation, the 166th Aviation Brigade completed training for the Combat Aviation Brigade (CAB), 34th Infantry Division on 4 August 2008. The brigade returned to Fort Riley for a month before beginning the process over again with pre-mobilization training of the CAB, 28th Infantry Division, and returned to Fort Sill for post-mobilization training in late January 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015447-0010-0000", "contents": "166th Aviation Brigade (United States), History\nAs part of a First Army realignment of training support brigades, the Department of the Army approved a change of station for First Army \u2013 Division West and two of its training support brigades. The 166th Aviation Brigade moved to Fort Hood, Texas on 15 July 2009. The brigade's Active Component battalions, all of which are aviation units, moved at a later date, most likely the summer 2010 (with the exception of 1st Battalion, 291st Regiment, which was already located at the installation). The 166th Aviation Brigade inactivated at Fort hood on 24 June 2015. The 166th Aviation Brigade reactivated at Fort Hood on 17 August 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 681]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015448-0000-0000", "contents": "166th Battalion (Queen's Own Rifles of Canada), CEF\nThe 166th (Queen's Own Rifles of Canada) Battalion, CEF was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War. Based in Toronto, Ontario, the unit began recruiting during the winter of 1915/16 from The Queen's Own Rifles of Canada, which was based in that city. After sailing to England in October 1916, the battalion was absorbed into the 12th Reserve Battalion on January 8, 1917. The 166th (Queen's Own Rifles of Canada) Battalion, CEF had one Officer Commanding: Lieut-Col. W. G. Mitchell.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015449-0000-0000", "contents": "166th Division (2nd Formation)(People's Republic of China)\nThe 5th Cavalry Division (Chinese: \u9a91\u5175\u7b2c5\u5e08)(1st Formation) was created in April 1949 basing on Cavalry Division of Jichareliao Military Region. Its history could be traced to Zhude Cavalry Division of Jireliao Military Region formed on November 30, 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015449-0001-0000", "contents": "166th Division (2nd Formation)(People's Republic of China)\nThe division was composed of 13th, 14th and 15th Cavalry Regiments. It took part in several major battles during the Chinese Civil War, including the Liaoshen Campaign and Pingjin Campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015449-0002-0000", "contents": "166th Division (2nd Formation)(People's Republic of China)\nThe division took part in the ceremony of the Surrender of Beiping.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015449-0003-0000", "contents": "166th Division (2nd Formation)(People's Republic of China)\nFrom June 3, 1949 to February 24, 1950, the division moved to Henan province to eliminate the remnants of Republic of China Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015449-0004-0000", "contents": "166th Division (2nd Formation)(People's Republic of China)\nOn April 2, 1950, the division was inspected by the Command in Chief Zhu De.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015449-0005-0000", "contents": "166th Division (2nd Formation)(People's Republic of China)\nFrom October 1950, the division was put under command of Liaoxi Military District.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015449-0006-0000", "contents": "166th Division (2nd Formation)(People's Republic of China)\nIn March 1951, the division was renamed as 166th Division(Chinese: \u7b2c166\u5e08). All three cavalry regiments were converted to infantry regiments. The division was then composed of:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015449-0007-0000", "contents": "166th Division (2nd Formation)(People's Republic of China)\nIn May 1952, the division was disbanded. All its three regiments became 7th, 8th and 9th Independent Infantry Regiments of Northeastern Military Region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015450-0000-0000", "contents": "166th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)\nThe 166th Infantry Division (German: 166. Infanterie-Division) was an infantry division of the German Heer during World War II. The unit, at times designated Commander of Reserve Troops 2 of Wehrkreis VI (German: Kommandeur der Ersatztruppen 2 des Wehrkreis VI), 166th Division (German: 166. Division), Division No. 166 (German: Division Nr. 166), and 166th Reserve Division (German: 166. Reserve-Division), was active between 1939 and 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015450-0001-0000", "contents": "166th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History\nThe original staff that would eventually become the 166th Division was the Commander of Reserve Troops 2 of Wehrkreis VI, which was formed in Bielefeld on 10 October 1939. Initially, this staff served to assist the original Commander of Reserve Troops for the sixth Wehrkreis, which would eventually become the 154th Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015450-0002-0000", "contents": "166th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History\nThis staff was moved to the newly formed Wehrkreis XX, which was headquartered in Bia\u0142ystok in occupied Poland, on 15 November 1939. As part of this move, the staff became the 166th Division. The initial divisional forces consisted of several reserve formations from Wehrkreis VI. The initial divisional commander was Walter Behschnitt, who served until May 1940.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015450-0003-0000", "contents": "166th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, Division No. 166\nOn 21 December 1939, the division was renamed Division No. 166.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 62], "content_span": [63, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015450-0004-0000", "contents": "166th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, Division No. 166\nIn March 1940, Division No. 166 consisted of the following formations:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 62], "content_span": [63, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015450-0005-0000", "contents": "166th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, Division No. 166\nOn 25 August 1940, Division No. 166, now commanded by Otto Schellert, was deployed back to Bielefeld. Several formations were reassigned, leaving the division with the following structure in August 1940:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 62], "content_span": [63, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015450-0006-0000", "contents": "166th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, Division No. 166\nOn 15 March 1941, Christian Friedrich, commonly known as Fritz Willich, took command of the division. He was in turn succeeded by Helmuth Castorf on 1 June 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 62], "content_span": [63, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015450-0007-0000", "contents": "166th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, Division No. 166\nAs part of the reorganization of the Replacement Army on 1 October 1942, several formations of Division No. 166 were transferred to other units, mainly the Division No. 526. This resulted in the following structure for Division No. 166 as of 15 October 1942:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 62], "content_span": [63, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015450-0008-0000", "contents": "166th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, Division No. 166\nIn January 1943, the division staff was redeployed, along with its exercise units, to occupied Denmark, whereas the replacement units were transferred to the new Division No. 179. The initial headquarters of the 166th in Denmark was in Copenhagen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 62], "content_span": [63, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015450-0009-0000", "contents": "166th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, 166th Reserve Division\nOn 26 October 1943, Division No. 166, still in Denmark, was renamed 166th Reserve Division. The division, now headquartered at Holstebro, consisted of the following formations in December 1943:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 68], "content_span": [69, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015450-0010-0000", "contents": "166th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, 166th Reserve Division\nEberhard von Fabrice took command of the division on 10 July 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 68], "content_span": [69, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015450-0011-0000", "contents": "166th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, 166th Reserve Division\nThe 166th Reserve Division, mostly unchanged but now headquartered at Lemvig, consisted of the following formations in December 1944:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 68], "content_span": [69, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015450-0012-0000", "contents": "166th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, 166th Reserve Division\nIn January 1945, an additional regiment, Reserve Grenadier Regiment z.b.V. 166, was formed and assigned to the 166th Reserve Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 68], "content_span": [69, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015450-0013-0000", "contents": "166th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, 166th Infantry Division\nOn 9 March 1945, several Reserve Divisions, including the 166th, became full Infantry Divisions. Its subordinate reserve regiments were upgraded to full regiments, leaving the 166th Infantry Division with the following structure in March 1945:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 69], "content_span": [70, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015450-0014-0000", "contents": "166th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, 166th Infantry Division\nOn 28 March 1945, Fabrice was briefly replaced as divisional commander by Helmuth Walter, but he assumed command once more on 31 March 1945. He remained in command until the end of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 69], "content_span": [70, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015450-0015-0000", "contents": "166th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, 166th Infantry Division\nThe 166th Infantry Division did not see combat until German surrender on 8 May 1945. It was still in the Lemvig area at the time of surrender.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 69], "content_span": [70, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015450-0016-0000", "contents": "166th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), Superior formations\nBetween February 1943 and May 1945, the 166th Division in its various iterations was directly subordinate to the Wehrmacht Commander in Denmark.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 56], "content_span": [57, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015451-0000-0000", "contents": "166th Infantry Regiment (United States)\nThe 166th Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment of the United States Army. It was part of the Ohio National Guard. In 1992, the regiment was consolidated with the 148th Infantry Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015451-0001-0000", "contents": "166th Infantry Regiment (United States), Mexican\u2013American War and Civil War\nThe 166th Infantry Regiment traces its history back to the Mexican\u2013American War. On 23 June 1846, the 2nd Regiment, Ohio Volunteer Infantry was mustered into federal service at Camp Washington. The regiment was organized from companies in south-central Ohio. It mustered out of federal service a year later in New Orleans. It was reorganized and mustered into federal service again on 1 September 1847 at Camp Wool but mustered out on 26 July 1848 at Cincinnati. Between 1855 and 1861, the regiment was reorganized as independent companies in Ohio.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 75], "content_span": [76, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015451-0001-0001", "contents": "166th Infantry Regiment (United States), Mexican\u2013American War and Civil War\nIn April 1861, it was reorganized at Camp Jackson as the 3rd and 4th Regiments, Ohio Volunteer Infantry. The 3rd was mustered in on 27 April and the 4th on 2 May for a three-month service period. Three year service term regiments with the same numerical designation were mustered in on 5 June for the 3rd and 12 June for the 4th at Camp Dennison. The 3rd Ohio Infantry was mustered out on 23 June 1864 in Cincinnati but the 4th Ohio Infantry was reorganized as the 4th Battalion, Ohio Volunteer Infantry, in June 1864. The 4th Battalion was mustered out on 12 June 1865 in Jeffersonville.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 75], "content_span": [76, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015451-0002-0000", "contents": "166th Infantry Regiment (United States), Interlude and Spanish\u2013American War\nBetween 1870 and 1877, the regiment was reorganized as independent companies based in south-central Ohio. During 1876 and 1877, the companies were consolidated as a result of labor unrest and became the 5th, 6th and 14th Infantry Regiments of the Ohio National Guard. On 27 July 1878, the 5th Infantry was consolidated into the 6th and 14th. The 6th and 14th were combined on 14 June 1890 to become the 14th Infantry Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 75], "content_span": [76, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015451-0002-0001", "contents": "166th Infantry Regiment (United States), Interlude and Spanish\u2013American War\nAs a result of the outbreak of the Spanish\u2013American War, the 14th Infantry was mustered into federal service on 9 May 1898 at Camp Bushnell as the 4th Ohio Volunteer Infantry. They were soon transferred to Camp George R. Thomas in Chickamauga Park, Georgia. The regiment became part of the Army of the Gulf. On 22 July, it embarked for Newport News and was loaded onto the SS Saint Paul. On 3 August, the regiment landed at Arroyo in Puerto Rico and fought in the Puerto Rican Campaign until the end of hostilities on 13 August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 75], "content_span": [76, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015451-0002-0002", "contents": "166th Infantry Regiment (United States), Interlude and Spanish\u2013American War\nOn 29 October, the 4th Ohio embarked on the SS Chester for the voyage back to America. After landing at New York City on 3 November, they were reviewed by President McKinley after being moved to Washington, D.C. The regiment was mustered out at Columbus on 20 January 1899. On 14 April, the regiment was disbanded. It was reorganized as the 4th Infantry Regiment of the Ohio National Guard on 14 July 1899.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 75], "content_span": [76, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015451-0003-0000", "contents": "166th Infantry Regiment (United States), World War I\nThe regiment was mustered into federal service on 11 July 1916 in Camp Willis and mustered out on 3 March 1917 at Fort Wayne, Michigan. On 15 July, the regiment was called into federal service due to the United States entry into World War I. It was drafted into federal service on 5 August. It was reorganized as the 166th Infantry Regiment on 20 August and assigned to the 42nd Infantry Division's 83rd Infantry Brigade. It arrived on the Western Front in February 1918 and fought until the end of the war on 11 November. The regiment participated in the Battle of Saint-Mihiel and the Meuse-Argonne Offensive. The regiment returned stateside and was demobilized on 17 May 1919 at Camp Sherman, Ohio.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 52], "content_span": [53, 754]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015451-0004-0000", "contents": "166th Infantry Regiment (United States), Interwar and World War II\nElements of the regiment consolidated with elements of the former 7th Ohio Infantry on 21 May 1920 to become the 4th Infantry Regiment, Ohio National Guard. with headquarters at Columbus. On 1 July 1921, the regiment was redesignated as the 166th Infantry and assigned to the 37th Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015451-0005-0000", "contents": "166th Infantry Regiment (United States), Interwar and World War II\nOn 15 October 1940, it was inducted into federal service at Columbus. Ten days later, the 166th relocated to Camp Shelby, where it was relieved from assignment to the 37th Division on 16 January 1942, becoming a separate unit. The regiment moved to New Orleans, Louisiana on 12 February, and 1st Battalion was detached to Task Force 1291, serving as a garrison unit in Aruba and Cura\u00e7ao in the Caribbean. The 166th was transferred to Fort Barrancas, Florida on 2 October 1942, without 1st and 2nd Battalions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015451-0005-0001", "contents": "166th Infantry Regiment (United States), Interwar and World War II\nOn 15 April 1943, it returned to Camp Shelby and became part of the Third Army, where the 2nd Battalion rejoined the regiment. On 18 April 1943, the regiment was assigned to the Southern Defense Command at New Orleans, without the 2nd Battalion which was at Texas City. On August 20, 1943, the 166th Infantry Regiment was authorized to be reorganized; the 1st Battalion returned to the regiment without personnel on 1 September 1943, and a new 1st Battalion was formed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015451-0005-0002", "contents": "166th Infantry Regiment (United States), Interwar and World War II\nOn 7 September, the regiment, less the 2nd Battalion (which was assigned to Camp Hood, Texas), was ordered to move to Fort Sill, Oklahoma. On 22 January 1944, the 166th Infantry Regiment, less the 2nd and 3rd Battalion and Company D, was inactivated at Fort Sill. The 3rd Battalion and Company D became part of the Replacement and School Command on 1 February 1944. The 2nd Battalion was inactivated on 22 February at Camp Hood, Company D was inactivated on 17 November 1944, and the 3rd Battalion was inactivated on 12 February 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015451-0006-0000", "contents": "166th Infantry Regiment (United States), Cold War\nThe 166th Infantry Regiment was reorganized on 11 November 1946 as part of the Ohio National Guard. On 1 September 1959, it became a parent regiment under the Combat Arms Regimental System. It consisted of the 1st Battle Group, part of the 37th Infantry Division. It was reorganized on 1 April 1963 to consist of the 1st Battalion, still part of the 37th. It was again reorganized on 15 February 1968 to consist of the 1st Battalion and was transferred to the 38th Infantry Division. It was transferred on 1 March 1977 to the 73rd Infantry Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 49], "content_span": [50, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015451-0006-0001", "contents": "166th Infantry Regiment (United States), Cold War\nOn 1 May 1989, it was withdrawn from the Combat Arms Regimental System and reorganized under the U.S. Army Regimental System. It was consolidated on 1 September 1992 with the 148th Infantry Regiment. The new unit, designated the 148th Infantry, consisted of the 1st Battalion of that regiment, part of the 73rd Infantry Brigade. Its new headquarters was at Lima, Ohio.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 49], "content_span": [50, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015452-0000-0000", "contents": "166th New York State Legislature\nThe 166th New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 8, 1947, to March 13, 1948, during the fifth and sixth years of Thomas E. Dewey's governorship, in Albany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015452-0001-0000", "contents": "166th New York State Legislature, Background\nUnder the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1938, re-apportioned in 1943, 56 Senators and 150 assemblymen were elected in single-seat districts for two-year terms. The senatorial districts consisted either of one or more entire counties; or a contiguous area within a single county. The counties which were divided into more than one senatorial district were Kings (nine districts), New York (six), Bronx (five), Queens (four), Erie (three), Westchester (three), Monroe (two) and Nassau (two). The Assembly districts consisted either of a single entire county (except Hamilton Co.), or of contiguous area within one county.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 677]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015452-0002-0000", "contents": "166th New York State Legislature, Background\nAt this time there were two major political parties: the Republican Party and the Democratic Party. The American Labor Party, the Liberal Party and the Communist Party also nominated tickets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015452-0003-0000", "contents": "166th New York State Legislature, Elections\nThe New York state election, 1946, was held on November 5. Governor Thomas E. Dewey and Lieutenant Governor Joe R. Hanley were re-elected, both Republicans. The other five statewide elective offices up for election were carried by four Republicans, and the Democratic Chief Judge with Republican, American Labor and Liberal endorsement. The approximate party strength at this election, as expressed by the vote for Governor, was: Republicans 2,826,000; Democrats 1,532,000; American Labor 429,000; Liberals 177,000; and Communists 90,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015452-0004-0000", "contents": "166th New York State Legislature, Elections\nAll four women members of the previous legislature\u2014State Senator Rhoda Fox Graves (Rep.), of Gouverneur; and Assemblywomen Mary A. Gillen (Dem. ), of Brooklyn; Gladys E. Banks (Rep.), of the Bronx; and Genesta M. Strong (Rep.), of Plandome Heights\u2014were re-elected. Janet Hill Gordon (Rep.), a lawyer of Norwich; Elizabeth Hanniford (Rep.), a statistician of the Bronx; Mildred F. Taylor (Rep.), a coal dealer of Lyons; and Maude E. Ten Eyck (Rep.), of Manhattan; were also elected to the Assembly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015452-0005-0000", "contents": "166th New York State Legislature, Elections\nThe New York state election, 1947, was held on November 4. No statewide elective offices were up for election. Four vacancies in the State Senate, and four vacancies in the Assembly were filled.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015452-0006-0000", "contents": "166th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for the first regular session (the 170th) at the State Capitol in Albany on January 8, 1947; and adjourned on March 18.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015452-0007-0000", "contents": "166th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nBenjamin F. Feinberg (Rep.) was re-elected Temporary President of the State Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015452-0008-0000", "contents": "166th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for the second regular session (the 171st) at the State Capitol in Albany on January 7, 1948; and adjourned on March 13.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015452-0009-0000", "contents": "166th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature. MacNeil Mitchell, Sidney A. Fine and George T. Manning changed from the Assembly to the Senate at the beginning of this Legislature. Assemblyman Ernest I. Hatfield was elected to fill a vacancy in the Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015452-0010-0000", "contents": "166th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members\nNote: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words \"...the Committee on (the)...\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015452-0011-0000", "contents": "166th New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Assemblymen\nNote: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words \"...the Committee on (the)...\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 61], "content_span": [62, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015453-0000-0000", "contents": "166th Ohio Infantry Regiment\nThe 166th Ohio Infantry Regiment, sometimes 166th Ohio Volunteer Infantry (or 166th OVI) was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015453-0001-0000", "contents": "166th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 166th Ohio Infantry was organized at Camp Taylor near Cleveland, Ohio, and mustered in May 13, 1864, for 100 days service under the command of Colonel Harrison Gray Otis Blake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015453-0002-0000", "contents": "166th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment left Ohio for Washington, D.C., May 15 and was attached to 2nd Brigade, DeRussy's Division, XXII Corps, to July 1864. 3rd Brigade, DeRussy's Division, XXII Corps, to August 1864. Assigned to garrison duty at Fort Richardson, Fort Barnard, Fort Reynolds, Fort Ward, and Fort Worth (with regimental headquarters at Fort Richardson), defenses of Washington south of the Potomac River, until September. Participated in the repulse of Early's attack on Washington July 11\u201312.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015453-0003-0000", "contents": "166th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 166th Ohio Infantry mustered out of service September 9, 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015453-0004-0000", "contents": "166th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Ohio National Guard\nOver 35,000 Ohio National Guardsmen were federalized and organized into regiments for 100 days service in May 1864. Shipped to the Eastern Theater, they were designed to be placed in \"safe\" rear areas to protect railroads and supply points, thereby freeing regular troops for Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant\u2019s push on the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia. As events transpired, many units found themselves in combat, stationed in the path of Confederate Gen. Jubal Early\u2019s veteran Army of the Valley during its famed Valley Campaigns of 1864. Ohio Guard units met the battle-tested foe head on and helped blunt the Confederate offensive thereby saving Washington, D.C. from capture. Ohio National Guard units participated in the battles of Monacacy, Fort Stevens, Harpers Ferry, and in the siege of Petersburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 49], "content_span": [50, 863]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015453-0005-0000", "contents": "166th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost 29 enlisted men during service, all due to disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015454-0000-0000", "contents": "166th Rifle Division\nThe 166th Rifle Division was an infantry division of the Soviet Union's Red Army that fought in World War II, formed twice. The division's first formation was formed in 1939 and wiped out in the Vyazma Pocket in October 1941. In January 1942, the division reformed. It fought in the Battle of Demyansk, the Battle of Kursk, Belgorod-Khar'kov Offensive Operation, Vitebsk\u2013Orsha Offensive, Polotsk Offensive, \u0160iauliai Offensive, Riga Offensive  and the Battle of Memel. It was awarded the Order of the Red Banner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015454-0001-0000", "contents": "166th Rifle Division, History, First formation\nThe 166th Rifle Division was formed at Tomsk in September 1939. It was commanded by Colonel Alexey Holzinev. On 22 June 1941, the division was in its summer quarters south of Yurga. The division hastily moved to Tomsk and was reequipped with new uniforms, weapons and ammunition. On 26 June, the first train of the division left for Smolensk. The division became part of the 24th Army and by mid-July was defending the Bely-Dorogobuzh-Yelnya area. On 19 July, two battalions of the 517th Rifle Regiment and the 499th Artillery Regiment engaged in battle with German troops at Lake Shchuchye.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 46], "content_span": [47, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015454-0001-0001", "contents": "166th Rifle Division, History, First formation\nDays later, Soviet troops began counterattacks in the Smolensk area. The division was initially part of Group Khomenko but was transferred to Group Kalinin on 22 July. Along with the 91st Rifle Division, the 166th was to attack towards Dukhovshchina. On 24 July, it reached Lelimovo but was forced to withdraw to the area between Pakikino and Pochinok.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 46], "content_span": [47, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015454-0002-0000", "contents": "166th Rifle Division, History, First formation\nThe division continued to attack and in early August captured Gutarovo, only 32 kilometers from Yartsevo. On 11 August, the 517th and 735th Rifle Regiments broke through German defences and provided a corridor for Ivan Boldin's group to escape from its encirclement. Colonel Mikhail Dodonov became the division commander on 31 August. In late September, the depleted division was moved to the second echelon to receive replacements. On 2 October, the German troops began Operation Typhoon and the division was forced to take up positions at Kholm-Zhirkovsky.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 46], "content_span": [47, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015454-0002-0001", "contents": "166th Rifle Division, History, First formation\nOn 4 October, Western Front decided to withdraw from the Gzhatsk defensive line, but the division could not retreat. On 7 October, the division was encircled in the Vyazma Pocket. Only 517 soldiers from the division escaped from the encirclement. A number of soldiers from the division became partisans in the area. The division was officially disbanded on 27 December 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 46], "content_span": [47, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015454-0003-0000", "contents": "166th Rifle Division, History, First formation\nPoirer and Connor, in their Red Army Order of Battle in the Great Patriotic War, 1985, write that it was established at Tomsk prior to June 1941. Wiped out Vyazma Oct 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 46], "content_span": [47, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015454-0004-0000", "contents": "166th Rifle Division, History, Second formation\nThe division was reformed from the 437th Rifle Division in January 1942 at Chebarkul. The division was mostly composed of soldiers from Chelyabinsk and Sverdlovsk Oblasts, Bashkortostan and Kazakhstan. It was commanded by Major General Fyodor Shchekotsky. Between 29 January and 16 February 1942, the division was transported to Lyubim.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 47], "content_span": [48, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015454-0005-0000", "contents": "166th Rifle Division, History, Second formation\nFought at Kursk and in Kurland. With 6th Guards Army of the Kurland Group (Leningrad Front) May 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 47], "content_span": [48, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015454-0006-0000", "contents": "166th Rifle Division, History, Second formation\nThe division was stationed at Alytus. After the war, it appears to have been disbanded while serving with the 2nd Guards Rifle Corps, 6th Guards Army, Baltic Military District, in 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 47], "content_span": [48, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015454-0007-0000", "contents": "166th Rifle Division, History, Second formation\n6th Guards Army headquarters moved from Siauliai to Riga in February 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 47], "content_span": [48, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015455-0000-0000", "contents": "166th Street station\n166th Street was a local station on the demolished IRT Third Avenue Line in the Bronx, New York City. It was originally opened on December 25, 1887 by the Suburban Rapid Transit Company, and had three tracks and two side platforms. The next stop to the north was 169th Street. The next stop to the south was 161st Street. The station closed on April 29, 1973.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015455-0001-0000", "contents": "166th Street station\nThe train was notable at this station for arriving in front of the Franklin Avenue Armory and having views of Morris High School.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015456-0000-0000", "contents": "166th meridian east\nThe meridian 166\u00b0 east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015456-0001-0000", "contents": "166th meridian east\nThe 166th meridian east forms a great circle with the 14th meridian west.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015456-0002-0000", "contents": "166th meridian east, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 166th meridian east passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015457-0000-0000", "contents": "166th meridian west\nThe meridian 166\u00b0 west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015457-0001-0000", "contents": "166th meridian west\nThe 166th meridian west forms a great circle with the 14th meridian east.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015457-0002-0000", "contents": "166th meridian west, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 166th meridian west passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015458-0000-0000", "contents": "167\nYear 167 (CLXVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Aurelius and Quadratus (or, less frequently, year 920 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 167 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015459-0000-0000", "contents": "167 (number)\n167 (one hundred [and] sixty-seven) is the natural number following 166 and preceding 168.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015459-0001-0000", "contents": "167 (number), In mathematics\n167 is a Chen prime, a Gaussian prime, a safe prime, and an Eisenstein prime with no imaginary part and a real part of the form 3n\u22121{\\displaystyle 3n-1}.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015459-0002-0000", "contents": "167 (number), In mathematics\n167 is the only prime which can not be expressed as a sum of seven or fewer cubes. It is also the smallest number which requires six terms when expressed using the greedy algorithm as a sum of squares, 167 = 144 + 16 + 4 + 1 + 1 + 1,although by Lagrange's four-square theorem its non-greedy expression as a sum of squares can be shorter, e.g. 167 = 121 + 36 + 1 + 1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015459-0003-0000", "contents": "167 (number), In mathematics\n167 is a full reptend prime in base 10, since the decimal expansion of 1/167 repeats the following 166 digits: 0.00598802395209580838323353293413173652694610778443113772455089820359281437125748502994 0119760479041916167664670658682634730538922155688622754491017964071856287425149700...", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015459-0004-0000", "contents": "167 (number), In mathematics\n167 is a highly cototient number, as it is the smallest number k with exactly 15 solutions to the equation x - \u03c6(x) = k. It is also a strictly non-palindromic number.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015459-0005-0000", "contents": "167 (number), In mathematics\n167 is the smallest multi-digit prime such that the product of digits is equal to the number of digits times the sum of the digits, i. e., 1\u00d76\u00d77 = 3\u00d7(1+6+7)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015459-0006-0000", "contents": "167 (number), In mathematics\n167 is the smallest positive integer d such that the imaginary quadratic field Q(\u221a\u2013d) has class number = 11.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015460-0000-0000", "contents": "167 BC\nYear 167 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Paetus and Pennus (or, less frequently, year 587 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 167 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015461-0000-0000", "contents": "167 Catering Support Regiment RLC\n167 Catering Support Regiment is a reserve regiment of the British Army's Royal Logistic Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015461-0001-0000", "contents": "167 Catering Support Regiment RLC, History\nThe regiment was formed as the Catering Support Regiment, Royal Logistic Corps in 1993.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015461-0002-0000", "contents": "167 Catering Support Regiment RLC, Structure\nThe regiment has its headquarters and training facilities at Prince William of Gloucester Barracks in Grantham, Lincolnshire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 44], "content_span": [45, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015462-0000-0000", "contents": "167 Urda\nUrda (minor planet designation: 167 Urda) is a main-belt asteroid that was discovered by German-American astronomer Christian Heinrich Friedrich Peters on August 28, 1876, in Clinton, New York, and named after Urd, one of the Norns in Norse mythology. In 1905, Austrian astronomer Johann Palisa showed that the asteroid varied in brightness.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015462-0001-0000", "contents": "167 Urda\nPhotometric observations of this asteroid at the Palmer Divide Observatory in Colorado Springs, Colorado, during 2007\u20138 gave a light curve with a period of 13.06133 \u00b1 0.00002 hours. This S-type asteroid is a member of the Koronis family of asteroids that share similar orbital elements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015462-0002-0000", "contents": "167 Urda\nIn 2002, a diameter estimate of 37.93 \u00b1 3.17\u00a0km was obtained from the Midcourse Space Experiment observations, with an albedo of 0.2523 \u00b1 0.0448.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015462-0003-0000", "contents": "167 Urda\nA stellar occultation by Urda was observed from Japan on July 23, 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 80]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015463-0000-0000", "contents": "167 series\nThe 167 series (167\u7cfb, 167-kei) was an electric multiple unit (EMU) train type introduced in 1965 by Japanese National Railways (JNR), and later operated by East Japan Railway Company (JR East) and West Japan Railway Company (JR-West) until 2003.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015463-0001-0000", "contents": "167 series, History\nThe 167 series trains were developed from the earlier 165 series express-type EMU, and were introduced from 1965 for use on school excursion services. They were originally painted in the JNR excursion train livery of yellow No. 5 and red No. 3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015463-0002-0000", "contents": "167 series, History\nFollowing the privatization of JNR in 1987, JR East received 35 167 series vehicles, allocated to Tamachi Depot in Tokyo, and JR-West received 16 vehicles, allocated to Miyahara Depot. The JR West fleet was withdrawn by 2001, and the JR East fleet was withdrawn by 2003.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015464-0000-0000", "contents": "1670\n1670 (MDCLXX) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar, the 1670th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 670th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 70th  year of the 17th\u00a0century, and the  1st   year of the 1670s decade. As of the start of 1670, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015465-0000-0000", "contents": "1670 AM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1670\u00a0kHz: 1670 AM is a Regional broadcast frequency.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015465-0001-0000", "contents": "1670 AM, In the United States\nAll stations operate with 10 kW during the daytime and are Class B stations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 29], "content_span": [30, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015466-0000-0000", "contents": "1670 Broadway\n1670 Broadway, formerly Amoco Tower, is a 448 feet (137\u00a0m) tall skyscraper in Denver, Colorado. It was completed in 1980 and has 36 floors. Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates PC designed the building and it is the 11th tallest skyscraper in Denver.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015466-0001-0000", "contents": "1670 Broadway\nThe 1670 Broadway building features, along with the tenants, a Starbucks coffee shop, a Russell's Convenient Store, and a UMB Bank. UBS purchased the building in 1990. In 2006, TIAA-CREF became one of the building's biggest tenants, and the company's symbol now adorns the top of the structure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015466-0002-0000", "contents": "1670 Broadway\nIn August 2018, Korean asset manager Hana Financial Group acquired the building for $238 million. The company received $78 million in CMBS financing from UBS and $64.8 million in mezzanine financing to fund the acquisition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015475-0000-0000", "contents": "1670 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1670.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015475-0001-0000", "contents": "1670 in literature\nIl y a plus de quarante ans que je dis de la prose sans que j'en susse rien. (For more than forty years I've been speaking prose without knowing anything about it) \u2013 Monsieur Jourdain, Le Bourgeois gentilhomme", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015477-0000-0000", "contents": "1670 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015477-0001-0000", "contents": "1670 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015477-0002-0000", "contents": "1670 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015478-0000-0000", "contents": "1670 in science\nThe year 1670 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015479-0000-0000", "contents": "1670s\nThe 1670s decade ran from January 1, 1670, to December 31, 1679.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015480-0000-0000", "contents": "1670s BC\nThe 1670s BC was a decade lasting from January 1, 1679 BC to December 31, 1670 BC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 91]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015481-0000-0000", "contents": "1670s in South Africa\nThe following lists events that happened during the 1670s in South Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 96]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015482-0000-0000", "contents": "1670s in archaeology\nThe decade of the 1670s in archaeology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015483-0000-0000", "contents": "1671\n1671 (MDCLXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar, the 1671st year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 671st  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 71st  year of the 17th\u00a0century, and the  2nd   year of the 1670s decade. As of the start of 1671, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015484-0000-0000", "contents": "1671 Chaika\n1671 Chaika, provisional designation 1934 TD, is a background asteroid from the Astraea region in the central asteroid belt, approximately 10 kilometers (6 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 3 October 1934, by Soviet astronomer Grigory Neujmin at the Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula. The assumed S-type asteroid has a rotation period of 3.8 hours. It was named for Soviet cosmonaut Valentina Tereshkova.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015484-0001-0000", "contents": "1671 Chaika, Orbit and classification\nAccording to a HCM-analysis by Nesvorn\u00fd, Chaika is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population, while for Milani and Kne\u017eevi\u0107, it is a member of the larger Astraea family, named after 5\u00a0Astraea. The Astraea family is not recognized by Nesvorn\u00fd as a collisional asteroid family, who rather considers it an artifact in the model due to a resonant alignment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015484-0002-0000", "contents": "1671 Chaika, Orbit and classification\nIt orbits the Sun in the central asteroid belt at a distance of 1.9\u20133.3\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 2 months (1,520 days; semi-major axis of 2.59\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.26 and an inclination of 4\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroid was first observed at the Lowell Observatory in April 1907. The body's observation arc begins at the Tokyo Observatory (389) in November 1930, almost 4 years prior to its official discovery observation at Simeiz\u2013Crimea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015484-0003-0000", "contents": "1671 Chaika, Naming\nThis minor planet was named in honor of Soviet cosmonaut Valentina \"Chaika\" Tereshkova (born 1937). Tereshkova received the call sign \"Chaika\" \u2013 the Russian word for seagull \u2013 as she was the first woman to fly in space. The asteroid's name was proposed by the Institute of Theoretical Astronomy (ITA) in St Petersburg. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 June 1967 (M.P.C. 2740).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015484-0004-0000", "contents": "1671 Chaika, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn November 2005, a rotational lightcurve of Chaika was obtained from photometric observations by Italian astronomers Roberto Crippa, Federico Manzini and Josep Coloma. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 3.7718\u00b10.0002 hours with a brightness variation of 0.18 magnitude (U=3). John Menke in collaboration with Walter Cooney and David Higgins determined a concurring period of 3.774\u00b10.003 hours with an amplitude of 0.20 magnitude (U=3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 54], "content_span": [55, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015484-0005-0000", "contents": "1671 Chaika, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Chaika measures between 7.5 and 13.3 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.12 and 0.29. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for a stony asteroid of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 11.30 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015493-0000-0000", "contents": "1671 in literature\nThis article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1671.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015494-0000-0000", "contents": "1671 in music\nThe year 1671 in music involved some significant musical events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 78]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015495-0000-0000", "contents": "1671 in paleontology\nPaleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1671.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015496-0000-0000", "contents": "1671 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015496-0001-0000", "contents": "1671 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015496-0002-0000", "contents": "1671 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015497-0000-0000", "contents": "1671 in science\nThe year 1671 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015498-0000-0000", "contents": "1672\n1672 (MDCLXXII) was a leap year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a leap year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar, the 1672nd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 672nd  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 72nd  year of the 17th\u00a0century, and the  3rd   year of the 1670s decade. As of the start of 1672, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015499-0000-0000", "contents": "1672 Gezelle\n1672 Gezelle, provisional designation 1935 BD, is a carbonaceous asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 27 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 29 January 1935, by Belgian astronomer Eug\u00e8ne Delporte at Royal Observatory of Belgium in Uccle, Belgium. It was later named after Flemish poet and Roman Catholic priest Guido Gezelle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015499-0001-0000", "contents": "1672 Gezelle, Orbit and classification\nThe C-type asteroid orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.3\u20134.0\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 8 months (2,063 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.28 and an inclination of 1\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. Gezelle's first identification as A924 EO at Heidelberg Observatory remained unused. Its observation arc begins 9 days after its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015499-0002-0000", "contents": "1672 Gezelle, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nAstronomer James W. Brinsfield obtained a rotational lightcurve of Gezelle at the Via Capote Observatory (G69) in October 2008. It gave a well defined rotation period of 40.72 hours with a brightness variation of 0.56 magnitude (U=3). In 2016, similar periods of 40.6821 and 40.6824 hours were obtained from modeled photometric observations derived from the Lowell Photometric Database and other sources (U=n.a. ).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 55], "content_span": [56, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015499-0003-0000", "contents": "1672 Gezelle, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Gezelle measures between 26.21 and 26.56 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.055 and 0.093. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for carbonaceous asteroids of 0.057 and calculates a diameter of 27.90 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.5.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015499-0004-0000", "contents": "1672 Gezelle, Naming\nThis minor planet was named in memory of famous Flemish poet and Roman Catholic priest Guido Gezelle (1830\u20131899), who wrote extensively on religion and nature. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 8 April 1982 (M.P.C. 6832).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015510-0000-0000", "contents": "1672 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015510-0001-0000", "contents": "1672 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015510-0002-0000", "contents": "1672 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015511-0000-0000", "contents": "1672 in science\nThe year 1672 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015513-0000-0000", "contents": "1673\n1673 (MDCLXXIII) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar, the 1673rd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 673rd  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 73rd  year of the 17th\u00a0century, and the  4th   year of the 1670s decade. As of the start of 1673, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015522-0000-0000", "contents": "1673 in literature\nThis article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1673.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015524-0000-0000", "contents": "1673 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015524-0001-0000", "contents": "1673 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015524-0002-0000", "contents": "1673 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015525-0000-0000", "contents": "1673 in science\nThe year 1673 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015526-0000-0000", "contents": "1674\n1674 (MDCLXXIV) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar, the 1674th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 674th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 74th  year of the 17th\u00a0century, and the  5th   year of the 1670s decade. As of the start of 1674, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015527-0000-0000", "contents": "1674 AM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1674\u00a0kHz:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 72]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015528-0000-0000", "contents": "1674 Ambon earthquake and megatsunami\nThe 1674 Ambon earthquake occurred on February 17 at between 19:30 and 20:00 local time somewhere in the Maluku Islands. The resulting tsunami reached heights of up to 100 meters on Ambon Island killing over 2,000 individuals. It was the first detailed documentation of a tsunami in Indonesia and the largest ever recorded in the country.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015528-0001-0000", "contents": "1674 Ambon earthquake and megatsunami, Overview\nThe tectonics of the North Maluku Islands is dominated by complex collision, subduction and strike-slip elements. Intermediate to deep focus earthquakes with focal depth of 60 km or greater is immediately ruled out as the souce because no known historical events of the same kind has generated a large tsunami. The 1938 Banda Sea earthquake, an intermediate depth magnitude 8.5 event only caused a minor tsunami.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 47], "content_span": [48, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015528-0002-0000", "contents": "1674 Ambon earthquake and megatsunami, Overview\nThe Seram Trough is a zone of complex convergence between the Pacific, Australian, Sunda and numerous micro tectonic plates. This megathrust fault is located north of Seram Island. While it has generated large tsunamigenic earthquakes in the past such as that in 1899 and 1629, the fault is situated too far from Ambon to have caused huge tsunami run-ups.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 47], "content_span": [48, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015528-0003-0000", "contents": "1674 Ambon earthquake and megatsunami, Overview\nSince the tsunami from the earthquake had an extreme run-up height of at least 100 meters, researchers have dismissed the possibility of faulting as a source of the tsunami. Instead, an earthquake-generated landslide appear to be the likely source of the tsunami. However, the source if the earthquake has never been comnfirmed, but two faults, the South Seram Thrust and an unnamed fault on the island are the likely culprit. No magnitude has been assigned to the event in published research journals, but the BMKG and NGDC databases list the magnitude at 6.8 at a depth of 40 km.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 47], "content_span": [48, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015528-0004-0000", "contents": "1674 Ambon earthquake and megatsunami, Documentation\nIn an account by Georg Eberhard Rumphius, a German botanist, the earthquake occurred on a Saturday evening, at 7:30 pm local time, when locals on the islands were celebrating the Chinese Lunar New Year. The bells of the nearby Victoria Castle on Ambon Island began to clang by itself. The earthquake was so strong as to knock people off their balance. Seventy-five stone buildings reportedly collapsed, killing 79 people and injuring 35. Most of the injuries were fractured arms and legs. Among the casualties in the collapses were European settlers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 52], "content_span": [53, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015528-0004-0001", "contents": "1674 Ambon earthquake and megatsunami, Documentation\nWater began sprouting up from wells and the ground, some spurted upwards to a height of 20 feet. Blue clay and sand also erupted from the ground. Many homes and roads on other parts of the island were cracked and severely damaged. Both Rumphius's wife and two daughters were killed during the earthquake after they were crushed by a falling wall. They were among the 31 Europeans who died in the earthquake and tsunami.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 52], "content_span": [53, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015528-0005-0000", "contents": "1674 Ambon earthquake and megatsunami, Documentation\nRight after the earthquake, a large tsunami reportedly swept through the coast of the island. On the Hitu peninsula, the waves were throught to be as high as 100 meters, nearly topping the coastal hills. Entire forests and plantations were uprooted and washed away. The tsunami was accompanied by a deafening noise. When it slammed into the coast, eyewitnesses described the flow as very dirty and foul smelling.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 52], "content_span": [53, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015529-0000-0000", "contents": "1674 Polish\u2013Lithuanian royal election\nOn November 10, 1673, Michael Korybut Wi\u015bniowiecki, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, suddenly died in Lw\u00f3w. The Polish throne was vacant again, so another free election was necessary. As in 1669, the main candidates were French Duke Louis, Grand Conde, Philip William, Elector Palatine (both supported by Louis XIV of France), and Charles V, Duke of Lorraine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015529-0001-0000", "contents": "1674 Polish\u2013Lithuanian royal election\nHetman John Sobieski, who was a very influential figure in the Polish\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth, did not express interest in the Polish crown, and before the election stated that he did wish to be elected. Sobieski was hated by Lithuanian magnates of the Pac family, who in January 1674, during the Convocation Sejm, demanded that a bill prohibiting native Poles (or Piasts) from running in the election should be introduced.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015529-0002-0000", "contents": "1674 Polish\u2013Lithuanian royal election\nThe very fact that the Pac family promoted such a bill means that Sobieski was regarded by many as a possible candidate. His name was mentioned by envoys of the House of Habsburg, and by French newspaper La Gazette. French diplomats later stated that Sobieski himself hesitated between running in the election, and supporting the Grand Conde.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015529-0003-0000", "contents": "1674 Polish\u2013Lithuanian royal election\nThe election began on Saturday, June 19, 1674. Despite the protests of Lithuanians, the Bishop of Krak\u00f3w Andrzej Trzebicki initiated the process, by singing the hymn Veni Sancte Spiritus. The next day, Sunday, June 20, was dedicated to religious ceremonies and behind the scenes negotiations. On Monday, June 21, the Bishop of Vilnius, Micha\u0142 Pac stated that Lithuania agreed to the Piast candidate. In the afternoon of the same day, John III Sobieski became King of Poland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015529-0004-0000", "contents": "1674 Polish\u2013Lithuanian royal election, Sources\nU. Augustyniak, Historia Polski 1572-1795, Warszawa 2008M. Markiewicz, Historia Polski 1494-1795, Krak\u00f3w 2002", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015538-0000-0000", "contents": "1674 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1674.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015540-0000-0000", "contents": "1674 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015540-0001-0000", "contents": "1674 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015540-0002-0000", "contents": "1674 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015541-0000-0000", "contents": "1674 in science\nThe year 1674 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015542-0000-0000", "contents": "1675\n1675 (MDCLXXV) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar, the 1675th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 675th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 75th  year of the 17th\u00a0century, and the  6th   year of the 1670s decade. As of the start of 1675, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015543-0000-0000", "contents": "1675 Simonida\n1675 Simonida, provisional designation 1938 FB, is a stony Florian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 11 kilometers in diameter. Discovered by Milorad Proti\u0107 in 1938, it was later named after the medieval Byzantine princess Simonida.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015543-0001-0000", "contents": "1675 Simonida, Discovery\nSimonida was discovered on 20 March 1938, by Serbian astronomer Milorad Proti\u0107 at Belgrade Astronomical Observatory. On the same night, it was independently discovered by Belgian astronomer Fernand Rigaux at Uccle Observatory in Belgium.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 24], "content_span": [25, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015543-0002-0000", "contents": "1675 Simonida, Classification and orbit\nThe S-type asteroid is a member of the Flora family, a large population of stony asteroids in the main-belt. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.0\u20132.5\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 4 months (1,219 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.12 and an inclination of 7\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. Simonida's first observation was a precovery taken at Lowell Observatory in 1931, extending the body's observation arc by 7 years prior to its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015543-0003-0000", "contents": "1675 Simonida, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves\nIn March 1988, Polish astronomer Wies\u0142aw Z. Wi\u015bniewski obtained a lightcurve of Simonida that gave a rotation period of 5.3 hours with a brightness variation of 0.26 magnitude (U=2). In January 2004, astronomer A. Kryszczynska at Pozna\u0144 Observatory measured a period of 5.2885 hours with an amplitude of 0.50 magnitude (U=2+). In January 2008, photometric observations by astronomers Martine Castets, Bernard Tr\u00e9gon, Arnaud Leroy and Raoul Behrend gave a rotation period of 5.16 hours with a brightness variation of 0.21 (U=3-).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 52], "content_span": [53, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015543-0004-0000", "contents": "1675 Simonida, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the space-based Japanese Akari satellite, Simonida measures 12.16 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo of 0.211. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link, however, agrees with the results obtained by 8 observations of the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, that gave a diameter of 11.08 kilometers and an albedo of 0.25 with an absolute magnitude of 11.9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015543-0005-0000", "contents": "1675 Simonida, Naming\nThis minor planet was named for Byzantine princess and queen consort Simonida, the wife of medieval Serbian king Stefan Milutin and symbol of beauty in former Yugoslavia. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 January 1973 (M.P.C. 3359).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015553-0000-0000", "contents": "1675 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1675.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015555-0000-0000", "contents": "1675 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015555-0001-0000", "contents": "1675 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015555-0002-0000", "contents": "1675 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015556-0000-0000", "contents": "1675 in science\nThe year 1675 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015557-0000-0000", "contents": "1675\u20131676 Malta plague epidemic\nThe 1675\u20131676 Malta plague epidemic was a major outbreak of plague (Maltese: pesta) on the island of Malta, then ruled by the Order of St John. It occurred between December 1675 and August 1676, and it resulted in approximately 11,300 deaths, making it the deadliest epidemic in Maltese history. Most deaths were in the urban areas, including the capital Valletta and the Three Cities, which had a mortality rate of about 41%. In the rural settlements, the mortality rate was 6.9%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015557-0001-0000", "contents": "1675\u20131676 Malta plague epidemic\nThe exact cause of the outbreak remains uncertain, but infected merchandise from North Africa seems to be a likely source since the disease first appeared in the household of a merchant who had goods from Tripoli. The epidemic spread rapidly and efforts to contain it were poor, in part due to disagreements on whether the disease was actually plague or not. Eventually strict measures were taken and the epidemic subsided after eight months.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015557-0002-0000", "contents": "1675\u20131676 Malta plague epidemic, Background\nAt the time of the outbreak, Malta was ruled by the Order of St John. In 1592\u201393, a plague epidemic killed about 3,000 people, and there were smaller outbreaks in 1623 and 1655.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015557-0003-0000", "contents": "1675\u20131676 Malta plague epidemic, Epidemic, Origin\nThe epidemic began in the capital Valletta on 24 December 1675. Anna Bonnici, the 11-year-old daughter of the merchant Matteo Bonnici, became sick and developed red petechial haemorrhages and enlarged lymph nodes, and she died on 28 December. She had been examined by the doctor Giacomo Cassia, who informed the protomedicus Domenico Sciberras of the case, but they did not identify the disease as the plague.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015557-0004-0000", "contents": "1675\u20131676 Malta plague epidemic, Epidemic, Origin\nThe source of the disease is not certain. At the time, there were claims that the plague arrived from a squadron of English ships that was fighting the Barbary pirates, which visited Malta a number of times in 1675\u201376 before and during the epidemic. It is more likely that the disease arrived with infected rats along with some merchandise. \u0120an Fran\u0121isk Bonamico, who survived the plague, wrote that it entered the island in a cargo of textiles from Tripoli which was delivered to Bonnici.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015557-0005-0000", "contents": "1675\u20131676 Malta plague epidemic, Epidemic, Spread\nOn 10 January 1676, her 2-year-old brother Giacchino died, and a female slave in their household became sick soon afterwards but was able to recover. The cause of these deaths was still not identified when another member of the family, 7-year-old Teresa, died from similar symptoms on 13 January. Members of the Agius family, relatives of the Bonnicis, also became ill and died, and this raised alarm and the authorities closed the houses of the victims. Matteo Bonnici contracted the disease as well and died on 25 January.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015557-0006-0000", "contents": "1675\u20131676 Malta plague epidemic, Epidemic, Spread\nFurther cases appeared in the next few days, and on 28 January the health authorities held a secret meeting and concluded that the disease was probably the plague. Attempts to contain the epidemic began immediately and all suspected cases were isolated, but the disease continued to spread rapidly. Some people panicked and left the cities for the countryside, left the island or locked themselves in their homes, but there were many others who maintained their daily routines, contributing to the spread of the disease. By 2 March, there were 100 deaths.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015557-0007-0000", "contents": "1675\u20131676 Malta plague epidemic, Epidemic, Spread\nThe first death outside Valletta occurred on 8 March in Attard. The disease appeared in the Three Cities, starting from Senglea on 14 February, followed by Cospicua on 8 March and Birgu on 11 March. The epidemic continued to spread throughout the rural towns and villages, including Birkirkara on 10 March, Rabat on 11 March and eventually to Kirkop, Qrendi, Qormi, Balzan, Si\u0121\u0121iewi, \u017bebbu\u0121 and \u017burrieq by the end of the month. In April, the epidemic appeared in Lija, Tarxien, Luqa, G\u0127arg\u0127ur, Naxxar and Mqabba, and in May it appeared in Gudja, \u017bejtun and Mosta.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015557-0008-0000", "contents": "1675\u20131676 Malta plague epidemic, Epidemic, Spread\nThe course of the epidemic was somewhat variable and it went through a number of ebbs and flows, and it spread extensively throughout the main island of Malta at its peak, particularly the densely populated urban area around the Grand Harbour. The city of Mdina, the village of Safi and the island of Gozo remained free of the disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015557-0009-0000", "contents": "1675\u20131676 Malta plague epidemic, Epidemic, Containment measures\nInitial measures to contain the epidemic were ineffective, largely because there was disagreement whether the disease was actually plague. On 28 January 1676, four Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St John were appointed Plague Commissioners and were given unlimited power to safeguard the Order and the public from the disease. Two Counts and a number of public health officials were also responsible for dealing with the outbreak and for carrying out the orders given to them by the four knights. All suspected cases were transferred to the Lazzaretto on the Isolotto, and most of them died soon afterwards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 63], "content_span": [64, 675]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015557-0010-0000", "contents": "1675\u20131676 Malta plague epidemic, Epidemic, Containment measures\nSeveral public health officials contracted the disease and died, and as the epidemic spread, the number of officials was doubled and more isolation hospitals were opened. Severe penalties including capital punishment were enacted against those who did not report cases to the authorities, and three men were hanged as an example. During the epidemic, some who stole items from houses belonging to people who had died were also hanged.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 63], "content_span": [64, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015557-0011-0000", "contents": "1675\u20131676 Malta plague epidemic, Epidemic, Containment measures\nOn 26 February, Grand Master Nicol\u00e1s Cotoner and the committee met and decided to increase the measures being taken. Movement of people was restricted from 24 March, and all suspected cases were isolated. Residents of areas of Valletta with high infection rates, including the Manderaggio, Ar\u010bipierku and French Street, were forbidden to leave their homes and they were provided with food. Barbers were told not to cut the hair of infected people or their relatives. When the disease spread to the countryside, the entire island was declared as infected, and international quarantine measures were adopted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 63], "content_span": [64, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015557-0012-0000", "contents": "1675\u20131676 Malta plague epidemic, Epidemic, Containment measures\nSome people disputed the cause of the disease, and the doctor Giuseppe del Cosso insisted that it was not plague but a malignant pricking disease. Many went about their daily lives as usual, and this is believed to be a factor which resulted in such a high death toll. It was only after various European physicians gave their opinions that it was plague that strict containment measures were enforced, but by then it was too late. People were forbidden to gather in churches and hotels and in outdoor public spaces, barricades were built and isolation hospitals were enlarged once again. The Order's fleet was anchored in open sea at night, and a temporary accommodation was built at Marsamxett for patients. The deceased were buried in mass graves at designated locations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 63], "content_span": [64, 837]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015557-0013-0000", "contents": "1675\u20131676 Malta plague epidemic, Epidemic, Containment measures\nOn 27 April, Grand Master Cotoner and the Council of the Order requested assistance from abroad to help deal with the epidemic. Surgeons and doctors from Naples and Marseille arrived on Malta within a month, either as volunteers or under paid contracts. Confirmed and suspected cases at Fort Saint Elmo were transferred to the Isolotto, and a general curfew was proclaimed on 25 May. Houses were disinfected by profumatori.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 63], "content_span": [64, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015557-0014-0000", "contents": "1675\u20131676 Malta plague epidemic, Epidemic, Containment measures\nGrand Master Cotoner pledged to support the victims of the disease, and he gave alms to the needy. He also visited both the urban and the rural areas which were affected by the plague.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 63], "content_span": [64, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015557-0015-0000", "contents": "1675\u20131676 Malta plague epidemic, Epidemic, Containment measures\nBy mid-April, the Capitano della Verga of Mdina had closed the city and successfully managed to prevent the epidemic from reaching its population. Travel to Gozo was discouraged, and the disease did not spread there.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 63], "content_span": [64, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015557-0016-0000", "contents": "1675\u20131676 Malta plague epidemic, Epidemic, End of the epidemic\nOn 14 June, it was concluded that there were enough medical supplies on Malta, and the restrictions placed on certain areas of Valletta were lifted two days later. The plague lasted for eight months, and it receded in August. The last death occurred on 30 August at \u0126ax-Xluq near Si\u0121\u0121iewi. On 24 September 1676, the end of the epidemic was celebrated with the clearing of barricades, firing of guns, ringing of bells and processions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 62], "content_span": [63, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015557-0017-0000", "contents": "1675\u20131676 Malta plague epidemic, Transmission and symptoms\nPlague is caused by microbes in rats, which spread to humans through infected fleas from the rats. Fleas can also carry the disease between people. The epidemic mainly consisted of bubonic plague, but some cases were also pneumonic or septicemic. The symptoms included fever, headaches and buboes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 58], "content_span": [59, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015557-0018-0000", "contents": "1675\u20131676 Malta plague epidemic, Impact, Death toll\nMost sources agree that the epidemic killed about 11,300 people out of a population of about 60,000 to 70,000. The Order's archives record only 8,726 deaths, while other sources give the death toll as 8,732 or estimate it to have been between 11,000 and 12,000. This death toll makes the epidemic Malta's deadliest plague outbreak.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 51], "content_span": [52, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015557-0019-0000", "contents": "1675\u20131676 Malta plague epidemic, Impact, Death toll\nAbout 9,000 of the 22,000 people living in cities died in the epidemic, amounting to 41% of the population. Of these, at least 2,057 died in Valletta, 1,885 in Senglea, 1,790 in Birgu and 1,320 in Cospicua. Some sources give higher death tolls of 4,000, 2,000, 1,800 and 1,500 respectively for these four cities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 51], "content_span": [52, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015557-0020-0000", "contents": "1675\u20131676 Malta plague epidemic, Impact, Death toll\nIn the rural settlements, about 2,000 of some 29,000 people died, or 6.9% of the population (one source gives a death toll of only 200). These include 309 deaths in Qormi, 270 in \u017babbar, 169 in \u017bebbu\u0121 and 88 in Rabat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 51], "content_span": [52, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015557-0021-0000", "contents": "1675\u20131676 Malta plague epidemic, Impact, Death toll\nAmong the clergy, the dead included a Knight Grand Cross, 8 other knights, 10 parish priests, 1 canon, 95 other priests and 34 monks. 10 physicians, 16 surgeons and over 1000 hospital attendants also died in the plague.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 51], "content_span": [52, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015557-0022-0000", "contents": "1675\u20131676 Malta plague epidemic, Impact, Cemeteries\nDuring the epidemic, the deceased were usually not buried in churches as was common practice at the time. Burials were held in various locations, particularly in specially-established extramural cemeteries, around fortifications or abandoned churches. Inhabitants of Valletta were buried in a cemetery on the Isolotto (now known as Manoel Island), while those of Cospicua and Senglea were buried in cemeteries outside the cities' fortifications. The deceased of Birgu were buried at Il-Hisieli. People were also buried at a cemetery in Cospicua known as I\u010b-\u010aimiterju tal-Infetti (Cemetery for Infectious Diseases), which still exists today.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 51], "content_span": [52, 692]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015557-0023-0000", "contents": "1675\u20131676 Malta plague epidemic, Impact, Cemeteries\nThe deceased from Birkirkara, Gudja and Qormi were buried in village cemeteries, while those in \u017burrieq, Kirkop, Rabat, Mosta, Bubaqra and Attard were buried in churches, mostly ones which were disused.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 51], "content_span": [52, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015557-0024-0000", "contents": "1675\u20131676 Malta plague epidemic, Impact, Religious beliefs\nThere was a religious revival during the epidemic, resulting in the veneration of the Blessed Sacrament and relics. There was particular devotion to patron saints of the plague-infected such as Saint Roch and Saint Sebastian, and also to other saints including Our Lady, Saint Rosalia, Saint Nicholas and Saint Anne. The historian Bartholomeo dal Pozzo attributed the epidemic as divine retribution against the population for their sins.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 58], "content_span": [59, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015557-0025-0000", "contents": "1675\u20131676 Malta plague epidemic, Impact, Religious beliefs\nA number of niches and churches were built to give thanks by survivors of the plague, including the Sarria Church in Floriana, which was rebuilt by the Order after a vow made during the epidemic. This building was designed by Mattia Preti, who was in Malta at the time of the epidemic and survived by staying in \u017burrieq.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 58], "content_span": [59, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015557-0026-0000", "contents": "1675\u20131676 Malta plague epidemic, Legacy\nAfter the plague epidemic ended, attempts were made to improve medical teaching in Malta. On 19 October 1676, Cotoner appointed Giuseppe Zammit as lettore in anatomy and surgery at the Sacra Infermeria. This formalisation of medical training is regarded as the predecessor of the medical school of the University of Malta.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 39], "content_span": [40, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015557-0027-0000", "contents": "1675\u20131676 Malta plague epidemic, Legacy\nThe traditional mourning customs of the Maltese seem to have changed as a result of the 1676 plague. Before the epidemic, mourning periods would last for one or two years, and three days after a person died no fire would be lit in the kitchen in the house of the deceased. Women would not go out for forty days, while men would go out unshaven after eight days. These could not be practiced during the epidemic, and they were abandoned in favour of wearing black.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 39], "content_span": [40, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015557-0028-0000", "contents": "1675\u20131676 Malta plague epidemic, Legacy\nAfter the outbreak, quarantine and disinfection of mail were adopted in Malta. The next major outbreak of plague in the Maltese Islands occurred in 1813\u201314.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 39], "content_span": [40, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015557-0029-0000", "contents": "1675\u20131676 Malta plague epidemic, Legacy, Medical and literary works\nIn 1677, Laurentius Haseiah (or Hasciac) published De postrema Melitensi lue praxis historica in Palermo. This was a study of plague which recorded the 1675\u201376 epidemic and called it \"the worst epidemic on record\", and it was the first medical work to be published by a Maltese.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 67], "content_span": [68, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015557-0030-0000", "contents": "1675\u20131676 Malta plague epidemic, Legacy, Medical and literary works\nDon Melchiore Giacinto Calarco from Licata, Sicily wrote a poem called Melpomene idillio nella peste di Malta about the 1676 epidemic in Malta. It is dedicated to the Spanish knight Fra Don Ernaldo Mox, and it was published in Catania in 1677.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 67], "content_span": [68, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015558-0000-0000", "contents": "1676\n1676 (MDCLXXVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a leap year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar, the 1676th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 676th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 76th  year of the 17th\u00a0century, and the  7th   year of the 1670s decade. As of the start of 1676, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015567-0000-0000", "contents": "1676 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1676.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015569-0000-0000", "contents": "1676 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015569-0001-0000", "contents": "1676 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015569-0002-0000", "contents": "1676 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015570-0000-0000", "contents": "1676 in science\nThe year 1676 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015571-0000-0000", "contents": "1676 papal conclave\nThe 1676 papal conclave was convened after the death of Pope Clement X and lasted from 2 August until 21 September 1676. It led to the election of Benedetto Odescalchi as Pope Innocent XI.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015571-0001-0000", "contents": "1676 papal conclave, Conclave\nAfter the death of Pope Clement X on 22 July 1676, the College of Cardinals convened in Rome to elect a successor. The college consisted of 67 members: 44 of them took part at the opening of the conclave, and the number rose to 63 when others finally arrived from abroad. Seven of these cardinals had been created by Urban VIII, twelve by Innocent X, eight by Alexander VII, and nineteen by Clement IX and Clement X. Absent cardinals included Friedrich of Hessen and Pascal of Aragon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015571-0002-0000", "contents": "1676 papal conclave, Conclave\nA list was already in circulation indicating possible papal candidates. Only Cardinal Benedetto Odescalchi was suitably \"papabile\" at the time of the conclave. Odescalchi had emerged as a strong candidate for the papacy after the earlier death of Pope Clement IX on 9 December 1669, but the French Government had vetoed his nomination. After the death of Clement X, King Louis XIV of France had again intended to use his royal influence against the election of Odescalchi, whom he viewed as sympathetic to Spain. But, seeing that his popularity had grown among the cardinals as well as the Roman people, he reluctantly instructed the cardinals of the French party to acquiesce in his candidacy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 724]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015571-0003-0000", "contents": "1676 papal conclave, Conclave\nOn the 1st ballot, held on 3 August 1676, Odescalchi received 14 votes. 13 other candidates remained in the running, with 25 abstentions. The number of candidates sank, but the vote on 20 September gave only 8 votes to Odescalchi. 19 votes were spread among cardinals Barberini, Rospigliosi and Alberizzi, while 30 cardinals abstained.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015571-0004-0000", "contents": "1676 papal conclave, Election of Innocent XI\nFinally on 21 September, Odescalchi was surrounded in the chapel of the conclave and proclaimed pope by acclamation, rather than formal vote, each cardinal kissing his hand. Once pope-elect, Innocent XI made the College swear to the Conclave capitulation that had been drafted by the previous conclave before accepting his election, in an attempt to avoid any limits to the papal supremacy. Innocent was then formally enthroned as pope on 4 October 1676. Cardinals Virginio Orsini and Carlo Bonelli both died during the conclave.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 44], "content_span": [45, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015572-0000-0000", "contents": "16765 Agnesi\n16765 Agnesi, provisional designation 1996 UA, is a stony Eunomia asteroid from the middle region of the asteroid belt, approximately 4 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 16 October 1996, by Italian-American amateur astronomer Paul Comba at his private Prescott Observatory in Arizona, United States. The asteroid was named after Italian mathematician Maria Gaetana Agnesi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015572-0001-0000", "contents": "16765 Agnesi, Orbit and classification\nAgnesi is a member of the Eunomia family, a large group of S-type asteroids and the most prominent family in the central main-belt. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.3\u20132.9\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 3 months (1,553 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.11 and an inclination of 12\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. It was first observed by Haleakala\u2013NEAT/GEODSS (566), extending the asteroid's observation arc by 32 days prior to its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015572-0002-0000", "contents": "16765 Agnesi, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the NEOWISE mission of NASA's space-based Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Agnesi measures 4.1 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.28, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.21 \u2013 derived from 15\u00a0Eunomia, the family's largest member and namesake \u2013 and calculates a diameter of 3.8 kilometers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015572-0003-0000", "contents": "16765 Agnesi, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves\nA rotational lightcurve of Agnesi was obtained from photometric observations taken by astronomers at the Palomar Transient Factory in September 2013. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 7.5458 hours with a brightness variation of 0.31 magnitude (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 51], "content_span": [52, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015572-0004-0000", "contents": "16765 Agnesi, Naming\nThis minor planet was named in honor of Italian Maria Gaetana Agnesi (1718\u20131799), who was the first Western woman to write a widely translated mathematics handbook and the first woman appointed to a professorship at a university in 1750. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 9 January 2001 (M.P.C. 41941).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015573-0000-0000", "contents": "1677\n1677 (MDCLXXVII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar, the 1677th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 677th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 77th  year of the 17th\u00a0century, and the  8th   year of the 1670s decade. As of the start of 1677, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015574-0000-0000", "contents": "1677 B\u014ds\u014d earthquake\nThe B\u014ds\u014d Peninsula was struck by a major tsunami on 4 November 1677, caused by an earthquake at the southern end of the Japan Trench. It was felt onshore with only a maximum of 4 on the JMA intensity scale, but had an estimated magnitude of 8.3\u20138.6 Mw. The disparity between the maximum intensity and the magnitude estimated from the tsunami suggest that this was a tsunami earthquake. There no records of significant damage caused by the shaking, but the resulting tsunami caused widespread damage and an estimated 569 people were killed", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015575-0000-0000", "contents": "1677 Tycho Brahe\n1677 Tycho Brahe, provisional designation 1940 RO, is a stony Marian asteroid from the central region of the asteroid belt, approximately 12 kilometers (7.5 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 6 September 1940, by Finnish astronomer Yrj\u00f6 V\u00e4is\u00e4l\u00e4 at Turku Observatory in Southwest Finland. The common stony S-type asteroid has a short rotation period of 3.89 hours. It was later named after Tycho Brahe, one of the fathers of astronomy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015575-0001-0000", "contents": "1677 Tycho Brahe, Classification and orbit\nWhen applying the hierarchical clustering method to its proper orbital elements, Tycho Brahe is a member of the Maria family (506), a large family of stony asteroids. Based on osculating Keplerian orbital elements, the asteroid has also been classified as a member of the Eunomia family (502), the largest family in the intermediate main belt with more than 5,000 members.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015575-0002-0000", "contents": "1677 Tycho Brahe, Classification and orbit\nIt orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.3\u20132.8\u00a0AU once every 4.03 years (1,472 days; semi-major axis of 2.53\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.11 and an inclination of 15\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroid was first observed as A916 UA at Bergedorf Observatory in October 1916, extending the body's observation arc by 24 years prior to its official discovery observation at Turku.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015575-0003-0000", "contents": "1677 Tycho Brahe, Physical characteristics\nThe asteroid has been characterized as a stony S-type by Pan-STARRS survey, and in the SDSS-MFB (Masi Foglia Binzel) taxonomy, which agree with the overall spectral type for members of the Maria family.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015575-0004-0000", "contents": "1677 Tycho Brahe, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn July 2012, a rotational lightcurve of Tycho Brahe was obtained by Renata Violante and Martha Leake, that gave a short rotation period of 3.89 hours with a brightness variation of 0.38 magnitude (U=2+).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 59], "content_span": [60, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015575-0005-0000", "contents": "1677 Tycho Brahe, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Tycho Brahe measures 11.78 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo of 0.221 (revised 2014-figures). The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.21, derived from the family's largest member and namesake, 15\u00a0Eunomia, and calculates a diameter of 13.26 kilometers, based on an absolute magnitude of 11.7.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 63], "content_span": [64, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015575-0006-0000", "contents": "1677 Tycho Brahe, Naming\nThis minor planet is named for the great Danish-born astronomer Tycho Brahe (1546\u20131601) an early forerunner and father of modern astronomy. He is known for his unprecedented precise measurements in the pre-telescopic era. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 15 October 1977 (M.P.C. 4236). Brahe is also honored by the prominent crater Tycho in the southern highlands of the Moon and by the Martian crater Tycho Brahe. The bright supernova, SN\u00a01572, is also known as Tycho's Nova.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 24], "content_span": [25, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015584-0000-0000", "contents": "1677 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1677.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015586-0000-0000", "contents": "1677 in paleontology\nPaleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1677.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015587-0000-0000", "contents": "1677 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015587-0001-0000", "contents": "1677 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015587-0002-0000", "contents": "1677 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015588-0000-0000", "contents": "1677 in science\nThe year 1677 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015589-0000-0000", "contents": "1677\u20131863 Jamaican general elections\nGeneral elections were held in Jamaica under the Old Representative System between the 17th and 19th centuries. The first elections were held in 1677, in which thirty-two members were elected from 15 constituencies. The House of Assembly was abolished in 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015590-0000-0000", "contents": "1678\n1678 (MDCLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar, the 1678th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 678th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 78th  year of the 17th\u00a0century, and the  9th   year of the 1670s decade. As of the start of 1678, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015591-0000-0000", "contents": "1678 Kediri campaign\nThe 1678 Kediri campaign (also, in Dutch sources, Hurdt's expedition or the Kediri expedition) took place from August to December 1678 in Kediri (in modern-day East Java, Indonesia) during the Trunajaya rebellion. The forces of the Mataram Sultanate, led by Amangkurat II, and the Dutch East India Company (VOC), led by Anthonio Hurdt, marched inland into eastern Java against Trunajaya's forces. After a series of marches beset by logistical difficulties and harassment by Trunajaya's forces, the Mataram\u2013VOC army crossed the Brantas River on the night of 16\u201317 November.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015591-0000-0001", "contents": "1678 Kediri campaign\nThey then marched on Trunajaya's capital and stronghold at Kediri and took it by direct assault on 25 November. Kediri was plundered by the Dutch and Javanese victors, and the Mataram treasury\u2014captured by Trunajaya after his victory at Plered\u2014was completely lost in the looting. Trunajaya himself fled Kediri and continued his greatly weakened rebellion until his capture at the end of 1679.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015591-0001-0000", "contents": "1678 Kediri campaign\nDuring the march to Kediri, the Mataram\u2013VOC army purposefully split itself into three columns which took different, indirect routes to Kediri, as suggested by Amangkurat. This enabled the army to meet more factions and to win over those with wavering allegiance, swelling its forces. The army marched through areas previously unexplored by the Dutch. The Dutch account was recorded in a journal by Hurdt's secretary Johan Jurgen Briel. Accounts of the campaign also appear in the Javanese chronicles, known as babads.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015591-0002-0000", "contents": "1678 Kediri campaign, Background\nWhen Amangkurat I took the throne of Mataram in 1646, the Mataram Sultanate had expanded its control to most of central and eastern Java, as well as to Madura and to a few overseas vassals in southern Sumatra and Borneo\u2014parts of today's Indonesia. In 1674, the Madurese prince Trunajaya allied with a group of Makassarese fighters started a rebellion against Amangkurat. The rebellion was initially successful: the rebels took Surabaya, the principal city of eastern Java, in late 1675, defeated the royal army at Gegodog in 1676, and captured most of the Javanese north coast by January 1677.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 32], "content_span": [33, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015591-0002-0001", "contents": "1678 Kediri campaign, Background\nFacing the imminent collapse of his authority, Amangkurat sought help from the Dutch East India Company (known as the \"VOC\", short for its Dutch name Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie) which had by then established its trading and military presence in Batavia. What happened in Mataram was of a great importance to the VOC, because Batavia could not survive without food imports from central and eastern Java. The VOC also depended on timber from the Javanese north coast in order to build and repair ships for its trading fleet, and for new construction in the city. The VOC and Mataram agreed to a contract of alliance in February 1677, which was ratified by Amangkurat in March.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 32], "content_span": [33, 714]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015591-0003-0000", "contents": "1678 Kediri campaign, Background\nIn May 1677, the VOC dispatched a large fleet to Surabaya, where Trunajaya held his court, and drove him out of the city. He retreated inland to establish a new rebel capital in Kediri, the capital city of the ancient Kediri Kingdom. However, one month later, Trunajaya's forces overran the Mataram court in Plered. The royal capital was sacked, the entire treasury was taken by the rebels, and King Amangkurat I\u2014who was gravely ill\u2014died during his retreat, throwing the Mataram government into disarray. He was succeeded by his son, Amangkurat II, who had fled with his father.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 32], "content_span": [33, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015591-0003-0001", "contents": "1678 Kediri campaign, Background\nLacking an army, a treasury, and a working government, Amangkurat II went to Jepara, the headquarters of a VOC fleet under Admiral Cornelis Speelman, and in October signed a treaty renewing their alliance. In exchange for helping Mataram against his enemies, Amangkurat promised to pay the VOC 310,000 Spanish reals and about 5,000 tonnes (5,500 short tons) of rice. This covered payments for all previous VOC campaigns on Mataram's behalf up to October. In further agreements, he agreed to cede districts east of Batavia, as well as Semarang, Salatiga and its surrounding districts, and awarded  the company a monopoly on the imports of textiles and opium into Mataram, as well as on the purchase of sugar from the Sultanate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 32], "content_span": [33, 759]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015591-0004-0000", "contents": "1678 Kediri campaign, Background\nWith the agreement concluded, Speelman and Amangkurat were eager to march quickly against the rebels, but this was delayed by the cautious policy of the VOC Governor-General Joan Maetsuycker, internal strife in the Mataram court, and some courtiers' opposition to the Dutch involvement. In November and December, there were only limited operations by Mataram forces with VOC support on the north coast, which were partial successes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 32], "content_span": [33, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015591-0004-0001", "contents": "1678 Kediri campaign, Background\nIn January 1678, Maetsuycker died and was succeeded by Rijklof van Goens, causing a shift in VOC policy, and by mid-1678 various challengers of Amangkurat or the VOC-Mataram alliance had died, paving the way for a more aggressive campaign. Speelman became director-general replacing the promoted van Goens. He left for Batavia and the VOC appointed Anthonio Hurdt, a former governor of Ambon, to replace him as commander, granting him the title \"Superintendent, Admiral, Campaign- and War-Commander.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 32], "content_span": [33, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015591-0004-0002", "contents": "1678 Kediri campaign, Background\nDespite his long administrative service in Eastern Indonesia, at this time Hurdt had no experience in Java or in military campaigns, and was only selected due to a lack of more suitable candidates. The VOC was also joined by the forces of Arung Palakka, the Bugis warrior who had been the VOC's ally in the Makassar War (1666\u201369).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 32], "content_span": [33, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015591-0005-0000", "contents": "1678 Kediri campaign, Forces involved\nWhen the campaign began, the Mataram forces numbered 3,000 armed men and 1,000 porters. As the march progressed, new troops were levied along the way, and some lords declared their allegiance to the Mataram King, enlarging the royal army to 13,000 men. However, desertion reduced this army again, and during the assault on Kediri, the Mataram forces had only about 1,000 armed men. The initial 3,000 men were armed with pikes, but some of the later levies had firearms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 37], "content_span": [38, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015591-0006-0000", "contents": "1678 Kediri campaign, Forces involved\nBefore the start of the campaign, the VOC had 900 soldiers on Java's north coast, deployed as garrisons in various towns. An additional expeditionary force of 1,400 arrived at the start of the campaign. As the army marched, it was joined by the garrisons in the cities it passed. Indonesians of various ethnicities made up the majority of the VOC forces; European soldiers, marines and officers made up a minority. Desertion and disease caused the forces to dwindle\u2014at the time of the assault on Kediri, the VOC had 1,750 men and only 1,200 joined the assault. The VOC-Mataram forces had artillery, but due to the limited ammunition, it was saved for the final assault.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 37], "content_span": [38, 707]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015591-0007-0000", "contents": "1678 Kediri campaign, Forces involved\nThe size of Trunajaya's forces is uncertain. VOC-Mataram reports put the number at 1,000, but later, Trunajaya's uncle Pangeran Sampang said that Trunajaya's followers numbered 14,500 just before the assault on Kediri. This force included hundreds of cavalry with chain mail armour. Trunajaya also built fortifications along the Brantas, particularly on the eastern side of the river where Kediri stood. Trunajaya's artillery generally outgunned the loyalists', and at some point the camps of Hurdt and Amangkurat were hit by his cannon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 37], "content_span": [38, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015591-0007-0001", "contents": "1678 Kediri campaign, Forces involved\nAccording to the historian of Indonesia M. C. Ricklefs, \"it must have been emphasized that there appears to have been no significant technological difference\" between the land forces of Trunajaya, those of the Javanese in general, and those of the VOC. The people of Java had manufactured gunpowder, muskets and cannon since at least the 1620s and probably long before, and they were also quick to adopt newer European military technologies. The VOC had an advantage in terms of discipline, strategy, and tactics, but not technology.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 37], "content_span": [38, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015591-0008-0000", "contents": "1678 Kediri campaign, Campaign, Planning\nHurdt wanted to attack Trunajaya's stronghold Kediri from Surabaya in coastal East Java, which would be the shortest route. In contrast, Amangkurat II proposed that the troops be divided into columns and march along multiple lengthy overland routes. He wanted the VOC-Mataram forces to march slowly through more areas in order to impress factions that were wavering over which side to take. This argument convinced Hurdt, and they decided to split the army into three different columns travelling via different overland routes from coastal Central Java to Kediri in inland East Java. In addition, a VOC merchant, Willem Bastinck, was to go to Surabaya to seek out Karaeng Galesong\u2014a former Trunajaya ally, whose allegiance was wavering, and whose help and followers Mataram and the VOC hoped to enlist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 40], "content_span": [41, 843]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015591-0009-0000", "contents": "1678 Kediri campaign, Campaign, March to Kediri\nThe VOC and Mataram forces marched in three columns using different routes from coastal central Java to Kediri. Captain Fran\u00e7ois Tack led what was to be the westernmost column and he left Jepara on 21 August for Semarang where the column started its overland march. To the east, a column led by Captains Abraham Daniel van Renesse and Frederik Hendrik Mulder left Rembang on 26 August. Meanwhile, the central column, which was to be the main force, was mobilized in Jepara led by Hurdt and Amangkurat. The central column sent advance detachments southward on 27 August and 2 September, while Hurdt and Amangkurat departed on 5 September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 47], "content_span": [48, 685]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015591-0010-0000", "contents": "1678 Kediri campaign, Campaign, March to Kediri\nThe western column was reinforced by the garrison of Semarang and marched southward to the Pajang district, where it fought the followers of Trunajaya's ally Raden Kajoran. After an initial march, the central column re-assembled in Godong on the Serang River and stayed there for six days. Their artillery and supplies were brought there by river, but now had to join the southward march overland through enemy territory. The central and western columns then met in the Semanggi (now Solo) River valley and marched together from there, led by Hurdt and Amangkurat. Meanwhile, the eastern column passed Pati, was joined by the VOC troops there, and marched along a different route towards Kediri.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 47], "content_span": [48, 743]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015591-0011-0000", "contents": "1678 Kediri campaign, Campaign, March to Kediri\nThroughout the march, the loyalist forces faced problems such as desertions, lack of discipline, illness, food shortages, and poor navigation. The march included several river crossings, which were made difficult by the lack of bridges, rivers swollen by heavy rain, as well as bogged down wagons and cannon. It was particularly difficult for the VOC forces, who marched through areas previously unexplored by them and were unfamiliar with the conditions of the Javanese interior. Hurdt wanted to stay in the Semanggi River valley, and to continue the campaign in the following year. Amangkurat preferred to keep marching, and his opinion prevailed. As the loyalist forces marched eastwards, the rebel forces avoided major battles. Instead, they fought skirmishes which continuously harassed the loyalists' foragers and stragglers. The loyalists scoured the countryside to collect food, causing panic among its inhabitants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 47], "content_span": [48, 971]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015591-0012-0000", "contents": "1678 Kediri campaign, Campaign, March to Kediri\nDuring the march, Amangkurat tried to gain the loyalty of the lords in the territories he passed through. Many were previously loyal to Kajoran, who sided with Trunajaya, or were wavering between the two sides. The presence of the King and his forces, as well as the possible booty to be gained in the campaign, motivated many of them to declare allegiance to Amangkurat and join his forces. At some point, the Javanese forces in the column reached 13,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 47], "content_span": [48, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015591-0013-0000", "contents": "1678 Kediri campaign, Campaign, Crossing of the Brantas\nThe Hurdt-Amangkurat army arrived at Singkal (today part of Nganjuk), on the west bank of the Brantas River north of Kediri, on 13 October. Kediri stood on the east bank of this river, and finding a way to cross it proved a major challenge for the loyalists. The Brantas was swollen by monsoon rains, and the army did not have the boats necessary to cross it. Rain, desertion and lack of supplies continued to plague them. Amangkurat's forces dropped to about 1,000, while the VOC had 1,750 soldiers left, 659 of them Europeans. Many of the soldiers had dysentery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 55], "content_span": [56, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015591-0014-0000", "contents": "1678 Kediri campaign, Campaign, Crossing of the Brantas\nMeanwhile, Trunajaya's forces harassed the loyalist army. They had fortified posts along the river, especially on the east bank. These were equipped with cannon of various sizes up to twelve-pounders. Trunajaya's artillery continuously pounded the loyalists, even reaching Hurdt and Amangkurat's lodgings, as well as the army's field hospital. The loyalist army also had cannon, but it did not return fire, saving its limited ammunition for the eventual attack on Kediri. In addition, Trunajaya's cavalry engaged in skirmishes with the loyalists, causing casualties and undermining their morale. On 21 October, a night attack led by Raden Suradipa burned the VOC's Malay troops' quarters. The attack was eventually repelled and Suradipa, one of Trunajaya's brothers, was fatally wounded. On the night of 2\u20133 November, Trunajaya's skirmishers intimidated the VOC's sentries with the music of gamelan and mocking voices.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 55], "content_span": [56, 974]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015591-0015-0000", "contents": "1678 Kediri campaign, Campaign, Crossing of the Brantas\nOn 3 November, Hurdt and Amangkurat were joined by an additional column led by Willem Bastinck from Surabaya, accompanied by 800 ox-carts carrying supplies. This convoy was sent with help from the Duke of Tumapel, the VOC's Javanese ally, and Karaeng Galesong, a former ally of Trunajaya whose allegiance was wavering. On 6 November, rebel forces raided these carts, burnt around ten of them, and killed several people. The VOC later moved these supplies inside a palisade fortification built in the aftermath of Suradipa's attack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 55], "content_span": [56, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015591-0016-0000", "contents": "1678 Kediri campaign, Campaign, Crossing of the Brantas\nWith the arrival of fresh supplies, Hurdt and Amangkurat were emboldened to find ways to cross the river. Forces led by Dutch commander Isaac de Saint Martin drove Trunajaya's forces from Manukan, on the west bank further south from Singkal. They tried to cross the river there, but were unsuccessful due to heavy opposing fire and the depth of the water. They made another attempt on the night of 6\u20137 November, but their boats were sunk and it too failed. Hurdt was frustrated by the lack of progress, and gave Amangkurat an ultimatum that the VOC would withdraw unless the King supplied pontoons for the crossing, and matches for its soldiers' matchlocks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 55], "content_span": [56, 713]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015591-0017-0000", "contents": "1678 Kediri campaign, Campaign, Crossing of the Brantas\nThe river's depth dropped during the night of 16\u201317 November. The Javanese chronicle (babad) attributed this to Amangkurat's supernatural powers, and said that this happened as Amangkurat personally rode across the river leading his troops. The army's foot soldiers crossed in boats at Curing, just south of Singkal. Those on horseback did not need boats. The river was about 115 metres (126\u00a0yd) wide at the crossing. Trunajaya's forces bombarded them with artillery as they crossed, before being driven out, leaving eleven cannon behind.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 55], "content_span": [56, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015591-0018-0000", "contents": "1678 Kediri campaign, Campaign, Capture of Kediri\nWith a bridgehead successfully established at Curing, the loyalist army marched southward towards Kediri. At this point the VOC troops numbered 1,200, and Amangkurat's troops about 1,000. They were split into two columns under the respective commands of Hurdt and de Saint Martin. Amangkurat himself returned to the relative safety of Singkal. Trunajaya's forces tried unsuccessfully to stop this advance. On 25 November, the army attacked Kediri itself. The city was about 8.5 kilometres (5.3\u00a0mi) in circumference, defended by 43 artillery batteries and by walls up to 6 metres (20\u00a0ft) high and 2 metres (6.6\u00a0ft) thick.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 49], "content_span": [50, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015591-0018-0001", "contents": "1678 Kediri campaign, Campaign, Capture of Kediri\nAccording to Ricklefs, Kediri's fortifications \"seem not to have been inferior to contemporary European fortresses\". Hurdt's column entered the city from the east, while de Saint Martin entered from the northwest. As was common in Javanese siege warfare of the time, the assault was accompanied by cannon fire, as well as loud yelling and the playing of drums and gongs to weaken the defender's morale. De Saint Martin arrived first in the alun-alun (city square) of Kediri, near Trunajaya's residence. The defenders put up a fierce resistance. Four VOC companies, under the command of Tack, engaged in \"courtyard-by-courtyard\" fighting to conquer Trunajaya's residential compound in the city centre. VOC troops made use of hand grenades which proved very useful in city fighting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 49], "content_span": [50, 830]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015591-0019-0000", "contents": "1678 Kediri campaign, Campaign, Capture of Kediri\nThe loyalist troops were victorious. Trunajaya fled southwards into the countryside, and his side suffered heavy losses. The VOC suffered light casualties of 7 dead and 27 wounded. Among Mataram troops, two senior noblemen died in the fighting; the first was Tumenggung Mangkuyuda, and sources disagree on the second, variously naming Tumenggung Melayu, Demang Mangunjaya or Tumenggung Mataram. The victorious army then plundered Trunajaya's abandoned court. The Mataram treasury, brought to Kediri by the rebels after their sack of the Mataram capital in 1677, was among the targets of the looting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 49], "content_span": [50, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015591-0019-0001", "contents": "1678 Kediri campaign, Campaign, Capture of Kediri\nAmangkurat and the VOC had hoped to recover this treasury and use it to pay for the VOC's assistance in the war, but it was completely looted by the soldiers instead. The VOC found, and executed, ten Europeans who had deserted to Trunajaya's side. The victors also found abducted Mataram women, horses, and holy regalia (pusaka). The captured regalia included a special cannon, named \"Nyai Setomi\" and called mriyem berkat (\"blessed cannon\") and wasiyat Mataram (\"Mataram's heirloom\"), which was considered an important heirloom of the Mataram's royal dynasty. Several pro-Trunajaya nobles, including the Duke of Sampang, surrendered to Amangkurat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 49], "content_span": [50, 698]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015591-0020-0000", "contents": "1678 Kediri campaign, Campaign, Capture of Kediri, The Golden Crown\nThe victors also found a golden crown among the booty. It was reputed to be from the fifteenth-century Majapahit empire, during which there were reports of the use of a golden crown. The crown was handed to Tack, who insisted on the payment of 1,000 rijkdaalders before giving it to Amangkurat. This behaviour seemed to offend the King and might have contributed to Tack's death at the Mataram court in 1686. On 27 November, Hurdt presented the crown to the King, who proceeded to wear it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 67], "content_span": [68, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015591-0020-0001", "contents": "1678 Kediri campaign, Campaign, Capture of Kediri, The Golden Crown\nIn an act of cultural misunderstanding, the VOC fired musket and cannon salutes, thinking the event was a coronation in the European sense. In reality, crowns did not have ceremonial importance in Javanese royal protocol. This episode attracted much attention among later historians. Dutch historian H. J. de Graaf opined that the King would later consider this event as a symbol of the European's condescension and that they were instrumental to the King's legitimacy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 67], "content_span": [68, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015591-0021-0000", "contents": "1678 Kediri campaign, Withdrawal\nWith Trunajaya expelled, and the looting finished, the loyalist army left Kediri for Surabaya, the principal city and port of East Java. Kediri's fortifications were dismantled and a governor was installed to rule the city. A river convoy left on 15 December, which included Hurdt, Tack, van Renesse, 288 VOC sick and wounded, field cannon and their ammunition. The rest, including Amangkurat and de Saint Martin, left overland on 18 December. Heavy currents and the rainy season made this journey difficult. The river convoy arrived in Surabaya on 17 December having lost some boats and men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 32], "content_span": [33, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015591-0021-0001", "contents": "1678 Kediri campaign, Withdrawal\nThe overland march was even more difficult. The roads were flooded and impassable. Many died from sheer exhaustion, \"hungry, tired and spent like beasts along the road and indeed in the water\", according to the VOC's journal written by Hurdt's secretary. The army reached Perning on 24 December, upriver from Surabaya, and was cut off by floods. Some managed to reach Surabaya by boat, and the rest arrived on 5 January having travelled overland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 32], "content_span": [33, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015591-0022-0000", "contents": "1678 Kediri campaign, Withdrawal\nAmangkurat and his retinue established the royal court in Surabaya, a city with which he was familiar. He was descended from the former dynasty of Surabaya through his mother, and was once a viceroy of East Java during his father's reign. Subsequently, Hurdt and other VOC officers left for Batavia. Christiaan Poleman took over the command of the VOC forces in East Java.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 32], "content_span": [33, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015591-0023-0000", "contents": "1678 Kediri campaign, Aftermath\nThe Dutch-Mataram victory at Kediri weakened Trunajaya's rebellion but the war was not over. Trunajaya and his retinue were still at large in the highlands of Malang around east Java; he was not captured until December 1679. His ally Kajoran established a new base in Mlambang, Central Java, and engaged in successful operations there up to his death in September 1679. Amangkurat's brother Pangeran Puger still held Mataram's court at Plered where he maintained a rival claim to the throne until 1681. By the early 1680s, all rebel leaders had died, surrendered, or been defeated, and the war came to an end.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015591-0024-0000", "contents": "1678 Kediri campaign, Aftermath\nWith this campaign, the VOC was now fully associated with Amangkurat. However, the King could not pay the VOC as promised because his treasury, which he hoped to recover in Kediri, was looted by the VOC's and his own soldiers. The VOC also perceived incompetence in the King and a lack of loyalty in his people. Nevertheless, the VOC continued to fight on his side until the end of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015591-0025-0000", "contents": "1678 Kediri campaign, Legacy\nDutch commander Hurdt's secretary, Johan Jurgen Briel, wrote a diary of the campaign, which became an important historical source. In 1971, the diary was edited by the historian H. J. de Graaf and published in the Linschoten-Vereeniging. The campaign also appears in Javanese chronicles (babad), including the Babad Kraton written by Raden Tumenggung Jayengrat in Yogyakarta during 1777\u201378.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 28], "content_span": [29, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015600-0000-0000", "contents": "1678 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1678.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015602-0000-0000", "contents": "1678 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015602-0001-0000", "contents": "1678 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015602-0002-0000", "contents": "1678 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015603-0000-0000", "contents": "1678 in science\nThe year 1678 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015604-0000-0000", "contents": "1679\n1679 (MDCLXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar, the 1679th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 679th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 79th  year of the 17th\u00a0century, and the  10th  and last year of the 1670s decade. As of the start of 1679, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015605-0000-0000", "contents": "1679 Armenia earthquake\nThe 1679 Armenia earthquake (also called Yerevan earthquake or Garni earthquake) took place on June 4 in the Yerevan region of Armenia, then part of the Safavid Iran.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015605-0001-0000", "contents": "1679 Armenia earthquake\nNumerous buildings were destroyed as a result of the earthquake. In Yerevan  most notable structures were damaged. The Yerevan Fortress was destroyed completely, so were the following churches: Poghos-Petros, Katoghike, Zoravor and the Gethsemane Chapel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015605-0002-0000", "contents": "1679 Armenia earthquake\nFurthermore, the nearby Kanaker village was completely destroyed. The classical Hellenistic Temple of Garni also collapsed. Among many churches and monasteries that were reduced to ruins were Havuts Tar, Saint Sargis Monastery of Ushi,  Hovhannavank, Geghard, and Khor Virap.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015605-0003-0000", "contents": "1679 Armenia earthquake, Further reading\nThis article about an earthquake in Asia is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 40], "content_span": [41, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015605-0004-0000", "contents": "1679 Armenia earthquake, Further reading\nThis Armenian history-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 40], "content_span": [41, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015606-0000-0000", "contents": "1679 Sanhe-Pinggu earthquake\nThe 1679 Sanhe-Pinggu earthquake (Chinese: \u4e09\u6cb3\u2014\u5e73\u8c37\u5730\u9707; pinyin: S\u0101nh\u00e9\u2014P\u00edngg\u01d4 d\u00eczh\u00e8n) was a major quake that struck the Zhili (Greater Beijing) region in Qing China on the morning of September 2, 1679. It is the largest recorded surface rupture event to have occurred in the North China Plain. The epicenter was located approximately 50\u00a0km (31\u00a0mi) east of the Imperial Palace in Beijing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015606-0001-0000", "contents": "1679 Sanhe-Pinggu earthquake, Earthquake\nThe earthquake struck sometime between 9am and 11am on Saturday, September 2, 1679 and had its epicenter in Sanhe, modern day Hebei Province. It had an estimated magnitude of 8.0 Mw and ruptured along most of the Xiadian Fault's length. The strike-slip earthquake was located at a depth of 19\u00a0km (12\u00a0mi) and was the largest known earthquake to have occurred in the North China Plain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015606-0002-0000", "contents": "1679 Sanhe-Pinggu earthquake, Impact\nThe 1679 earthquake was most devastating for the towns of Sanhe and Pinggu, east of Beijing. In these two towns, intensity is estimated to have reached X (extreme) while in Beijing the intensity reached VIII (severe). Sanhe was virtually destroyed while in Pinggu only between 30\u201340% households survived. Many buildings and structures in Beijing were also damaged or destroyed. The Qing Dynasty White Pagoda in Beihai Park and Desheng Gate were both destroyed. The Kangxi Emperor survived the quake, but many officials and citizens in Beijing were killed. While the total number of fatalities is unknown, it is estimated that upwards of 45,500 were killed by the quake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 36], "content_span": [37, 706]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015606-0003-0000", "contents": "1679 Sanhe-Pinggu earthquake, Impact\nThe earthquake was felt as far west as Gansu Province and as far northeast as Liaoning Province.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 36], "content_span": [37, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015606-0004-0000", "contents": "1679 Sanhe-Pinggu earthquake, Future threat\nWhile the Xiadian Fault is still active and poses a potential threat to the Greater Beijing region, earthquakes of this magnitude are predicted to occur only every 6,500 years along the slow moving fault. Other similar faults, however, exist in the Beijing region and are not properly understood. On average, a major earthquake is predicted to occur in the North China Plain every 300 years, most recently with the 1976 Tangshan earthquake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 43], "content_span": [44, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015606-0004-0001", "contents": "1679 Sanhe-Pinggu earthquake, Future threat\nA 2007 study by Risk Management Solutions found that an earthquake similar in size to the 1679 Sanhe-Pinggu event could have devastating effects and result in the deaths of between 35,000 and 75,000 people. In addition, economic impacts at that time were estimated to be 445 billion RMB (c. $57 billion).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 43], "content_span": [44, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015615-0000-0000", "contents": "1679 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1679.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015617-0000-0000", "contents": "1679 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015617-0001-0000", "contents": "1679 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015617-0002-0000", "contents": "1679 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015618-0000-0000", "contents": "1679 in science\nThe year 1679 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015619-0000-0000", "contents": "167P/CINEOS\n167P/CINEOS (P/2004 PY42) is a large periodic comet and active, grey centaur, approximately 66 kilometers (41 miles) in diameter, orbiting the Sun outside the orbit of Saturn in the Solar System. It was discovered on August 10, 2004, by astronomers with the CINEOS survey at Gran Sasso in Italy. It is one of only a handful known Chiron-type comets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015619-0001-0000", "contents": "167P/CINEOS, Description\nDue to its high Jupiter tisserand of 3.5, and a semi-major axis larger than that of Jupiter, 167P/CINEOS is classified as a Chiron-type comet, named after the groups namesake, 2060 Chiron or 95P/Chiron, designated as both minor planet and comet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 24], "content_span": [25, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015619-0002-0000", "contents": "167P/CINEOS, Description\n167P/CINEOS was first reported as a minor planet, designated 2004 PY42, but was found to have a very faint asymmetric cometary coma. Contrary to Chiron, which is the prototype object for the dynamical group of centaurs, 167P/CINEOS has no \"dual status\" as comet and minor planet, and demonstrates the inconsistencies in applying the current rules for designating small Solar System bodies. 167P/CINEOS not only has orbital parameters similar to those of Chiron, but also a low B\u2013R magnitude of 1.29\u00b10.03, which places it into the group grey centaurs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 24], "content_span": [25, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015619-0003-0000", "contents": "167P/CINEOS, Description\nIn in June 2039, 167P/CINEOS will pass 1.64\u00a0AU from Uranus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 24], "content_span": [25, 84]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015620-0000-0000", "contents": "167th (1st London) Brigade\nThe 167th (1st London) Brigade was an infantry formation of the British Territorial Army that saw active service in both the First and Second World Wars. It was the first Territorial formation to go overseas in 1914, garrisoned Malta, and then served with the 56th (London) Infantry Division on the Western Front. In the Second World War, it fought in the North African and Italian campaigns in the Second World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015620-0001-0000", "contents": "167th (1st London) Brigade, Origin\nThe Volunteer Force of part-time soldiers was created following an invasion scare in 1859, and its constituent units were progressively aligned with the Regular British Army during the later 19th Century. The Stanhope Memorandum of December 1888 introduced a Mobilisation Scheme for Volunteer units, which would assemble in their own brigades at key points in case of war. In peacetime these brigades provided a structure for collective training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 34], "content_span": [35, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015620-0002-0000", "contents": "167th (1st London) Brigade, Origin\nThe West London Brigade was one of the formations organised at this time. Brigade Headquarters was at 93 Cornwall Gardens in Kensington and the commander was retired Lt-Gen Lord Abinger (subsequent commanders were also retired Regular officers). The assembly point for the brigade was at Caterham Barracks, the Brigade of Guards' depot conveniently situated for the London Defence Positions along the North Downs. The brigade's original composition was:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 34], "content_span": [35, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015620-0003-0000", "contents": "167th (1st London) Brigade, Territorial Force\nThis organisation was carried over into the Territorial Force (TF) created under the Haldane Reforms in 1908, the West London Brigade becoming the 1st London Brigade in 1st London Division. All of the Volunteer Battalions in the Central London area became part of the all-Territorial London Regiment and were numbered sequentially through the London brigades and divisions:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 45], "content_span": [46, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015620-0004-0000", "contents": "167th (1st London) Brigade, Territorial Force\nThe 3rd Middlesex RVC and 2nd VB Middlesex Regiment became the 7th and 8th Battalions Middlesex Regiment respectively in the Home Counties Division, while the 17th Middlesex RVC became the 19th Battalion, London Regiment (St Pancras) in the 2nd London Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 45], "content_span": [46, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015620-0005-0000", "contents": "167th (1st London) Brigade, Territorial Force\nBrigade HQ was at Friar's House, New Broad Street (the HQ of 1st London Division). On the outbreak of war in August 1914 the brigade commander was Colonel The Earl of Lucan, a former Regular officer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 45], "content_span": [46, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015620-0006-0000", "contents": "167th (1st London) Brigade, First World War\nThe division was mobilised on the outbreak of the First World War in early August 1914 and, when asked to serve overseas (as, according to the Territorial and Reserve Forces Act 1907, Territorial soldiers were not obliged to serve overseas), most of the men of the division volunteered. Those who didn't, together with the many recruits, were formed into 2nd Line battalions, the 2/1st London Brigade, part of 2/1st London Division, which later became 58th (2/1st London) Division. The battalions adopted the prefix '1/' (1/4th Londons, for example) to distinguish them from the 2nd Line battalions, which adopted the '2/' prefix (2/4th Londons).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 43], "content_span": [44, 690]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015620-0007-0000", "contents": "167th (1st London) Brigade, First World War\nHowever, between November 1914 and April 1915, most of the battalions of the division were sent overseas either to reinforce the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) on the Western Front or to overseas postings such as Malta (in the case of the 1/1st London Brigade) so as to relieve to Regular Army troops for service in France and Belgium and so, as a result, the 1st London Division was broken up.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 43], "content_span": [44, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015620-0008-0000", "contents": "167th (1st London) Brigade, First World War\nIn early February 1916, however, the War Office authorised the 1st London Division to be reformed, now to be known as 56th (1/1st London) Division. Consequently, the brigade was reformed in France in February 1916, now as the 167th (1/1st London) Brigade, but with mostly different units, except the 1/1st and 1/3rd Londons (both original battalions of the brigade), and both the 1/7th and 1/8th battalions of the Middlesex Regiment, both of which had previously been part of the Middlesex Brigade of the Home Counties Division and had served in Gibraltar before returning to England and fighting in France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 43], "content_span": [44, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015620-0009-0000", "contents": "167th (1st London) Brigade, First World War\nThe brigade served for the rest of the First World War in the trenches of the Western Front in Belgium and France, fighting a diversionary attack, alongside 46th (North Midland) Division, on the Gommecourt salient, to distract German attention away from the Somme offensive a few miles south in July 1916. In March 1917, the 56th Division pursued the German Army during their retreat to the Hindenburg Line in March 1917, Arras, Langemarck, Passchendaele, Cambrai, First Arras, Albert and the Hundred Days Offensive. The First World War finally came to an end with the signing of the Armistice of 11 November 1918. By the end of the war the 56th Division had suffered nearly 35,000 casualties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 43], "content_span": [44, 737]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015620-0010-0000", "contents": "167th (1st London) Brigade, First World War, Order of battle\nDue to a shortage of manpower in the BEF, British infantry brigades serving on the Western Front were reduced from four to three battalions throughout early 1918. Therefore, the 1/3rd Londons were, in early January, transferred to 173rd (3/1st London) Brigade of 58th (2/1st London) Division where they absorbed the 2/3rd Battalion and were renamed the 3rd Battalion once again. In February the 1/1st Londons absorbed the 2/1st Battalion and were renamed the 1st Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 60], "content_span": [61, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015620-0011-0000", "contents": "167th (1st London) Brigade, Between the wars\nDisbanded after the war, the brigade, along with the rest of the division, was reformed in the Territorial Army (formed on a similar basis to the Territorial Force) as the 167th (1st London) Infantry Brigade, again with the same composition as it had before the First World War, of four battalions of the Royal Fusiliers. The brigade had its headquarters in Birdcage Walk, London, at the Regimental Headquarters of the Scots Guards. In 1922 they dropped the 'battalion' from their title becoming, for example, 1st City of London Regiment (The Royal Fusiliers).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015620-0012-0000", "contents": "167th (1st London) Brigade, Between the wars\nThroughout the second half of the 1930s there was a need to increase the anti-aircraft defences of the United Kingdom, particularly so for London and Southern England. As a result, in 1935, the 4th City of London Regiment (The Royal Fusiliers) was converted into an artillery role, transferring to the Royal Artillery and converted into 60th (City of London) Anti - Aircraft Brigade, Royal Artillery and becoming part of 27th (Home Counties) Anti - Aircraft Group, 1st Anti - Aircraft Division (formed by conversion of the Headquarters of 47th (2nd London) Infantry Division).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015620-0012-0001", "contents": "167th (1st London) Brigade, Between the wars\nThey were replaced in the brigade by the 10th London Regiment (Hackney) from the 169th (3rd London) Infantry Brigade. The battalion was previously known as the 10th (County of London) Battalion, London Regiment (Hackney). After the 47th Division was disbanded the 56th Division was redesignated as the London Division and the brigade became 1st London Infantry Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015620-0013-0000", "contents": "167th (1st London) Brigade, Between the wars\nIn 1938, after most of its battalions were posted away or converted to other units, the London Regiment ceased to exist and was disbanded. As a result, the 1st, 2nd and 3rd battalions became the 8th, 9th and 10th battalions, respectively, of the Royal Fusiliers and the 10th London Regiment (Hackney) became the 5th (Hackney) Battalion, Royal Berkshire Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015620-0013-0001", "contents": "167th (1st London) Brigade, Between the wars\nIn the same year the 10th (3rd City of London) Battalion, Royal Fusiliers (City of London Regiment) was transferred to the Royal Artillery, becoming 10th (3rd City of London) Battalion, Royal Fusiliers (69th Searchlight Regiment) but remained part of the Royal Fusiliers until 1940.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015620-0013-0002", "contents": "167th (1st London) Brigade, Between the wars\nIn 1938 when all British infantry brigades were reduced to three battalions, in August, the 5th (Hackney) Battalion, Royal Berkshire Regiment was transferred to 161st (Essex) Infantry Brigade of the 54th (East Anglian) Infantry Division and were replaced in the brigade by the London Irish Rifles (Royal Ulster Rifles) from 3rd London Infantry Brigade, previously the 18th London Regiment (London Irish Rifles) and, in 1908, the 18th (County of London) Battalion, London Regiment (London Irish Rifles). Again in 1938 the division was converted and reorganised as a motorised infantry division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015620-0014-0000", "contents": "167th (1st London) Brigade, Second World War\nThe Territorial Army, and therefore the brigade and the rest of the division, was mobilised between late August and early September 1939, and the German invasion of Poland began on 1 September, and the Second World War officially began two days later, after Britain and France declared war on Germany. Mobilised for full-time war service, the brigade was brought up to War Establishment strength in late October 1939 with large drafts of militiamen, men had been called up earlier in the year with the introduction of conscription in the United Kingdom and had just completed their basic training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015620-0015-0000", "contents": "167th (1st London) Brigade, Second World War\nThe division was destined not to be sent to France to join the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) but instead remained in the United Kingdom under Home Forces in a home defence role and was sent to Kent in April 1940 to come under command of XII Corps. Like most of the rest of the British Army after the events of Dunkirk, the division spent most of its time in an anti-invasion role training to repel an expected German invasion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015620-0016-0000", "contents": "167th (1st London) Brigade, Second World War\nIn July 1940, after receiving the 35th Infantry Brigade from the recently disbanded 12th (Eastern) Infantry Division, the division was reorganised as a standard infantry division and later in the year, on 18 November, the division was redesignated and converted into the 56th (London) Infantry Division and, on 28 November, the brigade was renumbered again as the 167th (London) Infantry Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015620-0016-0001", "contents": "167th (1st London) Brigade, Second World War\nIn the same month the 1st Battalion, London Irish Rifles was transferred to 168th (London) Infantry Brigade and was replaced by 15th Battalion, Royal Fusiliers, a hostilities-only battalion raised only a few months before, making the brigade, temporarily, an all-Royal Fusiliers brigade. However, the 15th Fusiliers were posted elsewhere in February 1941 and replaced by 7th Battalion, Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry, a battalion created in September 1940, by the redesignation of 50th (Holding) Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015620-0017-0000", "contents": "167th (1st London) Brigade, Second World War\nIn November 1941 the brigade was sent to Suffolk and in July 1942 was preparing for a move overseas and was inspected by General Sir Bernard Paget, at that time Commander-in-Chief, Home Forces, and also His Majesty King George VI. The 56th Division, now composed largely of a mixture of Territorials, Regulars and wartime volunteers, left the United Kingdom on 25 August 1942, moving to Iraq and, together with 5th Infantry Division, became part of III Corps under the British Tenth Army, came over underall control of Persia and Iraq Command. The brigade left for Egypt on 19 March 1943 and covered the journey by road, arriving there on 19 April 1943, and was then ordered to Tunisia, a distance covering about 3,200 miles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 770]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015620-0018-0000", "contents": "167th (1st London) Brigade, Second World War\nThe division came under command of X Corps, part of the British Eighth Army, and saw only comparatively minimal service in the Tunisia Campaign, which ended in mid-May 1943 with the surrender of over 230,000 German and Italian soldiers, a number equal to Stalingrad the year before, who would later become prisoners of war. However, the 167th Brigade had been blooded, and all three battalions had suffered over 100 casualties each. Unable to see service in Operation Husky (the Allied invasion of Sicily), the brigade was destined to see almost two years service mountain warfare in the Italian Campaign and began training in amphibious warfare.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 691]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015620-0019-0000", "contents": "167th (1st London) Brigade, Second World War\nNow under command of Lieutenant General Mark Wayne Clark, the youngest three-star general in the U.S. Army, and his U.S. Fifth Army, the 167th Brigade, with most of 56th Division (minus the 168th Brigade, temporarily replaced by 201st Guards Brigade), landed at Salerno on 9 September 1943, D-Day, where they were involved in tough fighting almost from the landing, with the 8th Royal Fusiliers in particular being battered by German Tiger tanks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015620-0019-0001", "contents": "167th (1st London) Brigade, Second World War\nThroughout the fighting the brigade, supported by A Squadron of the Royal Scots Greys, had suffered heavy casualties (roughly 360 per battalion) and, after being relieved by other units, secured the Salerno beachhead and later advanced up the spine of Italy, crossing the Volturno Line and later fought at Monte Camino and crossed the Garigliano river in January 1944. With the rest of the Allied Armies in Italy (AAI), however, the brigade, by now very tired and below strength, was held up by the formidable German defences known as the Gustav Line (also the Winter Line).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015620-0020-0000", "contents": "167th (1st London) Brigade, Second World War\nIn January 1944, the British Prime Minister Winston Churchill envisioned an attempt to outflank the Winter Line, by way of an amphibious assault near Anzio, to capture Rome, the current objective which was being fought for in the Battle of Monte Cassino. As a result, after fighting at the Bernhardt Line and crossing the Garigliano, the division was pulled out of the line, and was transferred to Naples, to come under command of U.S. VI Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015620-0020-0001", "contents": "167th (1st London) Brigade, Second World War\nArriving at Anzio on 12 February, they were almost immediately involved in heavy combat in the Battle of Anzio in very tough and severe fighting to secure the beachhead, and sustained very heavy losses, which could not easily be replaced. In late March the division was relieved by the 5th British Division and moved to Egypt to rest, refit, retrain and absorb replacements, after sustaining devastating casualties and enduring terrible conditions similar to those of the trenches of the Western Front during the First World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015620-0020-0002", "contents": "167th (1st London) Brigade, Second World War\nBy the time they were relieved, casualties in the brigade, and the rest of 56th Division, by now very weak, had been so severe that one unit, the 7th Battalion, Oxford and Bucks Light Infantry, were reduced to 60 all ranks, less than a company, from an initial strength of almost 1,000 officers and men. Both Royal Fusiliers battalions had also suffered heavy casualties. In particular was the case of the 8th Battalion when, on 16 February during a heavy counterattack, X Company, was reduced to only one officer and 20 men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015620-0020-0003", "contents": "167th (1st London) Brigade, Second World War\nAll that remained of Y Company was merely a single officer and 10 other ranks, after being heavily attacked by German infantry and Tiger tanks, which had fought against the battalion at Salerno. The battalion had, overall, suffered nearly 450 casualties at Anzio, more than half the strength of the battalion. During the fighting on 18 February, the worst day of the counterattack, Second lieutenant Eric Fletcher Walters was killed and his son, Pink Floyd star Roger Waters, wrote a song in his memory\u2013When the Tigers Broke Free\u2013which describes the death of his father.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015620-0021-0000", "contents": "167th (1st London) Brigade, Second World War\nWhilst in Egypt the 167th Brigade, which had been reduced to less than 35% effective strength, and division were both reinforced and brought up to strength largely by retrained anti-aircraft gunners of the Royal Artillery who had been transferred to the infantry, and had now found their original roles largely redundant, due largely to the absence of the Luftwaffe. While they were there the brigade was inspected, again, by General Sir Bernard Paget, now Commander-in-chief (C-in-C), Middle East Command, and who had inspected the division nearly two years earlier, shortly before the 56th (\"The Black Cats\") departed for overseas service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 686]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015620-0022-0000", "contents": "167th (1st London) Brigade, Second World War\nThe 56th Division, now commanded by Major-General John Yeldham Whitfield, returned in July to Italy, where they were inspected by another man who had also inspected them two years prior, H.M. The King George VI. Almost as soon as it arrived the brigade, now under Eighth Army command, found itself fighting on the Gothic Line, throughout the summer, in Operation Olive (where Eighth Army suffered 14,000 casualties, at the rate of nearly 1,000 a day) at the Battle of Gemmano, where the brigade and division suffered particularly heavy casualties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015620-0022-0001", "contents": "167th (1st London) Brigade, Second World War\nDue to these heavy losses suffered by the division (nearly 6,000) in August and September and a severe lack of British infantry replacements in the Mediterranean theatre (although large numbers of anti-aircraft gunners were being retrained as infantry, they had only began their conversion in August and would not available until, at the earliest, October), the 8th Royal Fusiliers and 7th Ox and Bucks were both reduced to cadres and transferred to the 168th (London) Brigade, which was being disbanded, with the surplus personnel of the 8th Royal Fusiliers transferring to the 9th Battalion and most of the men of 7th Ox and Bucks transferring to fill gaps in the 2/5th, 2/6th and 2/7th battalions of the Queen's Royal Regiment (West Surrey) of the 169th (Queen's) Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 820]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015620-0022-0002", "contents": "167th (1st London) Brigade, Second World War\nThey were replaced in the brigade by 1st Battalion, London Scottish and 1st Battalion, London Irish Rifles, both from the 168th Brigade, although 1st London Irish had originally been with 167th Brigade at the outbreak of war. This, however, was not actually enough to keep them at full strength and the battalions were placed on a reduced establishment of only three rifle companies. With the autumn rains and the oncoming winter, and no hope of a successful offensive in either weather, the Fifth and Eighth Armies reverted to the defensive and began preparing for an offensive on the Germans in the spring, scheduled for 1 April 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 681]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015620-0023-0000", "contents": "167th (1st London) Brigade, Second World War\nIn April\u2013May 1945 the brigade and division, with the rest of 15th Army Group, took part in the Spring 1945 offensive in Italy, where the 56th Division fought alongside 78th Battleaxe Division in the Battle of the Argenta Gap. The offensive effectively ended the Italian Campaign, and the brigade ended the war in Austria with the Eighth Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015620-0024-0000", "contents": "167th (1st London) Brigade, Second World War, Order of battle\n167th Infantry Brigade was constituted as follows during the war:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 61], "content_span": [62, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015620-0025-0000", "contents": "167th (1st London) Brigade, Post-war\nThe division was disbanded in Italy after the war in 1946. It was reformed in 1947 as the 56th (London) Armoured Division in the reorganisation of the Territorial Army. However, the 167th Brigade was not reformed until 1956 when 56th Division was rereganised as an infantry division once more. As 167 (City of London) Infantry Brigade it had the following organisation:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 36], "content_span": [37, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015621-0000-0000", "contents": "167th (Canadien-Fran\u00e7ais) Battalion, CEF\nThe 167th (Canadien-Fran\u00e7ais) Battalion, CEF was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War. Headquartered in Quebec City, Quebec, the unit began recruiting during the winter of 1915/16. The unit never sailed for England and on January 15, 1917, became the Quebec Recruiting Depot. The 167th (Canadien-Francais) Battalion, CEF had one Officer Commanding: Lieut-Col. O. Readman.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015622-0000-0000", "contents": "167th Airlift Squadron\nThe 167th Airlift Squadron (167 AS) is a unit of the West Virginia Air National Guard 167th Airlift Wing located at Shepherd Field Air National Guard Base, Martinsburg, West Virginia. It is equipped with the C-17 Globemaster III, heavy airlifter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015622-0001-0000", "contents": "167th Airlift Squadron, History, World War II\nOrganized and trained in New England during 1943. Moved to England in January 1944, being assigned to VIII Fighter Command. Entered combat in Spring 1944, supported the invasion of Normandy during June 1944 by patrolling the English Channel, escorting bombardment formations to the French coast, and dive-bombing and strafing bridges, locomotives, and rail lines near the battle area. After D-Day, engaged chiefly in escorting bombers to oil refineries, marshalling yards, and other targets in such cities as Ludwigshafen, Stuttgart, Frankfurt, Berlin, Merseburg, and Brux. Continued combat operations until the German capitulation in May 1945. Returned to the United States and was inactivated in November 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 758]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015622-0002-0000", "contents": "167th Airlift Squadron, History, West Virginia Air National Guard\nThe Air National Guard designated the State of West Virginia as the resident state for the fighter squadron. On 24 May 1946, Charleston's Kanawha Airport became the home base for the renamed 167th Fighter Squadron. The unit reactivated on 5 January 1947 and federally recognized effective 7 March 1947. The assigned strength: 19 officers and 35 airmen. Within six months, the unit attained full manning strength. Early aircraft included the T-6 Trainer, the F-47 Thunderbolt and the F-51 Mustang. The name, mission, size and even the site changed over the next 60 years, but the numbers \"167\" have remained constant with the West Virginia Air National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 65], "content_span": [66, 724]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015622-0003-0000", "contents": "167th Airlift Squadron, History, West Virginia Air National Guard\nOn 10 October 1950, the unit and all personnel were sworn in for 21 months of active duty during the Korean War. Most personnel and all aircraft became part of the 123d Fighter-Bomber Wing, located at Godman AFB, Kentucky. Some members transferred to RAF Manston near London, England, flying F-84 Thunderjet aircraft. Other seasoned (experienced) pilots transferred to Far East Air Force for combat duty in the Korean War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 65], "content_span": [66, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015622-0004-0000", "contents": "167th Airlift Squadron, History, West Virginia Air National Guard\nReleased from active duty on 9 July 1952, the 167th Fighter Interceptor Squadron returned to Charleston, West Virginia and the F-51 Mustang aircraft. The unit name changed to the 167th Fighter Bomber Squadron on 1 December 1952.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 65], "content_span": [66, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015622-0005-0000", "contents": "167th Airlift Squadron, History, West Virginia Air National Guard\nBecause of limitations at Kanawha Airport at that time, that could not accommodate jet aircraft, a search for a new home in West Virginia began. Two sites considered were Beckley and Martinsburg. The cost of improvements at Beckley came to $5,978,000 and for Martinsburg $3,093,000. Though Beckley campaigned hard, Martinsburg received approval as the new site on 21 September 1955. Martinsburg had to raise funds to purchase the 200 acres needed to expand the runway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 65], "content_span": [66, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015622-0005-0001", "contents": "167th Airlift Squadron, History, West Virginia Air National Guard\nTwo hundred citizens signed notes, totaling over $160,000, to guarantee sufficient money for buying the land until a bond issue could be voted on by the citizens. The official move came on 3 December 1955, when the 167th left Charleston and opened on 4 December 1955 at Martinsburg. Shortly thereafter, equipment moved to the new site and active recruiting commenced to achieve full authorized personnel strength.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 65], "content_span": [66, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015622-0006-0000", "contents": "167th Airlift Squadron, History, West Virginia Air National Guard\nNew construction and the increase of manpower continued in 1956. The aircraft assigned included the F-51 Mustang, T-6 Trainer, and a C-47 Skytrain. The immediate need became to recruit 70 airmen and 10 officers. By 1956, manning grew to a strength of 399 airmen and 44 officers. The 167th Fighter Interceptor Squadron dedicated its new facilities on 4 October 1958. On 10 November 1958, the unit became the 167th Tactical Fighter Squadron and a member of the Tactical Air Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 65], "content_span": [66, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015622-0007-0000", "contents": "167th Airlift Squadron, History, West Virginia Air National Guard\nIn 1956 and 1957, the unit flew F-51 Mustangs and T-28's. The 167th was the last Air National Guard squadron flying the F-51 Mustang. Following a two-year construction phase the unit received single engine jet fighter/interceptors, the F-86 Sabre.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 65], "content_span": [66, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015622-0008-0000", "contents": "167th Airlift Squadron, History, West Virginia Air National Guard\nIn an announcement on 31 January 1961, the 167th learned it would gain change aircraft. On 1 April, the unit received C-119 Flying Boxcars, manufactured by Fairchild. A new mission and name change also took effect: The 167th Aeromedical Transport Squadron, Light. The mission became evacuation and care of the sick and wounded. The changes resulted in an increase of manpower and the addition of nurses to the unit. The authorized strength had grown to 572 total airmen and officers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 65], "content_span": [66, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015622-0009-0000", "contents": "167th Airlift Squadron, History, West Virginia Air National Guard\nAircraft changes in 1963 saw the arrival of the C-121 Super Constellation with its worldwide operating capability. Staffing increased to 604 enlisted and 107 officers. Overseas missions flown to Puerto Rico, the Azores, France, England, West Germany, Spain and Bermuda were not uncommon. The unit began flying missions to the Pacific areas in 1965 and 1966. During 1966, the Super Constellations made 103 overseas flights, including 26 to South Vietnam and 77 to other outpost such as Thailand, Australia, Japan and the Philippines, carrying 1198 tons of military cargo and 1390 passengers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 65], "content_span": [66, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015622-0010-0000", "contents": "167th Airlift Squadron, History, West Virginia Air National Guard\nThe unit anticipated that it would be inactivated 1 July 1967, since no projected program had been specified beyond that date. A new campaign began to find new aircraft, a new mission or to justify continuance of the old mission. Senator Robert C. Byrd became active in securing a new mission. An announcement in December stated that the unit would be assigned an aeromedical aircraft mission, thus keeping the unit alive. Nurses became a particularly critical specialty during this period. New construction included an engine build-up shop, squadron operations building, maintenance dock, civil engineering and aerospace ground equipment buildings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 65], "content_span": [66, 715]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015622-0011-0000", "contents": "167th Airlift Squadron, History, West Virginia Air National Guard\nIn 1972, the unit began the transition into the Lockheed C-130 Hercules and, as a result, another new mission. In June of that year, the unit became the 167th Tactical Airlift Group and moved from the Military Airlift Command to the Tactical Airlift Command. Late in 1977, the unit received \"B\" model C-130s. The 1986, the number of aircraft assigned increased, and in 1989, the \"B\" model was replaced with the \"E\" model.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 65], "content_span": [66, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015622-0012-0000", "contents": "167th Airlift Squadron, History, West Virginia Air National Guard\n1 June 1992, saw the unit's name change again. This time, the 167th Tactical Airlift Group became the 167th Airlift Group. Reorganization placed the unit in the Air Mobility Command. Other activities involving the unit were hosting of the Apple Harvest Festival in October, a Volant Oak rotation in October and November and the involvement of aircraft and crews with Operation Provide Promise. Provide Promise support took place from July 1992 to January 1993.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 65], "content_span": [66, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015622-0013-0000", "contents": "167th Airlift Squadron, History, West Virginia Air National Guard\nIn 1995, the unit began conversion training for the C-130H-3 in the first quarter and transferred most of the \"E\" models to the Illinois Air National Guard 182d Airlift Wing, Peoria, Illinois. The unit celebrated its 40th anniversary on 10 June 1995 with an open house and dance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 65], "content_span": [66, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015622-0014-0000", "contents": "167th Airlift Squadron, History, West Virginia Air National Guard\nThe 167th Airlift Group was redesignated the 167th Airlift Wing on 1 October 1995. The 167th Airlift Squadron was reassigned to the new 167th Operations Group under the objective wing structure of the new Wing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 65], "content_span": [66, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015622-0015-0000", "contents": "167th Airlift Squadron, History, West Virginia Air National Guard\nSince the 11 September 2001, terrorist attacks on New York City and Washington, D.C., the unit has had members deployed to the four corners of the world in support of Operations ENDURING FREEDOM and IRAQI FREEDOM. Unit members have received six Bronze Stars and two Purple Hearts in support of these operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 65], "content_span": [66, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015622-0016-0000", "contents": "167th Airlift Squadron, History, West Virginia Air National Guard\nIn March 2002, West Virginia Senator Robert Byrd announced that the unit would transition to the C-5 Galaxy aircraft. On 4 December 2006 the first C-5 aircraft assigned to the unit landed at Shepherd Field. Ten more aircraft were assigned to the squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 65], "content_span": [66, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015622-0017-0000", "contents": "167th Airlift Squadron, History, West Virginia Air National Guard\nOn 28 March 2007 the unit launched its first C-5 mission from Shepherd Air Field. After a brief stop at Dover Air Force Base, the aircraft continued on to Camp Lemonier, Djibouti, Africa, delivering two CH-53E Super Stallion helicopters (used for humanitarian assistance, personnel and equipment movement, and noncombatant casualty evacuations) and more than 60 marines supporting Combined Joint Task Force \u2013 Horn of Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 65], "content_span": [66, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015622-0018-0000", "contents": "167th Airlift Squadron, History, West Virginia Air National Guard\nRecently, the 167th Airlift Wing was tasked to provide transportation for NASA's Ares I-X Crew Module, Launch Abort System Simulator, and related equipment. On 27 January 2009 the unit launched a C-5 aircraft to the Shuttle Landing Facility located at Langley Air Force Base, Virginia. The crew loaded a 70-foot trailer carrying the Launch Abort System and a 50-foot trailer carrying the Crew Module. The cargo was delivered to the Kennedy Space Center in Florida the following day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 65], "content_span": [66, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015622-0019-0000", "contents": "167th Airlift Squadron, History, West Virginia Air National Guard\nSince 2003, approximately $280,000,000 has been utilized in the C-5 facility conversion program. These projects include site prep, an air control tower, a flight simulator facility, ramp and hydrant upgrades, a corrosion control hangar, a fuel cell hangar, runway upgrades and extensions, a fire station, a supply warehouse, apron and jet fuel storage, taxiway upgrades, and a new squadron operations facility is in progress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 65], "content_span": [66, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015623-0000-0000", "contents": "167th Airlift Wing\nThe 167th Airlift Wing (167 AW) is a unit of the West Virginia Air National Guard, stationed at Shepherd Field Air National Guard Base, Martinsburg, West Virginia. If activated to federal service, the Wing is gained by the United States Air Force Air Mobility Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015623-0001-0000", "contents": "167th Airlift Wing, Overview\nThe 167th Airlift Wing of the West Virginia Air National Guard is an airlift unit that flies the C-17 Globemaster III aircraft. The wing began at the end of World War II when its 167th Fighter Squadron flew the P-51 Mustang and F-86 Sabre fighters. The unit has deployed to the four corners of the Earth in support of the Global War on Terrorism and continues to support this effort. The 167th's focus today, and in the future, is summed up in the unit's motto: \"Mountaineer Pride Worldwide.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 28], "content_span": [29, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015623-0002-0000", "contents": "167th Airlift Wing, Overview\nThe unit has been active in numerous exercises such as Sentry Storm, Volant Oak, Rodeos, and various overseas deployments; for example, 1981, and again in 1988, all aircraft deployed to Europe a first for any unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 28], "content_span": [29, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015623-0003-0000", "contents": "167th Airlift Wing, Units\nThe 167th Airlift Wing is composed of the following units:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 25], "content_span": [26, 84]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015623-0004-0000", "contents": "167th Airlift Wing, History\nThe 167th Tactical Airlift Group, was established on 1 July 1972 when authorization was granted to expand the 167th Tactical Airlift Squadron to group level. The 167th TAG was operationally gained by Tactical Airlift Command and flew C-130A Hercules transports . Late in 1977, the unit received \"B\" model C-130s. The 1986, the number of aircraft assigned increased, and in 1989, the \"B\" model was replaced with the \"E\" model.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015623-0005-0000", "contents": "167th Airlift Wing, History\nInitially, the base at the Eastern West Virginia Regional Airport had only one hangar, a motor pool, and a supply building. Many major additions have since been made to the base, including a fire hall, base operations building, nose dock, civil engineering building, corrosion control/fuel cell facility, engine shop, aerospace ground equipment shop, barracks, clinic, avionics shop and aerial port building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015623-0006-0000", "contents": "167th Airlift Wing, History\nOn Sunday, 8 July 1984, the 167th Tactical Airlift Group reached 100,000 hours of safe flying, only the fifth Air Guard unit to achieve this goal. In 1987, the unit received an Operational Readiness Inspection (ORI) from the Military Airlift Command. The unit received eight Outstanding, twelve Excellent and one Satisfactory rating among the various components of the unit. Other awards during this period include the fourth Air Force Outstanding Unit Award received in 1988 and the Distinguished Unit Flying Award from the National Guard Association in 1989.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015623-0007-0000", "contents": "167th Airlift Wing, History\nThe conversion in July 1989 to the newer C-130E broadened the group's capabilities with the ability to airdrop during adverse weather and transport an additional 20,000 pounds of cargo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015623-0008-0000", "contents": "167th Airlift Wing, History\nIn 1990, the unit came to the aid of communities, providing relief efforts for victims of Hurricane Hugo and the California earthquake. Supplies were also flown to Puerto Rico, which had been devastated by the hurricane. Also in 1990, members of the Aeromedical Evacuation Flight, Mobile Aerial Port Squadron, Tactical Airlift Squadron and Consolidated Aircraft Maintenance Squadron, along with support personnel from other areas were the first called to volunteer to take part in Operation Desert Shield. They did so, with many leaving on only a few hours' notice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015623-0009-0000", "contents": "167th Airlift Wing, History\nReorganization and realignment put the 167th in the Air Combat Command during this time frame. Another first for the 167th was the receipt of a new C-130H-3 on 21 December 1994. Greeted by Santa Claus upon its arrival, the aircraft is the first new plane received by the unit in its history. Previous conversions had been to newer models, but not just off the assembly line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015623-0010-0000", "contents": "167th Airlift Wing, History\nIn early 1995, while flying the C-130E version of the C-130 Hercules aircraft, the by now renamed 167th Airlift Group (167 AG) began conversion training for the C-130H-3 variant in the first quarter, transferring most of their \"E\" models to the Illinois Air National Guard's 182d Airlift Wing in Peoria, Illinois. The 167 AG's Civil Engineers deployed to Panama and the Medical Squadron deployed to Honduras that year, while most of the sections took part in a deployment to Alpena, Michigan, in September where chemical exercises and other special training took place. The unit celebrated its 40th anniversary on 10 June 1995.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015623-0011-0000", "contents": "167th Airlift Wing, History\nIn 1995, the unit began conversion training for the C-130H-3 in the first quarter and transferred most of the \"E\" models to Peoria, Illinois. The Civil Engineers deployed to Panama and the Medical Squadron deployed to Honduras. Most of the sections took part in a deployment to Alpena, Michigan in September where chemical exercises and other special training took place. The unit celebrated its 40th anniversary on 10 June 1995 with an open house and dance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015623-0012-0000", "contents": "167th Airlift Wing, History\nThe 167th Airlift Group was redesignated the 167th Airlift Wing (167 AW) on 1 October 1995 and as it became operationally capable in the C-130H-3 aircraft to perform its airlift mission. Then on 16 April 1997, the 167th Airlift Wing was reallocated to the Air Mobility Command (AMC), with no change in mission or assignment. The 2005 Base Realignment and Closure Commission converted the wing's aircraft from the C-130 Hercules to the C-5 Galaxy. In February 2012, the Force Structure Overview was released by the Secretary of the Air Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015623-0012-0001", "contents": "167th Airlift Wing, History\nThe document detailed numerous aircraft changes throughout the active, Guard and Reserve forces, including the replacement of the unit's C-5 aircraft with C-17s. On 25 September 2014, the 167th Airlift Wing flew its final C-5 mission, a local training sortie. That same day the wing received its first C-17 Globemaster III aircraft, one of eight C-17s the unit is slated to receive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015623-0013-0000", "contents": "167th Airlift Wing, History\nThe Wing participated in an Operational Readiness Evaluation and Inspection in 1998 at the Combat Readiness Training Center, Savannah, Georgia. At the conclusion of the ORI, the 167th received its first ever overall Outstanding rating. Since the 11 Sept. 2001, terrorist attacks on New York City and Washington, D.C., the unit has had members deployed to the four corners of the world in support of Operations ENDURING FREEDOM and IRAQI FREEDOM. Unit members have received six Bronze Stars and two Purple Hearts in support of these operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015623-0014-0000", "contents": "167th Airlift Wing, History\nIn March 2002, West Virginia Senator Robert Byrd announced that the unit would transition to the C-5 Galaxy aircraft. On 4 December 2006 the first C-5 aircraft assigned to the unit landed at Shepherd Field. Ten more aircraft were assigned to the 167th Airlift Wing throughout the following two years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015623-0015-0000", "contents": "167th Airlift Wing, History\nOn 28 March 2007 the unit launched its first C-5 mission from Shepherd Air Field. After a brief stop at Dover Air Force Base, the aircraft continued on to Camp Lemonier, Djibouti, Africa, delivering two CH-53E Super Stallion helicopters (used for humanitarian assistance, personnel and equipment movement, and noncombatant casualty evacuations) and more than 60 marines supporting Combined Joint Task Force - Horn of Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015623-0016-0000", "contents": "167th Airlift Wing, History\nThe wing has since retired its fleet of C-5 aircraft and has received eight C-17 Globemaster III transport aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015624-0000-0000", "contents": "167th Infantry Regiment (United States)\nThe 167th Infantry Regiment (nicknamed \"4th Alabama\") is an infantry regiment of the United States Army National Guard. The unit traces its history back to the Seminole Wars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015624-0001-0000", "contents": "167th Infantry Regiment (United States)\nThe 167th Infantry Regiment's history lives on in the 1st Battalion, 167th Infantry, \"4th Alabama\", part of the Alabama National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015624-0002-0000", "contents": "167th Infantry Regiment (United States), Origins\nThe 167th Infantry Regiment was formed in 1836. They fought in the Civil War at Seven Pines, Second Manassas, Antietam, Gettysburg and The Wilderness as the 4th Alabama (symbolized in the 13 blue stars on the coat of arms).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015624-0003-0000", "contents": "167th Infantry Regiment (United States), Origins\nIn 1916, they skirmished with Pancho Villa's bandits along the Mexican border during the Pancho Villa Expedition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015624-0004-0000", "contents": "167th Infantry Regiment (United States), World War I\nThe 167th Infantry Regiment fought under the 42nd Division in World War I and fought in five major campaigns, symbolized in the 5 fleurs-de-lis on their coat of arms. The red cross embattled commemorates the carrying of entrenched Croix Rouge Farm below Fere-en-Tardenois in the Battle of Soissons on 26-27 July 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 52], "content_span": [53, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015624-0005-0000", "contents": "167th Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II\nThe 167th Regiment was assigned to the 31st Division during World War II and fought in the Pacific in the Battle of the Philippines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 53], "content_span": [54, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015624-0006-0000", "contents": "167th Infantry Regiment (United States), 2005 and 2007 deployments to Iraq\nWhen the 1-167th Infantry Battalion was first deployed to Iraq in 2005, Company A of the 167th was officially mobilized for Iraq. In order for the unit to reach the requisite 145 men, soldiers had to be drawn from the 167th's Companies B and C as well. Most of them volunteered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 74], "content_span": [75, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015624-0007-0000", "contents": "167th Infantry Regiment (United States), 2005 and 2007 deployments to Iraq\nWhen the 1-167th Infantry Battalion was deployed to Iraq again in 2007, Company C of the 167th was officially mobilized for Iraq, but in order for the unit to reach the requisite men, soldiers had to be drawn from the 167th's Companies A, B, D, and HHC as well. Many had served previously with Company A two years before. Company C, which lacked diversity, brought in soldiers of color to intermingle with each of the four platoons during the deployment, with as few as two out of forty-five men being of dark complexion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 74], "content_span": [75, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015624-0007-0001", "contents": "167th Infantry Regiment (United States), 2005 and 2007 deployments to Iraq\nThe unit's main mission provided critical security escorts from the Kuwaiti border crossing throughout Iraq to all Forward Operating Bases (FOBs). This even included missions to other country's FOBs, such as the South Korean FOB located near the Northern Turkish border. After this mission was complete, many of the soldiers volunteered to extend for several more months while the main body returned home.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 74], "content_span": [75, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015624-0008-0000", "contents": "167th Infantry Regiment (United States), 2005 and 2007 deployments to Iraq\nThe largest of all 1144th Joint Logistics Task Force elements, the Alabama Company brought 196 members to OIF, of the 210 members that had been activated. Even with four platoons, and three teams (or \"chalks\") per platoon, there have been times when virtually all company members have been on missions to and from Iraq at the same time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 74], "content_span": [75, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015624-0009-0000", "contents": "167th Infantry Regiment (United States), 2012 deployment to Afghanistan\nThe 1-167th Infantry Battalion deployed to Afghanistan in 2012 to conduct security force missions in support of NATO Training Mission - Afghanistan (NTM-A) throughout the Afghanistan theater of operations to provide freedom of maneuver for NTM-A and regional support command assets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 71], "content_span": [72, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015624-0010-0000", "contents": "167th Infantry Regiment (United States), The 4th Alabama Tab\nThe tab was created to honor the 1-167th's Civil War history as the 4th Alabama Regiment, lineage acknowledged by its officially recognized 4th Alabama special designation. Wearing of the tab began in the 1980s but it was not officially authorized due to the unit failing to request the necessary authorization from the Army Institute of Heraldry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 60], "content_span": [61, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015624-0011-0000", "contents": "167th Infantry Regiment (United States), The 4th Alabama Tab\nThe 1-167th Infantry has been under many different higher commands, including the 31st Infantry Division, the 35th Infantry Division, the 149th Armor Brigade, the 226th Maneuver Enhancement Brigade, the 31st Separate Armored Brigade, the 48th Brigade Combat Team, and the 142nd Battlefield Surveillance Brigade. The 1-167th Infantry is the 3rd maneuver battalion assigned to the 53rd Infantry Brigade Combat Team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 60], "content_span": [61, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015624-0012-0000", "contents": "167th Infantry Regiment (United States), Current Structure\nHeadquarters and Headquarters Company, 1st Battalion, 167th Infantry at Talladega, Alabama", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 58], "content_span": [59, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015625-0000-0000", "contents": "167th New York State Legislature\nThe 167th New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 5, 1949, to March 22, 1950, during the seventh and eighth years of Thomas E. Dewey's governorship, in Albany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015625-0001-0000", "contents": "167th New York State Legislature, Background\nUnder the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1938, re-apportioned in 1943, 56 Senators and 150 assemblymen were elected in single-seat districts for two-year terms. The senatorial districts consisted either of one or more entire counties; or a contiguous area within a single county. The counties which were divided into more than one senatorial district were Kings (nine districts), New York (six), Bronx (five), Queens (four), Erie (three), Westchester (three), Monroe (two) and Nassau (two). The Assembly districts consisted either of a single entire county (except Hamilton Co.), or of contiguous area within one county.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 677]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015625-0002-0000", "contents": "167th New York State Legislature, Background\nAt this time there were two major political parties: the Republican Party and the Democratic Party. The Liberal Party and the American Labor Party also nominated tickets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015625-0003-0000", "contents": "167th New York State Legislature, Elections\nThe New York state election, 1948, was held on November 2. No statewide elective offices were up for election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015625-0004-0000", "contents": "167th New York State Legislature, Elections\nSeven of the eight women members of the previous legislature\u2014Assemblywomen Gladys E. Banks (Rep.), of the Bronx; Mary A. Gillen (Dem. ), of Brooklyn; Janet Hill Gordon (Rep.), a lawyer of Norwich; Elizabeth Hanniford (Rep.), a statistician of the Bronx; Genesta M. Strong (Rep.), of Plandome Heights; Mildred F. Taylor (Rep.), a coal dealer of Lyons; and Maude E. Ten Eyck (Rep.), of Manhattan\u2014were re-elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015625-0005-0000", "contents": "167th New York State Legislature, Elections\nThe New York state election, 1949, was held on November 8. Both statewide elective offices up for election were carried by the Democratic/Liberal nominees. The approximate party strength at this election, as expressed by the vote for U.S. Senator, was: Republicans 2,378,000; Democrats 2,149,000; and Liberals 426,000. Two vacancies in the State Senate, and two vacancies in the Assembly were filled.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015625-0006-0000", "contents": "167th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for the first regular session (the 172nd) at the State Capitol in Albany on January 5, 1949; and adjourned in the morning of March 31.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015625-0007-0000", "contents": "167th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nBenjamin F. Feinberg (Rep.) was re-elected Temporary President of the State Senate. On March 30, 1949, Feinberg was appointed as Chairman of the New York Public Service Commission, and Arthur H. Wicks (Rep.) was elected Temporary President of the State Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015625-0008-0000", "contents": "167th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for the second regular session (the 173rd) at the State Capitol in Albany on January 4, 1950; and adjourned on March 22.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015625-0009-0000", "contents": "167th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Senators\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature. Harry Gittleson and Louis Bennett changed from the Assembly to the Senate at the beginning of this Legislature. Assemblyman Henry Neddo was elected to fill a vacancy in the Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 56], "content_span": [57, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015625-0010-0000", "contents": "167th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Senators\nNote: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words \"...the Committee on (the)...\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 56], "content_span": [57, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015625-0011-0000", "contents": "167th New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Assemblymen\nNote: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words \"...the Committee on (the)...\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 61], "content_span": [62, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015626-0000-0000", "contents": "167th Ohio Infantry Regiment\nThe 167th Ohio Infantry Regiment, sometimes 167th Ohio Volunteer Infantry (or 167th OVI) was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015626-0001-0000", "contents": "167th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 167th Ohio Infantry was organized in Hamilton, Ohio, and mustered in May 14, 1864, for 100 days service under the command of Colonel Thomas Moore.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015626-0002-0000", "contents": "167th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment left Ohio for Charleston, West Virginia, May 18. Six companies moved to Camp Platt May 22, and four companies to Gauley Bridge. All served duty at these points guarding supply trains and stores until September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015626-0003-0000", "contents": "167th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 167th Ohio Infantry mustered out of service September 8, 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015626-0004-0000", "contents": "167th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Ohio National Guard\nOver 35,000 Ohio National Guardsmen were federalized and organized into regiments for 100 days service in May 1864. Shipped to the Eastern Theater, they were designed to be placed in \"safe\" rear areas to protect railroads and supply points, thereby freeing regular troops for Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant\u2019s push on the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia. As events transpired, many units found themselves in combat, stationed in the path of Confederate Gen. Jubal Early\u2019s veteran Army of the Valley during its famed Valley Campaigns of 1864. Ohio Guard units met the battle-tested foe head on and helped blunt the Confederate offensive thereby saving Washington, D.C. from capture. Ohio National Guard units participated in the battles of Monacacy, Fort Stevens, Harpers Ferry, and in the siege of Petersburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 49], "content_span": [50, 863]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015626-0005-0000", "contents": "167th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost 5 enlisted men during service, all due to disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015627-0000-0000", "contents": "167th Rifle Division (Soviet Union)\nThe 167th Rifle Division was an infantry division of the Red Army of the Soviet Union, formed twice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015627-0001-0000", "contents": "167th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), History, First Formation\nThe division was formed at Balashov in the Volga Military District in July 1940, under the command of Kombrig Vasily Rakovsky. Just before the beginning of Operation Barbarossa, the June 1941 German invasion of the Soviet Union, the division became part of the 63rd Rifle Corps. After the beginning of Operation Barbarossa, the division and its corps were sent to the front, joining the 21st Army of the Reserve of the High Command (Stavka reserve). From 28 June, the 167th fought in defense of positions between Rogachev and Zhlobin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 61], "content_span": [62, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015627-0001-0001", "contents": "167th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), History, First Formation\nDuring the Battle of Smolensk the division repulsed German attempts to cross the Dnieper. Launching a counterattack, it advanced to the line of the Drut River and remained there until 12 August, when it was withdrawn to the army reserve. Relocated to the area of Dovsk, the division defended the latter as part of the 67th Rifle Corps, fighting in encirclement from 13 August. Due to its loss of contact with the 67th Rifle Corps, the 167th returned to the control of the 63rd Rifle Corps from 14 August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 61], "content_span": [62, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015627-0001-0002", "contents": "167th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), History, First Formation\nIn the encirclement, Rakovsky decided to destroy heavy weapons and ordered the division to escape in groups. He led a group of 25 others out of the encirclement with their weapons in the sector of the 155th Rifle Division of the Bryansk Front on 18 September; about 2,500 men of the division escaped the encirclement. The units that escaped encirclement were disbanded and their men used to reinforce other units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 61], "content_span": [62, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015627-0002-0000", "contents": "167th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), History, Second Formation\nOn 16 December 1941, the 438th Rifle Division was formed in the Ural Military District. On 23 January 1942, it became the 167th Rifle Division (Second Formation). The division was recreated at Ssucho Lug in February 1942 and fought near Bryansk and at Kursk. The division fought in the Battle of the Dnieper. Division personnel Major Fyodor Bruy, Junior lieutenant Alexander Bondarev, Sergeant major Arkady Chepelev, Senior sergeant Alexey Gabrusev, Sergeant Andrian Zhuravlev and Private Dmitry Yemelyanov, among others, were awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union for their actions during the battle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 62], "content_span": [63, 669]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015627-0002-0001", "contents": "167th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), History, Second Formation\nThe division fought in the Carpathians and in Hungary. The division was with the 1st Guards Army of the 4th Ukrainian Front in May 1945. The division ended the war with the honorifics \"Sumy-Kiev Twice Red Banner\". Postwar, the division moved to Chortkov with the 107th Rifle Corps, part of the 38th Army in the Carpathian Military District. The division and its corps were disbanded in May 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 62], "content_span": [63, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015628-0000-0000", "contents": "167th Street station (IND Concourse Line)\n167th Street is a local station on the IND Concourse Line of the New York City Subway. Located at the intersection of 167th Street and Grand Concourse in the Highbridge and Concourse neighborhoods of the Bronx, it is served by the D train at all times except rush hours in peak direction and the B train during rush hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015628-0001-0000", "contents": "167th Street station (IND Concourse Line), History\nThis underground station, along with the rest of the Concourse Line, opened on July 1, 1933. Initial service was provided by the C express and CC local trains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 50], "content_span": [51, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015628-0002-0000", "contents": "167th Street station (IND Concourse Line), History\nUnder the 2015\u20132019 MTA Capital Plan, the station underwent a complete overhaul as part of the Enhanced Station Initiative, and was entirely closed for several months. Upgrades included cellular service, Wi-Fi, USB charging stations, interactive service advisories and maps. In January 2018, the NYCT and Bus Committee recommended that Citnalta-Forte receive the $125 million contract for the renovations of 167th and 174th\u2013175th Streets on the IND Concourse Line and 145th Street on the IRT Lenox Avenue Line. However, the MTA Board temporarily deferred the vote for these packages after city representatives refused to vote to award the contracts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 50], "content_span": [51, 700]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015628-0002-0001", "contents": "167th Street station (IND Concourse Line), History\nThe contract was put back for a vote in February, where it was ultimately approved. The staircase entrance on the southwest corner of McClellan Street and Grand Concourse closed on July 9, while the rest of the station closed for repairs on August 27, and reopened on January 9, 2019. In 2019, the MTA announced that this station would become ADA-accessible as part of the agency's 2020\u20132024 Capital Program.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 50], "content_span": [51, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015628-0003-0000", "contents": "167th Street station (IND Concourse Line), Station layout\nThe station has three tracks and two side platforms. The center track is used by the D train during rush hours in the peak direction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 57], "content_span": [58, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015628-0004-0000", "contents": "167th Street station (IND Concourse Line), Station layout\nBoth platforms have an orange trim line with a black border and name tablets reading \"167TH ST.\" in white lettering on a black background with white border. Below the trim line and name tablets are small \"167\" and directional signs in white lettering on a black background. Grey (previously yellow) I-beam columns run along both platforms at regular intervals with alternating ones having the standard black station name plate in white lettering. A closed tower sits at the far north end of the Manhattan-bound platform.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 57], "content_span": [58, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015628-0005-0000", "contents": "167th Street station (IND Concourse Line), Station layout\nNorth of the station, a track begins on the west side of the line. It ends at a bumper block before the 170th Street station and is only used for storage of Yankee Stadium Special trains for service after their home games.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 57], "content_span": [58, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015628-0006-0000", "contents": "167th Street station (IND Concourse Line), Station layout\nThe 2019 artwork at this station is Beacons, a set of murals by Rico Gatson. The murals depict prominent figures in the Bronx, such as Maya Angelou, James Baldwin, Celia Cruz, Reggie Jackson, Audre Lorde, Tito Puente, Gil Scott-Heron, and Sonia Sotomayor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 57], "content_span": [58, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015628-0007-0000", "contents": "167th Street station (IND Concourse Line), Station layout, Exits\nThis station's full-time mezzanine is at the north end. Two staircases from each platform go up to a waiting area, where a turnstile bank provides entrance/exit from the station and transfers between the two directions are possible. Outside fare control, there is a token booth and four staircases going up to all corners of the intersection of 167th Street and Grand Concourse. The mezzanine has mosaic directional signs in white lettering on an orange background.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 64], "content_span": [65, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015628-0008-0000", "contents": "167th Street station (IND Concourse Line), Station layout, Exits\nBoth platforms have an unstaffed same-level fare control area at the south end. On the northbound side, a set of exit-only turnstiles lead to a staircase that goes up to the southeast corner of McClellan Street and Grand Concourse. On the Manhattan-bound side, a set of turnstiles lead to a staircase that goes up to the southwest corner of the same intersection. This fare control area had a token booth until 2003.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 64], "content_span": [65, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015628-0009-0000", "contents": "167th Street station (IND Concourse Line), Station layout, Exits\nBelow this station is the 167th Street tunnel underneath the Grand Concourse. Until July 1948, there was a crosstown trolley service in this tunnel, which widens at its midpoint. In each direction, this tunnel had a trolley track, two platforms, and two road lanes. When the trolley was discontinued, the replacement Bx35 bus used the platforms until around 1990, when it was moved to the street above for quicker transfers to other bus routes and the subway. The underpass staircases were permanently closed for security reasons in 1993, and there is no pedestrian access to the underpass - which is open to vehicle traffic only - from either side on street level.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 64], "content_span": [65, 730]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015628-0010-0000", "contents": "167th Street station (IND Concourse Line), Station layout, Exits\nThe trolley platforms lead to two lower mezzanines, one to each subway platform. These lower mezzanines are at a slightly lower level than the subway platforms, and have a direct connection to them. They are not visible; a patch of newer tiling and a door in the wall near the northern end of each platform shows where the connections once were. The full-time mezzanine had two winding staircases to the underpass, one to each side. When the trolley mezzanines were closed, these staircases were gated off.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 64], "content_span": [65, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015629-0000-0000", "contents": "167th Street station (IRT Jerome Avenue Line)\n167th Street is a local station on the IRT Jerome Avenue Line of the New York City Subway. Located at the intersection of 167th Street and River Avenue in the Bronx, it is served by the 4 train at all times. This station was constructed by the Interborough Rapid Transit Company as part of the Dual Contracts and opened in 1917.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015629-0001-0000", "contents": "167th Street station (IRT Jerome Avenue Line), History\nThe Dual Contracts, which were signed on March 19, 1913, were contracts for the construction and/or rehabilitation and operation of rapid transit lines in the City of New York. The contracts were \"dual\" in that they were signed between the City and two separate private companies (the Interborough Rapid Transit Company and the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company), all working together to make the construction of the Dual Contracts possible. The Dual Contracts promised the construction of several lines in the Bronx. As part of Contract 3, the IRT agreed to build an elevated line along Jerome Avenue in the Bronx.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 667]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015629-0002-0000", "contents": "167th Street station (IRT Jerome Avenue Line), History\n167th Street station opened as part of the initial section of the line to Kingsbridge Road on June 2, 1917. Service was initially operated as a shuttle between Kingsbridge Road and 149th Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015629-0003-0000", "contents": "167th Street station (IRT Jerome Avenue Line), History\nOn July 1, 1918, trains on the Ninth Avenue El began stopping here, as they were extended from 155th Street, entering the Bronx via the Putnam Bridge, a now-demolished swing bridge immediately north of the Macombs Dam Bridge, to connect with the Jerome Avenue line between 161st Street and 167th Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015629-0004-0000", "contents": "167th Street station (IRT Jerome Avenue Line), History\nThrough service to the IRT Lexington Avenue Line began on July 17, 1918. The line was completed with a final extension to Woodlawn on April 15, 1918. This section was initially served by shuttle service, with passengers transferring at this station. The construction of the line encouraged development along Jerome Avenue, and led to the growth of the surrounding communities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015629-0005-0000", "contents": "167th Street station (IRT Jerome Avenue Line), History\nA new high exit turnstile entrance from the southern end of the northbound platform opened on October 6, 1931.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015629-0006-0000", "contents": "167th Street station (IRT Jerome Avenue Line), History\nIn 1940, the New York City Board of Transportation proposed that the IRT Ninth Avenue Line should be connected to the IRT Lenox Avenue Line near the current Harlem\u2013148th Street station. However, the tunnel from Sedgwick Avenue to Anderson\u2013Jerome Avenues was built to elevated-railway standards, whose \"open\" third rails were shorter than the subway's \"covered\" third rails, as the \"open\" rails did not have any protective covers on top. This incompatibility prevented the connection from being built. Another issue was that the Ninth Avenue Line could not carry subway cars, it was only strong enough to carry the lighter elevated cars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 691]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015629-0007-0000", "contents": "167th Street station (IRT Jerome Avenue Line), History\nFrom 1940 to 1958, 167th Street served as a terminal for the last remnant of the Ninth Avenue Elevated operating from 155th Street (Polo Grounds) to 167th Street. On reaching 167th Street, trains would switch to the center track, change direction, and return to 155th Street on the downtown track. Service was eventually reduced to a single two-car train operating in both directions on the uptown track. In 1958, service was discontinued after the New York Giants left for San Francisco. From the southern end of the station, the ramps leading to the Ninth Avenue line structure can still be seen. These ramps end south of the southwest corner of River Avenue and 164th Street, between Gate 8 and the 164th Street parking garage at Yankee Stadium.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 803]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015629-0008-0000", "contents": "167th Street station (IRT Jerome Avenue Line), Station layout\nThis elevated station has three tracks with two side platforms. The 4 stops here at all times.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 61], "content_span": [62, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015629-0009-0000", "contents": "167th Street station (IRT Jerome Avenue Line), Station layout\nThis station has old-style signs that have been painted over and covered up with new-style signs. It also features new fare control railings as a crossunder.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 61], "content_span": [62, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015629-0010-0000", "contents": "167th Street station (IRT Jerome Avenue Line), Station layout, Exits\nFare control is situated in the mezzanine under the tracks. Outside of the fare control area, exit stairs go to all corners of River Avenue and 167th Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 68], "content_span": [69, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015630-0000-0000", "contents": "167th Support Battalion (United States)\nThe 167th Support Battalion is a support battalion of the United States Army Reserve based at Londonderry, New Hampshire. The battalion is now subordinate to the 655th Regional Support Group of the 316th Sustainment Command (Expeditionary).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015630-0001-0000", "contents": "167th Support Battalion (United States)\nActivated in 1971 as the 167th Support Group (Corps), it was reorganised as a battalion in 2006. The 167th is a logistical support battalion capable of a variety of actions, capable of independent operations and taking on subordinate units to fulfill a larger scale sustainment operation for the United States Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015630-0002-0000", "contents": "167th Support Battalion (United States), Organization\nDue to the battalion's modular design, it is also capable of gaining additional subordinate units upon deployment to a theatre of operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 53], "content_span": [54, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015630-0003-0000", "contents": "167th Support Battalion (United States), History\nEstablished at Grenier Field U.S. Army Reserve Center, on Galaxy Way, on the grounds of Manchester-Boston Regional Airport (the former Grenier Air Force Base), the 167th Support Group used a nominal Manchester, New Hampshire postal address, although that portion of the airport was on the Londonderry side of the city boundary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015630-0004-0000", "contents": "167th Support Battalion (United States), History\nIn 1980, the peacetime Army Reserve chain of command was overlaid with a CAPSTONE wartime trace. In an expansion of the roundout and affiliation program begun ten years earlier, CAPSTONE purported to align every Army Reserve unit with the active and reserve component units with which they were anticipated to deploy. Like other Army Reserve units, the 167th Support Group maintained lines of communication with the units \u2013 often hundreds or thousands of miles away in peacetime \u2013 who would presumably serve above or below them in the event of mobilization. This communication, in some cases, extended to coordinated annual training opportunities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 696]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015630-0005-0000", "contents": "167th Support Battalion (United States), History\nMany of the 167th's units and individual soldiers rotated through Honduras in the 1980s. Operation Fuertes Caminos (\"strong roads\") provided villagers with roads on which to move their crops to market, while providing invaluable real-world training and experience to reserve engineers, medical personnel, logisticians and others.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015630-0006-0000", "contents": "167th Support Battalion (United States), History\nOperation Nordic Shield was held in the summer of 1987. Units of the 94th Army Reserve Command; principally the 167th Support Group, the 187th Infantry Brigade (Separate), and their subordinate battalions and companies; deployed to Canadian Forces Base Gagetown in southern New Brunswick, to simulate the defense of Iceland against Warsaw Pact forces, the CAPSTONE mission of both the 187th and 167th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015630-0007-0000", "contents": "167th Support Battalion (United States), History\nUnits under the 167th participated in a series of mobilization exercises in the 1980s, including the Selected Reserve Call-Up (23\u201325 October 1987), Golden Thrust '88 (November 1988), and Proud Eagle 90 (12 October through 2 November 1989). Each of these was designed to evaluate not only the units' ability to prepare to mobilize, but to examine the mobilization processes, systems, and logistical coordination so as to find and correct the unanticipated flaws.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015630-0008-0000", "contents": "167th Support Battalion (United States), History\nIn 1990\u20131991, many of the soldiers from the 167th Support Group's units were called to active duty and served both domestically and overseas in support of Operation Desert Shield and Desert Storm. Despite the commonly held belief that CAPSTONE traces were set in stone, the process of selecting units to mobilize and deploy largely ignored CAPSTONE.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015630-0009-0000", "contents": "167th Support Battalion (United States), History\nOperation Nordic Shield II was held in the summer of 1992. As they did five years before, the 167th Support Group, 187th Infantry Brigade and other units of the 94th ARCOM deployed to Canadian Forces Base Gagetown in southern New Brunswick, to simulate the defense of Iceland against Warsaw Pact forces, the CAPSTONE mission of both the 187th and 167th. Part of the 1992 exercise included lanes training as part of the United States Army Forces Command's \"Bold Shift\" initiative to reinforce unit war-fighting task proficiency.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015630-0010-0000", "contents": "167th Support Battalion (United States), History\nIn the 1990s, the airport's expansion necessitated a land-swap between the airport authority and the federal government, resulting in a new Army Reserve Center being built on the south edge of the airport's periphery. Since relocating, the 167th and its co-located units use a Londonderry postal address.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015630-0011-0000", "contents": "167th Support Battalion (United States), History\nThe 167th Support Group deployed soldiers to Honduras and Guatemala in 1999 in support of Operation New Horizon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015630-0012-0000", "contents": "167th Support Battalion (United States), Global War on Terror\nIn 2003, the 167th Corps Support Group was mobilized in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom and deployed to the Persian Gulf in February 2004. In March 2004, the 167th deployed into Iraq, to FOB Speicher.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015631-0000-0000", "contents": "167th Volksgrenadier Division (Wehrmacht)\nThe 167th Volksgrenadier Division (German: 167. Volksgrenadierdivision), formerly the 167th Infantry Division (German: 167. Infanteriedivision) was a German Army infantry division in World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015631-0001-0000", "contents": "167th Volksgrenadier Division (Wehrmacht), Operational history, Formation and France\nThe 167th Infantry Division was formed in the Bavarian capital of Munich in November 1939, absorbing the 7th; 27th and 34th Field-Replacement Battalions from their respective divisions in January. It was also at this point that its commanding officer, Colonel Gilbert, was promoted to major general, shortly before his replacement by Lieutenant General Oskar Vogl.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 84], "content_span": [85, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015631-0002-0000", "contents": "167th Volksgrenadier Division (Wehrmacht), Operational history, Formation and France\nThe division took part in the initial 1940 invasion of France with Army Group C, capturing Ouvrage Kerfent and Ouvrage Bambesch - two components of the Maginot Line - between 20\u201321 June. The division remained in occupied France until February 1941, when it returned to its garrison in Bavaria. In August 1940, Major General Hans Sch\u00f6nh\u00e4rl took over as commanding officer, being promoted to lieutenant general in December.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 84], "content_span": [85, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015631-0003-0000", "contents": "167th Volksgrenadier Division (Wehrmacht), Operational history, Barbarossa and the Soviet Union\nIn June 1941, the division was transferred to the occupied Polish capital of Warsaw as the Axis forces began their assault on the Soviet Union in Operation Barbarossa. In August, Sch\u00f6nh\u00e4rl was replaced as commanding officer by Major General Verner Schartow, himself replaced by Major General Wolf Trierenberg. On December 17, Red Army forces succeeded in punching a hole in the 167th's sector, only to be forced back by support from the 112th Infantry, with some tank support.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 95], "content_span": [96, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015631-0004-0000", "contents": "167th Volksgrenadier Division (Wehrmacht), Operational history, Barbarossa and the Soviet Union\nLater the Division took part in the Battle of Moscow, Battle of Kursk, and finally against the Dnieper\u2013Carpathian Offensive, where the 167th Infantry Division was disbanded due to heavy losses in January 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 95], "content_span": [96, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015631-0005-0000", "contents": "167th Volksgrenadier Division (Wehrmacht), Operational history, Second formation as 167th Volksgrenadier Division (October 1944)\nThe re-created division, now designated 167. Volksgrenadierdivision, took part in the Ardennes Offensive. On New Years Day, it, along with the 5th Parachute Division, aided the panzers in defending the area around the Belgian town of Lutrebois in Luxembourg. While the three were able to hold off the approaching Americans and dealt heavy casualties to their enemies, the situation elsewhere in the Ardennes was different and the 167th was ordered to fall back.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 128], "content_span": [129, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015632-0000-0000", "contents": "167th meridian east\nThe meridian 167\u00b0 east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, New Zealand, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015632-0001-0000", "contents": "167th meridian east\nThe 167th meridian east forms a great circle with the 13th meridian west.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015632-0002-0000", "contents": "167th meridian east, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 167th meridian east passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015633-0000-0000", "contents": "167th meridian west\nThe meridian 167\u00b0 west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015633-0001-0000", "contents": "167th meridian west\nThe 167th meridian west forms a great circle with the 13th meridian east.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015633-0002-0000", "contents": "167th meridian west, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 167th meridian west passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015634-0000-0000", "contents": "168\nYear 168 (CLXVIII) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Apronianus and Paullus (or, less frequently, year 921 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 168 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015635-0000-0000", "contents": "168 (number)\n168 (one hundred [and] sixty-eight) is the natural number following 167 and preceding 169.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015635-0001-0000", "contents": "168 (number), In mathematics\n168 is an even number, a composite number, an abundant number, and an idoneal number.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015635-0002-0000", "contents": "168 (number), In mathematics\nThere are 168 primes less than 1000. 168 is the product of the first two perfect numbers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015635-0003-0000", "contents": "168 (number), In mathematics\n168 is the order of the group PSL(2,7), the second smallest nonabelian simple group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015635-0004-0000", "contents": "168 (number), In mathematics\nFrom Hurwitz's automorphisms theorem, 168 is the maximum possible number of automorphisms of a genus 3 Riemann surface, this maximum being achieved by the Klein quartic, whose symmetry group is PSL(2,7). The Fano plane has 168 symmetries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015635-0005-0000", "contents": "168 (number), In mathematics\n168 is the sum of four consecutive prime numbers: 37 + 41 + 43 + 47.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015636-0000-0000", "contents": "168 BC\nYear 168 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Macedonicus and Crassus (or, less frequently, year 586 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 168 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015637-0000-0000", "contents": "168 Film Project\nThe contest starts with the random assignment of verses based on a theme from the scriptures. Writing and preproduction is the next phase, followed by exactly one week (168 hours) to shoot and edit a finished film. If the film is on time and at or under the required total run time, then it is eligible for awards. Worldwide, over 750 short films have been produced for the competition from 2003 to 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015637-0001-0000", "contents": "168 Film Project, History\nFounded by John David Ware in 2003, the 168 Film Project started with 13 entries. Winning entries:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015637-0002-0000", "contents": "168 Film Project, History, 2021\n168 will conduct its first online virtual competition and festival.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 31], "content_span": [32, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015637-0003-0000", "contents": "168 Film Project, History, 2019\n\"Best Speed Film\" was awarded to True Reflection by Aaron Kamp. \"Best Alumni Film\" went to So Much More by Stephanie  Hylton Wang, and best Write of Passage Spotlight Film to Sunday School, by Alicia Schudt-Schechter and Yvette Sams. Theme: \"Rebirth\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 31], "content_span": [32, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015637-0004-0000", "contents": "168 Film Project, History, 2018\n\"Best Speed Film\" and Best International Film went to Fhedi by Maged Hannah from Egypt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 31], "content_span": [32, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015637-0005-0000", "contents": "168 Film Project, History, 2017\n\"Best Speed Film\" was Brother by Chris Hussar. \"Best International Film\" was The Gift by Andrew Matthews. \"Best KidVid\" went to Rachel Lowry for Lost, which qualified her team to pitch for and win the 8168 Feature Production Prize, which in 2021 has reached theaters and distribution as Final Frequency.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 31], "content_span": [32, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015637-0006-0000", "contents": "168 Film Project, History, 2016\nThe 2016 \"Best Film\" prize was awarded to The Paperclip, starring James Sayess who received a nomination for best actor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 31], "content_span": [32, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015637-0007-0000", "contents": "168 Film Project, History, 2013\nThe 2013 \"Best Film\" prize was awarded to ReMoved, a film based on the 2013 festival's assigned theme of \"atonement\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 31], "content_span": [32, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015637-0008-0000", "contents": "168 Film Project, History, 2012\nIn 2012 \"Best Film\" was given to \"Refuge\", produced by Paul e Luebbers and Joel VanderSpek. The \"Best International Film\" award presented to \"Ghosts of Europe\" produced by Jesse Hutch and Jamie Rauch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 31], "content_span": [32, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015637-0009-0000", "contents": "168 Film Project, History, 2011\nThe film \"Useless\", produced by Dennis & Olivia Bentivengo, was awarded \"Best Film\". \"Best Director\" to Owen Kingston, Tom Cooper for \"Child\u2019s Play\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 31], "content_span": [32, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015637-0010-0000", "contents": "168 Film Project, History, 2010\n\"Best Film\" award presented to Helen Urriola for her production \"The Party\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 31], "content_span": [32, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015637-0011-0000", "contents": "168 Film Project, History, 2009\nRepeat winner Wes Llewellyn honored with \"Best Film\" for \"UP IN THE AIR\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 31], "content_span": [32, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015637-0012-0000", "contents": "168 Film Project, History, 2008\nThe \"Best Film\" award presented to \"Stained\", produced by Joshua Weigel, Aaron Moore and Jeff Bartsch. \"Best International Film\" went to \"Coppelius, Matthias Haag and Travis Mendel, Producers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 31], "content_span": [32, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015637-0013-0000", "contents": "168 Film Project, History, 2007\n2007 \"Best Film\" awarded to \"A GOOD DAY\" Produced and Directed by Amanda Llewellyn & Wes Llewellyn", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 31], "content_span": [32, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015637-0014-0000", "contents": "168 Film Project, History, 2006\nThe 2006 \"Best Film\" prize was awarded to \"5 Minuti\" from Milan Italy. The screenplay was written by co-director Sergio Mascheroni. The film was produced and directed by Deborah E. Brown with CinemaVerita.com of Padova Italy. \"5 Minuti\" was based on theme \"Faith and Fear\" from the assigned Bible reference Hebrews 11:6. The film was also awarded as the 2006 \"Best Foreign Film\", \"Best Screenplay\" given to Mascheroni, and \"Best Scriptural Integration\". Italian actress Barbara Sanua was nominated for \"Best Actress\" and Maurizio Desinan was nominated for \"Best Actor\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 31], "content_span": [32, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015637-0014-0001", "contents": "168 Film Project, History, 2006\nBarbara Sanua participated in four 168 Film Project productions, passing away in Nov. 2013 from Cystic Fibrosis just months after her final 168 Film Project entry. \"5 Minuti\" has been translated and distributed in 16 languages worldwide, and was heralded as \"The New Jesus Film\" by 168 Project founder John Ware.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 31], "content_span": [32, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015637-0015-0000", "contents": "168 Film Project, History, 2006\n\"Best Actress\" for 2006 was presented to Marieke Douridas for her portrayal in \"Free of Charge\"; Douridas died in April 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 31], "content_span": [32, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015637-0016-0000", "contents": "168 Film Project, History, 2005\nBest Short Film\" awarded to \"A Temp for All Seasons\" produced by Michael Toay. Josh Greene was awarded \"Best Screenplay\" for \"The Commission\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 31], "content_span": [32, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015637-0017-0000", "contents": "168 Film Project, History, 2004\nThe 2004 \"Best Film\" award given to producers Jim O'Keeffe, Dawn O'Keeffe & Talin Parseghian for \"Max\". Luke Schelhaas was awarded \"Best Screenplay\" for \"Max\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 31], "content_span": [32, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015637-0018-0000", "contents": "168 Film Project, History, 2003\nProducers Wes and Amanda Llewllyn's film \"Crosswalk\" was awarded \"Best Short Film\", \"Best Story\", \"Best Scriptural Integration\", \"Best Editor\", \"Best Cinematographer\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 31], "content_span": [32, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015638-0000-0000", "contents": "168 Pioneer Regiment RLC\n168 Pioneer Regiment was a unit in the British Territorial Army. The regiment was nationally recruited and provided a reserve unit of pioneers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015638-0001-0000", "contents": "168 Pioneer Regiment RLC, Formation\nOn 1 April 1995, the three operational pioneer TA squadrons (34, 68 and 79 Squadrons) were formed into 168 Pioneer Regiment, with the instructions that it was to become operational by 1 April 1998. These squadrons were formed into the tasking sub-units of the Regiment, which were to become 34, 102 and 103 Squadrons, with the Headquarters Squadron being named 101 Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 35], "content_span": [36, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015638-0001-0001", "contents": "168 Pioneer Regiment RLC, Formation\nA Regimental Headquarters was also formed under its first Commanding officer, Lieutenant Colonel Rod Othen, who had served as a regular in the Royal Pioneer Corps (RPC) before retiring and joining the Royal Pioneer Corps in the Territorial Army. He established the Regiment before handing it over to Lt Col Ron Gatepain, who had seen service in the Royal Marines and TA service with the RPC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 35], "content_span": [36, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015638-0002-0000", "contents": "168 Pioneer Regiment RLC, Formation\nThe Strategic Defence Review of 1998 resulted in 168 Pioneer Regiment being tasked with forming two additional Squadrons, which were to be independent sub-units within the Specialist Regiment. These squadrons were to be formed in the North East of England. The Commanding Officer recruited many of the soldiers from disbanding units in the area and formed 100 Squadron at Cramlington, Berwick upon Tweed, Hexham and 104 Squadron based at Middlesbrough; between them, they had units at six locations in the Northeast. It also made 168 Regiment the largest unit in the British Army with 678 personnel and created a new concept of mixing Specialist and Independent TA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 35], "content_span": [36, 701]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015638-0003-0000", "contents": "168 Pioneer Regiment RLC, Formation\nOn 3 July 2013, the Defence Secretary, Philip Hammond, announced in Parliament that as part of the restructuring of the Army, 168 Regiment would be one of nine major units that will be disbanded. The four squadrons of 168 Regiment would be withdrawn from the British Army ORBAT no later than March 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 35], "content_span": [36, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015638-0004-0000", "contents": "168 Pioneer Regiment RLC, Formation\nThe Regiment held its disbandment parade on 26 October 2013", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 35], "content_span": [36, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015639-0000-0000", "contents": "168 Shopping Mall\n168 Shopping Mall (Chinese: \u4e00\u8def\u767c\u5546\u5834; Pe\u030dh-\u014de-j\u012b: It-l\u014d\u0358-hoa\u030dt siong-ti\u00fb\u207f) is a shopping complex in Binondo, Manila, the Chinatown of the Philippines. The three-story complex is located along St. Elena and Soler Streets just south of Recto Avenue and Divisoria. It is owned and managed by the 168 Group of Companies. Close competitors to the mall are the 11/88 Mall, the 999 Mall, and the Lucky Chinatown Mall. The building houses over 500 tenants and is considered to be one of the most visited malls in the area, before the opening of the Lucky Chinatown Mall in 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015639-0001-0000", "contents": "168 Shopping Mall\nIt is still one of the common destinations when shopping for bargain goods and other commodities, from novelty items, bags, shoes, toys, hardware, RTW's, and others.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015639-0002-0000", "contents": "168 Shopping Mall, History\nIt began its operations in the mid-2000s and was developed by the Yeeloofa Development Corporation (YDC) costing somewhere around 250 million pesos. Being developed by the 168 Group of Companies (168 GoC), the 168 Shopping Mall is only one of many buildings being managed and constructed by the group. Within recent years, Phase 2 of the mall was constructed to accommodate the need for extra space due to the overcrowding in the first phase of the mall and the need of space for tenants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015639-0003-0000", "contents": "168 Shopping Mall, Tenants\nLocated on the first level are some banks like Security Bank and BDO and some men's and women's apparel and accessories boutiques as well.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015639-0004-0000", "contents": "168 Shopping Mall, Tenants\nA Robinsons Supermarket branch is located at the lower ground level.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015639-0005-0000", "contents": "168 Shopping Mall, Tenants\nContinuing on the trend of the boutiques, infant's and children's toys, apparel and accessories can be found throughout the succeeding levels; gifts and decorations, and some food stalls are found here. A food court could be found on the third level and on the fifth level, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015639-0006-0000", "contents": "168 Shopping Mall, Tenants\nA subsidiary of the 168 Group of Companies, the 168 Department Store, is located within the mall complex.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015640-0000-0000", "contents": "168 Sibylla\n168 Sibylla is a large main-belt asteroid, discovered by Canadian-American astronomer J. C. Watson on September 28, 1876. It was most likely named for the Sibyls, referring to the Ancient Greek female oracles. Based upon its spectrum this object is classified as a C-type asteroid, which indicates it is very dark and composed of primitive carbonaceous materials. 168 Sibylla is a Cybele asteroid, orbiting beyond most of the main-belt asteroids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015640-0001-0000", "contents": "168 Sibylla\nPhotometric observations of this asteroid made at the Torino Observatory in Italy during 1990\u20131991 were used to determine a synodic rotation period of 23.82 \u00b1 0.004 hours. The shape of this slowly rotating object appears to resemble an oblate spheroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015641-0000-0000", "contents": "168 \u00d3ra\n168 \u00d3ra (meaning 168 Hours in English) is a weekly Hungarian language political news magazine published in Budapest, Hungary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015641-0001-0000", "contents": "168 \u00d3ra, History and profile\n168 \u00d3ra was started in 1989 by the radio broadcaster with the same name, which is part of Hungary's state broadcasting institution Magyar R\u00e1di\u00f3. In the initial phase it was just the print version of the radio programme and later, it became a political publication. \u00c1kos Mester is the editor-in-chief of the magazine which is based in Budapest. It is part of Brit Media Group. The publisher of the magazine is Telegr\u00e1f Kiad\u00f3 Kft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 28], "content_span": [29, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015641-0002-0000", "contents": "168 \u00d3ra, History and profile\n168 \u00d3ra is published weekly on Thursdays, and offers articles about politics and current affairs as well as features interviews with significant public figures. The magazine has a liberal and left liberal stance. The magazine defines itself as a critical civic-intellectual weekly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 28], "content_span": [29, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015641-0003-0000", "contents": "168 \u00d3ra, History and profile\nIn 2003 168 \u00d3ra published the then French President Jacques Chirac's press conference as if it was an exclusive interview for the magazine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 28], "content_span": [29, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015641-0004-0000", "contents": "168 \u00d3ra, Circulation\nThe circulation of 168 \u00d3ra was 58,000 copies in 2002 and 53,000 copies in 2003. During the fourth quarter of 2009 its circulation was 36,371 copies. In 2010 the magazine had a circulation of 21,000 copies. It was 17,746 copies in 2013. It dropped to 14,321 copies in 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 20], "content_span": [21, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015642-0000-0000", "contents": "1680\n1680 (MDCLXXX) was a leap year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a leap year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar, the 1680th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 680th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 80th  year of the 17th\u00a0century, and the  1st   year of the 1680s decade. As of the start of 1680, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015643-0000-0000", "contents": "1680 AM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1680\u00a0kHz: 1680 AM is a Regional broadcast frequency.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015643-0001-0000", "contents": "1680 AM, In the United States\nAll stations operate with 10 kW during the daytime and are Class B stations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 29], "content_span": [30, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015644-0000-0000", "contents": "1680 Per Brahe\n1680 Per Brahe, provisional designation 1942 CH, is a bright background asteroid from the central region of the asteroid belt, approximately 14 kilometers (9 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 12 February 1942, by Finnish astronomer Liisi Oterma at Turku Observatory in Southwest Finland. The stony S-type asteroid has a rotation period of 3.4 hours. It is named after Swedish count and governor Per Brahe the Younger.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015644-0001-0000", "contents": "1680 Per Brahe, Orbit and classification\nThe S-type asteroid is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.2\u20133.2\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 6 months (1,643 days; semi-major axis of 2.73\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.18 and an inclination of 4\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. Per Brahe was first identified as A902 JA at Heidelberg Observatory in 1902, extending the asteroid's observation arc by 40 years prior to its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015644-0002-0000", "contents": "1680 Per Brahe, Naming\nThis minor planet was named for Swedish count Per Brahe (1602\u20131680), who was Governor General of Finland in the 17th century. His prosperous legacy saw the establishment of Academia Aboensis, the first university in Finland, the construction of various new towns and many schools, and the publication of the first Finnish Bible. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 April 1980 (M.P.C. 5280).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015644-0003-0000", "contents": "1680 Per Brahe, Physical characteristics, Lightcurve\nIn December 2012, two rotational lightcurves of Per Brahe were obtained by American astronomers Robert Stephens and Brian Warner. They gave a well-defined rotation period of 3.426 and 3.428 hours with a brightness variation of 0.13 and 0.017 magnitude, respectively (U=3/3). Previously, lightcurves obtained by Laurent Bernasconi and Ren\u00e9 Roy in 2005 and 2006, gave a similar period of 3.444 and 3.44 hours, respectively. (U=2/1+).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 52], "content_span": [53, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015644-0004-0000", "contents": "1680 Per Brahe, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Per Brahe measures between 13.96 and 18.29 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.178 and 0.300. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives a higher albedo of 0.341 and a diameter of 14.36 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 11.0.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 61], "content_span": [62, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015650-0000-0000", "contents": "1680 in Scotland\nEvents from the year 1680 in the Kingdom of Scotland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015653-0000-0000", "contents": "1680 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1680.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015655-0000-0000", "contents": "1680 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015655-0001-0000", "contents": "1680 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015655-0002-0000", "contents": "1680 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015656-0000-0000", "contents": "1680 in science\nThe year 1680 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015657-0000-0000", "contents": "1680s\nThe 1680s decade ran from January 1, 1680, to December 31, 1689.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015658-0000-0000", "contents": "1680s BC\nThe 1680s BC was a decade lasting from January 1, 1689 BC to December 31, 1680 BC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 91]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015659-0000-0000", "contents": "1680s in South Africa\nThe following lists events that happened during the 1680s in South Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 96]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015660-0000-0000", "contents": "1680s in archaeology\nThe decade of the 1680s in archaeology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015661-0000-0000", "contents": "1681\n1681 (MDCLXXXI) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar, the 1681st year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 681st  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 81st  year of the 17th\u00a0century, and the  2nd   year of the 1680s decade. As of the start of 1681, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015662-0000-0000", "contents": "1681 English general election\nThe 1681 English general election returned members to the last parliament of Charles II. It sat for one week from 21 March 1681 until 28 March 1681, and was  dubbed the Oxford Parliament. Party strengths are an approximation, with many MPs' allegiances being unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015663-0000-0000", "contents": "1681 Steinmetz\n1681 Steinmetz, provisional designation 1948 WE, is a stony asteroid from the central region of the asteroid belt, approximately 16 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 23 November 1948, by French astronomer Marguerite Laugier at Nice Observatory in south-eastern France. It was named after German amateur astronomer Julius Steinmetz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015663-0001-0000", "contents": "1681 Steinmetz, Orbit and classification\nSteinmetz orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.1\u20133.2\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 5 months (1,617 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.20 and an inclination of 7\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. Steinmetz was first identified as A914 DB at Heidelberg Observatory in 1914, extending the body's observation arc by 34 years prior to its official discovery observation at Nice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015663-0002-0000", "contents": "1681 Steinmetz, Physical characteristics\nThis asteroid is characterized as a common S-type asteroid in the Tholen classification.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015663-0003-0000", "contents": "1681 Steinmetz, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn December 2006, Italian amateur astronomer Silvano Casulli obtained a rotational lightcurve of Steinmetz from photometric observations. It gave a well-defined rotation period of 8.99917 hours with a brightness variation of 0.42 magnitude (U=3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 57], "content_span": [58, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015663-0004-0000", "contents": "1681 Steinmetz, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Steinmetz measures 14.58 and 16.16 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo of 0.204 and 0.161, respectively. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.10 and calculates a diameter of 20.49 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.56.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 61], "content_span": [62, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015663-0005-0000", "contents": "1681 Steinmetz, Naming\nAccording to a proposal by Otto Kippes, who verified the discovery, this minor planet was named after Julius Steinmetz (1893\u20131965), a German amateur astronomer, orbit computer, and pastor from Gerolfingen in Bavaria. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 October 1980 (M.P.C. 5523).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015664-0000-0000", "contents": "1681 Trondheim fire\nThe 1681 Trondheim fire started on 18 April 1681, in a building near Nidelva. Large parts of the centre of Trondheim, S\u00f8r-Tr\u00f8ndelag county, Norway. were destroyed, including the quay houses and V\u00e5r Frue Church. Timber merchant Thomas Hammond perished during the fire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015664-0001-0000", "contents": "1681 Trondheim fire\nAfter the fire incident, a new city plan of Trondheim was developed by Johan Caspar von Cicignon, on the initiative of the King Christian V.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015671-0000-0000", "contents": "1681 in Scotland\nEvents from the year 1681 in the Kingdom of Scotland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015674-0000-0000", "contents": "1681 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1681.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015676-0000-0000", "contents": "1681 in poetry\n\u2014 First lines from Andrew Marvell's To His Coy Mistress, first published (posthumously) this year", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015676-0001-0000", "contents": "1681 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015676-0002-0000", "contents": "1681 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015676-0003-0000", "contents": "1681 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015677-0000-0000", "contents": "1681 in science\nThe year 1681 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015678-0000-0000", "contents": "1682\n1682 (MDCLXXXII) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar, the 1682nd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 682nd  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 82nd  year of the 17th\u00a0century, and the  3rd   year of the 1680s decade. As of the start of 1682, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015679-0000-0000", "contents": "1682 Karel\n1682 Karel, provisional designation 1949 PH, is a stony Florian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 7.5 kilometers in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015679-0001-0000", "contents": "1682 Karel\nIt was discovered on 2 August 1949, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg Observatory in southern Germany, and later named after the son of Dutch astronomer couple Ingrid and Cornelis van Houten.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015679-0002-0000", "contents": "1682 Karel, Orbit and classification\nKarel is a member of the Flora family, one of the largest collisional populations of stony asteroids in the inner main-belt. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 1.8\u20132.7\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 4 months (1,223 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.19 and an inclination of 4\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. In 1929, Karel was first identified as 1929 SD at Heidelberg, extending the body's observation arc by 20 years prior to its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015679-0003-0000", "contents": "1682 Karel, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nAstronomers Fran\u00e7ois Colas, Jean Lecacheux, Federico Manzini and Raoul Behrend obtained a rotational lightcurve of Karel from photometric observations in January 2008. It gave a well-defined rotation period of 3.37485 hours with a brightness variation of 0.47 in magnitude (U=3). An identical period was modeled from the Lowell Photometric Database (U=n.a. ).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 53], "content_span": [54, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015679-0004-0000", "contents": "1682 Karel, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Karel measures 4.80 and 7.27 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo of 0.278 and 0.531, respectively. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.24 \u2013 derived from 8\u00a0Flora, the largest member and namesake of this family \u2013 and calculates a diameter of 7.47 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.8.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 57], "content_span": [58, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015679-0005-0000", "contents": "1682 Karel, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Karel van Houten, son of Dutch astronomers Ingrid and Cornelis van Houten of the Leiden Observatory. Together with Ingrid, Reinmuth discovered the minor planet 1691 Oort in 1956. Reinmuth also named his two discoveries, 1673 van Houten and 1674 Groeneveld, after the prolific couple of Dutch astronomers. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 15 December 1968 (M.P.C. 2901).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015686-0000-0000", "contents": "1682 in Scotland\nEvents from the year 1682 in the Kingdom of Scotland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015689-0000-0000", "contents": "1682 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1682.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015691-0000-0000", "contents": "1682 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles concerning that nation's poetry or literature (for example, Irish or French).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015691-0001-0000", "contents": "1682 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015691-0002-0000", "contents": "1682 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015692-0000-0000", "contents": "1682 in science\nThe year 1682 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015693-0000-0000", "contents": "1683\n1683 (MDCLXXXIII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar, the 1683rd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 683rd  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 83rd  year of the 17th\u00a0century, and the  4th   year of the 1680s decade. As of the start of 1683, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015694-0000-0000", "contents": "1683 AM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1683\u00a0kHz:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 72]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015695-0000-0000", "contents": "1683 Castafiore\n1683 Castafiore, provisional designation 1950 SL, is a carbonaceous background asteroid from the central region of the asteroid belt, approximately 21 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 19 September 1950, by Belgian astronomer Sylvain Arend at Royal Observatory of Belgium in Uccle, Belgium, and named after the character Bianca Castafiore from The Adventures of Tintin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015695-0001-0000", "contents": "1683 Castafiore, Orbit and classification\nThe C-type asteroid orbits the Sun in the middle main-belt at a distance of 2.3\u20133.2\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 6 months (1,653 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.18 and an inclination of 12\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015695-0002-0000", "contents": "1683 Castafiore, Naming\nThis minor planet was named for Bianca Castafiore, a fictional character in the comic-strip Adventures of Tintin . On the occasion of his seventy-fifth birthday, the father of the fictional character, Georges Remi, better known under his pseudonym Herg\u00e9, was honoured by the minor planet 1652 Herg\u00e9. The approved naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 8 April 1982 (M.P.C. 6832).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015695-0003-0000", "contents": "1683 Castafiore, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn September 2004, American astronomer Donald P. Pray obtained a rotational lightcurve of Castafiore from photometric observations. It gave a rotation period of 13.931 hours with a brightness variation of 0.66 magnitude (U=2+).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 58], "content_span": [59, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015695-0004-0000", "contents": "1683 Castafiore, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Castafiore measures 21.15 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.160 (best result only), while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for carbonaceous asteroids of 0.057, and calculates a diameter of 25.44 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 11.7.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 62], "content_span": [63, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015703-0000-0000", "contents": "1683 in Scotland\nEvents from the year 1683 in the Kingdom of Scotland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015707-0000-0000", "contents": "1683 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1683.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015709-0000-0000", "contents": "1683 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015709-0001-0000", "contents": "1683 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015709-0002-0000", "contents": "1683 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015710-0000-0000", "contents": "1683 in science\nThe year 1683 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015711-0000-0000", "contents": "1684\n1684 (MDCLXXXIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a leap year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar, the 1684th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 684th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 84th  year of the 17th\u00a0century, and the  5th   year of the 1680s decade. As of the start of 1684, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015712-0000-0000", "contents": "1684 Iguass\u00fa\n1684 Iguass\u00fa, provisional designation 1951 QE, is a carbonaceous asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 30.5 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 23 August 1951, by Argentine astronomer Miguel Itzigsohn at the La Plata Astronomical Observatory, located in the city of La Plata, Argentina. It was named after the Iguazu Falls in South America.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015712-0001-0000", "contents": "1684 Iguass\u00fa, Orbit and classification\nThe asteroid orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.7\u20133.5\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 5 months (1,992 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.13 and an inclination of 4\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015712-0002-0000", "contents": "1684 Iguass\u00fa, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn January 2014, two rotational lightcurves of Iguass\u00fa were obtained at the Palomar Transient Factory in California. They gave a rotation period of 9.14 and 9.23 hours, respectively, both with a brightness change of 0.15 in magnitude (U=2/2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 55], "content_span": [56, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015712-0003-0000", "contents": "1684 Iguass\u00fa, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Iguass\u00fa measures between 30.21 and 31.38 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.08 and 0.093. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for carbonaceous asteroids of 0.057 and calculates a diameter of 30.62 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015712-0004-0000", "contents": "1684 Iguass\u00fa, Naming\nThis minor planet is named for the large Iguazu Falls, a 60 meters high and 1 kilometer wide waterfall, which river of the same name marks part of the boundary between Argentina and Brazil. As a curiosity, the spelling of the minor planet's name (Iguass\u00fa) neither concurs with the Spanish \"Iguaz\u00fa\" nor with the Portuguese \"Igua\u00e7u\". It is rather similar to \"Yguasu\", used in the native Guarani language, from which the waterfall's name originates. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 8 April 1982 (M.P.C. 6832).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015718-0000-0000", "contents": "1684 in Scotland\nEvents from the year 1684 in the Kingdom of Scotland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015721-0000-0000", "contents": "1684 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1684.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015723-0000-0000", "contents": "1684 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015723-0001-0000", "contents": "1684 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015723-0002-0000", "contents": "1684 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015724-0000-0000", "contents": "1684 in science\nThe year 1684 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015725-0000-0000", "contents": "1685\n1685 (MDCLXXXV) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar, the 1685th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 685th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 85th  year of the 17th\u00a0century, and the  6th   year of the 1680s decade. As of the start of 1685, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015726-0000-0000", "contents": "1685 English general election\nThe 1685 English general election elected the only parliament of James II of England, known as the Loyal Parliament. This was the first time the words Whig and Tory were used as names for political groupings in the Parliament of England. Party strengths are an approximation, with many MPs' allegiances being unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015726-0001-0000", "contents": "1685 English general election\n513 Members of Parliament were returned, across 53 counties and 217 boroughs in England and Wales, most returning two members. Only 15 counties and 57 boroughs (a total of 100 seats) had contested elections, with the other candidates being returned unopposed. One borough had a double return, where multiple members were recorded elected, and another was subsequently voided by Parliament, forcing a by-election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015726-0002-0000", "contents": "1685 English general election\nWhile the number of seats had not changed from the previous election, their electorate had been substantially altered by royal influence. Following the Exclusion crisis, ninety-nine boroughs had received new charters, the aim being to eliminate the influence of the Whigs. The Whigs also lost seats in county constituencies - which were not liable to charter manipulation - dropping from around sixty county seats in 1681 to only eight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015726-0003-0000", "contents": "1685 English general election\nIn the new parliament, the Tories now had their own majority in both houses, Commons and Lords. The exact breakdown of members returned at the election is not clear, but of the 525 members who served during the 1685-89 Parliamentary term, including those elected at later by-elections, 468 are estimated as Tories and 57 as Whigs. This estimate does not treat any members as uncommitted, and up to 30% of members were recorded as inactive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015726-0004-0000", "contents": "1685 English general election\nThe election had significant effects on Parliament demographically as well as politically. The newly elected members were mostly inexperienced, with slightly over half never having sat in Parliament before. The majority of these would stand down or lose their seats at the subsequent election in 1689. Members were much more likely to be High Church Anglicans, with very few Presbyterians or Independents compared to other Parliaments of the period. There was an unusually high share of government officials and military officers, and fewer country gentry. Two minors were elected, Peter Legh and the Hon. Thomas Windsor, aged 15 and 16 respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015727-0000-0000", "contents": "1685 Toro\n1685 Toro (prov. designation: 1948 OA) is an asteroid and near-Earth object of the Apollo group on an eccentric orbit. It was discovered on 17 July 1948, by American astronomer Carl Wirtanen at Lick Observatory on Mount Hamilton, California. The stony S-type asteroid has a rotation period of 10.2 hours and measures approximately 4 kilometers (2.5 miles) in diameter. It is named for Betulia Toro Herrick, wife of astronomer Samuel Herrick.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015727-0001-0000", "contents": "1685 Toro, Classification and orbit\nToro is an Apollo asteroid, a subgroup of near-Earth asteroids that cross the orbit of Earth. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 0.8\u20132.0\u00a0AU once every 584 days. Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.44 and an inclination of 9\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 35], "content_span": [36, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015727-0002-0000", "contents": "1685 Toro, Classification and orbit\nThis asteroid's orbit also shows a 5:8 resonance with Earth and in a near 5:13 resonance with Venus. This near resonance results from Earth and Venus being in a near 8:13 resonance with each other. It was the third Apollo asteroid to be discovered. The current resonance with Earth will last for only a few thousand years. Calculations show that Toro will leave it in 2960\u00a0CE, and that it will enter the region of 5:13 resonance with Venus in 3470\u00a0CE. This is because the distance from Earth's orbit will become larger and that from Venus's orbit smaller. A study of long-term stability shows that the alternating resonances will possibly be broken roughly 3 million years from now because of close approaches between Toro and Mars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 35], "content_span": [36, 768]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015727-0003-0000", "contents": "1685 Toro, Classification and orbit\nBased on orbital paths, Toro is the best candidate for the source of the Sylacauga meteorite, the first meteorite authenticated to have struck a human, Mrs. Ann Hodges of Sylacauga, Alabama on 30 November 1954. Toro's Earth minimum orbit intersection distance of 0.0507\u00a0AU (7,580,000\u00a0km), is just above the 0.05\u00a0AU requirement to be listed as a potentially hazardous asteroid. With an orbital uncertainty U\u00a0=\u00a00, its orbit and future close approaches are well determined.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 35], "content_span": [36, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015727-0004-0000", "contents": "1685 Toro, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the maiden name of Betulia (n\u00e9e Toro) Herrick, wife of American astronomer Samuel Herrick. Herrick had studied the asteroid's orbit, and requested the name, along with the other asteroid, 1580\u00a0Betulia. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 10 March 1966 (M.P.C. 2504).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 17], "content_span": [18, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015727-0005-0000", "contents": "1685 Toro, Physical characteristics\nIn the Tholen and SMASS taxonomic scheme, Toro is characterized as a stony S-type asteroid. It is reported to be composed of L chondrite with a high albedo in the range of 0.24\u20130.34. It has an extremely well-measured rotation period of 10.2 hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 35], "content_span": [36, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015729-0000-0000", "contents": "1685 in England\nEvents from the year 1685 in England. This year sees a change of monarch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015734-0000-0000", "contents": "1685 in Scotland\nEvents from the year 1685 in the Kingdom of Scotland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015737-0000-0000", "contents": "1685 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1685.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015739-0000-0000", "contents": "1685 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015739-0001-0000", "contents": "1685 in poetry, Works published, Great Britain, English verses on the death of Charles II and coronation of James II\nCharles II of England died on February 6; James II of England was crowned on April 23:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 116], "content_span": [117, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015739-0002-0000", "contents": "1685 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015739-0003-0000", "contents": "1685 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015740-0000-0000", "contents": "1685 in science\nThe year 1685 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015741-0000-0000", "contents": "1686\n1686 (MDCLXXXVI) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar, the 1686th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 686th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 86th  year of the 17th\u00a0century, and the  7th   year of the 1680s decade. As of the start of 1686, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015746-0000-0000", "contents": "1686 in Italy\nAn incomplete series of events which occurred in 1686 in Italy:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 77]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015752-0000-0000", "contents": "1686 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1686.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015753-0000-0000", "contents": "1686 in music\nThis is a list of notable events in music that took place in the year 1686.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015754-0000-0000", "contents": "1686 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015754-0001-0000", "contents": "1686 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015754-0002-0000", "contents": "1686 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015755-0000-0000", "contents": "1686 in science\nThe year 1686 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015756-0000-0000", "contents": "1687\n1687 (MDCLXXXVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar, the 1687th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 687th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 87th  year of the 17th\u00a0century, and the  8th   year of the 1680s decade. As of the start of 1687, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015757-0000-0000", "contents": "1687 Glarona\n1687 Glarona (prov. designation: 1965 SC) is a stony Themis asteroid approximately 34 kilometers in diameter from the outer region of the asteroid belt. It was discovered by Swiss astronomer Paul Wild at Zimmerwald Observatory near Bern, Switzerland, on 19 September 1965. It was later named after the Swiss Canton of Glarus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015757-0001-0000", "contents": "1687 Glarona, Orbit and classification\nThe asteroid is a member of the Themis family, one of the larger groups in the outer main-belt. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.6\u20133.7\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 7 months (2,049 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.18 and an inclination of 3\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The first precovery was taken at Heidelberg Observatory in 1909, extending the asteroid's observation arc by 56 years prior to its discovery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015757-0002-0000", "contents": "1687 Glarona, Naming\nThe minor planet was named for of the discoverer's home valley, the Swiss Canton of Glarus and its capital Glarus. Paul Wild (1925\u20132014) was a prolific discoverer almost 100 asteroids, and is well known for his discovery of comet Wild 2, which was visited by NASA's Stardust mission. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 October 1969 (M.P.C. 2971).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015757-0003-0000", "contents": "1687 Glarona, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves\nA rotational lightcurve obtained in the 1970s gave a well-defined rotation period of 6.3 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.75 in magnitude (U=3). In March 2016, a second period was published based on data from the Lowell Photometric Database (LPD). Using lightcurve inversion and convex shape models, as well as distributed computing power and the help of individual volunteers, a period of 6.49595\u00b10.00001 hours could be obtained for this asteroid from the LPD's sparse-in-time photometry data (U=n.a. ).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 51], "content_span": [52, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015757-0004-0000", "contents": "1687 Glarona, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the space-based surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, the asteroid measures between 31.5 and 42.0 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo in the range of 0.0795 to 0.141.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015757-0005-0000", "contents": "1687 Glarona, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link (CALL) gives preference to the results obtained by IRAS with an albedo of 0.1219 and a diameter of 33.93 kilometers. CALL also classifies the Themistian asteroid as a stony S-class body, which are otherwise known to have low albedos, showing spectra of carbonaceous C-type bodies (also see Carbonaceous chondrites).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015758-0000-0000", "contents": "1687 Peru earthquake\nThe 1687 Peru earthquake occurred at 11:30 UTC on 20 October. It had an estimated magnitude of 8.4\u20138.7 and caused severe damage to Lima, Callao and Ica. It triggered a tsunami and overall about 5,000 people died.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015758-0001-0000", "contents": "1687 Peru earthquake, Tectonic setting\nThe earthquake occurred along the boundary between the Nazca Plate and the South American Plate. The earthquake is likely to be a result of thrust faulting, caused by the subduction of the Nazca plate beneath the South American plate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 38], "content_span": [39, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015758-0002-0000", "contents": "1687 Peru earthquake, Tectonic setting\nThe coastal parts of Peru and Chile have a history of great megathrust earthquakes originating from this plate boundary, such as the 1960 Valdivia earthquake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 38], "content_span": [39, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015758-0003-0000", "contents": "1687 Peru earthquake, Damage\nThe port of Pisco was completely destroyed by the tsunami, with at least three ships being swept over the remains of the town.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 28], "content_span": [29, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015758-0004-0000", "contents": "1687 Peru earthquake, Characteristics\nThe earthquake was probably followed by another large event further to the south. A magnitude of 8.7 has been estimated from tsunami runup heights and by comparison with the earthquake of 1974.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 37], "content_span": [38, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015758-0005-0000", "contents": "1687 Peru earthquake, Characteristics\nThe tsunami was reported in Japan where it produced runups of tens of metres.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 37], "content_span": [38, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015758-0006-0000", "contents": "1687 Peru earthquake, Economic impact\nChile has a history of exporting cereals to Peru dating back to 1687 when Peru was struck by both an earthquake and a stem rust epidemic. Chilean soil and climatic conditions were better for cereal production than those of Peru and Chilean wheat was cheaper and of better quality than Peruvian wheat. According to historians Villalobos et al. 1974 the 1687 events were only the detonant factor for exports to start.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 37], "content_span": [38, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015758-0007-0000", "contents": "1687 Peru earthquake, Economic impact\nIn the 16th and 17th century the principal wine growing area of the Americas was in the central and southern coast of Peru. In Peru the largest wine-making centre was in the area of Ica and Pisco. The earthquake destroyed wine cellars and mud containers used for wine storage. This event marked the end of the Peruvian wine-boom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 37], "content_span": [38, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015768-0000-0000", "contents": "1687 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1687.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015770-0000-0000", "contents": "1687 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015770-0001-0000", "contents": "1687 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015770-0002-0000", "contents": "1687 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015771-0000-0000", "contents": "1687 in science\nThe year 1687 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015772-0000-0000", "contents": "16879 Campai\n16879 Campai, provisional designation 1998 BH10, is a stony Witt asteroid and slow rotator from the central region of the asteroid belt, approximately 10 kilometers (6 miles)  in diameter. The S-type asteroid was discovered on 24 January 1998, by Italian astronomers Andrea Boattini and Maura Tombelli at the Pistoia Mountains Astronomical Observatory in San Marcello Pistoiese, Tuscany, central Italy. It was named for Italian amateur astronomer Paolo Campai.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015772-0001-0000", "contents": "16879 Campai, Orbit and classification\nCampai is a member of the Witt family (535), a large family of (predominantly) stony asteroids with more than 1,600 known members. It orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.7\u20132.8\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 7 months (1,673 days; semi-major axis of 2.76\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.02 and an inclination of 7\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The first precovery was obtained at Siding Spring Observatory in July 1977, extending the asteroid's observation arc by 22 years prior to its discovery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015772-0002-0000", "contents": "16879 Campai, Physical characteristics\nCampai has been characterized as a common, stony S-type asteroid, in line with the overall spectral type for members of the Witt family.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015772-0003-0000", "contents": "16879 Campai, Physical characteristics, Slow rotator\nIn October 2010, a rotational lightcurve of Campai was obtained from photometric observations made at the Palomar Transient Factory in California. It rendered an exceptionally long period of 314.2468\u00b14.9149 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.68 magnitude (U=2). While the result is based on less than full coverage, and may be refined by future observations, Campai is one of the slowest rotating asteroids known to exist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 52], "content_span": [53, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015772-0004-0000", "contents": "16879 Campai, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link calculates a diameter of 10.5 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 13.6 and an assumed standard albedo for a carbonaceous asteroid of 0.057.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015772-0005-0000", "contents": "16879 Campai, Naming\nThis minor planet was named for Italian amateur astronomer Paolo Campai (born 1957) from Florence, who is specialized in teaching and astrophotography. Both discoverers made his acquaintance near Florence on a night in 1985, while observing comet 1P/Halley and \u03b1 Phoenicis. The approved naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 6 August 2003 (M.P.C. 49281).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015773-0000-0000", "contents": "1688\n1688 (MDCLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a leap year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar, the 1688th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 688th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 88th  year of the 17th\u00a0century, and the  9th   year of the 1680s decade. As of the start of 1688, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015774-0000-0000", "contents": "1688 Germantown Quaker Petition Against Slavery\nThe 1688 Germantown Quaker Petition Against Slavery was the first protest against enslavement of Africans made by a religious body in the Thirteen Colonies. Francis Daniel Pastorius authored the petition; he and three other Quakers living in Germantown, Pennsylvania (now part of Philadelphia), signed it on behalf of the Germantown Meeting of the Religious Society of Friends. Clearly a highly controversial document, Friends forwarded it up the hierarchical chain of their administrative structure\u2014monthly, quarterly, and yearly meetings\u2014without either approving or rejecting it. The petition effectively disappeared for 150 years into Philadelphia Yearly Meeting's capacious archives; but upon rediscovery in 1844 by Philadelphia antiquarian Nathan Kite, latter-day abolitionists published it in 1844 in The Friend, (Vol. XVII, No. 16.) in support of their antislavery agitation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 930]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015774-0001-0000", "contents": "1688 Germantown Quaker Petition Against Slavery, Historical background\nThe colony of Pennsylvania was founded in 1682 by William Penn as a place where people from any country and faith could settle, free from religious persecution. In payment of a debt to Penn's father, Penn had received from King Charles II a large land grant west of New Jersey which Charles II named Pennsylvania after William's father, Admiral William Penn. Penn had become a friend of George Fox, the founder of the Society of Friends, who were pejoratively nicknamed \"Quakers\" because they described themselves as quaking and trembling in fear of the Lord.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 70], "content_span": [71, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015774-0001-0001", "contents": "1688 Germantown Quaker Petition Against Slavery, Historical background\nPenn had converted to Quakerism and had been imprisoned several times for his beliefs. Charles II allowed Penn to establish a proprietary colony where Penn appointed the governor and judges but established an otherwise democratic system of government with freedom of religion, fair trials, elected representatives, and separation of church and state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 70], "content_span": [71, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015774-0002-0000", "contents": "1688 Germantown Quaker Petition Against Slavery, Historical background\nFrom 1660 to 1680, several Quakers including William Penn visited the United Provinces and the Rhine valley of what would later become Germany, and organized gatherings where they preached the Quaker testimony. Many people, including some who had been Mennonites in Krefeld and Kriegsheim (now part of the modern Mennonite congregation of Monsheim, Germany), in the German \"Palatinate\", converted to the new Quaker faith. Among them was Francis Daniel Pastorius, a young German born near W\u00fcrzburg to a family of elite officeholders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 70], "content_span": [71, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015774-0002-0001", "contents": "1688 Germantown Quaker Petition Against Slavery, Historical background\nAfter training as an attorney, Pastorius sought spiritual release from his lucrative but uninspiring practice with the local gentry, and he turned inward looking for a philosophical purity in his life. He was attracted to Penn's colony as a place where religious freedom would allow him to start afresh a life free from \"libertinism and sins of the European world.\" Meanwhile, the Mennonites and Quakers in the Netherlands and along the Rhine valley were often fined or imprisoned for publicly practicing a faith other than the officially recognized Reformed Church, Catholicism and Lutheranism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 70], "content_span": [71, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015774-0003-0000", "contents": "1688 Germantown Quaker Petition Against Slavery, Historical background\nIn 1681, Penn invited immigrants from Europe to the new colony. He arrived in 1682, had the land surveyed, organized Philadelphia as a welcoming town laid out as a grid with many green spaces, and profited by selling lots. Soon, the waterfront was a bustle of activity, town streets were laid out with houses built on narrow lots, and churches of several different faiths were established. The town merchants traded with the largely Quaker colony of West Jersey. The town and surrounding countryside prospered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 70], "content_span": [71, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015774-0004-0000", "contents": "1688 Germantown Quaker Petition Against Slavery, The German settlement\nIn 1683 Pastorius was delegated authority to purchase land in the new Pennsylvania colony by a group of men from Frankfurt who intended to emigrate. He traveled to Philadelphia in August 1683, having purchased a warrant from Penn's agent on behalf of the Frankfurt men who had supplied the funds. In October, 1683, thirteen German-Dutch families from Krefeld in the Rhine valley arrived with their own land claim. Seizing upon a chance to create a viable German-speaking town, Pastorius negotiated with Penn to combine the two claims. As it turned out, the people from the Frankfurt Company never emigrated to the new colony, but more Quakers and Mennonites came from the Rhine valley and Pastorius's ambitious plan for a German-speaking town near Philadelphia grew and became real.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 70], "content_span": [71, 853]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015774-0005-0000", "contents": "1688 Germantown Quaker Petition Against Slavery, The German settlement\nPastorius had devised a simple plan for a town, with lots parceled out along one long main thoroughfare, where settlers could build their houses. He required land good for tilling because the emigrants would need to grow their own food to survive. Pastorius and Penn became good friends, and they often discussed plans for the new settlement over dinner. The land originally promised to Pastorius was supposed to be level and along a navigable river, and Pastorius had paid for 6,000 contiguous acres (24\u00a0km2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 70], "content_span": [71, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015774-0005-0001", "contents": "1688 Germantown Quaker Petition Against Slavery, The German settlement\nHowever a suitable tract of land near Philadelphia was unavailable on the Delaware River, because level ground there was valuable and most of it had already been sold. Penn suggested land near the Schuylkill Falls (East Falls), but it was too steep for Pastorius's plan, so as an alternative Penn suggested land a little further east, near the top of a gentle hill between two creeks, and Pastorius agreed. Germantown was thus founded along a Lenni Lenape trail four miles (6\u00a0km) north of Philadelphia, between the Wissahickon and Wingohocking creeks. Pastorius had the land surveyed, and over the first winter the families lived in downtown Philadelphia while struggling to clear the land for their makeshift log houses. Germantown became a separate and self-sufficient town of Dutch and German speakers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 70], "content_span": [71, 876]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015774-0006-0000", "contents": "1688 Germantown Quaker Petition Against Slavery, The German settlement\nThe thirteen original Krefelder families were Mennonites who had become Quakers in their native Holland before they arrived in the new Pennsylvania colony. Because they had been persecuted in their own land on account of their beliefs they understood the value of a community founded on religious toleration. Unlike Pastorius, they were not wealthy, but were skilled craftsmen who knew they would have to work hard for a living. By trade they were carpenters, weavers, dyers, tailors, and shoemakers, so they were not fully prepared for the hard work of clearing the forest. Over the first year they cleared land and planted crops for food and flax for weaving. They set up looms and soon were producing linen cloth that sold widely throughout the colonies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 70], "content_span": [71, 828]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015774-0007-0000", "contents": "1688 Germantown Quaker Petition Against Slavery, The issue of slavery\nSome of the early settlers of Philadelphia and its surrounding towns were wealthy and purchased African slaves to work on their farms. Although many such slaveowners also had immigrated to escape religious persecution, they saw no contradiction in owning slaves. Although serfdom had already been abolished in northwestern Europe by 1500, servitude was still ubiquitous, and sometimes under harsh conditions. Many immigrants to the new colony were indentured servants, who had signed an agreement to work for several years in exchange for being transported via a passenger ship to the new colony.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 69], "content_span": [70, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015774-0007-0001", "contents": "1688 Germantown Quaker Petition Against Slavery, The issue of slavery\nSlavery was widespread in the American colonies, and local slave markets ensured the ease of purchasing slaves to the general populace. The Atlantic slave trade was beginning to rapidly expand, and many settlers thought it necessary for economic growth in the colonies. Many slave ship owners and captains made large profits transporting slaves from Africa to the Caribbean and mainland North America. William Penn oversaw the economic progress of his colony and once proudly declared that during the course of a year Philadelphia had received ten slave ships.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 69], "content_span": [70, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015774-0008-0000", "contents": "1688 Germantown Quaker Petition Against Slavery, The issue of slavery\nThe first settlers of Germantown were soon joined by several more Quaker and Mennonite families from Krisheim, also in the Rhine valley, who were ethnic Germans but spoke a similar dialect to the Hollanders from Krefeld. Some out of pragmatism attended the local Quaker Meetings held in the newly built homes of immigrants, becoming involved and accepted in the Philadelphia Quaker community, and eventually joining as members. However, in several ways they felt themselves outsiders, which allowed them to question the social values in the nascent colony.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 69], "content_span": [70, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015774-0008-0001", "contents": "1688 Germantown Quaker Petition Against Slavery, The issue of slavery\nSome attended the Quaker Meeting temporarily while they waited for a Mennonite minister to arrive, and then helped to build the first Mennonite Meetinghouse. The town prospered and grew, and a Quaker Meeting was organized at Thones Kunders's house, under the care of Dublin (Abington Meeting). By 1686 a Quaker Meetinghouse was constructed near the current site of Germantown Friends Meeting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 69], "content_span": [70, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015774-0009-0000", "contents": "1688 Germantown Quaker Petition Against Slavery, The issue of slavery\nThe German-Dutch settlers were unaccustomed to owning slaves, although from the shortage of labor they understood why slavery was required to ensure the economic prosperity of the colony. Slaves and indentured servants were a valuable asset for a farmer because they were not paid. Yet the German-Dutch settlers refused to buy slaves themselves and quickly saw the contradiction in the slave trade and in farmers who forced people to work.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 69], "content_span": [70, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015774-0009-0001", "contents": "1688 Germantown Quaker Petition Against Slavery, The issue of slavery\nAlthough in their native Germany and Holland the Krefelders had been persecuted because of their beliefs, only people who had been convicted of a crime could be forced to work in servitude. In what turned out to be a revolutionary leap of insight, the Germantowners saw a fundamental similarity between the right to be free from persecution on account of their beliefs and the right to be free from being forced to work against their will.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 69], "content_span": [70, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015774-0010-0000", "contents": "1688 Germantown Quaker Petition Against Slavery, About the contents of the petition\nIn 1688, five years after Germantown was founded, Pastorius and three other men petitioned the Dublin Quaker Meeting. The men gathered at Thones Kunders's house and wrote a petition based upon the Bible's Golden Rule, \"Do unto others as you would have them do unto you,\" urging the Meeting to abolish slavery. It is an unconventional text in that it avoids the expected salutation to fellow Quakers and does not contain references to Jesus and God. It argues that every human, regardless of belief, color, or ethnicity, has rights that should not be violated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 83], "content_span": [84, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015774-0011-0000", "contents": "1688 Germantown Quaker Petition Against Slavery, About the contents of the petition\nThroughout the petition the reference to the Golden Rule is used to argue against slavery and for universal human rights. On first reading, the argument presented in the petition seems indirect. Nowhere is the Meeting specifically asked to condemn the practice of slavery. Instead, in reference to the Golden Rule, the four men ask why Christians are allowed to buy and own slaves, almost in mock sarcasm, to get the slaveowners to see their point. In doing so, it arguably was very successful, but it would be easy to miss the sophistication of their argument. They emphatically argue that in their society the capture and sale of ordinary people as slaves, where husband, wife and children are separated, would not be tolerated, again referring to the Golden Rule.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 83], "content_span": [84, 850]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015774-0012-0000", "contents": "1688 Germantown Quaker Petition Against Slavery, About the contents of the petition\nThe four men also assert that according to the Golden Rule, the slaves would have the right to revolt, and that inviting more people to the new land would be difficult if prospective settlers saw the contradiction inherent in slavery. In mentioning the possibility of a slave revolt, they clearly were suggesting to that slavery would discourage potential settlers from emigrating to the American colonies. In the Caribbean colonies there had been many slave revolts over several decades, so the possibility was real.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 83], "content_span": [84, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015774-0012-0001", "contents": "1688 Germantown Quaker Petition Against Slavery, About the contents of the petition\nHowever, the power of the argument for potential settlers from Europe was more than the fear of a revolt\u2014it was that any such revolt would be justifiable according to the Golden Rule. This logic strengthened the newly defined universal rights, which applied to all humans, not just the \"civilized\". The petition has several examples of such counter-intuitive but forceful arguments to push the slave-owning reader off his balance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 83], "content_span": [84, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015774-0013-0000", "contents": "1688 Germantown Quaker Petition Against Slavery, About the contents of the petition\nThe petition contains several points of difficulty for the reader unfamiliar with history. First, the petition's grammar seems unusual today but reflects the Krefelders' incomplete knowledge of English as well as typical pre-modern use of variable spelling. The original wording includes \"ye.\" which is a contraction of the word \"the\", and might be confused with the second person plural \"ye\" that was in wide use at the time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 83], "content_span": [84, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015774-0014-0000", "contents": "1688 Germantown Quaker Petition Against Slavery, About the contents of the petition\nSecond, the petition mentions Turks as an example of a people who might take someone on a ship into slavery in the Ottoman Empire. The four men were referring to the widely known stories of Barbary pirates who had established outposts on the coast of North Africa and for hundreds of years had plundered ships. After the Muslims were driven out of Spain in 1492 they raided the Spanish coast and the Spanish countered with more attacks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 83], "content_span": [84, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015774-0014-0001", "contents": "1688 Germantown Quaker Petition Against Slavery, About the contents of the petition\nThe Barbary pirates in the period (1518\u20131587) were allied with the Ottoman authorities and captured slaves to be brought back to North Africa or Turkey. Thus in their early period, their motivation was political. In the later period during the 17th century the North African pirate communities became more independent and lived mainly on plunder so the motivation for piracy was mainly economic. In that period up to 20,000 captured Christians were said to be kept as slaves in Algiers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 83], "content_span": [84, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015774-0014-0002", "contents": "1688 Germantown Quaker Petition Against Slavery, About the contents of the petition\nThe slave raiders traveled throughout the Mediterranean Sea and the North Atlantic, often taking slaves from Italy and Spain, but ranging as far north as Iceland (see Sack of Baltimore etc.). Among the Barbary pirates were renegades from Northern Europe who had converted to Islam. Some English, French, and Germans were allowed to pay their way out of slavery and so brought back the stories of marauding pirates capturing slaves. At the time that the Petition was written, a number of Friends were enslaved in Morocco, including the captain of the ship that had brought Pastorius and his compatriots to Pennsylvania.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 83], "content_span": [84, 702]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015774-0015-0000", "contents": "1688 Germantown Quaker Petition Against Slavery, About the contents of the petition\nThe petition's mention of this point, then, is another example of their sophisticated reasoning. The widely circulated stories of slavery on the Barbary Coast were true, for Europeans had been the prey of political enemies and renegades who had captured them as slaves. Indeed, in the year that the petition was written, a number of Quakers were enslaved in Morocco. This analogy in the first paragraph of the petition cast the Atlantic slave trade in a questionable light. The four authors expressed their belief that slaves had social and political equality with ordinary citizens.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 83], "content_span": [84, 667]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015774-0016-0000", "contents": "1688 Germantown Quaker Petition Against Slavery, About the contents of the petition\nThird, the petition refers to the black slaves as \"negers\", which was a German and Dutch word meaning black or negro. In its 1688 usage the term was simply descriptive and not in any way derogatory. Throughout the petition the four men show respect for enslaved people and declare them equals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 83], "content_span": [84, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015774-0017-0000", "contents": "1688 Germantown Quaker Petition Against Slavery, The effect of the document\nThe four men presented their petition at the local Monthly Meeting at Dublin (Abington), but it is not clear what they expected to happen. Although they were accepted in the Quaker community, they were outsiders who could not speak or write fluently in English, and they also had a fresh view of slavery that was unique to Germantown. They must have understood from the beginning that it would be difficult to force the whole colony to abolish slavery, as it was generally believed that the colony's prosperity depended on slavery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 75], "content_span": [76, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015774-0017-0001", "contents": "1688 Germantown Quaker Petition Against Slavery, The effect of the document\nIt is not clear whether the four men expected the local Meeting to affirm their view, because they knew that nearby Meetings might not in be in agreement, and consequences would be far-reaching. The Meeting decided that although the issue was fundamental and just, it was too difficult and consequential for them to judge, and would need to be considered further. In the usual manner the Meeting sent the petition on to the Philadelphia Quarterly Meeting, where it was again considered and sent on to the Philadelphia Yearly Meeting (held in Burlington, NJ).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 75], "content_span": [76, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015774-0017-0002", "contents": "1688 Germantown Quaker Petition Against Slavery, The effect of the document\nRealizing that the abolition of slavery would have a wide and overreaching impact on the entire colony, none of the Meetings wanted to pass judgment on such a \"weighty matter.\" PYM minuted that they would send the petition to London Yearly Meeting, without mentioning whether they actually did so, and on this point no direct evidence has been discovered. The minutes of London Yearly Meeting do not mention the petition directly, apparently skirting the issue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 75], "content_span": [76, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015774-0018-0000", "contents": "1688 Germantown Quaker Petition Against Slavery, The effect of the document\nThe practice of slavery continued and was tolerated in Quaker society in the years immediately following the 1688 petition. Some of the authors continued to protest against slavery, but for a decade their efforts were rejected. Germantown continued to prosper, growing in population and economic strength, becoming widely known for the quality of its products such as paper and woven cloth. Eventually several of the original Krefelders rejoined the Mennonites and moved away from Germantown at least in part because of their insistence not to side with slave-owners.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 75], "content_span": [76, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015774-0018-0001", "contents": "1688 Germantown Quaker Petition Against Slavery, The effect of the document\nSeveral other petitions and protests were written by Quakers against slavery in the next several decades, but were based on racist or practical arguments of inferiority and intolerance. Some of the protests became entangled with politics and theology and as a result were dismissed by the Philadelphia Yearly Meeting, confusing the issue. Almost three decades passed before another Quaker petition against slavery was written with sophistication comparable to the Germantown 1688 petition. But the Germantowners' condemnation of slavery continued, and their moral leadership on the issue influenced Quaker abolitionists and Philadelphia society.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 75], "content_span": [76, 721]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015774-0019-0000", "contents": "1688 Germantown Quaker Petition Against Slavery, The effect of the document\nGradually over the next century, due to the efforts of many dedicated Quakers such as Benjamin Lay, John Woolman, and Anthony Benezet, Quakers became convinced of the essential wrongness of the institution of slavery. Many of the Quaker abolitionists published their articles anonymously in Benjamin Franklin's newspaper. In 1776 a proclamation was written by Philadelphia Yearly Meeting banning the owning of slaves. By that time, many Quaker monthly meetings in the Delaware Valley were attempting to help freed slaves by providing funds for them to start businesses and encouraging them to attend Quaker meetings and educate their children.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 75], "content_span": [76, 719]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015774-0020-0000", "contents": "1688 Germantown Quaker Petition Against Slavery, Historical and social importance\nThe 1688 petition was the first American document of its kind that made a plea for equal human rights for everyone. It compelled a higher standard of reasoning about fairness and equality that continued to grow in Pennsylvania and the other colonies with the Declaration of Independence and the abolitionist and suffrage movements, eventually giving rise to Lincoln's reference to human rights in the Gettysburg Address. The 1688 petition was set aside and forgotten until 1844 when it was re-discovered and became a focus of the burgeoning abolitionist movement in the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 81], "content_span": [82, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015774-0020-0001", "contents": "1688 Germantown Quaker Petition Against Slavery, Historical and social importance\nAfter a century of public exposure, it was misplaced and once more re-discovered in March 2005 in the vault at Arch Street Meetinghouse. It was discovered in deteriorating condition, with tears at the edges, paper tape covering voids and handwriting where the petition had originally been folded, and its oak gall ink slowly fading into gray. To preserve the document for future generations, it was treated at the Conservation Center for Art and Historic Artifacts (CCAHA) in downtown Philadelphia. CCAHA conservator Morgan Zinsmeister removed previous repairs and reduced centuries of old and discolored adhesives with various poultices and enzymatic solutions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 81], "content_span": [82, 744]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015774-0020-0002", "contents": "1688 Germantown Quaker Petition Against Slavery, Historical and social importance\nAcidity and discoloration in the paper were reduced through aqueous treatment. Repairs were made with acrylic-toned Japanese papers that were carefully applied to bridge the voids. Finally, the petition was photographed at high resolution and then encapsulated along its edges(not laminated) between sheets of inert polyester film. The petition was shown at an exhibit of original rare American documents at the National Constitution Center on Independence Mall in the summer of 2007. It currently resides at Haverford College Quaker and Special Collections, the joint repository (with Friends Historical Library of Swarthmore College) for the records of Philadelphia Yearly Meeting. Today the 1688 petition is for many a powerful reminder about the basis for freedom and equality for all.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 81], "content_span": [82, 871]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015774-0021-0000", "contents": "1688 Germantown Quaker Petition Against Slavery, Historical and social importance\nIn a world where slavery continues in many forms, the 1688 petition seems relevant to many people because of its statement on the nature of human suffering and institutions that conspire to continue injustice based on power and tradition. In many countries today people have been reported to be duped into being taken to foreign lands where they are held under difficult conditions and forced to work with meager pay.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 81], "content_span": [82, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015774-0021-0001", "contents": "1688 Germantown Quaker Petition Against Slavery, Historical and social importance\nThe power of economic progress has in some cases created conditions where those with less education and resources are convinced to travel from familiar surroundings and feel threatened not to complain for fear of losing their work. Ethnic minorities and women of many third-world countries are especially vulnerable. Societies that are sometimes called \"advanced\" are to some extent dependent on cheap labor and resources taken from those less fortunate. Some believe that our worldwide environmental crisis has been created by our willingness to ignore the pleas and lost lives of people who would work hard for equal pay and privilege. The expectation of equal rights for everyone is a powerful motivator that may help to give economic progress and environmental responsibility worldwide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 81], "content_span": [82, 872]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015775-0000-0000", "contents": "1688 Sannio earthquake\nThe 1688 Sannio earthquake occurred in the late afternoon of June 5 in the province of Benevento of southern Italy. The moment magnitude is estimated at 7, with a Mercalli intensity of XI. It severely damaged numerous towns in a vast area, completely destroying Cerreto Sannita and Guardia Sanframondi. The exact number of victims is unknown, and is estimated at about 10,000. It is among the most destructive earthquakes in the history of Italy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015775-0001-0000", "contents": "1688 Sannio earthquake, Earthquake\nThe earthquake occurred in the southern and central part of the Apennines, an earthquake-prone area where several large faults are present, and where extensional tectonics phenomena are common due to the collision of the African Plate with the Eurasian Plate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015775-0002-0000", "contents": "1688 Sannio earthquake, Earthquake\nThe earthquake was preceded by lighter earthquakes starting in February 1688 and by a series of foreshocks in the days before the main shock. It was followed by aftershocks lasting at least until December of that year. The magnitude of the main shock is reported as 6.98 \u00b10.12 by the Italian National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology, while the Mercalli intensity is estimated as XI (Extreme). The epicentral area was to the southeast of the Matese massif and to the northwest of Benevento, between the Calore river and one of its tributaries, the Tammaro. In this area the maximum Mercalli intensity of XI was reached, while in Naples the intensity was VII\u2013VIII. The shock was perceived in five regions of Southern Italy, in an area of 80,000 square kilometres (31,000\u00a0sq\u00a0mi).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 819]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015775-0003-0000", "contents": "1688 Sannio earthquake, Damage\nThree towns were completely destroyed by the earthquake: Cerreto Sannita, Guardia Sanframondi, and Civitella Licinio, a frazione of Cusano Mutri. In 20 more villages and towns near the epicentre, destruction was almost total. In an area of 50,000 square kilometres (19,000\u00a0sq\u00a0mi), about 120 settlements took extensive damage, while about forty\u2013fifty other towns were damaged only slightly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015775-0004-0000", "contents": "1688 Sannio earthquake, Damage\nBenevento was hit harshly by the earthquake, with over 80% of the buildings being significantly damaged or destroyed, including the Santa Sofia church. The poor quality of the buildings was a determining factor of extent of the damages. Avellino and Naples also experienced extensive destruction, with several collapsed or damaged buildings; in Naples, more than thirty churches and religious buildings were severely damaged. In Cerreto Sannita only three houses remained standing, with the destruction also of poor Clares monastery and a Franciscan one.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015775-0005-0000", "contents": "1688 Sannio earthquake, Casualties\nThe exact number of deaths resulting from the earthquake is unknown, but it is estimated at about 10,000. Cerreto Sannita, the hardest-hit town, lost half its inhabitants, 4,000 out of 8,000. In Civitella Licinio, which was completely destroyed, the only survivors were those who were working in the fields when the earthquake hit. In Guardia Sanframondi there were more than 1,000 victims. In Benevento 1,367 people died out of a population of 7,500; the number of deaths was lower because many citizens were working in the countryside at the time. Hundreds of people died in San Lorenzello, due to a landslide. Several deaths were recorded also in Naples, Avellino and other towns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 718]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015775-0006-0000", "contents": "1688 Sannio earthquake, Effects, Environmental effects\nThe earthquake caused several landslides originating from the Matese and other mountainsides, among which a large landslide that devastated the town of San Lorenzello. The courses of the Sabato and the Volturno rivers was altered. In the mountains of the Sannio, large clefts opened, new springs were formed and preexistent springs became muddy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 54], "content_span": [55, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015775-0007-0000", "contents": "1688 Sannio earthquake, Effects, Societal effects\nThe earthquake had a strong impact on the economy and the social fabric of the affected area, which at the time belonged to the Kingdom of Naples, except for Benevento, which was an exclave of the Papal States. The inhabitants of the area abandoned the destroyed and damaged buildings, and lived in makeshift shelters. Furthermore, buildings devoted to food production like mills were also destroyed, affecting the food supply. The two governments involved granted tax relief to the people of the area and put forth other measures to mitigate the societal effects of the earthquake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 49], "content_span": [50, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015775-0008-0000", "contents": "1688 Sannio earthquake, Effects, Societal effects\nIn Naples, there were episodes of looting and public security issues; the inmates of damaged prisons also escaped or were released. Three weeks after the earthquake governmental and economic activities had not restarted yet. In Benevento, the financial help provided by the Papal States was insufficient, and was mostly used to rebuild public and religious institutions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 49], "content_span": [50, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015775-0009-0000", "contents": "1688 Sannio earthquake, Aftermath\nIn Benevento reconstruction was slow, and hindered by contrasts between the citizens and the Papal authorities. Another strong earthquake hit the town 14 years later, in 1702, further slowing down the efforts to rebuild the town. Vincenzo Maria Orsini, who later became Pope Benedict XIII, was archbishop of Benevento at the time. He survived the earthquake and gave a decisive contribution to rebuilding efforts. The Papal States sent experts to Benevento: they ascertained that the houses that used river pebbles had fared worse than those built with bricks. They suggested to rebuild the houses with bricks or square stones.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015775-0010-0000", "contents": "1688 Sannio earthquake, Aftermath\nCerreto Sannita was rebuilt under the supervision of the Count Marzio Carafa, feudal lord of the town. The old, destroyed settlement was abandoned and rebuilt nearby at a lower altitude, in a place with safer, more stable soil. Acting under the guidance of engineers and technicians, the new town was made with larger roads, square blocks of houses, buildings with only one or two floors, and other safety measures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015776-0000-0000", "contents": "1688 Smyrna earthquake\nThe 1688 Smyrna earthquake occurred at 11:45 on 10 July. It had an epicenter close to Izmir, Turkey. It had an estimated magnitude of 7.0 Ms, with a maximum felt intensity of X (Extreme) on the Mercalli intensity scale, and caused about 16,000 casualties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015776-0001-0000", "contents": "1688 Smyrna earthquake, Aftermath\nWhen the city was rebuilt, houses were mainly built of wood, apart from the foundations and the base of the walls where stone was used. This made the reconstructed buildings more resistant to future earthquakes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015777-0000-0000", "contents": "1688 Wilkens\n1688 Wilkens, provisional designation 1951 EQ1, is a Mitidika asteroid from the central region of the asteroid belt, approximately 16 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 3 March 1951, by Argentine astronomer Miguel Itzigsohn at La Plata Observatory in the Province of Buenos Aires, Argentina, and named after astronomer Alexander Wilkens.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015777-0001-0000", "contents": "1688 Wilkens, Classification and orbit\nWilkens has been identified as a member of the Mitidika family, a dispersed asteroid family of typically carbonaceous C-type asteroids. The family is named after 2262\u00a0Mitidika (diameter of 9\u00a0km) and consists of 653 known members, the largest ones being 404\u00a0Arsino\u00eb (95\u00a0km) and 5079\u00a0Brubeck (17\u00a0km).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015777-0002-0000", "contents": "1688 Wilkens, Classification and orbit\nIt orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.0\u20133.3\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 3 months (1,547 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.24 and an inclination of 12\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. As no precoveries were taken, and no prior identifications were made, Wilkens' observation arc begins with its official discovery observation in 1951.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015777-0003-0000", "contents": "1688 Wilkens, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn July 2007, astronomer Lorenzo Franco obtained a rotational lightcurve of Wilkens at the Balzaretto Observatory (A81) near Rome, Italy. It gave a well-defined period of 7.248 hours and a brightness variation of 0.23 magnitude (U=3). Photometric observations in the S-band at the Palomar Transient Factory in January 2014, gave a period of 7.3017 hours with an amplitude of 0.34 (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 55], "content_span": [56, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015777-0004-0000", "contents": "1688 Wilkens, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Wilkens measures 16.23 and 16.82 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo of 0.044 and 0.066, respectively. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.10 and calculates a diameter of 12.12 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.7.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015777-0005-0000", "contents": "1688 Wilkens, Naming\nThis minor planet was named for German astronomer Alexander Wilkens (1881\u20131968), researcher in many branches of astronomy, most notably celestial mechanics. After having worked for many years in Germany, he trained two generations of celestial mechanicians at the discovering La Plata Observatory before returning to his native country. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 August 1980 (M.P.C. 5449).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015779-0000-0000", "contents": "1688 in England\nEvents from the year 1688 in England. This was the year of the Glorious Revolution that overthrew King James II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015786-0000-0000", "contents": "1688 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1688.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015788-0000-0000", "contents": "1688 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015788-0001-0000", "contents": "1688 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015788-0002-0000", "contents": "1688 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015789-0000-0000", "contents": "1688 in science\nThe year 1688 in science and technology included a number of events, some of which are listed here.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015790-0000-0000", "contents": "1689\n1689 (MDCLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar, the 1689th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 689th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 89th  year of the 17th\u00a0century, and the  10th  and last year of the 1680s decade. As of the start of 1689, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015791-0000-0000", "contents": "1689 Baptist Confession of Faith\nThe 1689 Baptist Confession of Faith, also called the Second London Baptist Confession, was written by Particular Baptists, who held to a Calvinistic soteriology in England to give a formal expression of their Christian faith from a Baptist perspective. Because it was adopted by the Philadelphia Association of Baptist Churches in the 18th century, it is also known as the Philadelphia Confession of Faith. The Philadelphia Confession was a modification of the Second London Confession that added an allowance for singing of hymns, psalms and spiritual songs in the Lord's Supper and made optional the laying on of hands in baptism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015791-0001-0000", "contents": "1689 Baptist Confession of Faith, History\nThe confession was first published in London in 1677 under the title \"A confession of Faith put forth by the Elders and Brethren of many Congregations of Christians, Baptized upon Profession of their Faith in London and the Country. With an Appendix concerning Baptism.\" It was based on the  (1644), Westminster Confession of Faith (1646), and the Savoy Declaration (1658) with modifications to reflect Baptist views on church organization and baptism. The confession was published again, under the same title, in 1688 and 1689.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015791-0002-0000", "contents": "1689 Baptist Confession of Faith, History\nThe Act of Toleration passed in 1689 enabled religious freedom and plurality to co-exist alongside the established churches in England and Scotland. This official reprieve resulted in representatives from over 100 Particular Baptist churches to meet together in London from 3\u201312 September to discuss and endorse the 1677 document. Despite the fact that the document was written in 1677, the official preface to the document has ensured that it would be known as the \"1689 Baptist Confession of Faith\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015791-0003-0000", "contents": "1689 Baptist Confession of Faith, Contents\nThe confession consists of 32 chapters, as well as an introduction and a list of signatories.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015791-0004-0000", "contents": "1689 Baptist Confession of Faith, Influences\nParticular Baptists were quick to develop churches in colonial America, and in 1707 the Philadelphia Baptist Association was formed. This association formally adopted the 1689 confession in 1742 after years of tacit endorsement by individual churches and congregational members. With the addition of two chapters (on the singing of psalms and the laying on of hands), it was retitled The Philadelphia Confession of Faith. Further Calvinistic Baptist church associations formed in the mid-late 18th century adopted the confession as \"The Baptist Confession\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015792-0000-0000", "contents": "1689 Boston revolt\nThe 1689 Boston revolt was a popular uprising on April 18, 1689 against the rule of Sir Edmund Andros, the governor of the Dominion of New England. A well-organized \"mob\" of provincial militia and citizens formed in the town of Boston, the capital of the dominion, and arrested dominion officials. Members of the Church of England were also taken into custody if they were believed to sympathize with the administration of the dominion. Neither faction sustained casualties during the revolt. Leaders of the former Massachusetts Bay Colony then reclaimed control of the government. In other colonies, members of governments displaced by the dominion were returned to power.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 692]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015792-0001-0000", "contents": "1689 Boston revolt\nAndros was commissioned governor of New England in 1686. He had earned the enmity of the local populace by enforcing the restrictive Navigation Acts, denying the validity of existing land titles, restricting town meetings, and appointing unpopular regular officers to lead colonial militia, among other actions. Furthermore, he had infuriated Puritans in Boston by promoting the Church of England, which was rejected by many nonconformist New England colonists.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015792-0002-0000", "contents": "1689 Boston revolt, Background\nIn the early 1680s, King Charles II of England began taking steps to reorganize the colonies of New England. The charter of the Massachusetts Bay Colony was revoked in 1684 after its leaders refused to act on his demands for reforms in the colony (abolishing the \"Hull Mint\" (John Hull was the Treasurer and mintmaster of the Massachusetts Bay Colony)) when Charles sought to streamline the administration of the colonies and bring them more closely under crown control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015792-0002-0001", "contents": "1689 Boston revolt, Background\nHe died in 1685 but his successor continued the efforts, Roman Catholic James II, culminating in his creation of the Dominion of New England. He appointed former New York governor Sir Edmund Andros as dominion governor in 1686. The dominion was composed of the territories of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, Plymouth Colony, Connecticut Colony, the Province of New Hampshire, and the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations. In 1688, its jurisdiction was expanded to include New York, East Jersey, and West Jersey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015792-0003-0000", "contents": "1689 Boston revolt, Background\nAndros's rule was extremely unpopular in New England. He disregarded local representation, denied the validity of existing land titles in Massachusetts (which had been dependent on the old charter), restricted town meetings, and forced the Church of England into largely Puritan regions. He also enforced the Navigation Acts which threatened the existence of certain trading practices of New England. The royal troops stationed in Boston were often mistreated by their officers, who were supporters of the governor and often either Anglican or Roman Catholic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015792-0004-0000", "contents": "1689 Boston revolt, Background\nMeanwhile, King James became increasingly unpopular in England. He alienated otherwise supportive Tories with his attempts to relax the Penal Laws, and he issued the Declaration of Indulgence in 1687 which established some freedom of religion, a move opposed by the Anglican church hierarchy. He increased the power of the regular army, an action seen by many Parliamentarians as a threat to their authority, and placed Catholics in important military positions. James also attempted to place sympathizers in Parliament who he hoped would repeal the Test Act which required a strict Anglican religious test for many civil offices.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015792-0004-0001", "contents": "1689 Boston revolt, Background\nSome Whigs and Tories set aside their political differences when his son and potential successor James was born in June 1688, and they conspired to replace him with his Protestant son-in-law William, Prince of Orange. The Dutch prince had tried unsuccessfully to get James to reconsider his policies; he agreed to an invasion, and the nearly bloodless revolution that followed in November and December 1688 established William and his wife Mary as co-rulers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015792-0005-0000", "contents": "1689 Boston revolt, Background\nThe religious leaders of Massachusetts were led by Cotton and Increase Mather. They were opposed to the rule of Andros, and they organized dissent targeted to influence the court in London. Increase Mather sent an appreciation letter to the king regarding the Declaration of Indulgence, and he suggested to other Massachusetts pastors that they also express gratitude to him as a means to gain favor and influence. Ten pastors agreed to do so, and they sent Increase Mather to England to press their case against Andros.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015792-0005-0001", "contents": "1689 Boston revolt, Background\nDominion secretary Edward Randolph repeatedly attempted to stop him, including pressing criminal charges, but Mather clandestinely boarded a ship bound for England in April 1688. He and other Massachusetts agents were received by King James in October 1688, who promised that the colony's concerns would be addressed. The events of the revolution, however, halted this attempt to gain redress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015792-0006-0000", "contents": "1689 Boston revolt, Background\nThe Massachusetts agents then petitioned the new monarchs and the Lords of Trade (predecessors to the Board of Trade that oversaw colonial affairs) for restoration of the Massachusetts charter. Mather furthermore convinced the Lords of Trade to delay notifying Andros of the revolution. He had already dispatched a letter to previous colonial governor Simon Bradstreet containing news of a report (prepared before the revolution) that the annulment of the Massachusetts charter had been illegal, and he urged the magistrates to \"prepare the minds of the people for a change\". Rumors of the revolution apparently reached some individuals in Boston before official news arrived. Boston merchant John Nelson wrote of the events in a letter dated late March, and the letter prompted a meeting of senior anti-Andros political and religious leaders in Massachusetts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 891]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015792-0007-0000", "contents": "1689 Boston revolt, Background\nAndros first received a warning of the impending upheaval to his control while leading an expedition to fortify Pemaquid (Bristol, Maine), intending to protect the area against French and Indian attacks. In early January 1688/9, he received a letter from King James describing the Dutch military buildup. On January 10, he issued a proclamation warning against Protestant agitation and prohibiting an uprising against the dominion. The military force that he led in Maine was composed of British regulars and militia from Massachusetts and Maine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015792-0007-0001", "contents": "1689 Boston revolt, Background\nThe militia companies were commanded by regulars who imposed harsh discipline that alienated the militiamen from their officers. Andros was alerted to the meetings in Boston and also received unofficial reports of the revolution, and he returned to Boston in mid-March. A rumor circulated that he had taken the militia to Maine as part of a so-called \"popish plot;\" the Maine militia mutinied, and those from Massachusetts began to make their way home. A proclamation announcing the revolution reached Boston in early April; Andros had the messenger arrested, but his news was distributed, emboldening the people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015792-0007-0002", "contents": "1689 Boston revolt, Background\nAndros wrote to his commander at Pemaquid on April 16 that \"there is a general buzzing among the people, great with expectation of their old charter\", even as he prepared to have the returning deserters arrested and shipped back to Maine. The threat of arrests by their own colonial militia increased tensions between the people of Boston and the dominion government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015792-0008-0000", "contents": "1689 Boston revolt, Revolt in Boston\nAt about 5 a.m. on April 18, militia companies began gathering outside Boston at Charlestown just across the Charles River, and at Roxbury, located at the far end of the neck connecting Boston to the mainland. At about 8 a.m., the Charlestown companies boarded boats and crossed the river while the Roxbury companies marched down the neck and into the city. Simultaneously, men from the Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company entered the homes of the regimental drummers in the city, confiscating their equipment. The militia companies met up at about 8:30, joined by a growing crowd, and began arresting dominion and regimental leaders. They eventually surrounded Fort Mary where Andros was quartered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 36], "content_span": [37, 740]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015792-0009-0000", "contents": "1689 Boston revolt, Revolt in Boston\nAmong the first to be arrested was Captain John George of HMS\u00a0Rose who came ashore between 9 and 10 a.m., only to be met by a platoon of militia and the ship's carpenter who had joined the Americans. George demanded to see an arrest warrant, and the militiamen drew their swords and took him into custody. By 10 a.m., most of the dominion and military officials had either been arrested or had fled to the safety of Castle Island or other fortified outposts. Boston Anglicans were rounded up by the people, including a church warden and an apothecary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 36], "content_span": [37, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015792-0009-0001", "contents": "1689 Boston revolt, Revolt in Boston\nSometime before noon, an orange flag was raised on Beacon Hill signaling another 1,500 militiamen to enter the city. These troops formed up in the market square, where a declaration was read which supported \"the noble Undertaking of the Prince of Orange\", calling the people to rise up because of a \"horrid Popish Plot\" that had been uncovered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 36], "content_span": [37, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015792-0010-0000", "contents": "1689 Boston revolt, Revolt in Boston\nThe Massachusetts colonial leadership headed by ex-governor Simon Bradstreet then urged Governor Andros to surrender for his own safety. He refused and tried to escape to Rose, but the militia intercepted a boat that came ashore from Rose, and Andros was forced back into Fort Mary. Negotiations ensued and Andros agreed to leave the fort to meet with the council. He was promised safe conduct and marched under guard to the townhouse where the council had assembled.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 36], "content_span": [37, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015792-0010-0001", "contents": "1689 Boston revolt, Revolt in Boston\nThere he was told that \"they must and would have the Government in their own hands\", as an anonymous account describes it, and that he was under arrest. Daniel Fisher grabbed him by the collar and took him to the home of dominion official John Usher and held under close watch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 36], "content_span": [37, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015792-0011-0000", "contents": "1689 Boston revolt, Revolt in Boston\nRose and Fort William on Castle Island refused to surrender initially. On the 19th, however, the crew aboard Rose was told that the captain had planned to take the ship to France to join the exiled King James. A struggle ensued, and the Protestants among the crew took down the ship's rigging. The troops on Castle Island saw this and surrendered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 36], "content_span": [37, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015792-0012-0000", "contents": "1689 Boston revolt, Aftermath\nFort Mary surrendered on the 19th, and Andros was moved there from Usher's house. He was confined with Joseph Dudley and other dominion officials until June 7, when he was transferred to Castle Island. A story circulated widely that he had attempted an escape dressed in women's clothing. This was disputed by Boston's Anglican minister Robert Ratcliff, who claimed that such stories had \"not the least foundation of Truth\" but were \"falsehoods and lies\" propagated to \"render the Governour odious to his people\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 29], "content_span": [30, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015792-0012-0001", "contents": "1689 Boston revolt, Aftermath\nAndros did make a successful escape from Castle Island on August 2 after his servant bribed the sentries with liquor. He managed to flee to Rhode Island but was recaptured soon after and kept in what was virtually solitary confinement. He and others arrested in the wake of the revolt were held for 10 months before being sent to England for trial. Massachusetts agents in London refused to sign the documents listing the charges against Andros, so he was summarily acquitted and released. He later served as governor of Virginia and Maryland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 29], "content_span": [30, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015792-0013-0000", "contents": "1689 Boston revolt, Dissolution of the dominion\nThe other New England colonies in the dominion were informed of the overthrow of Andros, and colonial authorities moved to restore the governmental structures which had been in place prior to the dominion's enforcement. Rhode Island and Connecticut resumed governance under their earlier charters, and Massachusetts resumed governance according to its vacated charter after being temporarily governed by a committee composed of magistrates, Massachusetts Bay officials, and a majority of Andros's council. New Hampshire was temporarily left without formal government and was controlled by Massachusetts and its governor Simon Bradstreet, who served as de facto ruler of the northern colony. Plymouth Colony also resumed its previous form of governance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 47], "content_span": [48, 800]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015792-0014-0000", "contents": "1689 Boston revolt, Dissolution of the dominion\nDuring his captivity, Andros had been able to send a message to Francis Nicholson, his New York-based lieutenant governor. Nicholson received the request for assistance in mid-May, but most of his troops had been sent to Maine and he was unable to take any effective action because tensions were also rising in New York. Nicholson himself was overthrown by a faction led by Jacob Leisler, and he fled to England. Leisler governed New York until 1691 when a detachment of troops arrived followed by Henry Sloughter, commissioned governor by William and Mary. Sloughter had Leisler tried on charges of high treason; he was convicted and executed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 47], "content_span": [48, 692]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015792-0015-0000", "contents": "1689 Boston revolt, Dissolution of the dominion\nNo further effort was made by English officials to restore the shattered dominion after the suppression of Leisler's Rebellion and the reinstatement of colonial governments in New England. Once Andros' arrest was known, the discussion in London turned to dealing with Massachusetts and its revoked charter. This led to formation of the Province of Massachusetts Bay in 1691, merging Massachusetts with Plymouth Colony and territories previously belonging to New York, including Nantucket, Martha's Vineyard, the Elizabeth Islands, and parts of Maine. Increase Mather was unsuccessful in his attempts to restore the old Puritan rule; the new charter called for an appointed governor and religious toleration.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 47], "content_span": [48, 755]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015793-0000-0000", "contents": "1689 Bra\u0219ov fire\nThe 1689 Bra\u0219ov fire took place in the town of Brass\u00f3 in the Principality of Transylvania (now Bra\u0219ov, in Romania; German Kronstadt). It broke out on the afternoon of 21 April in the lower (i.e. southwestern) parts of Burggasse and Schwarzgasse streets (today Str. Castelului and Str. Nicolae B\u0103lcescu). Spread by a powerful wind, it soon engulfed the entire part of the town facing the T\u00e2mpa mountain. Local fires also appeared in Ro\u00dfmarkt (today Str. George Bari\u021biu) and Purzengasse (today Str. Republicii). Within a few hours, the entire town was in flames. The White Tower, the Black Tower, the Council House and the Black Church were all damaged. Church services were held outdoors for a long time. Johannes Honter's renowned library also perished.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 770]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015793-0001-0000", "contents": "1689 Bra\u0219ov fire\nSome people claim that the blaze was set deliberately by Habsburg troops during the Great Turkish War as a revenge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015793-0002-0000", "contents": "1689 Bra\u0219ov fire\nAround 300 people died, the town was practically destroyed and its economic power was severed. For years, Kronstadt remained a ruin city blackened by smoke with a lingering penetrating smell. Most houses were of wood, which facilitated the spread of flames. Moreover, water was scarce in the mountain town. Subsequently, the authorities banned wooden houses, which is why the historic center of Bra\u0219ov features only stone and brick houses. Reconstruction of the city took over many decades.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015793-0003-0000", "contents": "1689 Bra\u0219ov fire\nA common misconception is that the Black Church got its name because it was sooted by the fire. However, 21st century studies have found no layers of fire destruction; the church has blackened simply because of environmental pollution after Bra\u0219ov has turned into an industrial city. Furthermore, the name \"Black Church\" was not used until the end of the 19th century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015794-0000-0000", "contents": "1689 English general election\nThe 1689 English general election, held in January 1689, elected the Convention Parliament, which was summoned in the aftermath of the Glorious Revolution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015794-0001-0000", "contents": "1689 English general election\n513 Members of Parliament were returned, across 53 counties and 217 boroughs in England and Wales, most returning two members. Only nine counties and 41 boroughs (a total of 69 seats) had contested elections, with the other candidates being returned unopposed. Six boroughs had double returns, where multiple members were recorded elected, and five of these were subsequently voided by Parliament forcing by-elections.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015794-0002-0000", "contents": "1689 English general election\nThe majority of seats were not contested on a party basis, but partisan alignment can be identified by historians looking at subsequent voting on key issues. 174 members are identified as Whigs, and 151 as Tories. The remaining members, around 190, are considered uncommitted. An older estimate based on activity throughout the Parliament suggested that the 551 Members (including those returned in by-elections) could be listed as 232 Tories and 319 Whigs or Court Tories, with none classed as uncommitted (but with over 40% recorded as \"inactive\"). Finally, an estimate at the end of the parliament, when party groups had had time to develop further, estimated the strength of the parties as 254 Whigs, 221 Tories, and 38 uncommitted members.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 774]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015795-0000-0000", "contents": "1689 Floris-Jan\n1689 Floris-Jan, provisional designation 1930 SO, is a stony asteroid and a slow rotator from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 16 kilometers in diameter. Discovered by Hendrik van Gent in 1930, it was named after a contest winner of an exhibition at Leiden Observatory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015795-0001-0000", "contents": "1689 Floris-Jan, Discovery\nIt was discovered on 16 September 1930, by Dutch astronomer Hendrik van Gent at the Leiden Southern Station, annex to the Johannesburg Observatory in South Africa. It was independently discovered by Soviet astronomer Evgenii Skvortsov at the Crimean Simeiz Observatory five days later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 26], "content_span": [27, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015795-0002-0000", "contents": "1689 Floris-Jan, Orbit and classification\nFloris-Jan orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.9\u20133.0\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 10 months (1,401 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.21 and an inclination of 6\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. First identified as 1926 PG at Simeiz Observatory in 1926, the body's observation arc begins 3 days after its official discovery observation at Johannesburg in 1930.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015795-0003-0000", "contents": "1689 Floris-Jan, Physical characteristics, Slow rotator\nIn the 1980s, photometric lightcurve observations already revealed that Floris-Jan is a very slow rotator with a rotation period of 145 hours and a brightness variation of 0.4 magnitude (U=3). At the time, this six-day period was a new record among all minor planets with a known rotation period, and it was assumed, that Floris-Jan might also be a tumbling asteroid with a non-principal axis rotation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 55], "content_span": [56, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015795-0004-0000", "contents": "1689 Floris-Jan, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Floris-Jan measures between 13.74 and 16.12 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.127 and 0.184. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link agrees with Petr Pravec's revised WISE-data, that is an albedo of 0.135 and a diameter of 16.21 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.74.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 62], "content_span": [63, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015795-0005-0000", "contents": "1689 Floris-Jan, Naming\nThis minor planet was named for Floris-Jan van der Meulen, the 5,000th visitor to a 14-day astronomical exhibition at the Leiden Observatory. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 March 1973 (M.P.C. 3470).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015805-0000-0000", "contents": "1689 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1689.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015807-0000-0000", "contents": "1689 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015807-0001-0000", "contents": "1689 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015807-0002-0000", "contents": "1689 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015808-0000-0000", "contents": "1689 in science\nThe year 1689 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015809-0000-0000", "contents": "1689 papal conclave\nThe 1689 papal conclave was convened after the death of Pope Innocent XI. It led to the election of Pietro Vito Ottoboni as Pope Alexander VIII. The conclave saw previous factions join together because they lacked numerical strength, and saw the rise of the zelanti as a political force in the election of the next pope. Ottoboni was eventually unanimously elected with the consent of the secular monarchs, becoming the first Venetian in over 200 years to be elected pope.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015809-0001-0000", "contents": "1689 papal conclave, Background\nThe central political issue concerning the papacy during the pontificate of Innocent XI was the diplomatic tension between the papacy and the French monarchy over the droit de r\u00e9gale, the claimed right of French monarchs to receive the income of dioceses during the interregnum between the death of one bishop and the installation of a new one. In response to a bull from Innocent condemning the practice, the French held a national synod in 1682, which upheld this right of the king. Innocent, in return, refused to confirm French bishops, causing there to be thirty-five vacancies by 1688. Louis XIV responded in kind, by seizing the papal territory Avignon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 692]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015809-0002-0000", "contents": "1689 papal conclave, Background\nIn ecclesiastical affairs, Innocent was slow in creating cardinals, waiting until 1681, five years after his election, for his first creations. At that time, he created sixteen cardinals, all of whom were Italian. This caused anger among Catholic monarchs, because there were few remaining non-Italians in the college at that time. At his next creation of cardinals in 1686 he created twenty-seven cardinals, including one French cardinal and eleven other non-Italians. In total during Innocent's pontificate, he created a total of forty-three cardinals, while fifty-two had died.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015809-0003-0000", "contents": "1689 papal conclave, Conclave\nInnocent XI died on 12 August 1689. At the time of his death, there were eight vacancies in the College of Cardinals. The conclave to elect his successor opened on 23 August 1689, but due to the late arrival of the French cardinals, no significant voting occurred until a month later. The French cardinals arrived to Rome on 23 September 1689, and entered the conclave on 27 September. Gregory XV's 1621 bull Aeterni Patris Filius set the threshold for election by scrutiny at two-thirds of participating electors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015809-0004-0000", "contents": "1689 papal conclave, Conclave\nFifty-three cardinals participated in the 1689 conclave, and seven of those were non-Italian. Of the Italian cardinals, seventeen were from the Papal States. Innocent XI's creations were generally not aligned with any of the secular rulers at the time, and this was reflected in the election with the French faction having only five members, while the cardinals aligned with the Habsburgs, who ruled Spain and the Holy Roman Empire, only numbered seven.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015809-0004-0001", "contents": "1689 papal conclave, Conclave\nThe Squadrone Volante, which had been a presence at recent conclaves, was not a factor in the 1689 conclave, due to the recent deaths of Christina, Queen of Sweden and Decio Azzolino. Instead, the college saw the rise of an influential zelanti faction with nine members who sought \"[...] to elect the best pope, regardless of political ties.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015809-0005-0000", "contents": "1689 papal conclave, Conclave\nFrancesco Maria de' Medici took charge of the Spanish contingent while Rinaldo d'Este led the French factions. Flavio Chigi and Paluzzo Paluzzi Altieri degli Albertoni, who had previously led factions combined their forces due to their decreased number, and joined with Benedetto Pamphili and Medici. Charles d'Albert d'Ailly, who was the Duke of Chaulnes served with d'Este and the Marquis de Tore as Louis XIV's advisors regarding the conclave. Medici was joined by Luis Francisco de la Cerda as the Spanish ambassador to the Holy See. The Holy Roman Emperor, Leopold I, dispatched Anton Florian, Prince of Liechtenstein to the conclave as his representative, not being content to be represented by Medici. Liechtenstein was received in audience at the doors of the conclave on 27 September and d'Ailly on 2 October.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 848]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015809-0006-0000", "contents": "1689 papal conclave, Conclave\nRaimondo Capizucchi and Gregorio Barbarigo were both considered early in the conclave, but neither was elected. There were rumours on 20 September that Barbarigo had been elected, but it was later reported that he had asked the cardinals not to vote for him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015809-0007-0000", "contents": "1689 papal conclave, Election of Alexander VIII\nPietro Vito Ottoboni had been seen as the most qualified candidate since the opening of the conclave, but those supporting him moved circumspectly because it was anticipated that he would have enemies as a Venetian. He was supported by the zelanti, as well as by Chigi. Chigi eventually convinced Medici and Altieri to also support Ottoboni. He was not Leopold I's favoured candidate, and Louis XIV was initially opposed to his election, but both eventually consented. His supporters also promised that he would confirm the French bishops that Innocent XI had refused to confirm, and this was the final step in securing his election. Ottoboni was 79 when the conclave opened, and this was also seen as a positive factor in his election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 47], "content_span": [48, 784]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015809-0008-0000", "contents": "1689 papal conclave, Election of Alexander VIII\nOn 6 October 1689, Ottoboni was elected Pope Alexander VIII unanimously by forty-nine cardinal electors. He was the first Venetian pope in over two centuries. Ottoboni decided to take the name of Alexander in honour of Flavio Chigi's uncle, Alexander VII, as Chigi had aided in his election, and he also respected Pope Alexander III, who was popular among Venetians. He had originally considered taking the name Urban, in honour of Urban VIII, who had helped start his career, before he settled on Alexander.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 47], "content_span": [48, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015810-0000-0000", "contents": "168P/Hergenrother\n168P/Hergenrother is a periodic comet in the Solar System. The comet originally named P/1998 W2 returned in 2005 and got the temporary name P/2005 N2. The comet was last observed in February 2013, and may have continued fragmenting after the 2012 outburst.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015810-0001-0000", "contents": "168P/Hergenrother, 2012 outburst\nThe comet came to perihelion on 1 October 2012, and was expected to reach about apparent magnitude 15.2, but due to an outburst the comet reached apparent magnitude 8. As a result of the outburst of gas and dust, the comet was briefly more than 500 times brighter than it would have been without the outburst. On 19 October 2012, images by the Virtual Telescope Project showed a dust cloud trailing the nucleus. Images by the 2\u00a0m (79\u00a0in) Faulkes Telescope North on 26 October 2012 confirm a fragmentation event. The secondary fragment was about magnitude 17. Further observations by the 8.1\u00a0m (320\u00a0in) Gemini telescope show that the comet fragmented into at least four parts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 32], "content_span": [33, 708]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015810-0002-0000", "contents": "168P/Hergenrother, 2019\n168P came to perihelion around August 5, 2019, when it was expected to be 76 degrees from the Sun. 168P has not yet been recovered and may have disintegrated. During this perihelion passage 168P will make a closest approach to Earth in early November 2019 when it will be 1\u00a0AU (150\u00a0million\u00a0km) from Earth with a solar elongation of about 110 degrees.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 23], "content_span": [24, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015811-0000-0000", "contents": "168th (2nd London) Brigade\nThe 168th (2nd London) Brigade was an infantry brigade formation of the British Army that saw service during both the First and the Second World Wars. Throughout its existence, serving under many different titles and designations, the brigade was an integral part of the 56th (London) Infantry Division. It served on the Western Front during First World War and in the Italian Campaign during the Second World War. It was finally disbanded in the 1960s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015811-0001-0000", "contents": "168th (2nd London) Brigade, Origin\nThe Volunteer Force of part-time soldiers was created following an invasion scare in 1859, and its constituent units were progressively aligned with the Regular British Army during the later 19th Century. The Stanhope Memorandum of December 1888 introduced a Mobilisation Scheme for Volunteer units, which would assemble in their own brigades at key points in case of war. In peacetime these brigades provided a structure for collective training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 34], "content_span": [35, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015811-0002-0000", "contents": "168th (2nd London) Brigade, Origin\nThe East London Brigade was one of the formations organised at this time. The Commanding Officer of the Grenadier Guards and his Adjutant were ex officio the brigade commander and Brigade major, while the Grenadier Guards' orderly room at Wellington Barracks acted as Brigade Headquarters. The assembly point for the brigade was at Caterham Barracks, the Guards' depot conveniently situated for the London Defence Positions along the North Downs. The brigade's original composition was:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 34], "content_span": [35, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015811-0003-0000", "contents": "168th (2nd London) Brigade, Territorial Force\nThis organisation was carried over into the Territorial Force (TF) created under the Haldane Reforms in 1908, the East London Brigade becoming the 2nd London Brigade in 1st London Division. The commander and staff continued to be provided by the Grenadier Guards up to the outbreak of war in 1914. All of the Volunteer Battalions in the Central London area became part of the all-Territorial London Regiment and were numbered sequentially through the London brigades and divisions:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 45], "content_span": [46, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015811-0004-0000", "contents": "168th (2nd London) Brigade, Territorial Force\nThe 1st Tower Hamlets became the 4th Londons and transferred to the 1st London Brigade, while the 2nd Tower Hamlets and 15th Middlesex combined to form the 17th Londons (Poplar and Stepney Rifles) and transferred to the 5th London Brigade in the 2nd London Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 45], "content_span": [46, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015811-0005-0000", "contents": "168th (2nd London) Brigade, First World War\nThe division was mobilised soon after the outbreak of the First World War in August 1914. According to the Territorial and Reserve Forces Act 1907 soldiers of the Territorial Force were only able for overseas service and, when asked to volunteer for overseas service, the overwhelming majority of the men of the brigade (and the division) chose to do so.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 43], "content_span": [44, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015811-0005-0001", "contents": "168th (2nd London) Brigade, First World War\nThe men who didn't, together with the many new recruits, were formed into new 2nd Line battalions and brigades, the 2/2nd London Brigade, assigned to the 2/1st London Division, both later to become 174th (2/2nd London) Brigade and 58th (2/1st London) Division respectively. The battalions were also redesignated, adopting the '1/' prefix (1/5th Londons) to distinguish them from the 2nd Line battalions, which became '2/', 2/5th Londons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 43], "content_span": [44, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015811-0006-0000", "contents": "168th (2nd London) Brigade, First World War\nHowever, the 2nd London Brigade was broken up, as was the 1st London Division, in November 1914 when most of its battalions were posted elsewhere, either to reinforce the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) on the Western Front or to relieve troops of the Regular Army around the British Empire for service in France and Belgium.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 43], "content_span": [44, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015811-0007-0000", "contents": "168th (2nd London) Brigade, First World War\nIn February 1916, however, the division was reformed in France, to be known as the 56th (1/1st London) Division and the brigade was reconstituted, now numbered as the 168th (1/2nd London) Brigade, with battalions from other brigades and divisions, the 1/4th London Regiment (Royal Fusiliers) originally coming from 167th (1/1st London) Brigade, the 12th, 13th and 14th Londons the latter two originally coming from 140th (1/4th London) Brigade, 47th (1/2nd London) Division, and the 12th from 3rd London Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 43], "content_span": [44, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015811-0008-0000", "contents": "168th (2nd London) Brigade, First World War\nWith the rest of the division, the brigade was destined to see service in the trenches of the Western Front for the rest of the war, seeing first action at the Gommecourt salient, fighting in late June/early July 1916 alongside the 46th (North Midland) Division in an diversionary attempt to distract the German Army's attention away from the impending Somme offensive. The attack was a failure, and served only to cause heavy casualties on both attacking divisions, with 56th Division suffering nearly 5,000 losses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 43], "content_span": [44, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015811-0009-0000", "contents": "168th (2nd London) Brigade, First World War\nThe division also fought on the Hindenburg Line in March 1917, followed by the battles of Arras, Langemarck, Passchendaele (also known as Third Ypres), Cambrai (which saw the first use of large numbers tanks in warfare), Second battles of the Somme, Albert, and the Hundred Days Offensive, which saw the First World War eventually ending on 11 November 1918. Throughout its two years of combat, the 56th (1/1st London) Division had suffered well over 35,000 casualties, with the great majority of them being in the infantry, commonly nicknamed the \"Poor Bloody Infantry\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 43], "content_span": [44, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015811-0010-0000", "contents": "168th (2nd London) Brigade, First World War, Order of battle\nIn early 1918, due to a manpower shortage, it was decided to reduce British infantry brigades serving in France and Belgium from four to three battalions. As a consequence, on 31 January 1918, the 1/12th Londons were transferred to the 175th (2/3rd London) Brigade, 58th (2/1st London) Division where they absorbed the 2/12th Battalion and, once again, became the 12th Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 60], "content_span": [61, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015811-0011-0000", "contents": "168th (2nd London) Brigade, Between the wars\nThe Territorial Force was disbanded after the Great War and later reformed in 1920 and renamed in the same year as the Territorial Army. The division and the brigade were also reformed as 168th (2nd London) Infantry Brigade, with the same composition it had before the First World War and would remain this way for much of the inter-war period.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015811-0012-0000", "contents": "168th (2nd London) Brigade, Between the wars\nIn 1921, however, the 7th (City of London) Battalion, London Regiment and 8th (City of London) Battalion were amalgamated to create the 7th (City of London) Battalion, London Regiment (Post Office Rifles). The 8th Battalion was replaced in the brigade by the Honourable Artillery Company Infantry Battalion. The following year they dropped the 'battalion' from their title, becoming simply, for example, 6th City of London Regiment (City of London Rifles).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015811-0013-0000", "contents": "168th (2nd London) Brigade, Between the wars\nIn the late 1930s the need to increase the anti-aircraft defences of the United Kingdom, particularly so for London and Southern England, was addressed by converting a number of Territorial Army infantry battalions into anti-aircraft or searchlight units, of either the Royal Engineers or Royal Artillery. As a result, in 1935, the 6th City of London Regiment (City of London Rifles) was also converted, transferring to the Royal Engineers and becoming 31st (City of London Rifles) Anti - Aircraft Battalion, Royal Engineers, joining 28th (Themes and Medway) Anti - Aircraft Group, part of 1st Anti -", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015811-0013-0001", "contents": "168th (2nd London) Brigade, Between the wars\nAircraft Division, converted from the Headquarters of 47th (2nd London) Infantry Division. In the same year the 7th London Regiment (Post Office Rifles) was transferred to the Royal Engineers and converted into 32nd (7th City of London) Anti - Aircraft Battalion, Royal Engineers, becoming part of 27th (Home Counties) Anti - Aircraft Group of the 1st Anti - Aircraft Division. With the disbandment of 47th (2nd London) Infantry Division in early 1936 the 56th Division was redesignated as The London Division and the brigade became simply the 2nd London Infantry Brigade. To replace those battalions converted were the 13th (County of London) Battalion, London Regiment (Kensington) and the 14th (County of London) Battalion, London Regiment (London Scottish), both previously from 140th (4th London) Infantry Brigade of the now disbanded 47th Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 899]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015811-0014-0000", "contents": "168th (2nd London) Brigade, Between the wars\nIn 1938 all British infantry brigades were reduced from four to three battalions and so the Honourable Artillery Company Infantry Battalion was transferred elsewhere to become an Officer Cadet Training Unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015811-0014-0001", "contents": "168th (2nd London) Brigade, Between the wars\nIn the same year the London Regiment was disbanded and the battalions all became part of their own parent regiments: the London Rifle Brigade became part of the Rifle Brigade (Prince Consort's Own) and was redesignated the London Rifle Brigade, the 13th Londons became part of the Middlesex Regiment (Duke of Cambridge's Own) and became the Princess Louise's Kensington Regiment, the 14th Londons became part of the Gordon Highlanders and became the London Scottish.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015811-0014-0002", "contents": "168th (2nd London) Brigade, Between the wars\nAgain in 1938 the Kensingtons was converted into a machine gun battalion and left the brigade, coming under command of London District, and was replaced in the brigade by the Queen's Westminsters (King's Royal Rifle Corps), previously from the 140th (4th London) Infantry Brigade from the now disbanded 47th Division. The battalion had previously been the 9th (County of London) Battalion, London Regiment (Queen Victoria's) and, in 1922, 9th London Regiment (Queen Victoria's) The final change of 1938 saw the brigade, in line with the rest of the London Division, reorganised and converted into a motorised infantry brigade/division, although with very little equipment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 717]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015811-0015-0000", "contents": "168th (2nd London) Brigade, Second World War\nThe brigade, together with the rest of the division and most of the rest of the Territorial Army, was mobilised between late August and early September 1939. On 1 September 1939 Poland was invaded by the German Army, and two days before the Second World War officially began, when both Britain and France declaring war on Germany. Inadequately armed and equipped, the brigade began home defence and training duties and, as some units were understrength, had to be brought up to their War Establishment strength through large drafts of militiamen (essentially conscripts who had only just completed basic training in late October 1939).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015811-0016-0000", "contents": "168th (2nd London) Brigade, Second World War\nThe division was not sent to join the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) in France, but instead moved to Kent in April 1940, joining XII Corps. When most of the BEF was forced to retreat to Dunkirk during the disastrous Battle of France in mid-1940 the division assumed a defensive posture and alternated between coastal defence duties and training to repel an expected German invasion which never arrived, due mainly to events that happened in the Battle of Britain and the German invasion of the Soviet Union in mid-1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015811-0017-0000", "contents": "168th (2nd London) Brigade, Second World War\nIn June 1940 the division was reorganised as a standard infantry division with the arrival of a third brigade, the 35th Infantry, from the 12th (Eastern) Infantry Division, which had fought in France and suffered severe losses. On 18 November 1940 the division was redesignated 56th (London) Infantry Division and on 28 November the 2nd London Infantry Brigade was renumbered as the 168th (London) Infantry Brigade. November 1940 also saw another change to the 168th Brigade, with both the 1st Battalion, Queen's Westminsters and 1st Battalion, London Rifle Brigade being posted elsewhere.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015811-0017-0001", "contents": "168th (2nd London) Brigade, Second World War\nThey were replaced in the brigade by 1st Battalion, London Irish Rifles, previously from the 167th (London) Infantry Brigade and the 18th Battalion, Royal Fusiliers, a battalion raised specifically for war service only, created a few months before in June\u2013July. The 18th were posted elsewhere in mid-February 1941 and replaced by 10th Battalion, Royal Berkshire Regiment, another unit raised for war service, created in September 1940. Prior to being the 10th Battalion, it was the 50th (Holding) Battalion. The 18th Royal Fusiliers was later transferred to the Royal Artillery in late 1941 and converted into 100th Light Anti- Aircraft Regiment and became the light anti-aircraft regiment for the 56th Division when it joined in February 1942 and served for the rest of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 824]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015811-0018-0000", "contents": "168th (2nd London) Brigade, Second World War\nThe 168th Brigade and the rest of 56th Division, now composed largely of a mixture of pre-war Territorials, Regulars and wartime volunteers, moved to Suffolk in June 1942 where they were inspected by General Sir Bernard Paget, at the time Commander-in-Chief, Home Forces. Another guest was His Majesty King George VI. On 25 August 1942, the 56th Division left the United Kingdom and moved to the Middle East where it served with the 5th Infantry Division in III Corps, part of the British Tenth Army under Persia and Iraq Command. The division was ordered to move to Egypt in March 1943 and thence forward to Libya, and the front, in April.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 685]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015811-0019-0000", "contents": "168th (2nd London) Brigade, Second World War\nOn 8 April 1943, however, the 168th Brigade was detached from the 56th Division and initially became an independent brigade group, with 90th (City of London) Field Regiment of the Royal Artillery and 501st (London) Field Company, Royal Engineers, both under command. On 29 May 1943, the brigade was transferred to the understrength 50th (Northumbrian) Infantry Division, which had suffered heavy casualties and lost the 150th Brigade the previous summer in Battle of Gazala. In July 1943, with the 50th Division, the 168th Brigade fought in the invasion of Sicily, landing on D-Day+3, yet the brigade suffered comparatively light casualties in the short campaign (10th Royal Berkshires had suffered 109 casualties, 26 of them KIA whereas 1st London Irish had 160, with 40 KIA).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 822]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015811-0020-0000", "contents": "168th (2nd London) Brigade, Second World War\nIn October the 50th Infantry Division, along with the 51st (Highland) Infantry Division and 7th Armoured Division, was chosen by General Bernard Montgomery, Commander of the British Eighth Army, to be returned to the United Kingdom to spearhead the invasion of Normandy. On 17 October the 168th Brigade rejoined the rest of the 56th Division fighting in Italy and making it a four-brigade division, as the 201st Guards Brigade joined on 23 July to replace the 168th and only left on 3 January 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015811-0020-0001", "contents": "168th (2nd London) Brigade, Second World War\nThe division, part of British X Corps and under command of Mark Clark's U.S. Fifth Army, had just seen fierce fighting in the Salerno landings. Together with the rest of the division the brigade advanced up Italy, and crossed the Volturno. By late 1943, however, together with the rest of the Allied Armies in Italy, the brigade was held up in front of the formidable Winter Line defences, with the brigade and division fighting near the Bernhardt Line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015811-0021-0000", "contents": "168th (2nd London) Brigade, Second World War\nIn mid-January 1944 the brigade, still fighting on the Bernhardt Line, crossed the Garigliano river as part of the First Battle of Monte Cassino where Private George Allan Mitchell of the 1st Battalion, London Scottish gained the Victoria Cross, the first and only for the regiment and division during the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015811-0022-0000", "contents": "168th (2nd London) Brigade, Second World War\nShortly afterwards, on 30 January, the Commander of British X Corps, Lieutenant-General Sir Richard McCreery, was ordered to send a brigade to strengthen the Anzio bridgehead. The 168th Brigade was chosen and was, again, detached from the division to temporarily come under command of the British 1st Infantry Division, at the time fighting at Anzio and under command of U.S. VI Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015811-0022-0001", "contents": "168th (2nd London) Brigade, Second World War\nThe 168th Brigade landed at Anzio on 3 February where, soon after arrival, the battalions were almost immediately thrown into battle as the Germans launched a counterattack and the London Scottish, as vanguard of the brigade and supported by Sherman tanks of the 46th Royal Tank Regiment, launched their own spirited counterattack in an attempt to relieve the 3rd Brigade (1st Dukes, 2nd Foresters, 1st KSLI), of British 1st Division, which was surrounded, in what was known to both sides as the \"Thumb\", by Campoleone station and the lateral road, and was virtually cut off, taking heavy casualties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015811-0022-0002", "contents": "168th (2nd London) Brigade, Second World War\nThe London Scottish, supported by 46th RTR, \"fought their way forward over sodden ground under heavy German fire in a driving rain\", ending up some 400 yards short of the lateral road which shored up the right flank long enough to enable the 3rd Brigade to withdraw, under cover of nightfall, without further loss. However, the brigade had to leave behind much of its equipment and the London Scottish had, in just a few short hours of battle, sustained over 100 casualties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015811-0022-0003", "contents": "168th (2nd London) Brigade, Second World War\nIn its first action at Anzio the brigade helped to repel a major counterattack, potentially saving the British 1st Division from destruction, in some of the fiercest fighting endured by soldiers of either side on the Italian Front thus far. Indeed, Albert Kesselring, the Commander of the German forces in Italy \"believed that the Fourteenth Army had overestimated the strength of VI Corps and that the attack should have commenced at least twenty-four hours earlier, before the arrival of the 168th Brigade\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015811-0022-0004", "contents": "168th (2nd London) Brigade, Second World War\nThe 168th Brigade reverted to control of 56th Division on 15 February when the 56th Divisional Headquarters began to land. The brigade continued to fight for nearly six weeks in the severe battles at Anzio where even senior officers were not always safe, such as was the case with Major-General Ronald Penney, GOC British 1st Division, wounded by shellfire on 17 February and the GOC 56th Division, Major-General Gerald Templer, took command of both the 1st and 56th divisions, until 23 February when Penney took command of 1st Division again. Over a month later, the heavily battered brigade was relieved in the line by 17th Infantry Brigade, of the British 5th Infantry Division, in late March 1944 and was withdrawn to Egypt to rest and refit, and was to remain there until mid-July.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 831]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015811-0023-0000", "contents": "168th (2nd London) Brigade, Second World War\nThe brigade had suffered 50% casualties, the highest casualty rate of the three brigades of 56th Division, and was brought up to strength mainly with mainly ex-anti-aircraft gunners of the Royal Artillery who had been retrained as line infantry (most of whom were commented by officers to be of excellent quality as infantrymen), together with those many wounded returning from hospital.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015811-0023-0001", "contents": "168th (2nd London) Brigade, Second World War\nIn only six weeks at Anzio the brigade had seen extremely heavy casualties with one of its battalions \u2013 1st London Irish Rifles \u2013 suffering 582 casualties (32 officers and 550 other ranks), with only 12 officers and 300 other ranks embarking for Egypt, most of them returning wounded. Even worse was suffered by the 10th Battalion, Royal Berkshire Regiment, which had been reduced to around 40 men fit for duty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015811-0023-0002", "contents": "168th (2nd London) Brigade, Second World War\nAs a result of its high casualty rate, and a growing shortage of infantry replacements, the battalion was disbanded, with most of its men volunteering as replacements for the other battalions of the brigade. To replace the Royal Berkshires was the 1st Battalion, Welch Regiment, a Regular Army unit which had already seen extensive service in the Middle East and Crete. While in Egypt the brigade was inspected by General Sir Bernard Paget, now Commander-in-Chief, Middle East Command. He had visited them almost two years before in Suffolk when the division was preparing for overseas service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015811-0024-0000", "contents": "168th (2nd London) Brigade, Second World War\nThe reorganised brigade landed at Taranto, Italy, on 17 July 1944 and soon afterwards were visited again by H.M. The King George VI, who visited them almost exactly two years before. Now under Eighth Army command, the division fought in the battles for the Gothic Line (Operation Olive, where the Eighth Army suffered 14,000 casualties, at nearly 1,000 a day), in particular the Battle of Gemmano which saw further heavy casualties, with nearly half the total casualties for Olive (6,000) in the 56th Division. A complete reorganisation of the division was needed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015811-0024-0001", "contents": "168th (2nd London) Brigade, Second World War\nThe brigade was pulled out of the line on 21 September and due to the severe shortage of manpower, biting particularly hard in the Mediterranean theatre (all available replacements had been used up and although 5,000 ex-anti-aircraft gunners had been transferred to the infantry to be retrained, they had yet to complete their training and would only be available in October), that plagued the British Army at this time, and the heavy casualties in the brigade (1st Welch only mustered 320 all ranks), it was decided to disband two brigades (the other being 18th Infantry of 1st", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015811-0024-0002", "contents": "168th (2nd London) Brigade, Second World War\nArmoured Division) to make up for the infantry shortage. As a consequence, the brigade became non-operational on 23 September 1944 and both the 1st London Scots and 1st London Irish transferring to 167th (London) Brigade and 1st Welch Regiment reducing to a small cadre of 5 officers and 60 other ranks, with the remainder transferring to the Queen's of 169th (Queen's) Brigade (as a Regular battalion it could not be disbanded) and later transferring to 1st Infantry Brigade (Guards). The 168th Brigade Headquarters was finally disbanded on 1 January 1945, as were all the units under command. To replace the brigade was 43rd Independent Gurkha Infantry Brigade and later 24th Infantry Brigade (Guards).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 749]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015811-0025-0000", "contents": "168th (2nd London) Brigade, Second World War, Order of battle\n168th Infantry Brigade was constituted as follows during the war:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 61], "content_span": [62, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015811-0026-0000", "contents": "168th (2nd London) Brigade, Post-war\nThe brigade was reformed again in the Territorial Army in 1947, this time as 168th (Lorried) Infantry Brigade, assigned to the 56th Division which was reorganised as an armoured formation, 56th (London) Armoured Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 36], "content_span": [37, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015811-0027-0000", "contents": "168th (2nd London) Brigade, Post-war\nIn 1956 56th Division was converted into an infantry formation once more, and the brigade was reorganised as:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 36], "content_span": [37, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015812-0000-0000", "contents": "168th Aero Squadron\nThe 168th Aero Squadron was a United States Army Air Service unit that fought on the Western Front during World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015812-0001-0000", "contents": "168th Aero Squadron\nThe squadron was assigned as a Corps Observation Squadron, performing short-range, tactical reconnaissance over the IV Corps, United States Second Army sector of the Western Front in France, providing battlefield intelligence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015812-0002-0000", "contents": "168th Aero Squadron\nThe squadron saw limited combat, and with Second Army's planned offensive drive on Metz cancelled due to the 1918 Armistice with Germany, the squadron was assigned to the United States Third Army as part of the Occupation of the Rhineland in Germany. The squadron returned to the United States in July 1919 and was demobilized.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015812-0003-0000", "contents": "168th Aero Squadron\nThe squadron was never reactivated and there is no current United States Air Force or Air National Guard successor unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015812-0004-0000", "contents": "168th Aero Squadron, History, Origins\nThe 168th Aero Squadron was organized on 12 December 1917 at Kelly Field, Texas, with 154 recruits being assigned to the squadron on the 19th. The squadron began a program of drill and indoctrination into the Air Service. On 18 December, the squadron was ordered to report to the Aviation Concentration Center, Hazelhurst Field, Long Island, and arrived on 26 December for overseas duty. There, about 60 members of the squadron were placed in training schools for three weeks while the remainder performed guard duty and camp maintenance duty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 37], "content_span": [38, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015812-0005-0000", "contents": "168th Aero Squadron, History, Origins\nOn 31 January 1918, the squadron was ordered to report to the United States Port of Entry, Hoboken, New Jersey and boarded HMS Adriatic. The crossing of the Atlantic was uneventful, Adriatic being in a convoy of 14 ships, arriving at Liverpool, England on 16 Funerary. From Liverpool, the squadron traveled by train to the Ramsey Rest Camp, Winchester.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 37], "content_span": [38, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015812-0006-0000", "contents": "168th Aero Squadron, History, Training in England\nAfter spending 11\u00a0days at Ramsey, the 168th was assigned to the Royal Flying Corps (RFC) for training. The squadron was divided into four flights, A, B, C, and D. A and B Flights were sent to RFC Tedcester in Yorkshire and C and D Flights were sent to RFC Doncester, also in Yorkshire to be trained by the British in aircraft assembly, engine repair, motor vehicles and other aspects of operating a combat squadron on the front. After five months of training, the squadron was re-assembled at Flower Down Rest Camp, Winchester on 7 August 1918. A final inspection there was made, and preparations were made for the squadron to be sent into combat in France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 49], "content_span": [50, 707]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015812-0007-0000", "contents": "168th Aero Squadron, History, Training in England\nOn 11 August, orders were received for the 168th to proceed to the Air Service Replacement Concentration Center, St. Maixent Replacement Barracks in France. The squadron first went to Southampton for the cross-channel trip to Le Havre, reaching St. Maixent on 14 August where the 168th was classified as a Corps Observation squadron. From there, the squadron proceeded to the Air Service Production Center No. 2., Romorantin Aerodrome, on 19 August where the squadron received Dayton-Wright DH-4 aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 49], "content_span": [50, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015812-0007-0001", "contents": "168th Aero Squadron, History, Training in England\nThe next stop on the journey to the front lines was to the 1st Air Depot at Colombey-les-Belles Airdrome on 26 August where the men of the squadron were fully equipped and given gas mask training. Next, on 2 September, a move was made to Autreville Airdrome where for the next five weeks, the squadron trained on the DH-4s and performed camp duties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 49], "content_span": [50, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015812-0008-0000", "contents": "168th Aero Squadron, History, Toul Sector\nFinally, on 5 October, the 168th moved to Croix de Metz Aerodrome, near Toul, where the squadron was assigned to the IV Corps Observation Group, Second Army and immediately began preparations for active combat service. Initially, the squadron flew patrols with the 8th Aero Squadron, acting as protection for their planes and also enabling the pilots to acquaint themselves with the Toul Sector. Beginning on 12 October, the 168th formally took over the observation area for the 7th Infantry Division and began flying combat observation missions. The squadron flew about ten sorties per day, with a few exceptions when weather limited operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 41], "content_span": [42, 688]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015812-0009-0000", "contents": "168th Aero Squadron, History, Toul Sector\nDuring the first few days of active flying, the squadron did not encounter any enemy aircraft. However, by 30 October, the sky was full of enemy Fokkers, generally found in groups of five to seven. On that day, Lieutenants Myers and McCollough with Lieutenants White and Bruett as protection were attacked by a group of five enemy aircraft. One of the enemy aircraft managed to get on the tail of one of the protection aircraft but Lt. Myers placed his aircraft in a position which enabled Lt. McCollough to shoot it down. On the same day, three other combats were reported. After that day, each mission was met and attacked by Enemy Aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 41], "content_span": [42, 685]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015812-0010-0000", "contents": "168th Aero Squadron, History, Toul Sector\nOn 3 November, a squadron plane on a photo-reconnaissance mission passed near an enemy observation balloon and fired on it. As luck would have it, the squadron had just received a supply of incendiary bullets which had been loaded in the aircraft's machine guns. By good shooting the balloon was hit and set on fire. A shared credit of the downing of this ballon was with a 135th Aero Squadron plane {Observer John F. Curry}", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 41], "content_span": [42, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015812-0011-0000", "contents": "168th Aero Squadron, History, Toul Sector\nUp until the Armistice on 11 November, the squadron flew observation, artillery adjustment and photo-reconnaissance missions to support the 7th Division as they advanced. During the combat the squadron was engaged in, two Distinguished Service Crosses, were awarded to Lieutenant Pandell and Lieutenant Armstrong, both on 4 November for flying extremely hazardous missions over enemy territory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 41], "content_span": [42, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015812-0012-0000", "contents": "168th Aero Squadron, History, Third Army of Occupation\nWith the end of hostilities, the squadron first moved to the 2d Air Instructional Center at Tours Aerodrome on 24 November, where the squadron was called upon to cover 45\u00a0sq. miles of the Hindenburg Line with aerial photography. The squadron photographed 8 of the 11 Metz forts & photographed everything on the surface of the ground.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 54], "content_span": [55, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015812-0013-0000", "contents": "168th Aero Squadron, History, Third Army of Occupation\nAfter the Hindenburg line was photographed, the 168th was then assigned to Wei\u00dfenthurm Airdrome, Germany to serve as part of the occupation force of the Rhineland under the Third Army Air Service, III Corps Observation Group. There, the squadron was able to perform test flights on surrendered German aircraft. Flights of the Fokker D.VII, Pfalz D.XII, Halberstadts and Rumpler aircraft were made and evaluations were made.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 54], "content_span": [55, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015812-0014-0000", "contents": "168th Aero Squadron, History, Demobilization\nOn 18 June 1919, orders were received from Third Army for the squadron to report to the 1st Air Depot, Colombey-les-Belles Airdrome to turn in all of its supplies and equipment and was relieved from duty with the AEF. The squadron's planes were delivered to the Air Service Production Center No. 2. at Romorantin Aerodrome, and there, practically all of the pilots and observers were detached from the squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 44], "content_span": [45, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015812-0015-0000", "contents": "168th Aero Squadron, History, Demobilization\nPersonnel were subsequently assigned to the commanding general, services of supply, and ordered to report to one of several staging camps in France. There, personnel awaited scheduling to report to one of the base ports in France for transport to the United States. The squadron arrived at Camp Mills, New York in late July 1919. There most of the men returned to civilian life, being discharged from Army service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 44], "content_span": [45, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015813-0000-0000", "contents": "168th Air Refueling Squadron\nThe 168th Air Refueling Squadron is a unit of the Alaska Air National Guard 168th Air Refueling Wing located at Eielson Air Force Base, Fairbanks, Alaska. The 168th is equipped with the KC-135R Stratotanker.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015813-0001-0000", "contents": "168th Air Refueling Squadron, History, World War II\nActivated in mid-1942 as a B-26 Marauder medium bombardment group. Trained under Third Air Force in Louisiana; reassigned to the European Theater of Operations (ETO), being assigned initially to VIII Air Support Command in England in September 1942. Flew several missions over France and Belgium from its base in England during October, then being reassigned to the new Twelfth Air Force in Algeria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 51], "content_span": [52, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015813-0002-0000", "contents": "168th Air Refueling Squadron, History, World War II\nDuring the North African campaign, engaged in tactical bomb strikes of enemy targets, primarily in eastern Algeria and Tunisia, including railroads, airfields, harbor installations, and enemy shipping along the Mediterranean Coast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 51], "content_span": [52, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015813-0003-0000", "contents": "168th Air Refueling Squadron, History, World War II\nSquadron returned to French Morocco in March 1943, then returned to combat in June 1943, attacking enemy targets on Italian island in the Mediterranean, including Sicily, Sardinia, and Pantelleria. From bases in Algeria and Tunisia, the group supported the Allied invasion of Italy, bombing bridges and marshalling yards during the late summer and early autumn of 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 51], "content_span": [52, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015813-0004-0000", "contents": "168th Air Refueling Squadron, History, World War II\nIn November, it moved to Sardinia, to strike Axis targets in central Italy. Early in 1944, the squadron supported Allied ground forces as they advanced in the Cassino and Anzio areas. Later in the year, the group attacked German supply lines in northern Italy, bombing bridges, marshalling yards, and roads. During the summer, it bombed bridges over the Po River in northern Italy to block the stream of German supplies and reinforcements going southward. Supported the invasion of southern France in August 1944 by attacking coastal batteries, radar stations, and bridges. From Corsica, it hit railroad bridges in Northern Italy and late in the year attacked railroad lines through the Brenner Pass that connected Germany and Austria with Italy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 51], "content_span": [52, 798]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015813-0005-0000", "contents": "168th Air Refueling Squadron, History, World War II\nIn January 1945, the squadron returned to the United States, where it began to train with A-26 aircraft for operations in the Pacific Theater. Between May and July 1945, moved by ship to Okinawa, and on 16 July flew its first mission against Japan. From then until the end of the fighting in early August, the squadron attacked enemy targets such as airfields and industrial centers on Ky\u016bsh\u016b and occupied Shanghai area of China, and shipping around the Ryukyu Islands and in the East China Sea. In November and December 1945, the squadron returned to the United States and was inactivated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 51], "content_span": [52, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015813-0006-0000", "contents": "168th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Illinois Air National Guard\nThe wartime 437th Bombardment Squadron was re-designated as the 168th Bombardment Squadron, and was allotted to the Illinois Air National Guard, on 24 May 1946. It was organized at Orchard Place Airport, Chicago, Illinois, and was extended federal recognition on 19 October 1947 by the National Guard Bureau. The 168th Bombardment Squadron was bestowed the lineage, history, honors, and colors of the 437th Bombardment Squadron and all predecessor units. The squadron was equipped with B-26 Invaders and was assigned to the Illinois ANG 126th Bombardment Group, operationally gained by Tactical Air Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 66], "content_span": [67, 674]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015813-0007-0000", "contents": "168th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Illinois Air National Guard, Korean War activation\nOn 1 April 1951 the 168th was federalized and brought to active-duty due to the Korean War. It was initially assigned to Tactical Air Command (TAC), and moved to Langley AFB, Virginia. At Langley, the 168th Bombardment Squadron was assigned to the federalized 126th Bombardment Group, equipped with B-26 Invaders. The 126th Bomb Group consisted of the 168th, along with the 108th and the 168th Bombardment Squadrons from the Illinois ANG. The aircraft were marked by various color bands on the vertical stabilizer and rudder. Black/Yellow/Blue for the 108th; Black/Yellow/Red for the 168th, and Black/Yellow/Green for the 180th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 89], "content_span": [90, 718]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015813-0008-0000", "contents": "168th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Illinois Air National Guard, Korean War activation\nAfter training and organization, the 126th Bombardment Wing was reassigned to the United States Air Forces in Europe and deployed to Bordeaux-Merignac Air Base, France with the first elements arriving in November 1951. By 10 November, Bordeaux was considered an operational base and was assigned to the 12th Air Force. It flew B-26's for training and maneuvers and stayed at Bordeaux AB until being transferred Laon-Couvron Air Base, France on 25 May 1952.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 89], "content_span": [90, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015813-0009-0000", "contents": "168th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Illinois Air National Guard, Korean War activation\nAt Laon, the 126th used its B-26's for training and maneuvers until December until being relieved from active duty and transferred, without personnel and equipment, back to the United States where the unit was returned to the control of the Air National Guard on 1 January 1953.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 89], "content_span": [90, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015813-0010-0000", "contents": "168th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Illinois Air National Guard, Cold War inactivation\nAfter returning from France, was re-equipped with F-51D Mustangs due to the limited availability of jets which were being used by the USAF in the Korean War. In early 1955, was upgraded to new F-84F Thunderstreak jet fighters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 89], "content_span": [90, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015813-0011-0000", "contents": "168th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Illinois Air National Guard, Cold War inactivation\nThe squadron was ordered inactivated 31 May 1958 due to budget restrictions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 89], "content_span": [90, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015813-0012-0000", "contents": "168th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Alaska Air National Guard\nIn 1986 the 168th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron was transferred from the Illinois ANG to the Alaska Air National Guard. It was re-designated as the 168th Air Refueling Squadron, extended federal recognition and reactivated on 1 October 1986. The lineage, history and honors of the 168th FIS and all previous designations were bestowed on the 168th ARS.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 64], "content_span": [65, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015813-0013-0000", "contents": "168th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Alaska Air National Guard\nThe reactivated squadron was assigned to the Alaska ANG 176th Composite Group at Elmendorf AFB. The 168th would operate as a geographically separated unit (GSU), at Eielson Air Force Base, Fairbanks. It was equipped with KC-135E Stratotankers and assumed an air refueling mission. The first commanding officer of the squadron was Ltc. William \"Doug\" Clinton. The first rendezvous and refueling of the squadron occurred just weeks after the arrival of the first aircraft. The pilot in command was Ltc.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 64], "content_span": [65, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015813-0013-0001", "contents": "168th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Alaska Air National Guard\nTom Gresch and the navigator conducting the rendezvous was Capt. Michael R. Stack, formerly of the 126th Air Refueling Wing, Illinois Air National Guard. For the next four years the squadron would provide air refueling support for the 6th Strategic Wing and all other tactical and strategic units in Alaska and PACAF. In addition, because of Alaska's strategic geographical location, the 168th supported air refueling operations for USAFE.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 64], "content_span": [65, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015813-0014-0000", "contents": "168th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Alaska Air National Guard\nOn 1 July 1990, the 168th was authorized to expand to a group level, and the 168th Air Refueling Group established by the National Guard Bureau. The 168th AREFS becoming the group's flying squadron. It also changed equipment to the KC-135D Stratotanker. Shortly afterward, on 9 August, Alaskan Air Command was inactivated and the group came under Eleventh Air Force, Pacific Air Forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 64], "content_span": [65, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015813-0015-0000", "contents": "168th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Alaska Air National Guard\nIn 1992, the 168th Group was changed in status to a wing, the 168th Air Refueling Squadron being assigned to the new 168th Operations Group. In January 1994 and again in January 1996, the 168 ARW received the Air Force Outstanding Unit Award for exceptionally meritorious service both in the Alaskan and Southwest Asian theaters for the periods of 8 January 1991 to 7 January 1993 and 8 January 1993 to June 1995", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 64], "content_span": [65, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015813-0016-0000", "contents": "168th Air Refueling Squadron, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 54], "content_span": [55, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015814-0000-0000", "contents": "168th Aviation Regiment (United States)\nThe 168th Aviation Regiment is an aviation regiment of the United States Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015814-0001-0000", "contents": "168th Aviation Regiment (United States), History\nThe 1st Battalion (General Support), 168th Aviation Regiment (GSAB), can trace its history back to 1959 when it was originally organized as the 41st Aviation Company in the Washington Army National Guard located at Camp Murray, Tacoma, Washington. Over the next fifty years the battalion would be reorganized several different times to meet the changing needs of the U.S. Army. In 1988 the 1-168th AVN was designated as an attack battalion consisting of AH-1 Cobras and OH-58 Kiowa helicopters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015815-0000-0000", "contents": "168th Battalion (Oxfords), CEF\nThe 168th Battalion, CEF was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War. Based in Woodstock, Ontario, the unit began recruiting during the winter of 1915/16 in Oxford County, Ontario. After sailing to England in November 1916, the battalion was absorbed into the 4th and 6th Reserve Battalions on January 4, 1917. The 168th Battalion, CEF had one Officer Commanding: Lieut-Col. W. K. McMullen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015816-0000-0000", "contents": "168th Brigade Support Battalion\nThe 168th Brigade Support Battalion is a support battalion of the United States Army based at Fort Sill, Oklahoma. It provides logistic support to the 214th Fires Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015816-0001-0000", "contents": "168th Brigade Support Battalion\nActivated in September 2006, the unit is a logistical support battalion capable of a variety of actions. Though assigned to the 214th Fires Brigade on a permanent basis, it is capable of independent operations and taking on subordinate units to fulfill a larger scale sustainment operation's for the United States Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015816-0002-0000", "contents": "168th Brigade Support Battalion, Organization\nThe 168th Brigade Support Battalion is composed of three organic subordinate units, Headquarters and Headquarters Company, Alpha Company (Distribution Company) and Bravo Company (Maintenance Support Company). The battalion has an additional three forward support companies that it provides support to and logistic oversight. These units are, the 696th Forward Support Company, the 609th Forward Support Company and the 578th Forward Support Company. Due to the battalion's modular design, it is capable of integrating additional subordinate units upon deployment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 45], "content_span": [46, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015816-0003-0000", "contents": "168th Brigade Support Battalion, History\nThe unit was constituted on 1 May 1936 in the United States Army as the 39th Quartermaster Regiment (light maintenance). The regiment was then broken up on 1 June 1940 and elements were designated or disbanded as follows\u00a0:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015816-0004-0000", "contents": "168th Brigade Support Battalion, History\nThe 1st Battalion was re-designated as 58th Quartermaster Battalion (Light Maintenance).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015816-0005-0000", "contents": "168th Brigade Support Battalion, History\nCompanies E and F were also re-designated as 202d and 203d Quartermaster Companies, respectively; with separate lineages.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015816-0006-0000", "contents": "168th Brigade Support Battalion, History\nThe battalion was reactivated a year later at Normoyle Quartermaster Depot, Texas, less organic elements were activated from 1938 to 1940 at various stations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015816-0007-0000", "contents": "168th Brigade Support Battalion, History\nThe battalion was next reorganized and re-designated on 1 July 1942 as the 68th Quartermaster Maintenance Battalion and then converted and was re-designated a year later as the 63rd Ordnance Medium Maintenance Battalion (Q). Companies A to D 68th Ordnance Medium Maintenance Battalion (Q) were reorganized and re-designated four months later as 3409th to 3412th Ordnance medium Maintenance Companies (Q), respectively; with separate lineages.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015816-0008-0000", "contents": "168th Brigade Support Battalion, History\nThe Headquarters and Headquarters Detachment of the 68th Ordnance Medium Maintenance Battalion (Q) reorganized and was re-designated once again on 1 Nov 1943 as Headquarters and Headquarters Detachment, 68th Ordnance Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015816-0009-0000", "contents": "168th Brigade Support Battalion, History\nThe battalion was inactivated once again on 9 Dec 1945 at Camp Myles Standish, Mass.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015816-0010-0000", "contents": "168th Brigade Support Battalion, History\nNext the battalion was re-designated on 14 Feb 1966 as the Headquarters and Company A, 68th Maintenance Battalion and activated 2 weeks later, 1966 at Fort Campbell, Kentucky.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015816-0011-0000", "contents": "168th Brigade Support Battalion, History\nThe battalion was once again reorganized and was re-designated on 30 Apr 1968 as Headquarters and Maintenance Support Company, 68th Maintenance Battalion, but was once more inactivated seven months later at Fort Campbell, Kentucky.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015816-0012-0000", "contents": "168th Brigade Support Battalion, History\nThe battalion was re-designated the 168th Brigade Support Battalion and activated on 16 September 2006 at Fort Sill, OK, with organic elements concurrently constituted and activated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015816-0013-0000", "contents": "168th Brigade Support Battalion, Campaign participation credits\nOperation Iraqi Freedom, Baghdad, Iraq, July 2007 - October 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 63], "content_span": [64, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015817-0000-0000", "contents": "168th Engineer Brigade (United States)\nThe 168th Engineer Brigade is a Combat Engineer brigade of the United States Army based in Vicksburg, Mississippi. It is a part of the Mississippi Army National Guard and was redesignated from the 168th Engineer Group in 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015817-0001-0000", "contents": "168th Engineer Brigade (United States)\nUnder the administrative and training supervision of the 184th Sustainment Command, the brigade is in turn responsible for the peacetime administration and training of two subordinate battalions spread through Mississippi: the 223rd Engineer Battalion and the 890th Engineer Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015817-0002-0000", "contents": "168th Engineer Brigade (United States), History\nThe lineage of the 168th Engineer Brigade headquarters began with the organization and Federal recognition of the Vicksburg-based headquarters battery of the nondivisional 204th Antiaircraft Artillery Automatic Weapons Battalion on 30 April 1951. The 204th was one of 20 new nondivisional units allotted to the Mississippi Army National Guard several weeks earlier on 16 March. The 168th Engineer Combat Group headquarters was soon allotted to the Mississippi Army National Guard to control its nondivisional engineer units. As a result, the battery was converted into the Headquarters and Headquarters Company of the 168th Engineer Combat Group on 9 October. Battery C of the 204th at Laurel was reorganized as the new headquarters battery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 789]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015817-0003-0000", "contents": "168th Engineer Brigade (United States), History\nThe group was redesignated as 168th Engineer Group on 1 February 1953. By mid-1953, it controlled the 114th Engineer Battalion, and the separate 138th, 139th, 146th, 156th, and 157th Engineer Companies. The group conducted two weeks of summer training that year at Fort McClellan with the other nondivisional Mississippi Army National Guard units. On 15 June 1954 the Vicksburg-based Headquarters and Service Company and Medical Detachment of the 106th Engineer Battalion of the 31st Infantry Division were consolidated into the 168th Engineer Group headquarters when the former returned to state control following the Korean War mobilization of the division. The 106th Engineer Battalion headquarters had been organized at Vicksburg in 1934 as Company B, 106th Engineers and served with the 31st Division in World War II as Company B of the 106th Engineer Combat Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 922]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015817-0004-0000", "contents": "168th Engineer Brigade (United States), History\nThe 85-strong group headquarters departed for Fort Stewart in February 2003 prior to a deployment to Iraq. The unit spent eleven months in Iraq stationed near Balad Air Base providing command and control to engineer units, returning to Vicksburg in April 2004. It was awarded a Meritorious Unit Commendation for its performance between 10 February 2003 and 9 February 2004 while under control of the 130th Engineer Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015817-0004-0001", "contents": "168th Engineer Brigade (United States), History\nThe 168th Engineer Group headquarters was planned to be eliminated during the modular reorganization but instead was redesignated as the 168th Engineer Brigade headquarters in a 13 January 2008 ceremony due to its readiness and performance. This resulted in an increase of the headquarters authorized strength from 83 to 125 personnel. Notified of a deployment to Afghanistan, the roughly 139-strong brigade headquarters departed for pre-deployment training at Camp Shelby in December of that year. The brigade headquarters coordinated engineer operations in Paktika and Parwan Provinces while in-country between 1 March and 19 November 2009, and was awarded a Meritorious Unit Commendation for its performance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 759]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015817-0005-0000", "contents": "168th Engineer Brigade (United States), Honors\nThe 168th Engineer Brigade headquarters is entitled to the following campaign participation credit:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 46], "content_span": [47, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015817-0006-0000", "contents": "168th Engineer Brigade (United States), Honors\nThe 168th Engineer Brigade headquarters is entitled to the following decorations:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 46], "content_span": [47, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015818-0000-0000", "contents": "168th Field Artillery Regiment\nThe 168th Field Artillery Regiment was a Field Artillery Branch regiment of the Army National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015818-0001-0000", "contents": "168th Field Artillery Regiment\nDuring World War II the unit was configured under the 75th Field Artillery Brigade with the following units-", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015818-0002-0000", "contents": "168th Field Artillery Regiment, Colorado unit\nA Colorado unit of the 148th Field Artillery was reorganized in the Colorado National Guard as the 1st Battalion, 158th Field Artillery and federally recognized 9 July 1923 with headquarters at Loveland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 45], "content_span": [46, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015818-0003-0000", "contents": "168th Field Artillery Regiment, Colorado unit\nRedesignated 1 August 1933 as the 1st battalion, 168th Field Artillery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 45], "content_span": [46, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015818-0004-0000", "contents": "168th Field Artillery Regiment, Colorado unit\nReorganized and redesignated 1 March 1943 as the 168th field Artillery Battalion. During World War II the battalion was part of the 75th Field Artillery Brigade. Inactivated 17 January 1946 at Camp Stoneman, CaliforniaReorganized and federally recognized 6 January 1947 with headquarters at Denver", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 45], "content_span": [46, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015818-0005-0000", "contents": "168th Field Artillery Regiment, Colorado unit, Decorations\nPhilippine Presidential Unit Citation, Streamer embroidered 17 OCTOBER 1944 to 4 JULY 1945", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 58], "content_span": [59, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015818-0006-0000", "contents": "168th Field Artillery Regiment, Colorado unit, Heraldry\nThe coat of arms was originally approved for the 168th Field Artillery Battalion on 13 November 1928. It was amended to correct the blazon of the shield on 19 January 1929. It was redesignated for the 168th Field Artillery Regiment on 9 January 1943. The insignia was redesignated for the 168th Field Artillery Battalion on 18 August 1943. It was rescinded/cancelled on 1 September 1961. The insignia was reinstated and redesignated for the 168th Regiment on 24 April 1997. It was amended to correct the blazon of the shield on 17 November 1997.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 55], "content_span": [56, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015818-0007-0000", "contents": "168th Field Artillery Regiment, Nebraska unit\nThe 3rd Battalion, 134th Infantry, an element of the 34th Infantry Division (United States), was organized and federally recognized 4 December 1946. Its headquarters was created at North Platte, Nebraska. It was converted and redesigned 1 March 1959 as the 168th Artillery, consisting of the 1st and 2nd Howitzer Battalions, elements of the 34th Infantry Division. Reorganized 1 April 1963 to consist of the 1st Howitzer Battalion non-divisional, and 2nd Howitzer Battalion, an element of the 67th Infantry Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 45], "content_span": [46, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015818-0007-0001", "contents": "168th Field Artillery Regiment, Nebraska unit\nReorganized 1 March 1964 to consist of the 1st Howitzer Battalion non-divisional, and 2nd Howitzer Battalion, and element of the 67th Infantry Brigade. Reorganized 1 May 1968 to consist of the 1st Battalion, an element of the 67th Infantry Brigade. Reorganized 1 October 1985 to consist of the 1st Battalion, 168th Field Artillery, an element of the 35th Division Artillery, direct support to the 67th Infantry Brigade. Deactivated 4 October 1997.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 45], "content_span": [46, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015819-0000-0000", "contents": "168th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)\nThe 168th Infantry Division (German: 168. Infanterie-Division) was an infantry division of the German Heer during World War II. It was active between 1939 and 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015819-0001-0000", "contents": "168th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History\nThe 168th Infantry Division was formed in the G\u00f6rlitz area on 1 December 1939 as a division of the seventh Aufstellungswelle. It initially consisted of the Infantry Regiments 417 and 429, as well as the Light Artillery Detachment 248. The latter was soon transferred to the 164th Infantry Division, and the 168th was strengthened to full division strength by the addition of a third regiment, numbered 442, and a full Artillery Regiment, numbered 248. The division's deployment took from December 1939 until May 1940. During this time, the 168th Infantry Division remained at home, in Wehrkreis VIII in Silesia. The first divisional commander was Wolf Boysen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 704]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015819-0002-0000", "contents": "168th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History\nOn 11 January 1940, Hans Mundt replaced Boysen as divisional commander.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015819-0003-0000", "contents": "168th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History\nIn June 1940, the 168th Infantry Division was moved to the reserves of the 1st Army (Army Group C) during the Battle of France. After that campaign's conclusion, the 168th Infantry Division was placed in occupied Poland under the supervision of the XXXXIV Army Corps, which was in turn part of the 18th Army (Army Group B). The 168th Infantry Division remained in Poland between July 1940 and May 1941, at times part of the XXXXIV, XVII, and XXIX Corps, which were in turn at times part of the 18th, 12th, 17th and 6th Armies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015819-0004-0000", "contents": "168th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History\nIn June 1941, during the beginning of Operation Barbarossa, the 168th Infantry Division was subordinate to the XXIX Army Corps under the 6th Army, which was part of Army Group South. During the subsequent invasion of the Soviet Union, the 168th stood in the Lublin area in June 1941, moved to the Zhytomyr area in July, then advanced, as part of the XXXIV Army Corps, to the Kiev region in August and September. Here, the 168th Infantry Division took part in the Battle of Kiev of 1941. The division's command had by then been taken over by Dietrich Kraiss, who began his tenure on 8 July.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015819-0005-0000", "contents": "168th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History\nAfter operations as part of the XXIX Army Corps in the Romny area in October and under LI Army Corps in the Belgorod area in November, the 168th Infantry Division spent the end of the year 1941 in the Kharkiv region, again part of the XXIX Army Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015819-0006-0000", "contents": "168th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History\nCombat in the Kharkiv area dragged on until July 1942. The 168th Infantry Division spent this entire time nominally as part of the XXIX Army Corps, but its forces were heavily subdivided and distributed in parts to the XXXXVIII Corps and the LV Corps, both under the 2nd Army, between January and April 1942. In May 1942, the 168th Infantry Division fought in the Second Battle of Kharkov. In August, the division, again as a whole, was moved out of the 6th Army for the first time since before the beginning of the invasion of the Soviet Union.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015819-0006-0001", "contents": "168th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History\nIt was briefly deployed to the Voronezh region as part of the VII Army Corps under the 2nd Army (Army Group B), before being reassigned again to serve under the XXIV Army Corps, which in turn was part of the Hungarian Second Army at the Don River. The 168th Infantry Division remained part of the XXIV Army Corps between September and December 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015819-0007-0000", "contents": "168th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History\nIn January 1943, the 168th Infantry Division was assigned to the Fourth Hungarian Corps at the Don, before serving under Corps Cramer in February and under Corps Raus (Army Detachment Kempf, Army Group South) in the Myrhorod region in March. On 9 March, Walter Chales de Beaulieu assumed divisional command of the 168th Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015819-0008-0000", "contents": "168th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History\nIn June, the 168th was reassigned to the XI Army Corps (Army Detachment Kempf). The division returned to the Belgorod area, where it had already fought as part of the LI Army Corps in November 1941. After brief service as part of the III Army Corps in July, the 168th Infantry Division, now again part of the XI Army Corps, was moved once more to the Kharkiv area. The German defeat at the Battle of Kursk cause a wave of German retreats during which the 168th Infantry Division suffered heavy casualties. In September 1943, the XI Army Corps, with the 168th Infantry Division under it, was assigned to the 8th Army and deployed to the Kiev area, where the 168th Infantry Division was again placed under the III Army Corps in October.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 779]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015819-0009-0000", "contents": "168th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History\nOn 1 December 1943, Werner Schmidt-Hammer assumed command of the 168th Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015819-0010-0000", "contents": "168th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History\nBetween November 1943 and February 1944, the 168th Infantry Division served under the 4th Panzer Army as part of the XXIV Army Corps. During this period, the XXIV Corps was active in the Kiev, Shitomir and Vinnytsia areas. Near Cherkasy, the 168th Infantry Division was battered by heavy Soviet attacks after it was trapped in the Korsun\u2013Cherkassy Pocket. In March 1944, the XXIV Army Corps was reassigned, along with the 168th Division, to the 1st Panzer Army in the Kamianets-Podilskyi region. Here, the 168th Infantry Division was again trapped by enemy forces, this time the Kamenets-Podolsky pocket. Afterwards, the division was briefly allowed to return to Poland to rebuild its strength, but the formation never again exceeded Kampfgruppe strength.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 800]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015819-0011-0000", "contents": "168th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History\nBetween April and June 1944, the 168th Infantry Division was part of the XXXXVI Corps in the Ternopil area. The corps was still part of the 1st Panzer Army, but the army was now part of the newly formed Army Group North Ukraine. Between July and September 1944, the 168th Infantry Division was part of the XI Army Corps in the Carpathian Mountains. On 8 September 1944, Carl Anders took command of the division from Schmidt-Hammer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015819-0012-0000", "contents": "168th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History\nIn October, the 168th was assigned to the XXXXIX Army Corps, still under the 1st Panzer Army, but now as part of Army Group A. Between November and December, the 168th served again as part of the XI Army Corps. Anders was replaced as divisional commander by Schmidt-Hansen, who started his second tenure in this post, on 9 December 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015819-0013-0000", "contents": "168th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History\nIn January 1945, the 168th Infantry Division was subordinate to the XXXXVIII Corps under the 4th Panzer Army in the Baran\u00f3w area. After Maximilian Rosskopf had briefly taken command of the division on 6 January 1945, Schmidt-Hammer assumed command for the third and final time on 19 February.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015819-0014-0000", "contents": "168th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History\nBetween February and May 1945, the 168th Infantry Division spent the last months of the war in Silesia, the same area in which it was originally formed. The final formation that the 168th served under was the XXXX Corps, part of the 17th Army. The final commander of the division was one Oberst Hansen, who took charge of the division in the last few days of the war, as late as May 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015820-0000-0000", "contents": "168th Infantry Regiment (United States)\nThe 168th Infantry Regiment (\"Third Iowa\") is an infantry regiment of the United States Army. The 1st Battalion of the 168th Infantry is part of the 2nd Infantry Brigade Combat Team, 34th Infantry Division, part of the Iowa National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015820-0001-0000", "contents": "168th Infantry Regiment (United States), History\nThe 168th Infantry served during the 'Punitive Expedition' pursuing Pancho Villa and the latter part of World War I. It became part of the 42nd Division, commonly referred to as the 'Rainbow' Division. For four months, from July to November 1917, the unit built and occupied Camp Dodge in Johnston, Iowa. Prior to be being sent to Europe, the 168th was stationed at Camp Mills, New York.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015820-0002-0000", "contents": "168th Infantry Regiment (United States), History\nFirst Battalion, 168th Infantry deployed to Afghanistan in 2004 where it provided provincial reconstruction team (PRT) security forces (SECFOR). The battalion was ordered again into active federal service on 31 July 2010 at home stations to deploy to Afghanistan in support of Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF). The battalion conducted post mobilization training at Camp Shelby, MS from August to October 2010, culminating with a mission rehearsal exercise (MRX) at the National Training Center at Fort Irwin, CA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015820-0003-0000", "contents": "168th Infantry Regiment (United States), History\nUpon deployment into Afghanistan, 1st Battalion, 168th Infantry became Task Force 1-168 and assumed responsibility for the Afghan Province of Paktya. Task Force 1-168's mission was conduct security force assistance through combined action with Afghan Security Forces that resided in Paktya. Task Force 1-168 conducted a transfer of authority with Task Force 1-279 (Oklahoma Army National Guard) on 10 July 2011 and redeployed to the Continental United States (CONUS) in July 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015820-0004-0000", "contents": "168th Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage\nDuring the Civil War the regiment was organized from independent companies in southwestern Iowa and mustered into federal service on 8 August 1861 as the 4th Regiment, Iowa Volunteer Infantry. It was reorganized on 1 January 1864 as the 4th Iowa Veteran Infantry Regiment, and mustered out of federal service 24 July 1865 at Louisville, Kentucky.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015820-0005-0000", "contents": "168th Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage\nIt was reorganized from 1868 to 1876 in Iowa as independent companies of volunteer militia, and these companies were consolidated on 18 February 1876 and 15 January 1877 to form the 3rd and 5th Infantry regiments, respectively. (The Iowa State Militia was redesignated on 3 April 1878 as the Iowa National Guard.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015820-0006-0000", "contents": "168th Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage\nThe 3rd and 5th Infantry Regiments were consolidated 30 April 1892, and the consolidated unit was designated the 3rd Infantry Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015820-0007-0000", "contents": "168th Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage\nOn 30 May 1898, during the Spanish\u2013American War, the regiment was mustered into federal service at Des Moines as the 51st Iowa Volunteer Infantry; and mustered out of federal service on 2 November 1899 at San Francisco, California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015820-0008-0000", "contents": "168th Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage\nIt was reorganized on 26 March 1900 in the Iowa National Guard as the 51st Infantry Regiment with its headquarters at Des Moines. On 26 November 1902 it was redesignated as the 55th Infantry Regiment, and on 4 July 1915 was redesignated as the 3rd Infantry Regiment. It was mustered into federal service on 26 June 1916 at Camp Dodge, Iowa; and mustered out of federal service on 20 February 1917 at Des Moines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015820-0009-0000", "contents": "168th Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage\nAfter the United States entered World War I it was drafted into federal service again on 5 August 1917, reorganized and redesignated on 16 August 1917 as the 168th Infantry and assigned to the 42nd Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015820-0010-0000", "contents": "168th Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage\nDemobilized on 17 May 1919 at Camp Dodge, Iowa, it was reorganized in 1920\u20131921 in the Iowa National Guard as the 168th Infantry and assigned to the 34th Division (later redesignated as the 34th Infantry Division). Federally recognized on 13 July 1921, its headquarters were at Des Moines. (Location of headquarters changed on 27 January 1937 to Council Bluffs).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015820-0011-0000", "contents": "168th Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage\nInducted during World War II into federal service 10 February 1941 at home stations, it was inactivated on 3 November 1945 at Camp Patrick Henry, Virginia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015820-0012-0000", "contents": "168th Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage\nReorganized and federally recognized on 23 January 1947 with headquarters at Council Bluffs, it was reorganized on 1 May 1959 as a parent regiment under the Combat Arms Regimental System to consist of the 1st Battle Group, an element of the 34th Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015820-0013-0000", "contents": "168th Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage\nReorganized on 1 March 1963 to consist of the 1st Battle Group, and relieved from assignment to the 34th Infantry Division. Reorganized on 1 March 1964 to consist of the 1st and 2nd Battalions. Reorganized on 1 January 1968 to consist of the 1st Battalion, an element of the 47th Infantry Division. It was withdrawn on 1 May 1989 from the Combat Arms Regimental System and reorganized under the U.S. Army Regimental System. Reorganized 10 February 1991 to consist of the 1st Battalion, an element of the 34th Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015820-0014-0000", "contents": "168th Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage\nOrdered into active federal service on 5 March 2004 at home stations; released from active federal service 1 September 2005 and reverted to state control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015820-0015-0000", "contents": "168th Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage\nCompany D, 1st Battalion, 168 Infantry ordered into active federal service 4 June 2007 at Denison", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015821-0000-0000", "contents": "168th Military Police Battalion\nThe 168th Military Police Battalion (CS) is a military police battalion of the United States Army based in Dyersburg, Tennessee. It is a subordinate unit of 194th Engineer Brigade and the Tennessee Army National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015821-0001-0000", "contents": "168th Military Police Battalion, Missions\nOn Order and in conjunction with State and local government agencies, provide logistical services, life support, and protection of human life in response to natural or man-made disasters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 41], "content_span": [42, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015821-0002-0000", "contents": "168th Military Police Battalion, Missions\nOn Order, the 168th Military Police Battalion (CS) mobilizes and deploys to a contingency area and provides Command, Control and Coordination for the MP elements assigned or attached.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 41], "content_span": [42, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015821-0003-0000", "contents": "168th Military Police Battalion, Distinctive Unit Insignia\nA gold color metal and enamel device 1 and 1/8\u00a0inches in height overall consisting of three gold swords, hilts to base, one vertical between two crossed saltirewise, extending over the top of a green equilateral triangle pointed up and base concavely arched, and extending from the horizontal arms of a gold star at the apex above the sword a series of blue truncated pyramids with tops outward and forming a border on the left and right terminating at the sides of a gold scroll curved across the base inscribed \"Serving,\" all above a longer parallel gold scroll inscribed \"Those Who Serve.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 58], "content_span": [59, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015821-0004-0000", "contents": "168th Military Police Battalion, Distinctive Unit Insignia\nThe organization served as Infantry in World War II. Blue, the color for Infantry is also the color of the Presidential Unit Citation streamer awarded the unit for action in penetrating the Siegfried Line, symbolized by the truncated pyramids simulating tank obstacles (\"Dragon's Teeth\"). The gold swords over the truncated pyramids denote the French and Belgian awards. The five points of the star allude to the unit's participation in five campaigns, World War II, the colors green and yellow (gold) are used for the Military Police Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 58], "content_span": [59, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015822-0000-0000", "contents": "168th Motor Rifle Brigade\nThe 168th Motor Rifle Brigade was a Russian Ground Forces motorized infantry brigade from 1994 to 1998. It was based in Borzya and traces its lineage to the 150th Motor Rifle Division, activated in 1973. The division became a training unit three years later and was converted into a district training center in 1988. In 1994, the training center became the 168th Motor Rifle Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015822-0001-0000", "contents": "168th Motor Rifle Brigade\nThe 150th Motor Rifle Division at Borzya went through a number of changes before being disbanded. In March 1972 it was placed in cadre status. It was converted on 1 December 1976 to a training division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015822-0002-0000", "contents": "168th Motor Rifle Brigade, History\nThe formation of the 150th Motor Rifle Division began in March 1972. The division was activated on 1 July 1973 in Borzya, part of the Transbaikal Military District. It was maintained at 20\u201325% strength. On 1 December 1976, it became the 150th Training Motor Rifle Division. The division was redesignated the 213th District Training Center (Military Unit Number 30630) on 27 January 1988. On 10 September 1994, the training center became the 168th Separate Motor Rifle Brigade. The brigade was disbanded in June 1998.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015822-0003-0000", "contents": "168th Motor Rifle Brigade, History\nOn 1 September 1997, it became 272nd Motor Rifle Regiment, 2nd Tank Division, and was later transferred to the 122nd and 131st Motor Rifle Divisions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015822-0004-0000", "contents": "168th Motor Rifle Brigade, Composition\nThe 150th Training Motor Rifle Division was composed of the following units. All units were based at Borzya unless noted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 38], "content_span": [39, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015823-0000-0000", "contents": "168th New York Infantry Regiment\nThe 168th New York Infantry Regiment (a.k.a. \"19th State Militia\") was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015823-0001-0000", "contents": "168th New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 168th New York Infantry was organized at Newburgh, New York, beginning August 22, 1862, and mustered in February 11, 1863, for nine months' service under the command of Colonel William R. Brown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015823-0002-0000", "contents": "168th New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to Busteed's Independent Brigade, IV Corps, Department of Virginia, to April 1863. King's Independent Brigade, IV Corps, to June 1863. 3rd Brigade, 1st Division, IV Corps, to July 1863. 2nd Brigade, 2nd Division, XI Corps, Army of the Potomac, to October 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015823-0003-0000", "contents": "168th New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 168th New York Infantry mustered out on October 31, 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015823-0004-0000", "contents": "168th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nThe regiment left New York for Baltimore, Maryland on February 12, 1863 then moved to Norfolk, Virginia Garrison duty at Yorktown, Virginia until June 1863. They participated in Dix's Peninsula Campaign from June 24 until July 7. The regiment was ordered to Washington, D.C. on July 9 then to Funkstown, Maryland. It joined the Army of the Potomac at Hagerstown, Maryland on July 14. The regiment took part in the pursuit of Robert E. Lee to Manassas Gap, Virginia from July 14 to July 24. They then assumed guard duty along the Orange and Alexandria Railroad until October.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015823-0005-0000", "contents": "168th New York Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 38 men during service; one enlisted man killed, one officer and 36 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015824-0000-0000", "contents": "168th New York State Legislature\nThe 168th New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 3, 1951, to March 20, 1952, during the ninth and tenth years of Thomas E. Dewey's governorship, in Albany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015824-0001-0000", "contents": "168th New York State Legislature, Background\nUnder the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1938, re-apportioned in 1943, 56 Senators and 150 assemblymen were elected in single-seat districts for two-year terms. The senatorial districts consisted either of one or more entire counties; or a contiguous area within a single county. The counties which were divided into more than one senatorial district were Kings (nine districts), New York (six), Bronx (five), Queens (four), Erie (three), Westchester (three), Monroe (two) and Nassau (two). The Assembly districts consisted either of a single entire county (except Hamilton Co.), or of contiguous area within one county.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 677]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015824-0002-0000", "contents": "168th New York State Legislature, Background\nAt this time there were two major political parties: the Republican Party and the Democratic Party. The Liberal Party, the American Labor Party, the Socialist Workers Party, and the Socialist Labor Party (running under the name of \"Industrial Government Party\") also nominated tickets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015824-0003-0000", "contents": "168th New York State Legislature, Elections\nThe New York state election, 1950, was held on November 7. Governor Thomas E. Dewey (Rep.) was re-elected. New York State Comptroller Frank C. Moore (Rep.) was elected Lieutenant Governor. Of the other three statewide elective offices up for election, two were carried by the Republicans. The Democratic/Liberal incumbent U.S. Senator Herbert H. Lehman defeated his Republican challenger Lieutenant Governor Joe R. Hanley. The approximate party strength at this election, as expressed by the vote for Governor, was: Republicans 2,820,000; Democrats 1,981,000; Liberals 266,000; American Labor 222,000; Socialist Workers 13,000; and Industrial Government 7,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 704]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015824-0004-0000", "contents": "168th New York State Legislature, Elections\nFive of the seven women members of the previous legislature\u2014Assemblywomen Mary A. Gillen (Dem. ), of Brooklyn; Janet Hill Gordon (Rep.), a lawyer of Norwich; Genesta M. Strong (Rep.), of Plandome Heights; Mildred F. Taylor (Rep.), a coal dealer of Lyons; and Maude E. Ten Eyck (Rep.), of Manhattan\u2014were re-elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015824-0005-0000", "contents": "168th New York State Legislature, Elections\nThe New York state election, 1951, was held on November 6. No statewide elective offices were up for election. Four vacancies in the Assembly were filled.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015824-0006-0000", "contents": "168th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for the first regular session (the 174th) at the State Capitol in Albany on January 3, 1951; and adjourned on March 16.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015824-0007-0000", "contents": "168th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nArthur H. Wicks (Rep.) was re-elected Temporary President of the State Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015824-0008-0000", "contents": "168th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for a special session at the State Capitol in Albany on December 6, 1951, to enact the re-apportionment of congressional seats according to the 1950 U.S. census.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015824-0009-0000", "contents": "168th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for the second regular session (the 175th) at the State Capitol in Albany on January 9, 1952; and adjourned on March 20.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015824-0010-0000", "contents": "168th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Senators\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature. Frank S. McCullough changed from the Assembly to the Senate at the beginning of this Legislature. Assemblyman Orlo M. Brees was elected to fill a vacancy in the Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 56], "content_span": [57, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015824-0011-0000", "contents": "168th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Senators\nNote: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words \"...the Committee on (the)...\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 56], "content_span": [57, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015824-0012-0000", "contents": "168th New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Assemblymen\nNote: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words \"...the Committee on (the)...\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 61], "content_span": [62, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015825-0000-0000", "contents": "168th Ohio Infantry Regiment\nThe 168th Ohio Infantry Regiment, sometimes 168th Ohio Volunteer Infantry (or 168th OVI) was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015825-0001-0000", "contents": "168th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 168th Ohio Infantry was organized at Camp Dennison near Cincinnati, Ohio, and mustered in May 19, 1864, for 100 days service under the command of Colonel Conrad Garis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015825-0002-0000", "contents": "168th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment left Ohio for Covington, Kentucky, May 19. Detachments were stationed at Falmouth, Kentucky, and Cynthiana, Kentucky, guarding railroad lines and bridges. Participated in operations against John Hunt Morgan May 31-June 20. Action at Cynthiana June 9 (detachment captured). Cynthiana, June 11. Duty in Kentucky until July 10. Moved to Camp Dennison July 11. Guard duty there and at Cincinnati until September 8.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015825-0003-0000", "contents": "168th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 168th Ohio Infantry mustered out of service September 8, 1864, at Cincinnati.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015825-0004-0000", "contents": "168th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Ohio National Guard\nOver 35,000 Ohio National Guardsmen were federalized and organized into regiments for 100 days service in May 1864. Shipped mostly to the Eastern Theater, they were designed to be placed in \"safe\" rear areas to protect railroads and supply points, thereby freeing regular troops for Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant\u2019s push on the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia. As events transpired, many units found themselves in combat, stationed in the path of Confederate Gen. Jubal Early\u2019s veteran Army of the Valley during its famed Valley Campaigns of 1864. Ohio Guard units met the battle-tested foe head on and helped blunt the Confederate offensive thereby saving Washington, D.C. from capture. Ohio National Guard units participated in the battles of Monacacy, Fort Stevens, Harpers Ferry, and in the siege of Petersburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 49], "content_span": [50, 870]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015825-0005-0000", "contents": "168th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost 19 enlisted men during service; 11 men killed or mortally wounded, 8 men due to disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015826-0000-0000", "contents": "168th Street station (BMT Jamaica Line)\n168th Street was the terminal station on the demolished section of the BMT Jamaica Line in Queens, New York City. It was located between 165th and 168th Streets on Jamaica Avenue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015826-0001-0000", "contents": "168th Street station (BMT Jamaica Line), History, Early years\n168th Street was part of two Dual Contracts extensions of the BMT Broadway-Jamaica Line east of Cypress Hills and the \"S-Curve\" from Fulton Street to Jamaica Avenue. It opened on July 3, 1918, replacing 111th Street as the line's terminus. 168th Street station also replaced the Canal Street Station along the Atlantic Avenue Rapid Transit line (today part of the LIRR Main Line), which closed nineteen years earlier, and supplanted the trolley service on Jamaica Avenue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015826-0002-0000", "contents": "168th Street station (BMT Jamaica Line), History, Decline and closure\nIn 1937, the Queens Boulevard Line of the city-owned Independent Subway System was extended to a new terminal at 169th Street and Hillside Avenue, four blocks away. The opening of the IND terminal drew passengers away from the BMT lines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 69], "content_span": [70, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015826-0003-0000", "contents": "168th Street station (BMT Jamaica Line), History, Decline and closure\nMany groups had called for the removal of the extension in the Jamaica Business district since shortly after it opened, and by the 1960s the city planned to close the station and significant portions of the line in Jamaica. Many merchants credited the line with causing blight and hurting business in the neighborhood.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 69], "content_span": [70, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015826-0004-0000", "contents": "168th Street station (BMT Jamaica Line), History, Decline and closure\nThe line was also torn down in preparation for the completion of the Archer Avenue Subway one block south, which would serve the Jamaica Line and a spur of the IND Queens Boulevard Line, and due to political pressure in the area. Construction of that line began in 1972. 168th Street closed at midnight on September 10, 1977, and the elevated structure from 168th Street to Sutphin Boulevard was torn down by 1979. The line was truncated to Queens Boulevard, with the Q49 bus replacing the demolished portion of the line until December 11, 1988.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 69], "content_span": [70, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015826-0005-0000", "contents": "168th Street station (BMT Jamaica Line), History, Current status\nIn spite of the support of local business owners for the demolition of the line, stores continued to suffer and several establishments closed due to the absence of the El. This included the large Macy's location in the 165th Street Pedestrian Mall near the bus terminal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 64], "content_span": [65, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015826-0006-0000", "contents": "168th Street station (BMT Jamaica Line), History, Current status\nUnlike the 160th Street and Sutphin Boulevard stations, which were completely demolished in 1979, 168th Street's former control tower, known as the \"Station and Trainmen's Building\", still remains standing on the southeast corner of 165th Street and Jamaica Avenue. It sits inactive atop a block of storefronts. The exit stairways for the station were purchased by a private citizen to be used on their estate in Nissequogue on the Long Island Sound.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 64], "content_span": [65, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015826-0007-0000", "contents": "168th Street station (BMT Jamaica Line), History, Current status\nThe Archer Avenue Line was completed in 1988, nearly ten years after the closure of the station, but it does not extend east to 168th Street. The closest subway stations to this former station are Jamaica Center\u2013Parsons/Archer, at Parsons Boulevard and Archer Avenue, which is nine blocks west and one block south, as well as the existing 169th Street station which is four blocks to the north on Hillside Avenue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 64], "content_span": [65, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015826-0008-0000", "contents": "168th Street station (BMT Jamaica Line), Station layout\nThis elevated station had two tracks and one island platform. It was constructed with a diamond crossover switch west of the station, and a large signal and switch tower built to the south side of the elevated structure at 165th Street. The entrance to the station at this location was built into an alcove of the signal building, which contained storefronts at ground level. Past the crossover, the line expanded to three tracks, with the middle track ending at 160th Street. While reports say the station had a concrete platform, photographs show a wooden platform.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 55], "content_span": [56, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015826-0008-0001", "contents": "168th Street station (BMT Jamaica Line), Station layout\nIt served trains from the BMT Jamaica-Nassau Street Line to Manhattan (the predecessors to today's J and Z trains) and from the BMT Lexington Avenue Line. The station also connected to the nearby 165th Street Bus Terminal (opened in 1936) at 89th Avenue and Merrick Boulevard via an exit on 165th Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 55], "content_span": [56, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015827-0000-0000", "contents": "168th Street station (New York City Subway)\n168th Street (formerly Washington Heights\u2013168th Street) is an underground New York City Subway station complex shared by the IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line and IND Eighth Avenue Line. It is located at the intersection of 168th Street and Broadway in Washington Heights, Manhattan and served by the 1 and A trains at all times, and the C train at all times except late nights.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015827-0001-0000", "contents": "168th Street station (New York City Subway)\nThe Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line station was built for the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT), and was a station on the West Side Branch of the city's first subway line, which was approved in 1900. The station opened on April 14, 1906. The Eighth Avenue Line station was built as an express and terminal station for the Independent Subway System (IND) and opened on September 10, 1932, as part of the IND's first segment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015827-0002-0000", "contents": "168th Street station (New York City Subway)\nThe IRT station has two side platforms and two tracks. The IND station has two island platforms and four tracks, although the track configuration is reversed from most New York City Subway express stations, with express trains using the outer tracks and local trains using the inner tracks. The transfer between the IRT platforms and the IND platforms has been within fare control since July 1, 1948. The IND station contains elevators, which make it compliant with the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA). While the IRT station can only be reached by elevators, it is not ADA-accessible. The IRT station's interior is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 724]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015827-0003-0000", "contents": "168th Street station (New York City Subway), History\nThe IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line and IND Eighth Avenue Line stations are connected by a passageway, which was placed inside fare control on July 1, 1948.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 52], "content_span": [53, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015827-0004-0000", "contents": "168th Street station (New York City Subway), History, IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line, Construction and opening\nPlanning for a subway line in New York City dates to 1864. However, development of what would become the city's first subway line did not start until 1894, when the New York State Legislature authorized the Rapid Transit Act. The subway plans were drawn up by a team of engineers led by William Barclay Parsons, chief engineer of the Rapid Transit Commission. It called for a subway line from New York City Hall in lower Manhattan to the Upper West Side, where two branches would lead north into the Bronx. A plan was formally adopted in 1897, and all legal conflicts concerning the route alignment were resolved near the end of 1899.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 112], "content_span": [113, 747]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015827-0005-0000", "contents": "168th Street station (New York City Subway), History, IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line, Construction and opening\nThe Rapid Transit Construction Company, organized by John B. McDonald and funded by August Belmont Jr., signed the initial Contract 1 with the Rapid Transit Commission in February 1900, in which it would construct the subway and maintain a 50-year operating lease from the opening of the line. In 1901, the firm of Heins & LaFarge was hired to design the underground stations. Belmont incorporated the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT) in April 1902 to operate the subway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 112], "content_span": [113, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015827-0006-0000", "contents": "168th Street station (New York City Subway), History, IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line, Construction and opening\nThe 168th Street station was constructed as part of the IRT's West Side Line (now the Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line) from 133rd Street to a point 100 feet (30 m) north of 182nd Street. Work on this section was conducted by L. B. McCabe & Brother, who started building the tunnel segment on May 14, 1900.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 112], "content_span": [113, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015827-0007-0000", "contents": "168th Street station (New York City Subway), History, IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line, Construction and opening\nThe original New York City Subway line from City Hall to 145th Street on the West Side Branch opened in 1904, with the line being extended to 157th Street that year. The West Side Branch was extended northward from 157th Street to a temporary terminus at 221st Street, near the Harlem River Ship Canal, on March 12, 1906, with the station at 168th Street not yet open. This extension was initially served by shuttle trains operating between 157th Street and 221st Street. The 168th Street station opened for service on April 14, 1906. On May 30, 1906, express trains began running through to 221st Street. The opening of the first subway line, and particularly the 168th Street station, helped contribute to the development of Washington Heights.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 112], "content_span": [113, 859]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015827-0008-0000", "contents": "168th Street station (New York City Subway), History, IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line, 20th century changes\nAfter the first subway line was completed in 1908, the station was served by West Side local and express trains. Express trains began at South Ferry in Manhattan or Atlantic Avenue in Brooklyn, and ended at 242nd Street in the Bronx. Local trains ran from City Hall to 242nd Street during rush hours, continuing south from City Hall to South Ferry at other times. In 1918, the Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line opened south of Times Square\u201342nd Street, thereby dividing the original line into an \"H\"-shaped system. The original subway north of Times Square thus became part of the Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line. Local trains were sent to South Ferry, while express trains used the new Clark Street Tunnel to Brooklyn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 108], "content_span": [109, 820]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015827-0009-0000", "contents": "168th Street station (New York City Subway), History, IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line, 20th century changes\nIn Fiscal Year 1909, work was done to increase the carrying load of the elevators at the station. To address overcrowding, in 1909, the New York Public Service Commission proposed lengthening platforms at stations along the original IRT subway. As part of a modification to the IRT's construction contracts, made on January 18, 1910, the company was to lengthen station platforms to accommodate ten-car express and six-car local trains. In addition to $1.5 million (equivalent to $41.7 million in 2020) spent on platform lengthening, $500,000 (equivalent to $13,888,000 in 2020) was spent on building additional entrances and exits.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 108], "content_span": [109, 741]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015827-0009-0001", "contents": "168th Street station (New York City Subway), History, IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line, 20th century changes\nIt was anticipated that these improvements would increase capacity by 25 percent. The northbound platform at the 168th Street station was extended 179 feet (55\u00a0m) to the south. The arched ceiling adjacent to the platform extension was replaced with a flat roof made of steel beams, since the arch's structural integrity was compromised by the platform extension. The southbound platform was not lengthened. On January 24, 1911, ten-car express trains began running on the West Side Line. Subsequently, the station could accommodate six-car local trains, but ten-car trains could not open some of their doors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 108], "content_span": [109, 717]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015827-0010-0000", "contents": "168th Street station (New York City Subway), History, IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line, 20th century changes\nIn Fiscal Year 1923, work began on the installation of a new entrance with elevators on the west side of Broadway to increase the capacity of the station. In Fiscal Year 1924, work to construct new entrances to the station was 87 percent complete, and two new elevators were installed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 108], "content_span": [109, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015827-0011-0000", "contents": "168th Street station (New York City Subway), History, IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line, 20th century changes\nPlatforms at IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line stations between 103rd Street and 238th Street, including those at 168th Street, were lengthened to 514 feet (157\u00a0m) between 1946 and 1948, allowing full ten-car express trains to stop at these stations. A contract for the platform extensions at 168th Street and eight other stations on the line was awarded to Spencer, White & Prentis Inc. in October 1946. The platform extensions at these stations were opened in stages. On April 6, 1948, the platform extension opened for stations from 103rd Street to Dyckman Street, including this station but excluding 125th Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 108], "content_span": [109, 726]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015827-0011-0001", "contents": "168th Street station (New York City Subway), History, IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line, 20th century changes\nSimultaneously, the IRT routes were given numbered designations with the introduction of \"R-type\" rolling stock, which contained rollsigns with numbered designations for each service. The first such fleet, the R12, was put into service in 1948. The route to 242nd Street became known as the 1. In 1959, all 1 trains became local.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 108], "content_span": [109, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015827-0012-0000", "contents": "168th Street station (New York City Subway), History, IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line, 20th century changes\nOn December 28, 1950, the New York City Board of Transportation issued a report concerning the construction of bomb shelters in the subway system. Five deep stations in Washington Heights, including the 168th Street station, were considered to be ideal for being used as bomb-proof shelters. The program was expected to cost $104 million (equivalent to $1,118.7 million in 2020). These shelters were expected to provide limited protection against conventional bombs, while providing protection against shock waves and air blast, as well as from the heat and radiation from an atomic bomb.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 108], "content_span": [109, 697]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015827-0012-0001", "contents": "168th Street station (New York City Subway), History, IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line, 20th century changes\nTo become suitable as shelters, the stations would require water-supply facilities, first-aid rooms, and additional bathrooms. However, the program, which required federal funding, was never completed. In Fiscal Year 1958, two elevators at the station were replaced with automatic ones. In Fiscal Year 1961, the installation of fluorescent lighting at the station was completed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 108], "content_span": [109, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015827-0013-0000", "contents": "168th Street station (New York City Subway), History, IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line, 20th century changes\nIn April 1988, the New York City Transit Authority (NYCTA) unveiled plans to speed up service on the Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line through the implementation of a skip-stop service: the 9 train. When skip-stop service started in 1989, it was only implemented north of 137th Street\u2013City College on weekdays, and 168th Street was served by both the 1 and the 9. Skip-stop service ended on May 27, 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 108], "content_span": [109, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015827-0014-0000", "contents": "168th Street station (New York City Subway), History, IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line, 20th century changes\nBetween July 5 and September 8, 1997, trains did not stop at the station while the elevators were modernized. The project cost $4 million (equivalent to $6.4 million in 2020). A shuttle bus service was provided to 181st Street on the Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 108], "content_span": [109, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015827-0015-0000", "contents": "168th Street station (New York City Subway), History, IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line, 21st century changes\nIn July 2003, to reduce costs, the Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA) announced that as part of its 2004 budget it would eliminate 22 elevator operator positions at this station and four others in Washington Heights, leaving one full-time operator per station. The agency had intended removing all the attendants at these stops, but kept one in each station after many riders protested. The change took effect on January 20, 2004 and saved $1.2\u00a0million a year. In November 2007, the MTA proposed savings cuts to help reduce the agency's deficit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 108], "content_span": [109, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015827-0015-0001", "contents": "168th Street station (New York City Subway), History, IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line, 21st century changes\nAs part of the plan, all elevator operators at 168th Street, along with those in four other stations in Washington Heights, would have been cut. MTA employees had joined riders in worrying about an increase in crime as a result of the cuts after an elevator operator at 181st Street on the Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line helped save a stabbed passenger. The move was intended to save $1.7 million a year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 108], "content_span": [109, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015827-0015-0002", "contents": "168th Street station (New York City Subway), History, IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line, 21st century changes\nHowever, on December 7, 2007, the MTA announced that it would not remove the remaining elevator operators at these stations, due to pushback from elected officials and residents from the area. In October 2018, the MTA once again proposed removing the elevator operators at the five stations, but this was reversed after dissent from the Transport Workers' Union.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 108], "content_span": [109, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015827-0016-0000", "contents": "168th Street station (New York City Subway), History, IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line, 21st century changes\nThe elevator attendants serve as a way to reassure passengers as the elevators are the only entrance to the platforms, and passengers often wait for the elevators with an attendant. The attendants at the five stations are primarily maintenance and cleaning workers who suffered injuries that made it hard for them to continue doing their original jobs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 108], "content_span": [109, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015827-0017-0000", "contents": "168th Street station (New York City Subway), History, IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line, 21st century changes\nThe station was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2005. From 2013 to 2016, the station was partially renovated, with the station ceiling and northbound platform tilework replaced with replicas and flooring replaced. From January 5 to December 20, 2019, the station was closed so the elevator cars could be replaced, and elevator shafts, mechanical components, and the stairways could be upgraded. During this time, a free out-of-system transfer was provided to the A train at Inwood\u2013207th Street, from both 207th Street and 215th Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 108], "content_span": [109, 665]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015827-0018-0000", "contents": "168th Street station (New York City Subway), History, IND Eighth Avenue Line\nThe Eighth Avenue Line station opened on September 10, 1932, as part of the city-operated Independent Subway System (IND)'s initial segment, the Eighth Avenue Line between Chambers Street and 207th Street. Construction of the whole line cost $191.2 million (equivalent to $3,626.7 million in 2020). While the IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line already provided service to Washington Heights, the new Eighth Avenue subway via St. Nicholas Avenue provided an alternative route.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 76], "content_span": [77, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015827-0019-0000", "contents": "168th Street station (New York City Subway), History, IND Eighth Avenue Line\nThe A express train has always served the IND station since its inception in 1932. Local service was initially provided by the AA train from 168th Street to Chambers Street/World Trade Center; at the time, local services were denoted by double letters and express services by single letters. The AA was discontinued in 1933 when the CC was created to run on the local tracks along the Eighth Avenue and Concourse lines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 76], "content_span": [77, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015827-0019-0001", "contents": "168th Street station (New York City Subway), History, IND Eighth Avenue Line\nThe original BB train started running with the opening of the Sixth Avenue Line on December 15, 1940, ran as a rush-hour only local service starting at 168th Street\u2013Washington Heights. The \"B\" designation was originally intended to designate express trains originating in Washington Heights and going to Midtown Manhattan on the Sixth Avenue Line. The AA was resurrected when the BB was created, running outside rush hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 76], "content_span": [77, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015827-0019-0002", "contents": "168th Street station (New York City Subway), History, IND Eighth Avenue Line\nThe AA was renamed the K in 1985, while the BB was renamed the B. The K train was completely replaced by the C's midday service on December 11, 1988, with all local service at 168th Street being provided by the B. On March 1, 1998, the B and the C switched northern terminals, ending B service to this station and bringing C trains to this station at all times except late nights.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 76], "content_span": [77, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015827-0020-0000", "contents": "168th Street station (New York City Subway), History, IND Eighth Avenue Line\nThe IND station was planned to be renovated starting in 2016 as part of the 2010\u20132014 MTA Capital Program. An MTA study conducted in 2015 found that 48 percent of components in the state were out of date.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 76], "content_span": [77, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015827-0021-0000", "contents": "168th Street station (New York City Subway), Station layout\nThe IRT platforms are very deep, with the only public connection between the platforms and fare control being made via elevator. Close to street level is an upper mezzanine level with an unstaffed fare control area. Four elevators lead down to a lower mezzanine below the IRT platforms. At the upper mezzanine, a closed passageway exists behind the elevator bank.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 59], "content_span": [60, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015827-0022-0000", "contents": "168th Street station (New York City Subway), Station layout\nThe IRT station is one of three stations in the New York City Subway system that can be accessed solely by elevators. The other two, also located on the Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line, are 181st Street one stop to the north, as well as Clark Street on the 2 and \u200b3 trains in Brooklyn. However, the IRT station is not ADA-accessible. As part of the 2017 Fast Forward plan to modernize the subway system, 50 more stations will become ADA-accessible during the MTA's 2020\u20132024 Capital Program, allowing all riders to have an accessible station within two stops in either direction. To meet this goal, one station in the Washington Heights/Inwood area will have to be made accessible on the IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line. The 168th Street station was ultimately selected to be retrofitted as part of the plan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 59], "content_span": [60, 866]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015827-0023-0000", "contents": "168th Street station (New York City Subway), Station layout\nA slightly sloped corridor within fare control leads between the IRT and IND mezzanines. A full length mezzanine extends above the IND platforms. Elevators from the mezzanine to the street, and to each IND platform, make that portion of the station ADA-accessible.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 59], "content_span": [60, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015827-0024-0000", "contents": "168th Street station (New York City Subway), Station layout, Exits\nThe full-time fare control area is at the center of the mezzanine, and has a turnstile bank, token booth, and one staircase and one elevator going up to the southeast corner of West 168th Street and Saint Nicholas Avenue. The part-time side at the north end of the mezzanine has HEET turnstiles and three staircases, two to the southwest corner of Broadway and 169th Street and one to the northwest corner. An exit-only turnstile in the middle of the mezzanine, near the corridor leading to the IRT platforms, leads to a staircase going up to north end of Mitchell Square Park on the south side of West 168th Street between Broadway and Saint Nicholas Avenue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 66], "content_span": [67, 726]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015827-0025-0000", "contents": "168th Street station (New York City Subway), Station layout, Exits\nThe passageway leading to the IRT elevators is just beyond the full-time fare control area. There are two exit stairs past this part-time fare control area, near the southwest corner of Broadway and 168th Street, which face north and south.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 66], "content_span": [67, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015827-0026-0000", "contents": "168th Street station (New York City Subway), Station layout, Exits\nThe southernmost portion of the mezzanine, which is outside fare control, is closed. It features one passage on the east side of the IND station with two exits to the southeastern corner of 167th Street and St. Nicholas Avenue and a passage on the west side of the IND station with two exits to Mitchel Square Park. The closed mezzanine area is now used for New York City Transit employees only. The western area was closed in the 1980s for safety reasons, while the eastern area was closed in 1992.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 66], "content_span": [67, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015827-0027-0000", "contents": "168th Street station (New York City Subway), IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line platforms\n168th Street on the IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line has two tracks and two side platforms, and is served by the 1 train at all times. It is one of three in the Fort George Mine Tunnel, along with the 181st Street and 191st Street stations to the north; the tunnel allows the Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line to travel under the high terrain of Washington Heights.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 87], "content_span": [88, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015827-0028-0000", "contents": "168th Street station (New York City Subway), IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line platforms\nNear the north end of the station, there are four elevators adjacent to the southbound platform, which lead to the fare control level. These elevators are accessed via a concourse several steps above the southbound platform. The lower sections of the concourse walls are clad with white tile, topped by a band of green tile, while the tops of the walls and the ceilings are made of concrete. Two footbridges with staircases connect the platforms. A rear passageway at the lower mezzanine level allows passengers to board and alight on different sides of the elevator cabs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 87], "content_span": [88, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015827-0029-0000", "contents": "168th Street station (New York City Subway), IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line platforms\nThe northern open bridge and northbound platform features a passageway east of the northbound side to an eastern elevator shaft. This shaft contained the two original elevators to and from the platforms. The eastern elevator tower was partially destroyed when the IND platforms were built; the space has since been repurposed as a ventilation chamber. There is a closed stairway on the extreme northern end of both platforms, which ascends to a relay and signal power room. This stairway is not visible to the public.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 87], "content_span": [88, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015827-0030-0000", "contents": "168th Street station (New York City Subway), IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line platforms, Design\nMuch of the station is contained within a vault that measures 47 feet (14\u00a0m) wide and 26 feet (7.9\u00a0m) high. The lowest 6 feet (1.8\u00a0m) of the vault walls are wainscoted with rust-colored brick. Atop the brick wainscoting are a belt course made of marble and a multicolored mosaic frieze measuring about 16 inches (410\u00a0mm) thick. The tops of the walls contain tan brick. Tile name tablets are placed above the frieze at regular intervals, with white letters on a dark-green background surrounded by floral designs. These tablets contain the text \"168th Street\". The center of the vault ceiling has multicolored terracotta medallions at regular intervals; these formerly held lighting fixtures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 95], "content_span": [96, 787]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015827-0031-0000", "contents": "168th Street station (New York City Subway), IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line platforms, Design\nThe station's platform extensions have ceilings that are 10 to 12 feet (3.0 to 3.7\u00a0m) above the platform level. At the portals between the original vault and the much lower ceilings of the platform extensions, there is a wide arch over the tracks flanked by narrow arches over each platform. These transitions are clad with tan brick. The arch over the tracks has a volute with a laurel wreath. Between the arches, the lower portions of the walls are clad in gray marble.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 95], "content_span": [96, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015827-0031-0001", "contents": "168th Street station (New York City Subway), IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line platforms, Design\nThe walls of the platform extensions have white ceramic tiles with mosaic friezes as well as plaques with the words \"168th Street\". The walls are divided every 15 feet (4.6\u00a0m) by multicolored tile pilasters that are 16 inches (410\u00a0mm) wide. There are two tile panels with the number \"168\" in each panel. Columns near the platform edge, clad with white tile, support the jack-arched concrete station roof.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 95], "content_span": [96, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015827-0032-0000", "contents": "168th Street station (New York City Subway), IND Eighth Avenue Line platforms\n168th Street is an express station on the IND Eighth Avenue Line that has four tracks and two island platforms. It is served by the A train at all times, and the C train at all times except late nights. Unlike other express stations in the subway system, the inner tracks serve C local trains while the outer tracks serve A express trains during the daytime. This is to make it easier for C trains to terminate here, and turn around to make the southbound trip to Brooklyn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 77], "content_span": [78, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015827-0032-0001", "contents": "168th Street station (New York City Subway), IND Eighth Avenue Line platforms\nSouth of this station, the outer tracks descend to a lower level below the inner tracks, creating a two-over-two track layout. North of the station, the inner tracks continue north underneath Broadway to the 174th Street Yard, while the outer tracks turn sharply under Fort Washington Avenue before continuing to Inwood\u2013207th Street. During the night, A trains make local stops, using the northbound local and southbound express tracks at this station.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 77], "content_span": [78, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015827-0033-0000", "contents": "168th Street station (New York City Subway), IND Eighth Avenue Line platforms\nBoth outer track walls have a maroon trim line with a black border and small \"168\" tile captions below them in white numbering on a black border. This station has a full length mezzanine above the platforms and tracks. Black I-beam columns run along the platform, alternating ones having the standard black name plate with white lettering.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 77], "content_span": [78, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015827-0034-0000", "contents": "168th Street station (New York City Subway), IND Eighth Avenue Line platforms, Gallery\nAn R32 C train entering service at 168th Street bound for Brooklyn", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 86], "content_span": [87, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015827-0035-0000", "contents": "168th Street station (New York City Subway), Nearby points of interest\nNearby points of interest include NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital/Columbia University Medical Center, Fort Washington Park on the Hudson River waterfront, and remnants of the Audubon Ballroom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 70], "content_span": [71, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015828-0000-0000", "contents": "168th Wing\nThe 168th Wing (168 WG) is a unit of the Alaska Air National Guard, stationed at Eielson Air Force Base, Fairbanks, Alaska. Before it was redesignated in February 2016, it was known as the 168th Air Refueling Wing (168 ARW). If activated to federal service as a USAF unit, the 168 WG is primarily gained by Pacific Air Forces, while its 213th Space Warning Squadron is gained by Air Force Space Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015828-0001-0000", "contents": "168th Wing, Overview\nThe 168th Wing is the only Arctic region air refueling unit in the United States and maintains a substantial number of personnel on active duty and civilian Air Reserve Technician status in order to meet its daily operational requirements. The unit transfers more fuel than any other Air National Guard tanker wing, because nearly all receivers are active duty aircraft, many of which are on operational missions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 20], "content_span": [21, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015828-0002-0000", "contents": "168th Wing, Overview\nThe 168th Wing provides the U.S. Air Force the capabilities of global reach and vigilance through the combined operations of air refueling, missile warning, and space surveillance. The unit maintains a constant watch and commitment for Pacific Air Forces, U.S. Northern Command, Air Force Space Commands and the Alaskan North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) Region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 20], "content_span": [21, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015828-0003-0000", "contents": "168th Wing, Overview\nIn 2000, the wing became mobility-tasked, which has been a true opportunity for growth and learning. Besides its federally directed missions, as a unit of the Alaska National Guard, the 168th Wing is an asset of the Governor of Alaska and as such, the Governor can direct the unit to respond to emergencies declared or missions required within the State.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 20], "content_span": [21, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015828-0004-0000", "contents": "168th Wing, Overview\nThe 168th Wing completed its R-model conversion in 1995, and in 2000 they completed a major flight deck upgrade called \"Pacer CRAG\" \u2013 with the CRAG standing for Compass, Radar, and GPS (Global Positioning System). The Wing's Primary Assigned Aircraft are nine KC-135 R-models assigned to the 168th Air Refueling Squadron. The wing aircraft are identified with a blue tail stripe, and the name \"Alaska\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 20], "content_span": [21, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015828-0005-0000", "contents": "168th Wing, Overview\nBecause of Alaska's strategic location with regard to national defense, the mission and importance of the 168th Wing and the Alaska Air National Guard should continue to increase in the coming years. The 168th Wing has a remarkably broad range of responsibilities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 20], "content_span": [21, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015828-0006-0000", "contents": "168th Wing, Emblem\nThe upper right of the shield consists of a compass rose against a yellow background. The compass rose signifies the global nature of the Wing mission and is set at a 30-degree angle to the east representing the magnetic variation of Alaska where the Group was first formed. The yellow background represents the midnight sun at high latitude and the day aspect of the air refueling mission. The lower left of the shield depicts a red lightning bolt running from cloud to cloud against a blue background.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015828-0006-0001", "contents": "168th Wing, Emblem\nThe red lightning bolt signifies the projection of military power, the clouds are the medium in which it performs its mission, and the blue background the Arctic night and the night aspect of its mission. The red lightning bolt is also a prominent feature of the squadron patch from which the 168th Wing evolved. Between the yellow and blue fields is a bar of ultramarine blue containing eight yellow stars. The ultramarine blue is Air Force blue representing the 168th Wing's role in the Total Force; it is also the background color of the Alaska flag. The eight yellow stars are the stars of the big dipper also found on the Alaska flag.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015828-0007-0000", "contents": "168th Wing, History\nEstablished on 23 October 1990 when the Alaska ANG 168th Air Refueling Squadron was expanded to a group level. The 168th Air Refueling Squadron traces its lineage to the 437th Bombardment Squadron of the 319th Bombardment Group, originally activated at Barksdale Field, Louisiana, in June 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015828-0008-0000", "contents": "168th Wing, History\nFrom a modest beginning in 1986, with just four KC-135E aircraft transferred from the Arkansas Air National Guard at Little Rock AFB,  the unit has blossomed into Wing status and all the accouterments of a full Air Refueling Wing. The first rendezvous and refueling of the squadron occurred just weeks after the arrival of the first aircraft. The pilot in command was Lt Col Tom Gresch, and the navigator conducting the rendezvous was Capt Michael R. Stack, formerly of the Illinois Air National Guard's 126th Air Refueling Wing in Chicago. In 1995, the wing transitioned from the KC-135E to the KC-135R Stratotanker.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015828-0009-0000", "contents": "168th Wing, History\nThe 168 WG has command and control over thirteen subordinate assigned units whose missions include all aircraft maintenance for the PACAF-gained tankers, providing financial, transportation, contracting, and base supply resources, communications, data processing and visual information functions, organizational security, and disaster preparedness and air base operability. They also contain all personnel activities such as training, equal employment opportunity and recruiting, and limited diagnostic and therapeutic service in general medicine, flight medicine, bioenvironmental, environmental, and dental services.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015828-0010-0000", "contents": "168th Wing, History\nPreviously designated as the 168th Air Refueling Wing since 1992, the unit was redesignated as the 168th Wing (168 WG) on 3 Feb 2016, recognizing of the inclusion of the 213th Space Warning Squadron, a geographically separated unit (GSU) at Clear Air Force Station, Alaska. The squadron had been part of the wing since 2006 and the redesignation of the parent wing recognized the dual-mission sets of both air refueling and ballistic missile early warning that the wing now performed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015829-0000-0000", "contents": "168th meridian east\nThe meridian 168\u00b0 east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, New Zealand, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015829-0001-0000", "contents": "168th meridian east\nThe 168th meridian east forms a great circle with the 12th meridian west.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015829-0002-0000", "contents": "168th meridian east, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 168th meridian east passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015830-0000-0000", "contents": "168th meridian west\nThe meridian 168\u00b0 west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015830-0001-0000", "contents": "168th meridian west\nThe 168th meridian west forms a great circle with the 12th meridian east.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015830-0002-0000", "contents": "168th meridian west, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 168th meridian west passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015831-0000-0000", "contents": "169\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by Graham87 (talk | contribs) at 11:21, 10 January 2021 (1 revision imported: import old edit from the Nostalgia Wikipedia). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015831-0001-0000", "contents": "169\nYear 169 (CLXIX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Senecio and Apollinaris (or, less frequently, year 922 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 169 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015832-0000-0000", "contents": "169 (number)\n169 (one hundred [and] sixty-nine) is the natural number following 168 and preceding 170.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015832-0001-0000", "contents": "169 (number), In mathematics\n169 is an odd number, a composite number, and a deficient number.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 94]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015832-0002-0000", "contents": "169 (number), In mathematics\n169 is a square number: 13 \u00d7 13 = 169, and if each number is reversed the equation is still true: 31 \u00d7 31 = 961. 144 shares this property: 12 \u00d7 12 = 144, 21 \u00d7 21 = 441.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015832-0003-0000", "contents": "169 (number), In mathematics\n169 is one of the few squares to also be a centered hexagonal number. Like all odd squares, it is a centered octagonal number. 169 is an odd-indexed Pell number, thus it is also a Markov number, appearing in the solutions (2, 169, 985), (2, 29, 169), (29, 169, 14701), etc. 169 is the sum of seven consecutive primes: 13 + 17 + 19 + 23 + 29 + 31  + 37. 169 is a difference in consecutive cubes, equaling 83\u221273. {\\displaystyle 8^{3}-7^{3}.}", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015833-0000-0000", "contents": "169 BC\nYear 169 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Philippus and Caepio (or, less frequently, year 585 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 169 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015834-0000-0000", "contents": "169 Mary Street, Brisbane\n169 Mary Street is a heritage-listed warehouse at 169 Mary Street (corner of Edward Street), Brisbane CBD, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Richard Gailey and built from 1887 to 1888 by T Game. It is also known as Coal Board Building. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015834-0001-0000", "contents": "169 Mary Street, Brisbane, History\nThis three-storeyed masonry warehouse was erected in 1887-1888 for Queensland pastoralists and politicians William Allan, MLA and William Graham, MLC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015834-0002-0000", "contents": "169 Mary Street, Brisbane, History\nThe land was granted first to John Balfour in 1852. In 1885 the property was transferred to William Allan, then in 1887 he was joined by William Graham as tenants in common. Both Allan and Graham came from Edinburgh originally, and had a number of business interests in common, including sitting on the first board of the Royal Bank of Queensland, established in 1885, and were closely associated with BD Morehead & Co.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015834-0002-0001", "contents": "169 Mary Street, Brisbane, History\nAn expansion of commercial and building activity in Brisbane in the 1880s transformed the streets around lower Edward Street, which were close to the wharves along the town reach of the Brisbane River, into a warehouse precinct. Built as an investment, Allan's and Graham's warehouse reflects this development phase, and remains one of a small group of late Victorian warehouses surviving in Brisbane. Other comparable buildings include the Metro Arts Building (1890), Spencer's Building (1890) and the Brisbane and Area Water Board Building (1886) in Edward Street, Charlotte House (1888) in Charlotte Street, Watson Brothers Building (1887) in Margaret Street, and Tara House (1878) and Heckelmann's Building (1891) in Elizabeth Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 773]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015834-0003-0000", "contents": "169 Mary Street, Brisbane, History\nIn January 1887, architect Richard Gailey called tenders for the erection of a warehouse at the corner of Edward and Mary Streets. Constructed by Brisbane contractor T Game at a cost of \u00a34,295, the building was completed in 1888. First leased by J & B Sniders, importers of china and glass, the warehouse was subsequently used by McMurtie & Co. (boot manufacturers), and a variety of produce and leather merchants, engineers, hardware suppliers and saddlers' ironmongers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015834-0004-0000", "contents": "169 Mary Street, Brisbane, History\nFrom 1900 to 1914 the property was owned by the Gibson family of Bingera Plantation, near Bundaberg, and between 1928 and 1960 was owned and occupied by Mauri Brothers and Thomson Ltd. The property was purchased by the Commissioner of Main Roads in 1960 and transferred to the Crown in 1968. Since then the building has been used as offices for the Queensland Government and community groups.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015834-0005-0000", "contents": "169 Mary Street, Brisbane, Description\nThe former Coal Board building, located on the eastern corner of Edward and Mary Streets opposite Young's Building, Optical Products, is a three-storeyed rendered masonry structure, with basement, and a corrugated iron twin gable roof concealed behind a parapet wall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 38], "content_span": [39, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015834-0006-0000", "contents": "169 Mary Street, Brisbane, Description\nThe building is divided into two equal portions, with a central masonry wall with two arched openings per floor, which are expressed on the Mary Street facade. Each portion consists of three bays, separated by pilasters with cornices between each floor, and surmounted by a solid parapet with a central triangular pediment flanked by spherical finials. The building has one street entrance, located in the central bay of the corner portion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 38], "content_span": [39, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015834-0007-0000", "contents": "169 Mary Street, Brisbane, Description\nThe ground floor has a single large sash window to each bay, with basement windows covered by cast iron screens below. The central bay has a curved pediment and the pilasters are scribed to imitate stonework. The first floor has twin sashes, with shallow arched window heads and rendered mouldings, and a concrete balustrade below to each bay. The second floor is similar, but with rounded window heads.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 38], "content_span": [39, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015834-0008-0000", "contents": "169 Mary Street, Brisbane, Description\nThe Edward Street facade, divided into four bays, is treated similarly but the ground floor sashes have been altered. The rear wall, which is not rendered, is of English bond brickwork.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 38], "content_span": [39, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015834-0009-0000", "contents": "169 Mary Street, Brisbane, Description\nThe main entry has twin panelled timber doors, with fanlight, opening into a vestibule with glazed timber doors and a lower hardboard ceiling with timber cover strips. The ground floor has sections of pressed metal ceilings near the entrance, with hardboard ceilings throughout the rest of the space. A staircase, with turned timber balustrade, is located at the south corner of the building. An early goods lift, located at the southeast, has a folding metal door and is surmounted by the lift motor room on the roof.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 38], "content_span": [39, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015834-0010-0000", "contents": "169 Mary Street, Brisbane, Description\nThe first floor has panelled ceilings with timber coverstrips, and the second floor has hardboard ceilings. The basement has a concrete floor, and steel columns and beams have been inserted to support the floor above.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 38], "content_span": [39, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015834-0011-0000", "contents": "169 Mary Street, Brisbane, Description\nA three-storeyed masonry toilet block and steel fire stair are built at the rear and are connected by concrete walkways. Car-parking space is also located at the rear fronting Edward Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 38], "content_span": [39, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015834-0012-0000", "contents": "169 Mary Street, Brisbane, Heritage listing\n169 Mary Street was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 43], "content_span": [44, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015834-0013-0000", "contents": "169 Mary Street, Brisbane, Heritage listing\nThe place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 43], "content_span": [44, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015834-0014-0000", "contents": "169 Mary Street, Brisbane, Heritage listing\n169 Mary Street is important in demonstrating the pattern of Queensland's history, providing evidence of the former important warehousing function of the lower Edward Street area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 43], "content_span": [44, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015834-0015-0000", "contents": "169 Mary Street, Brisbane, Heritage listing\nThe place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 43], "content_span": [44, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015834-0016-0000", "contents": "169 Mary Street, Brisbane, Heritage listing\n169 Mary Street is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of an ornate late Victorian warehouse, whose style, scale and detail self-consciously express 1880s optimism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 43], "content_span": [44, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015834-0017-0000", "contents": "169 Mary Street, Brisbane, Heritage listing\n169 Mary Street is important in exhibiting aesthetic characteristics valued by the community, in particular the important contribution which the rhythm and scale of its facade make to both Edward and Mary Streets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 43], "content_span": [44, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015834-0018-0000", "contents": "169 Mary Street, Brisbane, Heritage listing\nThe place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland's history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 43], "content_span": [44, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015834-0019-0000", "contents": "169 Mary Street, Brisbane, Heritage listing\n169 Mary Street has a special association with the work of architect Richard Gailey, whose firm made a significant contribution to the townscape of Brisbane in the 1880s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 43], "content_span": [44, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015834-0020-0000", "contents": "169 Mary Street, Brisbane, References, Attribution\nThis Wikipedia article incorporates text from  published by the State of Queensland under  licence (accessed on 7 July 2014,  on 8 October 2014). The geo-coordinates were computed from the  published by the State of Queensland under  licence (accessed on 5 September 2014,  on 15 October 2014).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 50], "content_span": [51, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015835-0000-0000", "contents": "169 Medium Regiment (India)\n169 Medium Regiment (OP Hill) is part of the Regiment of Artillery of the Indian Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015835-0001-0000", "contents": "169 Medium Regiment (India), Formation\nThe regiment was raised as 169 Field Regiment in Naushera on 1 November 1963 under the command of Lieutenant Colonel HS Dhaliwal. The class composition of this unit is \u2018Maratha\u2019 with the war cry \u2018Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Ki Jai\u2019. The regiment is presently a medium regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 38], "content_span": [39, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015835-0002-0000", "contents": "169 Medium Regiment (India), Operations\nThe Battle of OP Hill (NL1053) took place after the ceasefire came into effect on 23 September 1965. OP Hill was a Border Observation Post in the Bhimber-Gali-Mendhar Sector, 20\u00a0km south west of Poonch. This Observation Post (OP) was being used by the Pakistanis to direct accurate artillery fire. To avoid isolation of Balnoi from Mendhar and Krishna Ghati, capture of OP Hill was imperative.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015835-0003-0000", "contents": "169 Medium Regiment (India), Operations\n120 Infantry Brigade was tasked to evict the enemy from this strategic location. Following a failed battalion level offensive by 2 Garhwal on 6 and 7 October 1965, a full-fledged brigade attack was mounted on 2 November 1965. After a grim battle lasting 2 days, the enemy was dislodged. For its actions, the 169 Mountain Regiment along with 5 Sikh Light Infantry, 2 Dogra, 7 Sikh and 23 Mountain Composite Regiment were awarded the battle honour \u201cOP Hill\u201d.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015835-0004-0000", "contents": "169 Medium Regiment (India), Operations\n169 Field Regiment was inducted in the Kashmir Valley in July 1992 when militancy was at its peak. In the atmosphere as was prevailing then, the unit adapted itself to face the gauntlet thrown by the terrorists within an impressive timeframe. It carried out multifarious operations including cordon and search, raids, ambushes, road opening duties, protection of a sensitive army petroleum depot and higher headquarters, as also neutralization of militants in its area of responsibility. The unit was able to achieve commendable results in its drive against the terrorists.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015835-0004-0001", "contents": "169 Medium Regiment (India), Operations\nIn one of its numerous successful operations, the unit apprehended Mohammed Sheikh Yaqoob, the self-styled Divisional Commander of Al-Jehad for Anantnag and Pulwama districts. The arrest created a vacuum in the ranks of Al-Jehad, which became a defunct group. The unit was instrumental in apprehension of 128 local terrorists who were in the process of crossing over to Pakistan in August 1993, for training in terrorist camps in the Pakistani-administered Kashmir. The unit had earned the J & K Governor's Silver Salver in 1995. The Regiment received the COAS unit citation for Operation Rakshak in 1996.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015835-0005-0000", "contents": "169 Medium Regiment (India), Operations\nDuring its counter-insurgency operations in Assam, the Shaurya Chakra was awarded to Major Gautam Segan and Major Gurtej Singh Grewal in 2001. Along with other medals and other honours, it was also awarded the Unit Appreciation by Army Commander, Eastern Command in 2003.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015835-0006-0000", "contents": "169 Medium Regiment (India), Operations\nThe Regiment was the first Indian Artillery unit to be nominated on a UN Mission. The Regiment took part in the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission (MONUSCO) in the Democratic Republic of the Congo in 2008-2009 and United Nations Disengagement Observer Force (UNDOF) in Golan Heights in 2009\u20132010. The Regiment was awarded the Force Commander's Unit Appreciation in 2010 during its tenure in Golan Heights.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015836-0000-0000", "contents": "169 Zelia\nZelia (minor planet designation: 169 Zelia) is a main belt asteroid that was discovered by the brothers Paul Henry and Prosper Henry on September 28, 1876. Credit for this discovery was given to Prosper. Initial orbital elements for this asteroid were published in 1877 by American astronomer H. A. Howe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015836-0001-0000", "contents": "169 Zelia\nBased upon its spectrum, this body is classified as a rare O-type asteroid in the taxonomic system of Bus & Binzel. Photometric observations of this asteroid during 2009 gave a light curve with a period of 14.537 \u00b1 0.001 hours and a brightness variation of 0.14 \u00b1 0.03 in magnitude.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015837-0000-0000", "contents": "169 km\n169 km (Russian: 169 \u043a\u043c) is a rural locality (a passing loop) in Dracheninskoye Rural Settlement of Leninsk-Kuznetsky District, Russia. The population was 2 as of 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015837-0001-0000", "contents": "169 km, Geography\nThe passing loop is located on the Yurga-Tashtagol line, 20 km west of Leninsk-Kuznetsky (the district's administrative centre) by road.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 17], "content_span": [18, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015838-0000-0000", "contents": "169 series\nThe 169 series (169\u7cfb) was an express electric multiple unit (EMU) train type introduced in 1969 by Japanese National Railways (JNR), and later operated by East Japan Railway Company (JR East) until 1996 and by Shinano Railway in Nagano Prefecture until 2013. The 169 series was developed from the 165 series EMUs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015838-0001-0000", "contents": "169 series, Interior\nInterior of Mitaka Depot set modified with reclining seats for use on Shinkansen Relay rapid services, 2001", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 20], "content_span": [21, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015838-0002-0000", "contents": "169 series, Shinano Railway\nThe third-sector operator Shinano Railway operated a fleet of three 3-car 169 series sets (numbered S51 to S53) formerly operated by JR East. These operated on services between Karuizawa and Togura Stations. These sets were scheduled to be withdrawn from regular service in April 2013, with final runs on 29 April 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 27], "content_span": [28, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015838-0003-0000", "contents": "169 series, Shinano Railway, Formations\nThe 3-car sets operated by Shinano Railway were formed as shown below, with two motored cars (KuMoHa and MoHa) and one trailer car (KuHa).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 39], "content_span": [40, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015838-0004-0000", "contents": "169 series, Shinano Railway, Formations\nThe MoHa 168 car was fitted with one lozenge-type pantograph.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 39], "content_span": [40, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015838-0005-0000", "contents": "169 series, Shinano Railway, Formations\nShinano Railway 169 series set S52 in JNR Shonan livery in March 2013", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 39], "content_span": [40, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015838-0006-0000", "contents": "169 series, Preserved examples\nAs of 2014, four 169 series cars are preserved, as follows.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 30], "content_span": [31, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015838-0007-0000", "contents": "169 series, Preserved examples\nPreserved KuMoHa 169 6 next to Karuizawa Station in July 2016", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 30], "content_span": [31, 92]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015838-0008-0000", "contents": "169 series, Preserved examples\nThe cab end of car KuMoHa 169 27 preserved next to Shimoyoshida Station on the Fujikyuko Line in Yamanashi Prefecture", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 30], "content_span": [31, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015839-0000-0000", "contents": "1690\n1690 (MDCXC) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar, the 1690th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 690th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 90th  year of the 17th\u00a0century, and the  1st   year of the 1690s decade. As of the start of 1690, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015840-0000-0000", "contents": "1690 AM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1690 kHz: 1690 AM is a Regional broadcast frequency.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015841-0000-0000", "contents": "1690 English general election\nThe 1690 English general election occurred after the dissolution of the Convention Parliament summoned in the aftermath of the Glorious Revolution, and saw the partisan feuds in that parliament continue in the constituencies. The Tories made significant gains against their opponents, particularly in the contested counties and boroughs, as the electorate saw the Whigs increasingly as a source of instability and a threat to the Church of England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015841-0001-0000", "contents": "1690 English general election\nFollowing the election, William continued his policy of forming a coalition government around non-partisan figures. The nominal leader of the new government was the Marquess of Carnarvon, though the Tories were able to use their greater numbers in the House of Commons to increase their share of government positions. Contests occurred in 103 constituencies, 38% of the total.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015841-0002-0000", "contents": "1690 English general election\nParty strengths are as estimated by the History of Parliament, though division lists for this parliament are not available and so a precise count may not be possible.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015841-0003-0000", "contents": "1690 English general election, Summary of the constituencies\nSee 1796 British general election for details. The constituencies used in England and Wales were the same throughout the period. In 1707 alone the 45 Scottish members were not elected from the constituencies, but were returned by co-option of a part of the membership of the last Parliament of Scotland elected before the Union.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 60], "content_span": [61, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015842-0000-0000", "contents": "1690 Imperial election\nThe imperial election of 1690 was an imperial election held to select the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. It took place in Augsburg on January 23.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015842-0001-0000", "contents": "1690 Imperial election, Background\nOn May 26, 1685, Charles II, Elector Palatine, the Calvinist elector of the Electoral Palatinate, died without children. He was succeeded by his Catholic cousin Philip William, Elector Palatine, bringing the balance of electors to six Catholics, one Calvinist, and one Lutheran.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015842-0002-0000", "contents": "1690 Imperial election, Background\nThe Holy Roman Empire had been embroiled since 1683 in the Great Turkish War, repelling attempted Ottoman conquests in Southeast Europe. On September 25, 1688, hoping to capitalize on the empire's preoccupation with the Turks, the French king Louis XIV of France invaded across the Rhine, precipitating the Nine Years' War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015842-0002-0001", "contents": "1690 Imperial election, Background\nLouis's war aims were to install his preferred candidate, Wilhelm Egon von F\u00fcrstenberg, bishop of Strasbourg, as elector of Cologne, and to occupy the Electoral Palatinate, to which he believed he was entitled as Charles II's sister Elizabeth Charlotte, Madame Palatine was the wife of his younger brother Philippe I, Duke of Orl\u00e9ans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015842-0003-0000", "contents": "1690 Imperial election, Background\nLeopold I, Holy Roman Emperor called for the election of his successor. He was granted one vote as king of Bohemia, but because the even number of electors might result in a tie, following the precedent of the elections of 1653 and 1658, he abstained. The remaining seven electors were:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015842-0004-0000", "contents": "1690 Imperial election, Elected\nJoseph I, Holy Roman Emperor, Leopold's eldest son, was elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 96]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015842-0005-0000", "contents": "1690 Imperial election, Aftermath\nJoseph acceded to the throne on his father's death on May 5, 1705.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015843-0000-0000", "contents": "1690 Mayrhofer\n1690 Mayrhofer, provisional designation 1948 VB, is a carbonaceous asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 32 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 8 November 1948, by French astronomer Marguerite Laugier at Nice Observatory in south-east France. It was later named after Austrian amateur astronomer Karl Mayrhofer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015843-0001-0000", "contents": "1690 Mayrhofer, Orbit and classification\nThe C-type asteroid orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.7\u20133.3\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 4 months (1,935 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.10 and an inclination of 13\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. First identified as 1932 WN at Uccle, Mayrhofer's observation arc begins with its first used observation taken at Goethe Link Observatory in 1953, or 5 years after its official discovery observation at Nice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015843-0002-0000", "contents": "1690 Mayrhofer, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn November 2006, a rotational lightcurve of Mayrhofer was obtained from observations taken by French amateur astronomer Pierre Antonini, giving a rotation period of 22.194 hours with a brightness variation of 0.45 in magnitude (U=2). Photometric observation in the R-band at the Palomar Transient Factory in November 2011, gave a shorter period of 19.0808 hours with an amplitude of 0.30 magnitude (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 57], "content_span": [58, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015843-0003-0000", "contents": "1690 Mayrhofer, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Mayrhofer measures between 31.18 and 33.81 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.056 and 0.082. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.064 and a diameter of 31.63 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 61], "content_span": [62, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015843-0004-0000", "contents": "1690 Mayrhofer, Naming\nProposed by German catholic priest and amateur astronomer Otto Kippes, this minor planet was named after Austrian amateur astronomer Karl Mayrhofer (1903\u20131982). He lived in the Austrian town of Ried im Innkreis and was known for his calculations of orbital elements for asteroids. Naming citation was published on 1 October 1980 (M.P.C. 5523).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015849-0000-0000", "contents": "1690 in Italy\nAn incomplete list of events which occurred in Italy in 1690:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 75]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015851-0000-0000", "contents": "1690 in Scotland\nEvents from the year 1690 in the Kingdom of Scotland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015854-0000-0000", "contents": "1690 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1690.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015856-0000-0000", "contents": "1690 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015856-0001-0000", "contents": "1690 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015856-0002-0000", "contents": "1690 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015857-0000-0000", "contents": "1690 in science\nThe year 1690 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015858-0000-0000", "contents": "1690s\nThe 1690s decade ran from January 1, 1690, to December 31, 1699.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015859-0000-0000", "contents": "1690s BC\nThe 1690s BC was a decade lasting from January 1, 1699 BC to December 31, 1690 BC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 91]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015860-0000-0000", "contents": "1690s in Scotland, Incumbents\nDuke of Rothesay, Prince and Great Steward of Scotland etc.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015861-0000-0000", "contents": "1690s in South Africa\nThe following lists events that happened during the 1690s in South Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 96]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015862-0000-0000", "contents": "1690s in archaeology\nThe decade of the 1690s in archaeology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015863-0000-0000", "contents": "1691\n1691 (MDCXCI) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar, the 1691st year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 691st  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 91st  year of the 17th\u00a0century, and the  2nd   year of the 1690s decade. As of the start of 1691, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015864-0000-0000", "contents": "1691 Oort\n1691 Oort, provisional designation 1956 RB, is a rare-type carbonaceous Themistian asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 33 kilometers in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015864-0001-0000", "contents": "1691 Oort\nIt was discovered on 9 September 1956, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth and Dutch astronomer Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld at Heidelberg Observatory in south-west Germany. It was later named after Dutch astronomer Jan Oort.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015864-0002-0000", "contents": "1691 Oort, Orbit and classification\nis a member of the Themis family, a dynamical family of outer-belt asteroids with nearly coplanar ecliptical orbits. Oort orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.6\u20133.7\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 7 months (2,054 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.18 and an inclination of 1\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 35], "content_span": [36, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015864-0003-0000", "contents": "1691 Oort, Orbit and classification\nIt was first identified as 1945 TD at Turku in 1945, extending body's observation arc by 14 years prior to its official discovery observation. Information about an earlier 1917-identification, A917 TD, is not available.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 35], "content_span": [36, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015864-0004-0000", "contents": "1691 Oort, Physical characteristics\nThe dark C-type asteroid, classified as a rare intermediate CU-type in the Tholen taxonomy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 35], "content_span": [36, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015864-0005-0000", "contents": "1691 Oort, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn February 2009, a rotational lightcurve of Oort was obtained from photometric observations taken by French amateur astronomer Ren\u00e9 Roy. It gave a well-defined rotation period of 10.2705 hours with a brightness variation of 0.38 magnitude (U=3). An international study from 2013, published a concurring, modeled period of 10.2684 hours (n.a. ).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 52], "content_span": [53, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015864-0006-0000", "contents": "1691 Oort, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Oort measures 33.64 and 37.37 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo of 0.065 and 0.053, respectively. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.10 and calculates a diameter of 27.13 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 10.95.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 56], "content_span": [57, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015864-0007-0000", "contents": "1691 Oort, Naming\nThis minor planet was named in honor of Dutch astronomer Jan Oort (1900\u20131992), director of the Leiden Observatory (1945\u20131970), president of the International Astronomical Union (1958\u20131961), and a well-known authority on stellar statistics and galactic structure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 17], "content_span": [18, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015864-0008-0000", "contents": "1691 Oort, Naming\nHe overturned the idea that the Sun was at the center of the Milky Way. The Oort cloud, the outermost gravitationally bound region of the Solar System, was also named after him. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 15 February 1970 (M.P.C. 3023).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 17], "content_span": [18, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015869-0000-0000", "contents": "1691 in Italy\nAn incomplete list of events which occurred in Italy in 1691:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 75]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015871-0000-0000", "contents": "1691 in Scotland\nEvents from the year 1691 in the Kingdom of Scotland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015874-0000-0000", "contents": "1691 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1691.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015876-0000-0000", "contents": "1691 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015876-0001-0000", "contents": "1691 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015877-0000-0000", "contents": "1691 in science\nThe year 1691 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015878-0000-0000", "contents": "1691 papal conclave\nThe 1691 papal conclave was convened on the death of Pope Alexander VIII and ended with the election of Antonio Pignatelli as  Pope Innocent XII. It lasted for five months, from 12 February to 12 July 1691. The conclave became deadlocked after Catholic monarchs opposed the election of Gregorio Barbarigo, who some members of the College of Cardinals also viewed as too strict. The conclave only ended in the July when cardinals started to become ill from the heat, and after French cardinals agreed to vote for Pignatelli despite him coming from Spanish-controlled Naples.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015878-0001-0000", "contents": "1691 papal conclave, Background\nIssues of Gallicanism were prominent in the 1689 conclave that had elected Alexander VIII. Alexander's predecessor, Innocent XI, had refused to confirm new French bishops to the point where thirty-five dioceses lacked a bishop confirmed by Rome in 1688. Alexander's election had been secured by promising that he would confirm the unconfirmed French bishops. Despite this, Alexander's last act as pope before he died was to condemn the Declaration of the Clergy of France on 1 February 1691.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015878-0002-0000", "contents": "1691 papal conclave, Background\nAlexander was also noted for his nepotism that was partially due to his advanced age and belief that his family would have little time to profit from his reign. This was in contrast to his predecessor Innocent XI, who was known for being austere and had not caused any scandals through nepotism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015878-0003-0000", "contents": "1691 papal conclave, Conclave\nThe conclave began on 12 February 1691, and membership in the College of Cardinals was at its statutory maximum of 70 cardinals. Despite this, at the beginning of the conclave only 38 electors were present. The number rose to 44 electors present by 19 February 1691, and by the time of the election of Innocent XII in July, 61 electors were present.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015878-0004-0000", "contents": "1691 papal conclave, Conclave\nThe curial cardinals entered the conclave seeking to elect Gregorio Barbarigo as pope. Leopold I, the Holy Roman Emperor, considered him to be an unacceptable choice because he was a Venetian. While Leopold did not formally exclude Barbarigo, he did not wish for him to be elected. In addition to Leopold, the Spanish ambassador in Rome worked against Barbarigo's election, and Louis XIV of France opposed it because of the wishes of his allies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015878-0005-0000", "contents": "1691 papal conclave, Conclave\nLeandro Colloredo, who was the leader of the  zelanti faction within the college, initially suggested Barbarigo for the pontificate. Colloredo and his faction also had the backing of Flavio Chigi, the cardinal nephew of Alexander VII, in the conclave. Barbarigo was seen as an individual with a firm moral system, and it was thought that he might abolish nepotism if elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015878-0006-0000", "contents": "1691 papal conclave, Conclave\nDespite Leopold not formally excluding Barbarigo, a rumour spread that he had been excluded, and despite the protests of the zelanti faction of cardinals, enough members of the College of Cardinals recognized the Emperor's ability to exclude a candidate that it prevented his election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015878-0006-0001", "contents": "1691 papal conclave, Conclave\nLeopold had sent an envoy with two letters for his cardinals: the first public letter declared that he did not wish to see Barbarigo excluded, while the second letter, which was private, expressed his desire that Barbarigo not be elected, but that he did not want to take the blame for the exclusion, but rather wished for the Spanish to be the ones to do so. Additionally, some of the more materialistic cardinals feared that Barbarigo would be similarly strict as Pope Innocent XI, and this factored into his failure to win election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015878-0007-0000", "contents": "1691 papal conclave, Conclave\nIt was clear to the cardinals that Barbarigo would not be elected pope by the end of April, and the conclave entered a period where it had no clear direction. The daily scrutinies would return no successful candidates, and the afternoon scrutinies would often simply repeat the deadlock that had occurred in the morning. Votes even went to non-cardinals for the first time in a conclave since 1503.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015878-0007-0001", "contents": "1691 papal conclave, Conclave\nThere was no clear lead as to who might be elected pope, and at one point several cardinals started a fire in the living quarters by accidentally knocking over a lamp while playing cards. While this caused some of the cells housing the cardinals to be unlivable, three cardinals had died by that point so there was room available to relocate the cardinals who had been put out of their previous housing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015878-0008-0000", "contents": "1691 papal conclave, Election of Innocent XII\nFederico Altieri began seeking to secure election to the papacy for himself. He had sought to both have a public persona favourable to Leopold I, while also working to curry the favour of Louis XIV. The zelanti faction and Flavio Chigi opposed him, which was enough to stop his victory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015878-0009-0000", "contents": "1691 papal conclave, Election of Innocent XII\nAltieri had positioned himself with his campaign as a credible faction leader within the conclave, and began working to elect his friend Antonio Pignatelli pope. Altieri worked to convince the French cardinals that Pignatelli would not work for the Spanish as pope even though he was from Naples. Pignatelli had received some support in March, but fell short of the majority required for election. At the end of June, however, the heat was increasing and some cardinals became ill. This allowed his candidacy to gain traction, and he was elected pope on 12 July 1691, over the objections of the zelanti faction, and took the name Innocent XII. The conclave was the longest papal election since 1305, having met for more than five months.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 783]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015879-0000-0000", "contents": "1692\n1692 (MDCXCII) was a leap year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a leap year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar, the 1692nd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 692nd  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 92nd  year of the 17th\u00a0century, and the  3rd   year of the 1690s decade. As of the start of 1692, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015880-0000-0000", "contents": "1692 AM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1692\u00a0kHz:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 72]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015881-0000-0000", "contents": "1692 Jamaica earthquake\nThe 1692 Jamaica earthquake struck Port Royal, Jamaica, on 7 June. A stopped pocket watch found in the harbour in 1959 indicated that it occurred around 11:43\u00a0AM local time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015881-0001-0000", "contents": "1692 Jamaica earthquake\nKnown as the \"storehouse and treasury of the West Indies\" and as \"one of the wickedest places on Earth\", Port Royal was, at the time, the unofficial capital of Jamaica and one of the busiest and wealthiest ports in the Americas, as well as a common home port for many of the privateers and pirates operating on the Caribbean Sea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015881-0002-0000", "contents": "1692 Jamaica earthquake\nThe 1692 earthquake caused most of the city to sink below sea level. About 2,000 people died as a result of the earthquake and the following tsunami, and another 3,000 people died in the following days due to injuries and disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015881-0003-0000", "contents": "1692 Jamaica earthquake, Tectonic setting\nThe island of Jamaica lies on the boundary between the Caribbean Plate and the Gon\u00e2ve Microplate. The Gon\u00e2ve microplate is a 1,100\u00a0km (680\u00a0mi) long strip of mainly oceanic crust formed by the Cayman spreading ridge within a strike-slip pull-apart basin on the northern transform margin of the Caribbean Plate with the North American Plate. Jamaica was formed by uplift associated with a restraining bend along this strike-slip structure. The focal mechanisms of earthquakes around Jamaica are primarily sinistral strike-slip along WSW-ENE trending faults and minor reverse or thrust motion on NW-SE trending faults. The 1692 event is thought to have occurred on one of these strike-slip faults.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 41], "content_span": [42, 736]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015881-0004-0000", "contents": "1692 Jamaica earthquake, Damage\nTwo-thirds of the town, amounting to 33 acres (13\u00a0ha), sank into the sea immediately after the main shock. According to Robert Renny in his An History of Jamaica (1807): \"All the wharves sunk at once, and in the space of two minutes, nine-tenths of the city were covered with water, which was raised to such a height, that it entered the uppermost rooms of the few houses which were left standing. The tops of the highest houses were visible in the water and surrounded by the masts of vessels, which had been sunk along with them.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 31], "content_span": [32, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015881-0005-0000", "contents": "1692 Jamaica earthquake, Damage\nBefore the earthquake the town consisted of 6,500 inhabitants living in about 2,000 buildings, many constructed of brick and with more than one storey, and all built on loose sand. During the shaking, the sand liquefied and the buildings, along with their occupants, appeared to flow into the sea. More than twenty ships moored in the harbour were capsized. One ship, the frigate Swann, was carried over the rooftops by the tsunami. During the main shock, the sand was said to have formed waves. Fissures repeatedly opened and closed, crushing many people. After the shaking stopped the sand again solidified, trapping many victims.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 31], "content_span": [32, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015881-0006-0000", "contents": "1692 Jamaica earthquake, Damage\nAt Liguanea (present-day Kingston), all the houses were destroyed and water was ejected from 40-foot-deep (12\u00a0m) wells. Almost all the houses at St. Jago (Spanish Town) were also destroyed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 31], "content_span": [32, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015881-0007-0000", "contents": "1692 Jamaica earthquake, Damage\nNumerous landslides occurred across the island. The largest, the Judgement Cliff landslide, displaced the land surface by up to 800\u00a0m and killed 19 people. Several rivers were temporarily dammed and a few days after the earthquakes the harbour became flooded with large numbers of trees stripped of their bark brought down after one of these dams was breached.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 31], "content_span": [32, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015881-0008-0000", "contents": "1692 Jamaica earthquake, Damage\nA pocket watch, made in the Netherlands by the French maker Blondel in about 1686, was recovered during underwater archaeological investigations led by Edwin Link in 1959. The watch was stopped with its hands pointing to 11:43 AM; this matches well with contemporary accounts of the timing of the earthquake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 31], "content_span": [32, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015881-0009-0000", "contents": "1692 Jamaica earthquake, Aftermath\nEven before the destruction was complete, some of the survivors began looting, breaking into homes and warehouses. The dead were also robbed and stripped, and, in some cases, had fingers cut off to remove the rings that they wore.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015881-0010-0000", "contents": "1692 Jamaica earthquake, Aftermath\nIn the immediate aftermath of the earthquake, it was common to ascribe the destruction to divine retribution on the people of Port Royal for their sinful ways. Members of the Jamaica Council declared: \"We are become by this an instance of God Almighty's severe judgement.\" This view of the disaster was not confined to Jamaica; in Boston, the Reverend Cotton Mather said in a letter to his uncle: \"Behold, an accident speaking to all our English America.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015881-0011-0000", "contents": "1692 Jamaica earthquake, Aftermath\nAfter the earthquake, the town was partially rebuilt. But the colonial government was relocated to Spanish Town, which had been the capital under Spanish rule. Port Royal was devastated by a fire in 1703 and a hurricane in 1722. Most of the sea trade moved to Kingston. By the late 18th century, Port Royal was largely abandoned.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015881-0012-0000", "contents": "1692 Jamaica earthquake, Characteristics, Earthquake\nThere were three separate shocks, each with increasing intensity, culminating in the main shock. The estimated size of the event was 7.5 on the moment magnitude scale.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 52], "content_span": [53, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015881-0013-0000", "contents": "1692 Jamaica earthquake, Characteristics, Earthquake\nDespite reports of the town flowing into the sea, the main result of the earthquake was subsidence caused by liquefaction. This would also explain an eyewitness account of houses being swallowed and people being buried up to their necks in the sand. The probable triggering of the Judgement Cliff landslide during the earthquake occurred along the line of the Plantain Garden fault. Movement on this structure has been suggested as the cause of the earthquake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 52], "content_span": [53, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015881-0014-0000", "contents": "1692 Jamaica earthquake, Characteristics, Landslides\nThe Judgement Hill landslide is a complex rock-slide slump with a volume of about 80 \u00d7 106 m3. The slip surface is found within zones of clay and shale with gypsum at the base of a limestone unit. This landslide occurred shortly after the earthquake but it remains possible that heavy rain over the few days after the event was the final trigger for the slip.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 52], "content_span": [53, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015881-0015-0000", "contents": "1692 Jamaica earthquake, Characteristics, Tsunami\nThe sea was observed to retreat by about 300\u00a0yd (270\u00a0m) at Liguanea (probably near Kingston) while at Yallahs it withdrew 1\u00a0mi (1.6\u00a0km). It returned as a 6\u00a0ft (1.8\u00a0m) high wave that swept over the land.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 49], "content_span": [50, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015881-0015-0001", "contents": "1692 Jamaica earthquake, Characteristics, Tsunami\nOne possible cause of the tsunami is thought to be the slump and grain flow into the harbour from beneath the town itself, although the waves in the harbour may be better described as seiches and larger waves reported elsewhere, such as at Saint Ann's Bay, are explained as the result of an entirely separate submarine landslide, also triggered by the earthquake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 49], "content_span": [50, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015881-0016-0000", "contents": "1692 Jamaica earthquake, Future seismic hazard\nEstimates of current deformation of Jamaica suggest that sufficient strain has accumulated to generate a M=7.0\u20137.3 earthquake, similar in size to the 1692 event. This may mean that a repeat of this event is imminent, although this estimate relies on many assumptions, such as that none of the motion on the Plantain Garden fault is accommodated aseismically.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 46], "content_span": [47, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015882-0000-0000", "contents": "1692 Salta earthquake\nThe 1692 Salta earthquake took place in the Province of Salta, in the Republic of Argentina on 13 September at 11:00 a.m. local time. It registered 7.0 on the Richter magnitude scale and was located at a depth of 30 kilometres (19\u00a0mi). Aftershocks continued to be felt until 15 September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015882-0001-0000", "contents": "1692 Salta earthquake, Damage and casualties\nThe destructive force of the 1692 Salta earthquake was measured at IX on the Mercalli intensity scale. It completely destroyed the small village of Talavera del Esteco, in the province of Salta. It caused 13 deaths and injuries as well as significant damage to the city of Salta.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015882-0002-0000", "contents": "1692 Salta earthquake, Aftermath\nSalte\u00f1o tradition has it that the number of victims was not higher because the earthquake occurred during the day and that the villagers were able to take measures to prevent greater damage. It is recounted that, in the middle of the chaos of the earthquake, while the houses were shaking and roofs were falling off, that the image of the Immaculate Conception (then called the Virgen del Milagro), then located in the main cathedral, fell some three meters to the ground.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015882-0002-0001", "contents": "1692 Salta earthquake, Aftermath\nVillagers, who had run to the church to pray, saw that the image was not only undamaged from the fall, but that it had fallen at the feet of the image of Christ. The villages interpreted that the image was interceding to Christ on behalf of the village. The following day the villagers paraded the image through the streets. The Salte\u00f1os began venerating the image and praying for it to stop the earthquake. The tremors continued for two more days.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015882-0003-0000", "contents": "1692 Salta earthquake, Aftermath\nOn 8 October 1692 the Salta town council labelled the events of 13\u201315 September as miraculous. Nuestra Se\u00f1ora del Milagro was appointed \"advocate\" of the city and 13 September declared a national holiday. On 15 October she was recognized as Patroness and Advocate of Salta. The miraculous events of 13\u201315 September 1692 was the commencement of what has become the yearly Fiesta del milagro (Feast of the miracle) on 15 September each year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015882-0003-0001", "contents": "1692 Salta earthquake, Aftermath\nThe celebrations commence with festivities as early as 6 September and continue until the 15th when the images of Christ and the Virgen del Milagro, are paraded through the streets in a grand procession. The Fiesta del milagro is the most popular religious festival in Salta and one of the most important in Argentina.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015882-0004-0000", "contents": "1692 Salta earthquake, Esteco\nCONICET archaeologists and other investigators undertook excavations at the site where the city of Esteco II (officially called Nuestra Se\u00f1ora de Talavera de Madrid) was destroyed by the 1692 earthquake. The excavations were done within a 27 square metres (290\u00a0sq\u00a0ft) area. They found a wall and one of the four towers of the fort that protected the city, located in R\u00edo Piedras, in the departament of Met\u00e1n.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 29], "content_span": [30, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015883-0000-0000", "contents": "1692 Subbotina\n1692 Subbotina, provisional designation 1936 QD, is a dark background asteroid from the central region of the asteroid belt, approximately 37 kilometers (23 miles) in diameter. The carbonaceous Cg-type asteroid has a rotation period of 9.2 hours. It was discovered by Grigory Neujmin at the Crimean Simeiz Observatory in 1936, and later named after Soviet mathematician and astronomer Mikhail Subbotin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015883-0001-0000", "contents": "1692 Subbotina, Discovery\nSubbotina was discovered by Soviet-Russian astronomer Grigory Neujmin at the Crimean Simeiz Observatory on 16 August 1936. On the following night, astronomer Karl Reinmuth independently discovered the body at the Heidelberg Observatory in Germany. The asteroid was first observed as 1927 SL at the discovering observatory in September 1927. Its first used observation was made at Heidelberg in July 1931, extending the body's observation arc by 5 years prior to its official discovery observation in 1936.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015883-0002-0000", "contents": "1692 Subbotina, Naming\nThis minor planet was named in memory of eminent Soviet mathematician and astronomer, Mikhail Subbotin (1893\u20131966), long-time director of the Institute of Theoretical Astronomy (ITA) in former Leningrad. The lunar crater Subbotin was also named in his honour. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 June 1967 (M.P.C. 2740).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015883-0003-0000", "contents": "1692 Subbotina, Orbit and classification\nSubbotina is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the central asteroid belt at a distance of 2.4\u20133.2\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 8 months (1,700 days; semi-major axis of 2.79\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.14 and an inclination of 2\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015883-0004-0000", "contents": "1692 Subbotina, Physical characteristics\nIn the SMASS-II taxonomy, Subbotina has been characterized as a dark Cg-type, a subtype of the wider group of carbonaceous C-type asteroids with low albedos.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015883-0005-0000", "contents": "1692 Subbotina, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn October 2006, a rotational lightcurve of Subbotina was obtained from photometric observations by Italian Silvano Casulli and French Laurent Bernasconi, both amateur astronomers. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 9.2457\u00b10.0005 hours with a brightness variation of 0.3 in magnitude (U=3). Somewhat higher amplitudes of 0.42 and 0.62 magnitude were found by the NEOWISE mission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 57], "content_span": [58, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015883-0006-0000", "contents": "1692 Subbotina, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the space-based surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Subbotina measures between 34.8 and 43.0 kilometers in diameter and its surface has a notably low albedo in the range of 0.02 to 0.049. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.04 and a diameter of 36.5 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 11.3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 61], "content_span": [62, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015884-0000-0000", "contents": "1692 in China, Deaths\nThis China-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 87]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015890-0000-0000", "contents": "1692 in Scotland\nEvents from the year 1692 in the Kingdom of Scotland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015893-0000-0000", "contents": "1692 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1692.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015895-0000-0000", "contents": "1692 in piracy\nSee also 1691 in piracy, other events in 1692, 1693 in piracy, and Timeline of piracy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015896-0000-0000", "contents": "1692 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015896-0001-0000", "contents": "1692 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015896-0002-0000", "contents": "1692 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015898-0000-0000", "contents": "1693\n1693 (MDCXCIII) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar, the 1693rd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 693rd  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 93rd  year of the 17th\u00a0century, and the  4th   year of the 1690s decade. As of the start of 1693, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015899-0000-0000", "contents": "1693 Hertzsprung\n1693 Hertzsprung (prov. designation: 1935 LA) is a dark and elongated background asteroid from the middle region of the asteroid belt, approximately 39 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 5 May 1935, by Dutch astronomer Hendrik van Gent at the Leiden Southern Station, annex to the Johannesburg Observatory in South Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015899-0001-0000", "contents": "1693 Hertzsprung, Classification and orbit\nHertzsprung orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.0\u20133.6\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 8 months (1,707 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.27 and an inclination of 12\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroid was already observed as 1930 HG at Crimea-Simeis in 1930. This observation, however, remained unused and the body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Johannesburg in 1935.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015899-0002-0000", "contents": "1693 Hertzsprung, Naming\nThis minor planet was named in memory of Danish chemist and astronomer Ejnar Hertzsprung (1873\u20131967), best known for the famous Hertzsprung\u2013Russell diagram, a spectral classification system for stars he developed jointly with Russel, after whom the asteroid 1762\u00a0Russell was named. From 1934 to 1945, Hertzsprung was the head of the Leiden Observatory in the Netherlands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 24], "content_span": [25, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015899-0003-0000", "contents": "1693 Hertzsprung, Naming\nAs a prominent expert in photometry, he initiated a survey of variable stars in the Southern Milky Way at the Leiden Southern Station. A number of asteroids and comets were also discovered during the course of this survey. The asteroid's name was suggested by the staff at Leiden Observatory. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 15 December 1967 (M.P.C. 2822).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 24], "content_span": [25, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015899-0004-0000", "contents": "1693 Hertzsprung, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the space-based surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Hertzsprung measures between 30.95 and 41.97 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.03 and 0.059.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 63], "content_span": [64, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015899-0005-0000", "contents": "1693 Hertzsprung, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link agrees with the results obtained by IRAS, that is an albedo of 0.048 and a diameter of 38.7 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 10.97. While the dark C-type asteroid is classified as a rare CBU-subtype on the Tholen taxonomic scheme, the NEOWISE mission groups the body to the rare and reddish P-type asteroids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 63], "content_span": [64, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015899-0006-0000", "contents": "1693 Hertzsprung, Physical characteristics, Rotation and shape\nIn August 1987, a rotational lightcurve of Hertzsprung was obtained from photometric observations made with the ESO 1-metre telescope at La Silla Observatory in Chile. The lightcurve gave it a well-defined rotation period of 8.825 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.45 magnitude (U=3). Observations by the NEOWISE mission found higher amplitudes of 0.70 and 1.05, which indicates that the body has a non-spheroidal or elongated shape.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 62], "content_span": [63, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015900-0000-0000", "contents": "1693 Sicily earthquake\nThe 1693 Sicily earthquake struck parts of southern Italy near Sicily, Calabria, and Malta on January 11 at around 21:00 local time. This earthquake was preceded by a damaging foreshock on January 9. The main quake had an estimated magnitude of 7.4 on the moment magnitude scale, the most powerful in Italian recorded history, and a maximum intensity of XI (Extreme) on the Mercalli intensity scale, destroying at least 70 towns and cities, seriously affecting an area of 5,600 square kilometres (2,200\u00a0sq\u00a0mi) and causing the death of about 60,000 people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015900-0001-0000", "contents": "1693 Sicily earthquake\nThe earthquake was followed by tsunamis that devastated the coastal villages on the Ionian Sea and in the Straits of Messina. Almost two-thirds of the entire population of Catania were killed. The epicentre of the disaster was probably close to the coast, possibly offshore, although the exact position remains unknown. The extent and degree of destruction caused by the earthquake resulted in extensive rebuilding of the towns and cities of southeastern Sicily, particularly the Val di Noto, in a homogeneous late Baroque style, described as \"the culmination and final flowering of Baroque art in Europe\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015900-0002-0000", "contents": "1693 Sicily earthquake\nAccording to a contemporary account of the earthquake by Vincentius Bonajutus, published in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, \"It was in this country impossible to keep upon our legs, or in one place on the dancing Earth; nay, those that lay along on the ground, were tossed from side to side, as if on a rolling billow.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015900-0003-0000", "contents": "1693 Sicily earthquake, Tectonic setting\nSicily lies on part of the complex convergent boundary where the African Plate is subducting beneath the Eurasian Plate. This subduction zone is responsible for the formation of the stratovolcano Mount Etna and considerable seismic activity. Most damaging earthquakes however, occur on the Siculo-Calabrian rift zone. This zone of extensional faulting runs for about 370 kilometres (230\u00a0mi), forming three main segments through Calabria, along the east coast of Sicily and immediately offshore, and finally forming the southeastern margin of the Hyblaean Plateau. Faults in the Calabrian segment were responsible for the 1783 Calabrian earthquakes sequence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 40], "content_span": [41, 698]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015900-0004-0000", "contents": "1693 Sicily earthquake, Tectonic setting\nIn the southern part of the eastern coast of Sicily, investigations have identified a series of active normal faults, dipping to the east. Most of these lie offshore and some control basins that contain large thicknesses of Quaternary sediments. The two largest faults, known as the western and eastern master faults, border half-grabens with fills of up to 700 metres (2,300\u00a0ft) and 800 metres (2,600\u00a0ft) respectively. Onshore, two ages of faulting have been recognised, an earlier phase trending NW-SE and a later phase trending SSW-NNE that clearly offsets the first group, including the Avola fault and the Rosolini-Ispica fault system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 40], "content_span": [41, 681]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015900-0005-0000", "contents": "1693 Sicily earthquake, Earthquake characteristics, January 9 foreshock\nA destructive earthquake occurred two days before the mainshock at 21:00 local time, centered in the Val di Noto. It had an estimated magnitude of 6.2 and a maximum perceived intensity of VIII\u2013XI on the Mercalli intensity scale. Intensities of VIII or higher have been estimated for Augusta, Avola Vecchia, Floridia, Melilli, Noto Antica, Catania, Francofonte, Lentini, Scicli, Sortino and Vizzini. Augusta lies well outside the main zone of severe shaking; its extensive damage is probably due to its construction on unconsolidated sediments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 71], "content_span": [72, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015900-0006-0000", "contents": "1693 Sicily earthquake, Earthquake characteristics, January 9 foreshock\nFrom the shape and location of the area of maximum damage, this earthquake is thought to have been caused by movement on the Avola fault.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 71], "content_span": [72, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015900-0007-0000", "contents": "1693 Sicily earthquake, Earthquake characteristics, January 11 mainshock\nThe earthquake lasted for four minutes, according to contemporary accounts. The estimated magnitude of 7.4 is taken from the extent and degree of the recorded damage, with a very large area that reached X (Extreme) or more on the Mercalli scale. The maximum shaking reached XI in the towns of Buscemi, Floridia, Melilli, Occhiola and Sortino.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 72], "content_span": [73, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015900-0008-0000", "contents": "1693 Sicily earthquake, Earthquake characteristics, January 11 mainshock\nThe source of the January 11 earthquake is debated. Some catalogues give an onshore epicentre without any direct association with a known structure, while others propose that the source was offshore due to the associated tsunami, involving either rupture along a normal fault, part of the Siculo-Calabrian rift zone, or rupture along the subduction zone beneath the Ionian Sea. An analysis of the distribution of tsunami run-ups along the coast suggests that a submarine landslide triggered by the earthquake is the most likely source, in which case the tsunami provides no constraint on the epicenter. A landslide origin is supported by the observation of possible landslide bodies along the Hyblean-Malta escarpment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 72], "content_span": [73, 791]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015900-0009-0000", "contents": "1693 Sicily earthquake, Earthquake characteristics, January 11 mainshock\nHistoric documents in the Archivo General de Simancas mention dozens of aftershocks, some as late as August 1694, and some reportedly as strong as the initial quake of January 11, 1693. Aftershocks continued until at least 1696, with their effects concentrated in towns along the coast, supporting an epicenter either near the coast or offshore.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 72], "content_span": [73, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015900-0010-0000", "contents": "1693 Sicily earthquake, Tsunami\nThe tsunami triggered by the earthquake affected most of the Ionian Sea coast of Sicily, about 230 kilometres (140\u00a0mi) in all. The first thing that was noted at all localities affected was a withdrawal of the sea. The strongest effects were concentrated around Augusta, where the initial withdrawal left the harbour dry, followed by a wave of at least 2.4 metres (7.9\u00a0ft) height, possibly as much as 8 metres (26\u00a0ft), that inundated part of the town. The maximum inundation of about 1.5 kilometres (0.93\u00a0mi) was recorded at Mascali.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015900-0011-0000", "contents": "1693 Sicily earthquake, Tsunami\nTsunami deposits linked to the 1693 tsunami have been found both onshore and offshore. At Ognina, just south of Syracuse, at the head of a ria, a sequence containing several coarse clastic layers has been found, inconsistent with its lagoonal setting. The uppermost coarse layer, which has a strongly erosive base, consists of coarse sand with up to granule size clasts. The layer has been dated as 17th to 18th century based on pottery shards and one well-preserved clay pipe, consistent with the 1693 tsunami.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015900-0011-0001", "contents": "1693 Sicily earthquake, Tsunami\nOffshore from Augusta, a sequence identified using chirp sonar data was sampled with a 6.7 metres (22\u00a0ft) gravity core in 72 metres (236\u00a0ft) of water. Following detailed analysis of both grain size and foraminifera assemblages, eleven possible high-energy events were found based on the presence of large numbers of shallow water forams combined with a greater proportion of fine sand in the same interval. The uppermost two events correlate well with the tsunamis from the 1908 Messina earthquake and the 1693 earthquake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015900-0012-0000", "contents": "1693 Sicily earthquake, Link to eruption of Etna\nAlthough there are reports of an eruption at the time of the earthquake, most sources suggest that the volcano had been inactive since the destructive eruption of 1669. Analysis of the relationship between eruptions and earthquakes has found that earthquakes are followed by long periods without activity in the 'rift zones' that extend out to north and south from the summit. Estimates of Coulomb stress transfer due to the dyke intrusion in the rift zones associated with the 1669 eruption, suggest that this could have helped to trigger the 1693 earthquake, by increasing stress levels on the faults.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 48], "content_span": [49, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015900-0013-0000", "contents": "1693 Sicily earthquake, Damage, January 9 foreshock\nDespite the difficulty of separating the effects of this event from the mainshock, some information is available. This earthquake caused widespread damage, particularly in Augusta where almost half of the houses were destroyed. Most of the buildings in two districts of Avola collapsed and many buildings were also destroyed in Noto, Floridia, Lentini and Mellili. Some buildings collapsed in Catania, Vizzini and Sortini. There were an estimated 200 deaths in both Augusta and Noto.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 51], "content_span": [52, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015900-0014-0000", "contents": "1693 Sicily earthquake, Damage, January 11 mainshock\nThe area of severe damage covered most of southeastern Sicily, an area of about 14,000 square kilometres (5,400\u00a0sq\u00a0mi), including all the present provinces of Catania, Ragusa and Syracuse. At least 70 cities, towns and villages were devastated, with some examples of at least partial building collapse as far afield as Messina, Agrigento, Palermo, Reggio Calabria and Malta.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 52], "content_span": [53, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015900-0015-0000", "contents": "1693 Sicily earthquake, Damage, January 11 mainshock\nThe earthquake also triggered large landslides, such as at Noto Antica and Sortino, and in one case a large rock-slide dammed a stream, forming a lake a few kilometers long. Several large NW-SE trending fractures were created up to 500 metres (1,600\u00a0ft) long and 2 metres (6.6\u00a0ft) wide, on the plains just south of Catania. In the same area, sand volcanoes were formed by jets of water spurting as much as several metres into the air, with similar phenomena being reported from the Lentini plain and along some river valleys.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 52], "content_span": [53, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015900-0016-0000", "contents": "1693 Sicily earthquake, Damage, January 11 mainshock\nAt Augusta the tsunami damaged galleys of the Knights of Malta that were anchored in the harbour when they were grounded during the initial withdrawal of the sea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 52], "content_span": [53, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015900-0017-0000", "contents": "1693 Sicily earthquake, Damage, January 11 mainshock\nThe number of deaths recorded at the time in official sources were about 12,000 in Catania (63% of the population), 5,045 in Ragusa (51%), 3,500 in Syracuse (23%) 3,000 in Noto (25%), 1,840 in Augusta (30%) and 3,400 in Modica (19%). The total death toll in the same source was recorded as 54,000 with other sources referring to totals of about 60,000. In 1853, Mallet recorded 93,000 deaths, in his catalogue of earthquakes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 52], "content_span": [53, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015900-0018-0000", "contents": "1693 Sicily earthquake, Aftermath, Response\nSicily was at the time ruled as part of the Crown of Aragon by the Kings of Spain. The Viceroy in Madrid, the Duke of Uzeda, reacted by appointing Giuseppe Lanza, the Duke of Camastra, and the Prince of Aragon as Vicars General for the Val Demone and Val di Noto regions of Sicily respectively. Due to illness, both the Prince of Aragon and his replacement the bishop of Syracuse were unable to take up the position of Vicar General for Val di Noto and the Duke of Camastra was forced to take on the responsibility for both areas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 43], "content_span": [44, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015900-0018-0001", "contents": "1693 Sicily earthquake, Aftermath, Response\nCamastra already had considerable experience as an administrator, having served in a number of senior military and judicial positions. The Viceroy also appointed three generals as commissioners in order to organise the immediate relief efforts in the worst affected cities. One of the Duke of Camastra's first acts was to temporarily exempt the worst affected areas from taxes. Amongst other administrators sent to the damaged area was Colonel Don Carlos de Grunenbergh, Royal Engineer to the King of Spain, who had experience in planning and building fortifications.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 43], "content_span": [44, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015900-0019-0000", "contents": "1693 Sicily earthquake, Aftermath, Response\nIn Palermo, the Viceroy formed two councils, a civil one made up of nobles, and another that was ecclesiastical, made up of senior church officials. They were directed to meet twice weekly, and were charged with the drawing up of plans for the reconstruction of the worst affected towns and cities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 43], "content_span": [44, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015900-0020-0000", "contents": "1693 Sicily earthquake, Aftermath, Reconstruction\nThe initial reconstruction efforts concentrated on restoring the military defences of Syracuse, Augusta, Catania and Acireale, due to their strategic importance. The reconstruction plans were of three types: move the town to a new site, rebuild at the same site with a completely new town plan or rebuild using the existing town plan. Examples of towns that fell in the first category were Avola and Noto, their former locations now being known as Avola Antica and Noto Antica.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 49], "content_span": [50, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015900-0020-0001", "contents": "1693 Sicily earthquake, Aftermath, Reconstruction\nCatania is an example of a city that was rebuilt on the same site to a new plan, while adapting some of the existing structures. Syracuse is an example of a city rebuilt entirely to its existing plan. Ragusa was partly rebuilt on its old site to the medieval plan (Ragusa Ibla) and partly on a new, but neighbouring site, to a 'modern' plan (Ragusa Superiore).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 49], "content_span": [50, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015900-0021-0000", "contents": "1693 Sicily earthquake, Aftermath, Reconstruction\nThe degree and extent of the damage caused by the earthquake prompted an architectural revival in the towns of Sicily and Malta, a style that has become known as Sicilian Baroque. At this time many of the palazzi, public buildings, cathedrals and churches were reconstructed in this style. Towns that suffered serious damage from the earthquake in which many of their structures were rebuilt, include Syracuse, Ragusa, Catania, Caltagirone, Palazzolo Acreide, Modica, Comiso, Scicli and Mdina on Malta. Many of these towns now form part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site Late Baroque Towns of the Val di Noto (South-Eastern Sicily), inscribed in 1992, referring to the \"exceptional quality\" of the region's art and architecture.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 49], "content_span": [50, 778]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015906-0000-0000", "contents": "1693 in Italy\nAn incomplete list of events which occurred in Italy in 1693:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 75]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015908-0000-0000", "contents": "1693 in Scotland\nEvents from the year 1693 in the Kingdom of Scotland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015912-0000-0000", "contents": "1693 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1693.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015914-0000-0000", "contents": "1693 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015914-0001-0000", "contents": "1693 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015914-0002-0000", "contents": "1693 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015915-0000-0000", "contents": "1693 in science\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by Rjwilmsi (talk | contribs) at 13:50, 16 November 2019 (\u2192\u200eDeaths: Journal cites:, added 1 DOI). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015915-0001-0000", "contents": "1693 in science\nThe year 1693 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015916-0000-0000", "contents": "1694\n1694 (MDCXCIV) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar, the 1694th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 694th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 94th  year of the 17th\u00a0century, and the  5th   year of the 1690s decade. As of the start of 1694, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015917-0000-0000", "contents": "1694 Irpinia\u2013Basilicata earthquake\nThe 1694 Irpinia\u2013Basilicata earthquake occurred on 8 September. It caused widespread damage in the Basilicata and Apulia regions of what was then the Kingdom of Naples, resulting in more than 6,000 casualties. The earthquake occurred at 11:40 UTC and lasted between 30 and 60 seconds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015917-0001-0000", "contents": "1694 Irpinia\u2013Basilicata earthquake, Tectonic setting\nThe central and southern part of the Apennines has been characterised by extensional tectonics since the Pliocene epoch (i.e. about the last 5 million years), with most of the active faults being normal in type and NW-SE trending. The extension is due to the back-arc basin in the Tyrrhenian Sea opening faster than the continental collision of the African Plate and the Eurasian Plate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 52], "content_span": [53, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015917-0002-0000", "contents": "1694 Irpinia\u2013Basilicata earthquake, Damage\nThere was serious damage to the area between Campania and Basilicata, with more than 30 municipalities being almost completely destroyed. These included Bisaccia. Sant'Angelo dei Lombardi, Bella and Muro LucanoIn Melfi, fifty buildings collapsed and the castle, cathedral, five monasteries and many churches were severely damaged. In Potenza, several buildings, the church and the Trinit\u00e0 Tower collapsed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 42], "content_span": [43, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015917-0003-0000", "contents": "1694 Irpinia\u2013Basilicata earthquake, Damage\nThe following number of casualties were reported, 700 at Calitri, 700 at Sant'Angelo dei Lombardi, 600 at Muro Lucano, 400 at Ruvo del Monte, 300 at Teora, 280 at Guardia Lombardi, 250 at Bella, 230 at Pescopagano, 190 at Cairano, 160 at Atella, 120 at Sant'Andrea di Conza and 100 at Tito.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 42], "content_span": [43, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015917-0004-0000", "contents": "1694 Irpinia\u2013Basilicata earthquake, Characteristics\nThe earthquake was preceded by a small foreshock on the evening of 7 September. The mainshock was followed immediately by an aftershock, the first of a series that lasted until June of the following year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 51], "content_span": [52, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015917-0005-0000", "contents": "1694 Irpinia\u2013Basilicata earthquake, Characteristics\nThe earthquake occurred on a NW-SE trending normal fault. The area of damage for the 1694 earthquake is similar to that for the 1980 Irpinia earthquake, but involved movement on a different fault.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 51], "content_span": [52, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015918-0000-0000", "contents": "1694 Kaiser\n1694 Kaiser (prov. designation: 1934 SB) is a carbonaceous background asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 16 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 29 September 1934, by Dutch astronomer Hendrik van Gent at Leiden Southern Station, annex to the Johannesburg Observatory in South Africa. It is named for Dutch astronomer Frederik Kaiser.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015918-0001-0000", "contents": "1694 Kaiser, Orbit and classification\nKaiser is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population when applying the hierarchical clustering method to its proper orbital elements. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.8\u20133.0\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 9 months (1,354 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.26 and an inclination of 11\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.of 1.8\u20133.0\u00a0AU once every 3.71 years (1,354 days). Its eccentric orbit of 0.26 is inclined by 11 degrees towards the plane of the ecliptic. Kaiser's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation, as no precoveries were taken, and no prior identifications were made.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 681]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015918-0002-0000", "contents": "1694 Kaiser, Naming\nThis asteroid was named in honor of Dutch astronomer Frederik Kaiser (1808\u20131872), the director of the Leiden Observatory from 1837\u20131872. He founded the new Leiden Observatory and stimulated Dutch astronomical research. Frederick Kaiser is also honored by the lunar and Martian craters Kaiser. Originally, the asteroid was erroneously named Kapteyn (MPC 2822), and only later it was noticed that the Duch astronomer Jacobus Kapteyn was already honored by the minor planet 818\u00a0Kapteynia. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 15 July 1968 (M.P.C. 2883).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015918-0003-0000", "contents": "1694 Kaiser, Physical parameters, Spectral type\nOn the Tholen taxonomy, the carbonaceous C-type asteroid is classified as a rare GC-type, an intermediate to the G-type asteroids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 47], "content_span": [48, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015918-0004-0000", "contents": "1694 Kaiser, Physical parameters, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Kaiser measures 13.84 and 15.68 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo of 0.241 and 0.166, respectively. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for carbonaceous asteroids of 0.057 and calculates a diameter of 28.42 kilometers, with an absolute magnitude of 11.46", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 53], "content_span": [54, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015918-0005-0000", "contents": "1694 Kaiser, Physical parameters, Rotation period\nTwo rotational lightcurves for Kaiser were obtained from photometric observations by American astronomer Brian D. Warner at his Palmer Divide Observatory in Colorado (see video in \u00a7\u00a0External links). The lightcurves from January 2006 and November 2012, gave a rotation period of 13.02 and 13.23 hours and a variation in brightness of 0.32 and 0.13 magnitude, respectively (U=3/2+).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 49], "content_span": [50, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015923-0000-0000", "contents": "1694 in Ireland\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by BHGbot (talk | contribs) at 14:12, 18 June 2020 (WP:BHGbot 6 (List 5): eponymous category first, per MOS:CATORDER; WP:GENFIXES). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015925-0000-0000", "contents": "1694 in Scotland\nEvents from the year 1694 in the Kingdom of Scotland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015928-0000-0000", "contents": "1694 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1694.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015930-0000-0000", "contents": "1694 in piracy\nSee also 1693 in piracy, other events in 1694, 1695 in piracy, and Timeline of piracy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015931-0000-0000", "contents": "1694 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015931-0001-0000", "contents": "1694 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015931-0002-0000", "contents": "1694 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015932-0000-0000", "contents": "1694 in science\nThe year 1694 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015933-0000-0000", "contents": "1695\n1695 (MDCXCV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar, the 1695th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 695th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 95th  year of the 17th\u00a0century, and the  6th   year of the 1690s decade. As of the start of 1695, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015933-0001-0000", "contents": "1695\nIt was also a particularly cold and wet year. Contemporary records claim that wine froze in the glasses in the Palace of Versailles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015934-0000-0000", "contents": "1695 English general election\nThe 1695 English general election was the first to be held under the terms of the Triennial Act of 1694, which required parliament to be dissolved and fresh elections called at least every three years. This measure helped to fuel partisan rivalry over the coming decades, with the electorate in a constant state of excitement and the Whigs and Tories continually trying to gain the upper hand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015934-0000-0001", "contents": "1695 English general election\nDespite the potential for manipulation of the electorate, as was seen under Robert Walpole and his successors, with general elections held an average of every other year, and local and central government positions frequently changing hands between parties, it was impossible for any party or government to be certain of electoral success in the period after 1694, and election results were consequently genuinely representative of the views of at least the section of the population able to vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015934-0001-0000", "contents": "1695 English general election\nThe election of 1695, however, was comparatively quiet, being fought mainly on local issues. The new government led by the Whig junto made gains in most contested constituencies, and their party was returned with a narrow majority. The junto's support was not certain, however, as their policies increasingly alienated backbench 'country' Whigs, who were willing to co-operate with the Tories, and the government frequently ran into trouble in the House of Commons. Eighty-five constituencies were contested, 31% of the total.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015934-0002-0000", "contents": "1695 English general election\nParty strengths are an approximation, with many MPs' allegiances being unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015934-0003-0000", "contents": "1695 English general election, Summary of the constituencies\nSee 1796 British general election for details. The constituencies used in England and Wales were the same throughout the period. In 1707 alone the 45 Scottish members were not elected from the constituencies, but were returned by co-option of a part of the membership of the last Parliament of Scotland elected before the Union.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 60], "content_span": [61, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015935-0000-0000", "contents": "1695 Linfen earthquake\nThe 1695 Linfen earthquake struck Shanxi Province in North China, Qing dynasty on May 18. Occurring at a shallow depth within the continental crust, the surface wave magnitude 7.8 earthquake had a maximum intensity of XI on the China seismic intensity scale and Mercalli intensity scale. This devastating earthquake affected over 120 counties across eight provinces of modern-day China. An estimated 52,600 people died in the earthquake, although the death toll may be 176,365.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015935-0001-0000", "contents": "1695 Linfen earthquake, Tectonic setting\nThe Shanxi Rift System is a seismically active intracontinental rift zone in North China. Since 231 BC, eight Ms\u202f 7.0 earthquakes have been recorded in the rift system. The 1303 Hongdong and 1556 Shanxi earthquakes were the deadliest events occurring in the rift, with a death toll of 200,000 and 830,000 respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 40], "content_span": [41, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015935-0002-0000", "contents": "1695 Linfen earthquake, Tectonic setting\nBounded to the west by the L\u00fcliang Mountains, and the east by the Taihang Mountains, the Shanxi Rift forms the eastern boundary of the Ordos Block; a fragment of continental crust within the Eurasian Plate. Within the rift features half-grabens. It formed when extension began in the Miocene or Pliocene, separating the crust into the Ordos Block from the North China Craton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 40], "content_span": [41, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015935-0002-0001", "contents": "1695 Linfen earthquake, Tectonic setting\nThe reason for extension in this part of China is still debated though the most agreed hypothesis is crustal deformation resulting from the India-Asia collision involving the Indian and Eurasian plates along the Main Himalayan Thrust in the Himalayas, causing the rotation of crustal blocks in China. Other hyphotheses are slab rollback of the Pacific Plate as it is being subducted along the east coast of Japan, or localized intraplate tectonics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 40], "content_span": [41, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015935-0003-0000", "contents": "1695 Linfen earthquake, Tectonic setting\nDip-slip and strike-slip earthquakes in North China are consistent with ongoing crustal extension along the Shanxi Rift System. The rift extends for 1,200 km, and is up to 60 km in width. The graben is bounded by normal faults on both sides capable of generating earthquakes. Extension along the rift zone occur at a slow rate of 0.8 \u00b1 0.3 mm/year, therefore earthquakes occur with long intervals of recurrence. The estimated magnitudes of earthquakes by Chinese researchers previously have possible inaccuracies as they are based on written descriptions and death toll from the earthquakes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 40], "content_span": [41, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015935-0004-0000", "contents": "1695 Linfen earthquake, Earthquake\nThe earthquake had an epicenter at Xiangfen County in the prefectural-level city of Linfen. The Linfen-Fushan Fault, also known as the Guojiazhuang Fault, Liucun Fault, and Luoyunshan Fault were determined as the source of the event based on examining intensity data from isoseismal maps. Earlier studies on the individual faults found that the maximum magnitude for each of them is 7.0 therefore a multi-fault rupture was involved in the 1695 event to produce an Ms\u202f 7.8 event. It generated a rupture of 70 km along a steeply-dipping northwest-striking fault with left-lateral slip sense.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015935-0004-0001", "contents": "1695 Linfen earthquake, Earthquake\nThe location of the quake is adjacent to another large earthquake in 1303. The previous event prior to 1695 was the Ms\u202f 7.0 1683 Yuanping earthquake. Simulations of earthquakes found that the 1695 earthquake occurred in regions of reduced stress due to coulomb stress transfer from previous events. It suggest the region was already under long-term stress which led to the ruptures. The 1695 quake is the last magnitude 7.0 or greater earthquake to strike the Shanxi Rift.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015935-0005-0000", "contents": "1695 Linfen earthquake, Damage and casualties\nAt Linfen, where the maximum intensity was X-XI, many dwelling in villages were destroyed, killing their inhabitants. The shock knocked down structures in the city, including walls, temples, towers, homes, and warehouses. According to one account, more than 40,000 homes were destroyed in the quake. Conflagrations were started and the ground erupted black-colored water, killing many. More than 60 villagers died at a settlement in Linfen when temples and homes collapsed. In another village, more than 80 of the 180 inhabitants died due to collapsing structures. The shock collapsed entire cave homes and buried many people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015935-0005-0001", "contents": "1695 Linfen earthquake, Damage and casualties\nIn Xinjian Village, Xiangling County, 7,000 people died. Many more livestock were also killed. In the aftermath, only a handful of homes, government buildings, temples and education institutions survived. Linfen lost some 28,000 people or 16% of its population during the quake. The city accounted for 53% of the total quake toll. Reports of damage also came from Hebei, Gansu, and Jiangsu provinces. An official report in 1875 stated that 52,600 lives were lost, but a monument from the Yuan dynasty placed that figure at 176,365. Ground effects caused from the quake are still visible today. At Dongputou and Xiputou villages in the Xiangcheng District, a large valley formed and split the villages into two. The Tongli canal, a source of water for agriculture in the region was destroyed during the tremors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 856]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015935-0006-0000", "contents": "1695 Linfen earthquake, Response\nKangxi Emperor, the third emperor of the Qing dynasty, was briefed about the devastation brought by the quake. He appointed ministers and government officials to survey the affected area. A disaster relief team was dispatched to conduct rescue and relief efforts. Kangxi provided relief fund to help the victims of the earthquake and rebuild damaged cities. Taels of silver were given to each deceased individual. In Linfen, a total of 36212 taels were handled out. Donations requested by the Minister of Relief from all government officials amounted to 4,594,200 taels of silver and were used to rebuild homes. Funds for the reconstruction of towns and the city structure were allocated by the government. Soldiers patrolled the area to prevent crimes and disorderly conduct.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 809]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015936-0000-0000", "contents": "1695 Walbeck\n1695 Walbeck, provisional designation 1941 UO, is a carbonaceous asteroid from the central region of the asteroid belt, approximately 19 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 15 October 1941, by Finnish astronomer Liisi Oterma at Turku Observatory in Southwest Finland, and named after Henrik Walbeck.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015936-0001-0000", "contents": "1695 Walbeck, Classification and orbit\nThe asteroid orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.0\u20133.6\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 8 months (1,694 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.29 and an inclination of 17\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. Walbeck's observation arc begins the night after its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015936-0002-0000", "contents": "1695 Walbeck, Physical characteristics\nIn the SMASS taxonomy, the carbonaceous asteroid is characterized as a Cg-type, an intermediate between the C-type and G-type asteroids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015936-0003-0000", "contents": "1695 Walbeck, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves\nIn November 2006, a rotational lightcurve of Walbeck was obtained from photometric observations by French amateur astronomer Pierre Antonini. It gave a rotation period of 5.1607 hours with a brightness variation of 0.22 magnitude (U=3). Two similar periods were obtained by David Romeuf and by a team of Hungarian astronomers (U=2/2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 51], "content_span": [52, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015936-0004-0000", "contents": "1695 Walbeck, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Walbeck measures between 17.88 and 19.62 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.037 and 0.051. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.046 and a diameter of 19.60 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.5.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015936-0005-0000", "contents": "1695 Walbeck, Naming\nThe minor planet was named in memory of Finnish scientist Henrik Johan Walbeck (1793\u20131822), astronomer and geodesist at the old Academia Aboensis who used the method of least squares to derive a good value for the Earth's flattening. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 April 1980 (M.P.C. 5281).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015942-0000-0000", "contents": "1695 in Italy\nAn incomplete list of events which occurred in Italy in 1695:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 75]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015944-0000-0000", "contents": "1695 in Scotland\nEvents from the year 1695 in the Kingdom of Scotland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015947-0000-0000", "contents": "1695 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1695.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015949-0000-0000", "contents": "1695 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015949-0001-0000", "contents": "1695 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015949-0002-0000", "contents": "1695 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015950-0000-0000", "contents": "1695 in science\nThe year 1695 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015951-0000-0000", "contents": "1696\n1696 (MDCXCVI) was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a leap year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar, the 1696th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 696th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 96th  year of the 17th\u00a0century, and the  7th   year of the 1690s decade. As of the start of 1696, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015952-0000-0000", "contents": "1696 Jacobite assassination plot\nThe 1696 Jacobite assassination plot was an unsuccessful attempt led by George Barclay to ambush and kill William III and II of England, Scotland and Ireland in early 1696.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015952-0001-0000", "contents": "1696 Jacobite assassination plot, Background\nOne of a series of plots by Jacobites to reverse the Glorious Revolution of 1688\u20139, the plot of 1696 had been preceded by the \"Ailesbury plot\" of 1691\u20132. Strictly the \"Fenwick plot\" of 1695 is distinct from the assassination plot of 1696. The successor was the proposed French invasion of Scotland of 1708.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015952-0002-0000", "contents": "1696 Jacobite assassination plot, Background\nRobert Charnock had served under John Parker in the Jacobite cavalry at the Battle of the Boyne in 1690. In 1694 he was put in command of forces raised in the London area by Parker, for a potential Jacobite rising against William III and Mary II. Parker also drew in George Porter and Sir William Parkyns. He left the country in the middle of 1694. By then Charnock was discussing a plan to kidnap William III and take him to France. Mixed messages from James II confused the issue, and nothing had been done by April 1695, when William left the country.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015952-0003-0000", "contents": "1696 Jacobite assassination plot, Background\nSir John Fenwick, 3rd Baronet was one of the inner circle who advised James on English affairs. The death of Queen Mary at the end of 1694 revived their interest in direct action in England, and finance from France arrived by April 1695. Fenwick, however, was opposed to the schemes proposed by Charnock and his group. Meeting in May with Sir John Friend and others, he sent Charnock to France to move a plan for a massive invasion, instead. In June Fenwick was involved in Jacobite rioting and was arrested. Sir George Barclay was sent to act as his deputy in commanding forces supposed to co-ordinate with an invasion force under the Duke of Berwick. Barclay assessed the plan as hopeless, shunned Fenwick, and went back to the original idea of \"kidnapping\" William, certainly a euphemism for an assassination.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 857]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015952-0004-0000", "contents": "1696 Jacobite assassination plot, Plan\nThe plot was based on William III's habitual movements, on returning from hunting. On the south bank of the River Thames, at Kew, he would take a ferry that would bring him to the north bank, on a lane that ran from Turnham Green to Brentford (at this period these places were not built up, and lay west of the London conurbation). Barclay's plan depended on surprising William in his coach, and his armed escort. It was intended to use three parties of armed men, one to capture the king, and the others to deal with his guards. A point was chosen on the lane which was narrow enough so that the royal coach and six horses would not be able to manoeuvre.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 38], "content_span": [39, 694]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015952-0005-0000", "contents": "1696 Jacobite assassination plot, Plan\nThe plot was prepared and its armed men were ready to act on 15 February and 22 February 1696. One party was under the command of Ambrose Rookwood.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 38], "content_span": [39, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015952-0006-0000", "contents": "1696 Jacobite assassination plot, Detection of the plot\nWilliam Trumbull, who was Secretary of State for the Northern Department at the time, heard about the plotting from August 1695. He gathered intelligence on it through informers, and led the early investigation, which later was handed over to James Vernon. There was no shortage of rumour, with the information from Thomas Prendergast proving decisive: he had been approached by George Porter on 13 February, and then went to William Bentinck, 1st Earl of Portland to reveal the conspiracy. In a second interview he gave the king details of the conspirators, a group numbering around 40 in all.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015952-0007-0000", "contents": "1696 Jacobite assassination plot, Detection of the plot\nThe ramifications of the plot proved more troublesome to Vernon. Fenwick defended himself actively by trying to implicate Lord Godolphin, the Duke of Shrewsbury, the Earl of Marlborough, and the Earl of Orford. These charges led into the heart of the Junto, and Shrewsbury was Vernon's immediate superior. To add to the awkward position, this group of Whigs had in fact been in correspondence with James II at St Germain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015952-0008-0000", "contents": "1696 Jacobite assassination plot, Aftermath\nThe attempt did not take place on either day when the plotters were in position, and on 23 February a proclamation was made against them. A number of Jacobites connected to Fenwick, but not involved in the plot were arrested, including James Grahme on 3 March, Thomas Higgons and Bevil Higgons; they were later released. On 21 March, Thomas Bruce, 2nd Earl of Ailesbury, another not directly involved in the plot was taken to the Tower of London, where he was kept until February 1697. Viscount Montgomery went into hiding after being named in a proclamation; he gave himself up on 15 December and was held in Newgate Prison for about seven months.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 692]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015952-0009-0000", "contents": "1696 Jacobite assassination plot, Aftermath\nA long sequence of trials related to the plot began in March. The 1695 Treason Act made the date of arrest crucial in determining whether the accused were entitled to defense counsel; this was denied to Friend, Parkyns and Charnock when Sir John Holt enforced the letter of the law. Sentenced to death, Friend and Parkyns were attended by three Non-Juror priests, Jeremy Collier, Shadrach Cook and William Snatt and immediately prior to the execution on 13 April, the clergymen declared the two absolved of their sins.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015952-0009-0001", "contents": "1696 Jacobite assassination plot, Aftermath\nIn doing so, they effectively declared the conspirators to be correct in their actions, whilst also performing a rite that was not recognised by the Church of England. This caused a considerable furore; Collier went into hiding and was outlawed, while Cook and Snatt were tried, found guilty but later released.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015952-0010-0000", "contents": "1696 Jacobite assassination plot, Aftermath\nConstantijn Huygens, William's personal secretary, records in his Diary; 'I was in doubt whether to watch the execution of Friend and Parkyns, but being on my way from Kensington, I saw the spectators walking away and so returned home.' He also mentions pamphlets on the trial were already for sale in the streets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015952-0011-0000", "contents": "1696 Jacobite assassination plot, Aftermath\nRookwood and others, who had counsel, were executed in April; in total, nine Jacobite activists were put to death. Sir John Fenwick was convicted on a bill of attainder, and executed on 28 January 1697. Robert Cassels, Robert Meldrum, James Counter, James Chambers, Robert Blackbourn, and Major John Bernardi were detained without trial; other than Counter, none were released, the last survivor, Bernardi, dying in 1736 while still in Newgate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015952-0012-0000", "contents": "1696 Jacobite assassination plot, Political consequences\nIn political terms, the unmasked plot strengthened the hand of the Whig Junto in dealing with the Country Party, and in asking parliament to vote money. The House of Commons agreed to the swearing of an \"association\", in effect a loyalty oath to the king; and it was argued that William's preservation was divine providence, undermining the view that he had only been entitled to the English throne in the lifetime of the late Queen Mary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 56], "content_span": [57, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015953-0000-0000", "contents": "1696 Nurmela\n1696 Nurmela, provisional designation 1939 FF, is a Baptistina asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 10 kilometers (6 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 18 March 1939, by Finnish astronomer Yrj\u00f6 V\u00e4is\u00e4l\u00e4 at Turku Observatory in Southwest Finland, and named after Finnish academician Tauno Nurmela. The possibly elongated asteroid has a rotation period of 3.15 hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015953-0001-0000", "contents": "1696 Nurmela, Orbit and classification\nNurmela is the second-largest member of the small Baptistina family (403), a large inner-belt family, named after 298 Baptistina, its largest member and namesake. When applying the hierarchical clustering method to its proper orbital elements, it is also a member of the Flora family (402), a giant asteroid family and the largest family of stony asteroids in the main-belt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015953-0002-0000", "contents": "1696 Nurmela, Orbit and classification\nIt orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 2.0\u20132.5\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 5 months (1,242 days; semi-major axis of 2.26\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.10 and an inclination of 6\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Turku.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015953-0003-0000", "contents": "1696 Nurmela, Physical characteristics\nNurmela is an assumed carbonaceous C-type asteroid, while its albedo and membership to the Baptistina family is indicative for an X-type.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015953-0004-0000", "contents": "1696 Nurmela, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn March and April 2007, two rotational lightcurves of Nurmela was obtained from photometric observations by Adri\u00e1n Gal\u00e1d and Robert Stephens. They gave an identical rotation period of 3.1587 hours with a brightness variation of 0.33 and 0.42 magnitude, respectively (U=3/3). In April 2017, another observation by Stephens gave a concurring period of 3.159 hours (U=3) with an amplitude of 0.58 magnitude, indicative for an elongated shape.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 55], "content_span": [56, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015953-0005-0000", "contents": "1696 Nurmela, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Nurmela measures between 6.06 and 10.31 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.116 and 0.28.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015953-0006-0000", "contents": "1696 Nurmela, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for carbonaceous asteroids of 0.057 and calculates a diameter of 14.64 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015953-0007-0000", "contents": "1696 Nurmela, Naming\nThis minor planet was named in honor of Finnish academician Tauno Kalervo Nurmela (1907\u20131985), some time professor of Romanic philology and later chancellor of University of Turku. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 April 1980 (M.P.C. 5281).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015960-0000-0000", "contents": "1696 in Scotland\nEvents from the year 1696 in the Kingdom of Scotland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015962-0000-0000", "contents": "1696 in art, Events\nA sculpture of a walking horse now attributed to Giovanni Francesco Susini (c. 1585 \u2013 c. 1653), is sold as a work by Susini's master Giambologna by the art dealer Marcus Forchondt in Antwerp to Prince Johann Adam Andreas I von Liechtenstein.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015963-0000-0000", "contents": "1696 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1696.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015965-0000-0000", "contents": "1696 in paleontology\nPaleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1696.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015966-0000-0000", "contents": "1696 in piracy\nSee also 1695 in piracy, Other events in 1696, 1697 in piracy, and Timeline of piracy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015967-0000-0000", "contents": "1696 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015967-0001-0000", "contents": "1696 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015967-0002-0000", "contents": "1696 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015968-0000-0000", "contents": "1696 in science\nThe year 1696 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015969-0000-0000", "contents": "1697\n1697 (MDCXCVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar, the 1697th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 697th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 97th  year of the 17th\u00a0century, and the  8th   year of the 1690s decade. As of the start of 1697, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015970-0000-0000", "contents": "1697 Polish\u2013Lithuanian royal election\nOn June 17, 1696, King John III Sobieski died in his palace at Wilan\u00f3w near Warsaw. This meant that another free election was necessary, as the Polish\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth was left without a monarch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015970-0001-0000", "contents": "1697 Polish\u2013Lithuanian royal election\nOne of the candidates for the Polish throne was the Duke of O\u0142awa (Lower Silesia) and son of the late king, James Louis Sobieski. He was initially supported by the Kingdom of France and the Swedish Empire. Also, among his followers were szlachta from Greater Poland, Lesser Poland, and Bishop of Kujawy, Stanis\u0142aw D\u0105mbski. James Louis Sobieski, however, did not get along with his French-born mother, Marie Casimire Louise de La Grange d'Arquien. The mother and her son argued about properties of John III Sobieski, and as a result, James Louis lost the support of Polish nobility.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015970-0002-0000", "contents": "1697 Polish\u2013Lithuanian royal election\nAnother candidate, the Elector of Saxony Augustus II the Strong, was backed by influential and powerful Emperor Leopold I. To win the support of Roman Catholic, conservative Poles, Augustus decided to convert from Lutheranism to Catholicism. The conversion took place in Vienna, on June 2, 1697, and this decision won for Frederick the support of Pope Innocent XII.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015970-0003-0000", "contents": "1697 Polish\u2013Lithuanian royal election\nThe main opponent to the Saxon elector was Francois Louis, Prince of Conti, backed by King Louis XIV of France. His candidacy won support of several Polish and Lithuanian magnates, many of whom were bribed by French envoy, Melchior de Polignac. On October 24, 1696, Primate of Poland Micha\u0142 Stefan Radziejowski, who had previously backed James Louis Sobieski, switched sides and declared his support of Francois Louis. Since Radziejowski at that time was the interrex, his decision attracted the nobility, which followed him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015970-0004-0000", "contents": "1697 Polish\u2013Lithuanian royal election\nNevertheless, key role in the oncoming election was played by the Tsardom of Russia, which was Polish ally in the ongoing war against the Ottoman Empire (see Great Turkish War). The Russians backed Augustus, who had previously declared that he would continue the war, and who had in 1695-1696 commanded Austrian - Saxon army in its Hungarian campaign. The election of Francois Louis meant quick end to the Polish-Ottoman war, and possibility of a Polish-Russian conflict. The Russians, well aware of this danger, sent large sums of money to the Commonwealth, trying to win the support of Polish-Lithuanian nobility.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015970-0005-0000", "contents": "1697 Polish\u2013Lithuanian royal election\nThe election took place in Wola near Warsaw, on June 27, 1697. By popular support, Francois Louis, Prince of Conti was elected new King of the Commonwealth. This was immediately contested by Augustus the Strong, who declared himself the new monarch. Third candidate, James Louis Sobieski, expressed his support of Conti.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015970-0006-0000", "contents": "1697 Polish\u2013Lithuanian royal election\nOn July 27, 1697, Augustus, backed by Russia, Austria and Brandenburg-Prussia, crossed Polish border near Czelad\u017a in Lesser Poland. He marched towards Krak\u00f3w, but was not allowed to enter the ancient capital, as the Starosta of Krak\u00f3w, Franciszek Wielopolski, himself a supporter of Conti, did not let him into the city. The stalemate was quickly solved after Wielopolski had accepted a bribe, but soon another problem appeared. According to the Polish law, the coronation in Wawel Cathedral was to be carried out only with royal insignia, kept in Wawel Treasury. There were eight locks in the door to the Treasury, with eight keys. The keys were kept by eight Senators, out of which six supported Conti. Augustus II and his entourage decided to make a hole in the Treasury wall, leaving the door intact.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 842]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015970-0007-0000", "contents": "1697 Polish\u2013Lithuanian royal election\nOn September 15, 1697, Augustus signed the Pacta Conventa, and was crowned new King of Poland, August II, by Bishop of Kujawy, Stanis\u0142aw D\u0105mbski. Primate Radziejowski refused to recognize the coronation, stating that Conti was the rightful monarch. Radziejowski started the so-called \u0141owicz Rokosz, which gathered supporters of the Frenchman. Conti himself arrived at the Baltic Sea port of Gda\u0144sk on September 26, 1697, with a squadron of six ships commanded by Jean Bart. Since Russia concentrated its army near Lithuanian border, a possibility of an international conflict was real. The situation was solved without foreign intervention, as on November 9, the attack of troops loyal to Augustus forced Conti to abandon his quarters in Oliwa, and to leave Poland. On December 12, 1697, Conti returned to France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 851]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015970-0008-0000", "contents": "1697 Polish\u2013Lithuanian royal election\nPrimate Radziejowski refused to recognize Augustus until spring of 1698, when he received a large sum of money, and was promised a government post.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015976-0000-0000", "contents": "1697 in Scotland\nEvents from the year 1697 in the Kingdom of Scotland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015979-0000-0000", "contents": "1697 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1697.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015981-0000-0000", "contents": "1697 in piracy\nSee also 1696 in piracy, other events in 1697, 1698 in piracy and Timeline of piracy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015982-0000-0000", "contents": "1697 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015982-0001-0000", "contents": "1697 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015982-0002-0000", "contents": "1697 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015982-0003-0000", "contents": "1697 in poetry, Notes\nThis year in poetry article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 21], "content_span": [22, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015983-0000-0000", "contents": "1697 in science\nThe year 1697 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015984-0000-0000", "contents": "16974 Iphthime\n16974 Iphthime (/\u026af\u02c8\u03b8a\u026ami\u02d0/; prov. designation: 1998 WR21) is a Jupiter trojan and a binary system from the Greek camp, approximately 57 kilometers (35 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 18 November 1998, by astronomers with the Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research at the ETS Test Site in Socorro, New Mexico. The dark Jovian asteroid belongs to the 80 largest Jupiter trojans and has a notably slow rotation of 78.9 hours. It was named after Iphthime from Greek mythology. The discovery of its companion by Hubble Space Telescope was announced in March 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015984-0001-0000", "contents": "16974 Iphthime, Orbit and classification\nIphthime is a dark Jovian asteroid orbiting in the leading Greek camp at Jupiter's L4 Lagrangian point, 60\u00b0 ahead of its orbit in a 1:1 resonance (see Trojans in astronomy). It is also a non-family asteroid in the Jovian background population.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015984-0002-0000", "contents": "16974 Iphthime, Orbit and classification\nIt orbits the Sun at a distance of 4.8\u20135.6\u00a0AU once every 11 years and 10 months (4,319 days; semi-major axis of 5.19\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.07 and an inclination of 15\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its first observation as 1974 WX at Crimea-Nauchnij in November 1974, or 24 years prior to its official discovery observation at Socorro.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015984-0003-0000", "contents": "16974 Iphthime, Naming\nThis minor planet was named from Greek mythology after Iphthime, sister of Penelope and daughter of Icarius. Iphthime appears in her sister's dream to comfort her as she is grieving. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 3 December 2017 (M.P.C. 107739).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015984-0004-0000", "contents": "16974 Iphthime, Physical characteristics\nIphthime is an assumed C-type asteroid. Its V\u2013I color index of 0.96 is typical for D-type asteroids, the most common spectral type among the larger Jupiter trojans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015984-0005-0000", "contents": "16974 Iphthime, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn October 2009, a rotational lightcurve of Iphthime was obtained for the first time by Stefano Mottola from photometric observations during seven nights at the Calar Alto Observatory in Spain. Lightcurve analysis gave a long rotation period of 78.9\u00b10.4 hours or 3.3 days with a brightness amplitude of 0.25 magnitude (U=2+).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 57], "content_span": [58, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015984-0006-0000", "contents": "16974 Iphthime, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Iphthime measures between 55.43 and 57.341 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.065 and 0.069. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the results obtained by IRAS, that is an albedo of 0.0691 and a diameter of 55.43 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 9.8.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 61], "content_span": [62, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015984-0007-0000", "contents": "16974 Iphthime, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nNote: missing data was completed with figures from the JPL SBDB () and from the LCDB () for the WISE/NEOWISE and SIMPS catalogs, respectively. These figures are given in italics. Also, listing is incomplete above #100.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 61], "content_span": [62, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015985-0000-0000", "contents": "1698\n1698 (MDCXCVIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar, the 1698th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 698th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 98th  year of the 17th\u00a0century, and the  9th   year of the 1690s decade. As of the start of 1698, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015986-0000-0000", "contents": "1698 English general election\nAfter the conclusion of the 1698 English general election the government led by the Whig Junto believed it had held its ground against the opposition. Over the previous few years, divisions had emerged within the Whig party between the 'court' supporters of the junto and the 'country' faction, who disliked the royal prerogative, were concerned about governmental corruption, and opposed a standing army. Some contests were therefore between candidates representing 'court' and 'country', rather than Whig and Tory. The Whigs made gains in the counties and in small boroughs, but not in the larger urban constituencies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015986-0001-0000", "contents": "1698 English general election\nIncreasingly, however, the Tories and the country Whigs managed to wear down the government's resolve and win over dissident Whig MPs. After 1699, the junto ministry gradually disintegrated to be replaced by a largely Tory government, which was securely in power by the autumn of 1700.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015986-0002-0000", "contents": "1698 English general election\nParty strengths are an approximation, with the allegiance of many MPs being unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015986-0003-0000", "contents": "1698 English general election, Summary of the constituencies\nSee 1796 British general election for details. The constituencies used in England and Wales were the same throughout the period. In 1707 alone the 45 Scottish members were not elected from the constituencies, but were returned by co-option of a part of the membership of the last Parliament of Scotland elected before the Union.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 60], "content_span": [61, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015992-0000-0000", "contents": "1698 in Scotland\nEvents from the year 1698 in the Kingdom of Scotland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015995-0000-0000", "contents": "1698 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1698.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015997-0000-0000", "contents": "1698 in piracy, Deaths\nThis pirate-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015998-0000-0000", "contents": "1698 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015998-0001-0000", "contents": "1698 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015998-0002-0000", "contents": "1698 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00015999-0000-0000", "contents": "1698 in science\nThe year 1698 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016000-0000-0000", "contents": "1699\n1699 (MDCXCIX) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar, the 1699th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 699th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 99th  year of the 17th\u00a0century, and the  10th  and last year of the 1690s decade. As of the start of 1699, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016001-0000-0000", "contents": "1699 Java earthquake\nOn the morning of January 5, 1699, a violent earthquake rocked the then Dutch East Indies city of Batavia on the island of Java. In the contemporary period, the Indonesian capital city Jakarta. Dutch accounts of the event described the earthquake as being \"so heavy and strong\" and beyond comparable to other known earthquakes. This event was so large that it was felt through west Java, and into southern Sumatra.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016001-0001-0000", "contents": "1699 Java earthquake, Tectonic setting\nThe Indonesian islands of Java, Sumatra and Lesser Sunda chain lie along a destructive plate boundary where the Australian Plate meets the Sunda Plate. The plates converge, with the Australian Plate being much denser as it is oceanic lithosphere, subducting beneath the less dense Sunda Plate. Subduction is responsible for the large megathrust earthquakes along the west coast of Sumatra and south coast of Java. It also play a significant role in the volcanic activity on the islands. However, intraplate earthqakes can also occurr as the Australian Plate deforms when it is subducting; faults within the downgoing slab may result in intermediate-depth events that are also considerably large.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 38], "content_span": [39, 734]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016001-0002-0000", "contents": "1699 Java earthquake, Earthquake\nApproximately fifteen minutes of violent shaking was felt but the damage was limited. Other descriptions stated that the earthquake lasted up to 45 minutes. At least 28 people in Batavia were fatally wounded and 49 stone-constructed structures collapsed as a result of the earthquake. Some 21 homes and 29 barns were also obliterated. Almost every home situated in the city suffered some extent of damage. The earthquake uprooted and toppled many trees, blocking waterways and choking river systems. At Mount Salak, a volcano on the island of Java, the violent tremors triggered landslides and debris masses, blocking rivers and causing floods. The combination of earth and vegetation produced a debris flow that passed through the Ci Liwung river and into Batavia, where it entered the Java Sea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 32], "content_span": [33, 829]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016001-0003-0000", "contents": "1699 Java earthquake, Earthquake\nIn the port settlement of Bantam, now Banten, the earthquake destroyed a storage warehouse and caused additional damages. In Lampung, Sumatra, the earthquake threw every home off their foundations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 32], "content_span": [33, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016001-0004-0000", "contents": "1699 Java earthquake, Origin\nThe earthquake source is not well determined but is likely a large, intermediate-depth event. Other researchers suggest it was a megathrust event with a magnitude of 9.0 Mw\u202f along the Sunda megathrust. If it were an intraslab earthquake occurring within the downgoing Australian Plate as it subducts beneath the Sunda Plate along the Sunda megathrust, the estimated moment magnitude (Mw\u202f) would be 7.4 to 8.0, with an epicenter near Batavia. Modelling of the 1699 earthquake scenarios show that an intraslab earthquake of Mw\u202f 8.0 provided results consistent with historical documentations of the earthquake. High Mercalli intensity values at IX corresponds to the pattern of damage described by Dutch officials in Java and Sumatra. As Banten Province is situated on pyroclastic deposits and Quaternary sediments, seismic waves were likely amplified, resulting in higher degrees of shaking.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 28], "content_span": [29, 918]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016001-0005-0000", "contents": "1699 Java earthquake, Origin\nSimulations of a magnitude 9.0 earthquake only produced shaking assigned at VI to VII which did not match the damage descriptions. Such intensities would only cause moderately damage. Weaker levels of shaking was produced at the mountainous regions, which were insufficient to trigger a landslide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 28], "content_span": [29, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016006-0000-0000", "contents": "1699 in Scotland\nEvents from the year 1699 in the Kingdom of Scotland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016008-0000-0000", "contents": "1699 in architecture\nThe year 1699 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016010-0000-0000", "contents": "1699 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1699.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016012-0000-0000", "contents": "1699 in paleontology\nPaleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1699.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016013-0000-0000", "contents": "1699 in piracy, Deaths\nThis piracy-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016014-0000-0000", "contents": "1699 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016014-0001-0000", "contents": "1699 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016014-0002-0000", "contents": "1699 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016015-0000-0000", "contents": "1699 in science\nThe year 1699 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016016-0000-0000", "contents": "169P/NEAT\n169/NEAT is a periodic comet in the Solar System. It is the parent body of the alpha Capricornids meteor shower. 169/NEAT may be related to comet P/2003 T12 (SOHO).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016016-0001-0000", "contents": "169P/NEAT\n169P is a low activity comet roughly a few kilometers in diameter. 169P and the smaller body P/2003 T12  likely fragmented from a parent body roughly 2900 years ago.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016016-0002-0000", "contents": "169P/NEAT\nIt is the parent body of the Alpha Capricornids meteor shower in late July.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 85]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016017-0000-0000", "contents": "169th (3rd London) Brigade\nThe 169th (3rd London) Brigade was an infantry brigade of the British Army that saw active service in both the First and the Second World Wars. Throughout its existence the brigade, serving under numerous many different titles and designations, was an integral part of the 56th (London) Infantry Division. It served on the Western Front in the First World War, and in the North African and Italian campaigns during the Second World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016017-0001-0000", "contents": "169th (3rd London) Brigade, Origin\nThe Volunteer Force of part-time soldiers was created following an invasion scare in 1859, and its constituent units were progressively aligned with the Regular British Army as the 19th Century progressed. The Stanhope Memorandum of December 1888 introduced a Mobilisation Scheme for Volunteer units, which would assemble in their own brigades at key points in case of war. In peacetime these brigades provided a structure for collective training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 34], "content_span": [35, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016017-0002-0000", "contents": "169th (3rd London) Brigade, Origin\nThe North London Brigade was one of the formations organised at this time. The commanding officer of the Coldstream Guards and his adjutant were ex officio the brigade commander and brigade major, while the Coldstream Guards' orderly room at Wellington Barracks acted as brigade headquarters. The brigade's original composition was:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 34], "content_span": [35, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016017-0003-0000", "contents": "169th (3rd London) Brigade, Territorial Force\nThis organisation was carried over into the Territorial Force (TF) when that was created under the Haldane Reforms in 1908, the North London Brigade becoming the 3rd London Brigade in 1st London Division. The commander and staff continued to be provided by the Coldstream Guards up to the outbreak of war in 1914. All of the Volunteer Battalions in the Central London area became part of the all-Territorial London Regiment and were numbered sequentially through the London brigades and divisions:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 45], "content_span": [46, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016017-0004-0000", "contents": "169th (3rd London) Brigade, Territorial Force\nThe London Irish Rifles became the 18th Londons and transferred to the 5th London Brigade in the 2nd London Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 45], "content_span": [46, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016017-0005-0000", "contents": "169th (3rd London) Brigade, Territorial Force\nIn May 1912, however, the 10th Battalion (Paddington Rifles) was disbanded and the personnel were absorbed by 3rd (City of London) Battalion, London Regiment (Royal Fusiliers), part of 1st London Brigade, and was replaced by a new 10th (County of London) Battalion, London Regiment (Hackney Rifles). In 1913 the new battalion was retitled 10th (County of London) Battalion, London Regiment (Hackney).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 45], "content_span": [46, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016017-0006-0000", "contents": "169th (3rd London) Brigade, First World War\nThe 1st London Division was mobilised in early August 1914, soon after the outbreak of the First World War. Most of the men of the brigade, when asked, elected to volunteer for overseas service (according to the Territorial and Reserve Forces Act 1907, soldiers of the TF were only allowed to serve overseas with their consent). The men who did not volunteer, together with the many recruits coming forward to volunteer, were formed into 2nd Line battalions and brigade, 2/3rd London Brigade, part of 2/1st London Division. These later became 175th (2/3rd London) Brigade and 58th (2/1st London) Division respectively. The battalions were also redesignated, becoming, for example, '1/8th' Londons (for the 1st Line) to differentiate them from the 2nd Line units, which were redesignated '2/8th' Londons (for the 2nd Line).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 43], "content_span": [44, 866]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016017-0007-0000", "contents": "169th (3rd London) Brigade, First World War\nHowever, from November 1914 until April 1915 all of the battalions of the brigade were posted elsewhere, either to other formations or to reinforce the tired Regulars of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) serving on the Western Front. The 3rd London Brigade was, as a result, broken up in April 1915 as was the 1st London Division. The 1/9th and 1/12th Londons were both sent to France, the 1/9th to 13th Brigade of 5th Division, and 1/12th to 84th Brigade of 28th Division, both consisting largely of Regular Army troops. The remaining two battalions, the 1/10th and 1/11th Londons, were both transferred to 162nd (1/1st East Midland) Brigade, 54th (East Anglian) Division", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 43], "content_span": [44, 720]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016017-0008-0000", "contents": "169th (3rd London) Brigade, First World War\nIn early 1916 the War Office authorised for the division to be reformed in France, although now it was to be known as 56th (1/1st London) Division and the brigade came into existence again, now the 169th (1/3rd London) Brigade but was now composed mainly of different units, with the exception of 1/9th Londons. The other three battalions had joined mainly from other divisions, the 1/2nd", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 43], "content_span": [44, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016017-0008-0001", "contents": "169th (3rd London) Brigade, First World War\nLondons had originally been with 1st London Brigade and fought in France with 17th Brigade of 6th Division (later 24th Division), and the 1/5th Londons, originally part of 2nd London Brigade, had served with 11th Brigade of 4th Division (later 8th Brigade of 3rd Division) and the 1/16th Londons, originally of 4th London Brigade of 2nd London Division, later served with 18th Brigade of 6th Division, before transferring to 169th Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 43], "content_span": [44, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016017-0009-0000", "contents": "169th (3rd London) Brigade, First World War\nThe reformed brigade would serve with 56th Division for the rest of the war, fighting in the trenches of the Western Front in both Belgium and France and saw its first action fighting alongside the 46th (North Midland) Division on the Gommecourt Salient on 1 July 1916, to distract the German Army's attention away from the simultaneous Somme offensive. The first day of the Somme was a complete failure, and saw nearly 60,000 casualties being sustained by the British Army, the bloodiest day in British military history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 43], "content_span": [44, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016017-0009-0001", "contents": "169th (3rd London) Brigade, First World War\nThe diversionary assault at Gommecourt was also considered a failure, sustaining only heavy casualties for both divisions involved, with 56th Division suffering 4,567 men and 182 officers killed, wounded or missing. The division later participated in the pursuit of the German Army when they retreated to the Hindenburg Line in early 1917, and later in battles at Arras, Langemarck, Passchendaele, Cambrai, Albert, Spring Offensive, and the Hundred Days Offensive, suffering heavy casualties in nearly all engagements. By the time of the Armistice of 11 November 1918 the division had sustained nearly 35,000 casualties in just over two and a half years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 43], "content_span": [44, 698]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016017-0010-0000", "contents": "169th (3rd London) Brigade, First World War, Order of battle\nDue to a shortage of manpower in the BEF in early 1918, all British divisions serving on the Western Front were reduced from twelve to nine infantry battalions, with all brigades reducing to three. The 1/9th Londons (the only original battalion of the brigade) were, therefore, transferred from 169th Brigade to 175th (2/3rd London) Brigade of 58th (2/1st London) Division where they were amalgamated with the 2/9th Londons and was subsequently renamed the 9th Battalion. On 6 February, with the disbandment of 2/5th Londons, the 1/5th was redesignated as the 5th Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 60], "content_span": [61, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016017-0011-0000", "contents": "169th (3rd London) Brigade, Between the wars\nThe Territorial Force was disbanded after the war but later reformed in 1920 as the Territorial Army, formed on a very similar basis to the old Territorial Force. The brigade was reformed as the 169th (3rd London) Infantry Brigade, along with the rest of the division, with much the same composition it had before the Great War, of four Territorial battalions of the London Regiment. In 1922 all battalions of the London Regiment dropped the 'battalion' from their title, becoming, for example, 9th London Regiment (Queen Victoria's Rifles).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016017-0012-0000", "contents": "169th (3rd London) Brigade, Between the wars\nThroughout the inter-war years 169th Brigade, unlike the other two brigades of 56 Division, saw little change in its composition until the middle part of the 1930s. In 1935 the 10th London Regiment (Hackney) was transferred as a replacement battalion to 167th (1st London) Infantry Brigade. Due to a serious need to strengthen the anti-aircraft defences of the United Kingdom, particularly for London, Southern England and the Midlands, many infantry battalions of the Territorial Army were, throughout the 1930s, converted into anti-aircraft or searchlight battalions of either the Royal Artillery or Royal Engineers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016017-0012-0001", "contents": "169th (3rd London) Brigade, Between the wars\nTherefore, on 15 December 1935, the 11th London Regiment (Finsbury Rifles) was converted into an anti-aircraft role, being transferred to the Royal Artillery, and became 61st (Finsbury Rifles) Anti - Aircraft Brigade, Royal Artillery, becoming part of 28th (Thames and Medway) Anti - Aircraft Group, attached to 1st Anti - Aircraft Division, which was formed by the redesignation of the Headquarters of 47th (2nd London) Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016017-0012-0002", "contents": "169th (3rd London) Brigade, Between the wars\nTwo replacement battalions arrived, the first being the 17th London Regiment (Tower Hamlets Rifles), previously the 17th (County of London) Battalion, London Regiment (Poplar and Stepney Rifles) and, more recently, 17th London Regiment (Tower Hamlets Rifles). The other replacement battalion was the 18th London Regiment (London Irish Rifles). Both battalions were originally from 141st (5th London) Infantry Brigade from the now disbanded 47th Division. The battalion was previously known as 18th (County of London) Battalion, London Regiment (London Irish Rifles). After the disbandment of the 47th Division, the 56th Division was redesignated simply as The London Division and so the brigade was also redesignated, becoming 3rd London Infantry Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 800]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016017-0013-0000", "contents": "169th (3rd London) Brigade, Between the wars\nIn 1937 the London Regiment was disbanded after nearly all of its battalions were converted to other roles or posted elsewhere. For the most part, therefore, the battalions previously part of the London Regiment became Territorial battalions of Regular Army regiments. The 9th Londons became the Queen Victoria's Rifles (King's Royal Rifle Corps), 12th Londons became The Rangers (King's Royal Rifle Corps), 17th Londons became the Tower Hamlets Rifles (Rifle Brigade) and 18th Londons became the London Irish Rifles (Royal Ulster Rifles).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016017-0013-0001", "contents": "169th (3rd London) Brigade, Between the wars\nIn the following year all British infantry divisions were reduced from twelve to nine battalions, all brigades reducing to three, and the London Division simultaneously was converted into a motorised infantry division, and so the Queen's Victoria Rifles was transferred from the brigade to become the motorcycle reconnaissance battalion for the division. A further change in 1938 came when the London Irish Rifles was transferred to 1st London Infantry Brigade, making the 3rd a two battalion brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016017-0014-0000", "contents": "169th (3rd London) Brigade, Between the wars\nIn March 1939, almost as a direct result of the invasion of Czechoslovakia, the Territorial Army was ordered by to be doubled in size and each unit was ordered to form a 2nd Line duplicate, and so both The Rangers and the Tower Hamlets Rifles formed 2nd battalions, with the original battalions becoming the 1st battalions of their respective regiment, and were all assigned to the 3rd London Infantry Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016017-0015-0000", "contents": "169th (3rd London) Brigade, Second World War\nThe 3rd London Infantry Brigade and the division, along with the rest of the Territorial Army, were mobilised between late August and early September 1939, due to the already tense situation in Europe becoming worse when, on 1 September, the German Army invaded Poland. Two days later, both Britain and France declared war on Germany, thus beginning the Second World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016017-0016-0000", "contents": "169th (3rd London) Brigade, Second World War\nInitially assigned to the 1st London Infantry Division, in October 1939 the brigade was reassigned to 2nd London Infantry Division, formed in April 1939 as a 2nd Line duplicate of the original London Division (which had been redesignated 1st London Division upon creation of a duplicate 2nd).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016017-0017-0000", "contents": "169th (3rd London) Brigade, Second World War\nIn the New Year of January 1940 the 1st battalions of both the Tower Hamlets Rifles and The Rangers were transferred elsewhere, leaving only the two 2nd Line duplicate battalions in the brigade. Later in the year the remaining battalions were also posted away, on 16 October, the 2nd Tower Hamlets Rifles was transferred to the newly created 26th Armoured Brigade and the 2nd Rangers, on 15 October, became part of 20th Armoured Brigade. On 28 November 1940 the brigade Headquarters was redesignated as Headquarters 71st Infantry Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016017-0018-0000", "contents": "169th (3rd London) Brigade, Second World War\nA new 169th Brigade was created on the same day from the redesignation of the 35th Infantry Brigade, which was renumbered 169th (London) Infantry Brigade on 28 November 1940. The brigade, also known frequently as the \"Queen's Brigade\", was composed of the 2/5th, 2/6th (Bermondsey) and 2/7th (Southwark) battalions of the Queen's Royal Regiment (West Surrey), all Territorial battalions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016017-0018-0001", "contents": "169th (3rd London) Brigade, Second World War\nThe 35th Brigade had been part of the 12th (Eastern) Infantry Division and seen service with the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) in the Battle of France where they were forced into a retreat to Dunkirk, where they suffered heavy casualties and were evacuated to England. Shortly after arriving back in England the 12th Division was disbanded in July and its brigades sent elsewhere, the 35th transferring to the 1st London Infantry Division, and reforming it a standard infantry division. On 18 November 1940 the division regained its historical number and was redesignated 56th (London) Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016017-0019-0000", "contents": "169th (3rd London) Brigade, Second World War\nThe brigade, brought up to strength earlier in the year with large numbers of conscripts, remained with the division in Kent, under command of XII Corps, and, as with most of the rest of the British Army after the evacuation from Dunkirk, either on coastal defence and home service duties or training to repel a German invasion of England which was, at the time, thought highly likely.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016017-0020-0000", "contents": "169th (3rd London) Brigade, Second World War\nIn November 1941, after serving in Kent since July 1940, the division moved to East Anglia, in particular to Suffolk, where they came under command of XI Corps. The move to Suffolk proved to be popular for the many men, mostly conscripts but also wartime volunteers, from the nearby counties who had joined the brigade since Dunkirk. The brigade performed much the same duties as they had in Kent, performing home defence duties and in training to expel an invasion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016017-0020-0001", "contents": "169th (3rd London) Brigade, Second World War\nAs the spring of 1942 arrived the brigade, and in turn the rest of 56th Division, were involved in more and more demanding large-scale exercises. However, there was a drain on the battalions as they were frequently required to send drafts overseas as replacements for the 1st and 2nd battalions, both Regular Army units stationed in the India and the Middle East, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016017-0020-0002", "contents": "169th (3rd London) Brigade, Second World War\nThe brigade soon left to be sent to Essex for a month before returning to Suffolk again and in July, after being brought up to full War Establishment strength, began to prepare for overseas service although the whereabouts where as yet unknown and the men of the battalions were given 14 days leave.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016017-0021-0000", "contents": "169th (3rd London) Brigade, Second World War\nShortly before departing the men of the brigade and division were visited by General Sir Bernard Paget, Commander-in-Chief, Home Forces, followed by His Majesty King George VI The division left the United Kingdom from Liverpool on 25 August 1942 and were sent to Iraq where they arrived on 4 November and came under command of III Corps alongside the British 5th Infantry Division, part of the British Tenth Army, itself under overall command of Persia and Iraq Command and Middle East Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016017-0022-0000", "contents": "169th (3rd London) Brigade, Second World War\nThe 56th Division remained in Iraq, participating in numerous exercises throughout the months stationed there (with the Queen's Brigade participating in Exercise 'Fortissimo', watched by over 5,000 people). On 19 March 1943, however, the brigade, the men now very well trained and fit, received orders to depart for Egypt and were relieved by the Polish 3rd Carpathian Rifle Division. The brigade arrived in Egypt, by road, on 19 April 1943, and from there was ordered to Tunisia to join X Corps of the British Eighth Army, which was fighting in the Campaign in Tunisia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016017-0022-0001", "contents": "169th (3rd London) Brigade, Second World War\nBy now the brigade had covered a distance of over 3,200 miles. The 169th (Queen's) Brigade, now 10 miles south of Enfidaville, relieved the 69th Infantry Brigade, part of the 50th (Northumbrian) Infantry Division and suffered its first casualties (as part of 56th Division) on 23 April 1943, from shellfire. The campaign in Tunisia ended less than a month later with the surrender of over 230,000 Italian and German soldiers, a number almost equal to that captured at the Battle of Stalingrad the year before, who would become Prisoners of war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016017-0022-0002", "contents": "169th (3rd London) Brigade, Second World War\nDespite playing only a comparatively minor part in the campaign the Queen's Brigade had suffered over 250 casualties, around 10% of the overall strength of the brigade. The 2/5th Queen's had 85 casualties, 15 of them being killed, the rest wounded, 2/6th Queen's had lost their Commanding Officer along with 15 other ranks killed and a further 79 officers and men wounded and 2/7th Queen's had one officer and 20 men killed and four officers and 62 men wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016017-0023-0000", "contents": "169th (3rd London) Brigade, Second World War\nThe 56th Division (minus the 168th Brigade which was detached to come under command of the 50th Division in April 1943) did not take part in Operation Husky, the invasion of Sicily, but instead remained behind in reserve in Libya where they were visited by many senior high-ranking officers and H.M. The King George VI, who had visited them nearly a year before when they began departing for overseas service, and the men cheered as he drove past. On 1 June they celebrated the Glorious First of June. In July, the 169th (Queen's) Brigade began training in amphibious warfare for the upcoming invasion of the Italian mainland, code-named Operation Avalanche, with D-Day being scheduled for 9 September where they were assigned as an assault brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 794]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016017-0024-0000", "contents": "169th (3rd London) Brigade, Second World War\nThe 56th Division left Libya, where they had remained for nearly the past four months, on 4 September and were at sea for the next four days and landed at Salerno on 9 September 1943, D-Day, and initially met light opposition but soon met heavy resistance as the Germans tried desperately to repel the Allies' invasion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016017-0024-0001", "contents": "169th (3rd London) Brigade, Second World War\nThe Queen's Brigade, together with the rest of 56th Division (minus the 168th Brigade, temporarily replaced by the 201st Guards Brigade), which was still part of British X Corps but now under command of the U.S. Fifth Army under Mark W. Clark, saw heavy and confused fighting over the next few days and mounting casualties (by the end of Avalanche most battalions involved had suffered up to 360 casualties) for the next ten days and led to a unique moment in the regiment's history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016017-0024-0002", "contents": "169th (3rd London) Brigade, Second World War\nOn 19 September, D-Day + 10, when the Salerno crisis had passed, the 169th (Queen's) Infantry Brigade was relieved in the line by the 131st (Queen's) Infantry Brigade, containing the 1st Line parent 1/5th, 1/6th and 1/7th Queen's, which (also part of British X Corps) had recently arrived as part of the famous 7th Armoured Division, the \"Desert Rats\". This relief by six battalions of the same regiment in two brigades is believed to not only be a unique moment in the history of the Queen's, but in the history of the British Army as a whole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016017-0024-0003", "contents": "169th (3rd London) Brigade, Second World War\n9 September is now a special Regimental Day in the Princess of Wales's Royal Regiment, which is also the anniversary of the creation of said regiment. Ironically, the 169th (Queen's) Brigade was, at the time, commanded by Brigadier Lewis Lyne, who would later receive promotion to command of the 7th Armoured Division from November 1944 onwards. Together with the rest of the division, the brigade advanced up Italy and later crossed the Volturno Line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016017-0025-0000", "contents": "169th (3rd London) Brigade, Second World War\nOn the morning of 18 October, the brigade was ordered to secure the village of Calvi Risorta, which was to be aided by bombardment from air support. However, the village was captured before the scheduled bombardment but the message that it had been captured, delivered by a pigeon named G.I. Joe, of the U.S. Army Pigeon Service, managed to arrive in time to avoid the bombing, after having flown 20 miles in 20 minutes. In doing so, he had saved the lives of many soldiers as well as the civilians of the village.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016017-0025-0001", "contents": "169th (3rd London) Brigade, Second World War\nSoon afterwards, the brigade crossed the Barbara Line but, with the rest of Allied Armies in Italy, were eventually held up by the formidable Winter Line defences (or Gustav Line). On 2 December, when fighting in front of the Bernhardt Line (a smaller part of the Winter Line), the Queen's Brigade led an assault to capture Monte Camino, which took four days of hard fighting to capture the mountain and saw casualties for 2/5th Queen's, which spearheaded the assault.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016017-0025-0002", "contents": "169th (3rd London) Brigade, Second World War\nThe commanding officer (CO) of the 2/5th Queen's, Lieutenant Colonel John Yeldham Whitfield, was awarded the Distinguished Service Order for his actions in capturing Camino, leading personally from the front with his Webley revolver. He was also awarded the Red Star Order from a general of the Russian Army in Italy. He would later command the 56th Division and it was largely due to him that the brigade avoided being split up and \"retained their integrity as a Queen's Brigade\". By the end of the war, it was the only brigade of the 56th Division not to undergo any significant changes in its composition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016017-0026-0000", "contents": "169th (3rd London) Brigade, Second World War\nThe Queen's Brigade continued to fight in front of the Bernhardt Line, and crossed the Garigliano river in January 1944, part of the First Battle of Monte Cassino. In mid-February, however, the brigade was pulled out of the line and, with most of the 56th Division (168th Brigade had already been sent earlier in the month), was sent to Anzio, scene of much better fighting in the Battle for the Anzio beachhead, where the division came under command of U.S. VI Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016017-0027-0000", "contents": "169th (3rd London) Brigade, Second World War\nThe division started to land around mid-February, with the Queen's Brigade landing on 16 February, coincidentally at the same time the Germans launched a major counter-attack and all three Queen's battalions were immediately deployed in the front line. The 2/7th Queen's, chosen as it was \"fresh\", was given a task to locate and extract a U.S. Army battalion, the 2nd Battalion of the 157th Infantry Regiment, part of U.S. 45th Infantry Division, which was surrounded and isolated a mile from the main frontline and suffering heavy casualties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016017-0027-0001", "contents": "169th (3rd London) Brigade, Second World War\nThe 2/7th Queen's completed the task but, in the process, themselves suffered very heavy losses in what is known to veterans as the Battle of the Caves. Casualties were high at 85%, with 362 officers and men being lost, nearly half the strength of a British infantry battalion at the time, most being taken prisoner. The other battalions would come to suffer similar casualties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016017-0027-0002", "contents": "169th (3rd London) Brigade, Second World War\nFor the next few weeks, the brigade, together with the Americans and Germans, \"fought for some of the most miserable terrain on the planet Earth in\" almost a \"trench-warfare stalemate\" more alike to that suffered a generation before on the Western Front during the First World War. Although not involved in any major fighting, the battalions were under almost constant artillery or mortar fire, causing a steady stream of casualties. The division was relieved in the line on 28 March 1944 by the British 5th Infantry Division and sent to Egypt to rest and refit, after several weeks of nearly continuous combat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016017-0028-0000", "contents": "169th (3rd London) Brigade, Second World War\nThe Queen's Brigade had by this time sustained 45% casualties, nearly half its strength, in just a few weeks, testimony to the severity of fighting at Anzio. Although high, this was not the highest casualty rate of the division, with 168th Brigade suffering slightly higher, at 50%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016017-0028-0001", "contents": "169th (3rd London) Brigade, Second World War\nThe brigade arrived in Egypt on 4 April and, throughout the next few weeks, was brought up to strength from returning wounded and by receiving large drafts of replacements in the form of ex-anti-aircraft gunners of the Royal Artillery, and with the absence of the Luftwaffe now found their original roles redundant, who had been retrained as infantrymen and had to be taught all the infantry weapons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016017-0028-0002", "contents": "169th (3rd London) Brigade, Second World War\nIn April the Queen's Brigade was inspected by General Sir Bernard Paget, now Commander-in-Chief of Middle East Command, who had inspected the division nearly two years before when the division was still 'green' and inexperienced and was preparing for overseas service. In late June the Queen's Brigade, now up to strength, learned they were to return to Italy, where they landed on 17 July.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016017-0028-0003", "contents": "169th (3rd London) Brigade, Second World War\nWhile at Tivoli the 169th (Queen's) Brigade, and the whole of the 56th Division, was inspected again by H.M. The King George VI, who had visited them almost exactly two years before when the division was preparing for overseas service. Soon after, on 26 July, the 56th Division received a new General Officer Commanding GOC, Major-General John Yeldham Whitfield, who was previously the CO of the 2/5th Battalion, Queen's before being promoted to command of 13th Brigade (British 5th Division) and returning to take over from Major-General Gerald Templer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016017-0029-0000", "contents": "169th (3rd London) Brigade, Second World War\nSoon after arriving the division, now back under Eighth Army command for the first time since May 1943, was involved in the fighting around the Gothic Line (also known as Operation Olive, where the Eighth Army sustained 14,000 casualties, nearly 1,000 per day) in the severe heat of the summer. In particular, during the first week of September, the Queen's Brigade was the spearhead of the 56th Division in its attempt to capture Gemmano Ridge (nicknamed by military historians as the \"Cassino of the Adriatic\"), which was captured on 8 September by 2/7th Queen's.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016017-0029-0001", "contents": "169th (3rd London) Brigade, Second World War\nThe attack by two battalions, and supported by very heavy artillery fire, was \"watched with pride by their fellow Queensman, Maj-Gen Whitfield\". They managed to capture 100 prisoners of war, from the German 5th Mountain Division. The Germans later launched a series of intense counterattacks against all three Queen's battalions with the whole brigade being involved, but these were beaten off and the brigade managed to successfully hold on to the village. The day after, the Queen's Brigade was relieved by 139th Infantry Brigade of British 46th Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016017-0029-0002", "contents": "169th (3rd London) Brigade, Second World War\nOn 13 September Brigadier Grenfell Smith-Dorrien, commanding the Queen's Brigade and son of General Sir Horace Smith-Dorrien, a general who served in the First World War, was killed by enemy shellfire. The battles around the Gothic Line lasted another few weeks, and by the end of the battle the 56th Division had sustained very heavy casualties, and the Queen's Brigade was reduced to nearly half strength, with all three battalions losing up to 400 casualties whereas the division itself had been reduced to virtually two brigades and had to be completely reorganised.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016017-0029-0003", "contents": "169th (3rd London) Brigade, Second World War\nThe brigade was again brought up to strength from anti-aircraft gunners and men from the 7th Battalion, Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry (previously of 167th Brigade) and the 1st Battalion, Welch Regiment (from the now disbanded 168th Brigade), the former was now disbanded due to the acute shortage of manpower that plagued the British Army at this stage of the war whereas the 1st Welch was reduced to a small cadre.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016017-0029-0004", "contents": "169th (3rd London) Brigade, Second World War\nHowever, the manpower available was simply not enough, and, as a direct result of heavy casualties and the lack of infantrymen, all British infantry battalions in serving Italy were reduced from four to three rifle companies and this \"would seriously hamper deployment once one of the three suffered loss.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016017-0029-0005", "contents": "169th (3rd London) Brigade, Second World War\nThe Gothic Line offensive had been partially successful, with the Eighth Army commander, General Sir Oliver Leese, claiming that he \"had 'severely mauled' eleven German divisions and taken over 8,000 prisoners\" but it had delivered far less than had been expected and with the weather worsening due to the oncoming autumn rains and snow of winter, and no hope of a successful breakthrough offensive in such weather, both the U.S. Fifth and British Eighth Armies settled down and began to prepare plans for a final offensive against the Germans in the spring, with the scheduled date being for 1 April 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016017-0029-0006", "contents": "169th (3rd London) Brigade, Second World War\nOn 30 November, the Queen's Brigade was temporarily detached from 56th Division command to come under control of British 46th Division, replacing the 139th Brigade which had been transferred to Greece, and reverted to 56th Division on 11 December 1944, when both the 138th and 169th brigades were relieved by the 2nd New Zealand Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016017-0030-0000", "contents": "169th (3rd London) Brigade, Second World War\nIn April 1945 the Queen's Brigade, together with the rest of 56th Division, and the 15th Army Group fought in the final offensive in Italy (Operation Grapeshot).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016017-0030-0001", "contents": "169th (3rd London) Brigade, Second World War\nThe 56th Infantry Division, fighting alongside the British 78th Infantry Division (nicknamed The Battleaxe Division, the 78th served with distinction, many times alongside the 56th, throughout the whole campaign), played a major role in the Battle of the Argenta Gap where the Queen's Brigade, riding in LVTs (nicknamed Fantails) manned by the 27th Lancers and the U.S. 755th Tank Battalion, captured, with minimal loss, 300 prisoners of war from the 42nd J\u00e4ger Division which greatly surprised the Germans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016017-0030-0002", "contents": "169th (3rd London) Brigade, Second World War\nThe brigade continued to fight in the offensive, which ultimately ended on 2 May 1945 with the surrender of all German forces in Italy and, after nearly 20 months of fighting (minus a single day), finally saw an end to the Italian Campaign. The Queen's Brigade in the final offensive had, unusually for the fighting in Italy, suffered light casualties. The British Eighth Army moved into Austria for occupation duties soon after Victory in Europe Day and was redesignated British Troops Austria and the brigade entered Vienna and began occupation duties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016017-0031-0000", "contents": "169th (3rd London) Brigade, Second World War, Order of battle\n3rd London Infantry Brigade was constituted as follows during the war:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 61], "content_span": [62, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016017-0032-0000", "contents": "169th (3rd London) Brigade, Second World War, Order of battle\nFrom 28 November 1940 169th Infantry Brigade was constituted as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 61], "content_span": [62, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016017-0033-0000", "contents": "169th (3rd London) Brigade, Second World War, Commanders\nThe following officers commanded 3rd London Infantry Brigade during the war:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 56], "content_span": [57, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016017-0034-0000", "contents": "169th (3rd London) Brigade, Second World War, Commanders\nFrom 28 November 1940 the following officers commanded 169th Infantry Brigade:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 56], "content_span": [57, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016017-0035-0000", "contents": "169th (3rd London) Brigade, Post-war\nThe brigade remained in Italy after the war until it was disbanded, with the battalions being absorbed by their 1st Line parent formations. When the Territorial Army was reconstituted in 1947 56th Division was reorganised as an armoured formation and 169th Brigade was not reformed. However, the division converted back into an infantry formation in 1956, and the brigade was reformed with the following organisation:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 36], "content_span": [37, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016018-0000-0000", "contents": "169th Airlift Squadron\nThe 169th Airlift Squadron (169 AS) is a unit of the Illinois Air National Guard 182d Airlift Wing located at Peoria Air National Guard Base, Peoria, Illinois. The 169th is equipped with the C-130H3 Hercules.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016018-0001-0000", "contents": "169th Airlift Squadron, History, World War II\nThe 304th Fighter Squadron was activated at Morris Field, North Carolina with the 98th, 303d, and 304th Fighter Squadrons assigned. It received its initial cadre from the 20th Fighter Group. The squadron operated as replacement training unit, flying primarily P-40 Warhawks and P-51 Mustangs, but also other fighter aircraft. The squadron and its components were disbanded in 1944 in a major reorganization of the Army Air Forces (AAF) in which all units not programmed to be transferred overseas were replaced by AAF Base Units to free up manpower for overseas deployment. The 341st AAF Base Unit (Replacement Training Unit, Fighter) took over the group's equipment at Pinellas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 725]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016018-0002-0000", "contents": "169th Airlift Squadron, History, Illinois Air National Guard\nThe wartime 304th Fighter Squadron was re-constituted and re-designated as the 169th Fighter Squadron on 24 May 1946. It was allotted to the Illinois Air National Guard, being organized at Greater Peoria Airport, Illinois and was extended federal recognition on 21 June 1947. The 169th Fighter Squadron was bestowed the history, honors, and colors of the 304th Fighter Squadron. The squadron was equipped with the F-51D Mustang and was assigned to the Illinois ANG 126th Bombardment Group (Light), at Chicago Municipal Airport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 60], "content_span": [61, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016018-0003-0000", "contents": "169th Airlift Squadron, History, Illinois Air National Guard, Korean War mobilization\nIn February 1951. The unit was ordered to active service on 1 April 1951 as a result of the Korean War. The unit was initially assigned to Tactical Air Command at Langley AFB, Virginia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 85], "content_span": [86, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016018-0004-0000", "contents": "169th Airlift Squadron, History, Illinois Air National Guard, Korean War mobilization\nThe wing moved to Bordeaux-Merignac Air Base, France with the first elements arriving in November 1951. The unit was assigned to United States Air Forces in Europe. By 10 November, Bordeaux was considered an operational base and was assigned to the 12th Air Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 85], "content_span": [86, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016018-0005-0000", "contents": "169th Airlift Squadron, History, Illinois Air National Guard, Korean War mobilization\nAt Bordeaux, the aircraft were marked in Black/Yellow/Red, and it flew B-26's for training and maneuvers and stayed at Bordeaux AB until being transferred Laon-Couvron Air Base, France on 25 May 1952 where it remained for the balance of the year. The 169th was relieved from active duty and transferred, without personnel and equipment, back to the control of the Illinois ANG on 1 January 1953.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 85], "content_span": [86, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016018-0006-0000", "contents": "169th Airlift Squadron, History, Illinois Air National Guard, Cold War\nAfter returning to Peoria, the 169th returned to flying the Mustang, receiving the very-long distance F-51H which was designed as an escort fighter for B-29s in the Pacific Theater during World War II. In 1954 the 169th FBS obtained the copyright for The Chief, a Walt Disney cartoon character, to display as their emblem. The obsolete Mustangs were retired in 1956 and for two years, the squadron flew T-6G Texan trainers. In 1958, the squadron received its first F-84F Thunderstreak, and began a tactical fighter mission in the late 1950s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 70], "content_span": [71, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016018-0007-0000", "contents": "169th Airlift Squadron, History, Illinois Air National Guard, Cold War\nOn 1 July 1961, the parent 125th Wing's mission was changed to an air refueling one and the squadron was assigned the KC-97 Stratotanker aircraft. The 169th flew the first Air National Guard air-to-air refueling mission in 1961.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 70], "content_span": [71, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016018-0008-0000", "contents": "169th Airlift Squadron, History, Illinois Air National Guard, Cold War\nOn 1 October 1961, as a result of the 1961 Berlin Crisis, the 169th was again mobilized and assigned to the Missouri ANG 131st Tactical Fighter Wing, and again equipped with F-84F Thunderstreak tactical fighters. Due to budget shortfalls, the squadron physically remained at Peoria while the 131st TFW and its 110th Tactical Fighter Squadron deployed to Toul-Rosi\u00e8res Air Base, France as the USAFE 7131st Tactical Fighter Wing (Provisional). During the next year, elements of the 169th were rotated from Peoria to Toul Air Base as needed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 70], "content_span": [71, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016018-0009-0000", "contents": "169th Airlift Squadron, History, Illinois Air National Guard, Cold War\nWhile in France, the Guardsmen assumed regular commitments on a training basis with the U.S. 7th Army as well as maintaining a 24-hour alert status. The 7131st exchanged both air and ground crews with the Royal Danish Air Force's 730th Tactical Fighter Squadron at Skydstrup Air Station, Denmark, during May 1962. As the Berlin situation subsided, all activated ANG units were ordered to be returned to the United States and released from active duty. The 7131st TFW was inactivated in place in France on 19 July 1962 leaving its aircraft and equipment to USAFE.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 70], "content_span": [71, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016018-0010-0000", "contents": "169th Airlift Squadron, History, Illinois Air National Guard, Cold War\nUpon its return to Illinois State Control, the Illinois Air National Guard authorized the 169th Tactical Fighter Squadron to expand to a group level, and the 182d Tactical Fighter Group was established by the National Guard Bureau on 15 October 1962. The 169th TFS became the group's flying squadron. Other squadrons assigned into the group were the 182d Headquarters, 182d Material Squadron (Maintenance), 182d Combat Support Squadron, and the 182d USAF Dispensary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 70], "content_span": [71, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016018-0011-0000", "contents": "169th Airlift Squadron, History, Illinois Air National Guard, Cold War\nDuring the 1960s the squadron continued to operate its F-84F Thunderstreaks, and the unit was not activated during the Vietnam War. In May 1969, the F-84Fs were retired and 182d TFG was re-designated as the 182d Tactical Air Support Group (TASG); flying Forward Air Control (FAC) missions. The 169th was equipped with light observation U-3A/B Blue Canoe and in January 1970, the O-2A Skymaster aircraft. The group's mission being to perform visual reconnaissance, as the FAC flew light aircraft slowly over the rough terrain at low altitude to maintain constant aerial surveillance over a combat area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 70], "content_span": [71, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016018-0011-0001", "contents": "169th Airlift Squadron, History, Illinois Air National Guard, Cold War\nBy patrolling the same area constantly, the FACs grew very familiar with the terrain, and they learned to detect any changes that could indicate enemy forces hiding below. Members of the 182d TASG provided relief assistance during state active duty for the Canton tornado disaster in July 1975. In 1976, the 182d TASG was awarded its first Air Force Outstanding Unit Award.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 70], "content_span": [71, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016018-0012-0000", "contents": "169th Airlift Squadron, History, Illinois Air National Guard, Cold War\nIn 1979, the squadron received OA-37B Dragonfly jet FAC aircraft from the New York and Maine Air National Guard, continuing the FAC mission. The 182d TASG received an \"Excellent\" rating on its first Operational Readiness Inspection (ORI) under the 12th Air Force, and the group was awarded its second Air Force Outstanding Unit award in 1985. In January 1991, 138 group personnel were called to active duty during the 1991 Gulf War and deployed to United States Central Command Air Forces (CENTAF).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 70], "content_span": [71, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016018-0013-0000", "contents": "169th Airlift Squadron, History, Illinois Air National Guard, Post Cold War era\nIn March 1992 the A-37s were finally retired. and the group received the Block 15 F-16A/B Fighting Falcon Air Defense Fighter (ADF). It was re-designated as the 182d Fighter Group on 15 March. In June 1993, members served on state active duty in response to the Mississippi River flooding of southern Illinois.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 79], "content_span": [80, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016018-0014-0000", "contents": "169th Airlift Squadron, History, Illinois Air National Guard, Post Cold War era\nDue to government budget constraints and military restructuring after the Cold War, the 182d FG converted to the C-130E Hercules and was re-designated the 182d Airlift Wing (AW) effective 1 October 1995. In 1996, the wing began participation in ongoing flying missions for Operation Joint Endeavor in Bosnia. In 1997, the 182d AW celebrated its 50th anniversary and received an \"Excellent\" in its first Air Mobility Command (AMC) ORI.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 79], "content_span": [80, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016018-0015-0000", "contents": "169th Airlift Squadron, History, Illinois Air National Guard, Global War on Terrorism\nAfter the September 11 attacks, members of the wing were called up to support the Air Force at various locations around the world. During a September 2002 deployment to Oman, wing aircraft flew combat supply missions into Afghanistan for Operation Enduring Freedom. On 29 March 2003, SSgt Jacob Frazier of the 169th Air Support Operations Squadron (ASOS) was killed in action while serving with Army Special Forces in Afghanistan. He was the first member of the wing to die in combat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 85], "content_span": [86, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016018-0016-0000", "contents": "169th Airlift Squadron, History, Illinois Air National Guard, Global War on Terrorism\nIn March 2003, immediately following mobilization, six aircraft and over 350 personnel were deployed to Minhad, United Arab Emirates, for Operation Iraqi Freedom. These airmen returned in August after providing airlift support throughout the theater. Since that mobilization, smaller numbers of wing personnel and aircraft have continually supported Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom. On 28 December 2003, a wing crew delivered earthquake relief supplies to Iran, becoming the first US aircraft to land there since 1981.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 85], "content_span": [86, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016018-0017-0000", "contents": "169th Airlift Squadron, History, Illinois Air National Guard, Global War on Terrorism\nBeginning in January 2005, the wing converted from the C-130E to the newer H3 model. In October 2006, the wing received a rating of \"Excellent\" after serving as the lead wing during an AMC ORI. On 3 February 2007, the wing was awarded its third Air Force Outstanding Unit Award for the period from 1 August 2003 to 31 July 2005. Some personnel remain deployed to combat zones as part of Air and Space Expeditionary units while other members of the wing continue routine worldwide support to the Air Force", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 85], "content_span": [86, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016019-0000-0000", "contents": "169th Aviation Regiment (United States)\nThe 169th Aviation Regiment is an aviation regiment of the U.S. Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016020-0000-0000", "contents": "169th Battalion (109th Regiment), CEF\nThe 169th Battalion, CEF was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War. Based in Toronto, Ontario, the unit began recruiting during the winter of 1915/16 in that city. After sailing to England in October 1916, the battalion was absorbed into the 5th Reserve Battalion on January 24, 1917.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016020-0001-0000", "contents": "169th Battalion (109th Regiment), CEF\nThe 169th Battalion, CEF had one Officer Commanding: Lieut-Col. J. C. Wright.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016021-0000-0000", "contents": "169th Division (People's Republic of China)\nThe 169th Division (Chinese: \u7b2c169\u5e08) was an infantry division in the People's Liberation Army. It was created on April 1949 under the Regulation of the Redesignations of All Organizations and Units of the Army issued by the Central Military Commission on November 1, 1948. It was based in the 3rd Training and Consolidation Division of Northeastern Military Region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016021-0001-0000", "contents": "169th Division (People's Republic of China)\nThe division functioned as a second-line unit and never went into battle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016021-0002-0000", "contents": "169th Division (People's Republic of China)\nIn July 1950, the division was disbanded and reorganized into border troops.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016021-0003-0000", "contents": "169th Division (People's Republic of China)\nAt the time of its disbanding, the 169th Division consisted of the 505th, 506th and 507th Regiments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016022-0000-0000", "contents": "169th Engineer Battalion\nThe battalion is currently part of the U.S. Army Engineer School, headquartered at Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri and is a subordinate unit to the 1st Engineer Brigade. The battalion mainly conducts advanced individual training for engineering vertical skills and specialty engineering skills.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016022-0001-0000", "contents": "169th Engineer Battalion, History and lineage\nShortly after the battalion was formed in 1943 at Camp Beale, California, it first saw combat during the Allied Invasion of Italy in September 1944. The battalion fought its way up the Italian Peninsula. After the capture of Rome, the 169th played a significant role in the seven-month campaign to push the Nazi Army through the Apennines and out of the Po Valley of Northern Italy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 45], "content_span": [46, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016022-0001-0001", "contents": "169th Engineer Battalion, History and lineage\nThroughout their campaign in Italy, the soldiers of the 169th cleared minefields and tank obstacles, destroyed enemy bunkers, cleared roadways, built many bridges to replace those destroyed by the retreating enemy, removed barbwire obstacles, built enemy prisoner of war compounds, and fought as Infantry when the need arose. The battalion received the Rome, North Apennines, and the Po Valley campaign streamers as a result of their courageous service in Italy during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 45], "content_span": [46, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016022-0002-0000", "contents": "169th Engineer Battalion, History and lineage\nBeginning in 1954, the battalion spent twelve years at Fort Stewart, Georgia before their next major period of active service in Vietnam. At Fort Stewart, the battalion\u2019s mission was to construct, rehabilitate and maintain military routes of communications and facilities, and perform related engineering work in the communications zone and rear areas of the combat zone. Starting in 1966, the 169th served seven years in a war that had no front lines and where the farmer working in the field by day became an enemy attacking by night.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 45], "content_span": [46, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016022-0002-0001", "contents": "169th Engineer Battalion, History and lineage\nThis battalion built hundreds of miles of roads and constructed quarters for thousands of American soldiers throughout the Delta region of South Vietnam. They also built bridges, installed culverts, repaired heavy construction equipment, cleared land, and accomplished all the missions associated with heavy engineer construction equipment operators, mechanics, carpenters, plumbers, electricians, structures specialists, and combat engineers. The battalion was reactivated in 1986 and served as Advanced Individual Training unit responsible for the training of various vertical construction specialties. Later that year, the battalion became the 169th Engineer Battalion (Support).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 45], "content_span": [46, 728]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016022-0002-0002", "contents": "169th Engineer Battalion, History and lineage\nIn this role, the 169th supported all types of engineer training on Fort Leonard Wood by commanding the staff and faculty company, garrison company, and engineer companies whose mission involved pipelines, quarries, fire fighting, and bridging. In the spring of 1995, the 169th became a One Station Unit Training battalion responsible for training combat engineers, bridge builders, heavy construction equipment operators and mechanics, and engineer technicians for service in today\u2019s Army. The 169th has a credit for 14 campaigns in Southeast Asia and three in World War II. It has also received three meritorious unit commendations and one Vietnam Civil Action Honor Medal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 45], "content_span": [46, 721]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016022-0003-0000", "contents": "169th Engineer Battalion, History and lineage\nInactivated 30 Apr 72  Lineage continued as 3rd Bn, 4th Tng Bde, FLW, MO", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 45], "content_span": [46, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016022-0004-0000", "contents": "169th Engineer Battalion, History and lineage\nReactivated as 169th EN BN (Support), FLW, MO Sept 86", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 45], "content_span": [46, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016022-0005-0000", "contents": "169th Engineer Battalion, Distinctive unit insignia\nDescription: A silver color metal and enamel device 1 1/8 inches (2.86\u00a0cm) in height overall consisting of a shield blazoned: Per fess enhanced dovetailed of three Argent and Gules, in base a fleur-de-lis flowered of the first. Attached below the shield is a silver scroll inscribed \"MIND AND HAND\" in black letters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 51], "content_span": [52, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016022-0006-0000", "contents": "169th Engineer Battalion, Distinctive unit insignia\nSymbolism: Scarlet and white are the colors of the Corps of Engineers. The fleur-de-lis flowered was suggested by the coat of arms of Florence, Italy, where the battalion was activated after being reconstituted in 1944. The dovetail is used to allude to an engineering construction principle. The three points represent the organization's three battle honors awarded for service in Italy during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 51], "content_span": [52, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016022-0007-0000", "contents": "169th Engineer Battalion, Distinctive unit insignia\nBackground: The distinctive unit insignia was approved on 26 Jan 1956.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 51], "content_span": [52, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016022-0008-0000", "contents": "169th Engineer Battalion, Coat of arms\nShield: Scarlet and white are the colors of the Corps of Engineers. The fleur-de-lis flowered was suggested by the coat of arms of Florence, Italy, where the battalion was activated after being reconstituted in 1944. The dovetail is used to allude to an engineering construction principle. The three points represent the organization's three battle honors awarded for service in Italy during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 38], "content_span": [39, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016022-0009-0000", "contents": "169th Engineer Battalion, Coat of arms\nCrest: The many campaigns in which the 169th participated, during the Vietnam War are recalled by the golden dragon, holding an engineer's divider to symbolize the outstanding construction work the unit accomplished in support of military operations during 1967 and 1968. The mountains represent the rugged country in which exacting land development projects were completed and also symbolize the regions in Italy where the unit saw action during World War II, specifically the Po Valley, North Apennines and Rome-Arno. Scarlet denotes courage and recalls three Meritorious Unit Commendations and the Republic of Vietnam Civil Action Honor Medal awarded the 169th in the period 1966 to 1970.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 38], "content_span": [39, 730]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016022-0010-0000", "contents": "169th Engineer Battalion, Honors\nCampaign Participation CreditWorld War II Rome-ArnoNorth ApenninesPo ValleyVietnamCounteroffensive Counteroffensive, Phase II Counteroffensive, Phase III Tet CounteroffensiveCounteroffensive, Phase IVCounteroffensive, Phase VCounteroffensive, Phase VITet 69/CounteroffensiveSummer\u2013Fall 1969Winter\u2013Spring 1970Sanctuary CounteroffensiveCounteroffensive, Phase VIIConsolidation IConsolidation IICease\u2013FireDecorationsMeritorious Unit Commendation (Army), Streamer embroidered VIETNAM 1966\u20131967 Meritorious Unit Commendation (Army), Streamer embroidered VIETNAM 1967Meritorious Unit Commendation (Army), Streamer embroidered 1967\u20131968 Republic of Vietnam Civil Action Honor Medal, First Class, Streamer embroidered VIETNAM 1967\u20131970", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 32], "content_span": [33, 760]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016023-0000-0000", "contents": "169th Field Artillery Battalion (United States)\nThe 169th Field Artillery Battalion was a battalion of the Field Artillery Branch of the U.S. Army National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016023-0001-0000", "contents": "169th Field Artillery Battalion (United States)\nThe unit's history is primarily that of the 193rd Tank Battalion which served in the Pacific theater during World War II with the 27th Infantry Division, and During the Korean war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016023-0002-0000", "contents": "169th Field Artillery Battalion (United States), Lineage\nConstituted 1 September 1940 in the National Guard as the 193rd Tank Battalion and partially organized by redesignation of divisional light tank companies from various states as follows;", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 56], "content_span": [57, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016023-0003-0000", "contents": "169th Field Artillery Battalion (United States), Lineage\nOrganization completed and battalion inducted into Federal service on 20 January 1941 at Fort Benning, Georgia (Headquarters Company organized at Fort Benning from personnel of companies which had been inducted 8 January 1941 at home stations", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 56], "content_span": [57, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016023-0004-0000", "contents": "169th Field Artillery Battalion (United States), Lineage\nBattalion allotted, less lettered companies, to the Colorado National Guard 10 May 1946; concurrently the 983rd Field Artillery Battalion was consolidated with the 193rd Tank Battalion,", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 56], "content_span": [57, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016023-0005-0000", "contents": "169th Field Artillery Battalion (United States), Lineage\nBattalion reorganized and redesignated 1 November 1949 as the 193rd Heavy Tank Battalion. Battalion ordered into active federal service at Colorado Springs 3 September 1950.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 56], "content_span": [57, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016023-0006-0000", "contents": "169th Field Artillery Battalion (United States), Lineage\nBattalion redesignated 1 December 1952 as the 193rd Tank Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 56], "content_span": [57, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016023-0007-0000", "contents": "169th Field Artillery Battalion (United States), Lineage\nBattalion broken up 1 February 1959 and elements converted, redesignated or consolidated as follows;", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 56], "content_span": [57, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016023-0008-0000", "contents": "169th Field Artillery Battalion (United States), Decorations\nPhilippine Presidential Unit Citation, streamer embroidered 17 October 1944 to 4 July 1945", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 60], "content_span": [61, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016023-0009-0000", "contents": "169th Field Artillery Battalion (United States), Coat of arms\nPer fess indented azure and or, in chief a fleur-de-lis argent, in base a sheathed Roman sword, point to base and a snake coiled to strike vert", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 61], "content_span": [62, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016023-0010-0000", "contents": "169th Field Artillery Battalion (United States), Coat of arms\nThe crest is that of the Colorado Army National Guard", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 61], "content_span": [62, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016023-0011-0000", "contents": "169th Field Artillery Battalion (United States), Coat of arms\nThe shield is blue and yellow in reference to early service of the 983rd Field Artillery Battalion as infantry and Cavalry. The fleur-de-lis indicates service in France during World War I while the Roman sword and snake refer to service during the war with Spain, and on the Mexican border respectively. The yellow base of the shield is representative of the plains of eastern Colorado and the indented division of the shield the mountainous portion of the state against the skyline.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 61], "content_span": [62, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016024-0000-0000", "contents": "169th Field Artillery Brigade\nThe 169th Field Artillery Brigade (formerly the 169th Fires Brigade) is an artillery brigade in the US Army National Guard. It is part of the Colorado Army National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016024-0001-0000", "contents": "169th Field Artillery Brigade, History\nThe brigade headquarters was organized on 19 June 1909 as Company M of the 1st Infantry, Colorado National Guard at Denver. The company was transferred to the 2nd Infantry on 19 November, retaining its letter, and on 15 August 1913 returned to the 1st Infantry as Company G. When the National Guard was called up for duty on the Mexican border in 1916, the company was mustered into Federal service on 19 June as Company B of the 1st Colorado Infantry Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016024-0001-0001", "contents": "169th Field Artillery Brigade, History\nAfter the American entry into World War I, the unit was drafted into Federal service on 5 August 1917 and on 24 September became Company B of the 157th Infantry Regiment, part of the 40th Division. It was sent to France with the division but did not see combat as a unit, being used as a depot to provide replacements. The company returned to the United States after the end of the war and was demobilized at Fort D. A. Russell on 29 April 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016024-0002-0000", "contents": "169th Field Artillery Brigade, History\nWhen the Colorado National Guard was reestablished postwar, the Denver unit became Headquarters Company of the 2nd Battalion, 157th Infantry and was reorganized and Federally recognized on 26 November 1923. The regiment was assigned to the 45th Division, and on 1 April 1928 the company was reorganized and redesignated as Company B of the regiment. Except for its antitank platoon, the company was reorganized and redesignated as the regimental headquarters company on 1 November 1939. Inducted into Federal service on 16 September 1940, it fought in World War II with the 45th. After the end of the war, the company was inactivated at Camp Bowie on 3 December 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 706]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016024-0003-0000", "contents": "169th Field Artillery Brigade, History\nAfter the end of the war, the 157th was removed from the 45th on 10 May 1946. The Colorado Army National Guard was revived and on 8 January 1947 the regimental headquarters company was reorganized and Federally recognized. Initially at Buckley Field, it was relocated to Denver on 3 September of that year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016024-0004-0000", "contents": "169th Field Artillery Brigade, History\nDue to a reduction of National Guard regimental combat teams, the Colorado National Guard combat units converted to artillery on 1 August 1955, with the regimental headquarters company of the 157th becoming the headquarters and headquarters battery of the 169th Field Artillery Group. The 1st Battalion of the 157th became the 144th Field Artillery Battalion (155mm Howitzer, Towed), the HHC of the 2nd Battalion, and Companies E, K and L became HHB, Service Battery, and Batteries A and B of the 142nd Field Artillery Battalion (155mm Gun, Towed), respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016024-0004-0001", "contents": "169th Field Artillery Brigade, History\nCompanies F and H became Batteries A and B, respectively, of the 137th Field Artillery Battalion (Observation), while the HHC of the 3rd Battalion, Company M, the Medical Company, and the Tank Company became Service Battery, HHB, and Batteries C and B of the 183rd Field Artillery Battalion (240mm Howitzer, Towed). Company I and Service Company became Service Battery and Battery B of the 169th Field Artillery Battalion (8-inch Howitzer, Self-Propelled), respectively, and the Heavy Mortar Company became Battery A of the 188th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion (Automatic Weapons) (Self-Propelled).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016024-0004-0002", "contents": "169th Field Artillery Brigade, History\nIn addition to the 157th, the 199th Engineer Battalion and 193rd Tank Battalion also converted to artillery. The 169th consisted of six field artillery battalions (the 137th, 142nd, 144th, 168th (155mm Gun, Self-Propelled), 169th, and 183rd) and the 188th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion, under the command of former 157th Regimental Combat Team commander Colonel Milton Ehrlich. Group executive officer Lieutenant Colonel Felix L. Sparks succeeded Ehrlich in July 1959 when the latter advanced to command of the Colorado Army National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016024-0005-0000", "contents": "169th Field Artillery Brigade, History\nThe group was redesignated as the 169th Artillery Group on 1 October 1959. The 110-strong group headquarters was ordered into active Federal service on 1 October 1961 as part of the American reaction to the Berlin Crisis of 1961, and sent to Fort Sill. At Fort Sill, the 169th became one of the two artillery group headquarters under the 34th Artillery Brigade in order to provide control for the increased number of artillery battalions at the post. The group headquarters was released from duty in August 1962 after the end of the crisis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016024-0005-0001", "contents": "169th Field Artillery Brigade, History\nThe group returned to its original artillery designation on 1 March 1972 and its headquarters simultaneously relocated to Aurora. The group was redesignated as the 169th Field Artillery Brigade on 1 May 1978. The brigade headquarters was activated in response to Hurricane Katrina in 2005. The 101-strong brigade headquarters was mobilized in March 2006 for service in Iraq and returned in July 2007. It was stationed at Camp Speicher and did not suffer casualties during the deployment. The brigade was officially redesignated as the 169th Fires Brigade on 1 September 2008, returning to its previous designation on 16 October 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016024-0006-0000", "contents": "169th Field Artillery Brigade, History\nThe brigade was deployed for Operation Inherent Resolve between 13 December 2016 and 11 September 2017,  controlling field artillery battalions of Central Command. The 1st Battalion, 109th Field Artillery Regiment of the Pennsylvania Army National Guard was placed under the operational control of the brigade headquarters in May 2018, remaining under the 55th Maneuver Enhancement Brigade for administrative purposes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016024-0007-0000", "contents": "169th Field Artillery Brigade, Current Structure\nThe 169th Field Artillery Brigade (169th FAB) is headquartered at Buckley Space Force Base, Aurora, Colorado, with units under the Colorado Army National Guard and additional battalions aligned under 169th FAB from Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, and Michigan:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 48], "content_span": [49, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016024-0008-0000", "contents": "169th Field Artillery Brigade, Honors\nThe 169th brigade headquarters is entitled to the following campaign streamers and decorations for the 157th Infantry Regiment, which was awarded one campaign streamer in World War I and eight campaign streamers and one unit decoration in World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 37], "content_span": [38, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016025-0000-0000", "contents": "169th Fighter Wing\nThe 169th Fighter Wing (169 FW) is a unit of the South Carolina Air National Guard, stationed at McEntire Joint National Guard Base, Columbia, South Carolina. If activated to federal service, the Wing is gained by the United States Air Force Air Combat Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016025-0001-0000", "contents": "169th Fighter Wing, Overview\nThe federal mission of the 169 FW in accordance with Title 10 USC is to maintain wartime readiness and the ability to mobilize and deploy expeditiously to carry out tactical air missions or combat support activities in the event of a war or military emergency. More specifically, the wing specializes in the Suppression and Destruction of Enemy Air Defenses (SEAD). The SCANG operates as part of the Total Force of the U.S. military and is fully integrated with the active duty U.S. Air Force to perform its military mission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 28], "content_span": [29, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016025-0002-0000", "contents": "169th Fighter Wing, Overview\nThe wing flies the F-16 Fighting Falcon, a single-seat, multipurpose fighter with the ability to fly at up to twice the speed of sound. It is capable of performing air-to-air and air-to-ground tactical missions. The 169th flew the F-16A from 1983 to 1994 and, in 1994, transitioned to the single-seat F-16C Block 52 (and a small number of twin-seat F-16D Block 52), also known as the F-16CJ, the newest, most advanced F-16 in the U.S. Air Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 28], "content_span": [29, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016025-0003-0000", "contents": "169th Fighter Wing, Overview\nThe SCANG's state mission under Title 32 USC is to respond to the call of the Governor of South Carolina in the event of natural disasters or domestic disturbances within the state of South Carolina.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 28], "content_span": [29, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016025-0004-0000", "contents": "169th Fighter Wing, Overview\nAbout 900 of the personnel assigned to the SCANG are traditional Guard members who leave their full-time positions as civilian professionals, workers and students to train part-time with the Air National Guard. Approximately another 300 are federal employees serving as full-time Air Reserve Technicians (ART) at McEntire and drill with their respective Air Guard units, primarily those that are part of the 169 FW. Close to 50 South Carolina state employees also work at McEntire, some of whom also either active or retired members of the Air National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 28], "content_span": [29, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016025-0004-0001", "contents": "169th Fighter Wing, Overview\nAn additional 150 active duty USAF personnel who are Regular Air Force and Active Guard and Reserve (AGR) members round out the SCANG's Total Force fighter wing, as McEntire is home to the largest Active Associate program between the Regular Air Force and the Air National Guard in the US's Combat Air Forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 28], "content_span": [29, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016025-0005-0000", "contents": "169th Fighter Wing, History\nOn 5 September 1957, the South Carolina Air National Guard 157th Fighter-Bomber Squadron was authorized to expand to a group level, and the 169th Fighter-Interceptor Group was established by the National Guard Bureau. The 157th was re-designated as a Fighter-Interceptor squadron and became the group's flying squadron. Other squadrons assigned into the group were the 169th Headquarters, 169th Material Squadron (Maintenance), 169th Combat Support Squadron, and the 169th USAF Dispensary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016025-0006-0000", "contents": "169th Fighter Wing, History\nShortly afterwards Air Defense Command upgraded the new 169th FIG to the all-weather/day-night F-86L Sabre Interceptor aircraft, and in 1960, the 157th was one of three selected ANG units to receive F-104A Starfighter Mach-2 interceptors from the ADC active-duty interceptor forces. The  \"Swamp Foxes\", as a result of the national recognition as one of the best air defense units in the US were chosen to fly the new high-performance jet fighter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016025-0007-0000", "contents": "169th Fighter Wing, History\nBrigadier General Barnie B. McEntire Jr., the first commander of the South Carolina ANG and its first general officer died 25 May 1961, when he courageously piloted his malfunctioning F-104 fighter jet away from populated areas near Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, to crash into the Susquehanna River. On 1 October 1961, then-Governor Ernest F. Hollings presided over the ceremony renaming the heroic wing commander's South Carolina installation from Congaree Air Base to McEntire Air National Guard Base.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016025-0008-0000", "contents": "169th Fighter Wing, History\nThe 169th FIG was called into active service a second time in November 1961 as the construction of the infamous \"Berlin Wall\" pushed the world to the brink of war. Within a month after mobilization, 750 personnel and 22 157th FIS F-104 aircraft were in place at Mor\u00f3n Air Base, Spain as the unit took up flying daily air defense patrols as part of the NATO air defense force in Western Europe. With world tension easing, the squadron returned home in August 1962.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016025-0009-0000", "contents": "169th Fighter Wing, History\nIn June 1963 the F-104s were transferred back to the active-duty Air Force and sent to Homestead AFB, Florida, where Air Defense Command was setting up a permanent presence after the Cuban Missile Crisis where the Starfighters would be better located for Air Defense against Soviet MiG fighters that were flown by the Cuban Air Force. The South Carolina ANG was re-equipped with the F-102A Delta Dagger, which was being replaced in the active duty interceptor force by the F-106. The Mach-2 \"Deuce\", still a very potent interceptor, served with the 169th FIG until April 1975, when Aerospace Defense Command was reducing the USAF interceptor force as the threat of Soviet Bombers attacking the United States was deemed remote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 754]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016025-0010-0000", "contents": "169th Fighter Wing, History, Tactical Air Command\nWith the phase-down of continental air defenses in the 1970s, the 169th was transferred to Tactical Air Command (TAC), and was re-designated a Tactical Fighter Group. The 157th Tactical Fighter Squadron began to receive A-7D Corsair II subsonic tactical close air support aircraft from Tactical Air Command units that were preparing to receive the new A-10 Thunderbolt II. Receiving its aircraft from the 354th TFW at Myrtle Beach AFB and the 355th TFW at Davis-Monthan AFB, Arizona. The aircraft had excellent accuracy with the aid of an automatic electronic navigation and weapons delivery system. Although designed primarily as a ground attack aircraft, it also had limited air-to-air combat capability. In 1982, the 157th received new twin-seat A-7K trainers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 49], "content_span": [50, 813]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016025-0011-0000", "contents": "169th Fighter Wing, History, Tactical Air Command\nIn the early 1980s, the South Carolina congressional delegation in Congress, led by Senators Strom Thurmond and Ernest Hollings, pressured the Department of Defense to upgrade Army and Air National Guard units with front line equipment to better supplement the Active Duty forces as part of the \"Total Force\" concept. Specifically, Thurmond and Hollings wanted the Air Force to equip the South Carolina ANG with the new F-16 Fighting Falcon, which was, as the time, just being introduced into the active duty force of Tactical Air Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 49], "content_span": [50, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016025-0011-0001", "contents": "169th Fighter Wing, History, Tactical Air Command\nBeginning in July 1983, some of the initial Block 1 and Block 5 F-16As were transferred to the 169th Tactical Fighter Group, being the first Air National Guard unit to receive the aircraft. Its A-7Ds were subsequently reassigned to other Air National Guard units. Later, Block 10 F-16A/B were delivered by the Air Force to the 157th TFS. By the mid-eighties, all the F-16s received by the 169th had undergone Pacer Loft modification bringing them up to the same block 10 standards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 49], "content_span": [50, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016025-0012-0000", "contents": "169th Fighter Wing, History, Tactical Air Command\nWith the equipment change to the F-16, the 169th was assigned to the air defense mission again under Air Defense, Tactical Air Command (ADTAC), which was established when TAC assumed the Aerospace Defense Command mission in 1979. In addition, although the F-16s weren't adapted to perform in the tactical close air support mission that the A-7D was utilized for, the 157th TFS did practice the conventional attack role with Mark 82 (Mk 82) and Mark 84 (Mk 84) gliding bombs. The quality of the pilots and ammunition/maintenance crews of the 157th TFS was demonstrated during Gunsmoke '89 held at Nellis AFB from 1\u201314 October. The 157th TFS took first place out of 15 other teams.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 49], "content_span": [50, 729]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016025-0013-0000", "contents": "169th Fighter Wing, History, Tactical Air Command\nIn December 1990, during the buildup for war during Operation Desert Shield, the 157th was federalized for the third time and was deployed to Prince Sultan Air Base, Al Kharj, Saudi Arabia just a year and a half after taking first place at Gunsmoke '89. The 157th Tactical Fighter Squadron (Provisional) flew a total of 1,729 combat sorties during Operation Desert Storm. A total mission rate of over 90% was achieved, which was quite a remarkable feat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 49], "content_span": [50, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016025-0014-0000", "contents": "169th Fighter Wing, History, Post Cold War era\nEarly in the 1990s with the declared end of the Cold War and the continued decline in military budgets, the Air Force restructured to meet changes in strategic requirements, decreasing personnel, and a smaller infrastructure. The 169th adopted the new USAF \"Objective Organization\" in early 1992, with the word \"tactical\" being eliminated from its designation and becoming the 169th Fighter Group. Tactical Air Command was inactivated on 1 June, being replaced by the new Air Combat Command (ACC).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 46], "content_span": [47, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016025-0015-0000", "contents": "169th Fighter Wing, History, Post Cold War era\nIn 1995, the 157th Fighter Squadron became the recipient of brand-new Block 52 F-16C/D Fighting Falcons coming straight from the Lockheed facility at Fort Worth, Texas. The 162d Fighter Group becoming the first Air National Guard unit to receive these state-of-the-art aircraft. The mission profile of the unit changed in the way that they became a multi-role squadron being able to perform all kind of missions. More specifically they also received the HARM Targeting System being able to fly anti-radar sorties with the AGM-88 anti-radar missile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 46], "content_span": [47, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016025-0016-0000", "contents": "169th Fighter Wing, History, Post Cold War era\nThe main mission profile of the squadron, therefore, changed to that of Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses (SEAD). The 157th Fighter Squadron continues to fly the SEAD mission today. Also, on 11 October 1995 ACC and the National Guard Board authorized expanding the status of the 169th to the Wing level, and the 157th Fighter Squadron became part of the new 169th Operations Group under the new 169th Fighter Wing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 46], "content_span": [47, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016025-0017-0000", "contents": "169th Fighter Wing, History, Post Cold War era\nIn mid-1996, the Air Force, in response to budget cuts, and changing world situations, began experimenting with Air Expeditionary organizations. The Air Expeditionary Force (AEF) concept was developed that would mix Active-Duty, Reserve and Air National Guard elements into a combined force. Instead of entire permanent units deploying as \"Provisional\" as in the 1991 Gulf War, Expeditionary units are composed of \"aviation packages\" from several wings, including active-duty Air Force, the Air Force Reserve Command and the Air National Guard would be married together to carry out the assigned deployment rotation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 46], "content_span": [47, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016025-0018-0000", "contents": "169th Fighter Wing, History, Post Cold War era\nIn February 1997, the 157th Expeditionary Fighter Squadron (157 EFS) was first formed from 162d FW personnel and aircraft and deployed to Doha International Airport, Qatar, to join with other active-duty and national guard squadrons as part of Operation Southern Watch. This mission was initiated mainly to cover for attacks of Iraqi forces on the Iraqi Shi\u2019ite Muslims. This made the 169th the first Air National Guard unit to deploy alongside active-duty Air Force units to comprise an Air Expeditionary Force (AEF).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 46], "content_span": [47, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016025-0019-0000", "contents": "169th Fighter Wing, History, Post Cold War era\nThe 157th EFS was activated again in January 2000 as a component of Operation Northern Watch; a United States European Command Combined Task Force (CTF) who was responsible for enforcing the United Nations mandated no-fly zone above the 36th parallel in Iraq. This mission was a successor to Operation Provide Comfort, which also entailed support for the Iraqi Kurds. The deployment was completed in April 2000. The 157th EFS was formed again in March 2001, when the unit deployed to Prince Sultan AB, Saudi Arabia in a second Operation Southern Watch deployment. The guardsmen returned to McIntire JGB in July.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 46], "content_span": [47, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016025-0020-0000", "contents": "169th Fighter Wing, History, Global War on Terrorism\nIn 2002, aircraft and personnel from the 169th deployed to Southwest Asia in support of Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) and participated directly in combat operations. Also that year, 50 South Carolina ANG airmen, then assigned to the 240th Combat Communications Squadron, deployed to Central Asia for six months in support of the Global War on Terrorism, and the 245th ATCS deployed to Afghanistan in support of Operation Enduring Freedom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 52], "content_span": [53, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016025-0021-0000", "contents": "169th Fighter Wing, History, Global War on Terrorism\nIn 2003, nearly 400 Airmen from the 169th and all its F-16s were mobilized and deployed to Southwest Asia as part of what became Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF). The 169th was attached to the 379th Air Expeditionary Wing, stationed Al' Udied Air Base in Qatar, and flew more than 400 combat missions (performing the Suppression and Destruction of Enemy Air Defenses mission and flying numerous precision bombing missions over Iraq.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 52], "content_span": [53, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016025-0022-0000", "contents": "169th Fighter Wing, History, Global War on Terrorism\nIn 2005, the Base Realignment and Closure Commission announced a historic expansion at McEntire. Five more Block 52 F-16s from the active duty USAF would arrive at the base in 2006 and five more the following year. Then, in 2007, active duty Air Force personnel began arriving at McEntire as the base prepared to host and operate the largest Active Association unit in the US's Combat Air Forces, bringing about 150 active duty personnel on board to work, train and deploy with the 169th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 52], "content_span": [53, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016025-0023-0000", "contents": "169th Fighter Wing, History, Global War on Terrorism\nIn May 2010, the 169th became the first Air National Guard unit to support an AEF mission for a full 120 days. While simultaneously deploying Airmen for Operation Enduring Freedom, the wing deployed more than 300 Airmen in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom, during which the 169th flew more than 800 combat air patrol missions over Iraq from Balad AB and other locations. The unprecedented deployment also allowed the 169th team to escort the last Army combat forces out of Iraq on the last day of OEF.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 52], "content_span": [53, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016025-0024-0000", "contents": "169th Fighter Wing, History, Global War on Terrorism\nStarting in October 2010 the 157th FS began an Air Sovereignty Alert mission at nearby Shaw AFB. The squadron has gradually taken over the duties of the 20th Fighter Wing. On 6 May 2011, the squadron completely took over the role when a new alert facility was built at McEntire Joint National Guard base.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 52], "content_span": [53, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016025-0025-0000", "contents": "169th Fighter Wing, History, Global War on Terrorism\nMost recently, in April 2012, the 157th EFS was formed and deployed with pilots, maintenance specialists and support staffers. They provided air support to ground units from Kandahar Airfield, Afghanistan. Pilots flew more than 2,200 sorties for a total of 9,400 combat hours. The four-month deployment ended in late August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 52], "content_span": [53, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016025-0026-0000", "contents": "169th Fighter Wing, History, Global War on Terrorism\nAlthough not confirmed it has been discussed that the 157th Fighter Squadron will likely be re-equipped with the Lockheed Martin F-35A Lightning II early in its roll-out to active-duty USAF units as the South Carolina ANG has a history of receiving the newest equipment when it becomes available.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 52], "content_span": [53, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016026-0000-0000", "contents": "169th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)\nThe 169th Infantry Division (German: 169. Infanterie-Division) was a German military unit during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016026-0001-0000", "contents": "169th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History\nThe division was formed in 1939. It took part in Operation Fall Gelb and stayed in France until being transferred to Finnish Lapland in 1941. The division was part of the German XXXVI Corps which also included SS Division Nord and the Finnish 6th Division. On 1 July the corps began its attack which was aimed at Kandalaksha on the White Sea coast. The division crossed the Finnish-Soviet Border just north of Salla. During the heavy fighting against the Soviet 122nd Division the SS Division Nord broke and fled. On 8 July the 169th occupied Salla. With the help of the Finnish 6th Division the Soviets were pushed back beyond the pre-Winter War borders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 700]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016026-0002-0000", "contents": "169th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History\nIn September the division had advanced to the River Verman (Vermanjoki), here the offensive finally stalled. During autumn 1941 AOK Norwegen decided to shifts its attack to the area held by the Finnish 3rd Division. The 169th Division stayed in the area around Salla until the beginning of hostilities between Finland and Germany in 1944. During 1944 the division withdrew back to Norway, then was transferred to Germany where it fought out the final few weeks of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016027-0000-0000", "contents": "169th Infantry Regiment (United States)\nThe 169th Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment of the United States Army, Connecticut National Guard. They trace their ancestry back to when militia units in the Connecticut colony organized for drill in 1672, but their official organization as the 1st Connecticut occurred on 11 October 1739. Since then, the 169th and its predecessor units have fought in numerous American wars until its deactivation in 1992.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016027-0001-0000", "contents": "169th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Early history\nThe 169th Infantry Regiment traces its heritage back to when militia units in Hartford County, Connecticut organized into the Regiment of Hartford County in 1672. The militia regiment did much to keep the peace with the nearby Pequot Indians, and on 11 October 1739, the militia was organized into the First Connecticut Regiment, the officially recognized birthday of the 169th Infantry. During the French and Indian War, the 1st Connecticut was called up on 7\u20138 August 1757 for a period of two weeks to man fortifications. Volunteers from Hartford, Simsbury, and Windsor were enlisted, and it is unknown whether these militiamen saw action in combat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 63], "content_span": [64, 715]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016027-0002-0000", "contents": "169th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, American Revolutionary War\nIn the summer of 1776, General George Washington called upon the state militias to meet the British Empire's suspected attack on New York. The 1st Regiment of the Connecticut militia responded, and they reported for duty on 11 August 1776. The militia troops were hastily assembled, poorly armed, meagerly paid, thus discipline and morale was low. On 15 September 1776, they were attacked by the British Army and retreated in the face of superior firepower. The 1st", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 76], "content_span": [77, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016027-0002-0001", "contents": "169th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, American Revolutionary War\nConnecticut militia was ordered to reinforce General Horatio Gates at Saratoga in the fall of 1777 and served under the command of General Enoch Poor. The Connecticuters fought heavily at the Battle of Freeman's Farm on 19 September 1777, and at the Battle of Bemis Heights on 7 October. At Bemis Heights, they lost more men than any other regiment engaged, and General Gates referred to them as the \"excellent militia regiment from Connecticut.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 76], "content_span": [77, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016027-0003-0000", "contents": "169th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, War of 1812\nOn 28 April 1812, Governor Roger Griswold ordered the mobilization of 3,000 militiamen to repel any British invasion during the War of 1812. The 1st Regiment consisted of 121 officers and men and began their service on 7 June 1813 when they marched to New London. On 28 July 1814, the Connecticut militia deployed along the coast from Stonington to Greenwich to deter an enemy invasion. The 1st contributed 522 officers and men for the task, and were relieved on 27 October 1814.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016027-0004-0000", "contents": "169th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, American Civil War and Spanish\u2013American War\nOn 15 April 1861, President Abraham Lincoln issued a call for volunteers after the fall of Fort Sumter, and the 1st Connecticut Volunteer Infantry Regiment was mustered in on 22\u201323 April. A Company was designated as a \"Rifle Company,\" and B and C Companies were designated as \"Infantry Companies. The regiment arrived at Washington D.C. on 13 May, and camped at Glenwood, 2 miles to the north of the capitol. On 1 June, the 1st", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 93], "content_span": [94, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016027-0004-0001", "contents": "169th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, American Civil War and Spanish\u2013American War\nConnecticut relieved the 12th New York Volunteer Infantry and engaged in their first engagement of the Civil War at Vienna, Virginia, where they were ambushed by Confederate troops, and PVT George H. Bugbee of A Company was wounded; the regiment's first casualty of the war. The regiment fought in the First Battle of Bull Run on 21 July, where they engaged in constant activity against the enemy, and repelled infantry and cavalry attacks from 1,000\u20131,600. The 1st Connecticut remained in Washington until 27 July, and were mustered out in New Haven, Connecticut on 31 July 1861 when their period of enlistment expired. Parts of the regiment remained in service with the 4th Connecticut Infantry Regiment and the 7th Connecticut Infantry Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 93], "content_span": [94, 842]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016027-0005-0000", "contents": "169th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, American Civil War and Spanish\u2013American War\nThe 1st Connecticut Infantry was recalled to federal service on 26 April 1898 for duty in the Spanish\u2013American War. They were destined to invade the island of Puerto Rico, but they never saw active service and were mustered out on 31 October 1898.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 93], "content_span": [94, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016027-0006-0000", "contents": "169th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Mexican border\nThe 1st Connecticut was called up on 18 June 1916 by President Woodrow Wilson, and the 1,100 officers and men of the regiment assembled at Camp Holcomb in Niantic and departed for the Mexico\u2013United States border, arriving in El Paso, Texas on 2 July. On 7 July, the Connecticuters began patrolling near Nogales, Arizona. For 13 weeks, the regiment patrolled the border and encountered slight enemy resistance during their time there but suffered no casualties. They continued their training at Fort Huachuca on 24 August before returning to Nogales in September and continuing patrols in conjunction with the 2nd Connecticut, soon to be the 102nd Infantry Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 64], "content_span": [65, 730]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016027-0007-0000", "contents": "169th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War I and Organization\nWhen the United States began their involvement in First World War, the 1st Connecticut donated many men to the newly formed 102nd Infantry Regiment, but the new US infantry regiment claimed its heritage from the 2nd Connecticut Infantry Regiment. Once the Great War had ended and the Connecticut soldiers returned home in April 1919, Congress passed the National Defense Act of 1920, and the 169th Infantry regiment was officially born. From 23 December 1920 to 23 June 1923, the new 169th Infantry expanded until it possessed 15 company sized units, a medical detachment, a band, and three Headquarters detachments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 78], "content_span": [79, 695]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016027-0007-0001", "contents": "169th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War I and Organization\nA and D Companies were recruited from Meriden, B Company was recruited from Middletown, and C Company was recruited from Bristol. E, F, G, and H Companies were all recruited from Hartford. I and M Companies hailed from New Britain, K Company came from Manchester, and L Company was recruited from Willimantic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 78], "content_span": [79, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016027-0008-0000", "contents": "169th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II\nThe 169th Infantry Regiment was ordered to mobilize on 24 February 1941 and join the 43rd Infantry Division, the \"Winged Victory\" Division. The regiment moved to Camp Blanding, Florida and upon induction, consisted of 132 officers and 1,825 enlisted men. Under the command of COL Kenneth F. Cramer, the 169th trained hard for 13 weeks, and from 17\u201328 June, the regiment received 950 draftees to fill their ranks. The 169th trained in the states of Florida, Louisiana, North Carolina, and South Carolina until 4 December. At this time, the count was 90 officers, 1 warrant officer, and 2,219 enlisted men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 667]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016027-0008-0001", "contents": "169th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II\nThe Attack on Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941 marked the entry of the United States in the Second World War. On 11 December 1941, 22 officers and 700 enlisted men of the 169th were transferred to the 102nd Regiment, who were detached from the 43rd Infantry Division. At Camp Shelby, Mississippi, the 169th received 900 new recruits on 21 February 1942 and began training them right away. Another 900 raw recruits were received on 22 May 1942. On 30 September 1942, the 169th Infantry Regiment left San Francisco, California and sailed to New Zealand with a total strength of 139 officers, 5 warrant officers, and 3,138 enlisted men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 695]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016027-0009-0000", "contents": "169th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II\nThe regiment arrived in New Zealand on 22 October, and engaged in intensive training on the island until 22 November 1942. On 28 November, the 169th arrived in Noum\u00e9a, New Caledonia and garrisoned the island while conducting intensive jungle warfare training, loading and unloading ships, and guarding Japanese prisoners of war. The 169th embarked for Guadalcanal on 15 February 1943, and two days into the voyage, the convoy was attacked by Japanese torpedo planes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016027-0009-0001", "contents": "169th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II\nAboard the USS\u00a0President Hayes, CPL John E. A. Gagnon, of H Company, 169th Infantry, managed to shoot down an enemy plane with a .50 caliber machine-gun. On 18 February, the convoy docked at Guadalcanal and bivouacked on the island. On 23\u201324 February, the 1st and 2nd Battalions of the 169th made an amphibious assault on the island of Pavuvu in the Russell Islands against no resistance. The regiment's first casualties came during their occupation of Pavuvu when Japanese planes strafed their positions. 3rd Battalion arrived on Pavuvu on 27 March. For the next few months, the 169th conducted jungle warfare training on the island and honed their battle skills before their next assignment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 756]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016027-0010-0000", "contents": "169th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II, New Georgia\nOperation \"Toenails,\" or the Invasion of New Georgia, would be the next mission the 169th would undertake. As a part of the 43rd Infantry Division operation, the Regiment seized Rendova Island against minimal opposition on 30 June. Elements of the 169th soon landed on the southern coast of New Georgia on 2 July and began to march alongside the 172nd Infantry Regiment toward Munda Point to capture the Munda Airfield there. The men of the regiment \"were soon introduced to the harsh realities of jungle warfare.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 75], "content_span": [76, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016027-0010-0001", "contents": "169th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II, New Georgia\nThe main attack was scheduled to begin on 9 July 1943, but the 169th (unaccustomed to combat) was exhausted after spending a sleepless night shooting at real and imagined enemy patrols. The drive resumed on 11 July, but was completely stalled by combat casualties, fatigue, jungle diseases, and continuous rain. Static warfare in the dense jungle made the drive on Munda Point bitter and frustrating for the men of the 169th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 75], "content_span": [76, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016027-0010-0002", "contents": "169th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II, New Georgia\nBy 17 July, the main line of Japanese resistance had not been reached, but the regiment had already suffered 90 men killed and 600 men wounded along with many psychoneurotic casualties. By on 18 July, the Japanese attempted to drive the 1st Battalion (1-169) off of \"Kelley Hill,\" but the Connecticuters killed 102 of their enemy and drove them back. After heavy fighting along the line, the airfield was finally captured after heavy loss on 5 August 1943. From 6\u201310 August, the beleaguered regiment guarded Munda Airfield and were subjected to minor enemy air attacks. 3rd", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 75], "content_span": [76, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016027-0010-0003", "contents": "169th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II, New Georgia\nBattalion (3-169) was ordered to seize the island of Baanga northwest west of Munda Point and met heavy resistance and elements were soon pinned down on the beaches and in the dense jungle. 2-169 landed on Baanga to reinforce the attack, but the Japanese resistance on the islands was much stronger than anticipated and the advance made slow, if any, progress. On 20 August they were relieved by elements of the 172nd Infantry Regiment. This \"non-battle\" on Baanga had cost the Americans 44 dead and 74 wounded; L Company was reduced to just 16 men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 75], "content_span": [76, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016027-0010-0004", "contents": "169th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II, New Georgia\nFrom 25 August to 9 September, the regiment patrolled and guarded Munda Airfield until they were ordered to assist the 172nd Infantry in clearing Arundel Island which they managed to secure on 21 August. Here they suffered 4 killed and 29 wounded. The regiment moved back to Munda, and defended the airstrip until 19 January 1944, when 3-169 was ordered to Vella Lavella to defend the airstrip there. The regiment then arrived in New Zealand for R&R on 1 March. The men had free time, furloughs, awards ceremonies, training exercises, and parades while in New Zealand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 75], "content_span": [76, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016027-0011-0000", "contents": "169th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II, New Guinea\nThe 169th Infantry Regiment arrived at Aitape, New Guinea on 17 July 1944, to reinforce General Walter Krueger's Sixth Army. The regiment was ordered to construct defensive lines in the area to support the 32nd Infantry Division already fighting in the area. Japanese patrols constantly harassed the men, and they launched a counterattack on 22 July. The 169th threw this charge back and inflicted 274 deaths on the enemy. Patrolling and encountering the enemy was commonplace in the Aitape region, and the men experienced hard fighting along the Drinuimor River and nearby ridges on 31 July. Hard fighting in the hills, jungles, and villages near Aitape continued until long after the area was officially declared secure on 25 August 1944. The regiment conducted continuous training after being relieved by the Australian 6th Division until 10 December 1944, when the regiment loaded up and headed for Luzon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 74], "content_span": [75, 984]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016027-0012-0000", "contents": "169th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II, Luzon\nDuring the Battle of Luzon, the 169th was in charge of the left flank of the 43rd Infantry Division's advance. 2-169 landed near San Fabian on 9 January 1945 in Lingayen Gulf and advanced quickly inland. 1-169 and 3-169 followed shortly after and pressed the attack. The hills and rugged countryside of Luzon proved to be very difficult ground, and tenacious Japanese defenders made the drive painful. On 12 January, SSG Robert E. Laws (G Company, 2-169) earned the Medal of Honor for his actions while attacking an enemy controlled ridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 69], "content_span": [70, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016027-0012-0001", "contents": "169th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II, Luzon\nNeutralizing enemy pillboxes with grenades, he managed to knock it out despite being wounded. Leading a charge, he was wounded again and killed three Japanese soldiers in close combat. He was given first aid and evacuated from the area while his squad completed the destruction of the enemy position. SSG Laws' heroic actions provided great inspiration to his comrades, and his courageous determination, in the face of formidable odds and while suffering from multiple wounds, enabled them to secure an important objective with minimum casualties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 69], "content_span": [70, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016027-0013-0000", "contents": "169th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II, Luzon\nThe 169th attacked numerous enemy positions, including the deadly Hill 355, and suffered many casualties, but eventually managed to take ground from the stalwart defenders. During the period of 15\u201321 January 1945, all three infantry battalions of the 169th Regiment earned the Distinguished Unit Citation award for their gallantry in action amid the rugged hills of Luzon. On 1\u20132 February, the regiment repulsed tenacious enemy Banzai charges and managed to capture the imposing Hill 1500 on 5 February, and were relieved on 14 February by elements of the 33rd Infantry Division and enjoyed some R&R behind the lines. In the early stages of the Battle of Luzon, the 169th lost 17 officers and 248 enlisted men KIA, and 45 officers and 789 enlisted men WIA. They had managed to inflict (by actual count) 2,786 Japanese dead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 69], "content_span": [70, 893]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016027-0014-0000", "contents": "169th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II, Luzon\nOn 1 March, the 169th relieved elements of the 40th Infantry Division near Clark Field and Fort Stotsenburg. The regiment was ordered to attack Hill 1750, but were thwarted by strong Japanese resistance until 6 March. The men then captured a nearby hill, Bald Hill, and held it against several enemy counterattacks on 9\u201310 March. During this period, the 169th Infantry Regiment was under the command of the 38th Infantry Division, and were returned to 43rd Divisional control on 24 March. On 3 April, they were attached to the 112th Cavalry Regiment to conduct reconnaissance against the formidable Shimbu Line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 69], "content_span": [70, 681]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016027-0014-0001", "contents": "169th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II, Luzon\nThese recon patrols were costly, but they managed to contain the enemy in the area. On 1 May, they were returned to the 43rd Infantry Division. They then attacked the enemy in the vicinity of the Ipo Dam, which controlled roughly 30% of Manila's water supply. The dam was secured on 19 May, but resistance continued in the area until 2 June 1945. In this particular fight, the 169th suffered 60 KIA, 285 WIA, and 2 MIA, while the 43rd Infantry Division as a whole killed over 750 enemy combatants. On 5 June, the 169th relieved the 151st Infantry Regiment near Mount Oro. Nearby hills and ridges were secured against heavy enemy resistance, and the 169th continued to slog on through the island against determined defenders until 28 June 1945, when the 43rd Division was relieved by the 38th Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 69], "content_span": [70, 871]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016027-0015-0000", "contents": "169th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II, Occupation of Japan\nThe 169th soon found themselves as part of the US Occupation of Japan, garrisoning Kumagaya Airdrome from 14 September \u2013 12 October. They set sail for San Francisco separately, and the last men to return home passed under the Golden Gate Bridge on 29 October 1945 to a cheering crowd. During the war, all three battalions of the 169th earned the Distinguished Unit Citation, and the Philippine Republic Presidential Unit Citation. On 1 November 1945, the regiment was inactivated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 83], "content_span": [84, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016027-0016-0000", "contents": "169th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Post-World War II\nIt was reactivated on 23 October 1946 to serve the Connecticut National Guard in Hartford, CT. During the Korean War, the 169th was called up for service to train in the event the war escalated. The regiment trained at Camp Pickett and Camp A. P. Hill, Virginia from October 1950 to October 1951 filling to full establishment before deployment by ship to Germany to prevent possible Soviet attack. The regiment was garrisoned first around Munich then around Nurnburg. It returned to Connecticut in 1954 continuing to serve the state of Connecticut until 1992, when the last remnants of the 169th Infantry Regiment were inactivated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 67], "content_span": [68, 699]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016028-0000-0000", "contents": "169th Military Police Company\nThe 169th Military Police Company is an independent company of military police of the Rhode Island National Guard. It is a subordinate unit of the 118th Military Police Battalion and the 43rd Military Police Brigade. It is the oldest unit of the Rhode Island National Guard and one of the oldest units in the United States Army, and is one of several National Guard units with colonial roots.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016028-0001-0000", "contents": "169th Military Police Company, History, Predecessor units\nThe 169th Military Police Company traces its lineage to January 1755 as the Artillery Company of Westerly and Charlestown. As such, it is one of the few units of the U.S. Army and Army National Guard which can trace its lineage to before the American Revolution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 57], "content_span": [58, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016028-0002-0000", "contents": "169th Military Police Company, History, Predecessor units\nThe company was redesignated in May 1758 as the Artillery Company of Westerly, Charlestown, and Hopkinton. It served in the American Revolution as part of the Rhode Island State Troops which were formed to protect the mainland of Rhode Island following the British occupation of Newport in late 1776.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 57], "content_span": [58, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016028-0003-0000", "contents": "169th Military Police Company, History, Predecessor units\nFrom 1762 to 1776 the company was commanded by Captain Joseph Stanton Jr.  During the American Revolution Stanton commanded a state regiment (a unit mobilized for in state service, as opposed to a regiment of the Continental Army) and later rose to become the commander of the Rhode Island Militia with the rank of major general. Following the ratification of the United States Constitution by Rhode Island in 1790, Stanton was elected as a United States Senator and later served as a United States Representative from Rhode Island.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 57], "content_span": [58, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016028-0004-0000", "contents": "169th Military Police Company, History, Predecessor units\nDuring the American Revolution, the Artillery Company of Westerly and Charlestown most probably formed one of the artillery companies of the Rhode Island state brigade which defended the mainland of Rhode Island from the British who occupied Newport from 1776 to 1779.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 57], "content_span": [58, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016028-0005-0000", "contents": "169th Military Police Company, History, 19th century\nIn October 1812 the company was redesignated as the Washington Guards, a company of the 3d Regiment of the Rhode Island Militia. The company was mustered into Federal service on 25 July 1814 as Captain Coe's Company, Wood's State Corps, at Fort Adams. Wood's State Corps was a battalion of militiamen called into service to supplement the state's defenses following the capture of Castine, Maine earlier in the year. Following the cessation of hostilities, the company was mustered out of Federal service 23 on February 1815 at Fort Adams.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 52], "content_span": [53, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016028-0006-0000", "contents": "169th Military Police Company, History, 19th century\nThe company was redesignated on 13 August 1855 as the Westerly Rifle Company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 52], "content_span": [53, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016028-0007-0000", "contents": "169th Military Police Company, History, 19th century\nUnder different designations, the 169th MP Company was mobilized for service in the Civil War, Spanish\u2013American War, Korean War, World War I and World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 52], "content_span": [53, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016028-0008-0000", "contents": "169th Military Police Company, History, 19th century\nWhile remaining in state service for most of the Civil War, the Westerly Rifle Company was federalized twice:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 52], "content_span": [53, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016028-0009-0000", "contents": "169th Military Police Company, History, 19th century\nCompany I, First Rhode Island Detached Militia, mustered into Federal service on 2 May 1861 at Providence and mustered out of Federal service 2 August 1861 at Providence. The regiment fought at the First Battle of Bull Run on July 21, 1861.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 52], "content_span": [53, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016028-0010-0000", "contents": "169th Military Police Company, History, 19th century\nCompany B, 9th Rhode Island Infantry Regiment mustered into Federal service 26 May 1862 at Providence. The company served at Fort Meigs in the defenses of Washington, D.C. and was mustered out of Federal service 2 September 1862 at Providence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 52], "content_span": [53, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016028-0011-0000", "contents": "169th Military Police Company, History, 19th century\nThe company expanded in January 1873 to form the Battalion of the Westerly Rifles. It was redesignated on 1 May 1875 as Companies A and B, 3d Battalion of Infantry and again redesignated on 16 November 1881 as Companies F and E, 1st Battalion of Infantry, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 52], "content_span": [53, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016028-0012-0000", "contents": "169th Military Police Company, History, 19th century\nCompanies F and E, 1st Regiment of Infantry were consolidated on 6 April 1895 to form Company E, 1st Regiment of Infantry of the Brigade of Rhode Island Militia (BRIM).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 52], "content_span": [53, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016028-0013-0000", "contents": "169th Military Police Company, History, 19th century\nCompany E, 1st Regiment of Infantry, was activated as Company K, 1st Rhode Island Volunteer Infantry which was mustered into Federal service 18 May 1898 at Quonset Point for service in the Spanish\u2013American War. The company, with its regiment, served stateside for the next 10 months, and was mustered out of Federal service 30 March 1899 at Columbia, South Carolina.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 52], "content_span": [53, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016028-0014-0000", "contents": "169th Military Police Company, History, 20th century\nIn 1907 the company was converted from Infantry to Coast Artillery. It was mobilized for service at coast defense fortifications in Rhode Island during both world wars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 52], "content_span": [53, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016028-0015-0000", "contents": "169th Military Police Company, History, 20th century\nOn 15 April 1907, the Brigade of Rhode Island Militia was redesignated as the Rhode Island National Guard. The company was converted and redesignated on 4 November 1908 as the 5th Company, 1st Artillery District, Coast Artillery Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 52], "content_span": [53, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016028-0016-0000", "contents": "169th Military Police Company, History, 20th century\nThe company was redesignated on 2 January 1917 as the 5th Company, Rhode Island Coast Artillery. With the United States' declaration of war against Germany, the company was mustered into Federal service on 2 April 1917 at Westerly and drafted into Federal service 5 August 1917. The company was stationed at Fort Getty in Jamestown, Rhode Island and was redesignated on 31 August 1917 as the 19th Company, Coast Defenses of Narragansett Bay. Following the signing of the Armistice on November 11, 1918, the company was demobilized on 20 December 1918 at Fort Getty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 52], "content_span": [53, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016028-0017-0000", "contents": "169th Military Police Company, History, 20th century\nThe company was reconstituted 28 May 1921 in the Rhode Island National Guard as the 5th Company, Coast Artillery Corps and was reorganized and Federally recognized 3 June 1921 at Westerly. On 1 October 1923 the company was redesignated as Battery E, 243d Artillery (Coast Artillery Corps).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 52], "content_span": [53, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016028-0018-0000", "contents": "169th Military Police Company, History, 20th century\nWhen is became clear the United States would become involved in World War II the company was inducted into Federal service 16 September 1940 at Westerly and was assigned to Fort Wetherill in Jamestown as part of the Harbor Defenses of Narragansett Bay. It was reorganized and redesignated 7 October 1944 as Battery A, 189th Coast Artillery Battalion and was inactivated on 1 April 1945 at Fort Wetherill, Rhode Island.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 52], "content_span": [53, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016028-0019-0000", "contents": "169th Military Police Company, History, 20th century\nWith the reorganization of the Rhode Island National Guard following World War II, the company was redesignated on 2 July 1946 as Battery D, 705th Antiaircraft Artillery Gun Battalion and was federally recognized 23 April 1947.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 52], "content_span": [53, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016028-0020-0000", "contents": "169th Military Police Company, History, 20th century\nDuring the Korean War the company was ordered into active Federal service 14 August 1950 at Westerly. Along with the 705th AAA Battalion it served on Okinawa as an Air Defense unit. It was released from active Federal service 13 July 1952 and reverted to state control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 52], "content_span": [53, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016028-0021-0000", "contents": "169th Military Police Company, History, 20th century\nThe company was redesignated on 1 October 1953 as Battery D, 705th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion. It was redesignated again on 1 April 1959 as Battery D, 1st Automatic Weapons Battalion, 243d Artillery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 52], "content_span": [53, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016028-0022-0000", "contents": "169th Military Police Company, History, 20th century\nThe company was converted and redesignated on 1 May 1962 as Company C, 243d Engineer Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 52], "content_span": [53, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016028-0023-0000", "contents": "169th Military Police Company, History, Military police company\nThe company had been redesignated a number of times over the past two centuries, and finally assumed its current designation as the 169th Military Police Company in 1968 and assigned as a subordinate unit of the 243rd Military Police Battalion and the newly formed 43rd Military Police Brigade. The primary reason for the unit being designated as a Military Police unit was the high levels of civil unrest which swept the country in the late 1960s. National Guard troops were frequently called upon to quell riots and Military Police units were given specialized training for that mission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 63], "content_span": [64, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016028-0024-0000", "contents": "169th Military Police Company, History, Military police company\nIn 1978 the 169th, along with the entirety of the Rhode Island National Guard, was mobilized in response to the Great Blizzard of 1978.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 63], "content_span": [64, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016028-0025-0000", "contents": "169th Military Police Company, History, Military police company\nIn 1990 the 1111th Military Police Company was re-designated as Detachment 1, 169th Military Police Company. Detachment 1 continued to drill at the 1111th MP Company's armory in Middletown, Rhode Island.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 63], "content_span": [64, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016028-0026-0000", "contents": "169th Military Police Company, History, Military police company\nDuring Operation Desert Storm, in late 1990 to early 1991, personnel from the 169th were used to fill out units of the Rhode Island National Guard deployed during that operation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 63], "content_span": [64, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016028-0027-0000", "contents": "169th Military Police Company, History, Military police company\nIn 1995, the unit moved from its long time home at the Westerly Armory in Westerly, Rhode Island to the Warren Armory in Warren, Rhode Island. Detachment 1 (see above) was fully integrated with the main body of the company at this time. In 1996 the 243rd Military Police Battalion was disbanded and the 169th was transferred to the 118th Military Police Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 63], "content_span": [64, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016028-0028-0000", "contents": "169th Military Police Company, History, Military police company\nIn 2003 a 30 soldier detachment of the 169th was mobilized and sent to Guantanamo Bay, Cuba to perform security duties. They were demobilized in 2004. Other personnel from the 169th were mobilized to fill vacancies in the 115th and 119th Military Police companies when they were mobilized for service in Operation Iraqi Freedom early in 2003.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 63], "content_span": [64, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016028-0029-0000", "contents": "169th Military Police Company, History, Military police company\nThe 169th MP Company was mobilized for service in Iraq in 2007 to 2008. In this assignment it was attached to the 2nd Marine Division and received the Navy Unit Commendation, a rare distinction for an Army unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 63], "content_span": [64, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016028-0030-0000", "contents": "169th Military Police Company, History, Military police company\nIn 2008 the 119th Military Police Company was deactivated and consolidated with the 169th Military Police Company. While a younger unit, the 119th MP Company had been mobilized for service in Operation Desert Storm in 1990 to 1991, Operation Joint Forge in Hungary and Bosnia in 2000 to 2001 and for service in Iraq in 2003 to 2004. The result of the consolidation is that the 169th shares the lineage of both itself and the 119th MP Company as well as the 1111th MP Company which it merged with in 1990.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 63], "content_span": [64, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016028-0031-0000", "contents": "169th Military Police Company, History, Military police company\nIn August 2012 the 169th was mobilized for deployment to Afghanistan. The unit returned home and was demobilized in September 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 63], "content_span": [64, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016028-0032-0000", "contents": "169th Military Police Company, Lineage\n(The information below was taken from the website of the US Army Center for Military History and is in the public domain.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016028-0033-0000", "contents": "169th Military Police Company, Lineage, 169th Military Police Company\nOrganized and chartered in January 1755 in the Rhode Island Militia at Westerly as the Artillery Company of Westerly and Charlestown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 69], "content_span": [70, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016028-0034-0000", "contents": "169th Military Police Company, Lineage, 169th Military Police Company\nRedesignated in May 1758 as the Artillery Company of Westerly, Charlestown, and Hopkinton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 69], "content_span": [70, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016028-0035-0000", "contents": "169th Military Police Company, Lineage, 169th Military Police Company\nRedesignated in October 1812 as the Washington Guards, a company of the 3d Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 69], "content_span": [70, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016028-0036-0000", "contents": "169th Military Police Company, Lineage, 169th Military Police Company\nMustered into Federal service 25 July 1814 as Captain Coe's Company, Wood's State Corps, at Fort Adams, Rhode Island; mustered out of Federal service 23 February 1815 at Fort Adams, Rhode Island.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 69], "content_span": [70, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016028-0037-0000", "contents": "169th Military Police Company, Lineage, 169th Military Police Company\nRedesignated 13 August 1855 as the Westerly Rifle Company, a separate company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 69], "content_span": [70, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016028-0038-0000", "contents": "169th Military Police Company, Lineage, 169th Military Police Company\nWhile remaining in state service during the Civil War, the Westerly Rifle Company additionally formed the following units:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 69], "content_span": [70, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016028-0039-0000", "contents": "169th Military Police Company, Lineage, 169th Military Police Company\nCompany I, 1st Rhode Island Detached Militia, mustered into Federal service 2 May 1861 at Providence and fought at the Battle of Bull Run; mustered out of Federal service 2 August 1861 at Providence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 69], "content_span": [70, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016028-0040-0000", "contents": "169th Military Police Company, Lineage, 169th Military Police Company\nCompany B, 9th Rhode Island Volunteer Infantry Regiment mustered into Federal service 26 May 1862 at Providence for duty in the defenses of Washington, D.C.; mustered out of Federal service 2 September 1862 at Providence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 69], "content_span": [70, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016028-0041-0000", "contents": "169th Military Police Company, Lineage, 169th Military Police Company\nExpanded in January 1873 to form the Battalion of the Westerly Rifles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 69], "content_span": [70, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016028-0042-0000", "contents": "169th Military Police Company, Lineage, 169th Military Police Company\nRedesignated 1 May 1875 as Companies A and B, 3d Battalion of Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 69], "content_span": [70, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016028-0043-0000", "contents": "169th Military Police Company, Lineage, 169th Military Police Company\nRedesignated 16 November 1881 as Companies F and E, 1st Battalion of Infantry, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 69], "content_span": [70, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016028-0044-0000", "contents": "169th Military Police Company, Lineage, 169th Military Police Company\nRedesignated 1 June 1887 as Companies F and E, 1st Regiment of Infantry, respectively (Rhode Island Militia concurrently redesignated as the Brigade of Rhode Island Militia).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 69], "content_span": [70, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016028-0045-0000", "contents": "169th Military Police Company, Lineage, 169th Military Police Company\nCompanies F and E, 1st Regiment of Infantry, consolidated 6 April 1895 to form Company E, 1st Regiment of Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 69], "content_span": [70, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016028-0046-0000", "contents": "169th Military Police Company, Lineage, 169th Military Police Company\nWhile remaining in state service Company E, 1st Regiment of Infantry, additionally formed Company K, 1st Rhode Island Volunteer Infantry; mustered into Federal service 18 May 1898 at Quonset Point for service in the Spanish\u2013American War. The regiment served in Virginia, Pennsylvania and South Carolina and mustered out of Federal service 30 March 1899 at Columbia, South Carolina.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 69], "content_span": [70, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016028-0047-0000", "contents": "169th Military Police Company, Lineage, 169th Military Police Company\n(The Brigade of Rhode Island Militia was redesignated on 15 April 1907 as the Rhode Island National Guard.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 69], "content_span": [70, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016028-0048-0000", "contents": "169th Military Police Company, Lineage, 169th Military Police Company\nConverted and redesignated 4 November 1908 as the 5th Company, 1st Artillery District, Coast Artillery Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 69], "content_span": [70, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016028-0049-0000", "contents": "169th Military Police Company, Lineage, 169th Military Police Company\nRedesignated 3 September 1914 as the 5th Company, 1st Coast Defense Command, Coast Artillery Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 69], "content_span": [70, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016028-0050-0000", "contents": "169th Military Police Company, Lineage, 169th Military Police Company\nRedesignated 18 December 1914 as the 5th Company, 1st Coast Artillery District, Coast Artillery Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 69], "content_span": [70, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016028-0051-0000", "contents": "169th Military Police Company, Lineage, 169th Military Police Company\nRedesignated 2 January 1917 as the 5th Company, Rhode Island Coast Artillery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 69], "content_span": [70, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016028-0052-0000", "contents": "169th Military Police Company, Lineage, 169th Military Police Company\nMustered into Federal service 2 April 1917 at Westerly; drafted into Federal service 5 August 1917 for service with the Coast Defenses of Narragansett Bay.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 69], "content_span": [70, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016028-0053-0000", "contents": "169th Military Police Company, Lineage, 169th Military Police Company\nRedesignated 31 August 1917 as the 19th Company, Coast Defenses of Narragansett Bay.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 69], "content_span": [70, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016028-0054-0000", "contents": "169th Military Police Company, Lineage, 169th Military Police Company\nReconstituted 28 May 1921 in the Rhode Island National Guard as the 5th Company, Coast Artillery Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 69], "content_span": [70, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016028-0055-0000", "contents": "169th Military Police Company, Lineage, 169th Military Police Company\nReorganized and redesignated 31 January 1922 as the 349th Company, Coast Artillery Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 69], "content_span": [70, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016028-0056-0000", "contents": "169th Military Police Company, Lineage, 169th Military Police Company\nReorganized and redesignated 1 October 1923 as Battery E, 243d Artillery (Coast Artillery Corps).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 69], "content_span": [70, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016028-0057-0000", "contents": "169th Military Police Company, Lineage, 169th Military Police Company\nReorganized and redesignated 11 July 1924 as Battery E, 243d Coast Artillery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 69], "content_span": [70, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016028-0058-0000", "contents": "169th Military Police Company, Lineage, 169th Military Police Company\nReorganized and redesignated 7 October 1944 as Battery A, 189th Coast Artillery Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 69], "content_span": [70, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016028-0059-0000", "contents": "169th Military Police Company, Lineage, 169th Military Police Company\nRedesignated 2 July 1946 as Battery D, 705th Antiaircraft Artillery Gun Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 69], "content_span": [70, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016028-0060-0000", "contents": "169th Military Police Company, Lineage, 169th Military Police Company\nOrdered into active Federal service 14 August 1950 at Westerly; released from active Federal service 13 July 1952 and reverted to state control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 69], "content_span": [70, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016028-0061-0000", "contents": "169th Military Police Company, Lineage, 169th Military Police Company\nReorganized and redesignated 1 October 1953 as Battery D, 705th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 69], "content_span": [70, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016028-0062-0000", "contents": "169th Military Police Company, Lineage, 169th Military Police Company\nReorganized and redesignated 1 April 1959 as Battery D, 1st Automatic Weapons Battalion, 243d Artillery", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 69], "content_span": [70, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016028-0063-0000", "contents": "169th Military Police Company, Lineage, 169th Military Police Company\nConverted and redesignated 1 May 1962 as Company C, 243d Engineer Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 69], "content_span": [70, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016028-0064-0000", "contents": "169th Military Police Company, Lineage, 169th Military Police Company\nConverted and redesignated 1 January 1968 as the 169th Military Police Company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 69], "content_span": [70, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016028-0065-0000", "contents": "169th Military Police Company, Lineage, 169th Military Police Company\nConsolidated 20 April 1995 with Detachment 1, 169th Military Police Company at Middletown (see ANNEX 1) and consolidated unit designated as the 169th Military Police Company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 69], "content_span": [70, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016028-0066-0000", "contents": "169th Military Police Company, Lineage, 169th Military Police Company\nOrdered into active Federal service 3 August 2003 at Warren for duty at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba in support of Operation Enduring Freedom; released from active Federal service 1 August 2004 and reverted to state control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 69], "content_span": [70, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016028-0067-0000", "contents": "169th Military Police Company, Lineage, 169th Military Police Company\nOrdered into active Federal service 1 July 2007 at Warren for duty in Iraq in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom; released from active Federal service 3 August 2008 and reverted to state control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 69], "content_span": [70, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016028-0068-0000", "contents": "169th Military Police Company, Lineage, 169th Military Police Company\nConsolidated 15 November 2008 with the 119th Military Police Company (see ANNEX 2), and consolidated unit designated as the 169th Military Police Company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 69], "content_span": [70, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016028-0069-0000", "contents": "169th Military Police Company, Lineage, 169th Military Police Company\nOrdered into active Federal service 7 August 2012 at Warren for duty in Afghanistan in support of Operation Enduring Freedom; released from active Federal service 10 September 2013 and reverted to state control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 69], "content_span": [70, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016028-0070-0000", "contents": "169th Military Police Company, Lineage, ANNEX 1\nOrganized and Federally recognized 7 May 1929 in the Rhode Island National Guard at Newport as Company F, 118th Engineers, an element of the 43d Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016028-0071-0000", "contents": "169th Military Police Company, Lineage, ANNEX 1\nReorganized and redesignated 19 February 1942 as Company F, 177th Engineers; concurrently, relieved from assignment to the 43d Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016028-0072-0000", "contents": "169th Military Police Company, Lineage, ANNEX 1\nReorganized and redesignated 1 August 1942 as Company F, 177th Engineer General Service Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016028-0073-0000", "contents": "169th Military Police Company, Lineage, ANNEX 1\nReconstituted 8 May 1945 in the Rhode Island National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016028-0074-0000", "contents": "169th Military Police Company, Lineage, ANNEX 1\nConverted and redesignated 2 July 1946 as Battery B, Antiaircraft Artillery Automatic Weapons Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016028-0075-0000", "contents": "169th Military Police Company, Lineage, ANNEX 1\nReorganized and redesignated 1 August 1951 as Battery B, 243d Antiaircraft Artillery Gun Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016028-0076-0000", "contents": "169th Military Police Company, Lineage, ANNEX 1\nRedesignated 1 October 1953 as Battery B, 243d Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016028-0077-0000", "contents": "169th Military Police Company, Lineage, ANNEX 1\nReorganized and redesignated 1 October 1958 as Battery A, 705th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016028-0078-0000", "contents": "169th Military Police Company, Lineage, ANNEX 1\nReorganized and redesignated 1 April 1959 as Battery A, 1st Automatic Weapons Battalion, 243d Artillery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016028-0079-0000", "contents": "169th Military Police Company, Lineage, ANNEX 1\nConverted and redesignated 1 May 1962 as Company A, 243d Engineer Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016028-0080-0000", "contents": "169th Military Police Company, Lineage, ANNEX 1\nConverted and redesignated 1 February 1968 as Company A, 118th Military Police Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016028-0081-0000", "contents": "169th Military Police Company, Lineage, ANNEX 1\nReorganized and redesignated 1 March 1972 as the 1111th Military Police Company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016028-0082-0000", "contents": "169th Military Police Company, Lineage, ANNEX 1\nReorganized and redesignated 1 July 1990 as Detachment 1, 169th Military Police Company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016028-0083-0000", "contents": "169th Military Police Company, Lineage, ANNEX 2\nConstituted 1 March 1949 in the Rhode Island Army National Guard as Company D, 118th Engineer Combat Battalion, an element of the 43d Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016028-0084-0000", "contents": "169th Military Police Company, Lineage, ANNEX 2\nOrganized and Federally recognized 20 April 1949 at Warren, Rhode Island.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016028-0085-0000", "contents": "169th Military Police Company, Lineage, ANNEX 2\nOrdered into Federal service 5 September 1950 at Warren, Rhode Island.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016028-0086-0000", "contents": "169th Military Police Company, Lineage, ANNEX 2\n(Company D, 118th Engineer Combat Battalion [NGUS] organized and Federally recognized 15 October 1952 at Warren; reorganized and redesignated 1 April 1953 as Company D, 118th Engineer Battalion [NGUS]).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016028-0087-0000", "contents": "169th Military Police Company, Lineage, ANNEX 2\nReorganized and redesignated 5 June 1953 as Company D, 118th Engineer Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016028-0088-0000", "contents": "169th Military Police Company, Lineage, ANNEX 2\nReleased 15 June 1954 from active Federal service and reverted to state control; concurrently, Federal recognition withdrawn from Company D, 118th Engineer Battalion (NGUS).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016028-0089-0000", "contents": "169th Military Police Company, Lineage, ANNEX 2\nConsolidated 18 March 1963 with Company E, 118th Engineer Battalion (organized and Federally recognized 1 April 1959 at Providence) and consolidated unit redesignated as Company C, 118th Engineer Battalion; concurrently, relieved from assignment to the 43d Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016028-0090-0000", "contents": "169th Military Police Company, Lineage, ANNEX 2\nConverted and redesignated 1 May 1968 as Company C, 118th Military Police Battalion; location concurrently changed to Providence, Rhode Island.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016028-0091-0000", "contents": "169th Military Police Company, Lineage, ANNEX 2\nReorganized and redesignated 1 March 1972 as the 119th Military Police Company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016028-0092-0000", "contents": "169th Military Police Company, Lineage, ANNEX 2\nOrdered into Federal service 6 January 1991 at Warwick for duty in Saudi Arabia and Kuwait in support of Operation Desert Storm; released 6 May 1991 from active Federal service and reverted to state control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016028-0093-0000", "contents": "169th Military Police Company, Lineage, ANNEX 2\nOrdered into Federal service 3 August 2000 at Warwick for duty in Hungary in support of Operation Joint Forge; released 11 April 2001 from active Federal service and reverted to state control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016028-0094-0000", "contents": "169th Military Police Company, Lineage, ANNEX 2\nOrdered into Federal service 7 February 2003 at Warwick for duty in Kuwait and Iraq in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom; released 1 June 2004 from active Federal service and reverted to state control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016028-0095-0000", "contents": "169th Military Police Company, Lineage, ANNEX 2\nConsolidated 15 November 2008 with the 169th Military Police Company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016029-0000-0000", "contents": "169th New York Infantry Regiment\nThe 169th New York Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016029-0001-0000", "contents": "169th New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 169th New York Infantry was organized at Troy and Staten Island, New York. Companies A through E were mustered on September 25, 1862, at Troy. Companies F through K were mustered in October 6, 1862, at Staten Island. The regiment was mustered in under the command of Colonel Clarence Buell.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016029-0002-0000", "contents": "169th New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to Provisional Brigade, Abercrombie's Division, Defenses of Washington, to February 1863. Military District of Washington, XXII Corps, Department of Washington, to April 1863. Foster's Brigade, Division at Suffolk, VII Corps, Department of Virginia, to April 1863. 2nd Brigade, 1st Division, VII Corps, to July 1863. Foster's Brigade, Vodges' Division, Folly Island, South Carolina, X Corps, Department of the South, to January 1864. 1st Brigade, Folly Island, Northern District, Department of the South, to February 1864. 1st Brigade, Vodges' Division, District of Florida, to April 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016029-0002-0001", "contents": "169th New York Infantry Regiment, Service\n2nd Brigade, 3rd Division, X Corps, Army of the James, Department of Virginia and North Carolina, to May 1864. 2nd Brigade, 3rd Division, XVIII Corps, to June 1864. 3rd Brigade, 2nd Division, X Corps, to December 1864. 3rd Brigade, 2nd Division, XXIV Corps, to January 1865. 3rd Brigade, 2nd Division, Terry's Provisional Corps, Department of North Carolina, to March 1865. 3rd Brigade, 2nd Division, X Corps, Army of the Ohio, Department of North Carolina, to July 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016029-0003-0000", "contents": "169th New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 169th New York Infantry mustered out of service July 19, 1865, at Raleigh, North Carolina.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016029-0004-0000", "contents": "169th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nLeft New York for Washington, D. C, October 9, 1862. Duty in the defenses of Washington, D. C., until April 18, 1863. Ordered to Suffolk, Va., April 18. Siege of Suffolk April 20-May 4. Edenton Road April 24. Siege of Suffolk raised May 4. Expedition into Matthews County May 19\u201322. Expedition to Walkerton and Aylett's June 4\u20135. Walkerton June 5. Dix's Peninsula Campaign June 24-July 7. Expedition from White House to South Anna River July 1\u20137. South Anna Bridge July 4. Ordered to the Department of the South, arriving at Folly Island, S.C., July 12.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016029-0004-0001", "contents": "169th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nSiege of Forts Wagner and Gregg, Morris Island, S.C., and operations against Fort Sumter and Charleston August 12-September 7. Bombardment of Fort Sumter and Charleston August 17\u201323. Capture of Forts Wagner and Gregg September 7. Operations against Charleston and picket duty on Folly and Black Islands, S.C., until February 1864. Expedition to Johns and James Islands February 6\u201314. Ordered to Jacksonville, Fla., February 20, and duty there until April. Expedition to Cedar Creek March 2. Ordered to Yorktown, Va., April 21. Butler's operations on south side of the James River and against Petersburg and Richmond May 4\u201328.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 676]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016029-0004-0002", "contents": "169th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nPort Walthall Junction, Chester Station, May 6\u20137. Chester Station May 10. Operations against Fort Darling May 12\u201316. Battle of Drury's Bluff May 14\u201316. Port Walthall Junction May 16. Bermuda Hundred May 16\u201327. Moved to White House, then to Cold Harbor May 28\u201331. Battles about Cold Harbor June 1\u201312. Before Petersburg June 15\u201318. Siege operations against Petersburg and Richmond June 16 to December 7. In the trenches before Petersburg and on the Bermuda Hundred front until August. Demonstration north of the James River August 13\u201320. Dutch Gap August 13. Strawberry Plains August 14\u201318.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016029-0004-0003", "contents": "169th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nBattle of Chaffin's Farm, New Market Heights, September 28\u201330. Battle of Fair Oaks October 27\u201328. In the trenches before Richmond until December 7. Expedition to Fort Fisher, N.C., December 7\u201327. 2nd Expedition to Fort Fisher, N.C., January 3\u201315, 1865. Assault and capture of Fort Fisher January 15. Cape Fear Entrenchment's February 11\u201313. Sugar Loaf Battery February 11. Fort Anderson February 18\u201319. Capture of Wilmington February 22. Carolinas Campaign March 1-April 26. Advance on Goldsboro March 6\u201321. Advance on Raleigh April 9\u201313. Occupation of Raleigh April 14. Bennett's House April 26. Surrender of Johnston and his army. Duty in North Carolina until July.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 718]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016029-0005-0000", "contents": "169th New York Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 285 men during service; 10 officers and 147 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 3 officers and 125 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016030-0000-0000", "contents": "169th New York State Legislature\nThe 169th New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 7, 1953, to June 10, 1954, during the eleventh and twelfth years of Thomas E. Dewey's governorship, in Albany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016030-0001-0000", "contents": "169th New York State Legislature, Background\nUnder the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1938, re-apportioned in 1943, 56 Senators and 150 assemblymen were elected in single-seat districts for two-year terms. The senatorial districts consisted either of one or more entire counties; or a contiguous area within a single county. The counties which were divided into more than one senatorial district were Kings (nine districts), New York (six), Bronx (five), Queens (four), Erie (three), Westchester (three), Monroe (two) and Nassau (two). The Assembly districts consisted either of a single entire county (except Hamilton Co.), or of contiguous area within one county.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 677]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016030-0002-0000", "contents": "169th New York State Legislature, Background\nAt this time there were two major political parties: the Republican Party and the Democratic Party. The Liberal Party, the American Labor Party, the Socialist Workers Party, the Socialist Party and the Socialist Labor Party (running under the name of \"Industrial Government Party\") also nominated tickets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016030-0003-0000", "contents": "169th New York State Legislature, Elections\nThe New York state election, 1952, was held on November 4. The only statewide elective office up for election was carried by the incumbent Republican U.S. Senator Irving M. Ives. The approximate party strength at this election, as expressed by the vote for U.S. Senator, was: Republicans 3,854,000; Democrats 2,522,000; Liberals 490,000; American Labor 105,000; Socialist Workers 4,300; Socialists 3,400; and Industrial Government 2,500.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016030-0004-0000", "contents": "169th New York State Legislature, Elections\nAll five women members of the previous legislature\u2014Assemblywomen Mary A. Gillen (Dem. ), of Brooklyn; Janet Hill Gordon (Rep.), a lawyer of Norwich; Genesta M. Strong (Rep.), of Plandome Heights; Mildred F. Taylor (Rep.), a coal dealer of Lyons; and Maude E. Ten Eyck (Rep.), of Manhattan\u2014were re-elected. Ex-Assemblywoman Gladys E. Banks, of the Bronx, was again elected to the Assembly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016030-0005-0000", "contents": "169th New York State Legislature, Elections\nThe New York state election, 1953, was held on November 3. The only statewide elective office up for election was carried by the incumbent Chief Judge of the Court of Appeals Edmund H. Lewis who had been appointed temporarily to fill the vacancy caused by the death of John T. Loughran. Also, nine amendments to the State Constitution, among them one that required the voter to cast a single joint vote for the candidates for Governor and Lieutenant Governor on any ticket, were approved by the electorate. One vacancy in the State Senate and eight vacancies in the Assembly were filled.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016030-0006-0000", "contents": "169th New York State Legislature, Elections\nFrances K. Marlatt, a lawyer of Mount Vernon, was elected to fill a vacancy in the Assembly, reaching again the number of seven women in the Assembly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016030-0007-0000", "contents": "169th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for the first regular session (the 176th) at the State Capitol in Albany on January 7, 1953; and adjourned on March 21.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016030-0008-0000", "contents": "169th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nArthur H. Wicks (Rep.) was re-elected Temporary President of the State Senate. On September 30, 1953, Lt. Gov. Frank C. Moore (Rep.) resigned and on October 1, 1953, Wicks became Acting Lieutenant Governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016030-0009-0000", "contents": "169th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for a special session at the State Capitol in Albany on November 17, 1953; and adjourned on the next day. The session was called to enact a new State Senate re-apportionment. On November 18, 1953, Wicks resigned as Temporary President, and Walter J. Mahoney was elected to succeed as Temporary President and Acting Lieutenant Governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016030-0010-0000", "contents": "169th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for the second regular session (the 177th) at the State Capitol in Albany on January 6, 1954; and adjourned on March 20.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016030-0011-0000", "contents": "169th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for another special session at the State Capitol in Albany on June 10, 1954; and adjourned on the same day. The session was called to enact legislation concerning the Long Island Rail Road, amendments to the new legislative re-apportionment, and the construction of the Moses-Saunders Power Dam.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016030-0012-0000", "contents": "169th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature re-apportioned the Senate districts and the number of seats per county. The total number of senators was increased from 56 to 58; Bronx County lost one senatorial seat; and Nassau, Onondaga and Queens counties gained one senatorial seat each. Kings County lost two Assembly seats, and Albany and Bronx counties lost one seat each; Nassau County gained two seats, and Queens and Suffolk counties gained one seat each.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016030-0013-0000", "contents": "169th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Senators\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature. Wheeler Milmoe changed from the Assembly to the Senate at the beginning of this Legislature. Assemblyman Edward P. Larkin was elected to fill a vacancy in the Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 56], "content_span": [57, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016030-0014-0000", "contents": "169th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Senators\nNote: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words \"...the Committee on (the)...\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 56], "content_span": [57, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016030-0015-0000", "contents": "169th New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Assemblymen\nNote: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words \"...the Committee on (the)...\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 61], "content_span": [62, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016031-0000-0000", "contents": "169th Ohio Infantry Regiment\nThe 169th Ohio Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment in the Union Army between May 13, 1864, and September 4, 1864, during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016031-0001-0000", "contents": "169th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 169th Ohio Infantry was organized at Camp Taylor near Cleveland, Ohio, and mustered in May 13, 1864, for 100 days service under the command of Colonel Nathaniel Haynes. The regiment left Ohio for Washington, D.C., May 19 and was attached to 1st Brigade, DeRussy's Division, XXII Corps, to July 1864. 2nd Brigade, DeRussy's Division, XXII Corps, to August 1864. Assigned to duty in the defenses of Washington south of the Potomac River as garrison at Fort Ethan Allen and in other fortifications south of the Potomac until September. Participated in the repulse of Early's attack on Washington July 11\u201312. The 169th Ohio Infantry mustered out of service September 4, 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 713]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016031-0002-0000", "contents": "169th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Ohio National Guard\nOver 35,000 Ohio National Guardsmen were federalized and organized into regiments for 100 days service in May 1864. Shipped to the Eastern Theater, they were designed to be placed in \"safe\" rear areas to protect railroads and supply points, thereby freeing regular troops for Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant\u2019s push on the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia. As events transpired, many units found themselves in combat, stationed in the path of Confederate Gen. Jubal Early\u2019s veteran Army of the Valley during its famed Valley Campaigns of 1864. Ohio Guard units met the battle-tested foe head on and helped blunt the Confederate offensive thereby saving Washington, D.C. from capture. Ohio National Guard units participated in the battles of Monacacy, Fort Stevens, Harpers Ferry, and in the siege of Petersburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 49], "content_span": [50, 863]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016031-0003-0000", "contents": "169th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost 41 enlisted men during service, all due to disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016032-0000-0000", "contents": "169th Rifle Division (Soviet Union)\nThe 169th Rifle Division was formed as an infantry division of the Red Army beginning in late August, 1939, as part of the pre-war Soviet military build-up. It saw service in the occupation force in western Ukraine in September. The German invasion found it still in Ukraine, fighting back to the Dniepr until it was nearly destroyed. The partly-rebuilt division fought again at Kharkov, then was pulled back into reserve and sent deep into the Caucasus where it fought south of Stalingrad throughout that battle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016032-0000-0001", "contents": "169th Rifle Division (Soviet Union)\nFollowing another major redeployment the division helped in the liberation of Oryol, and the following race to the Dniepr. In 1944 and 1945 it was in 1st and 2nd Belorussian Fronts, participating successfully in the offensives that liberated Belarus, Poland, and conquered eastern Germany. It ended the war on the Elbe River.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016032-0001-0000", "contents": "169th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Formation\nThe 169th was based on a cadre from the 45th Rifle Regiment, and began forming on August 25 and into September, 1939 at Kherson and Nikolaeyev in the Ukrainian Military District (later, the Odessa Military District). While still forming up it was officially in the third echelon of the Soviet forces taking part in the Soviet invasion of Poland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 46], "content_span": [47, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016032-0002-0000", "contents": "169th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Operation Barbarossa\nOn June 22, 1941, the order of battle of the 169th was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 57], "content_span": [58, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016032-0003-0000", "contents": "169th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Operation Barbarossa\nAs the enemy offensive began the division was spread over 65km in peacetime garrisons around Lipkany, Mogilev-Podolsk, and Grushka along the Dniestr River. On the 25th it was assigned to South Front, and fought under command of either the 9th or the 18th Army through June and July in 55th Rifle Corps. While in 18th Army the 169th was attempting to aid the breakout of the Soviet forces encircled in the Uman pocket. While directing his troops from his command post in the Pervomaisk area, General Turunov, commander of the division, was severely wounded by a shell fragment. He was evacuated by air to Kharkov, but died in hospital on August 3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 57], "content_span": [58, 704]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016032-0004-0000", "contents": "169th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Operation Barbarossa\nRetreating under pressure through the southern Ukraine, by Aug. 12 the division was reduced to two groups, one with a strength of 808 men, and one of just 603 men. The former group was destroyed on Aug. 14, and on the 16th the latter group was evacuated over the Dniepr to serve as a cadre for the rebuilding division. By Sept. 1 it was back in the line under command of 6th Army near Dnepropetrovsk. The order of battle had changed; the 135th Antiaircraft Battalion had been removed to become a separate unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 57], "content_span": [58, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016032-0004-0001", "contents": "169th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Operation Barbarossa\nOn Oct. 30 the 169th was in 38th Army of Southwestern Front with 4,787 officers and men in the ranks. On Dec. 26 the 342nd Howitzer Regiment was disbanded and the 307th Light Artillery Regiment became a standard divisional artillery regiment, while the reconnaissance battalion was reorganized as a company, with the same number. On Jan. 1, 1942, the divisional strength was 5,536 officers and men, half of what was authorized for a rifle division at that time, but about average compared to other such divisions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 57], "content_span": [58, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016032-0005-0000", "contents": "169th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Operation Blue  and Stalingrad\nIn May and June, 1942, the 169th fought under the command of 28th Army during the Second Battle of Kharkov, and the early stages of the German Operation Blue. German Sixth Army launched a preliminary attack, Operation Wilhelm, against the 28th Army bridgehead over the Donets at and south of Volchansk, from June 10\u201315. The division was caught up in this and was largely encircled in spite of beginning to retreat almost immediately; on the 13th Marshal Semyon Timoshenko reported it was \"seriously battered\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 67], "content_span": [68, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016032-0005-0001", "contents": "169th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Operation Blue  and Stalingrad\nDuring the main operation, the army's defenses along the Oskol River were penetrated by XXXX Panzer Corps on June 30, but the resistance of the 169th helped limit the advance. By July 10, 28th Army reported the division \"was fighting in the Zhuravka region with 100 fighters\", and these remnants made their way south of the Don in the following days.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 67], "content_span": [68, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016032-0006-0000", "contents": "169th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Operation Blue  and Stalingrad\nOn July 27 the remnants of the division were withdrawn into the Reserve of the Supreme High Command. After over a month of rest and refitting, by Sept. 11 the division was back up to a strength of 8,028 officers and men; 6,679 new men arrived from hospitals, the Tashkent Machinegun-Mortar School, the Astrakhan Infantry School, and reserve regiments. On Oct. 29 it had reached nearly-full strength of 9,424 and was assigned to 57th Army on the west bank of the Volga, south of Stalingrad.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 67], "content_span": [68, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016032-0007-0000", "contents": "169th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Operation Blue  and Stalingrad\nIn mid-October, the commander of Stalingrad Front, Gen. A.I. Yeryomenko ordered an attack from the so-called Beketovka bridgehead in yet another attempt to break through to the encircled 62nd Army in the city, or at least to divert German forces from the battle there. The 169th was transferred to 64th Army for this purpose. In this operation, which began on Oct. 25 and continued until Nov. 2, the division served as a general reserve. While gaining little ground, these attacks served as a distraction for German Sixth Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 67], "content_span": [68, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016032-0008-0000", "contents": "169th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Operation Uranus and Operation Ring\nIn preparation for the strategic counteroffensive called Operation Uranus, the 169th was transferred back to 57th Army in early November and moved southwards, to the vicinity of Tundutovo and Ivanovka, and reinforced. For the offensive it was supported by 90th Tank Brigade, and made up about half of 57th Army's shock group, with the 422nd Rifle Division and more armor making up the other half.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 72], "content_span": [73, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016032-0008-0001", "contents": "169th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Operation Uranus and Operation Ring\nAfter a 75-minute artillery preparation the division stepped off at 1115 hours on Nov. 20 and easily penetrated the defenses of the under-strength Romanian 2nd Infantry Division, which suffered \"tank fright\" and was virtually routed in the first hour. By mid-afternoon the shock group had advanced 6 to 8 kilometres and the 169th had captured Khara-Uson, Erdeshkin and Nariman. In the evening the division came under attack by the German 29th Motorized Division, which drove it back from Nariman; quick action by the 90th Tank Brigade saved the day by engaging the German armor and destroying several tanks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 72], "content_span": [73, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016032-0008-0002", "contents": "169th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Operation Uranus and Operation Ring\nThe division lost 93 men killed and 257 wounded in this action. 13th Tank Corps soon entered this seesaw battle through the night and next day, until the German division was ordered northward towards Stalingrad, after which the 169th and its supporting tanks continued to exploit their penetration westwards. Within days the shock group ran up against the 29th Motorized once again, as well as the 297th Infantry Division, defending the strongpoints of Tsybenko and Kravtsov, and the advance became a siege.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 72], "content_span": [73, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016032-0009-0000", "contents": "169th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Advance\nThe counteroffensive took its toll, and by Dec. 4 the strength of the division was back down to a total of 5,574 men. Following the victory at Stalingrad, in March, 1943, the 169th moved by rail northwards to Western Front. Here it was assigned to 16th Guards Rifle Corps in Gen. I.Kh. Bagramyan's 11th Guards Army. Under these commands the division fought in Operation Kutuzov, which reduced the Oryol salient and liberated the city of Oryol during July and August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016032-0010-0000", "contents": "169th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Advance\nIn late 1943 the 169th was assigned to 40th Rifle Corps in 3rd Army, where it would remain, almost continuously, until the end of the war. In late February, 1944, 3rd Army was in 1st Belorussian Front during the Rogachyov-Zhlobin Operation, with the goal of seizing bridgeheads over the Dniepr River. During this fighting, the division distinguished itself in the liberation of Rogachyov, and received that town's name as an honorific.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016032-0011-0000", "contents": "169th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Advance\nAt the outset of Operation Bagration, on June 23, 40th Rifle Corps began with a shattering artillery barrage of 45 minutes against the sector held by German XII Corps near Rogachyov, followed by regimental-sized attacks against the 267th Infantry and 18th Panzergrenadier Divisions. As the offensive unfolded, the 9th Tank Corps made a 200\u00a0km deep \"raid\" into the Minsk area, and the 169th organized a forward detachment in support, composed of the 434th Rifle Regiment loaded onto every truck available, plus the 160th Antitank Battalion, with extra troops from the \"Burevestnik\" Partisan Brigade picked up along the way. This successful exploitation earned the division the Order of the Red Banner, awarded on July 25 for the liberation of Volkovisk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 797]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016032-0012-0000", "contents": "169th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Advance\nOn January 2, 1945, just before the Vistula-Oder Offensive, the division had a strength of 6,712 troops, including 770 officers, 1,685 NCOs, and 4,257 enlisted; 42% of the division's personnel were either Communist Party members or Komsomols. After driving into East Prussia as part of 2nd Belorussian Front, the division was awarded the Order of Suvorov and later the Order of Kutuzov. When the war ended the 169th was on the Elbe River, 120\u00a0km west of Berlin. The men and women of the division had earned its full title: 169-\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u041a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0451\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0440\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0421\u0443\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u041a\u0443\u0442\u0443\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u0438\u044f (English: 169th Rifle, Rogachyov, Order of the Red Banner, Order of Suvorov, Order of Kutuzov Division), and six men had become Heroes of the Soviet Union.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 804]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016032-0013-0000", "contents": "169th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Postwar\nAccording to STAVKA Order No. 11095 of May 29, 1945, part 6, the 169th is listed as one of the rifle divisions to be \"disbanded in place\". However, this was not carried out, and by the end of August the division had been relocated to Vitebsk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016032-0014-0000", "contents": "169th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Postwar\nAccording to Vitaly Feskov and his research team, even further after the war it was moved to Lepiel, still with the 40th Rifle Corps. The division was disbanded there in June 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016033-0000-0000", "contents": "169th Street station (IND Queens Boulevard Line)\n169th Street is a local station on the IND Queens Boulevard Line of the New York City Subway. Located at the intersection of 169th Street and Hillside Avenue in Queens, it is served by the F train at all times, the <F> train during rush hours in the peak direction, and two E trains to Jamaica\u2013179th Street during p.m. rush hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016033-0001-0000", "contents": "169th Street station (IND Queens Boulevard Line)\n169th Street station opened on April 24, 1937, as the terminal station of the Independent Subway System's Queens Boulevard Line. This station was once heavily used because of the many bus connections available for riders heading further east within Queens. It became the closest subway station to the 165th Street Bus Terminal after the closure and demolition of the nearby 168th Street BMT station on Jamaica Avenue in 1977. Ridership at 169th Street station declined significantly following the opening of the Archer Avenue lines in 1988.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016033-0002-0000", "contents": "169th Street station (IND Queens Boulevard Line), History, Construction\nThe Queens Boulevard Line was one of the first built by the city-owned Independent Subway System (IND), and was planned to stretch between the IND Eighth Avenue Line in Manhattan and 178th Street and Hillside Avenue in Jamaica, Queens. The line was first proposed in 1925. Construction of the line was approved by the New York City Board of Estimate on October 4, 1928. On December 23, 1930, the contract for the construction of the section between 137th Street (now the Van Wyck Expressway) and 178th Street\u2014Route 108, Section 11\u2014was let. This section included the stations at 169th Street, Parsons Boulevard, Sutphin Boulevard, and Briarwood. The contract for this section was awarded to Triest Contracting Corporation. The line was constructed using the cut-and-cover tunneling method, and to allow pedestrians to cross, temporary bridges were built over the trenches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 71], "content_span": [72, 943]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016033-0003-0000", "contents": "169th Street station (IND Queens Boulevard Line), History, Construction\nThe first section of the line opened on August 19, 1933 from the connection to the Eighth Avenue Line at 50th Street to Roosevelt Avenue in Jackson Heights. Later that year, a $23 million loan was approved to finance the remainder of the line, along with other IND lines. The remainder of the line was built by the Public Works Administration. In summer 1933 work on this station and 169th Street were completed, far ahead of schedule. In 1934 and 1935, construction of the extension to Jamaica was suspended for 15 months and was halted by strikes. Construction was further delayed due to a strike in 1935, instigated by electricians opposing wages paid by the General Railway Signal Company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 71], "content_span": [72, 765]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016033-0004-0000", "contents": "169th Street station (IND Queens Boulevard Line), History, Construction\nIn April 1936, William Jerome Daly, the secretary of the New York City Board of Transportation, stated, in response to requests for a stop at 178th Street, that constructing a station at that location would prevent express service from operating past 71st Avenue. He said that with a final station at 169th Street, express trains could run to Parsons Boulevard, and that if the line was extended to Springfield Boulevard as planned, express service could be extended past 178th Street with a yard east of the new terminal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 71], "content_span": [72, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016033-0005-0000", "contents": "169th Street station (IND Queens Boulevard Line), History, Construction\nIn August 1936, construction to Forest Hills was expected to be completed by the end of the year. While the tracks were installed all the way to 178th Street, the stops to the east of Union Turnpike still needed to be tiled, have stairways, turnstiles and lighting installed. Two additional contracts remained to be put up for bid, both the results of last minute changes. One of the changes concerned the line's eastern terminal. Initially, express trains were planned to terminate at a station at 178th Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 71], "content_span": [72, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016033-0005-0001", "contents": "169th Street station (IND Queens Boulevard Line), History, Construction\nHowever, the plans were changed to terminate the express trains at Parsons Boulevard, requiring the installation of switches. Since construction of the tunnel was already completed in this section, a few hundred feet of the wall separating the eastbound and westbound train tracks had to be removed to fit the two switches. In addition, a new tunnel roof and new side supports had to be constructed. Since the line's new terminal would be at 169th Street, the tracks at 178th Street would be used to turn back trains. This change delayed the opening of the line from Union Turnpike to 169th Street, and also led to protests from the Jamaica Estates Association because the 178th Street station had been eliminated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 71], "content_span": [72, 786]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016033-0006-0000", "contents": "169th Street station (IND Queens Boulevard Line), History, Construction\nA 3.5-mile (5.6\u00a0km) extension from Roosevelt Avenue to Kew Gardens opened on December 31, 1936. In March 1937, the extension to 169th Street was expected to be opened on May 1, requiring work to be finished by April 3, and fully approved and tested by April 20. As of this point, minor station work remained, including the installation of light bulbs, with the only major work left to be completed being the final 200 feet (61\u00a0m) of track in the 169th Street terminal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 71], "content_span": [72, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016033-0007-0000", "contents": "169th Street station (IND Queens Boulevard Line), History, Opening\nOn April 9, 1937, Mayor Fiorello La Guardia announced that the operation of the $14.4 million extension to Jamaica and express service would begin on April 24. The extension to Hillside Avenue and 178th Street, with a terminal station at 169th Street, opened as planned on April 24, 1937. Service was initially provided by E trains, which began making express stops from 71st Avenue to Queens Plaza during rush hours on the same date, and by EE local trains during non-rush hours. The express service operated between approximately 6:30 and 10:30\u00a0a.m. and from 3:00\u00a0p.m. to 7:00\u00a0p.m., and ran every three to five minutes. This extension was celebrated with a parade along Hillside Avenue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 66], "content_span": [67, 755]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016033-0008-0000", "contents": "169th Street station (IND Queens Boulevard Line), History, Opening\nOn December 15, 1940, F trains began running via the newly opened IND Sixth Avenue Line, also running express west of 71st Avenue. 169th Street and Parsons Boulevard were both used as terminal stations during this time, with the E terminating at this station and the F at Parsons Boulevard. This setup was instituted to prevent congestion at both stations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 66], "content_span": [67, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016033-0009-0000", "contents": "169th Street station (IND Queens Boulevard Line), History, Opening\nWhile 169th Street was the end of the line, F trains terminated at Parsons Boulevard because the 169th Street station provided an unsatisfactory terminal setup for a four-track line. There were no storage facilities provided at the 169th Street station, and since 169th Street was a local station, trains on the outer local tracks had to cross over to the inner express tracks to reverse direction. Therefore, the line was planned to be extended to 184th Place with a station at 179th Street containing two island platforms, sufficient entrances and exits, and storage for four ten-car trains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 66], "content_span": [67, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016033-0009-0001", "contents": "169th Street station (IND Queens Boulevard Line), History, Opening\nThe facilities would allow for the operation of express and local service to the station. Delayed due to the Great Depression and World War II, the extension was completed later than expected and opened on December 11, 1950. E trains were extended there at all times and F trains were extended evenings, nights, and Sunday mornings. On May 13, 1951, all F trains outside of rush hour were extended to 179th Street using the local tracks beyond Parsons Boulevard. On October 8, 1951, trains were extended to 179th Street at all times. During rush hours F trains skipped 169th Street running via the express tracks. At other times, the F stopped at 169th Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 66], "content_span": [67, 727]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016033-0010-0000", "contents": "169th Street station (IND Queens Boulevard Line), History, Archer Avenue extension\nBefore the IND Archer Avenue Line opened on December 11, 1988, all Queens Boulevard express trains (E and F trains) ran to 179th Street, with the E running express along Hillside Avenue during rush hours only and the F running local. At that time, the 169th Street station was considered to be the most congested due to the numerous bus lines that either terminated just outside or at the nearby 165th Street Bus Terminal; this use had increased after the closure and demolition of the nearby 168th Street BMT station on Jamaica Avenue in 1977.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 82], "content_span": [83, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016033-0010-0001", "contents": "169th Street station (IND Queens Boulevard Line), History, Archer Avenue extension\nThe station was ill-equipped to handle the high passenger traffic volume transferring between the buses and subway, and The New York Times stated that during peak hours, passengers had to wait just to get to the platform. As a result, bars were installed on each of the seven 179th Street-bound staircases at platform level to \"feed\" passengers into the staircases and prevent them from crowding around it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 82], "content_span": [83, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016033-0011-0000", "contents": "169th Street station (IND Queens Boulevard Line), History, Archer Avenue extension\nThe opening of the Archer Avenue Line was expected by the New York City Transit Authority to reduce rush hour ridership at this station from 12,912 to 6,058. The locations of the station's full-time and part-time booths were switched in 1988, since more than half of the remaining riders lived closer to the 169th Street entrance. Before the change, most riders came from the Bus Terminal via the 168th Street entrance. The formerly full-time 168th Street booth was made part-time, and the formerly part-time 169th Street booth was made full-time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 82], "content_span": [83, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016033-0012-0000", "contents": "169th Street station (IND Queens Boulevard Line), Station layout\nThis underground station has four tracks and two side platforms. Both platforms have a vermilion trim line with a black border and mosaic name tablets reading \"169TH ST.\" in white sans-serif lettering on a black background with vermillion border. Small \"169\" and directional tile captions in white lettering on a black background run below the trim line and name tablets. Lime green I-beams run along the platforms and mezzanine at regular intervals, alternating ones having the standard black station name plate with white lettering.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 64], "content_span": [65, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016033-0013-0000", "contents": "169th Street station (IND Queens Boulevard Line), Station layout\nThe station has a full-length mezzanine above the platforms with a crossover between both platforms. When the station opened, IND engineers had concluded that only a small portion of the mezzanine was needed, which led to a 1959 proposal to convert the mezzanine into an underground parking garage. Despite this, the 169th Street station's mezzanines included turnstiles and change booths at both ends, in contrast to several other stations on the same line, which included turnstiles at only one end. Above the Manhattan-bound platform, the mezzanine gets narrower as it makes way for employee space. Due to low clearance, a \"DO NOT JUMP\" message in black letters is painted on the white tiles of the ceiling above one of the 179th Street-bound staircases.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 64], "content_span": [65, 822]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016033-0014-0000", "contents": "169th Street station (IND Queens Boulevard Line), Station layout, Exits\nThere are two fare control areas at either end of the mezzanine. The full-time entrances are at 169th Street, and stairs go up to all four corners of that intersection. The 169th Street entrances have been the full-time entrances since 1988, when the Archer Avenue lines opened, dramatically reducing ridership at this station. The part-time entrances are at 168th Street, with stairs going up to all four corners; this was the full-time entrance until 1988. At each entrance, staircases go up to all four corners of the street's intersection with Hillside Avenue. When it was originally built, the station had staffed token booths at both fare control areas. The 169th Street station is the closest to the 165th Street Bus Terminal, though the entrances at 168th Street are closer than those at 169th Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 71], "content_span": [72, 881]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016034-0000-0000", "contents": "169th Street station (IRT Third Avenue Line)\n169th Street was a local station on the demolished IRT Third Avenue Line in the Bronx, New York City. It was originally opened on September 2, 1888 by the Suburban Rapid Transit Company, and had three tracks and two side platforms. It was the northern terminus of the Third Avenue elevated for over two weeks. In 1902, the station and the rest of the Third Avenue elevated were acquired by Interborough Rapid Transit Company. The next stop to the north was Claremont Parkway. The next stop to the south was 166th Street. The station closed on April 29, 1973. The site of the former station is next to the Frederick Douglass Academy III Secondary School.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 698]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016035-0000-0000", "contents": "169th Training Centre (Ukraine)\nThe 169th Training Centre is a division-sized training formation of the Ukrainian Ground Forces. The Training Centre's main task is to prepare young professionals and personnel under contract to the Army Forces of Ukraine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016035-0001-0000", "contents": "169th Training Centre (Ukraine), Historical background, Soviet period, 5th Guards Airborne Division\nThe 169th Training Centre is the successor of the 5th Guards Zvenigorod Order of the Red Banner and Alexander Suvorov Second Degree Airborne Division (ru:5-\u044f \u0433\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0448\u043d\u043e-\u0434\u0435\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0442\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u0438\u044f) that fought during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 99], "content_span": [100, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016035-0002-0000", "contents": "169th Training Centre (Ukraine), Historical background, Soviet period, 5th Guards Airborne Division\nThe division was formed in the Moscow area by order of the Supreme Command on the basis of the 42nd Army's, 9th Airborne Corps with three airborne brigades (20th, 21st, 22nd Airborne Brigade) in December 1942. Its fighting way began in December 1942. It comprised the 1st, 11th, 16th Rifle and the 6th Artillery Regiments. The division fought from Stalingrad across Ukraine to the Austrian town of Amstetten, Lower Austria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 99], "content_span": [100, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016035-0003-0000", "contents": "169th Training Centre (Ukraine), Historical background, Soviet period, 5th Guards Airborne Division\nOn 24 June 1945 the division was represented at the Moscow Victory Parade of 1945 by sergeants V.Alyokhin, V.Sidelnikov, O.Aristakhov, I.Mamalygin as part of the consolidated 3rd Ukrainian Front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 99], "content_span": [100, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016035-0004-0000", "contents": "169th Training Centre (Ukraine), Historical background, Soviet period, 5th Guards Airborne Division\nDuring the war the division was more than 1922 kilometers of roads in Russia, Ukraine, Moldova, Romania, Hungary and Austria. During the entire period of the war guardsmen killed and 29,830 captured 12,806 enemy soldiers. It destroyed 1,263 tanks, 876 guns, 23 assault guns, 102 armored vehicles, 4,376 vehicles, 8 aircraft. For courage and heroism in battle with the enemy thousand soldiers were awarded orders and medals, and 26 of them were awarded the title \"Hero of the Soviet Union\" .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 99], "content_span": [100, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016035-0005-0000", "contents": "169th Training Centre (Ukraine), Historical background, Soviet period, 112 Guards Rifle Division\nFrom 1 July 1946 the division was reorganized as the 12th separate Rifle Brigade, part of the 27th Guards Rifle Corps. On 1 November 1953 the Brigade was reorganized as the 112th Guards Rifle Division (165th, 354th, 358th Rifle and 467th artillery regiments). Since 1957 the division was a motor rifle division, and on 1 November 1959 the formation was relocated to the village. From 1962 it was designated the 112th Guards Motor Rifle Training Division, and in 1968 it became the 48th Guards Tank Training Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 96], "content_span": [97, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016035-0006-0000", "contents": "169th Training Centre (Ukraine), Historical background, Soviet period, 112 Guards Rifle Division\nIn 1973 a mobilisation division was formed. This division consisted of equipment only, and would have received some personnel from the men of the 48th GTTD, with the remainder to be made up from newly arriving conscripts. It was titled the 70th Reserve (literally 'Spare') Tank Division, and its equipment was co-located with 48 GTTD.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 96], "content_span": [97, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016035-0007-0000", "contents": "169th Training Centre (Ukraine), Historical background, Soviet period, 169th District Training Center\nOn 1 December 1987, the 48th Guards division was renamed the 169th Guards Training Centre, known as the \"Desna\"/169th District Training Center for Junior Professional Tank Troops.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 101], "content_span": [102, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016035-0008-0000", "contents": "169th Training Centre (Ukraine), Historical background, Post-Soviet period\nIn 1992 personnel of the training center was one of the first of those, who took the oath of allegiance to the people of Ukraine. On October 4, 1994, a battle flag was handed to the training center.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 74], "content_span": [75, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016035-0009-0000", "contents": "169th Training Centre (Ukraine), Historical background, Post-Soviet period\nThe center may have been transferred to the 1st Army Corps after the independence of Ukraine. Colonel Raouf Nurillin (Ukrainian: \u041d\u0423\u0420\u0423\u041b\u041b\u0406\u041d \u0420\u0430\u0443\u0444 \u0428\u0430\u0439\u0445\u0443\u043b\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447) - the director of 169th District junior technician training center of the Armoured Forces of the 1st Army Corps of the Odessa Military District - was promoted to Major-General by a decree dated 23 August 1995.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 74], "content_span": [75, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016035-0010-0000", "contents": "169th Training Centre (Ukraine), Historical background, Post-Soviet period\nColonel Fedir Mavchuk (Ukrainian: \u041c\u0410\u041a\u0410\u0412\u0427\u0423\u041a \u0424\u0435\u0434\u0456\u0440 \u0424\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447) -  the director of 169th District junior technician training center of the Armoured Forces of the Northern Territorial Operational Command - was promoted to Major-General by a decree dated 23 August 1998.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 74], "content_span": [75, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016036-0000-0000", "contents": "169th meridian east\nThe meridian 169\u00b0 east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, New Zealand, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016036-0001-0000", "contents": "169th meridian east\nThe 169th meridian east forms a great circle with the 11th meridian west.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016036-0002-0000", "contents": "169th meridian east, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 169th meridian east passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016037-0000-0000", "contents": "169th meridian west\nThe meridian 169\u00b0 west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole, crossing a smaller amount of land than any other line of longitude, and is thus generally used as the cut-off point on a lot of map projections.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016037-0001-0000", "contents": "169th meridian west\nThe 169th meridian west forms a great circle with the 11th meridian east.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016037-0002-0000", "contents": "169th meridian west, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 169th meridian west passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016038-0000-0000", "contents": "16:10 aspect ratio\n16:10 is an aspect ratio mostly used for computer displays and tablet computers. The width of the display is 1.6 times its height. This ratio is close to the golden ratio \"\u03c6{\\displaystyle \\varphi }\" which is approximately 1.618.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016038-0001-0000", "contents": "16:10 aspect ratio, History, Computer displays\nLCD computer displays using the 16:10 ratio started to appear in the mass market from 2003. By 2008, 16:10 had become the most common aspect ratio for LCD monitors and laptop displays. Since 2010, however, 16:9 has become the mainstream standard, driven by the 1080p standard for high definition television and lower manufacturing costs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 46], "content_span": [47, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016038-0002-0000", "contents": "16:10 aspect ratio, History, Computer displays, Rise in popularity from 2003\nUntil about 2003, most computer monitors had a 4:3 aspect ratio and some had 5:4. Between 2003 and 2006, monitors with 16:10 aspect ratios became commonly available, first in laptops and later also in standalone monitors. Such displays were considered to be better suited for productive uses such as word processing and computer-aided design.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 76], "content_span": [77, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016038-0003-0000", "contents": "16:10 aspect ratio, History, Computer displays, Rise in popularity from 2003\nIn 2005\u20132008, 16:10 overtook 4:3 as the most sold aspect ratio for LCD monitors. At the time, 16:10 also had 90% of the notebook market and was the most commonly used aspect ratio for laptops. However, 16:10 had a short reign as the most common aspect ratio.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 76], "content_span": [77, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016038-0004-0000", "contents": "16:10 aspect ratio, History, Computer displays, Decline from 2008\nAround 2008\u20132010, there was a rapid shift by computer display manufacturers to the 16:9 aspect ratio and by 2011 16:10 had almost disappeared from new mass market products. According to Net Applications, by October 2012 the market share of 16:10 displays had dropped to less than 23 percent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 65], "content_span": [66, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016038-0005-0000", "contents": "16:10 aspect ratio, History, Computer displays, Decline from 2008\nThe primary reason for this move was considered to be production efficiency - since display panels for TVs use the 16:9 aspect ratio, it became more efficient for display manufacturers to produce computer display panels in the same aspect ratio as well. A 2008 report by DisplaySearch also cited a number of other reasons, including the ability for PC and monitor manufacturers to expand their product ranges by offering products with wider screens and higher resolutions, helping consumers to adopt such products more easily and \"stimulating the growth of the notebook PC and LCD monitor market\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 65], "content_span": [66, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016038-0006-0000", "contents": "16:10 aspect ratio, History, Computer displays, Decline from 2008\nThe shift from 16:10 to 16:9 was met with a mixed response. The lower cost of 16:9 computer displays, along with their suitability for gaming and movies and the convenience of having the same aspect ratio in different devices, was seen as a positive. On the other hand, there was criticism towards the lack of vertical screen real estate when compared to 16:10 displays of the same screen diagonal. For this reason, some considered 16:9 displays less suitable for productivity-oriented tasks, such as editing documents or spreadsheets and using design or engineering applications, which are mostly designed for taller, rather than wider screens.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 65], "content_span": [66, 711]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016038-0007-0000", "contents": "16:10 aspect ratio, History, Computer displays, Decline from 2008\nCompanies like BenQ, Dell and Eizo, among others, still offer 16:10 aspect ratio monitors as of March 2021. These monitors are intended for photographers and video editors, digital artists, desktop publishers, graphic designers and business customers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 65], "content_span": [66, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016038-0008-0000", "contents": "16:10 aspect ratio, History, Computer displays, Resurgence\nIn 2020, Apple and Dell have released high-end productivity laptops with the 16:10 aspect ratio, while Microsoft has launched a new version of its 3:2 Surface Book. This year's version of the Dell XPS is the first that moves away from the classic 16:9 aspect ratio. Other brands have also adopted taller aspect ratios: Acer Swift 3, LG Gram, Asus ProArt StudioBook, have 16:10 ratio. In 2021, the Steam Deck, a handheld gaming computer produced by Valve was announced, featuring a 16:10 display. There has also been a sudden resurgence of 16:10 Displays in the Gaming Laptop category. These high powered machines which usually had (16:9) 15.6 in and 17.6 in screen sizes, are now offering (16:10) 16 inch screen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 58], "content_span": [59, 771]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016038-0009-0000", "contents": "16:10 aspect ratio, History, Tablets\nTablets started to enjoy mainstream popularity beginning late 2010/early 2011 and remain popular to present day. Aspect ratios for tablets typically include 16:10, 16:9 and 4:3. Tablets have caused a shift in production away from purely 16:9 aspect ratios, and a resurgence of \"productivity\" aspect ratios (including 16:10 and 4:3) in place of \"media\" aspect ratios (16:9 and ultra wide screen formats). 16:9 is less suited for laptops, PC monitors and tablets. The format remains widely popular in the TV and smartphone industries, where it is more suited.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 36], "content_span": [37, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016038-0010-0000", "contents": "16:10 aspect ratio, History, Tablets\nMany Android tablets have 16:10 aspect ratio, because 16:10 aspect ratio is suitable for reading books, and many papers have an aspect ratio close to 16:10 (e.g. ISO 216 papers use the 1:1.414 aspect ratio). The iPad uses a 4:3 aspect ratio for similar reasons. Both formats come significantly closer to emulating the aspect ratio of A4 paper (210 \u00d7 297 millimeters or 8.27 \u00d7 11.69 inches) and has been attributed to the success of 16:10 and 4:3 tablets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 36], "content_span": [37, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016038-0011-0000", "contents": "16:10 aspect ratio, Common resolutions\nThis is a list of common resolutions with the 16:10 aspect ratio.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 38], "content_span": [39, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016039-0000-0000", "contents": "16:9 aspect ratio\n16:9 (1.77:1) is a widescreen aspect ratio with a width of 16 units and height of 9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016039-0001-0000", "contents": "16:9 aspect ratio\nOnce seen as exotic, since 2009, it has become the most common aspect ratio for televisions and computer monitors and is also the international standard format of  digital television HDTV Full HD and SD TV. It has replaced the fullscreen 4:3 aspect ratio.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016039-0002-0000", "contents": "16:9 aspect ratio\n16:9 (1.77:1) (said as sixteen by nine or sixteen to nine) is the international standard format of HDTV, non-HD digital television and analog widescreen television PALplus. Japan's Hi-Vision originally started with a 5:3 ratio but converted when the international standards group introduced a wider ratio of 16 to 9. Many digital video cameras have the capability to record in 16:9, and 16:9 is the only widescreen aspect ratio natively supported by the DVD standard. DVD producers can also choose to show even wider ratios such as 1.85:1 and 2.4:1 within the 16:9 DVD frame by hard matting or adding black bars within the image itself.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016039-0003-0000", "contents": "16:9 aspect ratio, History\nDr. Kerns H. Powers, a member of the SMPTE Working Group on High-Definition Electronic Production, first proposed the 16:9 (1.77:1) aspect ratio in 1984, when nobody was creating 16:9 videos. The popular choices in 1980 were 4:3 (based on TV standard's ratio at the time), 15:9 (the European \"flat\" 1.66:1 ratio), 1.85:1 (the American \"flat\" ratio) and 2.35:1 (the CinemaScope/Panavision) ratio for anamorphic widescreen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016039-0004-0000", "contents": "16:9 aspect ratio, History\nPowers cut out rectangles with equal areas, shaped to match each of the popular aspect ratios. When overlapped with their center points aligned, he found that all of those aspect ratio rectangles fit within an outer rectangle with an aspect ratio of 1.77:1 and all of them also covered a smaller common inner rectangle with the same aspect ratio 1.78:1. The value found by Powers is exactly the geometric mean of the extreme aspect ratios, 4:3 and 2.35:1, \u221a47/15\u22481.77:1 which is coincidentally close to 16:9. Applying the same geometric mean technique to 16:9 and 4:3 yields an aspect ratio of around 1.5396:1, sometimes approximated as 14:9 (1.55:1), which is likewise used as a compromise between these ratios.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 739]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016039-0005-0000", "contents": "16:9 aspect ratio, History\nWhile 16:9 (1.77:1) was initially selected as a compromise format, the subsequent popularity of HDTV broadcast has solidified 16:9 as perhaps the most common video aspect ratio in use. Most 4:3 (1.33:1) and 2.40:1 video is now recorded using a \"shoot and protect\" technique that keeps the main action within a 16:9 (1.77:1) inner rectangle to facilitate HD broadcast. Conversely it is quite common to use a technique known as center-cutting, to approach the challenge of presenting material shot (typically 16:9) to both an HD and legacy 4:3 audience simultaneously without having to compromise image size for either audience. Content creators frame critical content or graphics to fit within the 1.33:1 raster space. This has similarities to a filming technique called Open matte.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 808]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016039-0006-0000", "contents": "16:9 aspect ratio, History\nAfter the original 16:9 Action Plan of the early 1990s, the European Union instituted the 16:9 Action Plan, just to accelerate the development of the advanced television services in 16:9 aspect ratio, both in PALplus (compatible with regular PAL broacasts) and also in HD-MAC (an early HD format). The Community fund for the 16:9 Action Plan amounted to \u20ac228,000,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016039-0007-0000", "contents": "16:9 aspect ratio, History\nOver a long period in the late 2000s and early 2010s, the computer industry switched from 4:3 to 16:9 as the most common aspect ratio for monitors and laptops. A 2008 report by DisplaySearch cited a number of reasons for this shift, including the ability for PC and monitor manufacturers to expand their product ranges by offering products with wider screens and higher resolutions, helping consumers to more easily adopt such products and \"stimulating the growth of the notebook PC and LCD monitor market\". By using the same aspect ratio for both TVs and monitors, manufacturing can be streamlined and research costs reduced by not requiring two separate sets of equipment, and since a 16:9 is narrower than a 16:10 panel of the same length, more panels can be created per sheet of glass.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 816]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016039-0008-0000", "contents": "16:9 aspect ratio, History\nIn 2011, Bennie Budler, product manager of IT products at Samsung South Africa, confirmed that monitors capable of 1920\u00d71200 resolutions are not being manufactured anymore. \"It is all about reducing manufacturing costs. The new 16:9 aspect ratio panels are more cost-effective to manufacture locally than the previous 16:10 panels\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016039-0009-0000", "contents": "16:9 aspect ratio, History\nIn March 2011, the 16:9 resolution 1920\u00d71080 became the most common used resolution among Steam's users. The previous most common resolution was 1680\u00d71050 (16:10).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016039-0010-0000", "contents": "16:9 aspect ratio, Properties\n16:9 is the only widescreen aspect ratio natively supported by the DVD format. Anamorphic DVD transfers store the information as 5:4 (PAL) or 3:2 (NTSC) square pixels, which is set to expand to either 16:9 or 4:3, which the television or video player handles. A PAL DVD with a full frame image may contain a video resolution of 768\u00d7576 (4:3 ratio), but a video player software will stretch this to 1024\u00d7576 square pixels with a 16:9 flag in order to recreate the correct aspect ratio.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016039-0011-0000", "contents": "16:9 aspect ratio, Properties\nDVD producers can also choose to show even wider ratios such as 1.85:1 and 2.4:1 within the 16:9 DVD frame by hard matting or adding black bars within the image itself. Some films which were made in a 1.85:1 aspect ratio, such as the U.S.-Italian co-production Man of La Mancha and Kenneth Branagh's Much Ado About Nothing, fit quite comfortably onto a 1.77:1 HDTV screen and have been issued as an enhanced version on DVD without the black bars. Many digital video cameras have the capability to record in 16:9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016039-0012-0000", "contents": "16:9 aspect ratio, Common resolutions\nCommon resolutions for 16:9 are listed in the table below:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 37], "content_span": [38, 96]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016039-0013-0000", "contents": "16:9 aspect ratio, Countries, Europe\nIn Europe, 16:9 is the standard broadcast format for most TV channels and all HD broadcasts. Some countries adopted the format for analogue television, first by using the PALplus standard (now obsolete) and then by simply using WSS on normal PAL broadcasts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 36], "content_span": [37, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016039-0014-0000", "contents": "16:9 aspect ratio, Countries, Asia\n16:9 with inner 4:3**: RCTI, SCTV, Indosiar, MNCTV, GTV, iNews", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 34], "content_span": [35, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016039-0015-0000", "contents": "16:9 aspect ratio, Countries, Asia\n*Channels that are primarily broadcast in 16:9 sometimes are filled by 4:3 content which are either stretched or pillarboxed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 34], "content_span": [35, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016039-0016-0000", "contents": "16:9 aspect ratio, Countries, Asia\n* *Broadcast in 16:9 HDTV along with inner 4:3 SDTV. Due to their visibility, some contents are either pillarboxed and windowboxed (especially in commercial ads and live sport games). Contents wider than 16:9 are usually letterboxed. They're usually stretched in SDTV mode. HD versions are limited to pay TV services and digital terrestrial TV in select regions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 34], "content_span": [35, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016039-0017-0000", "contents": "16:9 aspect ratio, Countries, Asia\n* **These channels are still using 4:3 configuration. Stretched when broadcasting in 16:9 format. Some channels have limited original 16:9 video contents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 34], "content_span": [35, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016039-0018-0000", "contents": "16:9 aspect ratio, Countries, Asia\nNote: Nationwide TV channels listed above are classified according to their original configuration, sorted chronologically according to TV configuration update. Configuration for exclusively digital and local channels are may vary. Local versions of nationwide channels may be different from their national version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 34], "content_span": [35, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016039-0019-0000", "contents": "16:9 aspect ratio, Countries, Asia\n4:3 upscaled/stretched to 16:9**: ETC, 2nd Avenue, all BEAM's subchannels, Light Network, UNTV* ***, Ang Dating Daan TV, SMNI, TV5, One Sports, GMA 7, A2Z, GTV, IBC 13", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 34], "content_span": [35, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016039-0020-0000", "contents": "16:9 aspect ratio, Countries, Asia\n*channels that are squeezed/letterboxed to 4:3 on analog terrestrial transmissions nor no letterbox on widescreen-produced programs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 34], "content_span": [35, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016039-0021-0000", "contents": "16:9 aspect ratio, Countries, Asia\n* *channels that are originally broadcasting in 4:3 on analog terrestrial, but upscaled or stretched to 16:9 for digital terrestrial television, cable and satellite.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 34], "content_span": [35, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016039-0022-0000", "contents": "16:9 aspect ratio, Countries, Americas\nPay television: U, Golden, Golden Edge, TL Novelas, Bandamax, De Pel\u00edcula, De Pel\u00edcula Cl\u00e1sico, Ritmoson Latino, TDN, TeleHit, Distrito Comedia, Tiin, Az Noticias, Az Clic!, Az Mundo, Az Coraz\u00f3n, Az Cinema, 52MX, TVC, TVC Deportes, P\u00e1nico, Cinema Platino, Cine Mexicano.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 38], "content_span": [39, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016040-0000-0000", "contents": "16B\n\"16B\" is a song by Filipino-Australian singer-actor James Reid. The song was released on May 5, 2018 as the lead single off the collaborative mixtape from his own label Careless Music Manila.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016040-0001-0000", "contents": "16B, Background\nAccording to \"Push\", Reid explained in his Instagram post that the lyrics were inspired by a close friend. He also stated that \"16B is a place, a place where even the most fiery of souls can get lost in the pretty lights.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 15], "content_span": [16, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016040-0002-0000", "contents": "16B, Music video\nAn accompany music video for the song was released on Reid's birthday on May 11, 2018 via Careless Music Manila's YouTube channel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 16], "content_span": [17, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016040-0003-0000", "contents": "16B, Critical reception\n\"16B\" received positive reviews from music critics, but was also criticized for its provocative lyrics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 23], "content_span": [24, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016041-0000-0000", "contents": "16K resolution\n16K resolution is a display resolution with approximately 16,000 pixels horizontally. The most commonly discussed 16K resolution is 15360\u2009\u00d7\u20098640, which doubles the pixel count of 8K UHD in each dimension, for a total of four times as many pixels. This resolution has 132.7 megapixels, 16 times as many pixels as 4K resolution and 64 times as many pixels as 1080p resolution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016041-0001-0000", "contents": "16K resolution\nCurrently, 16K resolutions can be run using multi-monitor setups with AMD Eyefinity or Nvidia Surround.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016041-0002-0000", "contents": "16K resolution, History\nIn 2016, AMD announced a target for their future graphics cards to support 16K resolution with a refresh rate of 240\u00a0Hz for \"true immersion\" in VR.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016041-0003-0000", "contents": "16K resolution, History\nLinus Tech Tips released a series of videos in 2017 attempting to play video games at 16K using 16 4K monitors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016041-0004-0000", "contents": "16K resolution, History\nIn 2018, US filmmaker Martin Lisius released a short time-lapse film titled, \"Prairie Wind\" that he produced using a 2-camera Canon EOS 5DS system he developed. Two still images were stitched together to create one 15985\u2009\u00d7\u20095792 pixel image and then rendered as 16K resolution video with an extremely wide aspect ratio of 2.76\u22361. This is among the first known 16K videos to exist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016041-0005-0000", "contents": "16K resolution, History\nInnolux displayed the world's first 100-inch 16K8K (15360\u2009\u00d7\u20098640) display module at Touch Taiwan in August 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016041-0006-0000", "contents": "16K resolution, History\nSony introduced a 64 by 18 foot (19.5\u00a0m \u00d7\u00a05.5\u00a0m) commercial 16K display at NAB 2019 that is set to be released in Japan. It is made up of 576 modules (each 360\u2009\u00d7\u2009360) in a formation of 48 by 12 modules, forming a 17280\u2009\u00d7\u20094320 screen, with 4\u22361 aspect ratio.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016041-0007-0000", "contents": "16K resolution, History\nOn June 26, 2019, VESA formally released the DisplayPort 2.0 standard with support for one 16K (15360\u2009\u00d7\u20098640-pixel) display supporting 30-bit-per-pixel 4:4:4 RGB/Y\u2032CBCR-color HDR video at a refresh rate of 60\u00a0Hz using DSC video compression.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016042-0000-0000", "contents": "16P/Brooks\n16P/Brooks, also known as Brooks 2, is a periodic comet discovered by William Robert Brooks on July 7, 1889, but failed to note any motion. He was able to confirm the discovery the next morning, having seen that the comet had moved north. On August 1, 1889, the famous comet hunter Edward Emerson Barnard discovered two fragments of the comet labeled \"B\" and \"C\" located 1 and 4.5 arc minutes away. On August 2, he found another four or five, but these were no longer visible the next day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016042-0000-0001", "contents": "16P/Brooks\nOn August 4, he observed two more objects, labeled \"D\" and \"E\". \"E\" disappeared by the next night and \"D\" was gone by the next week. Around mid-month, \"B\" grew large and faint, finally disappearing at the beginning of September. \"C\" managed to survive until mid-November 1889. No new nuclei were discovered before the apparition ended on January 13, 1891.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016042-0001-0000", "contents": "16P/Brooks\nThe breakup is believed to have been caused by the passage of the comet within Jupiter's Roche limit in 1886, when it spent two days within the orbit of Io. After the discovery apparition, the comet has always been over two magnitudes fainter and no fragments have been seen since 1889.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016042-0002-0000", "contents": "16P/Brooks\nOn 31 December 2016 the comet will pass 0.333\u00a0AU from Jupiter then on 3 July 2053 pass 0.247\u00a0AU (37,000,000\u00a0km; 23,000,000\u00a0mi) from Jupiter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016042-0003-0000", "contents": "16P/Brooks, Discovery\nWilliam R. Brooks (Geneva, New York) was sweeping for comets on the morning of 1889 July 7, when he found this comet in the southeastern sky within the constellation Aquarius. He described it as faint, with a coma 1 arc minute across and a tail 10 arc minutes long. Although he was unable to detect any motion before sunrise, Brooks quickly found the comet the next morning and noted it had moved slightly northward.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 21], "content_span": [22, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016043-0000-0000", "contents": "16PF Questionnaire\nThe Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF) is a self-report personality test developed over several decades of empirical research by Raymond B. Cattell, Maurice Tatsuoka and Herbert Eber. The 16PF provides a measure of normal personality and can also be used by psychologists, and other mental health professionals, as a clinical instrument to help diagnose psychiatric disorders, and help with prognosis and therapy planning.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016043-0000-0001", "contents": "16PF Questionnaire\nThe 16PF can also provide information relevant to the clinical and counseling process, such as an individual\u2019s capacity for insight, self-esteem, cognitive style, internalization of standards, openness to change, capacity for empathy, level of interpersonal trust, quality of attachments, interpersonal needs, attitude toward authority, reaction toward dynamics of power, frustration tolerance, and coping style. Thus, the 16PF instrument provides clinicians with a normal-range measurement of anxiety, adjustment, emotional stability and behavioral problems. Clinicians can use 16PF results to identify effective strategies for establishing a working alliance, to develop a therapeutic plan, and to select effective therapeutic interventions or modes of treatment. It can also be used within other areas of psychology, such as career and occupational selection.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 881]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016043-0001-0000", "contents": "16PF Questionnaire\nBeginning in the 1940s, Cattell used several techniques including the new statistical technique of common factor analysis applied to the English-language trait lexicon to elucidate the major underlying dimensions within the normal personality sphere. This method takes as its starting point the matrix of inter-correlations between these variables in an attempt to uncover the underlying source traits of human personality. Cattell found that personality structure was hierarchical, with both primary and secondary stratum level traits. At the primary level, the 16PF measures 16 primary trait constructs, with a version of the Big Five secondary traits at the secondary level.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 696]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016043-0001-0001", "contents": "16PF Questionnaire\nThese higher-level factors emerged from factor-analyzing the 16 x 16 intercorrelation matrix for the sixteen primary factors themselves. The 16PF yields scores on primary and second-order \"global\" traits, thereby allowing a multilevel description of each individual's unique personality profile. A listing of these trait dimensions and their description can be found below. Cattell also found a third-stratum of personality organization that comprised just two overarching factors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016043-0002-0000", "contents": "16PF Questionnaire\nThe measurement of normal personality trait constructs is an integral part of Cattell's comprehensive theory of intrapersonal psychological variables covering individual differences in cognitive abilities, normal personality traits, abnormal (psychopathological) personality traits, dynamic motivational traits, mood states, and transitory emotional states which are all taken into account in his behavioral specification/prediction equation. The 16PF has also been translated into over 30 languages and dialects and is widely used internationally.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016043-0003-0000", "contents": "16PF Questionnaire\nCattell and his co-workers also constructed downward extensions of the 16PF \u2013 parallel personality questionnaires designed to measure corresponding trait constructs in younger age ranges, such as the High School Personality Questionnaire (HSPQ) \u2013 now the Adolescent Personality Questionnaire (APQ) for ages 12 to 18 years, the Children's Personality Questionnaire (CPQ), the Early School Personality Questionnaire (ESPQ), as well as the Preschool Personality Questionnaire (PSPQ).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016043-0004-0000", "contents": "16PF Questionnaire\nCattell also constructed (T-data) tests of cognitive abilities such as the Comprehensive Ability Battery (CAB) \u2013 a multidimensional measure of 20 primary cognitive abilities, as well as measures of non-verbal visuo-spatial abilities, such as the three scales of the Culture-Fair Intelligence Test (CFIT), In addition, Cattell and his colleagues constructed objective (T-data) measures of dynamic motivational traits including the Motivation Analysis Test (MAT), the School Motivation Analysis Test (SMAT), as well as the Children's Motivation Analysis Test (CMAT). As for the mood state domain, Cattell and his colleagues constructed the Eight State Questionnaire (8SQ), a self-report (Q-data) measure of eight clinically important emotional/mood states, labeled Anxiety, Stress, Depression, Regression, Fatigue, Guilt, Extraversion, and Arousal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 865]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016043-0005-0000", "contents": "16PF Questionnaire, Outline\nThe most recent edition of the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF), released in 1993, is the fifth edition (16PF5e) of the original instrument. The self-report instrument was first published in 1949; the second and third editions were published in 1956 and 1962, respectively; and the five alternative forms of the fourth edition were released between 1967 and 1969.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016043-0006-0000", "contents": "16PF Questionnaire, Outline\nThe goal of the fifth edition revision in 1993 was to:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 82]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016043-0007-0000", "contents": "16PF Questionnaire, Outline\nThe 16PF Fifth Edition contains 185 multiple-choice items which are written at a fifth-grade reading level. Of these items, 76% were from the four previous 16PF editions, although many of them were re-written to simplify or update the language. The item content typically sounds non-threatening and asks simple questions about daily behavior, interests, and opinions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016043-0008-0000", "contents": "16PF Questionnaire, Outline, Item format\nA characteristic of the 16PF items is that, rather than asking respondents to self-assess their personality as some instruments do (e.g., \"I am a warm and friendly person; I am not a worrier; I am an even tempered person. \"), they tend instead to ask about daily, concrete situations, e.g. :", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 40], "content_span": [41, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016043-0009-0000", "contents": "16PF Questionnaire, Outline, Item format\nCattell argued that self-ratings relate to self-image, and are affected by self-awareness, and defensiveness about one's actual traits. The 16PF provides scores on 16 primary personality scales and five global personality scales, all of which are bi-polar (both ends of each scale have a distinct, meaningful definition). The instrument also includes three validity scales:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 40], "content_span": [41, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016043-0010-0000", "contents": "16PF Questionnaire, Outline, Item format\nThe Impression Management (IM) scale is a bipolar scale with high scores reflecting a preponderance of socially desirable responses and low scores reflecting a preponderance of socially undesirable responses. Possible reasons for an extremely high Impression Management score include: the examinee may actually behave in highly socially desirable ways, and responses are accurate self-descriptions; responses reflect an unconscious distortion consistent with the examinee\u2019s self-image but not with their behavior; or deliberate self-presentation as behaving in a highly socially desirable manner. A low impression management score suggests an unusual willingness to admit undesirable attributes or behaviors and can occur when an examinee is unusually self-critical, discouraged, or under stress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 40], "content_span": [41, 837]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016043-0011-0000", "contents": "16PF Questionnaire, Outline, Item format\nThe Acquiescence (ACQ) scale\u2019s purpose is to index the degree to which the examinee agreed with items regardless of what was being asked. A high score might indicate that the examinee misunderstood the item content, responded randomly, has an unclear self-image, or had a \u201cyea-saying\u201d response style.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 40], "content_span": [41, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016043-0012-0000", "contents": "16PF Questionnaire, Outline, Item format\nThe Infrequency (INF) scale comprises the most statistically infrequent responses on the test, which are all middle (b) responses and appear in the test booklet with a question mark. A score above the 95th percentile may indicate that the examinee had trouble reading or comprehending the questions, responded randomly, experienced consistent indecisiveness about the a or c response choice, or tried to avoid making the wrong impression by choosing the middle answer rather than one of the more definitive answers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 40], "content_span": [41, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016043-0013-0000", "contents": "16PF Questionnaire, Outline, Administration\nAdministration of the test takes about 35\u201350 minutes for the paper-and-pencil version and about 30 minutes by computer. The test instructions are simple and straightforward and the test is un-timed; thus, the test is generally self-administrable and can be used in either an individual or a group setting. The 16PF test was designed for adults at least age 16 and older, but there are also parallel tests for various younger age ranges (e.g., the 16PF Adolescent Personality Questionnaire).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 43], "content_span": [44, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016043-0014-0000", "contents": "16PF Questionnaire, Outline, Administration\nThe 16PF Questionnaire has been translated into more than 30 languages and dialects. Thus the test can be administered in different languages, scored based on either local, national, or international normative samples, and computerized interpretive reports provided in about 23 different languages. The test has generally been culturally adapted (rather than just translated) in these countries, with local standardization samples plus reliability and validity information collected locally and presented in individual manuals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 43], "content_span": [44, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016043-0015-0000", "contents": "16PF Questionnaire, Outline, Scoring\nThe test can be hand-scored using a set of scoring keys, or computer-scored by mailing-in or faxing-in the answer sheet to the publisher IPAT. There is also a software system that can be used to administer, score, and provide reports on the test results directly in the professional's office; and an Internet-based system that can also provide administration, scoring, and reports in a range of different languages.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 36], "content_span": [37, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016043-0016-0000", "contents": "16PF Questionnaire, Outline, Scoring\nAfter the test has been administered there is a total score computed from each of the 16 personality factors. These totals have been created in a way to correlate to the sten scale. Scores on the 16PF are presented on a 10-point scale, or standard-ten scale. The sten scale has a mean of 5.5 and a standard deviation of 2, with scores below 4 considered low and scores above 7 considered high. The sten scales are bipolar, meaning that each end of the scale has a distinct definition and meaning. Because bipolar scales are designated with \u201chigh\u201d or \u201clow\u201d for each factor, a high score should not be considered to reflect a positive personality characteristic and a low score should not be considered to reflect a negative personality characteristic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 36], "content_span": [37, 787]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016043-0017-0000", "contents": "16PF Questionnaire, Outline, Interpretation\nCattell and Schuerger provided six steps that outline how they recommend interpreting the results of the 16PF:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 43], "content_span": [44, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016043-0018-0000", "contents": "16PF Questionnaire, Outline, Interpretation\nThere are about a dozen computer-generated interpretive reports that can be used to help interpret the test for different purposes, for example:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 43], "content_span": [44, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016043-0019-0000", "contents": "16PF Questionnaire, Outline, Interpretation\nThere are also many books that help with test interpretation, for example,", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 43], "content_span": [44, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016043-0020-0000", "contents": "16PF Questionnaire, Outline, Interpretation\nThe 16PF traits are also included in the Psychological Evaluation Questionnaire (PEQ), which combines measures of both normal and abnormal personality traits into one test (Cattell, Cattell, Cattell, Russell, & Bedwell, 2003)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 43], "content_span": [44, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016043-0021-0000", "contents": "16PF Questionnaire, Raymond Cattell's 16 Personality Factors\nBelow is a table outlining the personality traits measured by the 16PF Questionnaire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 60], "content_span": [61, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016043-0022-0000", "contents": "16PF Questionnaire, Relationship to five factor models\nIn the Fourth and Fifth Editions of the 16PF, there were five global factors that seem to correspond fairly closely to the \"Big Five personality traits\". The Big Five (BF) trait of Openness seems to be related to 16PF Openness/Tough-mindedness, The BF trait of Conscientiousness to the 16PF Self-Control, the BF Extraversion to the 16PF Extraversion, the BF Agreeableness/Dis-Agreeableness to the 16PF Independence/Accommodation, and the BF Neuroticism to the 16PF Anxiety. In fact, the development of the Big-Five factors began in 1963 with W.T. Norman factor-analyzing responses to the same items as the 16PF, replicating Cattell's work and suggested that five factors would be sufficient.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 54], "content_span": [55, 746]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016043-0023-0000", "contents": "16PF Questionnaire, Relationship to five factor models\nHowever, one big technical difference between Cattell's five Global Factors and popular five-factor models was Cattell's insistence on using oblique rotation in the factor analysis whereas Goldberg and Costa & McCrae used orthogonal rotation in their factor analysis. Oblique rotation allows the factors to correlate with each other, whereas orthogonal rotation restricts the factors from correlating with each other. Although personality traits are thought to be correlated, using orthogonal factor analysis makes the factors easier to understand and to work on statistically in research.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 54], "content_span": [55, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016043-0023-0001", "contents": "16PF Questionnaire, Relationship to five factor models\nThis is one of the reasons the Big-Five traits have definitions that are different from the 16PF global factors. For example, as seen in the table below, in Cattell's model the primary personality trait of Dominance (Factor E) is strongly located in the Independence/Accommodation global factor which represents a quality of fearless, original thinking and forceful, independent actions. However, other popular big five models consider Dominance as a facet of several Big-Five traits, including Extraversion, Dis-Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness. Thus Dominance is spread across a range of Big-Five factors with little influence on any one (Cattell & Mead, 2008).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 54], "content_span": [55, 722]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016043-0023-0002", "contents": "16PF Questionnaire, Relationship to five factor models\nBelow is a table that shows how the 16 primary factors are related to the five global factors of the 16 Personality Factor theory. Compare with the Hierarchical Structure of the Big Five. Also, note that factor B is considered separate from the other factors because it is not a part of the hierarchical structure of personality in the same way as the other factors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 54], "content_span": [55, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016043-0024-0000", "contents": "16PF Questionnaire, Factor analytic strategy\nAssumptions shared by standardized personality tests, simply stated, are that humans possess characteristics or traits that are stable, vary from individual to individual, and can be measured. Factor analysis is a statistical procedure for reducing the redundancy in a set of intercorrelated scores. One major technique of factor analysis, the principal-components method, finds the minimum number of common factors that can account for an interrelated set of scores. Cattell's goal was to empirically determine and measure the essence of personality. Cattell used factor analysis to reduce thousands of psychological traits into what he believed to be 16 of the basic dimensions, or source traits of human personality. As a result, he created the 16PF personality test.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 815]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016043-0025-0000", "contents": "16PF Questionnaire, History and development, Cattell physical sciences background\nThe 16PF Questionnaire was created from a fairly unusual perspective among personality tests. Most personality tests are developed to measure just the pre-conceived traits that are of interest to a particular theorist or researcher. The main author of the 16PF, Raymond B. Cattell, had a strong background in the physical sciences, especially chemistry and physics, at a time when the basic elements of the physical world were being discovered, placed in the periodic table, and used as the basis for understanding the fundamental nature of the physical world and for further inquiry. From this background in the physical sciences, Cattell developed the belief that all fields are best understood by first seeking to find the fundamental underlying elements in that domain, and then developing a valid way to measure and research these elements (Cattell, 1965).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 81], "content_span": [82, 943]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016043-0026-0000", "contents": "16PF Questionnaire, History and development, Cattell physical sciences background\nCattell's goal in creating the 16PF Questionnaire was to provide a thorough, research-based map of normal personality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 81], "content_span": [82, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016043-0027-0000", "contents": "16PF Questionnaire, History and development, Cattell physical sciences background\nWhen Cattell moved from the physical sciences into the field of psychology in the 1920s, he described his disappointment about finding that it consisted largely of a wide array of abstract, unrelated theories and concepts that had little or no scientific bases. He found that most personality theories were based on philosophy and on personal conjecture, or were developed by medical professionals, such as Jean Charcot and Sigmund Freud, who relied on their personal intuition to reconstruct what they felt was going on inside people, based on observing individuals with serious psycho-pathological problems. Cattell (1957) described the concerns he felt as a scientist:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 81], "content_span": [82, 753]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016043-0028-0000", "contents": "16PF Questionnaire, History and development, Cattell physical sciences background\nThus, Cattell's goal in creating the 16PF Questionnaire was to discover the number and nature of the fundamental traits of human personality and to develop a way to measure these dimensions. At the University of London, Cattell worked with Charles Spearman who was developing  factor analysis to aid in his quest to discover the basic factors of human ability. Cattell thought that could also be applied to the area of personality. He reasoned that human personality must have basic, underlying, universal dimensions just as the physical world had basic building blocks (like oxygen and hydrogen). He felt that if the basic building blocks of personality were discovered and measured, then human behavior (e.g., creativity, leadership, altruism, or aggression) could become increasingly understandable and predictable.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 81], "content_span": [82, 900]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016043-0029-0000", "contents": "16PF Questionnaire, History and development, Lexical Hypothesis (1936)\nThose individual differences that are most salient and socially relevant in people's lives will eventually become encoded into their language; the more important such a difference, the more likely is it to become expressed as a single word.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 70], "content_span": [71, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016043-0030-0000", "contents": "16PF Questionnaire, History and development, Lexical Hypothesis (1936)\nThis statement has become known as the Lexical Hypothesis, which posits that if there is a word for a trait, it must be a real trait. Allport and Odbert used this hypothesis to identify personality traits by working through two of the most comprehensive dictionaries of the English language available at the time, and extracting 18,000 personality-describing words. From this gigantic list they extracted 4500 personality-describing adjectives which they considered to describe observable and relatively permanent traits.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 70], "content_span": [71, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016043-0031-0000", "contents": "16PF Questionnaire, History and development, Lexical Hypothesis (1936)\nCattell and his colleagues began a comprehensive program of international research aimed at identifying and mapping out the basic underlying dimensions of personality. Their goal was to systematically measure the widest possible range of personality concepts, in a belief that \"all aspects of human personality which are or have been of importance, interest, or utility have already become recorded in the substance of language\" (Cattell, R. B., 1943, p.\u00a0483). They wanted to include every known personality dimension in their investigation, and thus began with the largest existing compilation of personality traits (Allport and Odbert, 1936).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 70], "content_span": [71, 715]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016043-0031-0001", "contents": "16PF Questionnaire, History and development, Lexical Hypothesis (1936)\nOver time, they used factor analysis to reduce the massive list of traits by analyzing the underlying patterns among them. They studied personality data from different sources (e.g. objective measures of daily behavior, interpersonal ratings, and questionnaire results), and measured these traits in diverse populations, including working adults, university students, and military personnel. (Cattell, 1957, 1973).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 70], "content_span": [71, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016043-0032-0000", "contents": "16PF Questionnaire, History and development, 16 Personality Factors identified (1949)\nThe 16 Personality Factors were identified in 1949 by Raymond Cattell. He believed that in order to adequately map out personality, one had to utilize L-Data (life records or observation), Q data (information from questionnaires), and T-data (information from objective tests). The development of the 16PF Questionnaire, although confusingly named, was an attempt to develop an adequate measure of T-data.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 85], "content_span": [86, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016043-0033-0000", "contents": "16PF Questionnaire, History and development, 16 Personality Factors identified (1949)\nCattell analyzed the list of 4500 adjectives and organized the list of adjectives into fewer than 171 items and asked subjects to rate people whom they knew on each of the adjectives on the list (an example of L-data because the information was gathered from observers). This allowed Cattell to narrow down to 35 terms and factor analysis in 1945, 1947 and 1948 revealed a 11 or 12 factor solution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 85], "content_span": [86, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016043-0034-0000", "contents": "16PF Questionnaire, History and development, 16 Personality Factors identified (1949)\nIn 1949 Cattell found that there were 4 additional factors, which he believed consisted of information that could only be provided through self-rating. This process allowed the use of ratings by observers, questionnaires, and objective measurements of actual behavior. In 1952 the ILLIAC I became available at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign to be used for factor analysis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 85], "content_span": [86, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016043-0035-0000", "contents": "16PF Questionnaire, History and development, 16 Personality Factors identified (1949)\nTogether the original 12 factors and the 4 covert factors made up the original 16 primary personality factors. As the five factor theory gained traction and research on the 16 factors continued, subsequent analysis identified five factors underlying the 16 factors. Cattell called these global factors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 85], "content_span": [86, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016043-0036-0000", "contents": "16PF Questionnaire, History and development, 16 Personality Factors identified (1949)\nThe 16PF factorial structure resembles that of Szondi test and the Berufsbilder test (BTT), despite being based on different theories.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 85], "content_span": [86, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016043-0037-0000", "contents": "16PF Questionnaire, History and development, Analytic study and revisions of the factors (1949\u20132011)\nBecause the 16PF dimensions were developed through factor analysis, construct validity is provided by studies that confirm its factor structure. Over several decades of factor-analytic study, Cattell and his colleagues gradually refined and validated their list of underlying source traits. The search resulted in the sixteen unitary traits of the 16PF Questionnaire. These traits have remained the same over the last 50 years of research. In addition, the 16PF Questionnaire traits are part of a multi-variate personality model that provides a broader framework including developmental, environmental, and hereditary patterns of the traits and how they change across the life span (Cattell, 1973, 1979, 1980).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 100], "content_span": [101, 811]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016043-0038-0000", "contents": "16PF Questionnaire, History and development, Analytic study and revisions of the factors (1949\u20132011)\nThe validity of the factor structure of the 16PF Questionnaire (the 16 primary factors and 5 global factors) has been supported by more than 60 published studies (Cattell & Krug, 1986; Conn & Rieke, 1994; Hofer and Eber, 2002). Research has also supported the comprehensiveness of the 16PF traits: all dimensions on other major personality tests (e.g., the NEO Personality Inventory, the California Psychological Inventory, the Personality Research Form, and the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator) have been found to be contained within the 16PF scales in regression and factor-analytic studies (Conn & Rieke, 1994; Cattell, 1996).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 100], "content_span": [101, 726]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016043-0039-0000", "contents": "16PF Questionnaire, History and development, Analytic study and revisions of the factors (1949\u20132011)\nSince its release in 1949, the 16PF Questionnaire has been revised four times: once in 1956, once in 1962, once in 1968, and the current version was developed in 1993. The US version of the test was also re-standardized in 2002, along with the development of forms for children and teenagers; versions for the UK, Ireland, France and the Netherlands were re-standardised in 2011. Additionally, there is a shortened form available primarily for employee selection and the questionnaire has been adapted into more than 35 languages. The questionnaire has also been validated in a range of international cultures over time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 100], "content_span": [101, 721]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016043-0040-0000", "contents": "16PF Questionnaire, The original Big Five traits\nFrom the beginning of his research, Cattell found personality traits to have a multi-level, hierarchical structure (Cattell, 1946). The first goal of these researchers was to find the most fundamental primary traits of personality. Next they factor-analyzed these numerous primary traits to see if these traits had a structure of their own\u2014i.e. if some of them naturally went together in self-defining, meaningful groupings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 48], "content_span": [49, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016043-0041-0000", "contents": "16PF Questionnaire, The original Big Five traits\nThey consistently found that the primary traits themselves came together in particular, meaningful groupings to form broader secondary or global traits, each with its own particular focus and function within personality (Cattell & Schuerger, 2003). For example, the first global trait they found was Extraversion-Introversion. It resulted from the natural affinity of five primary traits that defined different reasons for an individual to move toward versus away from other people (see below). They found that there was a natural tendency for these traits to go together in the real world, and to define an important domain of human behavior\u2014social behavior. This global factor Global Extraversion/Introversion (the tendency to move toward versus away from interaction with others) is composed from the following primary traits:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 48], "content_span": [49, 878]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016043-0042-0000", "contents": "16PF Questionnaire, The original Big Five traits\nIn a similar manner, these researchers found that four other primary traits consistently merged to define another global factor which they called Receptivity or Openness (versus Tough-Mindedness). This factor was made up of four primary traits that describe different kinds of openness to the world:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 48], "content_span": [49, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016043-0043-0000", "contents": "16PF Questionnaire, The original Big Five traits\nAnother global factor, Self-Controlled (or conscientious) versus Unrestrained, resulted from the natural coming together of four primary factors that define the different ways that human beings manage to control their behavior:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 48], "content_span": [49, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016043-0044-0000", "contents": "16PF Questionnaire, The original Big Five traits\nBecause the global factors were developed by factor-analyzing the primary traits, the meanings of the global traits were determined by the primary traits which made them up. In addition, then the global factors provide the overarching, conceptual framework for understanding the meaning and function of each of the primary traits. Thus, the two levels of personality are essentially inter-connected and inter-related.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 48], "content_span": [49, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016043-0045-0000", "contents": "16PF Questionnaire, The original Big Five traits\nHowever it is the primary traits that provide a clear definition of the individual's unique personality. Two people might have exactly the same level of Extraversion, but still be quite different from each other. For example, they may both be at the 80% on Extraversion, and both tend to move toward others to the same degree, but they may be doing it for quite different reasons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 48], "content_span": [49, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016043-0045-0001", "contents": "16PF Questionnaire, The original Big Five traits\nOne person might achieve an 80% on Extraversion by being high on Social Boldness (Factor H: confident, bold, talkative, adventurous, fearless attention-seeking) and on Liveliness (Factor F: high-energy, enthusiastic, fun-loving, impulsive), but Reserved (low on Factor A: detached, cool, unfeeling, objective). This individual would be talkative, bold, and impulsive but not very sensitive to others people's needs or feelings. The second Extravert might be high on Warmth (Factor A: kind, soft-hearted, caring and nurturing), and Group-Oriented (low Factor Q2: companionable, cooperative, and participating), but Shy (low on Factor H: timid, modest, and easily embarrassed). This second Extravert would tend to show quite different social behavior and be caring, considerate, and attentive to others but not forward, bold or loud\u2014and thus have quite a different effect on his/her social environment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 48], "content_span": [49, 949]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016043-0046-0000", "contents": "16PF Questionnaire, The original Big Five traits\nToday, the global traits of personality are commonly known as the Big Five. The Big Five traits are most important for getting an abstract, theoretical understanding of the big, overarching domains of personality, and in understanding how different traits of personality relate to each other and how different research findings relate to each other. The big-five are important for understanding and interpreting an individual's personality profile mainly in getting a broad overview of their personality make-up at the highest level of personality organization.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 48], "content_span": [49, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016043-0046-0001", "contents": "16PF Questionnaire, The original Big Five traits\nHowever, it is still the scores on the more specific primary traits that define the rich, unique personality make-up of any individual. These more-numerous primary traits have repeatedly been found to be the most powerful in predicting and understanding the complexity of actual daily behavior (Ashton, 1998; Goldberg, 1999; Mershon & Gorsuch, 1988; Paunonen & Ashton, 2001).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 48], "content_span": [49, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016044-0000-0000", "contents": "16S rRNA (adenine1408-N1)-methyltransferase\n16S rRNA (adenine1408-N1)-methyltransferase (EC , kanamycin-apramycin resistance methylase, 16S rRNA:m1A1408 methyltransferase, KamB, NpmA, 16S rRNA m1A1408 methyltransferase) is an enzyme with systematic name S-adenosyl-L-methionine:16S rRNA (adenine1408-N1)-methyltransferase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016044-0001-0000", "contents": "16S rRNA (adenine1408-N1)-methyltransferase\nThe enzyme provides a panaminoglycoside resistance through interference with the binding of aminoglycosides.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016045-0000-0000", "contents": "16S rRNA (adenine1518-N6/adenine1519-N6)-dimethyltransferase\n16S rRNA (adenine1518-N6/adenine1519-N6)-dimethyltransferase (EC , S-adenosylmethionine-6-N',N'-adenosyl (rRNA) dimethyltransferase, KsgA, ksgA methyltransferase) is an enzyme with systematic name S-adenosyl-L-methionine:16S rRNA (adenine1518-N6/adenine1519-N6)-dimethyltransferase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [60, 60], "content_span": [61, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016045-0001-0000", "contents": "16S rRNA (adenine1518-N6/adenine1519-N6)-dimethyltransferase\nKsgA introduces the dimethylation of adenine1518 and adenine1519 in 16S rRNA. Strains lacking the methylase are resistant to kasugamycin [ 1].", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [60, 60], "content_span": [61, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016046-0000-0000", "contents": "16S rRNA (cytidine1402-2'-O)-methyltransferase\n16S rRNA (cytidine1402-2'-O)-methyltransferase (EC , RsmI, YraL) is an enzyme with systematic name S-adenosyl-L-methionine:16S rRNA (cytidine1402-2'-O)-methyltransferase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016047-0000-0000", "contents": "16S rRNA (cytidine1409-2'-O)-methyltransferase\n16S rRNA (cytidine1409-2'-O)-methyltransferase (EC , TlyA) is an enzyme with systematic name S-adenosyl-L-methionine:16S rRNA (cytidine1409-2'-O)-methyltransferase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016048-0000-0000", "contents": "16S rRNA (cytosine1402-N4)-methyltransferase\n16S rRNA (cytosine1402-N4)-methyltransferase (EC , RsmH, MraW) is an enzyme with systematic name S-adenosyl-L-methionine:16S rRNA (cytosine1402-N4)-methyltransferase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016049-0000-0000", "contents": "16S rRNA (cytosine1407-C5)-methyltransferase\n16S rRNA (cytosine1407-C5)-methyltransferase (EC , RNA m5C methyltransferase YebU, RsmF, YebU) is an enzyme with systematic name S-adenosyl-L-methionine:16S rRNA (cytosine1407-C5)-methyltransferase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016049-0001-0000", "contents": "16S rRNA (cytosine1407-C5)-methyltransferase\nThe enzyme specifically methylates cytosine1407 at C5 in 16S rRNA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016050-0000-0000", "contents": "16S rRNA (cytosine967-C5)-methyltransferase\n16S rRNA (cytosine967-C5)-methyltransferase (EC , rsmB (gene), fmu (gene), 16S rRNA m5C967 methyltransferase) is an enzyme with systematic name S-adenosyl-L-methionine:16S rRNA (cytosine967-C5)-methyltransferase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016050-0001-0000", "contents": "16S rRNA (cytosine967-C5)-methyltransferase\nThe enzyme specifically methylates cytosine967 at C5 in 16S rRNA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016051-0000-0000", "contents": "16S rRNA (guanine1207-N2)-methyltransferase\n16S rRNA (guanine1207-N2)-methyltransferase (EC , m2G1207 methyltransferase) is an enzyme with systematic name S-adenosyl-L-methionine:16S rRNA (guanine1207-N2)-methyltransferase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016051-0001-0000", "contents": "16S rRNA (guanine1207-N2)-methyltransferase\nThe enzyme reacts well with 30S subunits reconstituted from 16S RNA transcripts and 30S proteins but is almost inactive with the corresponding free RNA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016052-0000-0000", "contents": "16S rRNA (guanine1405-N7)-methyltransferase\n16S rRNA (guanine1405-N7)-methyltransferase (EC , methyltransferase Sgm, m7G1405 Mtase, Sgm Mtase, Sgm, sisomicin-gentamicin methyltransferase, sisomicin-gentamicin methylase, GrmA, RmtB, RmtC, ArmA) is an enzyme with systematic name S-adenosyl-L-methionine:16S rRNA (guanine1405-N7)-methyltransferase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016052-0001-0000", "contents": "16S rRNA (guanine1405-N7)-methyltransferase\nThe enzyme specifically methylates guanine1405 at N7 in 16S rRNA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016053-0000-0000", "contents": "16S rRNA (guanine1516-N2)-methyltransferase\n16S rRNA (guanine1516-N2)-methyltransferase (EC , yhiQ (gene), rsmJ (gene), m2G1516 methyltransferase) is an enzyme with systematic name S-adenosyl-L-methionine:16S rRNA (guanine1516-N2)-methyltransferase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016053-0001-0000", "contents": "16S rRNA (guanine1516-N2)-methyltransferase\nThe enzyme specifically methylates guanine1516 at N2 in 16S rRNA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016054-0000-0000", "contents": "16S rRNA (guanine527-N7)-methyltransferase\n16S rRNA (guanine527-N7)-methyltransferase (EC , ribosomal RNA small subunit methyltransferase G, 16S rRNA methyltransferase RsmG, GidB, rsmG (gene)) is an enzyme with systematic name S-adenosyl-L-methionine:16S rRNA (guanine527-N7)-methyltransferase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016054-0001-0000", "contents": "16S rRNA (guanine527-N7)-methyltransferase\nThe enzyme specifically methylates guanine527 at N7 in 16S rRNA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016055-0000-0000", "contents": "16S rRNA (guanine966-N2)-methyltransferase\n16S rRNA (guanine966-N2)-methyltransferase (EC , yhhF (gene), rsmD (gene), m2G966 methyltransferase) is an enzyme with systematic name S-adenosyl-L-methionine:16S rRNA (guanine966-N2)-methyltransferase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016055-0001-0000", "contents": "16S rRNA (guanine966-N2)-methyltransferase\nThe enzyme efficiently methylates guanine966 of the assembled 30S subunits in vitro.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016056-0000-0000", "contents": "16S rRNA (uracil1498-N3)-methyltransferase\n16S rRNA (uracil1498-N3)-methyltransferase (EC , DUF558 protein, YggJ, RsmE, m3U1498 specific methyltransferase) is an enzyme with systematic name S-adenosyl-L-methionine:16S rRNA (uracil1498-N3)-methyltransferase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016056-0001-0000", "contents": "16S rRNA (uracil1498-N3)-methyltransferase\nThe enzyme specifically methylates uracil1498 at N3 in 16S rRNA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016057-0000-0000", "contents": "16S rRNA pseudouridine516 synthase\n16S rRNA pseudouridine516 synthase (EC , 16S RNA pseudouridine516 synthase, 16S PsiI516 synthase, 16S RNA Psi516 synthase, RNA pseudouridine synthase RsuA, RsuA, 16S RNA pseudouridine 516 synthase) is an enzyme with systematic name 16S rRNA-uridine516 uracil mutase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016058-0000-0000", "contents": "16S ribosomal RNA\n16S ribosomal RNA (or 16S rRNA) is the RNA component of the 30S subunit of a prokaryotic ribosome (SSU rRNA). It binds to the Shine-Dalgarno sequence and provides most of the SSU structure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016058-0001-0000", "contents": "16S ribosomal RNA\nThe genes coding for it are referred to as 16S rRNA gene and are used in reconstructing phylogenies, due to the slow rates of evolution of this region of the gene. Carl Woese and George E. Fox were two of the people who pioneered the use of 16S rRNA in phylogenetics in 1977. Multiple sequences of the 16S rRNA gene can exist within a single bacterium.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016058-0002-0000", "contents": "16S ribosomal RNA, Universal primers\nThe 16S rRNA gene is used for phylogenetic studies as it is highly conserved between different species of bacteria and archaea. Carl Woese (1977) pioneered this use of 16S rRNA. It is suggested that 16S rRNA gene can be used as a reliable molecular clock because 16S rRNA sequences from distantly related bacterial lineages are shown to have similar functionalities. Some thermophilic archaea (e.g. order Thermoproteales) contain 16S rRNA gene introns that are located in highly conserved regions and can impact the annealing of \"universal\" primers. Mitochondrial and chloroplastic rRNA are also amplified.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 36], "content_span": [37, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016058-0003-0000", "contents": "16S ribosomal RNA, Universal primers\nThe most common primer pair was devised by Weisburg et al. (1991) and is currently referred to as 27F and 1492R; however, for some applications shorter amplicons may be necessary, for example for 454 sequencing with titanium chemistry the primer pair 27F-534R covering V1 to V3. Often 8F is used rather than 27F. The two primers are almost identical, but 27F has an M instead of a C. AGAGTTTGATCMTGGCTCAG compared with 8F.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 36], "content_span": [37, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016058-0004-0000", "contents": "16S ribosomal RNA, Universal primers, PCR and NGS applications\nIn addition to highly conserved primer binding sites, 16S rRNA gene sequences contain hypervariable regions that can provide species-specific signature sequences useful for identification of bacteria. As a result, 16S rRNA gene sequencing has become prevalent in medical microbiology as a rapid and cheap alternative to phenotypic methods of bacterial identification. Although it was originally used to identify bacteria, 16S sequencing was subsequently found to be capable of reclassifying bacteria into completely new species, or even genera. It has also been used to describe new species that have never been successfully cultured. With third-generation sequencing coming to many labs, simultaneous identification of thousands of 16S rRNA sequences is possible within hours, allowing metagenomic studies, for example of gut flora.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 62], "content_span": [63, 896]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016058-0005-0000", "contents": "16S ribosomal RNA, Universal primers, Hypervariable regions\nThe bacterial 16S gene contains nine hypervariable regions (V1\u2013V9), ranging from about 30 to 100 base pairs long, that are involved in the secondary structure of the small ribosomal subunit. The degree of conservation varies widely between hypervariable regions, with more conserved regions correlating to higher-level taxonomy and less conserved regions to lower levels, such as genus and species. While the entire 16S sequence allows for comparison of all hypervariable regions, at approximately 1,500 base pairs long it can be prohibitively expensive for studies seeking to identify or characterize diverse bacterial communities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 59], "content_span": [60, 692]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016058-0005-0001", "contents": "16S ribosomal RNA, Universal primers, Hypervariable regions\nThese studies commonly utilize the Illumina platform, which produces reads at rates 50-fold and 12,000-fold less expensive than 454 pyrosequencing and Sanger sequencing, respectively. While cheaper and allowing for deeper community coverage, Illumina sequencing only produces reads 75\u2013250 base pairs long (up to 300 base pairs with Illumina MiSeq), and has no established protocol for reliably assembling the full gene in community samples. Full hypervariable regions can be assembled from a single Illumina run, however, making them ideal targets for the platform.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 59], "content_span": [60, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016058-0006-0000", "contents": "16S ribosomal RNA, Universal primers, Hypervariable regions\nWhile 16S hypervariable regions can vary dramatically between bacteria, the 16S gene as a whole maintains greater length homogeneity than its eukaryotic counterpart (18S ribosomal RNA), which can make alignments easier. Additionally, the 16S gene contains highly conserved sequences between hypervariable regions, enabling the design of universal primers that can reliably produce the same sections of the 16S sequence across different taxa. Although no hypervariable region can accurately classify all bacteria from domain to species, some can reliably predict specific taxonomic levels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 59], "content_span": [60, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016058-0006-0001", "contents": "16S ribosomal RNA, Universal primers, Hypervariable regions\nMany community studies select semi-conserved hypervariable regions like the V4 for this reason, as it can provide resolution at the phylum level as accurately as the full 16S gene. While lesser-conserved regions struggle to classify new species when higher order taxonomy is unknown, they are often used to detect the presence of specific pathogens. In one study by Chakravorty et al. in 2007, the authors characterized the V1\u2013V8 regions of a variety of pathogens in order to determine which hypervariable regions would be most useful to include for disease-specific and broad assays. Amongst other findings, they noted that the V3 region was best at identifying the genus for all pathogens tested, and that V6 was the most accurate at differentiating species between all CDC-watched pathogens tested, including anthrax.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 59], "content_span": [60, 880]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016058-0007-0000", "contents": "16S ribosomal RNA, Universal primers, Hypervariable regions\nWhile 16S hypervariable region analysis is a powerful tool for bacterial taxonomic studies, it struggles to differentiate between closely related species. In the families Enterobacteriaceae, Clostridiaceae, and Peptostreptococcaceae, species can share up to 99% sequence similarity across the full 16S gene. As a result, the V4 sequences can differ by only a few nucleotides, leaving reference databases unable to reliably classify these bacteria at lower taxonomic levels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 59], "content_span": [60, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016058-0007-0001", "contents": "16S ribosomal RNA, Universal primers, Hypervariable regions\nBy limiting 16S analysis to select hypervariable regions, these studies can fail to observe differences in closely related taxa and group them into single taxonomic units, therefore underestimating the total diversity of the sample. Furthermore, bacterial genomes can house multiple 16S genes, with the V1, V2, and V6 regions containing the greatest intraspecies diversity. While not the most precise method of classifying bacterial species, analysis of the hypervariable regions remains one of the most useful tools available to bacterial community studies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 59], "content_span": [60, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016058-0008-0000", "contents": "16S ribosomal RNA, Promiscuity of 16S rRNA genes\nUnder the assumption that evolution is driven by vertical transmission, 16S rRNA genes have long been believed to be species-specific, and infallible as genetic markers inferring phylogenetic relationships among prokaryotes. However, a growing number of observations suggest the occurrence of horizontal transfer of these genes. In addition to observations of natural occurrence, transferability of these genes is supported experimentally using a specialized Escherichia coli genetic system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 48], "content_span": [49, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016058-0008-0001", "contents": "16S ribosomal RNA, Promiscuity of 16S rRNA genes\nUsing a null mutant of E. coli as host, growth of the mutant strain was shown to be complemented by foreign 16S rRNA genes that were phylogenetically distinct from E. coli at the phylum level. Such functional compatibility was also seen in Thermus thermophilus. Furthermore, in T. thermophilus, both complete and partial gene transfer was observed. Partial transfer resulted in spontaneous generation of apparently random chimera between host and foreign bacterial genes. Thus, 16S rRNA genes may have evolved through multiple mechanisms, including vertical inheritance and horizontal gene transfer; the frequency of the latter may be much higher than previously thought.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 48], "content_span": [49, 720]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016058-0009-0000", "contents": "16S ribosomal RNA, 16S ribosomal databases\nThe 16S rRNA gene is used as the standard for classification and identification of microbes, because it is present in most microbes and shows proper changes. Type strains of 16S rRNA gene sequences for most bacteria and archaea are available on public databases, such as NCBI. However, the quality of the sequences found on these databases is often not validated. Therefore, secondary databases that collect only 16S rRNA sequences are widely used. The most frequently used databases are listed below:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 42], "content_span": [43, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016058-0010-0000", "contents": "16S ribosomal RNA, 16S ribosomal databases, EzBioCloud\nEzBioCloud database, formerly known as EzTaxon, consists of a complete hierarchical taxonomic system containing 62,988 bacteria and archaea species/phylotypes which includes 15,290 valid published names as of September 2018. Based on the phylogenetic relationship such as maximum-likelihood and OrthoANI, all species/subspecies are represented by at least one 16S rRNA gene sequence. The EzBioCloud database is systematically curated and updated regularly which also includes novel candidate species. Moreover, the website provides bioinformatics tools such as ANI calculator, ContEst16S and 16S rRNA DB for QIIME and Mothur pipeline.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 54], "content_span": [55, 689]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016058-0011-0000", "contents": "16S ribosomal RNA, 16S ribosomal databases, Ribosomal Database Project\nThe Ribosomal Database Project (RDP) is a curated database that offers ribosome data along with related programs and services. The offerings include phylogenetically ordered alignments of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequences, derived phylogenetic trees, rRNA secondary structure diagrams and various software packages for handling, analyzing and displaying alignments and trees. The data are available via ftp and electronic mail. Certain analytic services are also provided by the electronic mail server.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 70], "content_span": [71, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016058-0012-0000", "contents": "16S ribosomal RNA, 16S ribosomal databases, SILVA\nSILVA provides comprehensive, quality checked and regularly updated datasets of aligned small (16S/18S, SSU) and large subunit (23S/28S, LSU) ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequences for all three domains of life as well as a suite of search, primer-design and alignment tools (Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 49], "content_span": [50, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016058-0013-0000", "contents": "16S ribosomal RNA, 16S ribosomal databases, GreenGenes\nGreenGenes is a quality controlled, comprehensive 16S reference database and taxonomy based on a de novo phylogeny that provides standard operational taxonomic unit sets. It is no longer maintained actively and it was last updated in 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 54], "content_span": [55, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016059-0000-0000", "contents": "16VSB\n16VSB is an abbreviation for 16-level vestigial sideband modulation, capable of transmitting four bits (24=16) at a time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016059-0001-0000", "contents": "16VSB, How it works\nOther slower but more rugged forms of VSB include 2VSB, 4VSB, and 8VSB. 16VSB is capable of twice the data capacity of 8VSB; while 8VSB delivers 19.39 Mbit/s (Megabits per second) in a 6-MHz television channel, 16VSB could deliver 38.78 Mbit/s, while making the sacrifice of being more prone to transmission error.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 19], "content_span": [20, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016059-0002-0000", "contents": "16VSB, History\nWhile 8VSB is the ATSC digital broadcast modulation format, 16VSB was planned for cable distribution. 16VSB is about twice as susceptible to noise, therefore less suitable than 8VSB for broadcast, but well suited to the signal-to-noise ratio of hybrid fiber-coax distribution, allowing twice as much programming in a 6-MHz channel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016059-0003-0000", "contents": "16VSB, Technological obsolescence\nAs of 2007, a majority of cable companies have chosen to extend their existing quadrature amplitude modulation-based systems to carry digital television rather than adopting any form of VSB. It is probable that 16VSB has been replaced by Digital Transmission Standard For Cable Television  a cable standard that defines 64QAM and 256QAM transmission for digital cable.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 33], "content_span": [34, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016060-0000-0000", "contents": "16bit (band)\n16bit were an English electronic music duo, consisting of Eddie Jefferys and Jason Morrison. They were signed to Chase & Status' MTA Records, and best known for their work with Bj\u00f6rk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016060-0001-0000", "contents": "16bit (band), Biography\n16bit were composed of Eddie Jefferys from South London and Jason Morrison from Bath, Somerset. Both became interested in electronic music at an early age, citing jungle, and garage as their main influences. They were best known for producing dubstep and made their debut release in January 2008 with In The Death Car EP featuring the track \"Chainsaw Calligraphy\" which was recognised for its innovative qualities at the time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016060-0002-0000", "contents": "16bit (band), Biography\nFourteen of 16bit's songs were used as the soundtrack for the iOS and WiiWare video game Lilt Line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016060-0003-0000", "contents": "16bit (band), Biography\nThe duo co-produced \"Crystalline\" and \"Mutual Core\" off Bj\u00f6rk's 2011 album Biophilia. They subsequently remixed both \"Mutual Core\" and \"Hollow\". The album was nominated for two Grammy awards. Jefferys and Morrison went to Brooklyn where they worked with the artist for a week. Bj\u00f6rk explained that \"I was really torn about whether to use their version of 'Hollow' on the album. Their beats for 'Crystalline' and 'Mutual Core' made it on there, but in the end 'Hollow' wound up on the remix album\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016060-0003-0001", "contents": "16bit (band), Biography\nWhile Jefferys said of the collaboration that \"working with such abstract time signatures was definitely a strange mix of confusing and enjoyable. She has been so successful without compromising her music or herself\". They produced the single \"At Your Inconvenience\" from the eponymous album of Professor Green. In 2012, the duo had also produced the track \"I Am the Narrator\" from Plan B's third studio album iLL Manors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016060-0004-0000", "contents": "16bit (band), Biography\nTheir 2010 remix of Noisia's \"Machine Gun\" was used in a trailer and various TV spots for Transformers: Dark of the Moon. The remix was also used in the trailer for Far Cry 3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016060-0005-0000", "contents": "16bit (band), Biography\nIn 2010, their track 'Jump' was featured in the Nike commercial 'Hit The Target'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016060-0006-0000", "contents": "16bit (band), Biography\n16bit won 'Best Mix' at the 2010 Dubstep Forum Awards for their 'Milky Pie Mix' and came second top in the Best Producer category. Although they stated that the intention was to release an album, it never materialised. In mid-2012, the duo split to pursue solo production careers for unknown reasons. Jefferys relocated to Chicago.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016060-0007-0000", "contents": "16bit (band), Biography\nEddie Jefferys has since released music under the alias \"Moody Good\". He released his debut album with MTA Records and OWSLA on 2 June 2014. Jefferys also produced a single for the rap group Foreign Beggars entitled \"Anywhere\", provided additional production for the Chase & Status track \"Gangsta Boogie\" and remixed Yogi's single featuring Pusha T 'Burial'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016060-0008-0000", "contents": "16bit (band), Biography\nJason Morrison was also working on his own solo project known as The 13, but he eventually decided to retire the project. He is currently working under the alternative alias \"jaswan\", which he has released solo music on Bandcamp as, and has all of his tracks listed on SoundCloud and Spotify.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016061-0000-0000", "contents": "16ft Skiff\nA 16\u00a0ft Skiff is a class of three-person sailing dinghy with twin trapezes and a large asymmetrical spinnaker. The class is unique to Australia, where it is one of the most popular boats sailing with 95 boats registered in 12 clubs. The class has the largest fleet of high performance skiffs on the east coast of Australia. Due to the nature of only allowing two trapezes, the age of the sailors can vary between 15 and 60 years old, making it a versatile class of boat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016061-0001-0000", "contents": "16ft Skiff, Construction\nThe hull, spars and foils are all constructed out of a carbon composite reinforced polymer. Manufacturers of these hulls are generally local boat builders, however are now being sourced overseas. The total weight of the boat is no more than 85\u00a0kg fully rigged, resulting in an extremely high sail area to weight ratio.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 24], "content_span": [25, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016061-0002-0000", "contents": "16ft Skiff, History\nThe class has been around for over a century and has changed significantly since its beginnings:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016062-0000-0000", "contents": "16th & California and 16th & Stout stations\n16th & California station and 16th & Stout station are a pair of RTD light rail stations in Downtown Denver, Colorado, United States. Operating as part of the D, F, H, and L lines, the stations were opened on October 8, 1994, and are operated by the Regional Transportation District. These stations have one track each, and are one city block apart. 16th & California is served only by northbound trains and 16th & Stout is served only by southbound trains. These stations serve the 16th Street Mall and provide connections to the MallRide shuttle bus and Union Station via the shuttles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016063-0000-0000", "contents": "16th (Irish) Division\nThe 16th (Irish) Division was an infantry division of the British Army, raised for service during World War I. The division was a voluntary 'Service' formation of Lord Kitchener's New Armies, created in Ireland from the 'National Volunteers', initially in September 1914, after the outbreak of the Great War. In December 1915, the division moved to France, joining the British Expeditionary Force (BEF), under the command of Irish Major General William Hickie, and spent the duration of the war in action on the Western Front. Following enormous losses at the Somme, Passchendaele and Ypres, the 16th (Irish) Division required a substantial refit in England between June and August 1918, which involved the introduction of many non-Irish battalions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 771]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016063-0001-0000", "contents": "16th (Irish) Division, History\nMoved by the fate of Belgium, a small and Catholic country, John Redmond had called on Irishmen to enlist \"in defence of the highest principles of religion and morality and right\". More Catholic Irish enlisted than Protestants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016063-0002-0000", "contents": "16th (Irish) Division, History\nThe 16th Division began forming as part of the K2 Army Group towards the end of 1914 after Irish recruits in the early days of the war from England and Belfast first filled the ranks of the 10th (Irish) Division before being assigned to the 16th Division, formed around a core of National Volunteers. Initial training began in Ireland at Fermoy, Munster; recruits also trained at Buttevant. The division moved to Aldershot in Hampshire, England for more intensive training in September 1915.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016063-0002-0001", "contents": "16th (Irish) Division, History\nAfter thirteen weeks, the division was deployed to \u00c9taples in France, joining the British Expeditionary Force (BEF), then commanded by Field Marshal Sir John French, but later replaced by General Sir Douglas Haig. From there the division left on 18 December for that part of the front in the Loos salient, under the command of Irish Major General William Hickie and spent the rest of the war on the Western Front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016063-0003-0000", "contents": "16th (Irish) Division, History\nUntil March 1916 the 16th Division was part of IV Corps, commanded by the staunch unionist, Lieutenant General Sir Henry Wilson. Wilson, who had called the division \"Johnnie Redmond's pets\", inspected them over the course of a few days over Christmas 1915, noting that they \"appear to be inferior\" and that \"at least 50p.c. are quite useless, old whiskey-sodden militiamen\". Hickie agreed that he had \"a political Divn of riff raff Redmondites\". Wilson thought the 47th Brigade had \"old officers, old & useless men, very bad musketry, rotten boots, and altogether a very poor show\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016063-0003-0001", "contents": "16th (Irish) Division, History\nWilson reported to the Army Commander, Lieutenant General Sir Charles Monro (6 January) that the division, despite having been training since September\u2013October 1914, would not be fit to serve in an active part of the line for six weeks. Although\u2013in the opinion of Wilson's biographer Keith Jeffery\u2013political prejudice probably played a part in these views, Wilson also attributed much of the difference in quality between his divisions to training, especially of officers, in which he took a keen personal interest, opposing Haig's wish to delegate training from corps to division level. Hickie was\u2013in public\u2013much more diplomatic and tactful and spoke of the pride which his new command gave him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 727]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016063-0004-0000", "contents": "16th (Irish) Division, History\nAt Loos, in January and February 1916, the division was introduced to trench warfare and suffered greatly in the Battle of Hulluch. Personnel raided German trenches all through May and June. In late July they were moved to the Somme Valley where they were intensively engaged in the Battle of the Somme. Lieutenant General Hubert Gough, the British Fifth Army commander, had asked, at the end of 1915, for the division to be placed under his command, and had established the first corps school for the training of young officers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016063-0004-0001", "contents": "16th (Irish) Division, History\nThe 16th Division played an important part in capturing the towns of Guillemont and Ginchy, although they suffered massive casualties. During these successful actions between 1 and 10 September casualties amounted to 224 officers and 4,090 men; despite these very heavy losses the division gained a reputation as first-class shock troops. Out of a total of 10,845 men, it had lost 3,491 on the Loos sector between January and the end of May 1916, including heavy casualties from bombardment and a gas attack at Hullach in April. Bloodletting of this order was fatal to the division's character, for it had to be made good by drafts from England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 676]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016063-0005-0000", "contents": "16th (Irish) Division, History\nIn early 1917, the division took a major part in the Battle of Messines alongside the 36th (Ulster) Division, adding to both their recognition and reputation. Their major actions ended in the summer of 1917 at the Battle of Passchendaele after, again, coming under the command of Gough and the Fifth Army. In July 1917, during the Third Battle of Ypres, although both divisions were completely exhausted after 13 days of moving weighty equipment under heavy shelling, Gough ordered the battalions to advance through deep mud towards well fortified German positions left untouched by totally inadequate artillery preparation. By mid August, the 16th had suffered over 4,200 casualties, the 36th almost 3,600, or more than 50% of their numbers. Haig, now a field marshal, was very critical of Gough for \"playing the Irish card\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 857]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016063-0006-0000", "contents": "16th (Irish) Division, History\nThe 16th Division held an exposed position from early 1918 at Ronssoy where they suffered more heavy losses during the German Army's Spring Offensive in March and being practically wiped out in the retreat which followed Operation Michael. Haig wrote in his diary (22 March 1918) that the division was \"said not to be so full of fight as the others. In fact, certain Irish units did very badly and gave way immediately the enemy showed\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016063-0006-0001", "contents": "16th (Irish) Division, History\nIn fact the division's casualties were the highest of any BEF division at this time, and records of the German 18th and 50th Reserve Divisions show that the Irish fought hard. The corps commander, Lieutenant General Walter Congreve, wrote \"the real truth is that their reserve brigade did not fight at all and their right brigade very indifferently\". One battalion was greeted at the rear with cries of \"There go the Sinn Feiners!\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016063-0006-0002", "contents": "16th (Irish) Division, History\nA report by Field Marshal Sir Henry Wilson, now the Chief of the Imperial General Staff (CIGS), concluded that there was no evidence that the men had not fought well, but pointed out that only two-thirds of the men were of Irish birth. The matter affected the debate over the introduction of conscription of Ireland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016063-0007-0000", "contents": "16th (Irish) Division, History\nThe remnants of the division were later transferred to XIX Corps of the Third Army. The 16th helped to finally halt the German attack prior to the Battle of Hamel. The decision was then made to break up the division, the three surviving Service battalions were posted to other formations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016063-0008-0000", "contents": "16th (Irish) Division, History\nOn 14 June the division returned to England for reconstitution. The Conscription Crisis of 1918 in Ireland meant that fewer Irish recruits could be raised so that the 16th Division which returned to France on 27 July contained five English battalions, two Scottish battalions and one Welsh battalion. The only original battalion left was the 5th Royal Irish Fusiliers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016063-0009-0000", "contents": "16th (Irish) Division, History\nThe dispersion of the Irish battalions throughout the BEF in 1918, despite its practical considerations, appears to suggest that the Irish units were increasingly distrusted by the military authorities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016063-0010-0000", "contents": "16th (Irish) Division, Order of battle\nThe 16th Division was composed of the following during World War I:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 38], "content_span": [39, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016063-0011-0000", "contents": "16th (Irish) Division, Order of battle, 47th Brigade\nThe 47th Brigade was known as the \"Nationalist Brigade\" as the majority were men from Redmond's Irish Volunteers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 52], "content_span": [53, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016064-0000-0000", "contents": "16th (Parachute) Field Ambulance\nThe 16th (Parachute) Field Ambulance was a Royal Army Medical Corps unit of the British airborne forces during the Second World War. The unit was the first parachute field ambulance unit of the British Army. Their first deployment was in Operation Torch the Allied landings in North Africa. This was followed by Operation Fustian during the Allied invasion of Sicily. Their third mission was Operation Slapstick, a seaborne landing at Taranto in Italy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016064-0001-0000", "contents": "16th (Parachute) Field Ambulance\nThe 16th (Parachute) Field Ambulance then returned to England to prepare for operations in North West Europe. Their next and final parachute landing was in September 1944, during the Battle of Arnhem. In the battle the 1st Parachute Brigade landed on the first day and the 16th (Parachute) Field Ambulance established at dressing station in a local hospital. Within days the location was overrun by the Germans and the majority of the field ambulance went into captivity as prisoners of war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016064-0002-0000", "contents": "16th (Parachute) Field Ambulance\nIn 1945 it was reformed and took part in Operation Doomsday the occupation of Norway following the surrender of German forces there, but with the war over the unit was disbanded by the end of the year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016064-0003-0000", "contents": "16th (Parachute) Field Ambulance, Background\nImpressed by the success of German airborne operations, during the Battle of France, the British Prime Minister, Winston Churchill, directed the War Office to investigate the possibility of creating a corps of 5,000 parachute troops. In September 1941 the 1st Parachute Brigade began forming, comprising three parachute infantry battalions. In keeping with British Army practice at the same time, as the infantry battalions were being raised, airborne supporting arms were formed, including Royal Army Medical Corps volunteers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016064-0004-0000", "contents": "16th (Parachute) Field Ambulance, Background\nThe war establishment of a Parachute Field Ambulance, was 177 all ranks. Consisting of thirteen doctors in two surgical teams and four sections. The doctors could deal with 330 cases in a twenty-four-hour period. Each surgical team could handle 1.8 operations an hour. But that was not sustainable, and if they were required to operate the following day, the team had to be relieved after twelve hours. It was envisaged that during airborne operations, it would not be possible to evacuate casualties until the ground forces had linked up with them. Therefore, the field ambulance had the ability to treat all types of wounds, and provide post-operative care for up to fourteen days. They also had the transport required to evacuate casualties from the Regimental Aid Post (RAP), to the Main Dressing Station (MDS).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 860]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016064-0005-0000", "contents": "16th (Parachute) Field Ambulance, Background\nAn airborne field ambulance was commanded by a lieutenant-colonel, with a major as the second in command and a regimental sergeant major as the senior non-commissioned rank. Headquarters staff included two specialist surgeons and a specialist anaesthetist, a pharmacist and an Army Dental Corps dentist. To assist in the operating theatre and with post-operative care, there were six operating room assistants, a sergeant nursing orderly and six nursing orderlies. Other medical staff were a sergeant sanitary assistant, a masseur, a dental orderly and five stretcher bearers, one of whom was trained as a shoemaker. The rest of the headquarters consisted of a Quartermaster, clerks, cooks, storemen, an Army Physical Training Corps instructor, a barber and a joiner from the Royal Engineers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 837]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016064-0006-0000", "contents": "16th (Parachute) Field Ambulance, Background\nThere were four sub-units of twenty men known as sections. Each section comprised an officer (doctor) and a staff sergeant (nursing orderly). Under their command were three nursing orderlies, a clerk, a dutyman and thirteen stretcher bearers. A section was normally attached to a parachute battalion to supplement their own medical officer and medics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016064-0007-0000", "contents": "16th (Parachute) Field Ambulance, Background\nThe last component of the Field Ambulance was the Royal Army Service Corps detachment, commanded by a captain, with a company sergeant major as second in command. They had fifty men under them, an electrician, a clerk, thirty-eight drivers, four motorcyclists and five vehicle mechanics. It was normal to have at least two RASC drivers with two jeeps and a trailer attached to each section, the remaining men and vehicles stayed with the headquarters surgical teams.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016064-0008-0000", "contents": "16th (Parachute) Field Ambulance, Background\nAll members of the Field Ambulance had to undergo a twelve-day parachute training course carried out at No. 1 Parachute Training School, RAF Ringway. Initial parachute jumps were from a converted barrage balloon and finished with five parachute jumps from an aircraft. Anyone failing to complete a descent was returned to his old unit. Those men who successfully completed the parachute course, were presented with their maroon beret and parachute wings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016064-0009-0000", "contents": "16th (Parachute) Field Ambulance, Background\nAirborne operations were in their infancy in the Second World War and the British Army medical services had to design and develop a range of special medical airborne equipment. These included the Don pack, the Sugar pack (containing dressing and surgical items respectively), the folding airborne stretcher, the folding trestle table, the folding suspension bar, the airborne operating table, the airborne inhaler and special containers for blood and plasma.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016064-0010-0000", "contents": "16th (Parachute) Field Ambulance, History, Formation\nCommanded by Lieutenant-Colonel Malcolm MacEwan, the first British parachute field ambulance, the 16th Airborne Field Ambulance was raised on 3 April 1941, at Hardwick Hall in Derbyshire. The first arrivals being thirty-three men transferred from the 181st (Airlanding) Field Ambulance. Reaching full strength and having completed their parachute training the unit was re-designated the 16th (P) Field Ambulance which was later changed to the 16th (Parachute) Field Ambulance (16 PFA). The 16 PFA was assigned to the 1st Parachute Brigade in the 1st Airborne Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 52], "content_span": [53, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016064-0011-0000", "contents": "16th (Parachute) Field Ambulance, History, North Africa\nThe invasion of North Africa Operation Torch was the first time an airborne field ambulance was employed. Before this operations Colossus and Freshman had no specialist medical support, while Biting included a section from the 181st (Airlanding) Field Ambulance in the evacuation boats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016064-0012-0000", "contents": "16th (Parachute) Field Ambulance, History, North Africa\nFor Torch No.3 Section, 16 PFA was attached to the 3rd Parachute Battalion and travelled by plane via Gibraltar to North Africa. On 11 November 1942, they parachuted onto the airfield at Bone. While the remainder of 16 PFA and the brigade were transported to North Africa by sea, arrived the next day. En route to Bone the aircraft carrying Captain Keesey the No.3 Section commander crashed into the sea. Leaving the section second in command to set up a dressing station to handle the fourteen casualties (including one killed) from the parachute landing. By 15 November, the 1st Parachute Brigade established a position 11 miles (18\u00a0km) outside of Algiers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 714]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016064-0013-0000", "contents": "16th (Parachute) Field Ambulance, History, North Africa\nOn 17 November the 1st Parachute Battalion with No.1 Section and No.1 Surgical team 16 PFA, parachuted in to seize the airfield and an important crossroads at B\u00e9ja. One man was killed in the drop and one other wounded who was treated on the drop zone (DZ), by the section. By 20:00 the battalion had occupied B\u00e9ja, and the section took over a small twenty-bed hospital in the garrison school and a part of the larger 250-bed civil hospital.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016064-0013-0001", "contents": "16th (Parachute) Field Ambulance, History, North Africa\nThe town was attacked by a squadron of German Stukas on 20 November, and Lieutenant Charles Rob in command on the surgical team carried out over 150 operations during which he suffered a fractured tibia and kneecap caused by a bomb exploding nearby. Continuing to operate he carried out another twenty-two operation the next day, even giving a pint of blood to save a wounded soldier. Afterwards Lieutenant Rob was awarded a Military Cross. The section had only expected to be deployed for five days, but remained for twenty-four days, treating 238 casualties before being relieved.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016064-0014-0000", "contents": "16th (Parachute) Field Ambulance, History, North Africa\nOn 29 November No.2 Section 16 PFA, and the 2nd Parachute Battalion, were parachuted close to Depienne Airfield. Arriving at the field at 11:00 they found it deserted and withdrew back to Prise de l'Eau. On 1 December the battalion was informed that the planned advance by 6th Armoured Division had been postponed and the battalion was trapped 50 miles (80\u00a0km) behind German lines. The battalion was virtually surrounded and fought off two attacks that morning, one company was destroyed and there were 150 casualties. The battalion divided into company groups to try to break through the German lines. But the wounded had to be left behind, in the Advanced Dressing Station (ADS) established by No.2 Section. The section remained behind to protect the wounded from the local anti-British population, until the Germans arrived and took them prisoner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 906]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016064-0015-0000", "contents": "16th (Parachute) Field Ambulance, History, North Africa\nFrom now onwards the 1st Parachute Brigade fought as normal infantry and 16 PFA on Christmas Eve set up a Main Dressing Station (MDS) at Medjez el Bab. On 2 February the 1st Parachute battalion assaulted Djebel Mansour mountain with No. 1 Section attached. The ground was unsuitable for vehicles and the section could only take what they could carry by hand. The terrain also hindered casualty evacuation and it took ten hours, to bring the wounded from the front line to the medical post, by which time the stretcher bearers could go no further.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016064-0015-0001", "contents": "16th (Parachute) Field Ambulance, History, North Africa\nIn the situation Lieutenant-Colonel MacEwan, brought the remainder of 16 PFA forward to assist with the wounded, No.4 Section being sent to the top of Djebel Mansour. MacEwan established a relay of stretcher bearers that cut the evacuation from the top of the mountain down to three hours. The battle continued until 5 February and by that time everyone not involved in surgery, apart from three men were used as stretcher bearers. By the end of the battle the men of 16 PFA had treated 201 casualties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016064-0016-0000", "contents": "16th (Parachute) Field Ambulance, History, North Africa\nThe Germans and Italians counterattacked on 20 February, their attack failed but again every man was used in carrying stretchers to the rear. On 26 February the 2nd Parachute battalion defeated an Italian attack and No.3 Section was kept busy with the Italian wounded. On 3 March the brigade were moved to Sedjenane to relieve the 139th Infantry Brigade. In the battle 16 PFA were used to evacuate the wounded from the front line to the ADS used by the 139th Brigades field ambulance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016064-0017-0000", "contents": "16th (Parachute) Field Ambulance, History, North Africa\nThe commander of 1st Parachute Brigade Brigadier Gerald Lathbury, ordered that in the coming battle, the brigade would remain where they were and not withdraw. Lieutenant-Colonel MacEwan brought the two surgical teams forward together with enough medical supplies and stores to last out the battle. The attack started 8 March and over the following days the MDS was subjected to artillery and air attacks killing and wounding some 16 PFA men. On 17 March the ADS was shelled and dive-bombed eight times, but continued to operate. By the end of the twelve-day battle, 16 PFA had treated and evacuated 554 wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 668]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016064-0018-0000", "contents": "16th (Parachute) Field Ambulance, History, North Africa\nOn 12 May 16 PFA rejoined 1st Airborne Division that had arrived in theatre and Lieutenant-Colonel MacEwan leaving to join 6th Airborne Division, handed over command to Major Gerard (Ross) Wheatley who was promoted to lieutenant-colonel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016064-0019-0000", "contents": "16th (Parachute) Field Ambulance, History, Sicily and Italy\nThe next action for 16 PFA was during the Allied invasion of Sicily. The 1st Parachute Brigade was to capture Primosole Bridge crossing the River Simeto, south of Catania. The brigade now consisted of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd Parachute Battalions. The 1st Airborne Anti-Tank Battery Royal Artillery, the 1st Parachute Squadron Royal Engineers and 16 PFA. During the mission the parachute battalions would have a section from 16 PFA attached. For the landing each section parachute stick included six containers of medical stores, which contained a wheeled stretcher and a hand trolley.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 59], "content_span": [60, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016064-0019-0001", "contents": "16th (Parachute) Field Ambulance, History, Sicily and Italy\nThe two surgical teams had five containers of stores. The need to carry the containers reduced each section to seventeen men. Spare men were distributed among the brigade, one officer and nineteen men with the 1st Battalion. One officer and sixteen men with the 2nd and 3rd Battalions, while Lieutenant-Colonel Wheatly and two men went with brigade headquarters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 59], "content_span": [60, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016064-0020-0000", "contents": "16th (Parachute) Field Ambulance, History, Sicily and Italy\nOn 12 July 1943 the brigade took off between 19:00 and 20:30, intended to parachute into Sicily between 22:20 and 23:15 the same night. The Dakota carrying No.4 Section was hit by anti-aircraft fire and crashed into the sea killing four of the sections men. No.3 Section landed on both sides of the river 5 miles (8.0\u00a0km) west of the bridge. Half the section falling in with a small group from the 3rd Battalion, were forced by enemy activity to hide out until they could rejoin the brigade late on 15 July.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 59], "content_span": [60, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016064-0020-0001", "contents": "16th (Parachute) Field Ambulance, History, Sicily and Italy\nThe Dakota carrying No.1 Surgical Team, was hit by anti-aircraft fire knocking out one of its engines. Five men including one of the surgeons Captain Lipmann-Kessel unable to jump were taken back to North Africa. The rest of 16 PFA although scattered landed without incident. The MDS was established in farm buildings south of the river. In the first thirteen hours the MDS carried out twenty-one operations and were looking after sixty-one British and twenty-nine Italian patients by 22:00 the following night.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 59], "content_span": [60, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016064-0020-0002", "contents": "16th (Parachute) Field Ambulance, History, Sicily and Italy\nHowever, in that time the brigade had been forced off the bridge and the MDS was now in no-man's land. Those men that could be spared were sent back with the brigade. An Italian officer arrived and informed them that they had been captured, but later that day, 2nd Parachute Battalion advancing with the 50th (Northumbrian) Infantry Division liberated the MDS. During their time in captivity the MDS had carried out a further fourteen operation. By the end of the mission 109 wounded had been treated and thirty-one operations, had been carried out, with only two post operative fatalities. On 17 July the brigade sailed for North Africa, arriving the next day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 59], "content_span": [60, 721]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016064-0021-0000", "contents": "16th (Parachute) Field Ambulance, History, Sicily and Italy\nFor the Allied invasion of Italy the 1st airborne Division were informed on 6 September, they would be carrying out an amphibious landing at the Italian port of Taranto three days later. The landings were carried out by the 2nd and 4th Parachute Brigades, with the understrength 1st Parachute Brigade in reserve. When they did land 16 PFA took over a 350-bed hospital at Altamura, until 20 November when the division left Italy for England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 59], "content_span": [60, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016064-0022-0000", "contents": "16th (Parachute) Field Ambulance, History, Arnhem\nThe next mission for 16 PFA was the airborne assault in the Netherlands. The 1st Airborne Division would land outside of Arnhem over three days. The 1st Parachute Brigade was in the first days landings and had to capture the crossings over the River Rhine. Now under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel E. Townsend, the airborne element of 16 PFA was ten officers and 125 other ranks. To supplement the airborne group, another travelled by land, which included the bulk of their transport and seven ambulances. Loaded with seven days supplies of medical equipment and stores. After landing 16 PFA were to clear the casualties on the brigade DZ, and then move into Arnhem to take over the St Elizabeth Hospital.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 49], "content_span": [50, 758]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016064-0023-0000", "contents": "16th (Parachute) Field Ambulance, History, Arnhem\nAt 11:00 on 17 September 1944 16 PFA boarded their aircraft in Lincolnshire and took off for the Netherlands. The daylight flight was uneventful and the brigade landed between 13:15 and 14:00, about 4.5 miles (7.2\u00a0km) outside of the town. One hour after the bulk of 1st Airlanding Brigade had arrived by glider. After treating the casualties on the DZ, 16 PFA moved through Oosterbeek into the western outskirts of Arnhem and took over the St Elizabeth Hospital. When they arrived, there was already some British wounded waiting for them and by 22:00 the surgical teams had started operating.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 49], "content_span": [50, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016064-0023-0001", "contents": "16th (Parachute) Field Ambulance, History, Arnhem\nFighting in the area continued overnight and by 08:00 the next morning German troops recaptured the hospital. After discussing the situation with the Germans, it was agreed that the two surgical teams, nineteen men could remain, all the others including the commanding officer were taken away as prisoners of war. Units of the Waffen SS occupied the hospital with guards on the doors of the operating theatres. On 19 September an attack by 1st Parachute Brigade liberated the hospital again.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 49], "content_span": [50, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016064-0023-0002", "contents": "16th (Parachute) Field Ambulance, History, Arnhem\nThe area around the hospital was fiercely contested and it was hit a number of times by mortar and artillery rounds. By the end of the day the parachute brigade had been forced back and the hospital was once again captured by the Germans. For the next two days the hospital continued to operate accepting casualties from both sides. On 21 September a German officer arrived and warned the 16 PFA staff that several hundred more wounded would be arriving soon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 49], "content_span": [50, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016064-0023-0003", "contents": "16th (Parachute) Field Ambulance, History, Arnhem\nCasualties continued to arrive at the hospital until 27 September when everyone fit to travel was moved to a prisoner of war hospital at Apeldoorn. Captain Lipmann-Kessel successfully operated on Brigadier Hackett, who had serious wounds to his thigh and lower intestine. Within a few days, Hackett was smuggled out by the Dutch underground. Thanks to Lipmann-Kessel's work, Hackett eventually recovered and in February 1945 successfully evaded the Germans to reach friendly lines. During the battle between 700\u2013800 British wounded had been treated and 150 operations had been carried out. Only twenty men who reached the hospital had died, the majority arriving so badly injured that their wounds were inoperable.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 49], "content_span": [50, 764]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016064-0024-0000", "contents": "16th (Parachute) Field Ambulance, History, Norway\nAfter Arnhem 1st Airborne Division and 16 PFA were reformed, now commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel N.J.P Hewlings. The war ended before they could go into action again, however they were sent to Norway to help disarm the 400,000-strong German garrison. The 16 PFA landed at Oslo on 10 May 1945, their role was the medical screening of the large numbers of Russian prisoners of war and assist in the evacuation of the German Army. By the end of June 1945 the 1st Airborne Division was withdrawn back to England and in October, 16 PFA was disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 49], "content_span": [50, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016065-0000-0000", "contents": "16th (Schleswig-Holstein) Hussars \"Emperor Francis Joseph of Austria, King of Hungary\"\nThe 16th (Schleswig-Holstein) Hussars \u201cEmperor Francis Joseph of Austria, King of Hungary\u201d were a cavalry regiment of the Royal Prussian Army. The regiment was formed in 1866. It fought in the Franco-Prussian war and World War I. In 1872 it was named after Emperor Francis Joseph I of Austria, who became its colonel-in-chief. The regiment was stationed in Gottorf Castle until its disbanding in 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 86], "section_span": [86, 86], "content_span": [87, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016066-0000-0000", "contents": "16th (Staffords) Parachute Battalion\nThe 16th (Staffords) Parachute Battalion was an airborne infantry battalion of the Parachute Regiment, raised by the British Army in World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016066-0001-0000", "contents": "16th (Staffords) Parachute Battalion, World War II\nThe battalion was formed in India from the 1st Battalion of the South Staffordshire Regiment in January 1945. The South Staffords had previously been part of the Chindits special force and took part in the second Chindit expedition in 1944, Operation Thursday. The battalion was then assigned to the 77th Indian Parachute Brigade, attached to the 44th Indian Airborne Division. The war ended before the battalion was committed to action but a number of men parachuted into Japanese Prisoner of War camps to aid the prisoners.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 50], "content_span": [51, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016066-0002-0000", "contents": "16th (Staffords) Parachute Battalion, Territorial Army\nThe battalion was disbanded in 1946, but a new battalion was formed in the United Kingdom as part of the Territorial Army. Renamed the 16th (Welsh) Parachute Battalion (TA),  it was assigned to the TA 5th Parachute Brigade of the 16th Airborne Division. It was re-designated 16 (Welsh) PARA (TA) in 1948 and resulting from defence cuts disbanded in October 1956.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016067-0000-0000", "contents": "16th AARP Movies for Grownups Awards\nThe 16th AARP Movies for Grownups Awards, presented by AARP the Magazine, honored films released in 2016 and were announced on February 6, 2017. The awards recognized films created by and about people over the age of 50. The ceremony was hosted by actress Margo Martindale at the Beverly Wilshire Hotel. This was the last year that the awards were not broadcast on television.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016067-0001-0000", "contents": "16th AARP Movies for Grownups Awards, Awards, Winners and Nominees\nWinners are listed first, highlighted in boldface, and indicated with a double dagger ().", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 66], "content_span": [67, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016068-0000-0000", "contents": "16th AVN Awards\nThe 16th AVN Awards ceremony, organized by Adult Video News (AVN) honored the best of 1998 in pornographic movies and took place on January 9, 1999, at Bally's Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada. During the ceremony, AVN presented AVN Awards in 68 categories. The ceremony, televised by Playboy TV, was produced by Gary Miller and directed by Mark Stone. Comedian Robert Schimmel returned as host and actresses Alisha Klass, Midori and Serenity co-hosted the award show. Five weeks earlier in a ceremony held at the Westin Bonaventure in Los Angeles, California, on December 4, 1998, the awards for gay pornographic movies were presented in a new separate ceremony known as the  GayVN Awards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 702]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016068-0001-0000", "contents": "16th AVN Awards\nLooker won six awards including Best Film. Other winners included Caf\u00e9 Flesh 2 with four awards, Tushy Heaven with three and Euro Angels 10, Forever Night, Masseuse 3, Models, Pornogothic, The Pornographer, Strange Life: The Breech, Tatiana each with two.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016068-0002-0000", "contents": "16th AVN Awards, Winners and nominees\nWhen the nominees for the 16th AVN Awards were announced, Caf\u00e9 Flesh 2 earned the most nominations with 14; Models came in second place with 13. A new committee of 51 industry professionals voted to select the best in each category. There were 30 AVN voters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 37], "content_span": [38, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016068-0003-0000", "contents": "16th AVN Awards, Winners and nominees\nThe winners were announced during the awards ceremony on January 9, 1999. Besides winning Best Film, Looker's awards haul also included wins for Best Actress to Shanna McCullough, who won her first acting award 12 years earlier, and Best Director\u2014Film to Nic Cramer, his second in consecutive years. Co -host Klass won Best New Starlet with Tom Byron and Chloe winning Male and Female Performer of the Year awards respectively. Erotic X-FIlm Guide suggested that with gonzo porn making a mark for itself in hardcore, the Best Gonzo Video and Best Gonzo Series awards, won by Whack Attack 2 and Seymore Butts respectively, were \"perhaps the most important this past year.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 37], "content_span": [38, 709]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016068-0004-0000", "contents": "16th AVN Awards, Winners and nominees, Awards, By Genre\n(France's Hot Video magazine presents its award for Best American Production Released in France)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 55], "content_span": [56, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016068-0005-0000", "contents": "16th AVN Awards, Ceremony information\nFor 1999, \"a decision was made to reinstate the mainstream portion of the technical awards et al. in one evening's presentation\" because for the first time, awards for gay movie categories were split off into a new event, the GayVN Awards, which were held a month earlier. Previously, technical and some other categories were presented separately from the awards show; with them included, the 1999 show ran four hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 37], "content_span": [38, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016068-0006-0000", "contents": "16th AVN Awards, Ceremony information\nGary Miller was producer of the show and comedian Robert Schimmel was selected for a second consecutive stint as host. Several other people participated in the production of the ceremony and its related events. Mark Stone served as musical director for the festivities. John Leslie, who won his fourth Best Director statuette at the event, and who led a blues band in his spare time, performed a self-composed song as one of the musical performers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 37], "content_span": [38, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016068-0007-0000", "contents": "16th AVN Awards, Ceremony information\nThe award show kicked off with presentation of the Best Couples Sex Scene\u2014Film award, with the winners announced as Stephanie Swift and Jon Dough. Erotic X-Film Guide magazine reported this was a faux pas: \"Stephanie went to the podium to get her award and swore that she did not have sex with Jon Dough in the video. In fact, it was true and was a misprint in the program.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 37], "content_span": [38, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016068-0008-0000", "contents": "16th AVN Awards, Ceremony information, Box office performance of nominees\nThe Pam & Tommy Lee \u2022 Hardcore & Uncensored celebrity sex tape won the awards for Best Selling Tape and Best Renting Tape, presented to Steven Hirsch on behalf of S&D Video and IEG.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 73], "content_span": [74, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016068-0009-0000", "contents": "16th AVN Awards, Ceremony information, Critical reviews\nThe show received a mixed reception from sex publications. Hustler magazine reported, \"Accused of rigging its voting process to favor its advertisers in the past, Adult Video News's judges restored luster to the proceedings this year by bestowing awards to deserving nominees.\" However, the magazine noted co-host Klass managed \"to shock the ceremony's seen-it-all, heard-it-all organizers by repeatedly expressing her fondness for\" anal sex.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 55], "content_span": [56, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016068-0010-0000", "contents": "16th AVN Awards, Ceremony information, Critical reviews\nErotic X-FIlm Guide was critical of the show's length: \"We realized this was indeed the longest and most drawn out show AVN had ever produced. As much as the industry likes to pat itself on the back and as much as we love AVN for giving us the porn equivalent of the Oscars, the show must go on. But only if it's edited with a merciless sword. Something must be done to make one of the most anticipated nights in porn not be one of the most dreaded.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 55], "content_span": [56, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016069-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Academy Awards\nThe 16th Academy Awards, in 1944, was the first Oscar ceremony held at a large public venue, Grauman's Chinese Theatre. Free passes were given out to men and women in uniform. Originating on KFWB, the complete ceremony was internationally broadcast by CBS Radio via shortwave. Jack Benny served as master of ceremonies for the event, which lasted fewer than 30 minutes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016069-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Academy Awards\nThe Tom and Jerry cartoon series won its first Oscar this year for The Yankee Doodle Mouse after two failed nominations in a row. It would go on to win another six Oscars, including three in a row for the next three years, and gained a total of 13 nominations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016069-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Academy Awards\nFor the first time, supporting actors and actresses took home full-size statuettes, instead of smaller-sized awards mounted on a plaque.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016069-0003-0000", "contents": "16th Academy Awards\nFor Whom the Bell Tolls was the third film to receive nominations in all four acting categories. This marked the first time that each acting category had at least one nominee from a color film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016069-0004-0000", "contents": "16th Academy Awards\nThis was the last year until 2009 to have 10 nominations for Best Picture; The Ox-Bow Incident is, as of 2021, the last film to be nominated solely in that category.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016070-0000-0000", "contents": "16th African Movie Academy Awards\nThe 2020 African Movie Academy Award ceremony was held on Sunday 20 December 2020 online at the AMAA website due to the Covid 19 pandemic. The award night was hosted by Lorenzo Menakaya. After the film entries were submitted, the date for the announcement of nominee was shifted from 20 November to 30 November. Knuckle City led with 10 nominations followed by Deserance with 10 nominations. The Milkmaid won the most awards including Best film in an African language, Best film and Best Nigerian film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016071-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Air Army\nThe 16th Red Banner Air Army (Russian: 16-\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0448\u043d\u0430\u044f \u041a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0451\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0430\u0440\u043c\u0438\u044f) was the most important formation of the Special Purpose Command. Initially formed during the Second World War as a part of the Soviet Air Force, it was from its 2002 reformation to its 2009 disbandment the tactical air force component of the Moscow Military District. The 16th Air Army took part in the Battle of Berlin with 28 Aviation divisions and 7 Separate aviation regiments, and was located with the GSFG in East Germany until 1994. Withdrawn to Kubinka in that year, the army was disbanded and reformed as a corps in 1998. From 1949 to 1968, it was designated as the 24th Air Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016071-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Air Army, World War II\nThe army began forming on 8 August 1942 during the Battle of Stalingrad and originally included the 220th Fighter Aviation Division (IAD) and 228th Assault Aviation Division (ShAD) of the 8th Air Army, as well as two separate aviation regiments. Around the end of August and the beginning of September, the 283rd IAD and 291st Mixed Aviation Division (SAD) arrived from the Reserve of the Supreme High Command. On 4 September, the army had 152 serviceable aircraft, composed of Yakovlev Yak-1 and Lavochkin-Gorbunov-Gudkov LaGG-3 fighters, Ilyushin Il-2 Shturmovik ground attack aircraft, and Petlyakov Pe-2 dive bombers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 27], "content_span": [28, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016071-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Air Army, World War II\nIt took part in Operation Uranus, the counteroffensive that successfully cut off German troops in Stalingrad, as part of the Don Front during November and December 1942, under the command of Major General Sergei Rudenko. On 19 November, when the offensive began, the army had a total of 249 serviceable aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 27], "content_span": [28, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016071-0003-0000", "contents": "16th Air Army, World War II\nIt was involved in the Battle of Kursk, and was part of the First Belorussian Front for the liberation of Belarus, the Lublin-Brest Offensive, and the assault on Berlin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 27], "content_span": [28, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016071-0004-0000", "contents": "16th Air Army, In Germany\nOn 29 May 1945, Stavka directive No. 11095 was issued (effective from 10.6.45), by which order the 1st Belorussian Front became the Group of Soviet Occupation Forces in Germany. The order also promulgated the new structure of 16th Air Army:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 25], "content_span": [26, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016071-0005-0000", "contents": "16th Air Army, In Germany\nFor a long period after the war, the army was stationed with the Group of Soviet Forces in Germany, headquartered at Zossen-W\u00fcnsdorf. In 1949, it was renamed the 24th Air Army, but was reformed as the 16th in 1968.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 25], "content_span": [26, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016071-0006-0000", "contents": "16th Air Army, Withdrawal from Germany\nThe 16th Air Army ceremonially said farewell to Germany at the Sperenburg Open Day on 27 May 1994. On that day the Air Army Headquarters was moved to Kubinka in the Moscow Military District. However the last aircraft from the 226th Separate Mixed Aviation Regiment did not leave Sperenberg Airfield until 6 September 1994. A visiting Il-76MD was the last aircraft movement three days later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 38], "content_span": [39, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016071-0007-0000", "contents": "16th Air Army, Withdrawal from Germany\nIn 1989 it consisted of subordinate units and formations as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 38], "content_span": [39, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016071-0008-0000", "contents": "16th Air Army, Withdrawal from Germany, Airfields on German territory\nThe list below contains the main airfields of the 16th Air Army. The appropriate airfield call sign with the correlating nickname of the communications center is put in \"quotation marks\":", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 69], "content_span": [70, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016071-0009-0000", "contents": "16th Air Army, In the Russian Federation\nOn 1 June 1998, the 16th Air Army was disbanded and its units incorporated into the Moscow District of VVS and PVO, in accordance with the amalgamation of the Air Forces and the Russian Air Defence Forces (former Soviet Air Defence Forces). This was quickly reversed and on 25 November 1998, the 16th Mixed Aviation Corps was formed from the former units of the army. The corps was reformed as the 16th Air Army on 1 February 2002.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 40], "content_span": [41, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016071-0010-0000", "contents": "16th Air Army, In the Russian Federation\nSavasleyka is another airbase within the Moscow Military District's boundaries, but its exact operational status is currently unclear, as the formerly resident unit, the 54th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment, was not listed as operational in the most widely available recent survey of Russian air power, which was done by Air Forces Monthly in August and September 2007. The 54th Regiment had previously been withdrawn from Vainode Air Base in Latvia. Russian internet sources now say it has been reorganised as the 3958th Air Base.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 40], "content_span": [41, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016071-0011-0000", "contents": "16th Air Army, In the Russian Federation\nThe 16th Air Army was planned in 2007 to receive two regiments of the advanced Su-34 Fullback fighter-bombers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 40], "content_span": [41, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016071-0012-0000", "contents": "16th Air Army, In the Russian Federation\nAs part of the extensive reorganization of the Russian Air Force in 2009, the army was withdrawn from the Special Purpose Command on 1 July, and its disbandment was completed by 1 December.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 40], "content_span": [41, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016071-0013-0000", "contents": "16th Air Army, Commanding generals\nCommanding generals of the 16th Air Army were as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 34], "content_span": [35, 92]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016072-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Air Assault Brigade Combat Team\n16th Air Assault Brigade Combat Team, from 1999-2021 16 Air Assault Brigade  (16 Air Asslt Bde) is a formation of the British Army based in Colchester in the county of Essex. It is the Army's rapid response airborne formation and is the only brigade in the British Army focused on delivering air assault operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016072-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Air Assault Brigade Combat Team, History, Formation\nThe brigade was formed as part of the defence reforms implemented by the Strategic Defence Review on 1 September 1999, by the merging of 24 Airmobile Brigade and elements of 5th Airborne Brigade. This grouping created a highly mobile brigade of parachute units and airmobile units, which employ helicopters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 56], "content_span": [57, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016072-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Air Assault Brigade Combat Team, History, North Macedonia\nAfter a ceasefire was declared in North Macedonia between government forces and rebels known as the National Liberation Army, NATO launched a British-led effort, Operation Essential Harvest, to collect weapons voluntarily given up by the rebels. The brigade HQ and some of its elements deployed in August 2001, acting as the spearhead for the NATO operation. It returned home after the NATO mission was successfully completed in September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 62], "content_span": [63, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016072-0003-0000", "contents": "16th Air Assault Brigade Combat Team, History, Afghanistan\nAfter the invasion of Afghanistan in 2001, NATO established a peacekeeping force in December known as the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF), based in the capital Kabul. The brigade HQ and some of its units deployed to Afghanistan in 2001, 2006, 2008 and again in 2010\u201311. 16th Air Assault Brigade has deployed to Afghanistan more times than any other formation. Following Taliban gains across the country, the brigade returned to Kabul in August 2021 to ensure the safe evacuation of British nationals as part of Operation Pitting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016072-0004-0000", "contents": "16th Air Assault Brigade Combat Team, History, Iraq\nDuring the build-up to the invasion of Iraq, the brigade, commanded by Brigadier Jacko Page, was deployed to Kuwait in February 2003. The brigade was part of 1 (UK) Armoured Division and after extensive training in Kuwait it took part in the beginning of the invasion on 20 March. The brigade's objective was to secure the southern oil fields before they were destroyed by Saddam Hussein's forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 51], "content_span": [52, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016072-0004-0001", "contents": "16th Air Assault Brigade Combat Team, History, Iraq\nThe brigade's 7th Parachute Regiment, Royal Horse Artillery entered Iraq on 20 March to support U.S. Marine Corps forces in their efforts to capture the Rumaila oil fields, nearly all of the oil wells being taken intact. The rest of the brigade, supported by its AAC helicopters, entered Iraq soon afterwards, still tasked with securing Rumaila. The brigade often met sporadic resistance and had to deal with disarming the many explosives attached to the infrastructure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 51], "content_span": [52, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016072-0005-0000", "contents": "16th Air Assault Brigade Combat Team, History, Iraq\nThe brigade was subsequently used to guard the oil fields and protect Allied supply lines with elements moving further north of Basra \u2013 Iraq's second largest city \u2013 to provide a screen protecting it from Iraqi attack. On 31 March, the brigade, assisted by artillery and air support, attacked an Iraqi armoured column advancing on Basra, destroying 17 T-55 tanks, 5 artillery pieces and 7 armoured personnel carriers. After British forces entered Basra on 6 April 3 PARA was employed to clear the 'old quarter' of the city on 7 April due to the narrow streets making it inaccessible to vehicles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 51], "content_span": [52, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016072-0006-0000", "contents": "16th Air Assault Brigade Combat Team, History, Iraq\nAfter Basra's capture, the brigade was based in Maysan Province, centred around the province's capital Al-Amarah. The brigade carried out patrols into towns, helped bring normality back to the south, tried to maintain order and destroyed any conventional weapons caches that were found. The war was officially declared over on 1 May and the brigade began to return home that same month. During one patrol into Majar al-Kabir on 24 June, the brigade suffered its largest casualties in Iraq when six Royal Military Policemen of 156 Provost Company were killed by a large Iraqi mob.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 51], "content_span": [52, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016072-0007-0000", "contents": "16th Air Assault Brigade Combat Team, Future\nUnder the Defence in a Competitive Age programme and subsequent Future Soldier, the brigade will be redesignated as the 16th Air Assault Brigade Combat Team. At the same time, the 1st Battalion, Royal Irish Regiment will re-join the brigade after a 8 year hiatus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 44], "content_span": [45, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016072-0008-0000", "contents": "16th Air Assault Brigade Combat Team, Structure\nAs the British Army's rapid response formation, 16 Air Assault Brigade has served in the vanguard of all of the Army's recent operational deployments to Sierra Leone, Macedonia, Iraq and Afghanistan, and is the largest brigade in the Army, with 6,200 personnel. It comprises:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 47], "content_span": [48, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016072-0009-0000", "contents": "16th Air Assault Brigade Combat Team, Structure\nThe brigade HQ is based in Colchester Garrison and reports directly to Commander Field Army whilst the Army Air Corps units previously assigned to the brigade will remain under Joint Helicopter Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 47], "content_span": [48, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016072-0010-0000", "contents": "16th Air Assault Brigade Combat Team, Structure\nThe Brigade Headquarters has personnel from both the British Army and the Royal Air Force assigned, enabling it to carry out air and land operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 47], "content_span": [48, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016072-0011-0000", "contents": "16th Air Assault Brigade Combat Team, Structure\nDue to the brigade's mobile role, it is lightly armed and equipped. The brigade's land equipment includes Scimitars, WMIK Land Rovers, Supacats, towed L118 105 mm light guns, Javelin anti-tank and lightweight Starstreak air-defence missile launchers. The aviation element of the brigade consists of three attack regiments equipped with WAH-64 Apache and Lynx helicopters from the Army Air Corps, Chinook and Puma support helicopters from the RAF, and Merlin support helicopters from the Fleet Air Arm (all of which are controlled by Joint Helicopter Command). Furthermore, two four-man Tactical Air Control Parties (TACPs) manned by the RAF Regiment provide airspace deconfliction, integration of air platforms within the battlespace, and terminal control of air assets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 47], "content_span": [48, 818]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016072-0012-0000", "contents": "16th Air Assault Brigade Combat Team, Pathfinder Platoon\nIn 1984, 5th Airborne Brigade was in the process of developing its Limited Parachute Assault Capability (LPAC). This required a formation of 15 Hercules aircraft to drop a parachute battalion group over two drop zones (DZs) in under five minutes, by day or night. To do this, there was a requirement for the DZs to be clearly marked, to ensure that the crews had an easily identified reference point to allow them to drop accurately and consistently.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 56], "content_span": [57, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016072-0012-0001", "contents": "16th Air Assault Brigade Combat Team, Pathfinder Platoon\nWith the demise of the 16th Parachute Brigade in 1977, the disbandment of No 1 (Guards) Independent Company meant that the expertise had been lost. Regimental Headquarters was asked to look at the options for providing this capability. Major Phil Neame produced a paper in October 1984 recommending the formation of an independent platoon, with manpower drawn from all three battalions and coming directly under the command of the Brigade Headquarters. It would number a total of 28 in 7 patrols of 4 men and include 2 Royal Signals operators.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 56], "content_span": [57, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016072-0013-0000", "contents": "16th Air Assault Brigade Combat Team, Pathfinder Platoon\nToday, the Pathfinder Platoon is made up of selected personnel from the armed forces, who have undergone a rigorous selection and training programme. The Group is formed around a platoon to company strength cadre of reconnaissance and communications specialists. Its roles include locating and marking parachute drop zones and tactical and helicopter landing zones for air landing operations. Once the main force has landed, the group provides tactical intelligence to assist operational decision-making within the brigade headquarters. The pathfinders can utilise various airborne insertion techniques, which range from the current in-service Low Level Parachute (LLP), to High Altitude Low Opening (HALO) and High Altitude High Opening (HAHO) systems.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 56], "content_span": [57, 810]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016072-0014-0000", "contents": "16th Air Assault Brigade Combat Team, Traditions\nThe numeral 16 is derived from the 1st Airborne Division and 6th Airborne Division of the Second World War, first used by the 16th Parachute Brigade formed in 1948.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016072-0015-0000", "contents": "16th Air Assault Brigade Combat Team, Traditions\nThe brigade's original emblem was a light-blue and maroon shield with a light blue Striking Eagle outlined in maroon emblazoned upon it, and was adopted from the Special Training Centre in Lochailort, Scotland, where Special Forces and Airborne troops were trained between 1943 and 1945. The sign was worn on the left arm. The colours chosen were traditional and showed the make-up of the brigade, maroon for Airborne and light-blue for Army Air Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016072-0016-0000", "contents": "16th Air Assault Brigade Combat Team, Traditions\nThe symbol of 5 Airborne Brigade had been Bellerophon on top of Pegasus (a winged horse of Greek mythology) and became synonymous with British airborne forces during World War II. When 16 Air Assault Brigade was formed there was some controversy when the Parachute units of 5 Airborne had to give up the Pegasus symbol and replace it with the Striking Eagle symbol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016072-0017-0000", "contents": "16th Air Assault Brigade Combat Team, Traditions\nHowever, following Army 2020 restructuring, command of 16 Air Assault Brigade was transferred from Joint Helicopter Command to Commander Field Army, and the Pegasus emblem returned as the symbol of British airborne forces on 25 November 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016072-0018-0000", "contents": "16th Air Assault Brigade Combat Team, Current composition\nThe current composition of the brigade after the Army 2020 Refine:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 57], "content_span": [58, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016073-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Air Expeditionary Wing\nThe United States Air Force's 16th Air Expeditionary Wing (16 AEW) was a provisional Air Expeditionary unit of the United States Air Forces in Europe from 1997 for the purpose of supporting US no-fly zone and other operations in the Balkans. It remained active until June 2003, when it was replaced by the 401st Air Expeditionary Wing at Aviano.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016073-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Air Expeditionary Wing, Units\nThe wing headquarters was located at Aviano Air Base, Italy. It operated expeditionary sites at Camp Bondsteel, Kosovo; Camp Able Sentry, Macedonia; Sarajevo and Tuzla Air Base, Bosnia; Taszar Air Base, Hungary; Zagreb, Croatia and Naval Air Station Sigonella and San Vito Air Station, Italy; in addition to a contingency processing center at Rhein-Main Air Base, Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 34], "content_span": [35, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016073-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Air Expeditionary Wing, History\nOn 1 July 1995, United States Air Forces Europe activated the 7490th Wing (Provisional) at Aviano Air Base, Italy to control units deployed temporarily on the base in connection with Operation Deny Flight. The wing was replaced on 11 March 1996 by the 4190th Wing (Provisional) when the United States Air Force (USAF) began numbering provisional units based on the theater exercising operational control, rather than the Major Command to which they were assigned. The 4190th wing participated in Operation Deny Flight and Operation Joint Endeavour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016073-0003-0000", "contents": "16th Air Expeditionary Wing, History\nOn 1 June 1997 the 16th Air Expeditionary Wing replaced the 4190th as USAF replaced its provisional units with expeditionary units. Its initial mission was as a component of Operation Allied Force, which was the North Atlantic Treaty Organization response to Serbian aggression against ethnic Albanians in Kosovo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016073-0004-0000", "contents": "16th Air Expeditionary Wing, History\nIn June 2003 the 401st Air Expeditionary Wing was activated at Aviano Air Base, Italy, replacing the 16th Air Expeditionary Wing, which inactivated to eliminate an overlap in designation with the 16th Special Operations Wing at Hurlburt Field, Florida.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016073-0005-0000", "contents": "16th Air Expeditionary Wing, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 53], "content_span": [54, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016074-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Air Support Operations Squadron\nThe 16th Air Support Operations Squadron (16 ASOS) was a combat support unit of the United States Air Force, located at Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson in Anchorage, Alaska. Inactivated 2010 and replaced by the 3d Air Support Operations Squadron at the same location.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016074-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Air Support Operations Squadron, Lineage\nConstituted as 16 Air Support Communications Squadron on 24 Mar 1943. Activated on 15 Apr 1943. Redesignated 16 Tactical Air Communications Squadron on 29 Feb 1944. Disbanded on 20 Apr 1944. Reconstituted and redesignated 16 Air Support Operations Squadron on 24 Jun 1994. Activated on 1 Jul 1994. Inactivated on 1 Jun 1995. Activated on 15 May 2008. Inactivated 13 Sep 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016074-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Air Support Operations Squadron, Assignments\nThird Air Force, 15 Apr 1943; II Tactical Air Division, 18 Apr 1944-20 Apr 1944. 18 Air Support Operations Group, 1 Jul 1994-1 Jun 1995. 354 Operations Group, 15 May 2008; 13th Air Force, -13 Sep 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 49], "content_span": [50, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016074-0003-0000", "contents": "16th Air Support Operations Squadron, Stations\nEsler Field, LA, 15 Apr 1943; Alamo Field, TX, 6 Jul 1943; Esler Field, LA, 28 Nov 1943; DeRidder AAB, LA, 18 Feb-20 Apr 1944. Fort Knox, KY, 1 Jul 1994-1 Jun 1995. Fort Richardson, AK, 15 May 2008-13 Sep 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 46], "content_span": [47, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016075-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Airborne Command and Control Squadron\nThe 16th Airborne Command and Control Squadron is a United States Air Force flying unit assigned to Air Combat Command's 461st Air Control Wing, 461st Operations Group, stationed at Robins Air Force Base, Georgia. The squadron flies the Northrop Grumman E-8C JSTARS, providing airborne battle management, command and control, surveillance, and target acquisition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016075-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Airborne Command and Control Squadron, Mission\nThe 16th Squadron operates the Northrop Grumman E-8 Joint STARS (Joint Surveillance Target Attack Radar System), an advanced ground surveillance and battle management system. J-STARS detects, locates, classifies, tracks and targets ground movements on the battlefield, communicating real-time information through secure data links with combat command posts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 51], "content_span": [52, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016075-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Airborne Command and Control Squadron, History, World War II\nThe squadron was first activated as the 380th Fighter Squadron, part of IV Fighter Command in early 1943. It engaged in the air defense of the San Francisco area as well as acting as a Replacement Training Unit until the end of 1943. It trained as a North American P-51 Mustang operational squadron before deploying to the European Theater of Operations. In Europe it became part of IX Fighter Command in England. Operated both as a tactical fighter squadron, providing air support to Allied ground forces in France as well as an air defense squadron, attacking enemy aircraft in air-to-air combat over Europe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 65], "content_span": [66, 676]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016075-0003-0000", "contents": "16th Airborne Command and Control Squadron, History, World War II\nThe squadron was converted to a tactical reconnaissance squadron in August 1944, when it was redesignated the 160th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron. It engaged in hazardous reconnaissance flights over enemy-controlled territory unarmed, gathering intelligence for Allied commanders until the end of combat in Europe, May 1945. The unit advanced eastward across France using advanced landing grounds, then into the Low Countries and Occupied Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 65], "content_span": [66, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016075-0004-0000", "contents": "16th Airborne Command and Control Squadron, History, World War II\nThe squadron remained in Germany as part of the occupation forces, returning to Langley Field, Virginia in June 1947. The unit remained assigned to Tactical Air Command as a reconnaissance squadron. The squadron was inactivated in 1949.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 65], "content_span": [66, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016075-0005-0000", "contents": "16th Airborne Command and Control Squadron, History, Cold War\nIn 1950 the squadron was activated once again at Langley, now designated the 16th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron. It moved to Shaw Air Force Base, South Carolina in 1958 where it re-equipped with McDonnell RF-101C Voodoo reconnaissance aircraft. The squadron deployed to south Florida in 1962 during the Cuban Missile Crisis, flying hazardous overflights over Cuba gathering intelligence photos. The unit upgraded to the McDonnell Douglas RF-4C Phantom II in 1965. It also operated a flight of Martin EB-57E Canberra electronic warfare aircraft. It added Douglas EB-66 Destroyer jamming aircraft beginning in 1971 as part of the phaseout of the Destroyer at Shaw. It was the last USAF active duty B-57 squadron, retiring the aircraft in 1976 when F-4G Phantom IIs took over its mission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 61], "content_span": [62, 850]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016075-0006-0000", "contents": "16th Airborne Command and Control Squadron, History, Cold War\nThe 16th remained the single RF-4C squadron at Shaw after the 1982 realignment of its parent 363d from a tactical reconnaissance to tactical fighter wing. It continued reconnaissance training in the United States until 1989 when the RF-4Cs were transferred to 67th Tactical Reconnaissance Wing at Bergstrom Air Force Base, Texas, and the squadron was inactivated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 61], "content_span": [62, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016075-0007-0000", "contents": "16th Airborne Command and Control Squadron, History, Joint Surveillance Target Attack Radar System\nThe squadron was reactivated as the 16th Airborne Command and Control Squadron in 1996 at Robins Air Force Base, Georgia as an E-8 J-STARS squadron. In 2002, the J-Stars mission was transferred to the Georgia Air National Guard and the 116th Air Control Wing and the squadron became a Guard unit. Ten years later the mission returned to the regular Air Force, with Georgia Air National Guard associate units joining the mission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 98], "content_span": [99, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016075-0008-0000", "contents": "16th Airborne Command and Control Squadron, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 68], "content_span": [69, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016076-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Airborne Division\nThe 16th Airborne Division was an airborne infantry division of the British Territorial Army. It was first commanded by Major-General Roy Urquhart, and had its divisional headquarters in London.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016076-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Airborne Division\nIt was raised in 1947, to compensate for the loss of the 1st Airborne Division, which had been disbanded in 1945 and the 6th Airborne Division which was to be disbanded in 1948. The number \"16\" was used in recognition of the two wartime airborne divisions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016076-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Airborne Division\nThe division had three parachute brigades, the 4th, 5th and the 6th, each with three Territorial battalions of the Parachute Regiment. The brigades were renumbered the 44th, 45th and 46th in 1950. Then in December 1955, the British Secretary of State for War in an announcement on the future of the Territorial Army, proposed cutting the Territorial parachute battalions by five. The reduction in strength led to the disbandment of the division in 1956, leaving the 44th Independent Parachute Group (TA) as the only British reserve parachute formation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016077-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Airlift Squadron\nThe 16th Airlift Squadron is an active unit of the United States Air Force, assigned to the 437th Airlift Wing, Air Mobility Command. It is based at Joint Base Charleston, South Carolina. The squadron operates Boeing C-17 Globemaster III aircraft supporting the United States Air Force global reach mission worldwide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016077-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Airlift Squadron, Mission\nThe 16th Airlift Squadron provide combat-ready Boeing C-17A Globemaster III aircrews for worldwide airlift missions supporting Department of Defense and National Command Authority directives. They conduct airdrop and air-land operations supporting global contingencies for combatant commanders by projecting and sustaining combat forces directly into theater drop zones and austere airfields.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016077-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Airlift Squadron, Mission\nThe unit perform emergency nuclear airlift, aeromedical evacuation & humanitarian relief missions in the technologically advanced, C-17A airlift aircraft in all phases of ground and flight activity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016077-0003-0000", "contents": "16th Airlift Squadron, History, World War II\n20 Nov 1940, the unit was constituted as 16 Transport Squadron and activated two weeks later on 11 Dec 1940. The squadron converted to Douglas DC-2 transport aircraft as a GHQ Air Force transport squadron. Converted to Douglas C-47 Skytrains in early 1942, trained under I Troop Carrier Command for combat operations. Redesignated 16 Troop Carrier Squadron on 4 Jul 1942. Assigned to VIII Air Support Command, Eighth Air Force and deployed to England in August 1942, providing transport to the newly established American Air Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016077-0004-0000", "contents": "16th Airlift Squadron, History, World War II\nWas transferred to Algiers, Algeria in November 1942, and attached, being later assigned to Twelfth Air Force as part of the North African Campaign. The squadron's aircraft flew supplies to front-line units in Algeria and Tunisia as soon as suitable landing strips were available and evacuated casualties back to rear area field hospitals. A flight of the squadron deployed to Tenth Air Force in India during the fall of 1942, to assist in the re-supply of Brigadier General Merrill and his men, affectionately known as \"Merrill's Marauders\". It was during this Ceylon, Burma, India campaign that the squadron received its first Distinguished Unit Citation, returning to Tunisia by the end of the year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 747]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016077-0005-0000", "contents": "16th Airlift Squadron, History, World War II\nThe squadron moved to Sicily, dropping airborne forces onto the island during Operation Husky, then moved to forward airfields in Italy during 1943 as part of the Italian Campaign. Just prior to D Day, part of the 16th left India for Italy to tow gliders into France on \"D\" Day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016077-0005-0001", "contents": "16th Airlift Squadron, History, World War II\nIn July 1944, the detached unit was joined by the remainder of the 16th at Ciampino Airport, Italy and as the European Theater closed in on Germany, part of the 16th again went on detached service to Rosignano Airfield, Italy, operating resupply missions to Greek partisans during September to October 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016077-0006-0000", "contents": "16th Airlift Squadron, History, World War II\nIn the fall of 1944, moved to France in support of Operation Anvil, the Allied invasion of Southern France, and supported ground forces moving north through the Rhone Valley to link up with Allied forces moving east from Normandy. Returned to Northern Italy in early 1945, supporting the drive into the Po River Valley and the end of combat in Italy during May 1945. The squadron also hauled food, clothing, medicine, gasoline, ordnance equipment, and other supplies to the front lines and evacuated patients to rear zone hospitals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016077-0007-0000", "contents": "16th Airlift Squadron, History, World War II\nIn late May 1945, after V-E Day, the squadron moved to Waller Field, Trinidad and attached to Air Transport Command. From Trinidad, the squadron ferried returning military personnel to Morrison Field, Florida, where they were sent on to other bases or prepared for separation after the war. Inactivated at the end of July 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016077-0008-0000", "contents": "16th Airlift Squadron, History, Tactical airlift in the Cold War\nReactivated briefly in 1947\u20131948 at Langley Field, Virginia as a Tactical Air Command troop carrier squadron, but never fully manned or equipped.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 64], "content_span": [65, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016077-0009-0000", "contents": "16th Airlift Squadron, History, Tactical airlift in the Cold War\nReactivated during the Korean War at Sewart Air Force Base, Tennessee and equipped with Fairchild C-119 Flying Boxcars and other assault transports to be used for airborne combat assault operations. Performed training for combat units, but remained in the United States. Moved to Ardmore Air Force Base, Oklahoma in 1954 and was inactivated in 1955.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 64], "content_span": [65, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016077-0010-0000", "contents": "16th Airlift Squadron, History, Tactical airlift in the Cold War\nRedesignated the 16th Tactical Airlift Training Squadron on 14 August 1969 and was reactivated six weeks later flying Lockheed C-130 Hercules at Sewart Air Force Base, TN. On 1 October 1993 the 76th Airlift Squadron at Joint Base Charleston, SC, was renamed the 16th Airlift Squadron and assigned to the 4442nd Combat Crew Training Wing. With the closure of Sewart, the squadron moved to Little Rock AFB, Arkansas in March 1970 with the 4442 CCTW, flying and conducting initial upgrade training on the C-130 A and E models.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 64], "content_span": [65, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016077-0011-0000", "contents": "16th Airlift Squadron, History, Tactical airlift in the Cold War\nOn February 16, 1972 Lockheed C-130E Hercules #62-1813, c/n 3775, of the 16th Tactical Airlift Training Squadron, mid-air collision with Cessna T-37 Tweet, 6 kilometers northeast of Little Rock, Arkansas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 64], "content_span": [65, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016077-0012-0000", "contents": "16th Airlift Squadron, History, Strategic airlift\nOn 1 October 1993, the 76th Airlift Squadron at Charleston Air Force Base, SC, was renamed the 16th Airlift Squadron, and transitioned to the C-141 as the squadron's primary aircraft. 15 July 2000 saw the unit's C-141 Starlifter leave and the squadron was inactivated. 1 Jul 2002, the squadron reactivated with Boeing C-17A Globemaster III heavy-lift strategic transport aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 49], "content_span": [50, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016077-0013-0000", "contents": "16th Airlift Squadron, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 47], "content_span": [48, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016078-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Alberta Legislature\nThe 16th Alberta Legislative Assembly was in session from February 15, 1968, to April 27, 1971, with the membership of the assembly determined by the results of the 1967 Alberta general election held on May 23, 1967. The Legislature officially resumed on February 15, 1968, and continued until the fourth session was prorogued on April 27, 1971, and dissolved on July 22, 1971, prior to the 1971 Alberta general election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016078-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Alberta Legislature\nAlberta's sixteenth government was controlled by the majority Social Credit Party for the ninth time, led by Premier Ernest Manning, Alberta's longest serving Premier who would retire part way through the session, and be replaced by Harry Strom. The Official Opposition was led by Peter Lougheed of the Progressive Conservative Association of Alberta, who would go on to win the 1971 election and become the 9th Premier of Alberta. The Speaker was Arthur J. Dixon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016079-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Ale Kino! Festival\nThe 16th annual Ale Kino! International Young Audience Film Festival was held from 27 April to 1 May 1998. A number of 47 movies took part.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016079-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Ale Kino! Festival\nThe movies were presented in four cinemas in Pozna\u0144: Apollo, Rialto, Muza and Gwiazda.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016079-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Ale Kino! Festival\nThe movies were judged by professional and children jury, as well as by International Centre of Films for Children and Young People (CIFEJ).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016080-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Alpini Regiment\nThe 16th Alpini Regiment (Italian: 16\u00b0 Reggimento Alpini) is an inactive regiment of the Italian Army's mountain infantry speciality, the Alpini, which distinguished itself in combat during World War I and World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016080-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Alpini Regiment, History\nThe regiment was formed on 19 September 1991 by elevating the existing Alpini Battalion \"Belluno\" to regiment. Between 1 October 1910 and 11 November 1975 the battalion was one of the battalions of the 7th Alpini Regiment. After the 7th Alpini Regiment was disbanded during the 1975 Italian Army reform the Alpini Battalion \"Belluno\", based in Belluno, became one the battalions of the Alpine Brigade \"Cadore\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016080-0001-0001", "contents": "16th Alpini Regiment, History\nAs the traditions and war flag of the 7th Alpini Regiment were assigned to the \"Feltre\" battalion, the Belluno battalion was granted a new war flag on 12 November 1976 by decree 846 of the President of the Italian Republic Giovanni Leone. The Silver Medal of Military Valour awarded to the 7th Alpini Regiment for the regiment's service in the Greco-Italian war, and the Gold Medal of Civil Valour awarded to the 7th Alpini Regiment for its service after the Vajont disaster, were duplicated for the new flag of the Belluno battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016080-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Alpini Regiment, History\nThe main task of the regiment was to train recruits destined for the Alpini regiments based in the Veneto and Friuli-Venezia Giulia regions of northern Italy. In January 1997 the \"Cadore\" brigade was disbanded and the regiment passed to the Alpine Brigade \"Julia\". Soon afterwards the Julia ceded the regiment to the Alpine Troops Command. With the suspension of compulsory military service the regiment was dissolved on 30 November 2004. During its short existence the regiment trained approximately 85,000 soldiers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016080-0003-0000", "contents": "16th Alpini Regiment, Structure\nWhen the regiment was disbanded it had the following structure:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016081-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Annual Grammy Awards\nThe 16th Annual Grammy Awards were held March 2, 1974, and were broadcast live on American television. They recognized accomplishments by musicians from the year 1973.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016082-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Annual Honda Civic Tour\nThe 16th Annual Honda Civic Tour was a concert tour headlined by American rock band OneRepublic. Sponsored by Honda and produced by Marketing Factory, the tour also featured Fitz and the Tantrums and James Arthur. The tour began on July 7, 2017 in Kansas City and concluded on September 27, 2017 in Shanghai.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016082-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Annual Honda Civic Tour, Background\nThe band announced that they would headline the 16th Annual Honda Civic Tour. In an Instagram video, frontman Ryan Tedder stated:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016082-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Annual Honda Civic Tour, Background\n\"Our best memories come from summer tours in the U.S. and the Honda Civic tour has been the benchmark of summer tours. It's going to be a set list that we've never attempted before, it's going to be production we've never attempted before... and it's going to be the most interactive tour we've ever done before.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016082-0003-0000", "contents": "16th Annual Honda Civic Tour, Set list\nThis set list is representative of the show on July 7, 2017, in Kansas City. It is not representative of all concerts for the duration of the tour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 38], "content_span": [39, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016083-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Annual Latin Grammy Awards\nThe 16th Annual Latin Grammy Awards were held on November 19, 2015 at the MGM Grand Garden Arena in Paradise. This  is the second time that Latin Grammys will be held at this location, will be broadcast live on the Univision Network from 8\u201311 p.m. ET/PT (7 p.m. Central).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016083-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Annual Latin Grammy Awards\nThe nominations were announced on September 23, 2015. Leonel Garc\u00eda leads with six nominations, followed by Natalia Lafourcade with five. Additionally, Juan Luis Guerra and Alejandro Sanz; engineers Edgar Barrera, Demi\u00e1n Nava, and Alan Saucedo; and producer Cachorro L\u00f3pez each receive four nominations. Pablo Albor\u00e1n, Miguel Bos\u00e9, Caf\u00e9 Quijano, Pedro Cap\u00f3, Nicky Jam, Ricky Martin, and Vicentico are among those who each receive three nominations. Brazilian singer Roberto Carlos will be honored as the Latin Recording Academy Person of the Year on November 18, the day prior to the Latin Grammy Awards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016083-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Awards, General\nLeonel Garc\u00eda and Natalia Lafourcade \u2014 \"Hasta la Ra\u00edz\" (Lafourcade)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 48], "content_span": [49, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016083-0003-0000", "contents": "16th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Awards, Urban\nJ Balvin, Rene Cano, Alejandro \"Mosty\" Pati\u00f1o and Alejandro \"Sky\" Ram\u00edrez \u2014 \"Ay Vamos\" (J Balvin)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 46], "content_span": [47, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016083-0004-0000", "contents": "16th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Awards, Rock\nCachorro L\u00f3pez and Vicentico \u2014 \"Esclavo de Tu Amor\" (Vicentico)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 45], "content_span": [46, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016083-0005-0000", "contents": "16th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Awards, Alternative\nLeonel Garc\u00eda and Natalia Lafourcade \u2014 \"Hasta la Ra\u00edz\" (Lafourcade)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 52], "content_span": [53, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016083-0006-0000", "contents": "16th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Awards, Tropical\nRub\u00e9n Blades with Roberto Delgado and Orquesta \u2014 Son de Panam\u00e1", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016083-0007-0000", "contents": "16th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Awards, Tropical\nJos\u00e9 Alberto \"El Canario\" and Septeto Santiaguero \u2014 Tributo A Los Compadres No Quiero Llanto", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016083-0008-0000", "contents": "16th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Awards, Regional Mexican\nBanda El Recodo de Don Cruz Lizarraga \u2014 Mi Vicio Mas Grande", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 57], "content_span": [58, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016083-0009-0000", "contents": "16th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Awards, Regional Mexican\nMauricio Arriaga, Edgar Barrera and Eduardo Murgu\u00eda \u2014 \"Todo Tuyo\" (Banda El Recodo de Cruz Liz\u00e1rraga)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 57], "content_span": [58, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016083-0010-0000", "contents": "16th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Awards, Instrumental\nEd Calle and Mamblue \u2014 Dr. Ed Calle Presents Mamblue", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 53], "content_span": [54, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016083-0011-0000", "contents": "16th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Awards, Traditional\nOrquesta del Tango de Buenos Aires \u2014 Homenaje A Astor Piazzolla", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 52], "content_span": [53, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016083-0012-0000", "contents": "16th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Awards, Traditional\nVarious Artists \u2014 Entre 20 Aguas: A La M\u00fasica de Paco de Luc\u00eda", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 52], "content_span": [53, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016083-0013-0000", "contents": "16th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Awards, Brazilian\nHamilton de Holanda, Diogo Nogueira and Marcos Portinari \u2014 \"Bossa Negra\" (Diogo Nogueira and Hamilton de Holanda)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 50], "content_span": [51, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016083-0014-0000", "contents": "16th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Awards, Classical\nD\u00e9bora Hal\u00e1sz, Franz Hal\u00e1sz and Radam\u00e9s Gnattali \u2014 Alma BrasileiraJos\u00e9 Serebrier \u2014 Dvorak-Serebrier Legends: Symphony No. 8no Concerto No. 2, Op. 18 - Montero: Ex Patria, Op. 1 & Improvisations", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 50], "content_span": [51, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016083-0015-0000", "contents": "16th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Awards, Recording Package\nNatalia Ayala, Carlos Dussan G\u00f3mez and Juliana Jaramillo \u2014 Este Instante (Marta G\u00f3mez)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 58], "content_span": [59, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016083-0016-0000", "contents": "16th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Awards, Production\nAndr\u00e9s Borda, Eduardo del \u00c1guila, Demi\u00e1n Nava, Alan Ortiz Grande, Alan Saucedo, Sebasti\u00e1n Schunt, Cesar Sogbe and Jos\u00e9 Blanco \u2014 Hasta la Ra\u00edz (Natalia Lafourcade)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 51], "content_span": [52, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016083-0017-0000", "contents": "16th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Changes to award categories\nDue to the low number of entries, the Best Brazilian Roots Album category was not awarded this year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 60], "content_span": [61, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016084-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Antalya Golden Orange Film Festival\nThe 16th Antalya Golden Orange Film Festival (Turkish: 16. Antalya Alt\u0131n Portakal Film Festivali) was a film festival scheduled to be held in Antalya, Turkey, in 1979 which, was cancelled as a protest against  state-imposed censorship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016084-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Antalya Golden Orange Film Festival\nThe competition was cancelled after all the members of the jury and competitors withdrew when the Censorship Committee banned and cut scenes from \u00d6mer Kavur's Yusuf and Kenan (Turkish: Yusuf ile Kenan), Yavuz \u00d6zkan's Railroad (Turkish: Demiryol) and Yavuz Pa\u011fda's Travelers (Turkish: Yolcular) and the organizing committee canceled the festival in solidarity. A rule change made the films eligible to compete in the following year's festival but this was also subsequently cancelled.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016084-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Antalya Golden Orange Film Festival\nThe awards for this and the following festival, which was also cancelled, re-christened Belated Golden Oranges (Turkish: Ge\u00e7 Gelen Alt\u0131n Portallar), were presented at an award ceremony as part of the 48th International Antalya Golden Orange Film Festival, with the recipients chosen from the films originally selected as candidates by the original jury members selected to represent the competition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016084-0003-0000", "contents": "16th Antalya Golden Orange Film Festival\nThe original 1979 Jury was to have consisted of Prof. \u00d6zdemir Nutku, Prof. Alim \u015eerif Onaran, S\u00fcreyya Duru, Onat Kutlar, Emre Kongar, Hale Soygazi,  a representative from TRT and a representative from Antalya.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016084-0004-0000", "contents": "16th Antalya Golden Orange Film Festival, National Feature Film Competition, Belated Golden Orange Awards\nThe reconstituted National Feature Film Competition Jury, headed by Prof. Dr. \u00d6zdemir Nutku, awarded Belated Golden Oranges in nine categories.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 105], "content_span": [106, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016084-0005-0000", "contents": "16th Antalya Golden Orange Film Festival, National Feature Film Competition, Official Selection\nTwelve Turkish films made in the preceding year were selected to compete in the festival's National Feature Film Competition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 95], "content_span": [96, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016085-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion\nThe 16th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion (16th AAA Bn) was a United States Marine Corps antiaircraft unit that served during World War II. Formed in 1942 as the 16th Defense Battalion, its original mission was the air and coastal defense of advanced naval bases. During the war the battalion defended Johnston Island, Hawaii and Tinian and took part in combat operations at Okinawa. The battalion returned to the United States after the war and was decommissioned on 30 November 1945 at Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton, California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016085-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion, History, Organization\nThe 16th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion was commissioned on November 10, 1942 at Johnston Island. Personnel and equipment for the new battalion came from the re-designation of the Marine Defense Force, Naval Air Station Johnston Island. The battalion remained at Johnston Island providing air defense until March 22, 1944 when it was transferred to Kauai, Territory of Hawaii. Not all of the battalion departed Johnston Island as approximately 450 personnel remained for defensive purposes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 60], "content_span": [61, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016085-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion, History, Organization\nAs the war progressed, the Marine Corps removed coastal artillery from the defense battalions in order to form additional heavy artillery units for the Fleet Marine Force. Because of the divestiture of the coastal defense mission, the battalion was re-designated as the 16th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion on April 19, 1944. For the next few months, the battalion had to grow back to regular strength and continue training. On November 11, 1944, the battalion was transferred to the 1st Provisional Antiaircraft Artillery Group prior to deploying for combat operations in the Western Pacific.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 60], "content_span": [61, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016085-0003-0000", "contents": "16th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion, History, Organization\nThe battalion continued training on Kauai until December 12, 1944 when it received a dispatch ordering it to quickly prepare for deployment to Tinian. On December 22, 1944, 57 officers and 1283 men from the battalion sailed from Nawiliwili onboard the SS Afoundria. The battalion's equipment left the next day onboard the SS Samuel G. Howe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 60], "content_span": [61, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016085-0004-0000", "contents": "16th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion, History, Okinawa\nOn March 12, 1945, the assault echelon of the battalion departed Tinian and sailed towards Okinawa, Japan for the upcoming amphibious landing. The assault echelon disembarked naval shipping on April 8, 1945 and was initially responsible for providing air defense for the 1st Marine Division. On April 20 the battalion was retasked to provide light anti-aircraft protection for the III Marine Amphibious Corps landing at Hagushi and supplement the defenses of Yontan Airfield with their heavy antiaircraft guns. The remainder of the battalion arrived in a number of different waves during May 1945. During the Battle of Okinawa the 16th AAA Battalion was one of four AAA battalions that comprised the 1st Provisional Antiaircraft Artillery Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 55], "content_span": [56, 801]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016085-0005-0000", "contents": "16th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion, History, Okinawa\nOn May, 11, 1945 an SCR-270 crew from the battalion was attacked by 12-14 Japanese soldiers. 11 Japanese were killed in the incident and 1 Marine was killed in action (KIA) and six more wounded in action (WIA). Two Marines from the battalion were KIA during the battle and another thirty two were WIA. The battalion remained on Okinawa providing air defense until September 20, 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 55], "content_span": [56, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016085-0006-0000", "contents": "16th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion, History, Decommissioning\nOn October 22, personnel of the 16th AAA Battalion embarked on the USS Meriwether (APA-203) and sailed for the United States. The battalion arrived at San Diego, California on 8 November 1945. On 27 November 1945 the 16th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion was decommissioned.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 63], "content_span": [64, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016085-0007-0000", "contents": "16th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion, Unit awards\nA unit citation or commendation is an award bestowed upon an organization for the action cited. Members of the unit who participated in said actions are allowed to wear on their uniforms the awarded unit citation. The 16th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion has been presented with the following awards:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 50], "content_span": [51, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016086-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Arabian Gulf Cup\nThe 16th Arabian Gulf Cup (Arabic: \u0643\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u200e) was held in Kuwait, between 26 December 2003 to 11 January 2004. All matches were played Al-Sadaqua Walsalam Stadium. Yemen made their debut in the Arabian Gulf Cup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016086-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Arabian Gulf Cup\nIraq continued to be banned from the tournament because of its invasion of Kuwait in 1990.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016087-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Ariel Awards\nThe 16th Ariel Awards ceremony, organized by the Mexican Academy of Film Arts and Sciences (AMACC) took place on March 22, 1974, in Mexico City. During the ceremony, AMACC presented the Ariel Award in 14 categories honoring films released in 1973. El Principio was the most nominated film, and also the most awarded with eight wins including a Special Award for child actor Rogelio Flores. El Principio won for Best Picture and Best Director. Two-time Ariel winner film, Calzonzin Inspector, directed by Alfonso Arau, was selected to represent Mexico at the 47th Academy Awards, but was not nominated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016088-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Arizona State Legislature\nThe 16th Arizona State Legislature, consisting of the Arizona State Senate and the Arizona House of Representatives, was constituted in Phoenix from January 1, 1943 to December 31, 1944, during the second of  Sidney Preston Osborn's four consecutive terms as Governor of Arizona. The number of senators remained constant at 19, while the house increased from 52 to 58 members. The Democrats controlled all the senate and house seats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016088-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Arizona State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for the regular session at the State Capitol in Phoenix on January 11, 1943; and adjourned on March 14. There were two special sessions, the first of which was held from February 15 through February 24, 1944, and the second of which was held from February 25 \u2013 March 16, 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 40], "content_span": [41, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016088-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Arizona State Legislature, State Senate, Members\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 53], "content_span": [54, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016088-0003-0000", "contents": "16th Arizona State Legislature, House of Representatives, Members\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature. The size of the House increased to 58 members; 4 seats were added in Maricopa County and 2 in Pima County.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 65], "content_span": [66, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016089-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Arizona Territorial Legislature\nThe 16th Arizona Territorial Legislative Assembly was a session of the Arizona Territorial Legislature which convened in Phoenix, Arizona. The session began on January 19, 1891.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016089-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Arizona Territorial Legislature, Background\nJohn N. Irwin had been appointed to replace Lewis Wolfley as Territorial Governor on October 4, 1890. His arrival in the territory had been delayed. First by Irwin taking a brief leave to settle some personal affairs. Then, as soon as his affairs were in order, a member of his family contracted scarlet fever and he was forced to spend a month in medical quarantine. It was not until January 21, 1891, that the new Governor arrived in the territory and was sworn into office.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016089-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Arizona Territorial Legislature, Background\nA statehood movement had developed to correct what was perceived as the \"second-class\" status experienced by territorial citizens. Politically, the 1890 elections had resulted in the Democrats winning control of both houses of the legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016089-0003-0000", "contents": "16th Arizona Territorial Legislature, Legislative session, Governor's address\nThe address was given by Acting Governor Oakes Murphy on January 20, 1891. He expressed concern for the territory's financial condition, calling for the legislature to \"either reduce expenses of government or increase revenue, to prevent serious financial complications.\" Murphy then expressed outrage over how common tax avoidance practices were used by territorial residents and estimated total territorial debt at US$3,427,000. The Acting Governor suggested reducing operational costs of the territorial prison \"by properly reducing the cost of maintenance, utilizing prison labor, and reduction in the salaries of officers and guards\" while he felt the cost of the territorial insane asylum could be offset by better utilization of the facility's farm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 77], "content_span": [78, 834]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016089-0004-0000", "contents": "16th Arizona Territorial Legislature, Legislative session, Governor's address\nMurphy announced that he had found eleven \"lost laws\" that had been passed by the 15th Arizona Territorial Legislature before being stored in a desk drawer by Governor C. Meyer Zulick with neither the governor's signature or veto. The Arizona Territorial Supreme court had determined the laws were valid and Murphy planned to publish them unless they were repealed by this session. In other matters, he asked for a bridge to be built near Phoenix over the Salt River, creation of usury laws and restrictions on gambling, and adoption of the secret ballot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 77], "content_span": [78, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016089-0004-0001", "contents": "16th Arizona Territorial Legislature, Legislative session, Governor's address\nTo against the Apache outlaws, Murphy asked for a mounted police force be organized. Finally the Acting Governor requested the elimination of fiestas, noting  \"The Mexicans have little to do with the fiesta of the present day, as they are almost entirely conducted by Americans, and to our shame be it said that the annual exhibitions at the fiestas in the cities of Tucson and Phoenix are outrageous and a disgrace to the Territory. I recommend such legislation as will put an effective stop to these abuses.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 77], "content_span": [78, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016089-0005-0000", "contents": "16th Arizona Territorial Legislature, Legislative session, Legislation\nActing upon Acting Governor Murphy's recommendation, the session decided to publish the \"lost laws\" from the previous session. They then eliminated the territorial offices of Commissioner of Immigration and Territorial Geologist. A new tax of US$30/month was imposed upon gambling tables. Additionally gambling tables were banned from any fair ground, fiesta, park, or race track. The ban had the added benefit of effectively fulfilling Murphy's request to halt the territory's fiestas. The legislature also established the secret ballot during territorial elections.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 70], "content_span": [71, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016089-0006-0000", "contents": "16th Arizona Territorial Legislature, Legislative session, Legislation\nThe session granted an exemption from jury duty to volunteer firefighters and a means of promoting better fire protection. Cattle rustling was discouraged by requiring any cattle sold to be branded and livestock inspections to be performed before the cattle could be shipped. In transportation issues, the maximum railroad fare for railroads was set at $0.06/mile  Meanwhile, new railroads were granted a twenty-year tax exemption. To aid in law enforcement, a ranger force was authorized.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 70], "content_span": [71, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016089-0006-0001", "contents": "16th Arizona Territorial Legislature, Legislative session, Legislation\nAdditionally a military code was passed that required all male inhabitants of the territory between the ages of 18 and 45 to be available for militia duty in times of need. A new county, Coconino, was created from northern Yavapai County while a section of the Tonto Basin was transferred to Gila County.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 70], "content_span": [71, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016089-0007-0000", "contents": "16th Arizona Territorial Legislature, Legislative session, Legislation\nSensing the territory would soon achieve statehood, the session was authorization of a constitutional convention. This was done without the U.S. Congress passing an Enabling act and it was anticipated that having a ratified constitution when the next request for statehood was made would speed the statehood process.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 70], "content_span": [71, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016089-0008-0000", "contents": "16th Arizona Territorial Legislature, Aftermath\nThe authorized ranger force would not be organized until 1901. Progress on creation of a constitution came much faster. Governor Irwin issued a proclamation calling for an election of delegates on March 24, 1891, with the convention convening on September 7 the same year. Unusual aspects of the document included provisions for public funding of railroads and water projects and women's suffrage in school elections. It was the document's support for bimetalism however that raised concerns. The proposed constitution was ratified by Arizona voters on December 28, 1891, by a vote of 5,440 to 2,282.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 47], "content_span": [48, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016089-0009-0000", "contents": "16th Arizona Territorial Legislature, Aftermath\nTerritorial Delegate Marcus A. Smith submitted an Arizona statehood bills that utilized the proposed constitution in the United States House of Representatives on January 15 and March 14, 1892. The first bill quickly died in committee while the second was passed by the House before being killed in a Senate committee. Senate Republicans at the time not wishing to admit another predominately Democratic state. The proposed constitution met its final fate in 1893.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 47], "content_span": [48, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016089-0009-0001", "contents": "16th Arizona Territorial Legislature, Aftermath\nThe Democratic party won control of the Senate during the 1892 elections and Smith submitted an updated statehood bill which was passed by the House on December 15, 1893. The newly elected Grover Cleveland administration was composed primary of gold standard advocates and the document's support for bimetallism led to Smith's bill dying in a Senate committee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 47], "content_span": [48, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016090-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Arkansas Infantry Regiment\nThe 16th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (also known as the \"Sixteenth Arkansas\") was an infantry formation in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. Organized from volunteer companies from northwest Arkansas, the regiment participated in the Pea Ridge Campaign before crossing the Mississippi River and becoming involved in the Iuka-Corinth Campaign and the Siege of Port Hudson. After being surrendered with the garrison of Port Hudson the unit was reorganized in Arkansas and consolidated with the remnants of several other Arkansas Regiments to become the 1st Consolidated Arkansas Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016090-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Formation\nThe Sixteenth Arkansas was mustered-on December 4, 1861 (near present-day Rogers) in Benton County, Arkansas. The field and staff at the time were:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 42], "content_span": [43, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016090-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Formation\nThe regiment went into camp at Elm Springs, Benton county, where it remained in winter quarters until February, 1862, when General Price and his army of Missouri fell back before a large force of Federals under General Curtis, and made a stand at Elkhorn tavern in Benton county.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 42], "content_span": [43, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016090-0003-0000", "contents": "16th Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Battle actions\nThe 16th Arkansas was initially assigned to the Brigade of Colonel Louis Herbert in Brigadier General Ben MCulloch's Division in northwest Arkansas. On March 4, the brigade marched along with Major General Earl Van Dorn's Army of the West to reinforce Major General Sterling Price and took part in the Battle of Pea Ridge on March 7, 1862. At Pea Ridge, the regiment lost 6 killed or mortally wounded, 5 wounded and 12 missing or captured. BG McCulloch was killed on the Leetown battlefield at Pea Ridge on March 7 while advancing with the 16th Arkansas. After the battle the 16th Arkansas could muster only 24 officers and 282 men present for duty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 47], "content_span": [48, 697]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016090-0004-0000", "contents": "16th Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Battle actions\nThe Army of the West retreated through Van Buren, Arkansas, along the Arkansas River, to Duvall's Bluff, it being Gernal Van Dorn's intention to launch an invasion of Missouri from Northeast Arkansas. Van Dorn's plans were interrupted by orders to move his forces east of the Mississippi River and to unite with Confederate forces which were concentrating for the upcoming Battle of Shiloh. The Army of the West arrived too late for the Battle of Shiloh and settled into camps near Corinth, Mississippi. The 16th Arkansas was assigned, with four Missouri regiments, to a brigade commanded by Brigadier General Henry Little.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 47], "content_span": [48, 671]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016090-0005-0000", "contents": "16th Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Battle actions\nIn May 1862 the Confederate Army underwent an army-wide reorganization due to the passage of the Conscription Act by the Confederate Congress in April 1862. All twelve-month regiments had to re-muster and enlist for three years or the duration of the war; a new election of officers was ordered; and men who were exempted from service by age or other reasons under the Conscription Act were allowed to take a discharge and go home. Officers who did not choose to stand for re-election were also offered a discharge. The 16th Arkansas was re-organized at Corinth, Mississippi, on May 6, 1862, and the following officers chosen:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 47], "content_span": [48, 674]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016090-0006-0000", "contents": "16th Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Battle actions\nThe regiment participated in the movements around Corinth on the approach of the Union army under General Halleck and suffered 3 wounded and 3 missing or captured. During the Battle of Farmington, Mississippi, 26 May 1862, the 16th Arkansas lost 6 killed or mortally wounded, 4 wounded and 3 missing or captured. In September 1862, it took part in the Battle of Iuka, where 2 men of the 16th Arkansas were wounded and 1 captured. The 16th Arkansas participated in the desperate assault on the Federal lines at the Second Battle of Corinth on October 3\u20134.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 47], "content_span": [48, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016090-0006-0001", "contents": "16th Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Battle actions\n1862 where it lost heavily in the assault on Battery Powell. It reported 13 killed and 29 wounded, including Lieutenant J. H. Berry, who lost a leg in this battle. Shortly after, the regiment was detached from the Missouri brigade and assigned to the Arkansas brigade, commanded by Colonel Jordan E. Cravens, Arkansas troops, at Holly Springs, Miss. It was there again detached and sent with other Arkansas regiments to Port Hudson, Louisiana. On January 7, 1863 Major General Frank Gardner issued General Order No. 5 which consolidated several under strength Arkansas units:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 47], "content_span": [48, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016090-0007-0000", "contents": "16th Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Battle actions\nThe troops of this post will be organized into brigades, arranged at the breastworks as follows....III. Brigadier-General Beall\u2019s brigade will consist of the consolidated regiment consisting of the Fourteenth, Sixteenth, Seventeenth, Eighteenth, Twenty-third Arkansas Regiments, and First Arkansas Battalion, commanded by Col. R. H. Crockett; the consolidated regiment consisting of the Eleventh and Fifteenth Arkansas Regiments, commanded by Col. John L. Logan", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 47], "content_span": [48, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016090-0008-0000", "contents": "16th Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Battle actions\nThe order was apparently later modified. Logan's consolidated regiment consisted of the 11th and the Griffith's 17th Arkansas. The Johnson's 15th Arkansas was assigned to Crockett's consolidated regiment instead of the 17th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 47], "content_span": [48, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016090-0009-0000", "contents": "16th Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Battle actions\nThe regiment went through the siege of forty-eight days, and was surrendered to General Banks July 9, 1863. Lieutenant Colonel Pixlee was killed during the siege, and Major J. M. Pitman succeeded him; Captain Swaggerty, of Company A, becoming major, and Lieutenant Jesse Adams, captain of Company A. 32 officers and 215 surrendered at Port Hudson for a total of 247 survivors. The officers were sent as prisoners to Johnson's island, except Captain Daniel Boone, Lieutenant J. G. Crump and William Henry McConnell, who swam ashore from the transport conveying them and made their escape. Captain Jim Cravens and Lieutenants Paynor, W. W. Bailey and Wilson escaped through the lines and returned to their homes in Arkansas, where they re-entered the service in other commands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 47], "content_span": [48, 823]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016090-0010-0000", "contents": "16th Arkansas Infantry Regiment, National Color\nMany of the original companies raised for the war received hand made flags which were presented to them in elaborate ceremonies in their hometown before marching off to war. In the first year of the war, many of these homemade banners were \"1st National Flag\" pattern, meaning that they were patterned after the first national flag authorized for the new Confederate Government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 47], "content_span": [48, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016090-0010-0001", "contents": "16th Arkansas Infantry Regiment, National Color\nThe new Confederate Banner, often referred to as the \"Stars and Bars\", consisted of \"a red field, with a white space extending horizontally through the center, equal in width to one third the width of the flag, and red spaces above and below to the same width as the white, the union blue extending down through the white space and stopping in the lower red space, in the center of the union, a circle of white stars corresponding in number with the States of the Confederacy.\" The white stripe was a convenient place for the flag makers to embellish the flag with some motto or inscription.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 47], "content_span": [48, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016090-0011-0000", "contents": "16th Arkansas Infantry Regiment, National Color\nOne of these \"1st National\" pattern flags was given to the Joe Wright Guards, which became Company H, 4th Regiment, Arkansas State Troops. The flag was made by Ms. Josephine Wright and Ms. Jane Bailey. The flag is 36\" by 72\" and has the words GO AND THE LORD BE WITH THEE\" painted on the white stripe. The flag was allegedly chosen for the colors of the 4th Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 47], "content_span": [48, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016090-0011-0001", "contents": "16th Arkansas Infantry Regiment, National Color\nAfter the 4th Regiment was disbanded, many of the former members of the Joe Wright Guards joined Company D, of the new 16th Arkansas Infantry Regiment, and according to the Memoirs of Captain J. B. Bailey, the flag was chosen as the regimental colors of the 16th. The flag was carried by the 16th Arkansas during the Battle of Iuka and the Battle of Hatchie's Bridge during the Iuka-Corinth Campaign. The flag was retired when the 16th Arkansas was issued a new Van Dorn Pattern Battle Flag.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 47], "content_span": [48, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016090-0011-0002", "contents": "16th Arkansas Infantry Regiment, National Color\nThe 16th Arkansas was captured during the Siege of Port Hudson, but the old set of colors was smuggled out and returned to the family of Ms. Wright. The flag remained in the family until 1981, when it was donated to the Atlanta Civil War Museum, but the current location of the flag is unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 47], "content_span": [48, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016090-0012-0000", "contents": "16th Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Consolidation and Surrender\nIn September 1864, 16th Arkansas Infantry was consolidated with the remnants of 14th Arkansas, 15th Northwest Arkansas, and the 21st Arkansas in the Army of the Trans-Mississippi, and designated as the 1st Consolidated Arkansas Infantry under the command of Colonel Jordan E. Cravens. The 1st Arkansas Consolidated Infantry (Trans-Mississippi) Regiment was surrendered by General Kirby Smith with the remainder of the Department of the Trans-Mississippi on May 26, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 60], "content_span": [61, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016090-0013-0000", "contents": "16th Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Notes\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the United States Government document: \", National Park Service\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 38], "content_span": [39, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016091-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Armored Division (United States)\nThe 16th Armored Division was an armored division of the United States Army in World War II. In its one and only combat operation, the 16th Armored Division liberated the city of Pilsen in western Czechoslovakia (modern Bohemia in the Czech Republic), an operation that influenced the landscape of post-war Europe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016091-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Armored Division (United States), History\nThe division was activated on 15 July 1943 at Camp Chaffee in Arkansas. They performed all of their training at Camp Chaffee until they received their staging orders. They staged at Camp Shanks at Orangeburg, New York on 28 January 1945, until got their port call. They sailed from the New York Port of Embarkation on 5 February 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016091-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Armored Division (United States), History\nThe 16th Armored Division arrived in France in stages between 11 and 17 February 1945, and processed into the European Theater of Operations. They had been assigned to the Fifteenth United States Army on 29 January 1945, but were waiting for an assignment to a unit actually involved in fighting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016091-0003-0000", "contents": "16th Armored Division (United States), History\nThe division was assigned to Third United States Army on 17 April 1945, and entered Germany on 19 April 1945. It crossed the Rhine at Mainz, and relieved the 71st Infantry Division at N\u00fcrnberg on 28 April 1945. The 23rd Cavalry Reconnaissance Squadron participated in combat from the Isar River to Wasserburg with the 86th Infantry Division. While under the control of that organization, it crossed the Isar River at Granek on 30 April 1945, advanced to Indorf, seized several small villages, and was driving toward Wasserburg against slight resistance when ordered to return to N\u00fcrnberg. The division was given a security and training mission at N\u00fcrnberg, Germany, until 5 May. When the 23rd Cavalry Squadron arrived at N\u00fcrnberg on 4 May, it reverted to the control of the 16th Armored. The division assembled and proceeded to Waidhaus, Germany on 5 May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 902]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016091-0004-0000", "contents": "16th Armored Division (United States), History, Combat chronicle\nDuring the final days of battle in Europe, the final stronghold of German armed forces was a pocket in Czechoslovakia. As Soviet Red Army and American forces moved to the area, there was debate between US and British leaders regarding attempts to deny the Soviets a post-war foothold in Czechoslovakia. It was decided that the American forces would help the Soviets subdue the estimated 141,000 German troops before exiting the area. The task was aided by the desire of German forces to avoid imprisonment by the Soviets, with numerous German divisions arranging surrender to US forces, if the Americans arrived first. This did not stop fanatical German SS Troops from continuing to fight both Czechoslovakian and, as they arrived, American forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 64], "content_span": [65, 813]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016091-0005-0000", "contents": "16th Armored Division (United States), History, Combat chronicle\nThe 16th Armored Division was assigned to V Corps on 6 May, and attacked through the lines of the 97th Infantry Division, with Combat Command B (CCB) making the main effort. They advanced along the Bor\u2013Pilsen Road that same day, launching an attack on Pilsen, Czechoslovakia, designed to capture the Skoda Munitions Plant. Combat Command Reserve (CCR) advanced through Pilsen to assigned high ground east of the city. The division spent 7 and 8 May in mopping up activities and patrolling.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 64], "content_span": [65, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016091-0005-0001", "contents": "16th Armored Division (United States), History, Combat chronicle\nGeneral Patton ordered elements of the 16th AD to move towards Prague, where the German commander was waiting to surrender to US forces, but the troops were recalled to Pilsen per the agreement with the Soviet Union. Aside from the few hours on the road to Prague, the capture of Pilsen marked the deepest point of American penetration into Czechoslovakia, .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 64], "content_span": [65, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016091-0006-0000", "contents": "16th Armored Division (United States), History, Combat chronicle\nThe Division suffered the lightest casualty count of all US Armored Divisions in Europe, with only 12 wounded, and spent 3 days in combat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 64], "content_span": [65, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016091-0007-0000", "contents": "16th Armored Division (United States), History, Combat chronicle\nThree months later, the 16th AD was still located in Czechoslovakia, in St\u0159\u00edbro (west of Pilsen), on VJ Day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 64], "content_span": [65, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016091-0008-0000", "contents": "16th Armored Division (United States), History, Combat chronicle\nThe division returned to the New York Port of Embarkation on 13 October 1945 and was inactivated at Camp Kilmer in New Jersey on 15 October 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 64], "content_span": [65, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016091-0009-0000", "contents": "16th Armored Division (United States), Composition, Attachments to the 16th AD\nI 1st Platoon, 994th Engineer Treadway Bridge Company 6 May 1945 \u2013 10 May 1945", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 78], "content_span": [79, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016092-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Armored Division of Qazvin\nThe 16th Armored Division of Qazvin is an armored division of the Islamic Republic of Iran Army, first formed during the reign of the Shah.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016093-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Army (RSFSR)\nThe 16th Army was a field army of the Red Army during the Russian Civil War era. It was originally formed as the Western Army (Russian: \u0417\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0410\u0440\u043c\u0438\u044f) on November 15, 1918, by the Russian SFSR for the purpose of recovering territories lost by the Russian Empire during the First World War and establishing Soviet republics in those territories. The Western Army engaged various local forces from the Baltic States, Belarus, Poland and Ukraine, and its actions contributed to starting the Polish\u2013Soviet War of 1919\u20131920. The army fought in the Polish\u2013Soviet War under the command of Nikolai Sollogub and advanced westwards into Poland in July 1920 before being thrown back during the Battle of Warsaw in August. The army retreated east into Belarus and was disbanded in May 1921.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 797]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016093-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Army (RSFSR), History, Formation\nAfter the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, the newly established Russo-German border was controlled on the Russian side, by the so-called Western Section of Curtain Troops (\u0417\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a \u043e\u0442\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0441\u044b), or simply the Western Curtain. The curtain was a sparse and heterogeneous set of detachments. Its commander was Vladimir Egoryev. (His official rank was \"military leader\" (\u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c), since he was a former Tsarist general) The Western Curtain covered over 800 kilometres along the line Nevel\u2013Polotsk\u2013Senno\u2013Orsha\u2013Mogilev\u2013Zhlobin\u2013Gomel\u2013Novy Oskol. Eventually the Western Curtain was arranged into seven detachments with over 20,000 troops. This number was actually very small in relation to the area it covered, and insufficient in case of any larger battle. Moreover, part of its manpower was moved to other bottlenecks of the Russian Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 37], "content_span": [38, 892]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016093-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Army (RSFSR), History, Formation\nEventually, further recruiting by the Red Army allowed a reorganization of the detachments of the Curtain into regular divisions, and the Western Curtain was further reorganized into the Western Defense Region (\u0417\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0439\u043e\u043d \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u044b). It was created by the Revolutionary Military Council order #3/2 on September 11, 1918, headquartered at Kaluga. The Region extended from Petrograd to the Western edge of the Southern Front, and was commanded by Andrei Snesarev.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 37], "content_span": [38, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016093-0003-0000", "contents": "16th Army (RSFSR), History, Formation\nAfter the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was annulled by the Soviets on November 13, 1918 the Western Defense Region was transformed into the Western Army (November 15, 1918), garrisoned in Smolensk. It was composed of: the Pskov Infantry Division (later the Lithuanian Rifle Division), the 17th Vitebsk Rifle Division, the Western Rifle Division and units of the 2nd Area of Front Defense. By the end of 1918, the strength of the Western (16th) Army was around 19,000 men, but had little artillery or cavalry (8 guns and 261 horses total). Over the next few months the strength of the Army grew to 46,000 men due to conscription and the mobilization of Communist Party members. It was considered by the Soviet High Command to be one of the least important armies in that period.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 37], "content_span": [38, 810]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016093-0004-0000", "contents": "16th Army (RSFSR), History, Westward advance\nImmediately after its formation, on November 17, 1918, the Western Army started a bloodless advance, following the retreat of the German forces, in the direction of Belarus and Ukraine. The purpose of the Russian westward offensive of 1918\u20131919 was to take control over the territory abandoned by the German Army retreating from the Ober-Ost theater of operations. Later the Soviet Western Army engaged various self-defence and militia groups from Belarus, Lithuania, Poland and Ukraine. Among scores of battles, the Battle of Bereza Kartuska on February 14, 1919 sparked the Polish\u2013Soviet War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 44], "content_span": [45, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016093-0005-0000", "contents": "16th Army (RSFSR), History, Westward advance\nThe army became part of the Western Front on February 19, and was renamed the Lithuanian-Belorussian Army on March 13. With this redesignation, the army officially became the army of the Lithuanian-Belorussian Soviet Socialist Republic, a Soviet puppet state covering the territory of Lithuania and Belorussia. On June 9, it became the 16th Army after it was pushed out of Lithuania after retreating from Panev\u0117\u017eys in the Lithuanian War of Independence. Around the same time, the army headquarters was moved forward to Mogilev.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 44], "content_span": [45, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016093-0005-0001", "contents": "16th Army (RSFSR), History, Westward advance\nThe army continued to retreat until August, ceding Molodechno and Minsk to Polish troops, and in August took up defensive positions on the line of the Berezina River. From August 14, it was commanded by Nikolai Sollogub. In September, the army headquarters was relocated back to Smolensk, but moved to Novozybkov from March and May 1920. Between March and April 1920, the army fought to capture Mozyr. In May, the headquarters moved back to Mogilev.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 44], "content_span": [45, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016093-0006-0000", "contents": "16th Army (RSFSR), History, Polish-Soviet War, May Offensive\nFrom May 14 to June 8, 1920, the army fought in the Western Front counterattack against the Polish Kiev Offensive, the May Offensive. In the counterattack, planned by front commander Mikhail Tukhachevsky, the 16th Army was to frontally attack the Polish 4th Army at Borisov and Igumen and keep it from moving to reinforce threatened Polish units, while the 15th Army, the main force, would advance southwest towards Molodechno, then wheel around and push the 1st Polish Army into the rear of the 4th, driving them into the Pripet marshes and destroying them there.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 60], "content_span": [61, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016093-0006-0001", "contents": "16th Army (RSFSR), History, Polish-Soviet War, May Offensive\nThe attack began on May 14, but failed when the Soviet advance was unable to build momentum and the 15th Army was counterattacked and forced into a disorderly retreat at the beginning of June. The 16th Army crossed the Berezina and created a bridgehead, but was itself counterattacked and forced to retreat back across the Berezina.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 60], "content_span": [61, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016093-0007-0000", "contents": "16th Army (RSFSR), History, Polish-Soviet War, July Offensive and Battle of Warsaw\nBetween July 4 and 23, the army fought in the July Offensive, the renewed Soviet offensive in the war. During the offensive, the army rapidly advanced through Belarus, capturing Igumen, Bobruisk, Minsk, Baranovichi, Slonim, and Vawkavysk. On July 25, the Soviet attack on Warsaw began, culminating in the Battle of Warsaw. The 16th Army continued to advance westward, and on the night of August 1, the army attacked Polish general Wladyslaw Sikorski's Polesie Group at Brest-Litovsk after crossing the Western Bug, and captured the town, breaching the fourth and final Polish defensive line in front of Warsaw. The army was unable to exploit its success by quickly advancing on Warsaw, however, because a counterattack by Sikorski in the first week of August threw it back across the Western Bug.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 82], "content_span": [83, 879]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016093-0008-0000", "contents": "16th Army (RSFSR), History, Polish-Soviet War, July Offensive and Battle of Warsaw\nOn August 8, Tukhachevsky issued his order for the capture of Warsaw, in which the 16th Army was to attack the city from the east, covered on its flank by the Mozyr Group of Forces. During the Battle of Radzymin between August 13 and 16, the army's 27th Omsk Rifle Division, commanded by Vitovt Putna, fought to capture Radzymin, which changed hands more than five times during the fighting. At the same time, Polish leader J\u00f3zef Pi\u0142sudski's Assault Group began the counteroffensive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 82], "content_span": [83, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016093-0008-0001", "contents": "16th Army (RSFSR), History, Polish-Soviet War, July Offensive and Battle of Warsaw\nThey quickly broke through the understrength Mozyr Group on 16th Army's flank, and on 18 August the army came under attack from both the three divisions of the Assault Group's 4th Army on its flank and the 10th and 15th Divisions advancing from Warsaw on its front. Under pressure, the three southernmost divisions of the 16th Army began a precipitate retreat to the east, but then were attacked in turn by troops from the Assault Group. As a result of these actions, the 8th and 10th Rifle Divisions were destroyed, while the 2nd Rifle Division suffered heavy losses. The 17th Rifle Division lost communication with the rest of the army in the chaos, leaving the Putna's 27th as the only intact unit in the army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 82], "content_span": [83, 796]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016093-0009-0000", "contents": "16th Army (RSFSR), History, Polish-Soviet War, July Offensive and Battle of Warsaw\nOut of touch with the situation at the front due to Polish radio jamming, Tukhachevsky ordered Sollogub to create a defensive line between Radzymin and Brest-Litovsk with his southern divisions to prevent Polish troops from attacking the Soviet rear. For this purpose, the army's commander was given permission to draw on the 60,000 replacements near Grodno. Sollogub issued the orders on August 19, when army headquarters had lost contact with all of its units, so they were not received. Early on the next day, he was almost captured by Feliks Jaworski's Polish cavalry brigade at his headquarters in Ostro\u017cany. By this time, most of the army had fled across the Bug towards Bia\u0142ystok, with only the 27th Division holding a couple of crossings to allow stragglers to pass through.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 82], "content_span": [83, 865]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016093-0010-0000", "contents": "16th Army (RSFSR), History, Polish-Soviet War, July Offensive and Battle of Warsaw\nBy August 21, the army's remnants were hurriedly retreating eastwards in small groups, mostly avoiding roads and towns, with the 27th Division, down to 25% strength, guarding the rear and covering the retreat of both the 16th Army and the Mozyr Group. On August 22, Bia\u0142ystok was captured by the Polish 1st Legions Infantry Division, cutting off stragglers from the army and the Mozyr Group. The 27th Division launched a counterattack and briefly opened the road, but Putna left the area after a Polish counterattack retook the gains, leaving the stragglers to capture.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 82], "content_span": [83, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016093-0010-0001", "contents": "16th Army (RSFSR), History, Polish-Soviet War, July Offensive and Battle of Warsaw\nThree days later, the division crossed the Niemen, moving towards Vawkavysk, away from the Polish forces. After withdrawing east of the Niemen back into Belarus, Tukhachevsky began preparations for renewing the offensive. As part of the resulting reorganization of the Red Army units of the front, the two best units of the 16th Army, the 2nd and 27th Divisions, were transferred to the 15th Army. In exchange, the army received the 48th and 56th Rifle Divisions, bringing it back up to its strength before the Battle of Warsaw, and its headquarters was located at Slonim.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 82], "content_span": [83, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016093-0011-0000", "contents": "16th Army (RSFSR), History, Polish-Soviet War, Battle of the Niemen River and operations in Belarus\nHowever, Pilsudski launched his attack, known as the Battle of the Niemen River, on September 21. Although the Soviet line initially held, Polish forces moved through Lithuania, then swept south into the rear of the Soviet northern flank, which began a disorganized retreat. In the center, the 15th and 16th Armies retreated in an orderly fashion thanks to the actions of the 27th Division, the southernmost of the 15th Army units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 99], "content_span": [100, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016093-0011-0001", "contents": "16th Army (RSFSR), History, Polish-Soviet War, Battle of the Niemen River and operations in Belarus\nBy October 1, the units of the two armies were holding positions in a line of old Russian World War I trenches, opposite the former Polish positions from before the July Offensive. The defense line was quickly broken through by the Polish advance, and by the time the Polish troops captured Minsk and reached the Berezina on October 15, the 16th Army had been reduced to a skeleton of its original size. The war ended on the next day when the cease-fire between Poland and the RSFSR took effect.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 99], "content_span": [100, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016093-0011-0002", "contents": "16th Army (RSFSR), History, Polish-Soviet War, Battle of the Niemen River and operations in Belarus\nOn October 17, the army was reinforced with troops from the disbanded 4th Army. From October, it was headquartered at Mogilev. Between November and December, the 16th Army fought against Stanis\u0142aw Bu\u0142ak-Ba\u0142achowicz's troops. On December 7, the army received the troops of the disbanded 3rd Army. In March, the Gomel Fortified Region became part of the 16th Army. The army was disbanded on May 7, 1921, and its troops distributed to other Western Front units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 99], "content_span": [100, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016094-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Army (Soviet Union)\nThe  16th Army was a Soviet field army active from 1940 to 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016094-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Army (Soviet Union), First Formation, 16th Army\nThe 16th Army Headquarters was formed in July 1940 in the Transbaikal Military District to command Soviet forces deployed in the Dauriya area. On 25 May 1941, four weeks before the commencement of the German invasion of the Soviet Union, Operation Barbarossa, the army received orders to deploy (with six Trans-Baikalian divisions) to the Ukraine to be subordinated to the Kiev Special Military District. The first 16th Army units to arrive (109th Motorized Division of the 5th Mechanized Corps) in Berdichev on 18 June 1941. The Army was commanded by Lieutenant-General Mikhail Feodorovich Lukin, and on 22 June the Army Headquarters was located in Orel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 52], "content_span": [53, 708]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016094-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Army (Soviet Union), First Formation, 16th Army\nSoon after the commencement of Operation Barbarossa a crisis situation developed on the Western Front sector of the frontline, and on 26 June 1941 16th Army was ordered to redeploy to the area of Orsha - Smolensk. However, the breakthrough of the German 11 Panzer Division in the direction of Orestov during the afternoon of 26 June required an emergency response. Lukin took part of the 109th Motorised Division directly from disembarkation from the trains and directed them towards the enemy. The units involved were designated \"Group Lukin.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 52], "content_span": [53, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016094-0003-0000", "contents": "16th Army (Soviet Union), First Formation, 16th Army\nOn 1 July 1941 16th Army consisted of the 32nd Rifle Corps (with the 46th and 152nd Rifle Divisions), two artillery regiments, and the 5th Mechanised Corps (13th and 17th Tank Divisions and the 109th Motorized Division). 126th Corps Artillery Regiment and the 112th Separate Anti-aircraft Artillery Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 52], "content_span": [53, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016094-0004-0000", "contents": "16th Army (Soviet Union), First Formation, 16th Army\nMost of the 16th Army began concentrating in the region of Smolensk, but the 5th Mechanised Corps was transferred to the 20th Army and participated in the counterattack at Lepel 6\u20139 July. On 9 July a status report from the army chief of staff said that the command group, 32nd Rifle Corps, and some units of 5th Mechanised Corps were still at peacetime establishment strength. About this time the separate 57th Tank Division from the Far East joined the army, and on 20 July elements of the 129th Rifle Division arrived as well.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 52], "content_span": [53, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016094-0005-0000", "contents": "16th Army (Soviet Union), First Formation, 16th Army\nAfter the breakthrough of German mechanized troops to Smolensk, on 14 July Marshal S. \u041a. Timoshenko ordered Lukin to take command of all units in the garrison city of Smolensk, as well as units arriving in the city by rail and units in the defensive sector directly adjacent to the city. Communication with the rear could be maintained only through Solovyovsk across a wooded and swampy area south of Yartsevo. Street fighting began.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 52], "content_span": [53, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016094-0006-0000", "contents": "16th Army (Soviet Union), First Formation, 16th Army\nOn 20 July 129th Rifle Division's four committed battalions lost 40% of their strength defending the suburbs of Smolensk. Three days later, a Western Front situation report said that '..during the course of 22.7, 16th Army units, continued to conduct severe street battle to secure Smolensk. .. In 34th RC, the trained and armed (almost without machine guns) 127th Rifle Division (up to 600 men) and 158th Rifle Division (about 100 men) went over to the offensive at 1200 22.7'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 52], "content_span": [53, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016094-0007-0000", "contents": "16th Army (Soviet Union), First Formation, 16th Army\nThe Army HQ was disbanded on 8 August 1941 after encirclement (the Battle of Smolensk (1941)) just west of Smolensk as part of the Western Front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 52], "content_span": [53, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016094-0008-0000", "contents": "16th Army (Soviet Union), Second Formation, 16th Army\nAs part of a restructuring of the forces of Western Front, on 10 August 1941 the second formation of 16 Army was created from forces in the Yartsevo area and placed under the command of Major-General Konstantin Rokossovsky. In September 1941 the newly promoted Lieutenant-General Rokossovsky was tasked with defending the Volokolamsk Highway, and preventing any advance by German forces towards Moscow. By late November, 16th Army had gradually been forced back to the line Krasnaya Polyana-Kryukovo-Istra, but here it held firm until the Red Army went over to the offensive in December. In January 1942 the Army conducted an offensive on the Gzhatsk axis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 53], "content_span": [54, 710]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016094-0009-0000", "contents": "16th Army (Soviet Union), Second Formation, 16th Army\nIn the second half of January 1942, the forces of 16 Army were transferred to the command of 5th Army, and 16 Army Headquarters was deployed to the area of Sukhinichi, where the Army HQ took command of some of the troops and defensive positions of 10th Army. By February the frontline positions in the Sukhinichi area had stabilized.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 53], "content_span": [54, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016094-0010-0000", "contents": "16th Army (Soviet Union), Second Formation, 16th Army\nOn 15 July 1942, Rokossovsky was transferred to take command of the Bryansk Front as part of new command arrangements made by Soviet High Command in response to the disastrous Battle of Voronezh (1942). General Zhukov, the commander of Western Front, requested that STAVKA appoint Lieutenant-General Hovhannes Bagramyan, the deputy commander of the right flank 61st Army as the commander of the 16th Army in Rokossovsky's place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 53], "content_span": [54, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016094-0011-0000", "contents": "16th Army (Soviet Union), Second Formation, 16th Army\nOn 11 August 1942 German forces mounted a surprise offensive on the southern flank of Western Front, splitting 61st Army from 16th Army, which was not taking part in the Rzhev-Sychevka Offensive Operation. The German forces threatened Bagramyan's left flank and he reacted quickly, moving his forces to counter the German threat and halting their advance on 9 September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 53], "content_span": [54, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016094-0012-0000", "contents": "16th Army (Soviet Union), Second Formation, 16th Army\nUntil May 1943 the troops of the Army conducted defensive and offensive battles on the Zhizdrinsky District axis.. On 1 May 1943, on the basis of Stavka directives of 16 April 1943, the army was reorganized into the 11th Guards Army in the Western Front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 53], "content_span": [54, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016094-0013-0000", "contents": "16th Army (Soviet Union), Third Formation, 16th Army\n16th Army was formed for the third time on 10 July 1943 in the Far Eastern Front and was based on the Special Rifle Corps. From the spring of 1945 the Army was responsible for the defense of the Soviet state border with Japan on the island of Sakhalin, and also along the mainland  coast of the Tatar Strait from Sovetskaya Gavan to Nikolaevsk-on-Amur.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 52], "content_span": [53, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016094-0014-0000", "contents": "16th Army (Soviet Union), Third Formation, 16th Army\nOn 5 August 1945, the 16th Army, incorporating the 56th Rifle Corps, 3rd, 103rd and 104th fortified areas, 5th and 113th separate infantry brigades, 214th Tank Brigade, and a number of separate infantry, tank, artillery and other units, was subordinated to the newly formed 2nd Far East Front. 56th Rifle Corps, under General Lieutenant J.V. Novoselsky, consisted of 79th Rifle Division, 2nd Rifle Brigade, the Sakhalin Rifle Regiment, the 6th Battalion (infantry) and other formations and units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 52], "content_span": [53, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016094-0015-0000", "contents": "16th Army (Soviet Union), Third Formation, 16th Army\nDuring the Soviet\u2013Japanese War in cooperation with the Russian Pacific Fleet 16 Army advanced into Japanese-held South Sakhalin in the Invasion of South Sakhalin, and its forces were involved in the Invasion of the Kuril Islands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 52], "content_span": [53, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016094-0016-0000", "contents": "16th Army (Soviet Union), Third Formation, 16th Army\nOn 1 October 1945 the Army was subordinated to the Far Eastern Military District and within a month was disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 52], "content_span": [53, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016095-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Army (Wehrmacht)\nThe 16th Army (German: 16. Armee) was a World War II field army of the Wehrmacht.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016095-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Army (Wehrmacht), History\nIt took part in the Battle of France. It was then deployed with Army Group North during Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union. It fought its way into northern Russia where in January 1942 part of it was encircled by the Soviets near Demyansk. Hitler forbade a withdrawal and the Army was re-supplied by air until a land corridor was opened in April 1942. It was subsequently involved in the siege of Leningrad. The Soviets relieved Leningrad in January 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016095-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Army (Wehrmacht), History\nOn February 19, 1944, the Soviet 2nd Baltic Front launched a fresh set of attacks against the German 16th Army around Kholm. The Soviet 22nd Army made good progress in the initial assault. These attacks greatly diminished the 16th Army. It, along with the 18th Army was cut off in the Courland Peninsula when the Soviets launched their summer and autumn offensives of 1944. It stayed trapped there in the Courland Pocket  as part of Army Group Courland until the end of the war. In May 1945 the remnants of the army, now reduced to corps strength, capitulated to the Red Army and were marched into captivity. The survivors were eventually repatriated in 1955.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 690]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016096-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Army Corps (France)\nThe French 16th Army Corps was a French military unit created on November 1870 by the vice admiral Fourichon, which fought in the Franco-Prussian War, the First and Second World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016097-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Army Corps (Russian Empire)\nThe 16th Army Corps was an Army corps in the Imperial Russian Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016098-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Artillery Division\nThe 16th Artillery Division(Chinese: \u70ae\u5175\u7b2c16\u5e08) was a military formation of the People's Liberation Army of the People's Republic of China.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016098-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Artillery Division\nThe formation of the division started on November 9, 1969. On December 29, 1969, the activation was complete. The division was formally activated on February 15, 1970.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016098-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Artillery Division\nThe division was a part of the Artillery of the Beijing Military Region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 96]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016098-0003-0000", "contents": "16th Artillery Division\nIn May 1972, the 64th Artillery Regiment was reequipped with 152mm Gun-Howitzer Type-66.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016098-0004-0000", "contents": "16th Artillery Division\nOn April 1, 1983, the division was attached to 63rd Army Corps' control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 96]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016098-0005-0000", "contents": "16th Artillery Division\nIn 1985, the division was reduced and reorganized as the Artillery Brigade, 63rd Army(Chinese: \u7b2c63\u96c6\u56e2\u519b\u70ae\u5175\u65c5):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016098-0006-0000", "contents": "16th Artillery Division\nThe brigade was transferred to the 27th Army following 63rd's inactivation in 2003, during which it was renamed as the Artillery Brigade, 27th Army(Chinese: \u7b2c27\u96c6\u56e2\u519b\u70ae\u5175\u65c5).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016098-0007-0000", "contents": "16th Artillery Division\nIn April 2017 the brigade was disbanded along with the 27th Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016099-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Asianet Film Awards\nThe 16th Ujala Asianet Film Awards geared up at Dubai drew thousands of Malayalam movie fans at the Meydan Hotel & Grand Stand on January 10. The awards were presented annually by the Asianet TV to honor the artistic and technical excellence in Malayalam Film industry with over 30 award categories. They are being held in Dubai for the second time after a successful show in 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016099-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Asianet Film Awards, Celebrities who attended the event\nThe biggest attraction of the ceremony was the presence of Bollywood superstar Shah Rukh Khan, who was honored with the International Icon of Indian Cinema award. The laurel came to King Khan from a million viewers of Asianet, who had selected the actor for his impeccable onscreen aura and the special connect that he shares with countless international fans around the world.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 60], "content_span": [61, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016099-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Asianet Film Awards, Celebrities who attended the event\nThe superstar was accompanied with a host of other big names from Malayalam movie industry. The show saw the attendance of legendary stars namely Mohanlal, Mammootty,Dileep, Jayaram, Innocent, Priyamani, Kavya Madhavan and also other generation next actors such as Dulquer Salmaan, Fahadh Faasil, Kunchacko Boban, Amala Paul, Nazriya Nazim and many more.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 60], "content_span": [61, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016099-0003-0000", "contents": "16th Asianet Film Awards, Celebrities who attended the event\nBesides the shimmering galaxy of movie stars, who made the ceremony sparkle with their glamor and charisma, leading Bollywood composer and singer Shankar Mahadevan, grabbed the spotlight as he bedazzled his fans with a live performance, featuring his chartbuster tracks. The Tamil singing sensation Andrea Jeremiah also trilled her fans with a live performance of her hit Tamil and Telegu songs. The winners of India's Dancing Superstar, the famous dancing five, MJ5 also gave a performance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 60], "content_span": [61, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016099-0004-0000", "contents": "16th Asianet Film Awards, Celebrities who attended the event\nMalayalam actors Kavya Madhavan, Isha Talwar, Vineeth, Asha Sarath, and gen-next sensation Nazriya Nazim also put up their acts and entertained the audience. Famous Malayalam singer Rimi Tomy paid a tribute to A.R.Rahman by singing his hit songs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 60], "content_span": [61, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016100-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Attack Squadron, Philippine Air Force\nThe mission of the 16th Attack Squadron is to provide tactical air operations designed to destroy enemy forces and installations. Its specific functions include: providing close air support to ground and naval forces; performing tactical air reconnaissance; provides rocket, bomb, gun attacks on enemy forces and installations; and providing deployment of combat ready forces in areas of operations as required by higher headquarters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016100-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Attack Squadron, Philippine Air Force, History, Beginnings\nThe Eagles were born in the 1970s during the outbreak of hostilities in Mindanao when government forces and secessionist were engaged in a full-scale war, where the latter was strong in terms of personnel and firepower.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 63], "content_span": [64, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016100-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Attack Squadron, Philippine Air Force, History, Beginnings\nConfronted by this problem, the military hastily laid down the framework for a tactical unit that would accomplish the necessary air support mission. Thus, on 1 August 1974, the Philippine Air Force witnessed the foundation of the first tactical squadron, the 16th Attack Squadron, whose primary mission is to perform tactical air operation designed to destroy enemy forces and facilities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 63], "content_span": [64, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016100-0003-0000", "contents": "16th Attack Squadron, Philippine Air Force, History, Beginnings\nInitially headed by Lt Col Santiago O Pitpitan Jr, it was organized out of volunteer pilots from other units and a handful of enlisted personnel who, knowing the great risk, were willing to sacrifice and take up the burden of the task at hand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 63], "content_span": [64, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016100-0004-0000", "contents": "16th Attack Squadron, Philippine Air Force, History, First aircraft and missions\nWith 52 T-28D aircraft on its wings, the squadron performed a wide array of mission but it was the accurate delivery of air munitions to designated targets that this unit not only carved its name in the history of the Philippine Air Force, but the Armed Forces as well. During the late 70\u2019s, the eagles were participating in large scale joint operations against fortified MNLF Strongholds in Zamboanga Del Norte.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 80], "content_span": [81, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016100-0005-0000", "contents": "16th Attack Squadron, Philippine Air Force, History, Dwindling logistics support\nBy the mid-80\u2019s, due to dwindling logistics support to the AT-28Ds, the 17th and 25th Attack Squadron were dissolved and fused with the eagles to cope up with the austerity measure being undertaken by the armed forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 80], "content_span": [81, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016100-0006-0000", "contents": "16th Attack Squadron, Philippine Air Force, History, Campaigns against CPP/NPA Rebels\nFrom 1989 to 1991, the concentration of operations shifted to the north particularly in Marag Valley, which was against the CPP NPA rebels. There, the eagles continued to demonstrate their exceptional skills in conducting air strike missions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 85], "content_span": [86, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016100-0007-0000", "contents": "16th Attack Squadron, Philippine Air Force, History, First OV-10A Broncos\nBy November 1991, the squadron started to receive OV-10A Broncos from the United States of America. These aircraft are proven to be an effective multi-role anti insurgency platform. It was also expected to replace the aging and diminishing fleet of AT-28D Tora-toras. A total of 24 OV-10A Broncos were turned over by July 1992. With the arrival of the broncos, the splendor of the squadron was revived. Aside from performing air strike mission in support of ground forces, the aircraft was fitted to provide cloud seeding capability in order to help soften the impact of the El Ni\u00f1o phenomena. Thus, aside from being bombers, the eagles were known as cloud seeder or rainmakers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 73], "content_span": [74, 752]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016100-0008-0000", "contents": "16th Attack Squadron, Philippine Air Force, History, Campaigns against MILF and Abu Sayyaf\nBy the year 2000, the eagles were again playing a crucial role in the campaign to capture MILF camps in central Mindanao and in pursuit of Abu Sayyaf terrorist group in western Mindanao. With these massive and extensive operations the Philippine government asserted it sovereignty over the MILF Camps and captured and destroyed them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 90], "content_span": [91, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016100-0009-0000", "contents": "16th Attack Squadron, Philippine Air Force, History, Newly upgraded OV-10's\nBy August 2003, the first batch of four OV-10Cs arrived from The Royal Air Force of Thailand. Furthermore, capability upgrade of several OV-10A to the four bladed configurations was completed. To this day the eagles are still ever vigilant protecting the peace and development of the nation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 75], "content_span": [76, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016101-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Avenue (song)\n\"16th Avenue\" is a song written by Thom Schuyler, and recorded by American country music artist Lacy J. Dalton. It was released in September 1982 as the second single and title track from the album 16th Avenue. The song reached number 7 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016101-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Avenue (song)\nIn 2007, the song was covered by Sunny Sweeney on her debut album Heartbreaker's Hall of Fame.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016101-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Avenue (song), Content\nThom Schuyler said that after he wrote the song, he considered it \"too much of an 'industry' kind of song\" and had it filed away until a publisher asked if he had any new material. A song plugger then took it to producer Billy Sherrill, who produced Dalton's recording of it. Dalton also sang it at the opening of the 1982 Country Music Association awards telecast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016101-0003-0000", "contents": "16th Avenue (song), Content\nThe location referred to in the song is Music Row in Nashville, which in the 1960s was being changed from residential homes to refurbished office space for the music industry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016102-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Avenue Bailey Bridge\nOld (16th Avenue) Bailey Bridge is a bailey bridge located below 16th Avenue (York Regional Road 73) east of Reesor Road within Rouge Park in Markham, Ontario, Canada. The bridge crossed the Little Rouge Creek, a tributary of the Rouge River. A new bridge was built above this bridge to provide two way access for 16th Avenue east of Ressor Road. The old bridge is in situ with ends fenced off to prevent trespassing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016102-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Avenue Bailey Bridge, History\nThe 21.3-metre (70\u00a0ft) wood-plank-deck steel bridge was constructed in 1945\u00a0(1945). It was last restored in 1965. Little has changed for the traffic in the area, which is still rural and agricultural with land use protected as is within the boundaries of Rouge National Urban Park.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016102-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Avenue Bailey Bridge, Replacement\nAn assessment by York Region and Toronto and Region Conservation Authority in 2007 suggested the bridge be removed when the road was realigned and widened, though still noted that it \"is of heritage interest\", although it was, at the time, not listed in the Markham Heritage Inventory. In a 2010 report from the Transportation Services Committee to the Regional Council, Rouge Park management indicated their desire to maintain the bailey bridge for pedestrian use. In mid-2011, the Toronto and Region Conservation Authority accepted the proposal to save the bridge for use in a future trail as part of Rouge National Urban Park by Parks Canada, after 16th Avenue was realigned and widened to eliminate the jog at Reesor Road.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 38], "content_span": [39, 765]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016102-0003-0000", "contents": "16th Avenue Bailey Bridge, Replacement\nBy 2014, the realignment was complete and overpass built over the bridge. Roadway sections that formerly dipped downward to meet the old bridge are now gravel embankments for the new bridge. Old abutments remain in place as the old bridge is still in place. Mesh fencing closes off either end of the Bailey bridge to discourage trespassing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 38], "content_span": [39, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016102-0004-0000", "contents": "16th Avenue Bailey Bridge, Replacement\nThe bridge was an early example of a bailey bridge. They are now rare in Ontario.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 38], "content_span": [39, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016103-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Avenue Records\n16th Avenue Records was an independent record label specializing in country music. The first 16th Avenue label was founded in Toronto in May 1981 by Apple Productions Corporation principals Stan Campbell and Veronica Mataseje. In May 1984, 16th Avenue Records moved to Nashville, Tennessee. In 1987 the Opryland Music Group assumed the 16th Avenue Records name with Jerry Bradley as President. The label's first signee was Charley Pride, whose 1987 single \"Have I Got Some Blues for You\" was the label's first release.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016103-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Avenue Records\nOther artists who recorded for 16th Avenue included Vicki Bird, Canyon, Lane Caudell, John Conlee, Neal McCoy,  Robin & Cruiser, John Wesley Ryles, and Randy VanWarmer. The label closed in November 1990.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016104-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Aviation Brigade (Australia)\nThe 16th Aviation Brigade  (16 Avn Bde) commands all the Australian Army aviation units and has technical control of the Army Aviation Training Centre reporting to Forces Command. The Brigade was formed on 2 April 2002 by combining Headquarters Divisional Aviation (Operational Command) and Headquarters Aviation Support Group (Technical Command) and is headquartered in Enoggera Barracks, Queensland. It was originally named Headquarters 16th Brigade (Aviation) and was renamed to the 16th Aviation Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016104-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Aviation Brigade (Australia)\nThe Army Aviation Training Centre (AAvnTC) based at Oakey is responsible for training and maintains a training fleet reporting separately to Forces Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016105-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Bangladesh National Film Awards\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by Monkbot (talk | contribs) at 04:05, 29 November 2020 (Task 18 (cosmetic): eval 4 templates: del empty params (1\u00d7); hyphenate params (4\u00d7);). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016105-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Bangladesh National Film Awards\nThe 16th Bangladesh National Film Awards, presented by Ministry of Information, Bangladesh to felicitate the best of Bangladeshi Cinema released in the year 1991. The ceremony took place in Dhaka and awards were given by then President of Bangladesh. The National Film Awards are the only film awards given by the government itself. Every year, a national panel appointed by the government selects the winning entry, and the award ceremony is held in Dhaka. 1991 was the 16th ceremony of National Film Awards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016106-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Battalion (Canadian Scottish), CEF\nThe 16th Battalion (Canadian Scottish), CEF was a unit of the First World War Canadian Expeditionary Force. It was organized at Valcartier on 2 September 1914 in response to the Great War and was composed of recruits from the 91st Regiment Canadian Highlanders, the 79th Cameron Highlanders of Canada, the 72nd Regiment \"Seaforth Highlanders of Canada\", and the 50th Regiment \"Highlanders\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016106-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Battalion (Canadian Scottish), CEF, History\nThe 16th Battalion served in the 3rd Brigade of the 1st Canadian Division. Since its early beginnings, the battalion had a high standard of conduct on the battlefield and was commanded by outstanding leaders. One such was Lieutenant-General Sir Arthur Currie, KCMG, who rose to command the Canadian Corps during the Great War. Currie was a master tactician whose skills led the Canadians to victory at Vimy Ridge and Amiens. Lieutenant-Colonel Cyrus Wesley Peck commanded the battalion for many months in the trenches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016106-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Battalion (Canadian Scottish), CEF, History\nFour members of the 16th Battalion were awarded the Victoria Cross: Piper James Cleland Richardson, Private William Johnstone Milne, Lance-Corporal William Henry Metcalf, and Lieutenant-Colonel Cyrus Peck. Piper James Richardson was just 18 years old when he enlisted, and was killed during the Battle of the Somme shortly after having played his company through No Man's Land. He disappeared in shellfire after going back to retrieve the bagpipes he laid aside to bring back a wounded comrade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016106-0003-0000", "contents": "16th Battalion (Canadian Scottish), CEF, History\nThe battalion fought on the northern flank of the 3rd Brigade during the attack on Vimy Ridge. Several German positions survived the pre-attack artillery barrage and, though the 16th achieved its objectives, it paid a heavy price with 333 killed and wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016106-0004-0000", "contents": "16th Battalion (Canadian Scottish), CEF, History\nThe Canadian historian Ren\u00e9 Chartrand noted that despite the fact that black Canadians were only supposed to serve in construction units, one of the soldiers in the painting The Conquerors  is a black man, suggesting that at least some black Canadians served as infantrymen in World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016106-0005-0000", "contents": "16th Battalion (Canadian Scottish), CEF, History\nThe battalion returned to England on 27 March 1919, disembarked in Canada on 4 May 1919, was demobilized on 8 May 1919, and was disbanded by General Order 149 of 15 September 1920.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016106-0006-0000", "contents": "16th Battalion (Canadian Scottish), CEF, History\nThe 16th Battalion (Canadian Scottish), CEF is perpetuated by The Canadian Scottish Regiment (Princess Mary's).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016107-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Battalion, Royal Western Australia Regiment\nThe 16th Battalion, Royal Western Australia Regiment (16 RWAR) is an Australian Army reserve infantry battalion located in Western Australia and one of the two battalions of the Royal Western Australia Regiment. The battalion was first formed during the First World War, during which it fought during the Gallipoli Campaign and on the Western Front in France and Belgium as part of the Australian Imperial Force. It was re-formed as a part-time unit in Western Australia during the inter-war years, and served in the New Britain Campaign against the Japanese during the Second World War. In the post war years, the battalion became part of the Royal Western Australia Regiment and currently forms part of the 13th Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 771]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016107-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Battalion, Royal Western Australia Regiment, History, First World War\nThe 16th Battalion was originally raised in September 1914 as part of the all volunteer Australian Imperial Force (AIF), which was raised for overseas service during the First World War. Assigned to the 4th Brigade, the battalion drew the majority of its personnel from the state of Western Australia, while the remainder came from South Australia. After completing rudimentary training in Western Australia and South Australia followed by further basic training in Victoria, the battalion embarked for Egypt. Upon arrival, the 4th Brigade was assigned to the New Zealand and Australian Division, with whom it subsequently participated in the Gallipoli Campaign between April and December 1915.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 74], "content_span": [75, 769]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016107-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Battalion, Royal Western Australia Regiment, History, First World War\nAfter returning to Egypt, in early 1916 the AIF underwent a period of expansion and reorganisation, during which the 16th Battalion was split to provide an experienced cadre of personnel to the newly formed 48th Battalion. At the same time, the 4th Brigade was reassigned to the 4th Division and in mid-1916 the AIF's infantry divisions were transferred to Europe to take part in the fighting on the Western Front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 74], "content_span": [75, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016107-0002-0001", "contents": "16th Battalion, Royal Western Australia Regiment, History, First World War\nFor the next two-and-a-half years, the 16th Battalion was involved in several significant battles, including the Battle of Pozi\u00e8res, Battle of Mouquet Farm, Battle of Bullecourt, the German spring offensive, the Battle of Hamel and the Allied Hundred Days Offensive. During the war, the battalion's casualties amounted to 1,127 killed and 1,955 wounded. Three of its members received the Victoria Cross for their actions: Martin O'Meara, Thomas Axford and Dominic McCarthy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 74], "content_span": [75, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016107-0003-0000", "contents": "16th Battalion, Royal Western Australia Regiment, History, Inter-war years\nThe battalion was disbanded at the end of the war, then re-raised as a Citizens Force unit after a reorganisation of Australia's part-time military forces in 1921 to perpetuate the numerical designations of the AIF, forming part of the 13th Brigade and based in Western Australia. It was amalgamated with the 11th Battalion in 1930, after the suspension of the compulsory training scheme reduced the size of the part-time military force. A new 16th Battalion was raised in 1936 as the \"Cameron Highlanders of Western Australia\", as part of an expansion of the Militia following concerns about the strategic situation in Europe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 74], "content_span": [75, 702]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016107-0004-0000", "contents": "16th Battalion, Royal Western Australia Regiment, History, Second World War\nDuring the Second World War, this battalion was mobilised for war service and gazetted as an AIF battalion. Throughout the early war years, it formed part of the garrison of Western Australia, before moving north to Darwin in 1943. In late 1944, the 13th Brigade was reassigned to the 5th Division and subsequently took part in the New Britain Campaign from November 1944 until the end of the war. The campaign was limited to containing the larger Japanese force, and the battalion's involvement was focused primarily around undertaking long range patrols. Only limited combat occurred before the end of the war, and the battalion's casualties were light, amounting to 10 killed and 14 wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 75], "content_span": [76, 770]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016107-0005-0000", "contents": "16th Battalion, Royal Western Australia Regiment, History, Second World War\nAfter undertaking further garrison duties at Rabaul, the 16th Battalion returned to Australia in early 1946 and was disbanded at Puckapunyal, Victoria, in February.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 75], "content_span": [76, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016107-0006-0000", "contents": "16th Battalion, Royal Western Australia Regiment, History, Since 1945\nThe part-time military forces were re-formed in 1948 following the conclusion of the demobilisation process, at which time the battalion was re-raised as an amalgamated unit with the 28th Battalion. The two units remained linked until 1952 when they were split and re-raised in their own right as full battalions. This state of affairs continued until 1960 when a reorganisation saw the raising of larger State-based regiments that subsumed the old regionally-based regiments, at which point the battalion was reduced to a company-level formation within the Pentropic 1st Battalion, Royal Western Australia Regiment (1 RWAR), forming 'B' Company. In 1965, the Pentropic divisional structure was abolished and 1 RWAR was split to form two new battalions: 1 RWAR and 2 RWAR; the following year 1 RWAR was redesignated 16 RWAR.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 69], "content_span": [70, 894]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016107-0007-0000", "contents": "16th Battalion, Royal Western Australia Regiment, History, Since 1945\n16 RWAR currently forms part of the 13th Brigade, and maintains the battle honours of all the previous 16th Battalions, including the 16th Battalion, AIF, which served in the First World War, and the 16th Battalion (Cameron Highlanders of Western Australia) and 2/16th Battalion, both of which served in the Second World War. The battalion has provided personnel to provide reinforcements for Regular Army units deploying to various conflicts or operations including those in East Timor, Malaysia, Bougainville, Afghanistan and Iraq.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 69], "content_span": [70, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016108-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Berlin International Film Festival\nThe 16th annual Berlin International Film Festival was held from 24 June \u2013 5 July 1966. The Golden Bear was awarded to the British film Cul-de-sac directed by Roman Polanski.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016108-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Berlin International Film Festival, Jury\nThe following people were announced as being on the jury for the festival:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 45], "content_span": [46, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016108-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Berlin International Film Festival, Films in competition\nThe following films were in competition for the Golden Bear award:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016109-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Bihar Assembly\nThe Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Bihar (Sixteenth Vidhan Sabha of Bihar) was constituted on 20 November 2015 as a result of Bihar Legislative Assembly election, 2015 held between 12 October to 5 November 2015. The Legislative Assembly has total of 243 MLAs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016110-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Bombardment Group\nThe United States Air Force's 16th Bombardment Group was a very heavy bombardment group that participated in combat in the Pacific Ocean Theater of World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016110-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Bombardment Group, History, World War II\nThe 16th Bombardment Group was activated on 1 April 1944 at Dalhart Army Air Field, Texas. Its initial operational squadrons were the 15th, 16th, 17th and 21st Bombardment Squadrons, and equipped with Boeing B-29B Superfortresses. The group was also assigned a photographic laboratory. However the 21st squadron was inactivated a month after activation as the Army Air Forces reorganized its B-29 units as three-squadron groups. The unit trained for combat initially at Dalhart, then moved to Fairmont Army Air Field, Nebraska on 15 August 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016110-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Bombardment Group, History, World War II\nThe B-29B was a limited production aircraft, built solely by Bell-Atlanta. It had all but the tail defensive armament removed, since experience had shown that by 1944 the only significant Japanese fighter attacks were coming from the rear. The tail gun was aimed and fired automatically by the new AN/APG-15B fire-control radar system that detected the approaching enemy plane and made all the necessary calculations. The elimination of the turrets and the associated General Electric computerized gun system increased the top speed of the Superfortress to 364\u00a0mph (586\u00a0km/h) at 25,000 feet (7,600\u00a0m) and made the B-29B suitable for fast, unescorted hit-and-run bombing raids and photographic missions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 748]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016110-0003-0000", "contents": "16th Bombardment Group, History, World War II\nThe 16th became part of Twentieth Air Force on 7 March 1945 and moved to Northwest Field (Guam) as part of the 315th Bombardment Wing. Its B-29s were marked with a Diamond-B tail code. The group entered combat on 16 June 1945 with a bombing raid against an airfield on Moen. It flew its first mission against the Japanese home islands on 26 June 1945 and afterwards operated principally against the enemy's petroleum industry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016110-0004-0000", "contents": "16th Bombardment Group, History, World War II\nFlying unescorted in the face of severe enemy attack, the 16th bombed the Maruzen Oil refinery at Shimotsu on the night of 2 July 1945; the Mitsubishi refinery and Kawasaki oil installations at Kawasaki on the night of 12\u201313 July 1945, and the coal liquefication plants at Ube on 22\u201323 July 1945. The unit was awarded a Distinguished Unit Citation for the missions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016110-0005-0000", "contents": "16th Bombardment Group, History, World War II\nThere were several missions flown during the month of August and each resulted in the virtual destruction of an important Japanese petroleum refinery. The tactic of radar bombing by individual aircraft was used during attacks on the Mitsubishi-Hayama petroleum complex on the night of 1\u20132 August 1945; the Nippon Oil refinery and tank farm at Amagasaki on 9\u201310 August 1945 and the final target of the war for the 16th group the Nippon Oil refinery at Tsuchizaki on 15 August 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016110-0006-0000", "contents": "16th Bombardment Group, History, World War II\nAfter the war the group dropped food and supplies to Allied prisoners of war in Japan, Manchuria, and Korea, and participated in several show of force missions over Japan. The problem of dropping supplies to prisoners of war was difficult. In the first place, most of the camps were small and hard to locate. Even more important was the great distance that had to be flown on some of the missions. Accurate information was lacking on several of the camps, especially those located in Manchuria and Korea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016110-0006-0001", "contents": "16th Bombardment Group, History, World War II\nThe Japanese had apparently shifted many of the prisoners around and closed down some of the concentration centers. Most of the supplies were dropped with the aid of a parachute but certain types of packages were permitted to fall free. The bombardier on each B-29 had quite a problem in determining the exact moment of release.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016110-0007-0000", "contents": "16th Bombardment Group, History, World War II\nOn 2 September, the 16th group participated in a show of force mission over Tokyo which took place while the surrender terms were being signed on the battleship Missouri in Tokyo Bay. The mission was carefully planned as it represented the first attempt at formation flying that the organization had made since its arrival overseas. The aircraft flew over Tokyo Bay just as the surrender terms were signed and the men could watch the Missouri at the same time that they heard the broadcast of the ceremony over the radio. The B-29s flew at approximately 3,000 feet (910\u00a0m) and could see clearly through a scattered undercast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 671]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016110-0008-0000", "contents": "16th Bombardment Group, History, World War II\nThe 16th Bombardment Group was inactivated on Guam on 15 April 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016110-0009-0000", "contents": "16th Bombardment Group, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 48], "content_span": [49, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016111-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Brigade (Australia)\nThe 16th Brigade was an infantry brigade in the Australian Army. First raised in 1912 as a Militia formation to provide training under the compulsory training scheme, the brigade was later re-raised as part of the First Australian Imperial Force during World War I. Its existence was short lived, as it was disbanded after about six months, before it could be committed to the fighting on the Western Front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016111-0000-0001", "contents": "16th Brigade (Australia)\nRaised again in 1939 for service during World War II, the brigade was deployed to the Middle East in early 1940 and subsequently saw action in the Western Desert and in Greece in 1941. In 1942, it returned to Australia in response to Japan's entry into the war, and later the brigade played a prominent role in the Kokoda Track campaign and at Buna\u2013Gona in Papua. Withdrawn to Australia in early 1943, the 16th Brigade was re-organised and received many replacements from disbanding formations, but it was not recommitted to combat operations until late in the war. In 1944\u20131945, the  brigade was committed to the Aitape\u2013Wewak campaign in New Guinea. After the war, the brigade was disbanded in 1946. Today, its name is perpetuated by the 16th Aviation Brigade which was raised on 2 April 2002.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 819]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016111-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Brigade (Australia), History, Pre-war years\nIn 1912, when Australian introduced the compulsory training scheme, a total of 23 Militia brigades, mostly of four battalions, were planned for. These were assigned to six military districts around Australia. At this time, the 16th Brigade formed part of the 3rd Military District. The brigade's constituent units had training depots in various locations around southern Victoria, including Newmarket, North Melbourne, South Carlton, Collingwood, Fitzroy, East Melbourne and Footscray. The brigade's constituent battalions were sequentially numbered: 61st, 62nd, 63rd and 64th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 48], "content_span": [49, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016111-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Brigade (Australia), History, World War I\nDuring World War I, the brigade was briefly re-formed as part of the all volunteer First Australian Imperial Force (AIF). Following a request from the British to raise another division to complement the five already deployed on the Western Front, the 16th Infantry Brigade was formed in England, on the Salisbury Plain, as part of the 6th Division on 17 March 1917. The brigade was formed mainly from convalescents who were in Britain recovering.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 46], "content_span": [47, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016111-0002-0001", "contents": "16th Brigade (Australia), History, World War I\nThe unit did not see any action and was disbanded in September  following the Battle of Bullecourt and Battle of Messines due to manpower shortages in the AIF. After this, the brigade's personnel were transferred to the AIF's Overseas Training Brigade with the last elements departing on 19 October 1917. The brigade's machine gun company was later re-designated as the 23rd Machine Gun Company and eventually allocated to the 3rd Machine Gun Battalion, going to serve as part of the 3rd Division. Only 15 infantry brigades were raised as part of the Militia during the interwar years, so the 16th Brigade was not re-raised during this time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 46], "content_span": [47, 688]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016111-0003-0000", "contents": "16th Brigade (Australia), History, World War II\nThe 16th Infantry Brigade was reformed on 13 October 1939, again as part of the 6th Division. After its headquarters was opened at Victoria Barracks, in Paddington, New South Wales, the brigade moved to Ingleburn the following month. Consisting of four infantry battalions \u2013 the 2/1st, 2/2nd, 2/3rd and 2/4th  \u2013 the brigade was the first raised as part of the all volunteer Second Australian Imperial Force (2nd AIF). After rudimentary training, the brigade embarked for the Middle East in January 1940, reaching Julis, in Palestine, the following month.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016111-0003-0001", "contents": "16th Brigade (Australia), History, World War II\nThe brigade was reduced to three battalions in May, as the Australian Army was reorganised to replicate the British Army's brigade structure. This saw the 2/4th Battalion being transferred to the 19th Brigade. Training continued during this time until the 16th Brigade moved to Helwan in Egypt, where they received the remainder of their equipment. Divisional exercises took place in October and November, after which the 6th Division was deployed to Libya.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016111-0004-0000", "contents": "16th Brigade (Australia), History, World War II\nIn January 1941, the brigade was committed to the Western Desert Campaign, going into action for the first time around Bardia, which was captured from the Italians over several days. This was followed later in the month by the capture of Tobruk, where the 16th Brigade remained while the 6th Division's other two brigades, the 17th and 19th, took part in other actions around Derna and Benghazi. In March, the division concentrated around Amiriya as they prepared to deploy to Greece, in response to an expected German invasion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016111-0004-0001", "contents": "16th Brigade (Australia), History, World War II\nDuring the Battle of Greece, the 16th Brigade occupied Seria before establishing itself in the Veria Pass. As the German attack began, the 2/1st Battalion provided rearguard cover while the brigade withdrew alongside the New Zealand 4th Brigade. A German breakthrough at Tempe Gorge resulted in a further withdrawal during which the 2/2nd and 2/3rd Battalions provided rearguard security as Anzac Corps withdrew through Larissa. After this, the brigade was ordered to evacuate, and elements were withdrawn by sea at Kalamata.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016111-0004-0002", "contents": "16th Brigade (Australia), History, World War II\nThe majority of the brigade was evacuated back to Egypt and subsequently re-formed in Palestine; however, elements of the brigade landed on Crete. The 2/1st was landed as a whole and deployed to defend the airfield at Retimo, while elements of the 2/2nd and 2/3rd were formed into a 16th Brigade Composite Battalion. During the fighting, the 2/1st was largely destroyed during the brief Battle of Crete, with the majority being taken prisoner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016111-0005-0000", "contents": "16th Brigade (Australia), History, World War II\nThe 2/1st Battalion was re-raised in June 1941, in Palestine; meanwhile, the 2/3rd Battalion was detached from the brigade to take part in the Syria\u2013Lebanon campaign, serving with the 17th Brigade. During this time, the 2/6th and 2/7th Battalions briefly came under the brigade's command. Throughout the latter part of 1941, the 16th Brigade undertook garrison duty in Egypt and then later in Syria. In early 1942, following Japan's entry into the war, the Australian government requested that the 6th Division be returned to Australia and in February the brigade moved to Beit Jirja, in Palestine, prior to embarkation. En route, the 16th and 17th Brigades were diverted to Ceylon where they were landed to defend against a possible Japanese invasion. The 16th Brigade defended an area around Horana until July 1942, when they completed the voyage back to Australia, which was completed by August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 946]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016111-0006-0000", "contents": "16th Brigade (Australia), History, World War II\nA period of leave followed, after which the brigade concentrated at Wallgrove, New South Wales. The following month, as the Japanese continued their advance towards Port Moresby, the 16th Brigade was hastily committed to defend the town. The Japanese advance was subsequently held at Imita Ridge, and as the strategic situation turned against them, they began to withdraw. In October, the 16th Brigade joined the 25th in a pursuit towards Kokoda. Their first action came around Eora Creek, after which the brigade bypassed Kokoda, which was captured by the 25th Brigade, as the Australians turned their advance north towards Wairopi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 681]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016111-0006-0001", "contents": "16th Brigade (Australia), History, World War II\nThe brigade's next action came around Oivi\u2013Gorari. As the majority of the brigade attacked the Japanese around Oivi, the 2/1st Battalion was detached and carried out a flanking manoeuvre with the 25th Brigade to assault the Japanese rear around Gorari. The brigade continued its advance towards the Japanese northern beachheads, coming up against strongly entrenched positions around Sanananda. Heavily depleted by disease and casualties, by December 1942, the 16th Brigade was withdrawn by air back to Port Moresby before returning to Australia in January 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016111-0007-0000", "contents": "16th Brigade (Australia), History, World War II\nThe brigade's personnel were granted a period of leave before they reconstituted at Wondecla on the Atherton Tablelands, in Queensland. A long period of training in Australia followed during which time a large batch of reinforcements was received from the 30th Brigade, which was disbanded. During this time, the role of Australian troops in the Pacific declined, as the US took over the main Allied effort. As a result, it was not until the final stages of the war that the 16th Brigade returned to combat operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016111-0007-0001", "contents": "16th Brigade (Australia), History, World War II\nIn December 1944, the brigade was committed to the  Aitape\u2013Wewak campaign in New Guinea, when the Australians took over from US forces, which had established a base at Aitape, where they joined the rest of the 6th Division in an advance towards Wewak and then into the Torricelli Range. A series of patrol and small-scale actions followed as the Australians secured the area throughout 1944 and into 1945. Following the conclusion of hostilities in August 1945, the 16th Brigade concentrated around Dallman Harbour. Here, the demobilisation process began shortly afterwards, with drafts of personnel being returned based on priority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 681]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016111-0007-0002", "contents": "16th Brigade (Australia), History, World War II\nMeanwhile, personnel undertook parades and occupation duties, overseeing the surrender of Japanese personnel. In October, elements of the 2/2nd Battalion were sent to Merauke, amidst concerns of an Indonesian uprising. Other activities included vocational education and training, and sports, to keep the troops occupied as they awaited repatriation to Australia. The brigade was disbanded in mid-November, and its remaining personnel returned to Australia for demobilisation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016111-0008-0000", "contents": "16th Brigade (Australia), History, World War II\nIn the post war era, the 16th Brigade was not re-raised. Its numerical designation is perpetuated, though, by the 16th Aviation Brigade which was raised on 2 April 2002.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016111-0009-0000", "contents": "16th Brigade (Australia), Units\nThe following units were assigned to the brigade during World War I:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 31], "content_span": [32, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016111-0010-0000", "contents": "16th Brigade (Australia), Units\nThe following units were assigned to the brigade during World War II:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 31], "content_span": [32, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016111-0011-0000", "contents": "16th Brigade (Australia), Commanders\nThe following officers commanded the brigade during World War I:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016111-0012-0000", "contents": "16th Brigade (Australia), Commanders\nThe following officers commanded the brigade during World War II:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016112-0000-0000", "contents": "16th British Academy Film Awards\nThe 16th British Film Awards, given by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts in 1963, honoured the best films of 1962.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016113-0000-0000", "contents": "16th British Academy Games Awards\nThe 16th British Academy Video Game Awards was hosted by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts on 2 April 2020 to honour the best video games of 2019. Though originally planned to be presented at a ceremony at the Queen Elizabeth Hall in London, the event was instead presented as a live stream due to concern over the coronavirus pandemic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016113-0000-0001", "contents": "16th British Academy Games Awards\nThe nominees were announced on 3 March 2020, with Control and Death Stranding leading the group with eleven nominations each, breaking the record of ten set by Uncharted 2: Among Thieves, The Last of Us, Everybody's Gone to the Rapture and God of War as the most nominations received by a game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016113-0001-0000", "contents": "16th British Academy Games Awards, Category changes\nFor the 16th BAFTA Game Awards, one new category was added. The Best Animation category covers all elements of animation (including ambient, facial and cinematics) and aims to celebrate the role that animation plays in creating believable and engaging worlds, seeking to complement the already existing Artistic Achievement category. Additionally, the Best Performer category has been expanded and split into two new categories, Performance in a Leading Role and Performance in a Supporting Role, a decision that moves to highlight and recognize the increasing importance of voice over and motion capture performance in video games.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 51], "content_span": [52, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016113-0002-0000", "contents": "16th British Academy Games Awards, Category changes\nFurthermore, the Game Innovation category has been abolished and assimilated into a new Technical Achievement category which intends to celebrate all elements of gameplay programming and visual engineering. The Mobile Game category has also been retired though the public-voted EE Mobile Game of the Year award remains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 51], "content_span": [52, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016113-0003-0000", "contents": "16th British Academy Games Awards, Category changes\nDue to these category changes, the 16th BAFTA Game Awards will feature 18 competitive categories in total.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 51], "content_span": [52, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016113-0004-0000", "contents": "16th British Academy Games Awards, Presentation\nThe awards had been planned to be presented at a live ceremony at the  Queen Elizabeth Hall in London on 2 April 2020. However, with the coronavirus pandemic, the Academy opted to forego the live ceremony and instead present the awards through a pre-recorded streamed event via YouTube. Dara \u00d3 Briain, who had been set to host the live event, served as host from his home for the stream, with pre-recorded acceptance speeches for the winners shown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 47], "content_span": [48, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016113-0005-0000", "contents": "16th British Academy Games Awards, Winners and nominees\nThe nominations were announced on 3 March 2020, and winners named on 2 April.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 55], "content_span": [56, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016114-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Busan International Film Festival\nThe 16th Busan International Film Festival was held from October 6 to October 14, 2011 at the Busan Cinema Center and was hosted by actresses Uhm Ji-won and Ye Ji-won, making it the first year to be hosted by two women.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016114-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Busan International Film Festival\nThe 16th BIFF also marks the first year for Lee Yong-kwan as the festival director after the retirement of its founding director, Kim Dong-ho and is also the first to take place at the Busan Cinema Center which was opened on September 29, 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016114-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Busan International Film Festival\nA total of 307 films from 70 countries were invited to participate in the festival, with 86 world premieres and 39 international premieres. The event had a total audience of 196,177.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016115-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Canadian Comedy Awards\nThe 16th Canadian Comedy Awards, presented by the Canadian Comedy Foundation for Excellence (CCFE), honoured the best live, television, film, and Internet comedy of 2014. The awards were presented in Toronto, Ontario, on 13\u00a0September 2015. Canadian Comedy Awards, also known as Beavers, were awarded in 29 categories.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016115-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Canadian Comedy Awards\nThe film Corner Gas: The Movie led with nine nominations, followed by web series Space Riders: Division Earth with seven and This Hour Has 22 Minutes with six. Space Riders: Division Earth and This Hour Has 22 Minutes each won four Beavers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016115-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Canadian Comedy Awards, Ceremony\nAfter spending two years in Ottawa, Ontario, the Canadian Comedy Awards (CCA) returned to Toronto for the 16th awards. The awards were presented at the Bram and Bluma Appel Salon of the Toronto Reference Library on 13\u00a0September 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016115-0003-0000", "contents": "16th Canadian Comedy Awards, Winners and nominees\nNominees were announced on 30 June 2015 and public voting was open through July to 15 August. Winners are listed first and highlighted in boldface:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016116-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Canadian Film Awards\nThe 16th Canadian Film Awards were held on May 8, 1964 to honour achievements in Canadian film. The ceremony was hosted by Johnny Wayne and Frank Shuster.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016117-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Canadian Folk Music Awards\nThe 16th Canadian Folk Music Awards were presented on April 9 and 10, 2021, to honour achievements in folk music by Canadian artists in 2020. Due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic in Canada, the awards were presented in a virtual livestream rather than a physical gala.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016118-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Canadian Ministry\nThe Sixteenth Canadian Ministry was the third cabinet chaired by Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King. It governed Canada from 23 October 1935 to 15 November 1948, including all of the 18th and 19th Canadian Parliaments, as well as the beginning of the 20th. The government was formed by the Liberal Party of Canada. Mackenzie King was also Prime Minister in the Twelfth and Fourteenth Canadian Ministries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016118-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Canadian Ministry, Succession\nThis Canadian government\u2013related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016119-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Canadian Parliament\nThe 16th Canadian Parliament was in session from December 9, 1926, until May 30, 1930. The membership was set by the 1926 federal election on September 14, 1926, and it changed only somewhat due to resignations and by-elections until it was dissolved prior to the 1930 election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016119-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Canadian Parliament\nIt was controlled by a Liberal Party minority under Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King and the 14th Canadian Ministry. The Official Opposition was the Conservative Party, led briefly by Hugh Guthrie, and then by Richard Bedford Bennett.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016119-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Canadian Parliament\nThe Speaker was Rodolphe Lemieux. See also List of Canadian electoral districts 1924-1933 for a list of the ridings in this parliament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016119-0003-0000", "contents": "16th Canadian Parliament, List of members\nFollowing is a full list of members of the sixteenth Parliament listed first by province, then by electoral district.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 41], "content_span": [42, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016119-0004-0000", "contents": "16th Canadian Parliament, List of members\nElectoral districts denoted by an asterisk (*) indicates that district was represented by two members.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 41], "content_span": [42, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016120-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Cavalry Division (Russian Empire)\nThe 16th Cavalry Division (Russian: 16-\u044f \u043a\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u0438\u044f, 16-ya Kavaleriiskaya Diviziya) was a cavalry formation of the Russian Imperial Army, formed from the 2nd and 3rd Separate Cavalry Brigades.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016121-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Cavalry Regiment\nThe 16th Cavalry Regiment is a Regiment of the United States Army first established in 1916. Currently the regiment includes three squadrons (1st, 2nd, and 3rd), all assigned to the 316th Cavalry Brigade, Fort Benning, Georgia, supporting the United States Army Armor School.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016121-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Cavalry Regiment, 1st Squadron\nThe First Squadron, Sixteenth Cavalry Regiment (1-16 Cav) provides support in the form of both soldiers and equipment for the 316th Cavalry Brigade and its subordinate squadrons, as well as for the courses offered through the brigade. Additionally, the squadron is tasked with providing funeral details for soldiers across the south-eastern region of the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 35], "content_span": [36, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016121-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Cavalry Regiment, 1st Squadron\nThe over-six hundred soldier squadron is commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Daniel P. Snow, and CSM Christopher L. Shaiko serves as the Squadron's Command Sergeant Major. It is composed of four troops: Alpha \"Anvil\" Troop, Bravo \"Bone Crusher\" Troop, Charlie \"Cobra\" Troop and Delta \"Demon\" Troop.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 35], "content_span": [36, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016121-0003-0000", "contents": "16th Cavalry Regiment, 2nd Squadron, 16th Cavalry\nThe Second Squadron, Sixteenth Cavalry Regiment (or 2-16 Cav) is responsible for the Armor Basic Officer Leaders Course (ABOLC), which provides Initial Entry Training for all newly commissioned officers into the Armor Branch. The squadron was assigned to the 199th Infantry Brigade during the Maneuver Center of Excellence reorganization in 2014, and returned to the 316th Cavalry Brigade in 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 49], "content_span": [50, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016121-0004-0000", "contents": "16th Cavalry Regiment, 3rd Squadron, 16th Cavalry Regiment\nThe 3rd Squadron, 16th Cavalry Regiment (3-16 CAV) forges Army Leaders to build readiness. It  is responsible for functional leader training and education. The Squadron (SQDN) is organized with the Army\u2019s Department of Reconnaissance and Security, the Department of Combat Power, and the Department of Lethality within the Army University's Armor School at the Maneuver Center of Excellence, Fort Benning, Georgia. The Squadron is commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Brandon C. Cave, and CSM Carvet C. Tate serves as the Squadron\u2019s Command Sergeant Major.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 58], "content_span": [59, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016121-0005-0000", "contents": "16th Cavalry Regiment, 3rd Squadron, 16th Cavalry Regiment\n\u2022 Abrams, Stryker, and Field Maintenance New Equipment Training Team (NETT)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 58], "content_span": [59, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016121-0006-0000", "contents": "16th Cavalry Regiment, 3rd Squadron, 16th Cavalry Regiment, Department of Reconnaissance and Security -Phantom Troop\nThe Department of Reconnaissance and Security is the US Army\u2019s premier institution for training Reconnaissance and Security (R&S) knowledge, skills and abilities to leaders assigned to Cavalry formations or US Army and US Military formations conducting reconnaissance-focused operations. The Department of R&S provides training to leaders from the Squad to Brigade Staff level, and supports R&S training and education throughout the US Army. The cornerstone R&S courses offered at Fort Benning include Army Reconnaissance Course (ARC) and the Cavalry Leaders Course (CLC).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 116], "content_span": [117, 689]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016121-0007-0000", "contents": "16th Cavalry Regiment, 3rd Squadron, 16th Cavalry Regiment, Department of Lethality - Maverick Troop\nThe Department of Lethality educates non-commissioned officers to become the technical and tactical experts on the training and employment of combat platforms - world renown as the experts in their craft. The Department hosts the following courses: Master Gunner Common Core (MGCC), Abrams Master Gunner (AMG, Bradley Master Gunner (BMG, Stryker Master Gunner (SMG), Tank Commanders Course (TCC, MGS Commanders Course (MGSCC), and the Simulations Training Managers Course (STMC)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 100], "content_span": [101, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016121-0008-0000", "contents": "16th Cavalry Regiment, 3rd Squadron, 16th Cavalry Regiment, Department of Combat Power - Navajo Troop\nThe Department of Combat Power travels to Brigade Combat teams to educate operators and leaders about new Abrams and Stryker platforms as well as Field Maintenance through the New Equipment Training Team (NETT). It also hosts the Maneuver Leaders Maintenance Course (MLMC).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 101], "content_span": [102, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016121-0009-0000", "contents": "16th Cavalry Regiment, 3rd Squadron, 16th Cavalry Regiment, Recent History\nIn 2010 the SQDN moved from Fort Knox to Fort Benning and transferred responsibility for the Armor Captains Career Course to 3-81AR creating the Maneuver Career Course. The unit assumed responsibility for all International students training on Fort Benning and all Reconnaissance training. As part of the Maneuver Center of Excellence Reorganization in 2014, the squadron was reorganized into three Troop and one Airborne Company. Assault Company (IN IET Support) was transferred from 2-29 IN which cased its colors in April 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 74], "content_span": [75, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016121-0009-0001", "contents": "16th Cavalry Regiment, 3rd Squadron, 16th Cavalry Regiment, Recent History\nNavajo Troop remained with the squadron and in addition to ARC and CLC assumed control of the SUAS-MT and DCT-MT Courses. Able Company (AR/CAV/BCT IET Support) was attached from 3-81 AR. Delta Company was attached from the Ranger Training Brigade and in addition to RSLC assumed responsibility for ASA A&B. On 1 October 2014, these units were permanently task organized to the 3rd Squadron and renamed A Troop, B Troop, C Troop, and D Company respectively. On May 18, 2017 A and C Troops were inactivated and the IET support committees were transferred to the 198th and 194th Brigades.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 74], "content_span": [75, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016121-0009-0002", "contents": "16th Cavalry Regiment, 3rd Squadron, 16th Cavalry Regiment, Recent History\nOn October 5, 2017, B Troop and D Co. were inactivated. H Troop was re-activated with Vietnam era lineage to support the SQDN. The Reconnaissance and Security (R&S) Courses were re-aligned under  a new Department of R&S while the Department of Security Force Assistance was activated to train Combat advisors for the Security Force Assistance Brigades. On May 4, 2018 the Department of Subterranean Operations was activated. In January of 2019, the Squadron assumed the Maneuver Leaders Maintenance Course (MLMC) under Hawk Troop.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 74], "content_span": [75, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016121-0009-0003", "contents": "16th Cavalry Regiment, 3rd Squadron, 16th Cavalry Regiment, Recent History\nOn March 12,2019, the Squadron re-activated M, N, and P Troops as part of a large MCOE re-organization to re-align the Armor and Infantry Schools. RSLC was returned to ARTB as D Co., the SUASMT course, and the SbT program were transferred to 1-29IN in the 199th BDE. The Master Gunner School returned to 3rd SQDN along with the New Equipment Training Team. Today the Squadron continues to forge functional skills in excellent leaders to enhance Army readiness in reconnaissance, security, and lethality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 74], "content_span": [75, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016121-0010-0000", "contents": "16th Cavalry Regiment, Lineage\nThe regiment was constituted 1 July 1916 in the Regular Army as the 16th Cavalry and organized at Fort Sam Houston, Texas", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016121-0011-0000", "contents": "16th Cavalry Regiment, Lineage\nInactivated 12 November 1921 at Forts Sam Houston and McIntosh, Texas", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016121-0012-0000", "contents": "16th Cavalry Regiment, Lineage\nRedesignated 15 June 1942 as the 16th Cavalry, Mechanized, and activated at Camp Forrest, Tennessee", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016121-0013-0000", "contents": "16th Cavalry Regiment, Lineage\nRegiment broken up 22 December 1943 and its elements reorganized and redesignated as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016121-0014-0000", "contents": "16th Cavalry Regiment, Lineage\nHeadquarters and Headquarters Troop as Headquarters and Headquarters Troop, 16th Cavalry Group, Mechanized", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016121-0015-0000", "contents": "16th Cavalry Regiment, Lineage\n1st and 2d Squadrons as the 16th and 19th Cavalry Reconnaissance Squadrons, Mechanized", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016121-0016-0000", "contents": "16th Cavalry Regiment, Lineage\nAfter 22 December 1943 the above units underwent changes as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016121-0017-0000", "contents": "16th Cavalry Regiment, Lineage\nHeadquarters and Headquarters Troop, 16th Cavalry Group, Mechanized, converted and redesignated 1 May 1946 as Headquarters and Headquarters Troop, 16th Constabulary Squadron, and assigned to the 4th Constabulary Regiment (organic elements concurrently constituted and activated)Reorganized and redesignated 10 February 1948 as Headquarters and Service Troop, 16th Constabulary SquadronRelieved 1 February 1949 from assignment to the 4th Constabulary RegimentInactivated 27 November 1950 in GermanyRedesignated 9 March 1951 as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 16th Armored Cavalry Group (organic elements of the 16th Constabulary Squadron concurrently disbanded)Activated 1 April 1951 at Camp Cooke, CaliforniaReorganized and redesignated 1 October 1953 as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 16th Armor Group", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 848]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016121-0018-0000", "contents": "16th Cavalry Regiment, Lineage\n16th Cavalry Reconnaissance Squadron, Mechanized, inactivated 10 February 1946 at Camp Hood, Texas", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016121-0019-0000", "contents": "16th Cavalry Regiment, Lineage\n19th Cavalry Reconnaissance Squadron, Mechanized, inactivated 10 November 1945 at Camp Campbell, KentuckyRedesignated 1 August 1946 as Headquarters and Headquarters Troop, 19th Cavalry Group, Mechanized (organic elements of the 19th Cavalry Reconnaissance Squadron, Mechanized, concurrently absorbed) and activated at Fort Riley, KansasInactivated 6 November 1946 at Fort Riley, KansasRedesignated 2 January 1953 as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 19th Armored Cavalry Group and activated in Germany", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016121-0020-0000", "contents": "16th Cavalry Regiment, Lineage\nRedesignated 1 October 1953 as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 19th Armor Group", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016121-0021-0000", "contents": "16th Cavalry Regiment, Lineage\nHeadquarters and Headquarters Company, 16th Armor Group (active) consolidated 2 July 1955 with Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 19th Armor Group, and the 16th Cavalry Reconnaissance Squadron, Mechanized, and consolidated unit designated as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 16th Armor Group", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016121-0022-0000", "contents": "16th Cavalry Regiment, Lineage\n(Former elements of the 16th Cavalry withdrawn 1 March 1957 from Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 16th Armor Group and redesignated as elements of the 16th Cavalry)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016121-0023-0000", "contents": "16th Cavalry Regiment, Lineage\nHeadquarters and Headquarters Company, 16th Armor Group, inactivated 15 April 1968 at Fort Knox, Kentucky; Headquarters concurrently reorganized and redesignated as the 16th Armor, a parent regiment under the Combat Arms Regimental System", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016121-0024-0000", "contents": "16th Cavalry Regiment, Lineage\n16th Armor redesignated 2 September 1969 as the 16th Cavalry", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 91]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016121-0025-0000", "contents": "16th Cavalry Regiment, Lineage\nWithdrawn 25 March 1987 from the Combat Arms Regimental System, reorganized under the United States Army Regimental System, and transferred to the United States Army Training and Doctrine Command with headquarters at Fort Knox, Kentucky. On 7 July 2010, the first, second, and third Squadrons were activated at Fort Benning, Georgia under the 316th Cavalry Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016121-0026-0000", "contents": "16th Cavalry Regiment, Distinctive unit insignia\nA Gold color metal and enamel device 1 1/8\u00a0inches (2.86\u00a0cm) in height overall consisting of a shield blazoned: Or a bordure Vert, on a chevron Azure 16 mullets pierced of the field; on a canton embattled (for the 6th Cavalry) Vert (for the 3d Cavalry) a staff erect attached thereto a standard flotant Or charged with a horseshoe, heels upward encircling the Arabic numeral \"14\" Sable (for the 14th Cavalry). Attached below the shield a Gold scroll inscribed \"STRIKE HARD\" in Black letters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 48], "content_span": [49, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016121-0027-0000", "contents": "16th Cavalry Regiment, Distinctive unit insignia\nThe regiment was constituted in 1916 and organized with personnel from the 3d, 6th and 14th Cavalry which are shown on the canton. Green was the color of the facings of the Mounted Rifles, now the 3d Cavalry; the embattled partition line commemorates the first engagement of the 6th Cavalry when it assaulted artillery in earthworks at Williamsburg in 1862. The shield is yellow (Or), the Cavalry color; the blue chevron is for the old blue uniform, the 16 mullets (spur rowels) indicating both the numerical designation as well as mounted service. The green border and the rattlesnake crest symbolize the birth and subsequent service of the organization on the Mexican Border. The motto has a direct reference to the crest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 48], "content_span": [49, 773]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016121-0028-0000", "contents": "16th Cavalry Regiment, Distinctive unit insignia\nThe distinctive unit insignia was originally approved for the 16th Cavalry on 28 October 1958. It was amended to correct the symbolism on 23 June 1960. It was redesignated for the 16th Armor on 22 August 1968. The insignia was redesignated for the 16th Cavalry on 12 May 1970.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 48], "content_span": [49, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016121-0029-0000", "contents": "16th Cavalry Regiment, Coat of arms\nOr a bordure Vert, on a chevron Azure 16 mullets pierced of the field; on a canton embattled (for the 6th Cavalry) Vert (for the 3d Cavalry) a staff erect attached thereto a standard flotant Or charged with a horseshoe, heels upward encircling the Arabic numeral \"14\" Sable (for the 14th Cavalry).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 35], "content_span": [36, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016121-0030-0000", "contents": "16th Cavalry Regiment, Coat of arms\nOn a wreath of the colors a rattlesnake coiled to strike Proper. MottoSTRIKE HARD.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 35], "content_span": [36, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016121-0031-0000", "contents": "16th Cavalry Regiment, Coat of arms\nThe regiment was constituted in 1916 and organized with personnel from the 3rd, 6th and 14th Cavalry which are shown on the canton. Green was the color of the facings of the Mounted Rifles, now the 3rd Cavalry; the embattled partition line commemorates the first engagement of the 6th Cavalry when it assaulted artillery in earthworks at Williamsburg in 1862. The shield is yellow (Or), the Cavalry color; the blue chevron is for the old blue uniform, the 16 mullets (spur rowels) indicating both the numerical designation as well as mounted service. The green border and the rattlesnake crest symbolize the birth and subsequent service of the organization on the Mexican Border. The motto has a direct reference to the crest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 35], "content_span": [36, 762]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016121-0032-0000", "contents": "16th Cavalry Regiment, Coat of arms\nThe coat of arms was originally approved for the 16th Cavalry on 12 February 1924. It was redesignated for the 16th Cavalry Regiment (Mechanized) on 22 August 1942. It was redesignated for the 16th Cavalry Reconnaissance Squadron, Mechanized, on 5 April 1944. The coat of arms was redesignated for the 16th Cavalry on 28 October 1958. It was amended to correct the symbolism on 23 June 1960. It was redesignated for the 16th Armor on 22 August 1968. The coat of arms was redesignated for the 16th Cavalry on 12 May 1970.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 35], "content_span": [36, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016122-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Central Auditing Commission of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)\nThe 16th Central Auditing Commission of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) was elected by the 16th Congress, and was in session from 1930 until 1934.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 78], "section_span": [78, 78], "content_span": [79, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016123-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection\nThe 16th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (CCDI) was elected at the 16th National Congress of the Communist Party of China on 15 November 2002. Its 1st Plenary Session elected the Secretary, deputy secretaries and the 16th Standing Committee of the CCDI.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016124-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party\nThe 16th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party was in session from 2002 to 2007. It held seven plenary sessions. It was set in motion by the 16th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party. The 15th Central Committee preceded it. It was followed by the 17th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016124-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party\nIt elected the 16th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party in 2002. There were seven plenary sessions held in the five year period facilitated by the Politburo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016125-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Century Russian Wedding\n16th Century Russian Wedding, (Russian: \u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0432\u0430\u0434\u044c\u0431\u0430 XVI \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0438\u044f) is a 1909 Russian short drama film directed and written by Vasili Goncharov.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016125-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Century Russian Wedding, Plot\nThe young boyar accidentally overturns the cart, which goes to meet him. There was a hawk who was not hurt. After parting with her, he comes home, where his parents want him to marry a girl whom he should not see before the wedding. After the wedding, the bride takes off the veil and the boyar finds out the stranger with whom fate brought him on the road.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 34], "content_span": [35, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016126-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Chess Olympiad\nThe 16th Chess Olympiad, organized by FIDE and comprising an open team tournament, as well as several other events designed to promote the game of chess, took place between November 2 and November 25, 1964, in Tel Aviv, Israel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016126-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Chess Olympiad\nThe Soviet team with 6 GMs, led by world champion Petrosian, lived up to expectations and won their seventh consecutive gold medals, with Yugoslavia and West Germany taking the silver and bronze, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016126-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Chess Olympiad, Results, Preliminaries\nA total of 50 teams entered the competition and were divided into seven preliminary groups of seven or eight teams each. With Australia making its debut, this was the first Olympiad where all six continents were represented. The top two from each group advanced to Final A, the teams placed 3rd-4th to Final B, no. 5-6 to Final C, and the rest to Final D. All preliminary groups and finals were played as round-robin tournaments. The preliminary results were as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016126-0003-0000", "contents": "16th Chess Olympiad, Results, Individual medals\nAt the other end of the spectrum, Milton Ioannidis of Cyprus lost all of his 4 games, giving him a total score at the Olympiads of 0 / 24 = 0.0%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 47], "content_span": [48, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016127-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Coast Artillery (United States)\nThe 16th Coast Artillery Regiment was a Coast Artillery regiment in the United States Army, along with the 15th Coast Artillery, it manned the Harbor Defenses of Honolulu and other fortified sites on Oahu, Hawaii from 1924 until broken up into battalions in August 1944 as part of an Army-wide reorganization. The regiment manned many gun batteries at locations all over Oahu. Most of the forts where they were assigned were originally built 1899\u20131910, and had been in caretaker status for more than 30 years. On the morning of 7 December 1941, the soldiers of the 16th Coast Artillery manned their anti-aircraft guns, bringing down six of the attacking Japanese aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 709]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016127-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Coast Artillery (United States), Forts and Batteries manned by the 16th Coast Artillery, Fort Ruger\nFort Ruger was located in and around Diamond Head. The interior of the volcanic cone was accessible through two tunnels large enough for trucks. The administrative buildings were on the north side of the cone. The batteries included mortars placed when the fort was built, dating to 1910. Battery Ruger, like all of the 155mm batteries, were temporary emplacements using four \"Panama mounts\", a circular track surrounding a center pivot where a 155mm GPF gun was mounted. Battery Granger Adams was a typical pre-World War II coast defense emplacement, with the magazine in a protected bunker and the guns behind parapets in open mounts. It was built 1933\u20131935, with two 8-inch guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 104], "content_span": [105, 787]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016127-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Coast Artillery (United States), Forts and Batteries manned by the 16th Coast Artillery, Fort DeRussy\nFort DeRussy was located adjacent to Honolulu, on a portion of Waikiki Beach. The large caliber guns are mounted to disappearing carriages that use the recoil to lower the gun from the parapet to the loading platform. The allows the reloading crew a work area protected from shells fired by off-shore ships. The Anti Motor Torpedo Boat (ATMB) battery protected the close-in area around the fort from attack by high-speed motor torpedo boats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 106], "content_span": [107, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016127-0003-0000", "contents": "16th Coast Artillery (United States), Forts and Batteries manned by the 16th Coast Artillery, Fort Armstrong\nFort Armstrong was located at Kaakaukukui Reef, located at the east side of the entrance to Pearl Harbor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 108], "content_span": [109, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016127-0004-0000", "contents": "16th Coast Artillery (United States), Forts and Batteries manned by the 16th Coast Artillery, Fort Hase\nIn 1918, President Woodrow Wilson designated 322 acres (1.30\u00a0km2) of land on Mokapu Peninsula, naming it Kuwaahoe Military Reservation. In 1939, the Navy constructed a small seaplane base there, designated as Naval Air Station Kaneohe Bay. The Naval Air Station's role was expanded to include the administration of the Kaneohe Bay Naval Defense Sea Area. A part of the 16th Coast Artillery moved onto the reservation in 1941. In 1942 the portion of the reservation that was occupied by the Coast Artillery was designated Fort Hase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 103], "content_span": [104, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016127-0005-0000", "contents": "16th Coast Artillery (United States), Lineage\nConstituted 27 February 1924 in the Regular Army as 16th Coast Artillery (Harbor Defense) (HD), and organized 1 July 1924 at Fort Armstrong from the following companies- 104th, 90th, 99th, 105th, 111th, 159th, and 186th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016127-0006-0000", "contents": "16th Coast Artillery (United States), Lineage\n1st and 2nd Battalions HHB, and Battery B were activated 6 August 1942 (Battery D was inactivated through detachments).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016127-0007-0000", "contents": "16th Coast Artillery (United States), Lineage\nThe regiment was broken up 29 May 1944 and personnel were transferred to the 15th Coast Artillery. The Regiment was then transferred (less personnel and equipment) to HD Kaneohe Bay and reactivated with personnel from the inactivated 41st Coast Artillery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016127-0008-0000", "contents": "16th Coast Artillery (United States), Distinctive unit insignia\nA Gold color metal and enamel device 1 3/16 inches (3.02\u00a0cm) in height overall consisting of a shield blazoned:  Or two spears in saltire Gules, within a bordure embattled barry of eight Argent, of the second and Azure, repeated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 63], "content_span": [64, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016127-0009-0000", "contents": "16th Coast Artillery (United States), Distinctive unit insignia\nThe shield is essentially Hawaiian. The crossed spears are taken from Hawaiian history, they were formerly placed at the King's tent, and are shown conventionally in the Hawaiian arms by a saltire cross placed on an inescutcheon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 63], "content_span": [64, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016127-0010-0000", "contents": "16th Coast Artillery (United States), Distinctive unit insignia\nThe distinctive unit insignia was originally approved for the Coast Defense of Honolulu on 25 July 1922. It was amended to change the description on 6 December 1923. The insignia was redesignated for the 16th Coast Artillery Regiment on 27 February 1929. It was redesignated for the 16th Antiaircraft Artillery Gun Battalion on 11 September 1952.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 63], "content_span": [64, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016127-0011-0000", "contents": "16th Coast Artillery (United States), Coat of arms, Blazon\nOr two spears in saltire Gules, within a bordure embattled barry of eight Argent, of the second and Azure, repeated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016127-0012-0000", "contents": "16th Coast Artillery (United States), Coat of arms, Blazon\nOn a wreath of the colors Or and Gules a representation of Diamond Head Gules. Motto KAPU (Keep Out).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016127-0013-0000", "contents": "16th Coast Artillery (United States), Coat of arms, Symbolism\nThe shield is essentially Hawaiian. The crossed spears are taken from Hawaiian history, they were formerly placed at the King's tent, and are shown conventionally in the Hawaiian arms by a saltire cross placed on an inescutcheon. The motto, probably the best known Hawaiian word, is used extensively as a sign against trespassers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 61], "content_span": [62, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016127-0014-0000", "contents": "16th Coast Artillery (United States), Coat of arms, Symbolism\nThe batteries at Diamond Head constitute the principal element of these defenses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 61], "content_span": [62, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016127-0015-0000", "contents": "16th Coast Artillery (United States), Coat of arms, Background\nThe coat of arms was originally approved for the Coast Defenses of Honolulu on 27 January 1922. It was redesignated for the 16th Coast Artillery Regiment on 27 February 1929. The insignia was redesignated for the 16th Antiaircraft Artillery Gun Battalion on 11 September 1952.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 62], "content_span": [63, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016128-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Combat Aviation Brigade (United States)\nThe 16th Combat Aviation Brigade is a Combat Aviation Brigade of the United States Army. It is subordinate to I Corps and based at Joint Base Lewis-McChord (JBLM).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016128-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Combat Aviation Brigade (United States), Structure\nThe 16th Combat Aviation Brigade currently consists of the following units:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 55], "content_span": [56, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016128-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Combat Aviation Brigade (United States), History\nThe brigade traces its history to the activation of the 16th Aviation Group (Combat) on 23 January 1968 subordinate to United States Army Pacific at Marble Mountain in Da Nang, South Vietnam. At the time of activation the group consisted of the 14th Aviation Battalion (Combat) and the 212th Aviation Battalion (Combat Support) with a total combat force 3,300 personnel. Operating in the I Corps area, its 14th Aviation Battalion (Combat) provided air assault to the 101st Airborne Division and the United States Marine Corps. The 212th Aviation Battalion (Combat Support) carried out aerial reconnaissance and surveillance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 53], "content_span": [54, 678]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016128-0003-0000", "contents": "16th Combat Aviation Brigade (United States), History\nIn the years after the war the group was disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 53], "content_span": [54, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016128-0004-0000", "contents": "16th Combat Aviation Brigade (United States), History\nIn October 2005 Task Force 49 was formed at Fort Wainwright, Alaska. It oversaw 1st Battalion, 52d Aviation Regiment; 4th Battalion, 123rd Aviation Regiment; 68th Medical Company (Air Ambulance); and Company C (Maintenance), 123d Aviation Regiment. In February 2006 Task Force 49 was formally established and the 4th Battalion, 123d Aviation Regiment was inactivated, while the 1st Battalion, 52d Aviation Regiment was reorganized into a general support aviation battalion. In June 2006 the 6th Squadron, 17th Cavalry Regiment was reflagged from 3d Squadron, 4th Cavalry Regiment, flying OH-58D Kiowa Warrior light reconnaissance helicopters and relocated from Wheeler Army Airfield, Hawaii to Fort Wainwright.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 53], "content_span": [54, 764]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016128-0005-0000", "contents": "16th Combat Aviation Brigade (United States), History\nOn 16 October 2009, Aviation Task Force 49 was disbanded, and \"reflagged\" as 16th Combat Aviation Brigade, and thus activated at Fort Wainwright, Alaska.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 53], "content_span": [54, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016128-0006-0000", "contents": "16th Combat Aviation Brigade (United States), History\nOn 31 March 2011, it was announced that the 16th Combat Aviation Brigade would be based at Joint Base Lewis McChord but still keep a substantial presence (1\u201352d Aviation) at Fort Wainwright. It was also announced that the 4th Squadron, 6th Cavalry Regiment would join the brigade and that 1st Battalion, 229th Aviation would move from Fort Hood to JBLM. Joint Base Lewis-McChord held a flag ceremony on 1 August 2011 to signify the movement of the headquarters of the 16th Combat Aviation Brigade from Fort Wainwright, Alaska. This process would end around September 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 53], "content_span": [54, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016129-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)\nThe 16th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) was held during 26 June - 13 July 1930 in Moscow. The congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) was attended by 1,268 voting delegates and 891 delegates with observer status. It elected the 16th Central Committee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [59, 59], "content_span": [60, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016129-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)\nAn exercise of devotion to Joseph Stalin, this is the last congress to be dominated by the original leadership of the Soviet Union.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [59, 59], "content_span": [60, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016130-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Congress of the Philippines\nThe Sixteenth Congress of the Philippines (Filipino: Ikalabing-anim na Kongreso ng Pilipinas) was the meeting of the national legislature of the Republic of the Philippines, composed of the Senate and House of Representatives. The convention of the 16th Congress was followed by the 2013 Senate election, which replaced half of the Senate membership, and the 2013 House of Representatives elections which elected the entire membership of the House of Representatives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016130-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Congress of the Philippines, Members, House of Representatives\nThe term of office of the members of the House of Representatives will be from June 30, 2013, to June 30, 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 67], "content_span": [68, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016130-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Congress of the Philippines, Members, House of Representatives, Current composition\nNote: Representatives who voted for Romualdez in the speakership election are denoted as \"independent minority\". One representative who abstained in the speakership election is denoted as an \"independent\" and is included in the \"independent minority\" bloc for purposes of classification.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 88], "content_span": [89, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016131-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Connecticut Infantry Regiment\nThe 16th Connecticut Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016131-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Connecticut Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 16th Connecticut Infantry Regiment was organized at Hartford, Connecticut, on August 24, 1862.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016131-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Connecticut Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to 2nd Brigade, 3rd Division, IX Corps, Army of the Potomac, to April 1863. 2nd Brigade, 2nd Division, VII Corps, Department of Virginia, to July 1863. 2nd Brigade, Getty's Division, Portsmouth, Virginia, Department of Virginia and North Carolina, to January 1864. District of Albemarle, North Carolina, Department of Virginia and North Carolina, to April 1864. Defenses of New Bern, North Carolina, Department of Virginia and North Carolina, to January 1865. Roanoke Island, North Carolina, Department of North Carolina, to June 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016131-0003-0000", "contents": "16th Connecticut Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 16th Connecticut Infantry mustered out of service June 24, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016131-0004-0000", "contents": "16th Connecticut Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nLeft Connecticut for Washington, D.C., August 29\u201331. Maryland Campaign September\u2013October 1862. Battle of Antietam, September 16\u201317. Duty in Pleasant Valley, Maryland, October 27. Movement to Falmouth, Virginia, October 27 \u2013 November 17. Battle of Fredericksburg December 12\u201315. Burnside's 2nd Campaign, \"Mud March,\" January 20\u201324, 1863. Moved to Newport News February 6\u20139, then to Suffolk March 13. Siege of Suffolk April 12 \u2013 May 4. Edenton Road April 24. Providence Church Road and Nansemond River May 3. Siege of Suffolk raised May 4. Reconnaissance to the Chickahominy June 9\u201317.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 52], "content_span": [53, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016131-0004-0001", "contents": "16th Connecticut Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nDix's Peninsula Campaign June 24 \u2013 July 7. Expedition from White House to South Anna River July 1\u20137. Moved to Portsmouth, Virginia. Duty there and at Norfolk, January 1864. Skirmish at Harrellsville, January 20 (detachment). Moved to Morehead City, then to New Bern and Plymouth January 24\u201328. Skirmish at Windsor January 30. Duty at New Bern February 2 to March 20, and at Plymouth, North Carolina, April. Siege of Plymouth April 17\u201320. Captured April 20, and prisoners of war March 1865. Those not captured on duty at New Bern and Roanoke Island, North Carolina, June 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 52], "content_span": [53, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016131-0005-0000", "contents": "16th Connecticut Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 325 men during service; 6 officers and 76 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 3 officers and 240 enlisted men died of disease, including 154 who died as prisoners of war in Confederate hands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 46], "content_span": [47, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016132-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Critics' Choice Awards\nThe 16th Critics' Choice Awards were presented on January 14, 2011 at the Hollywood Palladium, honoring the finest achievements of 2010 filmmaking. The ceremony was broadcast on VH1. The nominees were announced on December 13, 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016132-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Critics' Choice Awards, Winners and nominees\nInception \u2013 Guy Hendrix Dyas (Production Design)/Doug Mowat and Larry Dias (Set Decoration)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016133-0000-0000", "contents": "16th C\u00e9sar Awards\nThe 16th C\u00e9sar Awards ceremony, presented by the Acad\u00e9mie des Arts et Techniques du Cin\u00e9ma, honoured the best French films of 1990 and took place on 9 March 1991 at the Th\u00e9\u00e2tre des Champs-\u00c9lys\u00e9es in Paris. The ceremony was chaired by Sophia Loren and hosted by Richard Bohringer. Cyrano de Bergerac won the award for Best Film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016134-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Daytime Emmy Awards\nThe 16th Daytime Emmy Awards were held on Thursday, June 29, 1989, on NBC to commemorate excellence in daytime programming from March 6, 1988-March 5, 1989. The awards aired from 3-5 p.m. EST, preempting Santa Barbara. Again this year, the awards ceremony was a joint presentation of the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences (NATAS) on the East Coast and the Academy of Television Arts and Sciences (ATAS) on the West Coast. The ceremonies and live telecast was held at the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel in New York City. The non-televised Daytime Emmy Awards presentation for programs and individual achievement, primarily for excellence in creative arts categories, was held four days earlier on June 25. The ceremony did not have a formal host, but was announced by Don Pardo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 808]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016134-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Daytime Emmy Awards\nWinners in each category are in bold. Two winners were recorded in the Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Daytime Drama Series category, as a tie was recorded in the race between actresses Debbi Morgan and Nancy Lee Grahn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016135-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Delaware General Assembly\nThe 16th Delaware General Assembly was a meeting of the legislative branch of the state government, consisting of the Delaware Legislative Council and the Delaware House of Assembly. Elections were held the first day of October and terms began on the twentieth day of October. It met in Dover, Delaware, convening October 20, 1791, and was the last year of the administration of President Joshua Clayton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016135-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Delaware General Assembly\nThe apportionment of seats was permanently assigned to three councilors and seven assemblymen for each of the three counties. Population of the county did not effect the number of delegates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016135-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Delaware General Assembly, Members, Legislative Council\nCouncilors were elected by the public for a three-year term, one third posted each year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 60], "content_span": [61, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016135-0003-0000", "contents": "16th Delaware General Assembly, Members, House of Assembly\nAssemblymen were elected by the public for a one-year term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 58], "content_span": [59, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016136-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Directors Guild of America Awards\nThe 16th Directors Guild of America Awards, honoring the outstanding directorial achievements in film and television in 1963, were presented in 1964.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016137-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Division (German Empire)\nThe 16th Division (16. Division) was a unit of the Prussian/German Army. It was formed as the 15th Division on September 5, 1818, in Koblenz from a troop brigade. It became the 16th Division on December 14, 1818, and moved its headquarters to Trier. The division was subordinated in peacetime to the VIII Army Corps (VIII. Armeekorps). The division was disbanded in 1919 during the demobilization of the German Army after World War I. It was mainly recruited in the densely populated Prussian Rhine Province, mainly along the Rhine and the cities and towns along the Moselle River.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016137-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Division (German Empire), Combat chronicle\nThe 16th Division fought in the Austro-Prussian War in 1866, seeing action in the Battle of K\u00f6niggr\u00e4tz. In the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71, the division fought in the Battle of Spicheren, the Battle of Mars-la-Tour, the Battle of Gravelotte (also called the Battle of Gravelotte-St. Privat) and the Siege of Metz, and then in the battles of Amiens, Hallue, and St. Quentin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016137-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Division (German Empire), Combat chronicle\nDuring World War I, the division marched through Luxembourg, Belgium and France, in what became known to the Allies as the Great Retreat, culminating in the First Battle of the Marne. In 1916, it fought in the Battle of the Somme. The division was briefly sent to the Eastern Front in late 1916. It saw action in 1917 in the Battle of Passchendaele, also known as the Third Battle of Ypres. It participated in the 1918 German spring offensive, including the Battle of the Lys, and defended against the Allied counteroffensives, including the Second Battle of the Somme. The 16th Infantry Division was a highly regarded division early in the war, known as the Iron Division, but by 1918 Allied intelligence rated it a second class division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 787]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016137-0003-0000", "contents": "16th Division (German Empire), Order of battle in the Franco-Prussian War\nDuring wartime, the 16th Division, like other regular German divisions, was redesignated an infantry division. The organization of the 16th Infantry Division in 1870 at the beginning of the Franco-Prussian War was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 73], "content_span": [74, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016137-0004-0000", "contents": "16th Division (German Empire), Pre-World War I organization\nGerman divisions underwent various organizational changes after the Franco-Prussian War. The 16th Division received a new infantry brigade, the 80th, in 1897. It lost the 32nd Infantry Brigade, whose recruiting area was outside the Rhineland. The 15th Division's 30th Infantry Brigade then went to the 16th Division in exchange for the 80th Infantry Brigade. The organization of the 16th Division in 1914, shortly before the outbreak of World War I, was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 59], "content_span": [60, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016137-0005-0000", "contents": "16th Division (German Empire), Order of battle on mobilization\nOn mobilization in August 1914 at the beginning of World War I, most divisional cavalry, including brigade headquarters, was withdrawn to form cavalry divisions or split up among divisions as reconnaissance units. Divisions received engineer companies and other support units from their higher headquarters. The 16th Division was again renamed the 16th Infantry Division. Its initial wartime organization was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 62], "content_span": [63, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016137-0006-0000", "contents": "16th Division (German Empire), Late World War I organization\nDivisions underwent many changes during the war, with regiments moving from division to division, and some being destroyed and rebuilt. During the war, most divisions became triangular - one infantry brigade with three infantry regiments rather than two infantry brigades of two regiments (a \"square division\"). An artillery commander replaced the artillery brigade headquarters, the cavalry was further reduced, the engineer contingent was increased, and a divisional signals command was created. The 16th Infantry Division's order of battle on March 25, 1918, was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 60], "content_span": [61, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016138-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)\nThe 16th Division (\u7b2c16\u5e2b\u56e3, Dai J\u016broku Shidan) was an infantry division in the Imperial Japanese Army. Its ts\u016bsh\u014dg\u014d code name was the Wall Division (\u57a3\u5175\u56e3, Kaki Heidan), and its military symbol was 16D. The 16th Division was one of four new infantry divisions raised by the Imperial Japanese Army in the closing stages of the Russo-Japanese War (1904\u20131905). With Japan's limited resources towards the end of that conflict, the entire IJA was committed to combat in Manchuria, leaving not a single division to guard the Japanese home islands from attack. The 16th Division was initially raised from men in the area surrounding Kyoto 18 July 1905 under the command of Lieutenant General Yamanaka Nobuyoshi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 739]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016138-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nThe 16th Division was immediately deployed to Manchuria, but the peace process was already underway since 6 August 1905, culminating with the signing of the Treaty of Portsmouth on 5 September 1905. As a consequence, the 16th division could not see any combat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 46], "content_span": [47, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016138-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nOn 28 March 1907 the divisional headquarters was established in what is now the city of Takaishi, Osaka, but was relocated to Kyoto 30 October 1908. The divisions were sent thrice to Manchuria to perform a garrison duties - in 1919, 1929 and 1934.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 46], "content_span": [47, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016138-0003-0000", "contents": "16th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nWhile in Kyoto, the division was called upon to provide emergency relief efforts during massive flooding of the Kamo River  28 June 1935. For the three days, sappers from the division helped shore up dikes and construct temporary bridges, while over a 1,000 men assisted with traffic control and rescue efforts at the request of the Kyoto city government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 46], "content_span": [47, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016138-0004-0000", "contents": "16th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nIn July 1937, open hostilities broke out against China and the Second Sino-Japanese War commenced. The 16th Division, under the command of Lieutenant General Kesago Nakajima, was assigned to the Second Army, as part of the Northern China Area Army. The division participated in the Second Shanghai Incident(August\u2013November 1937), Beiping\u2013Hankou Railway Operation (August\u2013December 1937), the Battle of Nanjing (December 1937), the Battle of Xuzhou (January 1938) and the Battle of Wuhan (July\u2013October 1938). It was thus one of the Japanese military units implicated in the Nanjing Massacre. In December 1938, the 16th division was incorporated into the 11th army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 46], "content_span": [47, 709]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016138-0005-0000", "contents": "16th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nThe division was demobilized and returned to Japan in August 1939. At that time, the division was re-organized into a triangular division, with the 38th Infantry Regiment transferred to become the core of the newly formed 29th Division. The reformed 16th division was mobilized and permanently re-located to Manchukuo in July 1940.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 46], "content_span": [47, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016138-0006-0000", "contents": "16th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nThe 16th Division was assigned to the 14th Area Army 6 November 1941 and participated in the Philippines campaign (1941\u20131942). Later it was based in Manila as a garrison force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 46], "content_span": [47, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016138-0007-0000", "contents": "16th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nHowever, as the war situation deteriorated in August 1944, the Imperial General Headquarters ordered the 16th Division to Leyte Island as part of the 35th Army for a final decisive stand against Allied forces. 22 October 1944, the divisional headquarters were placed in Dagami, which contributed to the difficulty controlling troops in Kananga - Jaro - Tanauan - Tabontabon - Catmon hill in Tolosa - Julita - Burauen semi-circular defence perimeter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 46], "content_span": [47, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016138-0007-0001", "contents": "16th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nThe initial US attack on Tabontabon was repulsed 25 October 1944, but Tabontabon positions were lost 28 October 1944, followed  by outlying stronghold of Catmon hill in Tolosa 29 October 1944. As the result of the Tabontabon breakthrough, the northern part of the Japanese positions in Jaro was cut off and annihilated 29 October 1944, followed by Rizal in Kananga and Dagami itself falling to US forces 30 October 1944. Disorganized and cut off survivors of the division have gathered together in a single battalion (about 500 men) by 2 December 1944 in a mountains southwest of Dagami.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 46], "content_span": [47, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016138-0007-0002", "contents": "16th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nThat battalion has led the Battle of the Airfields 6 December 1944, an attack on abandoned US airstrips on Leyte east coast, which failed after some initial successes 9 December 1944. After the capture of the Ormoc by US 77th division 10 December 1944, the survivors of the 16th division (about 200 men at this point) were ordered to disengage and retreat westward. 16th division commander, Lieutenant General Shiro Makino, was ordered to control all of the Japanese forces remaining on Leyte after 17 March 1945, and committed suicide during the battle, 10 August 1945. Of the approximately 13,000 men in the 16th Division, only 620 survived the Battle of Leyte.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 46], "content_span": [47, 710]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016139-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Division (Spain)\nThe 16th Division was one of the divisions of the People's Army of the Republic that were organized during the Spanish Civil War on the basis of the Mixed Brigades. It had an outstanding participation in the Battle of the Ebro.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016139-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Division (Spain), History\nThe division was created on March 13, 1937, formed by the 23rd, 66th and 77th mixed brigades; its first commander was Ernesto G\u00fcemes Ramos. Initially assigned to the IV Army Corps, in May 1937 it became part of the III Army Corps, on the Madrid front. For several months the division was stationed there, limiting itself to garrison work and not intervening in relevant military operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016139-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Division (Spain), History\nIn the spring of 1938, when the Aragon Offensive took place, the division was sent to try to reinforce the republican defenses. Meanwhile its 24th Mixed Brigade took part in the Battle of Lleida, in support of the 46th Division. Months later, the 23rd Mixed Brigade participated in the Balaguer Offensive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016139-0003-0000", "contents": "16th Division (Spain), History, Battle of the Ebro\nSubsequently, the division was assigned to the XII Army Corps, in the Battle of the Ebro. The anarchist Manuel Mora Torres assumed command of the unit. On July 28, the 16th Division crossed the river, heading towards Gandesa in support of the republican units that were already deployed there. The division was later located in the central sector of the Republican zone, under the command of Pedro Mateo Merino. Along with the 35th Division and members of the 46th Division - reinforced with armored forces - it participated in the Republican assaults against Gandesa, which resulted in failure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 50], "content_span": [51, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016139-0003-0001", "contents": "16th Division (Spain), History, Battle of the Ebro\nAt the beginning of August it was assigned to the XV Army Corps of Manuel Tag\u00fce\u00f1a. On August 22, a nationalist attack against the 16th Division's positions caused their disbandment, including the commander of the unit, who was promptly fired. A day before, the largest of the Mora militias signed an order that read: \"Whoever leaves their post, they will suffer and the just punishment to which they are creditors will be applied, in whose application this Command will be inflexible.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 50], "content_span": [51, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016139-0004-0000", "contents": "16th Division (Spain), History, Front of the Segre\nLater the division returned to the rear. In November, it participated in the failed Ser\u00f3s offensive together with troops from the 34th Division. At the beginning of the Catalonia Offensive the division had a poor performance, giving up its positions in the Battle of the Segre. According to Jorge Mart\u00ednez Reverte, at that time the unit was very demoralized. During the rest of the battle for Catalonia, the 16th Division played an irrelevant role.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 50], "content_span": [51, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016140-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Division (United States)\nThe 16th Division was an American infantry division in World War I. It was the second formation of that name raised in the United States, the first being renamed to 37th Infantry Division (United States) in 1917.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016140-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Division (United States)\nThe division was organized in 1918 as a regular army and national army division for World War I, and was commanded by Major General David C. Shanks, with Stephen J. Chamberlin as division Chief of Staff. Its two brigades, the 31st and 32nd, were commanded by Peter Weimer Davison and Walter Cowen Short. The Armistice occurred before the 16th Division departed for France; under the command of Guy Carleton, it was briefly considered for inclusion in American Expeditionary Force Siberia, but that conflict also ended before the division could embark. It did not go overseas and demobilized in March 1919 at Camp Kearny, California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016140-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Division (United States)\nBecause the 16th Division was in existence for such a brief period, it never designed or adopted a shoulder sleeve insignia or distinctive unit insignia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016141-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Division (Yugoslav Partisans)\nThe 16th Vojvodina Division (Serbo-Croatian Latin: \u0160esnaesta vojvo\u0111anska divizija) was a Yugoslav Partisan division that fought against the Germans, Independent State of Croatia (NDH) and Chetniks in occupied Democratic Federal Yugoslavia during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016141-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Division (Yugoslav Partisans)\nWhen it was created, the 16th Vojvodina Division is consisted mostly of Serbs recruited from Hungarian\u2013occupied Ba\u010dka. It constituted the first, second, and third Vojvodinian Brigades and had about 3,000 units when it was formed. By 1941, the Partisan rank-and-file was still predominantly Serbian. The Partisans initial successes included the liberation of the area that surrounded the Serbian town of U\u017eice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016141-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Division (Yugoslav Partisans)\nAs part of the Partisan 3rd Corps then Partisan 12th Corps it spent most of 1944 engaged in hard fighting against the 13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian) in eastern Bosnia. The division participated in the Seventh Offensive from March to June 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016141-0003-0000", "contents": "16th Division (Yugoslav Partisans)\nThe division's later conflict with the Chetniks, which grew into a civil war, was rooted on the dispute between the pro-Communist and the nationalist wings of the Serb rebellion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016141-0004-0000", "contents": "16th Division (Yugoslav Partisans)\nThe Division also participated in the Battle of Batina (November 1944).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016142-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Electronic Warfare Squadron\nThe 16th Electronic Warfare Squadron is an active United States Air Force unit. It is assigned to the 350th Spectrum Warfare Group at Eglin Air Force Base, Florida. It was formed in 1985 by the consolidation of three units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016142-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Electronic Warfare Squadron\nThe 16th Aero Squadron, a World War I squadron that provided maintenance support for aeronautical units on the Western Front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016142-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Electronic Warfare Squadron\nThe 16th Reconnaissance Squadron, which served during the years between the World Wars as an observation squadron, with its flights located with various Army schools. During World War II, the squadron served in the Mediterranean, where it was awarded a Distinguished Unit Citation for its performance from October 1943 to January 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016142-0003-0000", "contents": "16th Electronic Warfare Squadron\nThe 16th Photographic Reconnaissance Squadron, which served as a long range photographic unit during the early years of the Cold War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016142-0004-0000", "contents": "16th Electronic Warfare Squadron, Mission\nThe 16th Electronic Warfare Squadron (EWS) provides electronic warfare test facilities for mission data and electronic warfare systems test and evaluation. Its personnel assess the maintainability, reliability, suitability, and readiness of electronic warfare systems and support equipment, and perform test and evaluation of new concepts for electronic warfare systems. They also monitor developmental testing conducted by acquisition agencies. The 16th EWS develops, fabricates and maintains test instrumentation and performs acceptance tests of all new electronic warfare related hardware and software and supports training for maintenance and operational units worldwide. The squadron also provides technicians and equipment to execute the COMBAT SHIELD Electronic Warfare Assessment Program. The 16th EWS has more than $450 million in assets, including eight system integration laboratories and five mobile test facilities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 970]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016142-0005-0000", "contents": "16th Electronic Warfare Squadron, Mission\nDetachment 1 of the 16 EWS is located at Tyndall AFB, Florida and provides maintenance support for adversary electronic attack training pods used for air-to-air electronic warfare training. These pods are repaired and modified at Tyndall AFB and shipped to fighter units worldwide. Det 1, 16 EWS also maintains electronic attack payloads for full-scale and subscale drones in support of live-fire missile testing under the COMBAT ARCHER Weapon System Evaluation Program.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016142-0006-0000", "contents": "16th Electronic Warfare Squadron, History\nThe squadron was originally established as an Air Service flying training unit in May 1917, conducting flying training for air cadets in the Midwest throughout the summer. It deployed to France in January 1918, becoming an aircraft maintenance organization in rear areas of the Western Front. It remained in France until May 1919 when squadron returned to the United States and demobilized.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016142-0007-0000", "contents": "16th Electronic Warfare Squadron, History\nThe 16th Squadron was established in 1921 as an observation squadron, attached to Army ground units throughout the 1920s and 1930s. It was consolidated with its predecessor in 1924. The 16th carried mail and performed fire observation duties, included carrying mail to President Calvin Coolidge vacationing in South Dakota and Wisconsin in August and September 1927, and June to September 1928.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016142-0008-0000", "contents": "16th Electronic Warfare Squadron, History\nAfter the Attack on Pearl Harbor the squadron was reassigned to antisubmarine duties along the southeast coast in late 1941, early 1942. It deployed to the European Theater of Operations, where it was attached to the Royal Air Force reconnaissance school at RAF Wattisham, England in late 1942. While in England, the air echelon received modern Lockheed P-38 long-range photo-reconnaissance aircraft and joined the ground personnel in French Morocco shortly after the Operation Torch invasion in November 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016142-0009-0000", "contents": "16th Electronic Warfare Squadron, History\nThe squadron was assigned to Twelfth Air Force and engaged in long range intelligence gathering and aerial mapping of Algeria and Tunisia, supporting the United States Fifth Army during the North African and Tunisian Campaigns. After the retreat of Axis forces from Tunisia in mid-1942, performed antisubmarine patrols over the Mediterranean Sea and also functioned as in in-theater training unit for aerial reconnaissance pilots.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016142-0010-0000", "contents": "16th Electronic Warfare Squadron, History\nBeginning in September 1943, the squadron received specially-equipped B-17 Flying Fortress heavy bombers equipped with radar detection and electronic countermeasures (ECM) equipment. It performed ECM overflights of enemy territory in advance of Fifteenth Air Force heavy bomber formations, jamming enemy Radar and generating false returns to confuse defensive forces. It also continued to fly long range reconnaissance with B-25 Mitchell medium bombers fitted with aerial cameras.. The Squadron returned to the United States in November 1944 as the need for the unit dissipated as enemy forces were driven out of the Mediterranean Theater of Operations. It was inactivated in April 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 729]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016142-0011-0000", "contents": "16th Electronic Warfare Squadron, History\nThe 16th Photographic Reconnaissance Squadron served with Strategic Air Command as a long-range reconnaissance unit early in the Cold War. Its mission was absorbed by the 91st Strategic Reconnaissance Wing in 1949. In 1985, it was consolidated with its predecessors, but remained inactive until 1993, when it assumed its present mission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016142-0012-0000", "contents": "16th Electronic Warfare Squadron, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 58], "content_span": [59, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016143-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Empire Awards\nThe 16th Empire Awards ceremony (officially known as the Jameson Empire Awards), presented by the British film magazine Empire, honored the best films of 2010 and took place on 27 March 2011 at the Grosvenor House Hotel in London, England. During the ceremony, Empire presented Empire Awards in 11 categories as well as three honorary awards. Irish comedian Dara \u00d3 Briain hosted the show for the third consecutive year. The awards were sponsored by Jameson Irish Whiskey for the third consecutive year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016143-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Empire Awards\nIn related events, Empire and Jameson Irish Whiskey held the 2nd Done In 60 Seconds Competition Global Final on 25 March 2011 at the London Film Museum, London, England. The team of judges consisted of Empire editor-in-chief Mark Dinning, Irish actor and comedian Chris O'Dowd and English director Neil Marshall, which selected from a shortlist of 24 nominees the five Done In 60 Seconds Award finalists that were invited to the Empire Awards where the winner was announced.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016143-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Empire Awards\nKick-Ass won two awards including Best British Film. Other winners included The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo also with two awards and Four Lions, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows \u2013 Part 1, Inception, Let Me In, Scott Pilgrim vs. the World, The King's Speech and The Last Exorcism with one. Keira Knightley received the Empire Hero Award, Gary Oldman received the Empire Icon Award and Edgar Wright received the Empire Inspiration Award. Maeve Stam from the Netherlands won the Done In 60 Seconds Award for her 60-second film version of 127 Hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016144-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Engineer Battalion (United States)\nThe 16th Engineer Battalion is a Combat Engineer Battalion in the United States Army, first established in 1935", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016145-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Engineer Brigade (United States)\nThe 16th Engineer Brigade is a combat engineer brigade of the United States Army National Guard of Ohio. The brigade is responsible for a number of units throughout Ohio, most of which are also combat engineer units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016145-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Engineer Brigade (United States), Overview\nMembers of the brigade provide construction and design assistance for nations worldwide, both in aid to civilian authorities and traditional training environments. The HHC 16th Engineer Brigade, mobilized into federal active duty in June 2020 in support of Operation Spartan Shield, Task Force Iron Castle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 47], "content_span": [48, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016145-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Engineer Brigade (United States), Honors\nPhilippine Presidential Unit Citation, Streamer embroidered 17 OCTOBER 1944 TO 4 JULY 1945", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 45], "content_span": [46, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016145-0003-0000", "contents": "16th Engineer Brigade (United States), Honors\nMeritorious Unit Commendation (Army), Streamer embroidered IRAQ 2009 - 2010", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 45], "content_span": [46, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016145-0004-0000", "contents": "16th Engineer Brigade (United States), Lineage\nParent unit constituted 29 August 1917 in the National Guard as Headquarters, 62d Field Artillery Brigade, an element of the 37th Division", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016145-0005-0000", "contents": "16th Engineer Brigade (United States), Lineage\nOrganized 21 September 1917 at Camp Sherman, Ohio, with personnel from the Ohio National Guard", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016145-0006-0000", "contents": "16th Engineer Brigade (United States), Lineage\nExpanded, reorganized, and Federally recognized in the Ohio National Guard as elements of the 37th Division as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016145-0007-0000", "contents": "16th Engineer Brigade (United States), Lineage\nHeadquarters, 62d Field Artillery Brigade 26 July 1922 at Columbus \t(location changed on 1 June 1937 to Cleveland) \t\tHeadquarters Battery, 62d Field Artillery Brigade, 26 April 1922 at Dayton (hereafter, separate lineage)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016145-0008-0000", "contents": "16th Engineer Brigade (United States), Lineage\nReorganized and redesignated 1 February 1942 as Headquarters, 37th Division Artillery", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016145-0009-0000", "contents": "16th Engineer Brigade (United States), Lineage\nConsolidated 11 November 1946 with the 37th Reconnaissance Troop, Mechanized (see ANNEX); consolidated unit Federally recognized as Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 37th Division Artillery", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016145-0010-0000", "contents": "16th Engineer Brigade (United States), Lineage\nOrdered into active Federal service 15 January 1952 at Columbus", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016145-0011-0000", "contents": "16th Engineer Brigade (United States), Lineage\n(Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 37th Division Artillery [NGUS] organized and Federally recognized 15 January 1954)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016145-0012-0000", "contents": "16th Engineer Brigade (United States), Lineage\nReleased from active Federal service 15 June 1954 and reverted to state control; Federal recognition concurrently withdrawn from Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 37th Division Artillery (NGUS)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016145-0013-0000", "contents": "16th Engineer Brigade (United States), Lineage\nRedesignated 1 September 1959 as Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 37th Infantry Division Artillery", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016145-0014-0000", "contents": "16th Engineer Brigade (United States), Lineage\nConverted and redesignated 15 February 1968 as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 16th Engineer Brigade and relieved from assignment to the 37th Infantry Division", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016145-0015-0000", "contents": "16th Engineer Brigade (United States), Lineage\nOrdered into active Federal service 10 September 2005 at Columbus; released from active Federal service 8 March 2007 and reverted to state control", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016145-0016-0000", "contents": "16th Engineer Brigade (United States), Lineage\nOrdered into active Federal service 31 August 2009 at Columbus; released from active Federal service 4 October 2010 and reverted to state control", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016145-0017-0000", "contents": "16th Engineer Brigade (United States), Lineage\nOrdered into active Federal service 25 June 2020 at Columbus", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016145-0018-0000", "contents": "16th Engineer Brigade (United States), Lineage\nOrganized and Federally recognized 29 April 1921 in the Ohio National Guard at Columbus as Headquarters Company, 2d Infantry Brigade", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016145-0019-0000", "contents": "16th Engineer Brigade (United States), Lineage\nReorganized and redesignated 1 July 1921 as Headquarters Company, 74th Infantry Brigade an element of the 37th Division (later redesignated as the 37th Infantry Division)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016145-0020-0000", "contents": "16th Engineer Brigade (United States), Lineage\nConverted and redesignated 1 February 1942 as the 37th Cavalry Reconnaissance Troop", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016145-0021-0000", "contents": "16th Engineer Brigade (United States), Lineage\nReorganized and redesignated 1 June 1944 as the 37th Reconnaissance Troop, Mechanized", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016146-0000-0000", "contents": "16th European Film Awards\nThe 16th European Film Awards were presented on December 6, 2003 in Berlin, Germany. The winners were selected by the members of the European Film Academy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016147-0000-0000", "contents": "16th FAI World Precision Flying Championship\n16th FAI World Precision Flying Championship took place between July 19 - July 24, 2004 in Herning in Denmark, altogether with the 14th FAI World Rally Flying Championship (July 14-20).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016147-0001-0000", "contents": "16th FAI World Precision Flying Championship\nThere were 70 competitors from Poland (8), Czech Republic (8), South Africa (8), Denmark (8), Austria (6), France (5), Russia (4), United Kingdom (4), Sweden (4), Norway (4), Germany (3), Finland (3), Slovakia (2), Switzerland (2), Slovenia (1).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016147-0002-0000", "contents": "16th FAI World Precision Flying Championship\nMost numerous airplane was Cessna 150 (27), then Cessna 152 (23), Cessna 172 (10). There were also two Glastar and Zlin Z-43's, single 3Xtrim, PZL Wilga 2000, Robin, Ikarus C42B, SAI KZ III, SOCATA Rallye.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016147-0003-0000", "contents": "16th FAI World Precision Flying Championship, Contest\nOn the July 19, 2004 there was an opening ceremony, on the next day an opening briefing and official practice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 53], "content_span": [54, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016147-0004-0000", "contents": "16th FAI World Precision Flying Championship, Contest\nOn July 21 there was the first navigation competition, in which the first two places were taken by the Poles: Krzysztof Wieczorek (6 penalty points) and Marek Kachaniak (32 pts), the third by the Czech Petr Opat (33 pts).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 53], "content_span": [54, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016147-0005-0000", "contents": "16th FAI World Precision Flying Championship, Contest\nOn July 22 there was landings competition, won by Nathalie Strube (FRA, 4 pts) and Micha\u0142 Bartler (POL, 4 pts), the third was Harri V\u00e4h\u00e4maa (FIN, 12 pts), all flying Cessna 152s. Krzysztof Wieczorek remained the leader in overall classification.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 53], "content_span": [54, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016147-0006-0000", "contents": "16th FAI World Precision Flying Championship, Contest\nOn July 23 there was the last, second navigation competition, in which the first three places were taken by the Poles: Krzysztof Wieczorek (24 pts), Wac\u0142aw Wieczorek (Krzysztof's brother, 35 pts) and Zbigniew Chrz\u0105szcz ex aequo with Petr Opat (CZE, 41 pts).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 53], "content_span": [54, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016147-0007-0000", "contents": "16th FAI World Precision Flying Championship, Contest\nOn July 24 there was awards giving and closing ceremony.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 53], "content_span": [54, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016147-0008-0000", "contents": "16th FAI World Precision Flying Championship, Results, Team\nNumber of penalty points and place of three best competitors", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 59], "content_span": [60, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016148-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Fajr International Film Festival\nThe 16th Fajr International Film Festival (Persian: \u0634\u0627\u0646\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0645\u06cc\u0646 \u062c\u0634\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u06cc\u0646\u200c\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0644\u06cc \u0641\u06cc\u0644\u0645 \u0641\u062c\u0631\u200e) held 1\u201311 February 1998 in Tehran, Iran.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016148-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Fajr International Film Festival\nThe Glass Agency (Ebrahim Hatamikia, 1998) was the festival's best film in \"Competition of Iranian Cinema\" and The Promise (Luc Dardenne and Jean-Pierre Dardenne, 1996) \u2014a Belgian film\u2014 was the festival's best film in \"Competition of International Cinema\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016148-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Fajr International Film Festival\nThe Glass Agency won a record-tying nine awards including Best Film, Best Director and Best Screenplay.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016148-0003-0000", "contents": "16th Fajr International Film Festival, Selection committee\nMajid Nadiri, festival's public relations officer, was announced the selection committee members on 3 January as below:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 58], "content_span": [59, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016148-0004-0000", "contents": "16th Fajr International Film Festival, Competition of Iranian Cinema\nAwards and nominations of the Competition of Iranian Cinema sections are below:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 68], "content_span": [69, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016148-0005-0000", "contents": "16th Fajr International Film Festival, Non-competitive sections\nThe festival's other sidebar sections included tributes to Anthony Quinn and Ezzatolah Entezami, retrospectives of the works of three directors \u2014Fred Zinnemann, Krzysztof Kie\u015blowski and Ebrahim Hatamikia\u2014 , screening of the selected works for which Ennio Morricone had composed the music, \"Festival of Festivals\", and special screenings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 63], "content_span": [64, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016148-0006-0000", "contents": "16th Fajr International Film Festival, Non-competitive sections, For All Seasons\nTribute to the Anthony Quinn by screening of 14 films of his career.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 80], "content_span": [81, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016148-0007-0000", "contents": "16th Fajr International Film Festival, Ceremony information\n63 films were requested to participate in the festival which 22 of them were approved for the \"Competition of Iranian Cinema\" section. For the first time, FIFF had had opening ceremony that took place on 31 January 1998, at the City Theater in Tehran, Iran. Also for the first time, press conference for each film of the competitive sections was held at the Sahra Cinema. elimination of the \"Debut Films\" section is another feature of festival's this edition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 59], "content_span": [60, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016148-0008-0000", "contents": "16th Fajr International Film Festival, Ceremony information\nThe \"Competition of International Cinema\" section in the festival was introduced for the second time. The first time was in 1990. The section was added in order to FIFF accredit by FIAPF as a competitive international film festival. Sheila Whitaker mentioned that this was the first time in the festival's history, held an international competition with an international jury, headed by Abbas Kiarostami. At the closing ceremony, Kiarostami read out a statement in which he made it clear that the jury felt it impossible to give awards to foreign films that could only be screened in Iran with major cuts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 59], "content_span": [60, 665]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016148-0009-0000", "contents": "16th Fajr International Film Festival, Ceremony information\nThe \"Iranian Film Market\" (IFM) was established and took place during the festival. For example, National Film Development Corporation of India (NFDC), the central agency of Indian cinema, sent a delegation to the IFM and spent \u20b983,864 (equivalent to \u20b9300,000 or US$4,300 in 2019) at this market.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 59], "content_span": [60, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016148-0010-0000", "contents": "16th Fajr International Film Festival, Ceremony information, Critical response\n16th FIFF marked by a powerful selection committee that did not allow many commercial films to enter into competition section. An Audience Award also introduced this year. All these made the FIFF regain the credibility it had in the past, i.e. before the politicians not familiar with cinema took charge. However, impact of the former government's policies still remained.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 78], "content_span": [79, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016149-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Festival on Wheels\nThe 16th Festival on Wheels (Turkish: 16 Gazici Festival) was a film festival held in Ankara, Turkey from December 3 to 9, 2010; Artvin, Turkey from December 10 to 16, 2010; and Ordu, Turkey from December 17 to 19, 2010. A selection of films was screened at K\u0131z\u0131lay B\u00fcy\u00fcl\u00fc Fener theater and the Goethe Institut in Ankara, and the Ahmet Hamdi Tanp\u0131nar cultural centre in Artvin with the theme of Coup d\u2019Etat! to commemorate the 30th anniversary year of the 1980 Turkish coup d'\u00e9tat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016149-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Festival on Wheels, 2010 Golden Bull Awards\nThe Golden Bull awards were handed out for the second year running to the best films of the 16th Festival on Wheels as selected by the festival jury.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 48], "content_span": [49, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016149-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Festival on Wheels, Programs, Golden Bull Film Competition\nNine nominees, including two Turkish features, were selected to compete for the Golden Bull during the Artvin leg of this edition of the festival.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 63], "content_span": [64, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016149-0003-0000", "contents": "16th Festival on Wheels, Programs, Special Screenings\nTwo international features were selected to be shown out of competition in special pre-release screenings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 53], "content_span": [54, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016149-0004-0000", "contents": "16th Festival on Wheels, Programs, Turkish Cinema 2010\nFive Turkish features made in the preceding year were selected to be shown out of competition in the national showcase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 54], "content_span": [55, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016149-0005-0000", "contents": "16th Festival on Wheels, Programs, Lives into Line!\nSix international films were selected for this special section, timed to commemorate the 30th anniversary of the 1980 Turkish coup d'\u00e9tat, examining the impact of military coups in Turkey, Portugal, Chile,   Argentina, Brazil and Greece.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 51], "content_span": [52, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016149-0006-0000", "contents": "16th Festival on Wheels, Programs, Refugee in the City\nTwo international documentaries were selected for this special section about the consequences of urban regeneration projects for human lives as much as city   plans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 54], "content_span": [55, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016149-0007-0000", "contents": "16th Festival on Wheels, Programs, A Time in the Country\nOne Turkish film was se\u015fected for this special section which offers a grateful nod   to the countryside and is supported by the publication of a  collection of essays edited by T\u00fcl Akbal and Asl\u0131 G\u00fcne\u015f under the same title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 56], "content_span": [57, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016150-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Field Artillery Regiment\nThe 16th Field Artillery Regiment is a field artillery regiment of the United States Army. The regiment served with the 4th Division in World War II and with the 4th and 8th Divisions between the World Wars. As the 16th Armored Field Artillery Battalion, it served with the 9th Armored Division during World War II, and with the 2nd Armored Division after the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016150-0000-0001", "contents": "16th Field Artillery Regiment\nDesignated a parent regiment under the Combat Arms Regimental system, and later the U.S. Army Regimental System, since 1957, regimental elements have served with the 1st, 2nd and 4th Armored Divisions; the 4th, 8th, and 81st Infantry Divisions; and the 1st Cavalry Division. Regimental elements have participated in combat in Vietnam, and in Operation Iraqi Freedom. The regiment currently has a single active battalion, the 3rd Battalion, 16th Field Artillery, assigned to the 2nd Brigade Combat Team, 1st Cavalry Division and stationed at Fort Hood, TX.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016150-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Field Artillery Regiment, History\nThe 16th Field Artillery was constituted 1 July 1916 in the Regular Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016150-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Field Artillery Regiment, Heraldry, Coat of arms\nShield: Gules a fess dancett\u00e9 Or voided Sable, between three mullets, two and one, of the second. Crest: On a wreath of the colors Or and Gules, a horse's head erased Gules, charged with an ivy leaf Proper (for the 4th Division). Motto: MACTE NOVA VIRTUTE (Go Forth With New Strength).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 53], "content_span": [54, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016150-0003-0000", "contents": "16th Field Artillery Regiment, Heraldry, Coat of arms\nShield: The field is red for artillery. The dancett\u00e9 fess is for the hills and mountains with which the regiment's history is connected (King's Mountains, North Carolina; Hill 304 near Verdun; Hill 295 north of Septsarges, France; the Landskrone, Rhineland; and Mt. Rainier, Washington). The black is for the battle losses. The three stars are for the three major operations of World War I in which the regiment took part. Crest: The horse's head indicates a mounted regiment and the ivy leaf is taken from the 4th Division shoulder sleeve insignia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 53], "content_span": [54, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016151-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Field Battery, Royal Australian Artillery\nThe 16th Field Battery was an Australian Army Reserve unit based in Tasmania with depots at Paterson Barracks in Launceston and Derwent Barracks in Hobart until 2013, when it was reduced in size to a troop, and amalgamated with its Adelaide-based sister battery, 48 Field Battery, to form the 6th/13th Light Battery. The unit is the longest continually serving reserve artillery unit in the Australian Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016151-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Field Battery, Royal Australian Artillery, History\nThe troop traces its history to the Launceston Volunteer Artillery Corps, a volunteer formation raised by the citizens of Launceston on 6 June 1860 under the Tasmanian Colonial government. Following Federation it was handed over to the newly formed Commonwealth and became part of the Citizen's Military Force. Despite numerous increases, reductions and name changes over the years, the Launceston detachment has remained in operation continuously from its formation right through to the present day, and has inhabited the historically significant Paterson Barracks for that entire time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 55], "content_span": [56, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016151-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Field Battery, Royal Australian Artillery, History\n16 Troop, along with 48 Troop (based in Adelaide), together constitute the 6th/13th Light Battery, which is now a subunit of the 9th Regiment, Royal Australian Artillery as of Ma, 2018; the soldiers continue to wear the RAA hat badge and white lanyard. Like fellow Tasmanian unit 12/40th Battalion Royal Tasmania Regiment (12/40 RTR) it is part of the Adelaide-based 9 Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 55], "content_span": [56, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016151-0003-0000", "contents": "16th Field Battery, Royal Australian Artillery, History\nLike the rest of 9 Brigade, the unit's force generation cycle is now aligned with that of the Australian Regular Army's 1st Brigade (based in Darwin).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 55], "content_span": [56, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016151-0004-0000", "contents": "16th Field Battery, Royal Australian Artillery, History\nIn 2010, the then 16 Field Battery converted from the 105mm M2A2 to F2 81mm Mortars, and this weapon system was inherited by 6/13 Light Battery, which it employs to provide offensive support to 9 Brigade, and in support of 1 Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 55], "content_span": [56, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016152-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Filmfare Awards\nBrahmachari led the ceremony with 9 nominations, followed by Neel Kamal with 8 nominations and Ankhen with 7 nominations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016152-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Filmfare Awards\nBrahmachari won 6 awards, thus becoming the most-awarded film at the ceremony.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016152-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Filmfare Awards\nShammi Kapoor won his only Best Actor award for Brahmachari.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 81]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016153-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Filmfare Awards South\nThe 16th Filmfare Awards South Ceremony honoring the winners of the best of South Indian cinema in 1968 was an event held in 1969.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016154-0000-0000", "contents": "16th G7 summit\nThe 16th G7 Summit was held at Houston between July 9 and 11, 1990. The venue for the summit meetings was the campus of Rice University and other locations nearby in the Houston Museum District.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016154-0001-0000", "contents": "16th G7 summit\nThe Group of Seven (G7) was an unofficial forum which brought together the heads of the richest industrialized countries: France, West Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada (since 1976) and the President of the European Commission (starting officially in 1981).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016154-0001-0001", "contents": "16th G7 summit\nThe summits were not meant to be linked formally with wider international institutions; and in fact, a mild rebellion against the stiff formality of other international meetings was a part of the genesis of cooperation between France's President Giscard d'Estaing and West Germany's Chancellor Helmut Schmidt as they conceived the first Group of Six (G6) summit in 1975.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016154-0002-0000", "contents": "16th G7 summit, Leaders at the summit\nThe G7 is an unofficial annual forum for the leaders of Canada, the European Commission, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 37], "content_span": [38, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016154-0003-0000", "contents": "16th G7 summit, Leaders at the summit\nThe 16th G7 summit was the first for Japanese Prime Minister Toshiki Kaifu. It was also the last summit for British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 37], "content_span": [38, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016154-0004-0000", "contents": "16th G7 summit, Leaders at the summit, Participants\nThese summit participants are the current \"core members\" of the international forum:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 51], "content_span": [52, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016154-0005-0000", "contents": "16th G7 summit, Agenda, July 9\nPresident Bush unofficially opened the summit the night before the first official round of meetings was scheduled. He hosted a rodeo and barbecue with \"armadillo races, bull riding, barrel racing, calf scrambling, the Grand Ole Opry, an Old West village, cowboys and Indians, oil rigs, square dancing, a sheriff with silver spurs, Styrofoam cacti, a model of the space shuttle, horseshoe contests, 1,250 gallons of barbecue sauce and jalapenos, 500 pounds of onions, 5,000 servings of cobbler and carrot cake, and 650 gallons of lemonade and iced tea.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 30], "content_span": [31, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016154-0006-0000", "contents": "16th G7 summit, Agenda, July 10\nThe official opening ceremonies were held outside in the Academic Quadrangle at Rice University. The leaders stood on a specially built platform with air conditioners built into the floor which only afforded a measure of relief as temperatures rose to near 100 degrees. This platform was located in front of Lovett Hall, a Romanesque revival administration building designed by Ralph Adams Cram and built in 1912.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 31], "content_span": [32, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016154-0007-0000", "contents": "16th G7 summit, Agenda, July 10\nAt the close of initial speeches by each leader, the group moved inside, into the building's Founders Room, for their first working session in the building's \"Founders Room.\" The talks lasted about two hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 31], "content_span": [32, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016154-0008-0000", "contents": "16th G7 summit, Agenda, July 10\nA working dinner at Bayou Bend, once the home of a philanthropist, Ima Hogg, and now a museum of American decorative arts scheduled. The food, including tortilla soup and grilled red snapper with basil lime sauce, was prepared by three of the premier chefs in Texas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 31], "content_span": [32, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016154-0009-0000", "contents": "16th G7 summit, Agenda, July 11\nIn addition to their talks about significant international problems, the world leaders set aside some time to dine together in a formal affair which took place in Houston's Museum of Fine Arts (MFAH).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 31], "content_span": [32, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016154-0010-0000", "contents": "16th G7 summit, Agenda, Issues\nEach leader attending the economic summit has a slightly different perspective about the priorities which need to be addressed by the group working together", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 30], "content_span": [31, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016154-0011-0000", "contents": "16th G7 summit, Agenda, Issues\nThe summit was intended as a venue for resolving differences among its members. As a practical matter, the summit was also conceived as an opportunity for its members to give each other mutual encouragement in the face of difficult economic decisions. Issues which were discussed at this summit included:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 30], "content_span": [31, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016154-0012-0000", "contents": "16th G7 summit, Accomplishments\nIn 1990, as in 1989,the summit leaders proclaimed the necessity to fight climate change, restore the Ozone layer, protect the biodiversity and restore forests.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 31], "content_span": [32, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016154-0013-0000", "contents": "16th G7 summit, Budget\nHouston spent nearly $20 million on civic beautification projects in advance of the summit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016154-0014-0000", "contents": "16th G7 summit, Involving the local community\nDisgraced Enron Chief Executive and Chairman of the Board Kenneth Lay was the co-chairman of the organizing committee for economic summit for G-7 nations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 45], "content_span": [46, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016154-0015-0000", "contents": "16th G7 summit, Involving the local community, Art Installation\nA large sculpture was commissioned by U.S. President George Bush for the event. It ultimately consisted of several rectangular light pillars with the designs of the flags of the seven participating countries (plus the flag of  Europe). After the summit, the sculpture was relocated to Houston Intercontinental Airport, which was renamed in honor of the former President some years later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 63], "content_span": [64, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016155-0000-0000", "contents": "16th GLAAD Media Awards\nThe 16th Annual GLAAD Media Awards (2005) were presented at three separate ceremonies: March 28 in New York; April 30 in Los Angeles; and June 11 in San Francisco. The awards were presented to honor \"fair, accurate and inclusive\" representations of gay individuals in the media.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016155-0001-0000", "contents": "16th GLAAD Media Awards\nBilly Crystal was honored with the Excellence in Media Award; given to \"individuals in the media and entertainment industries who through their work have increased the visibility and understanding of the LGBT community.\" Alan Cumming was given the Vito Russo Award; given to \"an openly lesbian, gay or bisexual member of the entertainment or media community for outstanding contributions toward eliminating homophobia.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016156-0000-0000", "contents": "16th GMA Dove Awards\nThe 16th Annual GMA Dove Awards were held on 1985 recognizing accomplishments of musicians for the year 1984. The show was held in Nashville, Tennessee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016157-0000-0000", "contents": "16th GS Caltex Cup\nThe 16th GS Caltex Cup began in January 2011. Won Seong-jin, the defending champion, was knocked out in the first round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016158-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Garrison Division (People's Republic of China)\nThe 99th Division (Chinese: \u7b2c99\u5e08) was formed in February 1949 from 2nd Regiment of 7th Division, 18th Regiment of 11th Division of PLA Bohai column of Huadong Field Army and defected Republic of China Army 538th Regiment of 180th Division. Under the command of 33rd Corps it took part in the Chinese civil war. The division was then composed of:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016158-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Garrison Division (People's Republic of China)\nAfter the Shanghai Campaign the division stationed in Baoshan, Shanghai. In November 1950 the division was re-organized and renamed as 16th Public Security Division(Chinese: \u516c\u5b89\u7b2c16\u5e08) while detaching from the Corps. By then the division was composed of:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016158-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Garrison Division (People's Republic of China)\nIn February 1953 the division moved to Haimen, Zhejiang for coastal defense mission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016158-0003-0000", "contents": "16th Garrison Division (People's Republic of China)\nIn July 1955 the division moved to Dachen Islands. 46th Public Security Regiment was detached.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016158-0004-0000", "contents": "16th Garrison Division (People's Republic of China)\nIn January 1957 the division was reduced to 16th Garrison Brigade(Chinese: \u5b88\u5907\u7b2c16\u65c5). 47th Public Security Regiment was detached. 48th Public Security Regiment was renamed as Dachen Islands Garrison Regiment. The brigade was composed of 48th Regiment and 4 artillery battalions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016158-0005-0000", "contents": "16th Garrison Division (People's Republic of China)\nIn January 1958 the brigade was inactivated and became Taizhou Military Sub-district.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016158-0006-0000", "contents": "16th Garrison Division (People's Republic of China)\nIn January 1959 16th Garrison Division(Chinese: \u5b88\u5907\u7b2c16\u5e08) was activated from the military sub-district. The division soon expanded to 3 garrison regiments (81st, 82nd and 83rd) and moved to Linhai, Zhejiang province.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016158-0007-0000", "contents": "16th Garrison Division (People's Republic of China)\nIn December 1964 the division was inactivated and became Taizhou Military Sub-district again.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016159-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Gemini Awards\nThe 16th Gemini Awards were held on October 29, 2001 to honour achievements in Canadian television. It was hosted by Mike Bullard, and was broadcast on CBC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016159-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Gemini Awards, Awards, Best Ensemble Performance in a Comedy Program or Series\nRick Mercer, Jackie Torrens, Dan Lett, Peter Keleghan, Leah Pinsent, Emily Hampshire", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 83], "content_span": [84, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016159-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Gemini Awards, Awards, Best Ensemble Performance in a Comedy Program or Series\nKim Bubbs, George Buza, Wayne Robson, Steve Smith, Peter Keleghan, Bob Bainborough, Jeff Lumby", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 83], "content_span": [84, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016159-0003-0000", "contents": "16th Gemini Awards, Awards, Best Ensemble Performance in a Comedy Program or Series\nSarah Dunsworth, Robb Wells, Mike Smith, John Dunsworth, Pat Roach, Lucy Decoutere Cory Bowles, Michael Jackson, Barrie Dunn, John Paul Tremblay, Jonathan Torrens, Jeanna Harrison-Steinhart", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 83], "content_span": [84, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016160-0000-0000", "contents": "16th General Assembly of Newfoundland\nThe members of the 16th General Assembly of Newfoundland were elected in the Newfoundland general election held in November 1889. The general assembly sat from 1890 to 1893.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016160-0001-0000", "contents": "16th General Assembly of Newfoundland\nThe Liberal Party led by William Whiteway formed the government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016160-0002-0000", "contents": "16th General Assembly of Newfoundland, Members of the Assembly\nThe following members were elected to the assembly in 1889:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 62], "content_span": [63, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016161-0000-0000", "contents": "16th General Assembly of Nova Scotia\nThe 16th General Assembly of Nova Scotia represented Nova Scotia between 1840 and 1843. The assembly was dissolved on October 26, 1843.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016161-0001-0000", "contents": "16th General Assembly of Nova Scotia\nThe assembly sat at the pleasure of the Governor of Nova Scotia, Lucius Bentinck Cary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016162-0000-0000", "contents": "16th General Assembly of Prince Edward Island\nThe 16th General Assembly of Prince Edward Island represented the colony of Prince Edward Island between January 23, 1843, and 1847.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016162-0001-0000", "contents": "16th General Assembly of Prince Edward Island\nThe Assembly sat at the pleasure of the Governor of Prince Edward Island, Henry Vere Huntley. Joseph Pope was elected speaker.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016162-0002-0000", "contents": "16th General Assembly of Prince Edward Island, Members\nThe members of the Prince Edward Island Legislature after the general election of 1843 were:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016163-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Genie Awards\nThe 16th Genie Awards were held on January 14, 1996, to honour films released in 1995. The ceremony took place in Montreal at Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Radio-Canada's Studio 42.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016163-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Genie Awards\nFor the first time, the ceremony was not broadcast live on any television network, instead taking place in the afternoon of January 14; separate post-award specials aired in prime time to publicize the award highlights. The English special on CBC Television was hosted by Mary Walsh, while the French special on Radio-Canada was hosted by actor Pascale Bussi\u00e8res and broadcaster Ren\u00e9 Homier-Roy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016163-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Genie Awards\nIt was the first of two Genie Award ceremonies held in 1996. Normally the 16th Genie Award ceremony would have been held in the late fall of 1995, but it was delayed until early 1996. The 17th Genie Awards were held in November 1996, returning to the traditional scheduling of the award ceremony. Beginning with the 19th Genie Awards in 1999, however, the award scheduling returned to the winter again, and has remained scheduled as such ever since.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016163-0003-0000", "contents": "16th Genie Awards, Nominees and winners\nThe Genie Award winner in each category is shown in bold text.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 39], "content_span": [40, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016164-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Golden Globe Awards\nThe 16th Golden Globe Awards, honoring the best in film for 1958 films, were held on March 5, 1959.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016164-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Golden Globe Awards, Winners and nominees, Film, Best Foreign-Language Foreign Film\nDas M\u00e4dchen Rosemarie (West Germany) L'Eau vive (France) The Year Long Road (Yugoslavia)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 88], "content_span": [89, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016164-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Golden Globe Awards, Winners and nominees, Television, Best TV Show\nThe Ann Sothern ShowLetter to LorettaThe Red Skelton ShowToast of the TownTonight!", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 72], "content_span": [73, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016164-0003-0000", "contents": "16th Golden Globe Awards, Winners and nominees, Special Award\nDavid Ladd (For best juvenile actor)Shirley MacLaine (For most versatile actress)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 61], "content_span": [62, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016165-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Golden Horse Awards\nThe 16th Golden Horse Awards (Mandarin:\u7b2c16\u5c46\u91d1\u99ac\u734e) took place on November 2, 1979, at Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall in Taipei, Taiwan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016166-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Golden Melody Awards\nThe 16th Golden Melody Awards were held on 28 May 2005 at the Kaohsiung Cultural Center in Kaohsiung, Taiwan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016166-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Golden Melody Awards, Summary\nSales of popular music had dropped more than 60 percent since its 1998 peak, leading to a few appeals during the night for people not to buy unlicensed goods.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016166-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Golden Melody Awards, Summary\nAlthough Taiwanese singer Jay Chou started the evening with six nominations, he did not win in any of the categories.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016166-0003-0000", "contents": "16th Golden Melody Awards, Summary\nDuring the presentation for the award of Best Male Mandarin Artist, Hong Kong actress Karen Mok could be heard announcing the winner as \"Wang Lixing\", combining the Chinese names for Leehom Wang (Chinese: \u738b\u529b\u5b8f; pinyin: W\u00e1ng L\u00ech\u00f3ng) and Stanley Huang (simplified Chinese: \u9ec4\u7acb\u884c; traditional Chinese: \u9ec3\u7acb\u884c; pinyin: Hu\u00e1ng L\u00ecx\u00edng). This mistake resulted in a confusion where Wang took the stage to receive the award without realizing that Mok had made the mistake. The actual award was meant for Huang, who was a relative newcomer compared to the more popular Wang.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016166-0003-0001", "contents": "16th Golden Melody Awards, Summary\nThe mistake was partially blamed on Mok's Cantonese language background, which pronounces the two characters for \"Wang\" (Chinese: \u738b) and \"Huang\" (Chinese: \u9ec3) as \"Wong\" with the same tone. The second character in both artist's names also had the same tone in Mandarin, complicating the process because the third part of the name was nearly drowned out by the audience. Wang won the award the following year at the 17th Golden Melody Awards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016166-0004-0000", "contents": "16th Golden Melody Awards, Summary, Special segments\nLeehom Wang and Jay Chou were interviewed and asked to comment on each other.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 52], "content_span": [53, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016166-0005-0000", "contents": "16th Golden Melody Awards, Summary, Special segments\nChou also performed a medley piano battle with Nan Quan Mama group member Yuhao Zhan. The medley included segments from Prelude and Fugue No. 2 in C minor in Book 1 of Bach's Well-Tempered Clavier, a capriccio of Chou's song \"Reverse Scales\" (Chinese: \u9006\u9c57; pinyin: n\u00ecl\u00edn), and the theme song of Super Mario Bros.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 52], "content_span": [53, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016167-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Golden Raspberry Awards\nThe 16th Golden Raspberry Awards were held on March 24, 1996, at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel to recognize the worst the movie industry had to offer in 1995. For the first time in Razzie history, an actual \"winner\" showed up to the ceremony and accepted his award: Showgirls director Paul Verhoeven.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016167-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Golden Raspberry Awards, Awards and nominations\nElizabeth Berkley, Worst Actress winner and Worst New Star winner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 52], "content_span": [53, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016168-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Golden Rooster Awards\nThe 16th Golden Rooster Awards, honoring the best in film, were given on 1996, Kunming, Yunnan province.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016169-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Goya Awards\nThe 16th Goya Awards was an awards ceremony that took place at the Palacio Municipal de Congresos in Madrid, Spain on 2 February 2002.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016170-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Greater Poland Uhlan Regiment\n16th Greater Poland Uhlan Regiment of General Gustaw Orlicz-Dreszer (Polish language: 16 Pulk Ulanow Wielkopolskich im. gen. dyw. Gustawa Orlicz-Dreszera, 16 p.ul.) was a cavalry unit of the Polish Army in the Second Polish Republic. In the interbellum period, it was garrisoned in the city of Bydgoszcz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016170-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Greater Poland Uhlan Regiment\nThe traditions of the regiment date back to the Napoleonic Wars and the Duchy of Warsaw. In 1809, a cavalry unit was formed in Podolia, by Colonel Marcin Tarnowski. The unit was later named 16th Uhlan Regiment of the Duchy of Warsaw, and it was garrisoned in Lublin. Currently, traditions of the regiment are continued by the 7th Pomeranian Brigade of Coastal Defence (7. Pomorska Brygada Obrony Wybrzeza).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016170-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Greater Poland Uhlan Regiment\nOn December 29, 1918, in the town of Lwowek, Provinz Posen, a cavalry unit was formed by Sergeant Wojciech Swierczek. The unit consisted of ethnic Poles from Greater Poland, who had served in the Imperial German Army. On January 5, the unit, commanded by Swierczek, became part of the Greater Poland Army, fighting against Germany in the Greater Poland Uprising (1918\u201319). In May 1919, the Second Regiment of Greater Poland Uhlans, based on the unit of Sergeant Swierczek, was formed in Biedrusko.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016170-0003-0000", "contents": "16th Greater Poland Uhlan Regiment\nOn November 18, 1919, in front of the town hall in Poznan, Colonel Paslawski of the regiment received a flag, handed to him by General Jozef Dowbor-Musnicki. The flag featured the Mother of God on one side, and a red cross with a white eagle in the middle on the other side. Buried during World War II, it is now kept at the Polish Army Museum in Warsaw.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016170-0004-0000", "contents": "16th Greater Poland Uhlan Regiment\nOn January 24, 1920, the regiment entered Bydgoszcz, to stay there until 1939. It was garrisoned in the barracks located on Szubinska Street. In March 1920, after renaming into 16th Greater Poland Uhlan Regiment, the unit was transported east, to fight in the Polish-Soviet War. It distinguished itself in several battles and clashes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016170-0005-0000", "contents": "16th Greater Poland Uhlan Regiment\nIn 1938, the regiment was named after General Gustaw Orlicz-Dreszer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016170-0006-0000", "contents": "16th Greater Poland Uhlan Regiment\nMobilized in late August 1939, the regiment, commanded by Colonel Julian Arnoldt-Russocki, was ordered to defend the positions in the Tuchola Forest, near Chojnice and Tuchola. After heavy fighting against panzer units of General Heinz Guderian and being bombed by the Luftwaffe, the regiment ceased to exist on September 7. By that time, it had lost 40% of its soldiers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016170-0007-0000", "contents": "16th Greater Poland Uhlan Regiment\nThe regiment had its own zurawiejka: \u201cEven though they are drinking straight from the barrel, they are not drunk, the uhlans from Bydgoszcz\u201d.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016171-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Grey Cup\nThe 16th Grey Cup was played on December 1, 1928, before 4,767 fans at the A.A.A. Grounds at Hamilton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016171-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Grey Cup\nThe Hamilton Tigers shut out the Regina Roughriders 30 to 0.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 74]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016172-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Guards Fighter Aviation Division\nThe 16th Guards Fighter Aviation Division was an Aviation Division of the Soviet Air Forces, active from 1942 to 1998. Originally activated in 1942 as the 258th Fighter Aviation Division from the Air Forces of the 14th Army, then the 258th Mixed Aviation Division 27.2.43; redesignated in accordance with NKO Decree No. 264 as the 1st Guards Composite Aviation Division \u043e\u0442 24.08.43; redesignated 16th Guards Fighter Aviation Division (16 GvIAD) 11 November 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016172-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Guards Fighter Aviation Division, World War II\nFrom 1945 to 1949, the regiments of the division included the 19th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment, 20th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment, and 152nd Fighter Aviation Regiment. 152 IAP disbanded during this period and was replaced by 773 IAP. From its formation from the 258th Aviation Division, to February 1945, it was attached to 14th Army. It was then reassigned to the Belomorsky Military District until 1953. Thereafter it joined the 16th Air Army as part of the Group of Soviet Forces in Germany. Its headquarters was at Damgarten from October 1953 for many years. As a fighter formation in Germany it appears that it would have faced the NATO air forces in Allied Air Forces Central Europe had any conflict broken out.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 51], "content_span": [52, 778]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016172-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Guards Fighter Aviation Division, Organisation 1960\nTwo regiments were converted to Fighter-Bomber Aviation Regiments (19th Guards and 20th Guards) in 1961, and were replaced by two Fighter Aviation Regiments (33rd and 787th), from the 125th Fighter Aviation Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 56], "content_span": [57, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016172-0003-0000", "contents": "16th Guards Fighter Aviation Division, Structure in the GDR in 1990\nThe division remained as part of Group of Soviet Forces in Germany until October 1993.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 67], "content_span": [68, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016172-0004-0000", "contents": "16th Guards Fighter Aviation Division, Composition 1995 in the North Caucasus\nIt was finally disbanded after serving several years with 4th Air Army in May 1998 while at Millerovo in the North Caucasus Military District.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 77], "content_span": [78, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016173-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Guards Rifle Division\nThe 16th Guards Rifle Division was reformed as an elite infantry division of the Red Army in February\u00a01942, based on the 1st formation of the 249th Rifle Division, and served in that role until well after the end of the Great Patriotic War. It was in Kalinin Front when it was redesignated and remained in the northern half of the front throughout the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016173-0000-0001", "contents": "16th Guards Rifle Division\nIn the summer it was assigned to Western Front's 30th Army to the north of the Rzhev salient and took part in the stubborn and costly struggle for the village of Polunino just east of that town in August. It returned to the fighting in March\u00a01943 in the followup to the German evacuation of the salient, then was reassigned to the new 11th Guards Army, where it would remain for the duration of the war. During the summer offensive against the German-held salient around Oryol it assisted in the liberation of Karachev and received its name as an honorific.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016173-0000-0002", "contents": "16th Guards Rifle Division\nBy December, after fighting through western Russia north of Smolensk the division was in 1st Baltic Front, attacking south towards Gorodok and winning the Order of the Red Banner in an ultimately unsuccessful effort to seize Vitebsk. By the start of the offensive against Army Group Center in the summer of 1944 the 16th Guards had been redeployed with its Army to the south of Vitebsk as part of 3rd Belorussian Front, where it would remain for the duration. Driving westward during Operation Bagration the division helped to liberate the key city of Orsha and then drove on towards Minsk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016173-0000-0003", "contents": "16th Guards Rifle Division\nWith its Army it advanced through Lithuania to the border with East Prussia, being further decorated with the Order of Suvorov for its crossing of the Neman River. As part of the East Prussian Offensive the 16th Guards entered that heavily-fortified region and helped gradually break the German resistance there, particularly at Insterburg and K\u00f6nigsberg, ending the fighting at Pillau. The 16th Guards remained in the Kaliningrad Oblast well after the war until finally disbanded in September\u00a01960.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016173-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Guards Rifle Division, Formation\nThe division, which had been recruited on the basis of a cadre from the NKVD internal troops, was officially raised to Guards status on February\u00a016, 1942, in recognition of its role in the Toropets\u2013Kholm Offensive, the annihilation of the German 189th Infantry Regiment at Okhvat in January and the subsequent liberation of Toropets. Its sub-units would not receive their Guards redesignations until March\u00a08. Its order of battle, based on the first wartime shtat (table of organization and equipment) for rifle divisions, was eventually as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 37], "content_span": [38, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016173-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Guards Rifle Division, Formation\nMajor General German Tarasov, who had led the 249th Rifle Division since it had been formed in July 1941, remained in command. At the time it was redesignated the division was in 4th Shock Army of Kalinin Front where it remained until May when it was moved to the Front reserves for much-needed rebuilding and replenishment. On March\u00a016, the division received the Order of Lenin, which it had been recommended for while it was still the 249th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 37], "content_span": [38, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016173-0002-0001", "contents": "16th Guards Rifle Division, Formation\nTarasov was reassigned as acting commanding officer of 24th Army on April\u00a012; he went on to a rather spotty career over the next two-and-a-half years, including as the first commander of 70th Army, ultimately being demoted to deputy commander of 53rd Army before being killed in action in Hungary in October\u00a01944. Colonel Sergei Alekseevich Knyazkov took over command of the 16th Guards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 37], "content_span": [38, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016173-0003-0000", "contents": "16th Guards Rifle Division, Battles for Rzhev\nAt the beginning of July the division was in the reserve 58th Army and by the end of the month it had been assigned to 30th Army, both in Kalinin Front. For the First Rzhev\u2013Sychyovka Offensive Operation the 30th Army was committed along with the 29th Army of its Front and two armies of Western Front to break through the defenses of German 9th Army north and east of Rzhev. Kalinin Front's offensive began on July\u00a030, with a powerful artillery preparation. The commander of the Front's artillery, Major General N. M. Khlebnikov, recalled:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 45], "content_span": [46, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016173-0004-0000", "contents": "16th Guards Rifle Division, Battles for Rzhev\nThe power of the fire attack was so great, that after several tentative attempts to answer the fire, the German artillery fell silent. The two forward positions of the enemy's main defensive belt were smashed, and the troops occupying them were almost completely wiped out.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 45], "content_span": [46, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016173-0005-0000", "contents": "16th Guards Rifle Division, Battles for Rzhev\nBy the end of the first day units of 30th Army had broken through on a front of nine kilometers (5.6\u00a0mi) and to a depth of six to seven kilometers (3.7 to 4.3\u00a0mi). However, on the same day heavy rains began which continued for several days. Roads became quagmires and small streams widened to significant obstacles. Under these conditions the Army's units became bogged down in bitter fighting in the area of Polunino northeast of Rzhev and its offensive ground to a halt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 45], "content_span": [46, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016173-0006-0000", "contents": "16th Guards Rifle Division, Battles for Rzhev\nDue to the weather Western Front's forces delayed their offensive until August\u00a04. When it began it immediately made significant progress on either side of the village of Pogoreloe Gorodishche. On the following day Army General Georgy Zhukov was appointed to overall command of the two Fronts and proposed to liberate Rzhev with 30th and 31st Armies as soon as August\u00a09. However it was not until August\u00a021 that Polunino finally fell to the combined efforts of 16th Guards, 2nd Guards Motorized and 52nd Rifle Divisions, after which these severely depleted units advanced to the outskirts of Rzhev.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 45], "content_span": [46, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016173-0006-0001", "contents": "16th Guards Rifle Division, Battles for Rzhev\nAfter a limited regrouping 30th Army resumed the offensive at 05:30 on August\u00a024. Over the next two days it reached the Volga River five to six kilometers (3.1 to 3.7\u00a0mi) west of the city and forced a crossing on August\u00a029, but was unable to go farther. On the same day the Army was transferred to Western Front. During September\u00a030, the Army continued to attack, gradually gaining several blocks in the northeast sector of the city before finally going over to the defense on October\u00a01. In the course of the fighting through August and September it suffered total personnel losses of 99,820 to gain 10 kilometers (6\u00a0mi) on its right flank and 20 kilometers (12\u00a0mi) on its left.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 45], "content_span": [46, 724]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016173-0007-0000", "contents": "16th Guards Rifle Division, Battles for Rzhev\nDuring the offensive, on August\u00a015, Colonel Knyazkov left command of the division, soon taking over the 28th Rifle Division. Colonel Pyotr Shafranov was reassigned from command of the 44th Guards Artillery Regiment to command of the division the following day; he would be promoted to the rank of major general on November\u00a027. The 30th Army played a supporting role only during Operation Mars as it recovered from the summer's bloodletting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 45], "content_span": [46, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016173-0007-0001", "contents": "16th Guards Rifle Division, Battles for Rzhev\nIn January\u00a01943, the division was moved to the reserves of Western Front for further rebuilding and in February it was assigned to 50th Army in the same Front but considerably farther to the south. On March\u00a01, the 9th Army began Operation B\u00fcffel, the phased evacuation of the Rzhev salient; 50th Army played only a limited role in the pursuit, being located near the base of the salient. Its history recounted:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 45], "content_span": [46, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016173-0008-0000", "contents": "16th Guards Rifle Division, Battles for Rzhev\nThe 50th Army's formations reached the enemy's main defensive belt on 17 March, where they encountered stiff resistance. Attempts to penetrate [the German defenses] failed in spite of the commitment of the second echelon... The army's forces went over to the defense along a line northeast and east of Spas-Demensk on April\u00a01.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 45], "content_span": [46, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016173-0009-0000", "contents": "16th Guards Rifle Division, Battles for Rzhev\nPrior to this date the 16th Guards had been again transferred, now to 33rd Army, still in Western Front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 45], "content_span": [46, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016173-0010-0000", "contents": "16th Guards Rifle Division, Into Western Russia\nIn April, the division was shuffled once again, now to the 16th Guards Rifle Corps of 16th Army, remaining in Western Front. It would remain in this Army (and its successor 11th Guards Army) for the duration of the war. Before the German offensive at Kursk had ended the Bryansk and Western Fronts began an offensive against the northeastern flank of the German-held salient around Oryol on July\u00a012. The 11th Guards Army achieved a deep penetration at the boundary between the German 211th and 293rd Infantry Divisions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 47], "content_span": [48, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016173-0010-0001", "contents": "16th Guards Rifle Division, Into Western Russia\nThe Army commander, Lieutenant General Ivan Bagramyan, committed his mobile forces in the afternoon and advanced about 10\u201312 kilometers (6\u20137\u00a0mi). Army Group Center hurriedly brought up the 5th Panzer Division to mount a counterattack in the evening, which was unsuccessful. The next morning 5th Panzer launched a new attack even before sunrise. More than half of its tanks and panzergrenadiers attacked over a commanding height and ran into the 16th Guards Corps, which was itself preparing for an attack with strong tank support.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 47], "content_span": [48, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016173-0010-0002", "contents": "16th Guards Rifle Division, Into Western Russia\nThe German armor, driving eastward, was blinded by the rising sun and did not see the Soviet tanks and guns until they were at very close range. Within a short time the German attack was decimated, with 45 tanks completely destroyed. The 16th Guards Corps soon began its own attack which inflicted heavy losses on the 14th Panzergrenadier Regiment. For 5th Panzer this became the \"blackest day of the entire Russian Campaign.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 47], "content_span": [48, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016173-0011-0000", "contents": "16th Guards Rifle Division, Into Western Russia\nOn August 15, both the 16th Guards Corps and the 16th Guards Division were among the units recognized by the Supreme High Command for their roles in the liberation of Karachev, and the division was one of four that were awarded its name as an honorific. As early as mid-July the main forces of Western Front were preparing for its summer offensive, Operation Suvorov, the timing of which depended in part on the progress of 11th Guards Army in Kutuzov. Ideally the right flank of Army Group Center would be destabilized and in retreat after evacuating the Oryol salient, but in the event it consolidated along the Hagen line at its base.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 47], "content_span": [48, 685]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016173-0012-0000", "contents": "16th Guards Rifle Division, Into Western Russia\nOn July 30, the 11th Guards Army was transferred to Bryansk Front and advanced towards the Front's namesake city through August and September. On September\u00a01 General Shafranov handed his command over to Major General Efim Vasilevich Ryzhikov. When the Front was disbanded on October\u00a010, the Army accompanied its headquarters northwest to the area east of Velikiye Luki. The headquarters was used to establish Baltic Front (2nd Baltic Front as of October\u00a020) and the Army remained under its command. At noon on November\u00a018, the Army was reassigned to 1st Baltic Front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 47], "content_span": [48, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016173-0012-0001", "contents": "16th Guards Rifle Division, Into Western Russia\nGiven the complex situation in the Nevel region, where the 3rd and 4th Shock Armies had carved out a large salient behind the lines of German 16th Army (Army Group North) and 3rd Panzer Army (Army Group Center), Colonel General Bagramyan, who now commanded the Front, planned an attack along the Gorodok\u2013Vitebsk axis with 11th Guards Army. Five divisions were concentrated on an eight-kilometer-long (5.0\u00a0mi) sector with 16th and 36th Guards Rifle Corps delivering the main attack. The 16th Guards Corps had two divisions in first echelon and one in the second. In the event the STAVKA delayed the start of the offensive until November\u00a026, but an unseasonal thaw forced a further delay into early December.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 47], "content_span": [48, 754]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016173-0013-0000", "contents": "16th Guards Rifle Division, Into Western Russia, Battle for Gorodok\nIt was not until December 13, that the ground had firmed enough to finally resume the offensive on Gorodok. By now the 16th Guards Division had been transferred to 36th Guards Corps. The Corps was on the east side of the apex of the salient held by 3rd Panzer Army, due south of Lake Ezerische, with all three divisions (16th, 84th Guards and 360th Rifle) in first echelon. The plan was effectively the same as it had been on November\u00a026. They faced the German IX Army Corps' 129th Infantry and 6th Luftwaffe Field Divisions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 67], "content_span": [68, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016173-0013-0001", "contents": "16th Guards Rifle Division, Into Western Russia, Battle for Gorodok\nThe offensive began after a two-hour artillery preparation without air support due to poor flying weather. Of the Corps' three divisions only the 84th Guards was able to penetrate the German's first defensive positions on the first day of the assault; by contrast the 16th Guards managed an advance of only 400\u2013600 meters (1,312\u20131,969\u00a0ft) before being halted by heavy German fire. A regrouping followed which brought reinforcements into 84th Guards' sector, which broke through the next morning.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 67], "content_span": [68, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016173-0013-0002", "contents": "16th Guards Rifle Division, Into Western Russia, Battle for Gorodok\nFollowing this success the 16th Guards Division expanded the penetration toward Laptevka and Surmino in the rear of the German 87th Infantry Division, which was also being pressed eastward by elements of 4th Shock Army. By early on the 15th that division, along with part of the 129th, had been completely encircled by the advance forces of the two Soviet armies. The remnants of the pocketed units struggled to escape to the southwest over the next 24 hours; some did, but many did not.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 67], "content_span": [68, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016173-0014-0000", "contents": "16th Guards Rifle Division, Into Western Russia, Battle for Gorodok\nWhile much of 11 Guards Army spent December\u00a017\u201318 reducing the German pocket the 36th Guards Corps advanced six to eight kilometers (3.7 to 5.0\u00a0mi) south towards hastily-erected defenses held by the remaining forces of 20th Panzer, 252nd and 129th Infantry and 6th Luftwaffe Field Divisions. This line was soon overcome and Gorodok was finally liberated on December\u00a024; three days earlier the 16th Guards Division had been recognized for its successes in the earlier stages of the offensive with the award of the Order of the Red Banner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 67], "content_span": [68, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016173-0015-0000", "contents": "16th Guards Rifle Division, Into Western Russia, Vitebsk\u2013Bogushevsk Offensive\nGorodok was only intended as an intermediate objective on the road to Vitebsk. On January\u00a06, 1944, the 1st Baltic Front began a new offensive with 11th Guards and 4th Shock Armies from the northwest in the direction of that city. Lieutenant General Kuzma Galitsky, the 11th Guards commander, designated the 16th and 36th Guards Corps as the Army's shock groups, which were to penetrate the defenses of the German LIII Army Corps in the Mashkina and Lake Zaronovskoe sector before advancing on Vitebsk north of the Sorotino\u2013Vitebsk road.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 77], "content_span": [78, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016173-0015-0001", "contents": "16th Guards Rifle Division, Into Western Russia, Vitebsk\u2013Bogushevsk Offensive\nBy this time all of Galitskiy's divisions averaged roughly 4,500\u20135,000 personnel each, considerably understrength. Following a short but intense artillery preparation the 36th Guards Corps, supported by a tank brigade, made little progress. General Galitskiy later described the struggle of 16th Guards for the German strongpoint at the village of Kukhori as an example of the frustrating fighting during this offensive:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 77], "content_span": [78, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016173-0016-0000", "contents": "16th Guards Rifle Division, Into Western Russia, Vitebsk\u2013Bogushevsk Offensive\nThis small village, which was located on the high ground, dominated the terrain. The enemy fitted out the stone houses that predominated here with pillboxes and prepared them for all-round defense. Full -profile trenches connected by communications trenches were dug out of the outskirts of the village... Three networks of barbed wire entanglements were stretched 30\u201340 metres in front of the trenches. Many layers of machine gun and automatic weapons fire crisscrossed any point on the approaches to the village.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 77], "content_span": [78, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016173-0016-0001", "contents": "16th Guards Rifle Division, Into Western Russia, Vitebsk\u2013Bogushevsk Offensive\nThe garrison of Kukhori consisted of 2\u20133 companies, numbering 80\u2013100 men, armed with 8\u20139 heavy machine guns, 10\u201312 light machine guns, several antitank rifles, 2 assault guns, and also a battery of mortars. In addition, the garrison was supported by fire from no fewer than three artillery and three mortar batteries firing from the depths.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 77], "content_span": [78, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016173-0017-0000", "contents": "16th Guards Rifle Division, Into Western Russia, Vitebsk\u2013Bogushevsk Offensive\nA full rifle regiment of the division assaulted the strongpoint twice between January\u00a09\u201311, but even with support of a sapper company and heavy artillery fire failed to dislodge the defenders. General Ryzhikov then decided to use a specially selected assault detachment in a night attack. This was formed from a battalion of the 43rd Guards Regiment supported by a reinforced reconnaissance company and sappers, subdivided into several assault groups each with a specific objective. The attack began at 02:00 on January\u00a014, from two directions. Its suddenness preempted German artillery support and the village was taken by 06:00. Despite this minor success Galitskiy's Army had advanced only one to two kilometers (0.62 to 1.24\u00a0mi) by this date. The STAVKA insisted that the assaults continue until finally calling a halt on January\u00a024.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 77], "content_span": [78, 915]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016173-0018-0000", "contents": "16th Guards Rifle Division, Into Western Russia, Vitebsk\u2013Bogushevsk Offensive\nThe offensive was resumed on February\u00a02. Galitskiy formed his shock group from the 8th and 36th Guards Corps backed by the 1st Tank Corps and facing the 87th Infantry Division plus battlegroups from 20th Panzer and the 201st Security Divisions from Mashkina southward past Lake Zaronovskoe to Gorbachi. After an extensive artillery preparation the shock group quickly overcame the forward defenses of the 87th Infantry and in two days of fighting advanced up to three and a half kilometers (2\u00a0mi)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 77], "content_span": [78, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016173-0018-0001", "contents": "16th Guards Rifle Division, Into Western Russia, Vitebsk\u2013Bogushevsk Offensive\nThe 16th and 84th Guards Divisions reached the western outskirts of Kisliaki and captured the German strongpoint at Gorodishche on the north shore of Lake Zaronovskoe. LIII Corps withdrew the battered 87th Infantry and replaced it with the far stronger Group Breidenbach from 20th Panzer. By the end of February\u00a03, the shock group had made enough progress that General Bagramyan released the 26th Guards Rifle Division from 36th Guards Corps' second echelon, while 1st Tank Corps went into action the next morning.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 77], "content_span": [78, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016173-0018-0002", "contents": "16th Guards Rifle Division, Into Western Russia, Vitebsk\u2013Bogushevsk Offensive\nThe tanks attacked along the Kozly and Mikhali axis at dawn and in two days of heavy fighting with the help of their supporting riflemen managed to advance another four kilometers (2.5\u00a0mi), taking Kozly and Novoselki before being halted by 20th Panzer. The attackers were now just 15 kilometers (9\u00a0mi) northwest of downtown Vitebsk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 77], "content_span": [78, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016173-0019-0000", "contents": "16th Guards Rifle Division, Into Western Russia, Vitebsk\u2013Bogushevsk Offensive\nBy the end of February\u00a05, although LIII Corps had lost considerable territory north of the Vitebsk\u2013Sirotino road its defenses were firming up. To deal with this Bagramyan ordered Galitskiy to redirect 16th and 36th Guards Corps to the south. After a brief regrouping the attack began again on February\u00a07, but 36th Corps made no notable progress before the offensive was halted on February\u00a016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 77], "content_span": [78, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016173-0019-0001", "contents": "16th Guards Rifle Division, Into Western Russia, Vitebsk\u2013Bogushevsk Offensive\nBy now 1st Tank Corps had fewer than 10 tanks serviceable, the rifle divisions of 11th Guards Army numbered fewer than 3,000 personnel each due to nearly constant combat since mid-fall, and they had used up most of their ammunition. The next day Bagramyan was ordered to withdraw the Army for rest and refitting with the intention to commit it against Army Group North which was falling back from Leningrad. In the event, after a period in the Reserve of the Supreme High Command it was reassigned to 3rd Belorussian Front in May. The 16th Guards would remain in this Front for the duration. On April\u00a027, Ryzhikov was briefly replaced in command by Lieutenant Colonel Vasilii Vasilevich Kilkhanidze but returned to his post on May\u00a022.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 77], "content_span": [78, 812]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016173-0020-0000", "contents": "16th Guards Rifle Division, Operation Bagration\nIn the buildup to the summer offensive against Army Group Center the 11th Guards Army trained intensively in the forests in the Nevel region and received over 20,000 replacements, bringing the 16th Guards and the rest of its rifle divisions to an average of 7,200 personnel each. Beginning on May\u00a025, the Army moved up well behind the front of 3rd Belorussian, followed by a secret move of 300 kilometers (186\u00a0mi) on June\u00a012\u201313 to a sector north of the Dniepr River 30 kilometers (19\u00a0mi) northeast of Orsha, replacing elements of 31st Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 47], "content_span": [48, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016173-0020-0001", "contents": "16th Guards Rifle Division, Operation Bagration\nGeneral Galitskiy screened most of his sector with the 16th Guards Corps while the 8th and 36th Corps concentrated on a narrow sector adjacent to 31st Army. On June\u00a022, the 36th Corps was crammed into less than 10 kilometers (6\u00a0mi) with 8th Corps and had two heavy tank regiments and two assault gun regiments attached. It faced elements of the XXVII Army Corps of German 4th Army, primarily the 78th Assault Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 47], "content_span": [48, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016173-0021-0000", "contents": "16th Guards Rifle Division, Operation Bagration\nGeneral Galitskiy decided to launch his main attack along the highway to Minsk on a sector from Ostrov Yurev to Kirieva. The immediate objective was to break through the German defense and pave the way for the 2nd Guards Tank Corps to seize the line of the Orshitsa River by the end of the first day. The 36th Guards Corps, on the Army's left flank, would attack the sector from Slepin to Kirieva towards Shalashino to reach just outside Makarovo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 47], "content_span": [48, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016173-0022-0000", "contents": "16th Guards Rifle Division, Operation Bagration\nAlong with the other first-echelon divisions of its Front, the 16th Guards prepared a forward battalion to take part in a reconnaissance in force which was conducted through the afternoon and evening of June\u00a022, supported by a 25-minute artillery preparation. While the main purpose of this reconnaissance was to uncover the German fire system, seizing their forward defenses was a secondary goal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 47], "content_span": [48, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016173-0022-0001", "contents": "16th Guards Rifle Division, Operation Bagration\nWhile the battalions of 5th Army to the north had considerable success in this regard in 11th Guards Army only the battalions of the division and the 31st Guards Rifle Division were able to consolidate the first German trench line. Following an intensive artillery and airstrike preparation the Front's main offensive began at 09:00 on June\u00a023. The 8th and 36th Guards Corps encountered fierce resistance from the 78th Assault Division and other German units and through the day only advanced two kilometers (1.2\u00a0mi). As a result the 2nd Guards Tanks remained in its jumping-off positions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 47], "content_span": [48, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016173-0022-0002", "contents": "16th Guards Rifle Division, Operation Bagration\nAt 08:50 on June\u00a024, following a 40-minute artillery preparation the 11th Guards Army resumed its offensive. While 8th and 16th Guards Corps advanced as much as 14 kilometers (9\u00a0mi) during the day, 36th Corps had still not cleared a path for the commitment of 2nd Guards Tanks. The next day the Army focused its efforts on the sector of 16th Corps which threw the German forces back another 7\u201312 kilometers (4.3\u20137.5\u00a0mi) and was by now deeply outflanking Orsha from the north.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 47], "content_span": [48, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016173-0022-0003", "contents": "16th Guards Rifle Division, Operation Bagration\nOn June\u00a026, as the leading Corps of 11th Guards attacked towards Borisov to prevent 4th Army from withdrawing across the Berezina River, the 36th Corps prepared to capture Orsha in conjunction with 31st Army. The Corps began fighting in the northern and western outskirts in the late evening and after stubborn fighting the city was completely cleared by 07:00 on June\u00a027. The 16th Guards Division was among the units given special recognition for the liberation of Orsha.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 47], "content_span": [48, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016173-0023-0000", "contents": "16th Guards Rifle Division, Operation Bagration, Minsk Offensive\nBy now the 36th Corps was 35 to 40 kilometers (22 to 25\u00a0mi) in the rear of the rest of 11th Guards Army and it spent the next few days catching up. The STAVKA directed 3rd Belorussian Front to make the main attack in the direction of Minsk with 11th Guards, 31st and 5th Guards Tank Armies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 64], "content_span": [65, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016173-0023-0001", "contents": "16th Guards Rifle Division, Operation Bagration, Minsk Offensive\nOn June\u00a029, the main body of 11th Guards advanced 30 kilometers (19\u00a0mi), closing to within 22 to 28 kilometers (14 to 17\u00a0mi) of the Berezina while 36th Corps covered up to 40 kilometers (25\u00a0mi) pursuing rapidly retreating German forces. The Army advanced decisively across the river on July\u00a01, throwing the defenders 25 to 30 kilometers (16 to 19\u00a0mi) to the west. By the end of the next day the entire 11th Guards had consolidated along a line from Lishitsy to Logoisk to Sarnatsk to Smolevichi. Minsk was liberated on the morning of July\u00a03, primarily by units of 31st Army. On the same day 11th Guards advanced 30 to 35 kilometers (19 to 22\u00a0mi) and took Radashkovichy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 64], "content_span": [65, 734]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016173-0024-0000", "contents": "16th Guards Rifle Division, Operation Bagration, Vilnius\u2013Kaunas Offensive\nOn July 5, after liberating Molodechno, the main forces of 11th Guards Army pushed on towards the Neman (Berezina) River which they reached and crossed the next day before running into the German defenses of the \"East Wall\" and being halted. This line was cracked by a deliberate attack beginning at midday on July\u00a07, despite German tank ambushes and heavy counterattacks. On July\u00a08, the leading units of the Army advanced another 25 to 30 kilometers (16 to 19\u00a0mi) and by now were approaching Vilnius, which held a garrison of about 15,000 men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 73], "content_span": [74, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016173-0024-0001", "contents": "16th Guards Rifle Division, Operation Bagration, Vilnius\u2013Kaunas Offensive\nWhile the battle for this city went on until the 13th forward detachments of 5th Guards Tank reached the Neman River, followed by the left flank and center forces of the Front. The 11th Guards faced the relatively fresh 131st Infantry Division in the Rudiskes area. By the end of July\u00a015, the Army, in cooperation with 5th Army, had seized a bridgehead 28 kilometers (17\u00a0mi) long and two to six kilometers (1.2 to 3.7\u00a0mi) deep, while it also was maintaining a second bridgehead up to six kilometers (3.7\u00a0mi) deep.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 73], "content_span": [74, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016173-0024-0002", "contents": "16th Guards Rifle Division, Operation Bagration, Vilnius\u2013Kaunas Offensive\nThese continued to expand in fighting through to the 20th while repelling German counterattacks, at which point the Front went over to a temporary defense. A further advance began on July\u00a029, which gained 10\u201315 kilometers (6\u20139\u00a0mi). Kaunas was taken by 5th Army on August\u00a01, and German forces continued falling back to the west. By now the 16th Guards had only two companies in each rifle battalion, and each company averaged 25\u201330 men; in addition the 44th Guards Artillery was lagging behind. On August\u00a012, the division was awarded the Order of Suvorov, 2nd Degree, for its part in the forcing of the Neman. On the 20th, General Ryzhikov handed his command to Major General Georgii Andrianovich Vasilev, but returned to his post on September\u00a04.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 73], "content_span": [74, 819]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016173-0025-0000", "contents": "16th Guards Rifle Division, Into Germany\nOn October 16, General Ryzhikov left the division again, now to become acting commander, and later deputy commander, of 36th Guards Corps. He was succeeded by Major General Mikhail Andreevich Pronin. On the same day the division, along with the rest of 11th Guards, began attacking into East Prussia as part of the Front's abortive Goldap\u2013Gumbinnen Operation, which ended in early November. In the planning for the Vistula\u2013Oder Offensive the 11th Guards Army began in the second echelon of 3rd Belorussian Front, on a sector from Kybartai to Kaukern on the right and Millunen to Georgenburg on the left.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 40], "content_span": [41, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016173-0025-0001", "contents": "16th Guards Rifle Division, Into Germany\nThe intermediate objective was to capture Insterburg by the end of the fifth day in cooperation with 28th Army. The offensive against East Prussia began on January\u00a013, 1945; on January\u00a021, the Front commander, Army General Ivan Chernyakhovsky, decided to use his 11th Guards, 5th and 28th Armies to encircle and eliminate the German Insterburg\u2013Gumbinnen group of forces, with the objective of pursuing and advancing directly on K\u00f6nigsberg. Chernyakhovsky assigned 11th Guards and 5th Armies to encircle Insterburg and capture it on January\u00a022.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 40], "content_span": [41, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016173-0026-0000", "contents": "16th Guards Rifle Division, Into Germany\nGeneral Galitskiy chose to attack the town at night with the 36th Guards Corps, to break into the town from the north and destroy the German garrison (remnants of the 1st, 56th and 349th Infantry Divisions with tanks from the 5th Panzer Division) in cooperation with 5th Army's 72nd Rifle Corps from the northeast and east. The 36th Guards Corps carried out a regrouping and attacked at 23:00 on January\u00a021, following a 20-minute artillery preparation; it was met by powerful machine gun and mortar fire and frenzied counterattacks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 40], "content_span": [41, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016173-0026-0001", "contents": "16th Guards Rifle Division, Into Germany\nGerman units covering the road intersections north of the town held on with particular stubbornness. Units of the 16th Guards Division were counterattacked six times and forced to slow the pace of their advance. In response the Corps commander, Lieutenant General Pyotr Koshevoy, committed the 84th Guards Division from second echelon and at 01:00 on January\u00a022, its regiments broke through the defense. Facing encirclement, most of the German forces began falling back to the south with the 16th and 18th Guards in pursuit to the Instruch River.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 40], "content_span": [41, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016173-0026-0002", "contents": "16th Guards Rifle Division, Into Germany\nAfter failing to blow the bridges the German troops fell back in disorder into the town, closely followed by the two Guards divisions. Once there the German forces once again put up stubborn resistance. Despite this the supporting 75th Tank Regiment, mounted with sub-machine gunners, broke into Insterburg at 02:30, and its gains were soon consolidated by the attacking guardsmen. Fierce street fighting, lit by burning buildings, broke out through the entire northern outskirts of the town.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 40], "content_span": [41, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016173-0026-0003", "contents": "16th Guards Rifle Division, Into Germany\nSuffering heavy losses from direct artillery and automatic weapons fire the garrison fell back to the town's center as 72nd Corps entered the fray. By 06:00, Insterburg was completely cleared. On February\u00a019, the 46th and 49th Guards Rifle Regiments would be decorated with the Order of the Red Banner for their roles in the taking of this town, while the 44th Guards Artillery Regiment would receive the Order of Kutuzov, 3rd Degree.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 40], "content_span": [41, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016173-0027-0000", "contents": "16th Guards Rifle Division, Into Germany, Battle of K\u00f6nigsberg\nAlso on January\u00a022, the remainder of 11th Guards Army reached the Kurisches Haff along with elements of 43rd and 39th Armies, before developing its attack to the southwest and forcing the Pregel River. On January\u00a030, the 16th Guards Corps reached the Frisches Haff, cutting off the German K\u00f6nigsberg grouping from the south while the 8th and 36th Guards Corps attacked some of the city's fortifications from the march and captured several permanent concrete structures. However, a powerful counterattack by elements of  Panzergrenadier Division Gro\u00dfdeutschland against 16th Corps soon restored communications with the fortress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 62], "content_span": [63, 690]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016173-0027-0001", "contents": "16th Guards Rifle Division, Into Germany, Battle of K\u00f6nigsberg\nOn February\u00a09, these three Soviet armies operating close to K\u00f6nigsberg were transferred to 1st Baltic Front while 3rd Belorussian focused on eliminating the large group of German forces in the western regions of East Prussia. As of February\u00a024, the 1st Baltic was redesignated as the Zemland Group of Forces with the three armies and 3rd Air Army under command, now back as part of 3rd Belorussian Front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 62], "content_span": [63, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016173-0028-0000", "contents": "16th Guards Rifle Division, Into Germany, Battle of K\u00f6nigsberg\nBefore K\u00f6nigsberg could be reduced it was necessary to isolate it again. For this offensive the 11th Guards Army was detached from the Zemland Group. On March\u00a013, the attack to the southwest began, following a 40-minute artillery preparation. The German forces put up particularly fierce resistance against the Army, which was attacking in the direction of Brandenburg. Its left flank was able to advance two to three kilometers (1.2 to 1.9\u00a0mi) and the attack continued into the night and the following day through dense fog. On March\u00a015, the 36th Guards Corps captured Wangitt on the Frisches Haff, again cutting communications with the city, and three days later helped to take the strongpoint of Ludwigsort. By March\u00a026, the 11th Guards was mopping up German remnants and preparing to return to the Zemland Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 62], "content_span": [63, 879]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016173-0029-0000", "contents": "16th Guards Rifle Division, Into Germany, Battle of K\u00f6nigsberg\nWhen the assault on K\u00f6nigsberg began on April\u00a06, the 11th Guards was responsible for the attack from the south, with 36th Guards Corps on the left flank, closest to the Frisches Haff. The German garrison numbered more than 100,000 men, with 850 guns and up to 60 tanks and assault guns. For the attack the Army was reinforced with the 23rd Tank Brigade, three self-propelled artillery regiments, a Guards heavy tank regiment, the 10th Artillery Division and many other artillery units. It faced the German 69th Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 62], "content_span": [63, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016173-0029-0001", "contents": "16th Guards Rifle Division, Into Germany, Battle of K\u00f6nigsberg\nOn the first day, after a 90-minute artillery bombardment, the attack went in at noon. 36th and 16th Guards Corps made the most progress, penetrating four kilometers (2.5\u00a0mi) into the German defenses, blockading two forts, clearing 43 city blocks and beginning fighting for the railway station. On April\u00a07, the Army continued fighting for the city's railroad junction, now assisted by heavy airstrikes. By the end of the day it had captured two forts and the suburbs of Zeligenfeld, Speihersdorf and Ponart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 62], "content_span": [63, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016173-0029-0002", "contents": "16th Guards Rifle Division, Into Germany, Battle of K\u00f6nigsberg\nOn the afternoon of April\u00a08, it forced the Pregel to the northwest of Ponart and linked up with 43rd Army, cutting off the fortress from the forces of the German Samland Group and also capturing the port area. Over the following day German resistance slackened and by its end K\u00f6nigsberg had officially capitulated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 62], "content_span": [63, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016173-0030-0000", "contents": "16th Guards Rifle Division, Into Germany, Battle of K\u00f6nigsberg\nDuring the assault on K\u00f6nigsberg the 16th Guards Division was credited with 8,000 German officers and men killed or captured, plus 86 guns and 10 tanks as trophies. On April\u00a019, General Pronin would be named as a Hero of the Soviet Union. In the Samland offensive that followed beginning on April\u00a013, the 11th Guards Army was initially in the Zemland Group's second echelon. It was committed into the first line overnight on April\u00a017\u201318, relieving 2nd Guards Army on the Vistula Spit, facing the heavily fortified town of Pillau.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 62], "content_span": [63, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016173-0030-0001", "contents": "16th Guards Rifle Division, Into Germany, Battle of K\u00f6nigsberg\nAfter reconnaissance over the next two days the 16th and 36th Guards Corps attacked at 11:00 on April\u00a020, but made little progress, which did not change the following day. On April\u00a022, after 8th Guards Corps was brought in as reinforcements, the German defense began to crack. During this fighting Pronin was wounded, and his command was taken over by Major General Georgii Petrovich Isakov. Pillau finally fell on April\u00a025.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 62], "content_span": [63, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016173-0031-0000", "contents": "16th Guards Rifle Division, Postwar\nWhen the shooting stopped the division carried the full title of 16th Guards Rifle, Karachev, Order of Lenin, Order of the Red Banner, Order of Suvorov Division. On May\u00a017, in recognition of their services in the battle for K\u00f6nigsberg, the 43rd Guards Rifle Regiment was awarded the Order of Suvorov, 3rd Degree, the 46th and 49th Guards Rifle Regiments each received the Order of Kutuzov, 3rd Degree, and the 44th Guards Artillery Regiment was decorated with the Order of Aleksandr Nevsky. General Pronin took over command of the 36th Guards Corps in June, and was also the military commander of K\u00f6nigsberg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016173-0032-0000", "contents": "16th Guards Rifle Division, Postwar\nAfter the end of the war, the division remained with the 11th Guards Army at Chernyakhovsk (formerly Insterburg). By February\u00a01946, it had been transferred to the 8th Guards Rifle Corps. The 16th Guards Division returned to the 16th Guards Rifle Corps in late 1946, after the 8th Guards Rifle Corps headquarters was transferred to become an airborne corps; it remained with the 16th Guards Rifle Corps until the disbandment of the latter headquarters in 1957. It became the 16th Guards Motor Rifle Division on June\u00a025, 1957, directly controlled by the 11th Guards Army headquarters, before being disbanded on September\u00a01, 1960.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016174-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Guards Tank Division\nThe 16th Guards Tank Division was a tank division of the Soviet Army and later the Russian Ground Forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016174-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Guards Tank Division\nThe division traced its lineage back to the World War II 3rd Tank Corps, formed in the spring of 1942. The corps received its baptism of fire in the Zhizdra-Bolkhov Offensive during the summer and spent the fall in reserve. In early 1943, the corps fought in Operation Gallop and was destroyed in the Third Battle of Kharkov in late February. The corps was rebuilt in the following months and joined the 2nd Tank Army in June. The corps fought in the Battle of Kursk in July and in the Chernigov-Pripyat Offensive in August and September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016174-0001-0001", "contents": "16th Guards Tank Division\nIn early 1944, it fought in the Korsun-Shevchenkovsky Offensive and the Uman\u2013Boto\u0219ani Offensive. For its actions in the latter, the corps received the honorific \"Uman\" and the Order of Suvorov. During the summer of 1944, the corps fought in the Lublin\u2013Brest Offensive, advancing into Poland. For its actions in the offensive, the corps received the Order of the Red Banner and in November became a guards unit, the 9th Guards Tank Corps, along with the rest of the army. The corps fought in the Vistula\u2013Oder Offensive and the East Pomeranian Offensive in early 1945. For its actions, the corps received the Order of Lenin in April. The corps then fought in the Berlin Offensive, ending the war in the German capital.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 742]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016174-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Guards Tank Division\nIn the summer of 1945 the corps became a tank division and was relocated to Neustrelitz, becoming part of the Group of Soviet Forces in Germany (GSFG). In 1965, the division was renumbered as the 16th Guards Tank Division. The division served with the GSFG through the Cold War and after the Dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1992 began a withdrawal to Russia which was completed in 1993. The division remained at Markovsky, Perm Krai until its 1997 disbandment, when it became a storage base. The storage base was disbanded in 2009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016174-0003-0000", "contents": "16th Guards Tank Division, World War II, Formation\nThe formation of the 3rd Tank Corps began on 31 March and ended on 10 May 1942 in Tula. 31 March was considered its anniversary. Major General Dmitry Mostovenko became the corps commander. In April, the 50th and 51st Tank Brigade joined the corps. The 47th Tank Brigade and 3rd Motor Rifle Brigade also became part of the corps, which became part of the Bryansk Front. On 28 April, the corps had 138 tanks, including 30 KV tanks, 60 T-34 tanks, and 48 T-60 light tanks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 50], "content_span": [51, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016174-0004-0000", "contents": "16th Guards Tank Division, World War II, Zhizdra-Bolkhov and Kozelsk Offensives\nThe corps became part of the Western Front reserve on 28 June. On 5 July, it was subordinated to the 61st Army as its exploitation force for the upcoming Zhizdra-Bolkhov Offensive. The offensive was a Soviet counterattack against the German 2nd Panzer Army defending the northern part of the Oryol salient, and was an attempt to divert German troops from their attacks on the Bryansk Front and also to draw the 4th Panzer Army away from Voronezh.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 79], "content_span": [80, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016174-0004-0001", "contents": "16th Guards Tank Division, World War II, Zhizdra-Bolkhov and Kozelsk Offensives\nDespite the 61st Army failing to achieve a breakthrough in the direction of Bolkhov when the offensive began on 5 July, the 3rd Tank Corps with 192 tanks was committed to the fight two days later. Attacking heavily fortified positions, the corps suffered heavy losses from anti-tank fire. 61st Army's attack was halted five days later without making gains. From the end of the offensive on 10 July to 11 August, the corps was located in the Bely area. From 19 August it was under the operational control of the 3rd Tank Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 79], "content_span": [80, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016174-0005-0000", "contents": "16th Guards Tank Division, World War II, Zhizdra-Bolkhov and Kozelsk Offensives\nFrom 22 August, the corps fought in the Kozelsk Offensive with the rest of the army, attempting to eliminate the German salient near Kozelsk. The offensive was unsuccessful due to fuel shortages and German air superiority, and ended with only 200 tanks remaining in the army. The offensive was halted on 9 September, but before that, on 8 September, the 3rd Tank Corps had been withdrawn to the Reserve of the Supreme High Command. Four days later, the corps moved to the Kubinka area for rebuilding.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 79], "content_span": [80, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016174-0005-0001", "contents": "16th Guards Tank Division, World War II, Zhizdra-Bolkhov and Kozelsk Offensives\nOn 4 September, Colonel (promoted to Major General on 10 November) Maxim Sinenko took command of the corps after Mostovenko was promoted to command the Western Front's Armored and Mechanized Forces. The 3rd Motor Rifle Brigade was converted into a mechanized brigade and transferred to the 3rd Mechanized Corps on 10 September. In early October, the corps was relocated to the Kaluga area. All three tank brigades received new T-34s, which became part of the first and second companies of each tank battalion. The third companies of the battalions were re-equipped with the T-70 light tank.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 79], "content_span": [80, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016174-0005-0002", "contents": "16th Guards Tank Division, World War II, Zhizdra-Bolkhov and Kozelsk Offensives\nThe corps conducted training during its time in the reserve. On 10 December, the 57th Motor Rifle Brigade arrived from the Ural Military District, replacing the 3rd Motor Rifle Brigade. On 24 December, the corps received the order to prepare to move by rail to the Southwestern Front. Three days later, the corps began its rail journey to the front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 79], "content_span": [80, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016174-0006-0000", "contents": "16th Guards Tank Division, World War II, Operation Gallop\nOn 28 December, the corps became part of the Southwestern Front. At the time it had 164 tanks, including 98 T-34s, 42 T-70s, and 24 T-60s. The corps unloaded at the Kalach rail station and from there its tank brigades conducted a 300 kilometer march to its positions for the forthcoming offensive. From 22 January it was under the operational control of the 6th Army. On 25 January, it became part of Group Popov. The corps fought in Operation Gallop, a Soviet counteroffensive after the Battle of Stalingrad, which attempted to encircle all German troops east of Donetsk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 57], "content_span": [58, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016174-0006-0001", "contents": "16th Guards Tank Division, World War II, Operation Gallop\nGroup Popov was assigned to advance southwards 270 kilometers and capture Mariupol, which would cut off Army Group Don. The corps was given the mission of cooperating with the 57th Guards Rifle Division in advancing southwest from the 6th Army sector to Sloviansk, which was to be captured by 4 February. The corps would then join the 4th Guards Tank Corps in an advance on Kramatorsk. In early February, the Soviet advance was blocked by the resistance of the 7th Panzer Division in Sloviansk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 57], "content_span": [58, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016174-0006-0002", "contents": "16th Guards Tank Division, World War II, Operation Gallop\nThe tank corps of Group Popov were brought in as reinforcements, including the 3rd, and they were able to encircle the city, which fell after holding out for more than a week. Following the advance of the 38th Guards Rifle Division, the corps reached the area northeast of Sloviansk by 4 February. The corps was then ordered to reinforce the 4th Guards Tank Corps, dug in at Kramatorsk and fighting attacks from the 7th Panzer Division. The 3rd Tank Corps joined the 4th Guards at Kramatorsk on 5 February. Both corps numbered a total of 60 tanks at this time. The German troops were reinforced by the 333rd Infantry Division, which claimed to have inflicted heavy losses on both corps, which now defended Kramatorsk with their tanks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 57], "content_span": [58, 792]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016174-0007-0000", "contents": "16th Guards Tank Division, World War II, Operation Gallop\nOn 7 February, the 3rd Tank Corps and 4th Guards Tank Corps were ordered to destroy German troops at Sloviansk and Kostiantynivka, and then advance on Krasnoarmiysk and encircle Stalino from the west. On 11 February the 3rd Tank Corps took over the defenses of the 4th Guards Tank Corps as the latter advanced on Krasnoarmiysk. Attacks from the 333rd Infantry Division recaptured eastern Kramatorsk from the 3rd Tank Corps, and the corps stopped an assault from the north of the city by Group Balck on 13 February.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 57], "content_span": [58, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016174-0007-0001", "contents": "16th Guards Tank Division, World War II, Operation Gallop\nOn the evening of 18 February the corps was ordered to turn over its positions at Kramatorsk to arriving Soviet infantry units and move south to Krasnoarmiysk by 20 February to assist the 4th Guards Tank Corps. Before the 3rd could reach the positions of the 4th Guards, the 11th Panzer Division completed the encirclement of the 4th Guards by capturing Novo-Alekseyevsky and Aleksandrovka, blocking the advance of the 3rd Tank Corps on 19 February. The 4th Guards held out in Krasnoarmiysk until the night of 20\u201321 February when its remnants broke out.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 57], "content_span": [58, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016174-0008-0000", "contents": "16th Guards Tank Division, World War II, Third Battle of Kharkov\nThe corps with twelve tanks was pushed back by the German counterattack which began the Third Battle of Kharkov on 19 February, suffering heavy losses to the 11th Panzer Division in the Andreyevka area. The corps was forced to retreat northwards and was attacked by SS Division Wiking at Novopetrivka on 22 February. By 24 February the corps and the remnants of the Mobile Group were providing limited tank support to the defensive line of the 195th Rifle Division northwest of Stepanivka.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 64], "content_span": [65, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016174-0008-0001", "contents": "16th Guards Tank Division, World War II, Third Battle of Kharkov\nBy the end of 26 February the corps had been forced back by SS Wiking's attacks to the area northwest of Barvinkove, retreating along with the 10th Tank Corps. Two days later it defended positions to the east of the 195th Rifle Division, south of Balakliia and the Donets River, against the 17th Panzer Division. Two brigades of the corps defended Barvinkove along with remnants of Group Popov and the 1st Guards Army until the German breakthrough to the Donets on 28 February. The remnants of the 3rd Tank Corps then withdrew across the ice over the Donets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 64], "content_span": [65, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016174-0009-0000", "contents": "16th Guards Tank Division, World War II, Kursk\nOn 11 March the corps was transferred to Stavka reserve for rebuilding in the Alexeyevsky District, Belgorod Oblast. In April, the 234th Mortar Regiment, 881st Anti-Tank Artillery Regiment, the 121st Anti - Aircraft Artillery Regiment, and 74th Motorcycle Battalion joined the corps. On 1 June it became part of the 2nd Tank Army. The corps fought in the Battle of Kursk during the summer of 1943. The corps was positioned in the center of the 13th Army sector behind the third defensive line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 46], "content_span": [47, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016174-0010-0000", "contents": "16th Guards Tank Division, World War II, First Jassy\u2013Kishinev Offensive\nOn 1 April 1944, 3rd Tank Corps was in 2nd Tank Army, and had recently come under command of Lieutenant General of Tank Forces Vasily Mishulin. 2nd Ukrainian Front was advancing towards the Romanian border in the culmination of the Uman\u2013Boto\u0219ani Offensive. On the morning of 8 April the Front commander, Marshal Ivan Konev, ordered an advance towards the Romanian town of T\u00e2rgu Frumos. 3rd Tank made up part of the shock group, despite having long columns of tanks and trucks stretched out tens of kilometers to the rear along the mud-clogged roads.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 71], "content_span": [72, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016174-0010-0001", "contents": "16th Guards Tank Division, World War II, First Jassy\u2013Kishinev Offensive\nLate in the afternoon of 9 April, the forward detachments of 3rd and 16th Tank Corps, which were already locked in a struggle north of Podu Iloaiei with a battle group of 24th Panzer Division, were reinforced by the 78th and 180th Rifle Divisions. Despite this, the German defenses held. By 12 April, 2nd Tank Army had managed to concentrate about 15\u00a0km north of Podu Iloaiei, and Konev ordered an attack to eliminate the salient held by 24th Panzer. This attack, which did not involve 3rd Tank, was driven back to its starting positions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 71], "content_span": [72, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016174-0010-0002", "contents": "16th Guards Tank Division, World War II, First Jassy\u2013Kishinev Offensive\nThe next day, 3rd Tank Corps, with about 80 tanks supported by its own 57th Motor Rifle Brigade and the 93rd Guards Rifle Division made modest gains until being counterattacked by two armored battle groups against its flanks, which brought the assault to a halt and temporarily ended the Soviet offensive on this sector.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 71], "content_span": [72, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016174-0011-0000", "contents": "16th Guards Tank Division, World War II, First Jassy\u2013Kishinev Offensive\nKonev planned a second drive on T\u00e2rgu Frumos to start on 27 April, but due to a complex regrouping of his forces this had to be pushed back to 2 May. The operation was preceded by a diversion on 25 April in the direction of Jassy, in which the 103rd Tank Brigade took part.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 71], "content_span": [72, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016174-0011-0001", "contents": "16th Guards Tank Division, World War II, First Jassy\u2013Kishinev Offensive\nPrior to the real offensive, by 1 May the Corps was reinforced with a complete heavy tank penetration regiment and a heavy self-propelled artillery regiment, so that it fielded a total of 50 tanks and self-propelled guns, including 27 T-34s in its organic tank brigades, 5 IS-85 tanks in the attached 8th Guards Penetration Tank Regiment, and 18 ISU-152s in the 375th Heavy Self-Propelled Artillery Regiment. The mission of 2nd Tank Army was to support 27th Army's penetration, capture T\u00e2rgu Frumos by enveloping the town from the east, and to exploit by rolling up the German/Romanian left wing and capture Jassy by enveloping the city from the southwest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 71], "content_span": [72, 728]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016174-0012-0000", "contents": "16th Guards Tank Division, World War II, First Jassy\u2013Kishinev Offensive\nThe attack sector was still being defended primarily by 24th Panzer, supported by elements of the Grossdeutchland Division. After a 30-minute artillery preparation, and against stubborn resistance, 35th Guards Rifle Corps, in coordination with 2nd Tank Army units, wedged into the German defenses and advanced 4 \u2013 6\u00a0km along the T\u00e2rgu Frumos axis by 1100 hrs., at which point counterattacks by infantry and up to 70 tanks pressed the attackers back somewhat. Following this:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 71], "content_span": [72, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016174-0013-0000", "contents": "16th Guards Tank Division, World War II, First Jassy\u2013Kishinev Offensive\n\"The units of the 3rd Tank Corps fought with mixed success in the vicinity of Hills 256 and 197 [seven kilometres north of T\u00e2rgu Frumos] and the northern outskirts of Cucuteni throughout the entire day.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 71], "content_span": [72, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016174-0014-0000", "contents": "16th Guards Tank Division, World War II, First Jassy\u2013Kishinev Offensive\nIn the late afternoon the Corps halted its attacks to rest and regroup and, if possible, resume its assault the next morning. However, the Germans also regrouped overnight, bringing up elements of the 3rd SS Panzer Division from LVII Panzer Corps reserves. On the morning of 3 May, 3rd Tank Corps was concentrated on a 1.5\u00a0km sector west of the Hirlau\u2013T\u00e2rgu Frumos road. Konev was still confident that he had sufficient armor to, if not envelop Jassy, at least take the illusive prize of T\u00e2rgu Frumos.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 71], "content_span": [72, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016174-0014-0001", "contents": "16th Guards Tank Division, World War II, First Jassy\u2013Kishinev Offensive\nBut the German strength in both tanks and anti-tank guns denied any success to the new assault. Tanks that passed through the German infantry lines were shot up by anti-tank assets in the rear. While elements of 2nd Tank Army penetrated for a second time to the northern outskirts of the objective, losses forced them back to the start line by the afternoon. A further effort on 4 May gained nothing, and by day's end Konev had given up all hopes of resuming his offensive. In the course of the fighting from 1\u20138 May, the Corps reported the non-recoverable loss of 21 tanks and SUs from the total of 50 at start. The Corps further reported:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 71], "content_span": [72, 712]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016174-0015-0000", "contents": "16th Guards Tank Division, World War II, First Jassy\u2013Kishinev Offensive\n\"During the combat from 2 through 5 May 1944, the Corps' units caused the following enemy losses: 26 tanks destroyed, including ten T-6 (Tiger) tanks, and 14 tanks damaged, including nine T-6. Twenty-five guns were destroyed... six prisoners, ten light machine guns and six heavy machine guns were seized.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 71], "content_span": [72, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016174-0016-0000", "contents": "16th Guards Tank Division, World War II, First Jassy\u2013Kishinev Offensive\nThe Corps also reported personnel losses of 80 men killed and 321 men wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 71], "content_span": [72, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016174-0017-0000", "contents": "16th Guards Tank Division, World War II, First Jassy\u2013Kishinev Offensive\nNear the end of May Konev planned to renew his offensive by regrouping 2nd Tank Army and other forces north and northwest of Jassy. This was pre-empted on 30 May when German Eighth Army launched Operation \"Sonja\" to drive Soviet forces back from the city. 3rd Tank Corps was in a laager around the town of Focuri when the attack began; at this point the entire tank army was fielding about 60 tanks in total, including about ten IS models. \"Sonja\" was halted on the third day after making gains, but was soon followed by Operation \"Katja\" on 2 June.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 71], "content_span": [72, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016174-0017-0001", "contents": "16th Guards Tank Division, World War II, First Jassy\u2013Kishinev Offensive\nAt mid-morning that day, the Corps was ordered to the vicinity of Movileni Station, where it fended off an attack by forward elements of Grossdeutchland. By nightfall stable defenses had been established just south of the station along with remnants of 202nd and 206th Rifle Divisions. By 5 June, 3rd Tank was aiding in the defense at Epureni when \"Katja\" came to a halt. These two operations rocked the Soviet forces enough to end any immediate plans for a continued offensive of their own; this sector would remain quiet until 20 August, when the 2nd Jassy-Kishinev Offensive began.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 71], "content_span": [72, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016174-0018-0000", "contents": "16th Guards Tank Division, Postwar\nBy 1 December 1945, in accordance with a directive dated 10 June 1945, the corps became the 9th Guards Tank Division. The division was stationed at Neustrelitz, and around the same time the 2nd Guards Tank Army became a mechanized army. In 1957, the army became a tank army again. On 11 January 1965, the division was renumbered as the 16th Guards Tank Division to \"preserve historical traditions\" and in celebration of the 20th anniversary of the end of World War II. In 1989, the 67th Guards Tank Regiment became the 723rd Guards Motor Rifle Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016174-0018-0001", "contents": "16th Guards Tank Division, Postwar\nThe Soviet Union was dissolved in 1991, resulting in the withdrawal of remaining units from Germany. In 1992, the 723rd was relocated to Chaykovsky, Perm Krai and the rest of the division followed soon after. By 30 June 1993, the relocation was completed and the division was based in Markovsky, Perm Krai. Markovsky was purpose-built for the division to provide housing to its soldiers, and construction was paid for by the German government under the withdrawal agreements. In March 1995, the 723rd Regiment was sent to Chechnya to fight in the First Chechen War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016174-0018-0002", "contents": "16th Guards Tank Division, Postwar\nAt Grozny, the regiment was used to form the 205th Separate Motor Rifle Brigade. In March 1997, the division was reorganized into the 5967th Guards Weapons and Equipment Storage Base for armored troops. The former artillery regiment of the 90th Guards Tank Division became part of the storage base. In December 2009, the storage base was disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016175-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Guldbagge Awards\nThe 16th Guldbagge Awards ceremony, presented by the Swedish Film Institute, honored the best Swedish films of 1979 and 1980, and took place on 22 September 1980. To Be a Millionaire directed by Mats Arehn was presented with the award for Best Film. The awards for Best Director and Best Actress were not presented.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016176-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Helpmann Awards\nThe 16th Annual Helpmann Awards for live performance in Australia were held on 25 July 2016 at the Sydney Lyric Theatre.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016176-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Helpmann Awards\nThe Australian production of Matilda the Musical received thirteen awards including every award for musicals. Griffin Theatre Company's drama The Bleeding Tree received three awards including Best Play. Brisbane Baroque's production of Handel's Agrippina received four awards including Best Opera, and Bangarra Dance Theatre's Sheoak received three awards including Best Ballet or Dance Work. New musical Ladies in Black was named Best New Australian Work.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016176-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Helpmann Awards, Winners and nominees\nIn the following tables, winners are listed first and highlighted in boldface. The nominees are listed below the winner and not in boldface.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 42], "content_span": [43, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016177-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Hong Kong Film Awards\nCeremony for the 16th Hong Kong Film Awards was held on 13 April 1997 in the Hong Kong Cultural Centre and hosted by Lydia Shum and Nancy Sit. In total, sixteen winners in fifteen categories were unveiled. Peter Chan's Comrades: Almost a Love Story became the biggest winner for the year with nine awards, setting the record for the highest number of categories won by a single film. The event also marked the last time the Hong Kong Film Awards was held while under British colonial rule.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016177-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Hong Kong Film Awards\nThe nominees were announced on 24 February 1997. The front runners were Peter Chan's Comrades: Almost a Love Story and Benny Chan's Big Bullet, with eleven and nine nominations respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016177-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Hong Kong Film Awards, Awards\nWinners are listed first, highlighted in boldface, and indicated with a double dagger ().", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 34], "content_span": [35, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016178-0000-0000", "contents": "16th IIFA Awards\nThe 2015 IIFA Awards, officially known as the 16th International Indian Film Academy Awards ceremony, presented by the International Indian Film Academy honouring the best Hindi films of 2014, took place on 5 June 2015. The official ceremony took place on 7 June 2015 in Ritz Carlton Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The ceremony was televised in India and internationally on Colors for the first time. The ceremony was co-hosted by actors Arjun Kapoor and Ranveer Singh, for the first time as hosts. This show was telecasted on colors on Sunday 5 July 2015, 8pm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016178-0001-0000", "contents": "16th IIFA Awards\nIIFA Rocks, otherwise known as the IIFA Music and Fashion Extravaganza took place on 5 June 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016179-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Illinois Cavalry Regiment\nThe 16th Regiment Illinois Volunteer Cavalry was a cavalry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016179-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Illinois Cavalry Regiment, Service\nThe  16th Illinois Cavalry was organized at Camp Butler, Illinois, between January and April 1863 from numerous independent companies of Illinois cavalry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016179-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Illinois Cavalry Regiment, Total strength and casualties\nThe regiment suffered 3 officers and 30 enlisted men who were killed in action or who died of their wounds  and 1 officer and 228 enlisted men who died of disease, for a total of 262 fatalities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 61], "content_span": [62, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016180-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Illinois Infantry Regiment\nThe 16th Regiment Illinois Volunteer Infantry, nicknamed \"The Twins\" for its long association with the 10th Illinois, was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016180-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 16th Illinois Infantry was organized at Quincy, Illinois, and mustered into Federal service on May 24, 1861, for three years service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016180-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was mustered out of service on July 8, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 98]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016180-0003-0000", "contents": "16th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Total strength and casualties\nThe regiment suffered 3 officers and 54 enlisted men who were killed in action or who died of their wounds and 3 officers and 110 enlisted men who died of disease, for a total of 170 fatalities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 62], "content_span": [63, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016181-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Independent Armoured Brigade\n16th Armoured Brigade (Polish: 16 Brygada Pancerna) was a unit of the Polish Armed Forces in the West. The Brigade was formed on September 1, 1941, from the 1st Tank Regiment (1 Pu\u0142k Czo\u0142g\u00f3w), which was created as a part of the Polish I Corps in October 1940. On February 24, 1942, the Brigade was assigned to the 1st Armoured Division. In the short period of September to October 1943, the Brigade was merged with the 10th Armoured Brigade to form the 10/16th Armored Brigade. In November 1943, the Brigade was recreated as the 16th Independent Armoured Brigade (16 Samodzielna Brygada Pancerna).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016182-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Independent Battery Indiana Light Artillery\n16th Indiana Battery Light Artillery was an artillery battery that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016182-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Independent Battery Indiana Light Artillery, Service\nThe battery was organized in Lafayette, Indiana and mustered in at Indianapolis, Indiana on March 24, 1862, for three years service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 57], "content_span": [58, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016182-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Independent Battery Indiana Light Artillery, Service\nThe battery was attached to Military District of Washington, D.C., June 1862. Artillery, II Corps, Army of Virginia, to September 1862. Artillery, 2nd Division, XII Corps, Army of the Potomac, to October 1862. Artillery, 2nd Brigade, Defenses North of the Potomac, Defenses of Washington, D.C., to February 1863. Fort Washington, Defenses of Washington, North of the Potomac, XXII Corps, to May 1864. 2nd Brigade, DeRussy's Division, XXII Corps, to July 1864. 3rd Brigade, DeRussy's Division, XXII Corps, to December 1864. 1st Brigade, DeRussy's Division, XXII Corps, to July 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 57], "content_span": [58, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016182-0003-0000", "contents": "16th Independent Battery Indiana Light Artillery, Service\nThe 16th Indiana Battery Light Artillery mustered out July 5, 1865, in Indianapolis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 57], "content_span": [58, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016182-0004-0000", "contents": "16th Independent Battery Indiana Light Artillery, Detailed service\nLeft Indiana for Washington, D.C., June 1. Duty at Capitol Hill until June 26. Ordered to join Banks in the Shenandoah Valley June 26, 1862. Pope's Campaign in northern Virginia July to September. Battle of Cedar Mountain August 9. Fords of the Rappahannock August 21\u201323. Battles of Groveton August 29 and Bull Run August 30. Maryland Campaign September 6\u201322. Battle of Antietam, September 16\u201317 (reserve). Ordered to Washington, D.C., and duty in the defenses of that city north and south of the Potomac River until June 1865. Repulse of Early's attack on Washington July 11\u201312, 1864. Ordered to Indianapolis, June 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 66], "content_span": [67, 688]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016182-0005-0000", "contents": "16th Independent Battery Indiana Light Artillery, Casualties\nThe battery lost a total of 11 enlisted men during service, all due to disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 60], "content_span": [61, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016183-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Independent Spirit Awards\nThe 16th Independent Spirit Awards, honoring the best in independent filmmaking for 2000, were announced on March 24, 2001. It was hosted by John Waters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016183-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Independent Spirit Awards, Nominees and winners, Truer Than Fiction Award\nKeep the River on Your Right: A Modern Cannibal Tale", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 78], "content_span": [79, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016183-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Independent Spirit Awards, Nominees and winners, Producers Award\nPaul Mezey \u2013 The Ballad of Ramblin' Jack and Spring Forward", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 69], "content_span": [70, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016184-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Indian Division\nThe 16th Indian Division was an infantry division of the Indian Army during the First World War. It was formed in December 1916, during the First World War. It was the only war formed division of the British Indian Army that was not sent overseas, instead it was sent to guard the North West Frontier. The division took over the responsibilities of the 3rd Lahore Divisional Area when it was disbanded in May 1917.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016184-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Indian Division\nThe 16th Division was called into action for the Waziristan Campaign in 1917, the 45th (Jullundur) Brigade under command of Brigadier Reginald Dyer were responsible for the Jallianwala Bagh massacre. In 1919, they were sent into Afghanistan during the Third Afghan War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016184-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Indian Division\nThe division was not reformed for the Second World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 76]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016185-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Indiana Infantry Regiment\nThe 16th Regiment Indiana Infantry was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War. In August 1863, the regiment was converted to mounted infantry for the remainder of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016185-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 16th Indiana Infantry was organized at Indianapolis, Indiana and initially served on a one-year enlistment from May 27, 1861 through August 19, 1862, and mustered again in August 19, 1862 for three years' service under the command of Colonel Thomas J. Lucas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016185-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to Manson's Brigade, Army of Kentucky. Captured and reorganized after the battle of Richmond, it was attached to 1st Brigade, 10th Division, Right Wing, XIII Corps, Department of the Tennessee, to December 1862. 1st Brigade, 1st Division, Sherman's Yazoo Expedition to January 1863. 1st Brigade, 10th Division, XIII Corps, Army of the Tennessee, to July 1863. 1st Brigade, 4th Division, XIII Corps, Department of the Tennessee, to August 1863, and Department of the Gulf to September 1863. Unattached Cavalry Division, Department of the Gulf, to November 1863. 1st Brigade, Cavalry Division, Department of the Gulf, to June 1864. 4th Brigade, Cavalry Division, Department of the Gulf, to August 1864. District of LaFourche, Department of the Gulf, to June 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 827]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016185-0003-0000", "contents": "16th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 16th Indiana Infantry mustered out of service after June 30, 1865. Veterans and recruits were transferred to the 13th Indiana Cavalry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016185-0004-0000", "contents": "16th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nMoved to Louisville, Kentucky, August 19, and to Richmond, Kentucky. Battle of Richmond, August 30. Regiment captured. Paroled and sent to Indianapolis. Exchanged November 1, 1862. Ordered to Memphis, Tennessee, November 20. Sherman's Yazoo Expedition December 20, 1862, to January 3, 1863. Expedition to Texas and Shreveport Railroad December 25\u201326. Chickasaw Bayou December 26\u201328. Chickasaw Bluff December 29. Expedition to Arkansas Post, Arkansas, January 3\u201310, 1863. Assault and capture of Fort Hindman, Arkansas Post, January 10\u201311. Moved to Young's Point, Louisiana, January 17\u201321. Duty there and at Milliken's Bend until April.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 48], "content_span": [49, 683]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016185-0004-0001", "contents": "16th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nExpedition to Greenville, Mississippi, and Cypress Bend, Arkansas, February 14\u201329. Action at Cypress Bend, Arkansas, February 19. Fish Lake, near Greenville, February 23. Movement on Bruinsburg, Mississippi, and turning Grand Gulf April 25\u201330. Battle of Port Gibson, Mississippi, May 1. Battle of Champion Hill May 16. Big Black River May 17. Siege of Vicksburg May 18-July 4. Assaults on Vicksburg May 19 and 22. Advance on Jackson, Mississippi, July 4\u201310. Siege of Jackson July 10\u201317. Duty at Vicksburg until August 24. Ordered to New Orleans, Louisiana, August 24.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 48], "content_span": [49, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016185-0004-0002", "contents": "16th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nRegiment mounted and assigned to duty along eastern shore of the Mississippi, protecting transportation to New Orleans and points along the coast until October. Expedition to New and Amite Rivers September 24\u201329. Western Louisiana \"Teche\" Campaign October 3-November 30. Action at Grand Coteau November 3. Vermillionville November 8. Camp Piatt November 20. Ordered to New Orleans to refit. Action at Franklin February 22, 1864. Red River Campaign March 10-May 22. Advance from Franklin to Alexandria March 14\u201326. Bayou Rapides March 20. Henderson's Hill March 21. Monett's Ferry and Cloutiersville March 29\u201330.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 48], "content_span": [49, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016185-0004-0003", "contents": "16th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nCrump's Hill April 2. Wilson's Plantation, near Pleasant Hill, April 7. Bayou de Paul Carroll's Mills April 8. Battle of Sabine Cross Roads April 8. Pleasant Hill April 9. Grand Ecore April 16. Natchitoches April 22. About Cloutiersville April 22\u201324. Cane River Crossing April 23. Alexandria April 28. Hudnot's Plantation May 1. Alexandria May 1\u20138. Retreat to Morganza May 13\u201320. Wilson's Landing May 14. Avoyelle's Prairie May 15. Mansure May 16. Morganza May 28. Ordered to report to General Cameron, and assigned to frontier and patrol duty in District of Lafourche, Department of the Gulf, until June 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 48], "content_span": [49, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016185-0004-0004", "contents": "16th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nAction at Berwick August 27, 1864. Expedition to Natchez Bayou August 30-September 2. Near Gentilly's Plantation September 1. Expedition to Grand Lake, Grand River, Lake Fosse Point, Bayou Pigeon, and Lake Natchez September 7\u201311. Labadieville September 8. Bayou Corn September 9. Expedition from Terre Bonne to Bayou Grand Caillou November 19\u201327. Bayou Grand Caillou November 23. Expedition from Morganza to Morgan's Ferry, Archafalaya River, December 13\u201314. Expedition from Brashear City to Amite River February 10\u201313, 1865. Expedition to Grand Glaze and Bayou Goula February 14\u201318 (Companies B, F, & K). Scout to Bayou Goula March 23\u201324 (Company K). Skirmish Grand Bayou April 4. Expedition to Bayou Goula April 19\u201325 (Companies B & K). Operations about Brashear City April 21\u201322. Skirmish Brown's Plantation May 11.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 48], "content_span": [49, 867]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016185-0005-0000", "contents": "16th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 297 men; 3 officers and 82 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 212 enlisted men due to disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016186-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)\nThe 16th Infantry Brigade was an infantry brigade of the British Army that saw active service during the Second Boer War and the First and Second World Wars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016186-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), History, Second Boer War\nDuring the Second Boer War, the 16th brigade was active in South Africa as part of the 8th Division from early 1900 until the war ended in 1902. It was under the command of major-general Barrington Campbell, and included the following battalions:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 64], "content_span": [65, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016186-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), History, First World War\nThe brigade was part of the 6th Infantry Division during the First World War. It served on the Western Front throughout the War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 64], "content_span": [65, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016186-0003-0000", "contents": "16th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), History, Second World War\nThe brigade was based in Palestine before the Second World War during the Arab revolt, and at the beginning of the war as part of the British 8th Infantry Division. It was later part of the British 6th Infantry Division which was redesignated as the British 70th Infantry Division on 10 October 1941. This brigade was involved in the breakout from Tobruk and after being transferred, along with the rest of the 70th Division, to India and Burma, it was transformed into a Chindit formation. It fought in the Second Chindit Campaign of 1944, commanded by Brigadier Gilmour Anderson. Battles which the brigade took part in included, Battle of Sidi Barrani, Battle of Bardia, Battle of Damascus, Battle of Tobruk (both stages).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 65], "content_span": [66, 790]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016186-0004-0000", "contents": "16th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), History, Second World War, Order of battle\nAccording to War Office policy, regiments would be assigned to formations/commands for max of 3 years, and be rotated at the end of their tenure. Units which formed under the brigade during the war included:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 82], "content_span": [83, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016186-0005-0000", "contents": "16th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), History, Second World War, Order of battle\nDuring the period 26 February 1942 to 7 February 1943, when the brigade went to Ceylon, the following additional units were under its command:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 82], "content_span": [83, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016186-0006-0000", "contents": "16th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), History, Second World War, Order of battle\nIn September 1943 the brigade was re-organised for Long-range penetration role under Special Force. During this period, the brigade controlled (in addition to their regular units):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 82], "content_span": [83, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016187-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Infantry Division \"Pistoia\"\nThe 16th Infantry Division \"Pistoia\" (Italian: 16\u00aa Divisione fanteria \"Pistoia\") was an infantry division of the Royal Italian Army during World War II. The division was named after the city of Pistoia and classified as an auto-transportable division, meaning staff and equipment could be transported on cars and trucks, although not simultaneously. The Pistoia had its recruiting area in the central Emilia-Romagna and its headquarters in Bologna. Its two infantry regiments were based in Bologna (35th) and Modena (36th), with the division's artillery regiment based in Bologna.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016187-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Infantry Division \"Pistoia\", History, World War I\nThe division's lineage begins with the Infantry Brigade \"Pistoia\" established on 4 November 1859 with the 7th and 8th infantry regiments. The brigade fought on the Italian front in World War I. On 20 October 1926 the brigade assumed the name of XVI Infantry Brigade with the 35th Infantry Regiment \"Pistoia\", and 36th Infantry Regiment \"Pistoia\", and 66th Infantry Regiment \"Valtellina\". The brigade was the infantry component of the 16th Territorial Division of Bologna, which also included the 3rd Artillery Regiment. In 1934 the division changed its name to 16th Infantry Division \"Fossalta\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 54], "content_span": [55, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016187-0001-0001", "contents": "16th Infantry Division \"Pistoia\", History, World War I\nOn 1 November 1936 the division ceded the 66th Infantry Regiment to the 8th Infantry Division \"Po\" and on 2 May 1937 the division raised in Reggio Emilia the 80th Infantry Regiment \"Roma\" as replacement. In 1939 the XVI Infantry Brigade was dissolved and the 80th Infantry Regiment \"Roma\" transferred to the 9th Infantry Division \"Pasubio\". The remaining two infantry regiments came under direct command of the division, which changed its name to 16th Infantry Division \"Pistoia\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 54], "content_span": [55, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016187-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Infantry Division \"Pistoia\", History, World War II, Invasion of France\nIn June 1940 the Pistoia division was sent to the French border as reserve of the 1st Army for the Italian invasion of France. Original deployment was in the Varaita Valley. On 20 June 1940, the Pistoia division moved to the Maddalena Pass, with only the division's artillery regiment ending up in occupied French territory by July 1940. On 10 October 1941, the Pistoia division was reformed as auto-transportable division and then sent to Athens, Greece, at the end of July 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 75], "content_span": [76, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016187-0003-0000", "contents": "16th Infantry Division \"Pistoia\", History, World War II, North African Campaign\nIn September 1942, the division was transferred to North Africa and took positions on along the Bardia-Sallum-Naqb al Halfayah defensive line. It failed to hold the position, when British forces attacked on 11 November 1942 after their breakthrough in the Second Battle of El Alamein. After a long retreat, the Pistoia was able to re-establish a defensive line at Mareth on 4 February 1943. On 6 March 1943, the Pistoia attacked the British positions with the goal of disrupting British offensive preparations and trigger a premature counter-offensive, as part of the Battle of Medenine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 79], "content_span": [80, 667]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016187-0003-0001", "contents": "16th Infantry Division \"Pistoia\", History, World War II, North African Campaign\nAfter the failure of these attacks, the Pistoia fell back to the Mareth Line. When the British resumed their offensive on 19 March 1943, the Pistoia held its positions until 25 March 1943, but then retreated to El Hamma under the threat of being outflanked. The Pistoia was targeted again by British forces on 5 April 1943, and again had to retreat by 7 April 1943. By the time it reached Enfidha on 13 April 1943, the division was severely decimated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 79], "content_span": [80, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016187-0003-0002", "contents": "16th Infantry Division \"Pistoia\", History, World War II, North African Campaign\nAfter a few days, despite some successful counter-attacks to the west of the Takrunah (Takrouna) road junction, the Allies had effectively put the Pistoia under siege. The last of its positions surrendered on 13 May 1943. The division was reforming in northern Italy when Italy signed the Armistice of Cassibile and subsequently the division was disbanded by the invading Germans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 79], "content_span": [80, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016188-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Infantry Division (Belgium)\nThe 16th Infantry Division (Dutch: 16de Infanterie Divisie) was an Infantry Division of the Belgian Army that fought in the Battle of Belgium against the German Armed Forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016188-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Infantry Division (Belgium), World War II\nThe 16th Infantry Division was mobilized in late 1939, becoming part of the General reserve of the Army. Since its forces were mostly raw conscripts, they were sent to Beverlo Camp for refitting. The 16th Infantry Division was partially modernized with WWI Weaponry like other divisions from the Second Reserve.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016188-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Infantry Division (Belgium), World War II\nAt the start of hostilities in May 1940, the 16th Infantry Division was stationed west of the front lines, at the Ghent Bridgehead, and behind the main line. On May 13, the 16th Infantry Division had to give up its Cyclist Units. Even more troubling for the 16th Infantry Division is that the Albert Canal had been breached and contact with German Forces was possible at this stage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016188-0003-0000", "contents": "16th Infantry Division (Belgium), World War II\nOn May 16, an unexpected Allied abandonment of the K-W line forced the Belgian Forces to retreat as well. The airfields in the sector were destroyed although some were spared. The 16th Infantry Division would now be an active division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016188-0004-0000", "contents": "16th Infantry Division (Belgium), World War II\nThe 16th Infantry Division will be under the Command of Iste Army Corp along with the 1st Division and the 18th Division. They were sent north, taking positions near Melle. All troops positioned at Melle are informed of German intentions (taking Melle) as the defenses were bolstered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016188-0005-0000", "contents": "16th Infantry Division (Belgium), World War II\nThe attack came the following day, but the German attack seemed to ground to a halt, as they lack the strength to breakthrough. Minor skirmishes continue, but by May 22, the high command orders the front to fall back to Lye. Although they were reinforced by IV Corp with extra artillery support, desertion ran rapid. Even worse for the 16th division, the Germans have discovered that Bruggenhoofd Gent was abandoned and already established a breach in the new defenses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016188-0006-0000", "contents": "16th Infantry Division (Belgium), World War II\nPressure is steadily increasing, especially after Allied Forces (including the Belgians) have been encircled in Flanders. The remaining Cyclist Units were dispatched along railway lines to Sint-Pieters possibly to halt the German forces. There was a lack of Infantry to follow up with halts in the German advance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016188-0007-0000", "contents": "16th Infantry Division (Belgium), World War II\nThe 16th Infantry Division needed reorganization. Most of the Division was transferred to VII Corp. The 16th Division is place between Arsele, and will have the remains of some regiments of other divisions. Still, the Germans had the 16th Infantry Division routed. Tielt was taken and a huge breach was made by the Germans. The Germans had already amassed their forces and are planning for another strike. The 16th Infantry Division raced to construct another defense, struggling to maintain a connection between them and other divisions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016188-0008-0000", "contents": "16th Infantry Division (Belgium), World War II\nBy May 28, orders were not called upon as communication became a huge problem. It became clear that the Battle of Belgium was lost as the remaining Belgian Divisions either gave up, or surrendered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016188-0009-0000", "contents": "16th Infantry Division (Belgium), Structure 1940\nStructure of the division at the eve of the Battle of Belgium.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 48], "content_span": [49, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016189-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Infantry Division (Ottoman Empire)\nThe 16th Infantry Division was a formation of the Ottoman Turkish Army during the Balkan Wars and the First World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016190-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Infantry Division (Russian Empire)\nThe 16th Infantry Division (Russian: 16-\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0442\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u0438\u044f, 16-ya Pekhotnaya Diviziya) was an infantry formation of the Russian Imperial Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016191-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)\nThe 16th Infantry Division of the German Army was formed in 1934. On 26 August 1939 the division was mobilized for the invasion of Poland (1939). It participated in the Battle of France in August 1940. The division was then split, resulting in two independent units: The 16th Panzer Division and the 16th Motorized Infantry Division. The latter, from 1944 onward, combined with other non 16th elements, was known as the 116th Panzer Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016191-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), 16th Panzer Division\nThe 16th Panzer Division served as a reserve in Romania during the Balkans campaign in 1941. It then participated in Operation Barbarossa with Army Group South, also in 1941. A kampfgruppe of 16th Panzer Division, led by Count Strachwitz, reached the outskirts of Stalingrad on 23 August 1942, brushing aside the sole Soviet defences, anti-aircraft guns manned by female factory workers (possibly the 1077th Anti- Aircraft Regiment). The 16th Panzer Division was encircled and ultimately destroyed at Stalingrad during the winter of 1942\u201343.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 56], "content_span": [57, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016191-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), 16th Panzer Division\nIt was rebuilt for a campaign in the west, fought in Sicily and southern Italy during the Italian Campaign in 1943 and returned to the Russian Front later in the year. Severely mauled near Kiev, it was withdrawn to Poland for rehabilitation in 1944. The 16th Panzer Division returned to the east in 1945, where it surrendered to the Soviets and Americans in Czechoslovakia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 56], "content_span": [57, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016191-0003-0000", "contents": "16th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), Motorized Division\nThe 16th Motorized Infantry Division, nicknamed Windhund (\"Greyhound\"), participated in the Balkans campaign in 1941 along with the 16th Panzer Division (see above). It took part in Operation Barbarossa with Army Group South later in the year. It advanced on the Caucasus with elements coming to within 20 miles of Astrakhan in 1942 \u2013 the most easterly point reached by any German unit during the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 54], "content_span": [55, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016191-0004-0000", "contents": "16th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), Motorized Division\nIt also participated in the Battle of Stalingrad. The 16th Motorized Infantry Division participated in defensive operations after the Soviets broke up the front of the southern sector.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 54], "content_span": [55, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016191-0005-0000", "contents": "16th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), Motorized Division\nIn June 1943, it was upgraded to 16th Panzergrenadier Division. This upgraded formation was depleted in the continuous retreats and was transferred to France for rest and refitting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 54], "content_span": [55, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016191-0006-0000", "contents": "16th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), 116th Panzer Division\nIn March 1944, it was reorganized as the 116th Panzer Division (with the number changed since the 16th Panzer Division was already taken by its sibling), absorbing the 179th Reserve Panzer Division in the process. This new formation fought in the Battle of Normandy and was almost destroyed in the Falaise Gap.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 57], "content_span": [58, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016191-0007-0000", "contents": "16th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), 116th Panzer Division\nIt subsequently defended the Siegfried Line at Aachen in an understrength condition. The 116th Panzer Division was withdrawn for refitting and then recommitted, but was unable to hold the city of Aachen. It later participated in the Battle of Hurtgen Forest then in the Battle of the Bulge, again sustaining heavy casualties. It was caught in the Wesel Pocket, but got across the Rhine, ultimately surrendering within the Ruhr Pocket in April, 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 57], "content_span": [58, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016191-0008-0000", "contents": "16th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), 16th Volksgrenadier Division\nIn parallel, a 16th Volksgrenadier Division was created in October 1944, which defended the Upper Rhine until March 1945, when it was forced to retreat deeper into Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 64], "content_span": [65, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016191-0009-0000", "contents": "16th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), War crimes\nThe 16th Motorized Infantry Division has been implicated in the San Clemente di Caserta massacre, Campania, on 4 October 1943, when 25 civilians were murdered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 46], "content_span": [47, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016192-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Infantry Regiment (United States)\nThe 16th Infantry Regiment (\"Semper Paratus\") is a regiment in the United States Army and has traditionally been a part of the 1st Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016192-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Formation\nThe 16th Infantry was constituted as the 11th U.S. Infantry on 4 May 1861 under the command of Colonel Erasmus D. Keyes and organized by Major DeLancey Floyd-Jones. The 11th Infantry was organized by direction of the president 4 May 1861 and confirmed by the act on 29 July 1861. The regiment was organized into three battalions of eight companies each. On 21 September 1866 under the act of 28 July 1866 the Second Battalion became the Twentieth Infantry and the Third Battalion the Twenty-ninth Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 58], "content_span": [59, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016192-0001-0001", "contents": "16th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Formation\nThe regiment that actually fought during the Civil War was organized by order of the president 4 May 1861 and confirmed by the act of 29 July 1861 as the 16th Infantry Regiment. On 21 September 1866 under the act of 28 July 1866 the Second Battalion became the Twenty-fifth Infantry and the Third Battalion became the Thirty-fourth Infantry. In actuality the present 16th Infantry was not involved in the Civil War, that regiment was consolidated into the 2d Infantry. The following campaign participation honors were actually earned by the 16th Infantry in the Civil War but went to the 2d Infantry with the consolidation; Atlanta, Chickamauga, Chattanooga, Georgia 1864, Kentucky 1862, Mississippi 1862, Murfreesboro, Shiloh and Tennessee 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 58], "content_span": [59, 805]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016192-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, U.S. Civil War\nThe 1st Battalion, 11th U.S. Infantry (today's 16th Infantry Regiment) was initially organized at Fort Independence, Massachusetts, in the summer and fall of 1861. That October, the regiment was transferred to Perryville, Maryland, to prepare for Major General George B. McClellan's upcoming spring campaign on the Virginia Peninsula. Assigned to the Army of the Potomac's 2nd Division, V Army Corps in the spring of 1862, the regiment fully participated in most of the key battles of that campaign to include the Siege of Yorktown (1862), Gaines's Mill, and Malvern Hill.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 63], "content_span": [64, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016192-0002-0001", "contents": "16th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, U.S. Civil War\nThe regiment participated in the Second Battle of Bull Run in August. This clash was quickly followed in succession by the regiment's involvement at the Battle of Antietam, the Battle of Shepherdstown and the actions Leetown that fall. In December 1862, the regiment fought at the Battle of Fredericksburg and at the Battle of Chancellorsville in May 1863. A month later, the 1st Battalion, 11th U.S. Infantry fought what was arguably its most significant action of the war at Gettysburg under the leadership of Major Floyd-Jones.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 63], "content_span": [64, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016192-0002-0002", "contents": "16th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, U.S. Civil War\nIn heavy fighting in the Rose Wood and Plum Run Valley between the Devil's Den and the Wheatfield, the regiment lost about 50 percent of its strength as it fought to contain James Longstreet's breakthrough of the Union Third Army Corps at the Peach Orchard. During the spring and summer of 1864, the regiment participated in General Ulysses S. Grant's Overland Campaign and fought at the battles of the Wilderness, Spotsylvania, Jericho Mills, Cold Harbor, and finally in the Siege of Petersburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 63], "content_span": [64, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016192-0002-0003", "contents": "16th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, U.S. Civil War\nIn November the regiment was sent to New York for a short period, then after short stints at Lafayette Barracks in Baltimore and Camp Parole (Parole Camp) at Annapolis in Maryland, it was returned to the Army of the Potomac to perform duties as part of the Army of the Potomac's Provost Guard in February 1865. By the spring of 1865, only a few of those soldiers sworn in at Fort Independence in 1861 were still present to participate in the regiment's last wartime task\u2014to help disarm General Robert E. Lee's weary Confederates at Appomattox that April.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 63], "content_span": [64, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016192-0003-0000", "contents": "16th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, U.S. Civil War\nOn 18 April 1869 Headquarters, Staff, Band and the remaining companies of the 16th Infantry Regiment were consolidated with the 2d Regiment of Infantry and the consolidated unit designated as the 2nd Infantry Regiment. Colonel Samuel W. Crawford, 16th Infantry, took command of the consolidated 2d Infantry because of his seniority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 63], "content_span": [64, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016192-0004-0000", "contents": "16th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, U.S. Civil War\nReorganized 14 April 1869, under the act of 3 March 1869, the present 16th Infantry was formed by the consolidation of the Eleventh (11th) and Thirty-fourth (34th) Regiments of Infantry. The 34th Infantry was organized by direction of the president 4 May 1861 as the Third Battalion, 16th Infantry and designated Thirty-fourth Infantry on 21 September 1866 under the act of 28 July 1866.The honors and battle history earned by the 11th Infantry during the Civil War became the 16th Infantry's with the 1869 consolidation and are displaying on its colors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 63], "content_span": [64, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016192-0005-0000", "contents": "16th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, U.S. Civil War\nFollowing the Civil War the 16th took part in the reconstruction of the south, including the occupation of the Confederate capital of Richmond, and then served on the frontier, in the Indian Wars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 63], "content_span": [64, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016192-0006-0000", "contents": "16th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Spanish\u2013American War\nThe 16th participated in the capture of San Juan Hill as part of the First Brigade, First Division of the V Corps, in the brigade commanded by Brigadier General Hamilton S. Hawkins. The 16th later fought in the Philippine\u2013American War. It fought 27 engagements with the greater part of its activities concentrated against the rebels in the Cagayan Valley, defending the Manila & Dagupan Railroad in a series of counterinsurgency actions. The regiment was relieved in March of 1902 and returned to Fort McPherson, Georgia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 69], "content_span": [70, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016192-0006-0001", "contents": "16th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Spanish\u2013American War\nIt returned to Fort McKinley in the Philippines to serves as part of the Philippine Division under the command of Brigadier General John J. Pershing. It returned to the United States in 1907, where the First Battallion was assigned to Fort Logan H. Roots in North Little Rock, Arkansas and the remainder of the regiment assigned to Fort Crook.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 69], "content_span": [70, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016192-0007-0000", "contents": "16th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Pancho Villa Expedition\nFrom July 1910 through July 1912, the 16th Infantry was assigned to a variety of posts in Alaska, then returned for duty at the Presidio of San Francisco. Two years later, the regiment was transferred with the 8th Brigade, commanded by \"Black Jack\" Pershing, to the Mexican Border to help secure it from Mexican bandits and paramilitary forces commanded by Francisco \"Pancho\" Villa. On arrival in April 1914, the regiment was posted to Camp Cotton in the city of El Paso. For the next two years, in addition to the normal garrison duties, the troops conducted foot patrols along the dusty Mexican border. In March 1916, Villa raided Columbus, New Mexico, which, in turn, caused President Woodrow Wilson to order Pershing to take an expedition into Mexico to find Villa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 72], "content_span": [73, 842]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016192-0008-0000", "contents": "16th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Pancho Villa Expedition\nAssembling a largely cavalry force, Pershing selected two infantry regiments to accompany the Pancho Villa expedition, the 16th and 6th Infantry Regiments. The long march into the interior of Mexico was hot and dusty. After several weeks of movement between Colonia Dubl\u00e1n and El Valle, the 16th Infantry finally settled in the latter place in June. There the soldiers built mud brick huts for quarters and returned to a garrison routine, except for occasional patrols into the nearby mountains and valleys to hunt for rumored Villistas. Though the cavalry had several clashes with Villista and federal forces, the infantry had an uneventful eight months. In February 1917, Wilson recalled Pershing's expedition from Mexico.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 72], "content_span": [73, 797]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016192-0009-0000", "contents": "16th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War I\nAs part of the new 1st Expeditionary Division, soon to become known as the \"Big Red One,\" the 16th Infantry sailed from Hoboken, New Jersey, and landed at St. Nazaire, France, near the end of June 1917. As such, it was among the first four American regiments to arrive on French soil in World War I. Soon after the regiment's arrival, the 2nd Battalion, 16th Infantry was selected to show the flag and parade through Paris on 4 July 1917.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 60], "content_span": [61, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016192-0009-0001", "contents": "16th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War I\nThe battalion conducted a five-mile march through the streets of the city to Picpus Cemetery where General John J. Pershing and the other Americans in attendance paid homage at the tomb of the Marquis de Lafayette, hero of the American Revolution, and declare, \"Lafayette, we are here!\" Prior to being committed to battle, the 16th Infantry Regiment, began training in July 1917 in the Gondrecourt area with the French 47th Division, Chasseurs Alpins, nicknamed the \"Blue Devils.\" Throughout the summer and fall the training went apace and soon it was time for exposure to actual combat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 60], "content_span": [61, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016192-0009-0002", "contents": "16th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War I\nOn 3 November 1917, while occupying a section of trenches near Bathel\u00e9mont, the 16th Infantry became the first U.S. regiment to fight and suffer casualties in the trenches during World War I when it repelled a German night raid. In the months that followed, the 16th Infantry would sustain even more casualties in defensive battles at Ansauville, Cantigny, and Coullemelle. The regiment's first major attack was made during the bloody three-day drive near Soissons in late July 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 60], "content_span": [61, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016192-0009-0003", "contents": "16th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War I\nAlong with the rest of the Big Red One, it relentlessly attacked until a key German rail line was severed forcing a major withdrawal of the enemy's forces. The regiment also participated in the First U.S. Army's huge offensive to reduce the St. Mihiel salient in September. Arguably the regiment's most gallant action was the grueling drive that liberated the little village of Fl\u00e9ville in the Argonne forest region on 4 October 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 60], "content_span": [61, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016192-0009-0004", "contents": "16th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War I\nThis feat was significant in that the 16th Infantry was the only regiment in the entire First Army to seize its main objective on the first day of the Meuse-Argonne Campaign. To this day that action is celebrated annually during the 16th Infantry Regiment's Organization Day. The 16th Infantry also participated in the 1st Division's final drive of the war when the division attacked to seize the city of Sedan. The verve and vigor of that drive demonstrated the regiment lived up to the division's new motto, \"No mission too difficult, no sacrifice too great\u2014Duty First!\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 60], "content_span": [61, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016192-0009-0005", "contents": "16th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War I\nDuring the Great War, the 16th Infantry suffered its greatest number of wartime casualties to date, all in a single year of combat. It sustained 1,037 soldiers killed in action or mortally wounded, and 3,389 wounded. In addition to the 7 campaign streamers earned by the regiment and the 2 Croix de Guerre granted by the French government, its soldiers were awarded at least 97 Distinguished Service Crosses. The 16th Infantry, along with the rest of the 1st Division, marched into the Coblenz Bridgehead in late 1918 to perform occupation duty there for the next 9 months. In August 1919, the division received orders to come home and boarded ships at Brest, France, later that month.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 60], "content_span": [61, 746]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016192-0010-0000", "contents": "16th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War I\nIn September 1919, the regiment returned to the United States and was posted initially to Cafterftermp Zachary Taylor, Kentucky, then to Camp now Fort Dix, New Jersey. In 1922, the regiment was transferred to Fort Jay, Governors Island, New York and became U.S. Army's \"show\" regiment for New York City. Due to its popularity, Mayor Fiorello H. La Guardia later nicknamed the 16th Infantry as \"New York's Own\" and '' The Sidewalks of New York\" became the regimental song. The regiment remained at Fort Jay until February 1941 when it was transferred to Fort Devens, Massachusetts. From there it participated in the famous Carolina Maneuvers for combat training prior to the bombing of Pearl Harbor in December 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 60], "content_span": [61, 776]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016192-0011-0000", "contents": "16th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II\nPearl Harbor, 7 December 1941, found the 16th Infantry back at Fort Devens, but not for long. It departed for England in August 1942, where it joined a large contingent of US troops slated for participation in Operation Torch, the invasion of North Africa. In its first amphibious assault under combat conditions, the 16th Infantry landed on a beach near Arzew, French Morocco at 0100 hours, on 8 November 1942. Over the next three days, the regiment battled relatively light resistance from Vichy French forces and helped to capture Oran.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 61], "content_span": [62, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016192-0011-0001", "contents": "16th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II\nIt doing so, the 1st Infantry Division(whom the regiment was assigned to during World War II) established a permanent presence for the US Army in North Africa. During the remainder of the North African campaign the 16th Infantry fought in a number of locations to include the Ousseltia Valley, Kasserine Pass, El Guettar, and Mateur in Tunisia. For its actions at Kasserine the regiment was decorated with the Croix de Guerre by the French Government and it received its first Presidential Unit Citation for its actions near Mateur.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 61], "content_span": [62, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016192-0012-0000", "contents": "16th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II\nNext came Sicily. Shortly before 0100 hours on 10 July 1943, the first wave of the 16th Infantry boarded landing craft for the assault on that island. After achieving a relatively bloodless hold on the beachhead in the darkness, the regiment pushed into the hills beyond. There the regiment was soon hit hard with an armored counterattack by German tanks. Despite numerous enemy tanks and reinforcements, the 16th Infantry desperately held on by receiving assistance from the heavy guns of the U.S. Navy and the timely arrival of the regiment's Cannon Company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 61], "content_span": [62, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016192-0012-0001", "contents": "16th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II\nBy 14 July 1943, the regiment had moved through Pietraperzia, Enna, and Villarosa. Fighting against snipers and well-fortified positions, the regiment moved forward by a series of flanking movements and by 29 July had taken the high ground west of the Cerami River. In early August, the regiment reached the town of Troina in eastern Sicily. At Troina the regiment experienced some of the most bitter fighting it would see during the war. After a four-day brawl with the battle-hardened troops of the 15th Panzer Grenadier Division, the men of the 16th Infantry finally captured the town and soon after the Sicily campaign ended.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 61], "content_span": [62, 691]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016192-0013-0000", "contents": "16th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II\nSubsequently, the regiment sailed to Liverpool, England, and from there entrained on 16 October 1943 for Dorchester, to carry out seven months of grueling training in preparation for the Allied invasion of Europe. On 1 June 1944, the men of the 16th Infantry departed their D-Camps in southwestern England and embarked on amphibious assault ships at the port of Weymouth. Units of the 16th Infantry boarded USS Samuel Chase, USS Henrico, and HMS Empire Anvil, preparatory to their third\u2014and most important\u2014amphibious assault mission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 61], "content_span": [62, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016192-0013-0001", "contents": "16th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II\nLate on the afternoon of 5 June 1944, the troop-laden ships slipped out of Weymouth harbor and headed for the beaches of Normandy. The long-awaited assault on \"Fortress Europe\" began in the early hours of 6 June 1944 as the 16th Infantry Regiment moved toward Omaha Beach. As landing craft dropped their ramps, men were killed and wounded as they attempted to get out of the boats. Others were hit as they struggled through the surf or tried to run across the sand weighted down with water-logged equipment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 61], "content_span": [62, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016192-0013-0002", "contents": "16th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II\nMany were shot down, but others made it in close to the base of the bluff where they found the area mined and criss-crossed with concertina wire. Eventually, an assault section of E Company under First Lieutenant John Spalding and Staff Sergeant Philip Streczyk managed to cross a minefield, breach the enemy wire, and struggle their way to the bluff. Colonel George A. Taylor, the regimental commander, noting the small breakthrough stood to his feet and yelled at his troops, \"The only men who remain on this beach are the dead and those who are about to die!", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 61], "content_span": [62, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016192-0013-0003", "contents": "16th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II\nLet's get moving!\" Soon other troops began making their way up the bluffs along Spaulding's route while other gaps were blown through the wire and mines. By vicious fighting, some hand-to-hand, other sections, platoons, and eventually companies made it to the top and began pushing toward Colleville-Sur-Mer. By noon of that bloody day, the 16th Infantry had broken through the beach defenses and established a foothold that allowed follow-on units to land and move through.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 61], "content_span": [62, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016192-0014-0000", "contents": "16th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II\nThe evening of D-Day plus 1 found all of the units of the regiment ashore, many of them well inland by that time, but some were combat ineffective due to casualties. A few weeks later, at an awards ceremony on 2 July 1944, Generals Eisenhower, Bradley, and Gerow came to praise the troops of the regiment for their heroic efforts and to present the Distinguished Service Cross to a number of the regiment's officers and men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 61], "content_span": [62, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016192-0014-0001", "contents": "16th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II\nAt the ceremony, Eisenhower told the members of the regiment: After D-Day, the 16th Infantry became the division reserve, and after a brief rest, continued moving inland. In late July, the regiment was still in division reserve when it was ordered to be prepared to assist in a breakout through the German line near St. Lo. After the saturation bombing of the Panzer Lehr Division on 25 July, the Big Red One closely followed the 9th Infantry Division in the breakout attempt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 61], "content_span": [62, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016192-0015-0000", "contents": "16th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II\nTwo days later the 16th Infantry was launched on an attack through a break in the lines near Marigny and drove on the city of Coutance where it established battle positions on 29 July. By this time, the Germans were in headlong retreat and attempting to establish a new line well to the east. Their efforts would fail and the German Seventh Army would be largely destroyed as it attempted to escape via the Falaise Gap.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 61], "content_span": [62, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016192-0015-0001", "contents": "16th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II\nMeanwhile, in an effort to keep up with the retreating Germans, the men of the 16th Infantry piled on trucks, tanks, and anything else they could find to move eastward as quickly as possible. After motoring south past Paris, the regiment caught up with the enemy again near Mons, Belgium, where it helped the 1st Infantry Division destroyed six German divisions in August and early September. From Mons, the regiment pushed on with the Big Red One toward Aachen, Germany, just across the German frontier.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 61], "content_span": [62, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016192-0016-0000", "contents": "16th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II\nFor the next three months, the men of the 16th Infantry would experience some of the most grueling fighting of the war in the infamous H\u00fcrtgen Forest near Aachen, Stolberg, and Hamich, Germany. After sustaining very heavy casualties from enemy artillery fire and the cold dreary weather, the entire division was sent to a rest camp on 12 December 1944. The stay was short, because Hitler launched Operation Wacht am Rhein four days later and the Battle of the Bulge was on. The division was sent to bolster the northern shoulder of the bulge near Camp Elsenborn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 61], "content_span": [62, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016192-0016-0001", "contents": "16th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II\nThe regiment was ordered to positions near Waywertz. For the next month, the men of the 16th Infantry held defensive positions there, conducted heavy patrolling toward the German positions near Faymonville, and engaged in a number of firefights with troops of the 1st SS Panzer and 3rd Fallshirmjaeger Divisions. All of this was conducted in heavy snows during one of the coldest European winters on record. On 15 January 1945, the Big Red One launched its part of the Allied counteroffensive to reduce the Bulge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 61], "content_span": [62, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016192-0017-0000", "contents": "16th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II\nOver the next seven weeks, the regiment conducted numerous operations in western Germany culminating in the capture of Bonn on 8 March 1945. From there the Big Red One moved north to the Harz Mountains to eliminate a German force cut off there by the rapid advance of the First and Ninth US Armies. For a week the regiment conducted several attacks against die-hard enemy troops. On 22 April, the Big Red One finished clearing the Harz Mountains and soon received orders to once again head south.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 61], "content_span": [62, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016192-0017-0001", "contents": "16th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II\nThis time, the division was reassigned to the Third Army for its drive into Czechoslovakia. On 28 April, the regiment arrived near Selb, Czechoslovakia, and began advancing east. For the next ten days the 16th Infantry pushed into that country arriving near Falkenau by 7 May. At 0800 that day, a net call went out to the entire regiment to cease all forward movement. The war was over.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 61], "content_span": [62, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016192-0018-0000", "contents": "16th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II\nIn 443 days of combat, the 16th Infantry had sustained 1,250 officers and men killed in combat. An additional 6,278 were wounded or missing in action. Its men had earned four Medals of Honor, 87 Distinguished Service Crosses, and 1,926 Silver Stars. Additionally, the regiment, or its subordinate units, was awarded five presidential unit citations and two distinguished unit citations from the United States, two Croix de Guerre and the M\u00e9daille militaire from the government of France, and the Belgian Fourragerre and two citations from the government of Belgium. Once again the regiment had fought with valor and courage to help win a war against the nation's enemies. It would spend the next ten years trying to win the peace in the country of its vanquished foe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 61], "content_span": [62, 829]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016192-0019-0000", "contents": "16th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Vietnam War, The 2nd Battalion in the Vietnam War\nIn 1965, the 2nd Battalion, 16th Infantry Regiment and the 2nd Battalion, 18th Infantry Regiment became the first elements of the Division to deploy to South Vietnam. The battalion arrived on the USS\u00a0General W. H. Gordon on 14 July 1965 as a part of the 2nd Brigade, 1st Infantry Division (United States) and debarked at Vung Tau. The troops were initially sent to Long Binh Post north of Saigon and there the battalion immediately began building a base camp named Camp Ranger.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 98], "content_span": [99, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016192-0019-0001", "contents": "16th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Vietnam War, The 2nd Battalion in the Vietnam War\nIn the many ensuing operations, the elusive enemy had to be found before he could be destroyed and to find him the troops had to remain almost constantly in the field on search missions. \"Search and Destroy\" operations such as those conducted during Operations Mastiff, Bushmaster, Abilene, Birmingham, El Paso, Attleboro, Cedar Falls and Junction City usually found the battalion operating far from its base camp area throughout the III Corps Tactical Zone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 98], "content_span": [99, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016192-0019-0002", "contents": "16th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Vietnam War, The 2nd Battalion in the Vietnam War\nThe sites of these missions included many areas that were to become well known to many U.S. infantrymen during the Vietnam years: the impenetrable jungles of Tay Ninh near Cambodia; Ho Bo Woods; the \"Iron Triangle\"; the Michelin Rubber Plantation; the Trapezoid, and War Zones C and D. In all these places, the 2nd Rangers inflicted heavy losses on enemy manpower and supplies. In March, the 2nd Battalion moved to a new home at Camp Bearcat. Once settled into its new location, the battalion received a warning order for the next operation, Abilene.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 98], "content_span": [99, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016192-0019-0003", "contents": "16th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Vietnam War, The 2nd Battalion in the Vietnam War\nAbilene was a division-level effort to find and destroy several enemy formations operating due east of Saigon. The major incident during this huge mission took place near the village of X\u00e3 Cam My and the Courtenay Plantation. On the afternoon of Easter Sunday, 11 April 1966, C Company became engaged in one of the toughest battles of the war. Encountering the D800 Battalion set up in a well-fortified base camp, the 2nd Rangers fought fiercely, often hand to hand, for hours into the night.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 98], "content_span": [99, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016192-0019-0004", "contents": "16th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Vietnam War, The 2nd Battalion in the Vietnam War\nAlthough the company suffered heavy casualties, over 30 KIA, its soldiers held their own until a relief force arrived the following morning. The VC battalion, however, had paid heavy toll for its attempt to overrun C Company. With over 100 killed in action and its base camp destroyed, the remnants of the enemy unit were forced to flee to avoid complete destruction as the rest of the battalion continued the search. Throughout the rest of 1966, the 2/16th Infantry participated a series of pacification operations. The overall mission of these operations was to move into a semi-populated area and conduct extended operations to find and destroy enemy troops and support areas. These consisted of Operations El Paso I, II, and III, Allentown and Fairfax.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 98], "content_span": [99, 855]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016192-0020-0000", "contents": "16th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Vietnam War, The 2nd Battalion in the Vietnam War\nDuring the first part of 1967 the 2nd Rangers participated in Operation Lam Son in the Phu Loi area and Operation Junction City, the largest single mission of the war. During most of the rest of 1967, the battalion continued to conduct pacification efforts with Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) 5th Division partner units and conduct patrols, ambushes, and search and destroy missions near Ben Cat. The end of January 1968 saw the beginning of the Tet Offensive, the VC effort to overrun and win the war in South Vietnam.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 98], "content_span": [99, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016192-0020-0001", "contents": "16th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Vietnam War, The 2nd Battalion in the Vietnam War\nBoth battalions of the regiment were intimately involved in the US Army's own counteroffensive operations during this period. Flush on the heels of what was a significant South Vietnamese-U.S. victory, the 2nd Rangers took part in Operations Quyet Thang and Toan Thang. These were pacification operations designed to consolidate gains made during Tet as well as start moving U.S. Army efforts more toward working with ARVN units to provide local security for key hamlets in villages in the hinterlands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 98], "content_span": [99, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016192-0020-0002", "contents": "16th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Vietnam War, The 2nd Battalion in the Vietnam War\nIn September while conducting pacification efforts near \"Claymore Corners,\" the 2nd Battalion was suddenly redeployed by air to the vicinity of Loc Ninh to help hunt for the People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) 7th Division's 141st Regiment. In a classic meeting engagement on 12 September, the battalion battled and pursued the 141st Regiment over the next two days inflicting hundreds of casualties and over fifty known KIA. After the operations around Loc Ninh, the battalion was assigned to the \"Accelerated Pacification Campaign\" in November and continued on this effort into the new year as part of the Lam Son mission in the Phu Loi area north of Di An.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 98], "content_span": [99, 754]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016192-0021-0000", "contents": "16th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Vietnam War, The 2nd Battalion in the Vietnam War\nThroughout 1969, the 2nd Rangers performed numerous and varied missions in support of the pacification campaign. In April it joined in Operation Plainsfield Warrior in the \"Trapezoid\" and in numerous search and destroy missions in June and July around Ben Cat and Lai Kh\u00ea. Later in July the battalion was assigned the road security mission along a section of the highway to S\u00f4ng B\u00e9 Province. Known as the \"Thunder Run,\" the route was so-named due to the many mortars, rockets, and mines the enemy used to interdict US and ARVN traffic along the road. The battalion remained engaged in that mission until September 1969 when it was transferred permanently to Lai Khe where it joined the 1st Battalion under the 3rd Brigade, an assignment which remained constant for the remainder of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 98], "content_span": [99, 889]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016192-0022-0000", "contents": "16th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Vietnam War, The 1st Battalion in the Vietnam War\nThe 1st Battalion, 16th Infantry arrived at Vung Tau, Vietnam, on 10 October 1965 with the 3rd Brigade, 1st Infantry Division. The battalion was initially moved to Camp Ben Cat in Phuoc Vinh Province north of Saigon. The division wasted no time getting this newly arrived brigade into the fight in Operation Bushmaster I & II along Highway 13 between Lai Kh\u00ea and B\u1ebfn C\u00e1t District in Phouc Vinh Province and around the Michelin Rubber Plantation. The Bushmaster operations were followed by Mastiff in February 1966 and the division-level Operation Abilene to find and destroy the Viet Cong 5th Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 98], "content_span": [99, 701]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016192-0022-0001", "contents": "16th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Vietnam War, The 1st Battalion in the Vietnam War\nAbilene was followed in rapid succession by Operations Birmingham and El Paso I, II, and III. On 9 July during El Paso II, the 1st Rangers participated in the Battle of Minh Thanh Road. After the El Paso missions, the battalion next took part in Operation Amarillo in August near Lai Kh\u00ea, and Operations Tulsa/Shenandoah in October and November. The latter mission was designed to bring the Viet Cong 9th Division to battle in War Zone C, but the enemy declined to take the bait.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 98], "content_span": [99, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016192-0022-0002", "contents": "16th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Vietnam War, The 1st Battalion in the Vietnam War\nOperation Attleboro once again saw the regiment's two battalions operating on the same mission to find and destroy the 9th Division, this time northwest of D\u1ea7u Ti\u1ebfng District. The last mission for the battalion for 1966 was Operation Healdsburg near Lai Kh\u00ea in December. In January 1967, the 1st Battalion next joined in Operation Cedar Falls, a major effort conducted by the 1st and 25th Infantry Divisions, the 173rd Airborne Brigade and the 11th Armored Cavalry Regiment in Military Region 4, known as the \"Iron Triangle\" and the Thanh Dien Forest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 98], "content_span": [99, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016192-0022-0003", "contents": "16th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Vietnam War, The 1st Battalion in the Vietnam War\nCedar Falls was followed by the enormous and extended Operation Junction City. The 1st Rangers participated in two major fights during Junction City: Prek Klok and Ap Gu. In the former battle, Platoon Sergeant Matthew Leonard from B Company was mortally wounded while demonstrating indomitable courage and superb leadership. For his actions he was awarded the regiment's tenth Medal of Honor. The battalion next experienced two additional significant firefights during Operation Billings north of Phuoc Vinh in June. These were the battles of Landing Zone (LZ) Rufe and LZ X-Ray.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 98], "content_span": [99, 678]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016192-0022-0004", "contents": "16th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Vietnam War, The 1st Battalion in the Vietnam War\nDuring the latter action, the Reconnaissance Platoon of the 1st Battalion withstood an attack by a battalion of the Viet Cong 271st Regiment and prevented the battalion perimeter from being overrun. Billings was followed by Operation Shenandoah II north of Lai Kh\u00ea in October which once included both Ranger battalions and culminated the major operations of both for 1967. The year 1968 was an eventful one for the 1st Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 98], "content_span": [99, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016192-0022-0005", "contents": "16th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Vietnam War, The 1st Battalion in the Vietnam War\nStarting in late January, the battalion, along with almost the entire combat force of U.S. Army, Vietnam (USARV), engaged in the Tet Counteroffensive designed to defeat the massive Tet Offensive of 1968. After Tet, the battalion successively partook in Operations Quyet Thang and Toan Thang. These operations held the battalion's attention most of the year until late 1968, when the 1st Rangers underwent a major change.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 98], "content_span": [99, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016192-0022-0006", "contents": "16th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Vietnam War, The 1st Battalion in the Vietnam War\nOn Friday, 13 September 1968, the \"straight leg Infantry\" 1st/16th of the 1st Infantry Division at Lai Kh\u00ea, \"swapped\" colors and divisions, with the 5th/60th (Mechanized) of the 9th Infantry Division at \u0110\u1ed3ng T\u00e2m Base Camp, in the Mekong River Delta. The 1st Battalion became a mechanized infantry unit which it has remained ever since. Because of this change, the battalion soon adopted the nickname \"Iron Rangers.\" Throughout 1969, the Iron Rangers were involved the Vietnamization process which was designed to start turning over the planning and conduct of the war to the ARVN.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 98], "content_span": [99, 679]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016192-0022-0007", "contents": "16th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Vietnam War, The 1st Battalion in the Vietnam War\nEven so, the battalion joined in a number of combat operations such as Bear Trap, Friendship, Kentucky Cougar, Iron Danger and Toan Thang IV. During Kentucky Cougar in August, the Iron Rangers ran into a battalion of the 272nd Regiment near An L\u1ed9c in B\u00ecnh Long Province and in an afternoon of hot fighting, accounted for 29 enemy KIA and an unknown number of wounded. During the year, the battalion accounted for an additional 426 enemy soldiers killed or captured even though the ARVN were supposed to take the lead for operations. The last months in Vietnam saw the battalion working closely with its ARVN counterparts as it concurrently prepared to end its mission and redeploy to Fort Riley.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 98], "content_span": [99, 794]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016192-0023-0000", "contents": "16th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Vietnam War, The 1st Battalion in the Vietnam War\nThe two battalions of the 16th Infantry fought in almost every campaign of the Vietnam War. During the almost five years of combat the regiment lost over 560 men, the regiment's soldiers were awarded 2 Medals of Honor (both posthumous), 10 Distinguished Service Crosses, and hundreds of Silver and Bronze Star Medals. The regiment was awarded 11 campaign streamers, as well as 2 Republic of Vietnam Cross of Gallantry (with Palm) Streamers for 1965-1968 and 1969 and the Republic of Vietnam Civil Action Honor Medal (First Class) Streamer for 1965\u20131970. In addition, C Company, 2nd Battalion was awarded the Valorous Unit Award Streamer for its actions at the battle of Courtenay Plantation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 98], "content_span": [99, 790]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016192-0024-0000", "contents": "16th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Interim (1970 to 1990)\nIn April 1970, the 1st/16th was withdrawn from Vietnam along with the rest of the 1st Infantry Division and the bulk of the division was relocated to Fort Riley, Kansas. The division's 3rd Brigade, which included the 1st/16th, was moved to Germany to replace the forward deployed brigade of the recently deactivated 24th Infantry Division. For the next 20 years the 16th Infantry was prepared for a potential Soviet invasion of Western Europe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 71], "content_span": [72, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016192-0025-0000", "contents": "16th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Persian Gulf War\nOn 2 August 1990, Iraq invaded the sovereign country of Kuwait. This act precipitated U.S. military involvement in the Persian Gulf. As part of the general mobilization for this conflict that fall, the 2nd and 5th Battalions, 16th Infantry were alerted for deployment on 8 November 1990. The battalions deployed to Saudi Arabia soon after with the rest of the 1st Infantry Division (Mechanized) as part of Operation DESERT SHIELD.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 65], "content_span": [66, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016192-0025-0001", "contents": "16th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Persian Gulf War\nOperation DESERT STORM commenced on 17 January 1991 with air raids and artillery barrages on Iraqi targets, while the two battalions continued to rehearse their impending missions to penetrate Iraqi defenses and destroy the Republican Guard in zone. Concurrently, the 4th Battalion, 16th Infantry, 1st Infantry Division (Forward), which had deployed from Germany to the port of Dammam, Saudi Arabia, conducted the unloading and staging of coalition combat vehicles, equipment, and supplies for the ground war, and were the target of numerous SCUD missile attacks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 65], "content_span": [66, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016192-0025-0002", "contents": "16th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Persian Gulf War\nOn the morning of 24 February 1991, the Big Red One spearheaded the armored attack into Iraq, by creating a massive breach in the enemy defenses just inside Iraq. The breach was designed to allow other VII US Corps units to pass through the initial Iraqi Army forces and drive deep into Iraq. In the initial assault the 1st Infantry Division broke through the Iraqi 26th Infantry Division, destroyed it, and took over 2,500 prisoners.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 65], "content_span": [66, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016192-0025-0003", "contents": "16th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Persian Gulf War\nIn the initial stages of the operation, that is just before, during, and after the breach made in the 2nd Brigade's sector, the major problem faced by the Rangers of the 2nd Battalion, 16th Infantry was not so much enemy fire (though that was a hindrance) as was the large number of Iraqi soldiers surrendering to the troops of the battalion. By darkness of the 24th, the Rangers had not only conducted a major breach into the Iraqi defensive zone, they had also penetrated 30 kilometers to Phase Line Colorado and captured some 600 enemy troops.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 65], "content_span": [66, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016192-0025-0004", "contents": "16th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Persian Gulf War\nThe following morning, the 2nd Battalion pushed on with the 2nd Brigade and quickly battled through the Iraqi 48th Infantry Division capturing its commander and destroying its command post. By the end of that day, the brigade had cut through and destroyed the Iraqi 25th Division as well and had reached Phase Line Utah where it took up a temporary defensive position.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 65], "content_span": [66, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016192-0025-0005", "contents": "16th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Persian Gulf War\nAfter its breaching operations, the Big Red One's 1st Brigade, consisting in part of the 5th Battalion, 16th Infantry (known as Devil Rangers) and the 2nd Battalion 34th Armor, turned east and drove deep into enemy territory toward Phase Line Utah. En route on the 25th, the Devil Rangers also encountered a number of enemy formations, most notably the 110th Infantry Brigade. In a brief skirmish, that brigade's commander was scooped up by soldiers of the battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 65], "content_span": [66, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016192-0025-0006", "contents": "16th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Persian Gulf War\nLike its brother battalion, the 5th Battalion was rounding up hundreds of enemy prisoners who had no fight left in them by this time. Ahead however, was the much vaunted Republican Guard known to be positioned at a place on the map called Objective NORFOLK. On the night of 26 February 1991, the 1st Brigade next collided with the Republican Guard's Tawalakana Division and the 37th Brigade, 12th Armored Division. The fight developed into a division-level battle and before dawn the Big Red One had destroyed both enemy formations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 65], "content_span": [66, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016192-0025-0007", "contents": "16th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Persian Gulf War\nEnemy losses included more than 40 tanks and 40 infantry fighting vehicles. The 1st Infantry Division continued to exploit its success on the 27th by capturing and pursuing the demoralized Iraqi forces for the rest of the day. Following the Battle of Objective NORFOLK, the 5th Battalion raced ahead to assist in cutting the Iraqi lines of retreat from Kuwait City. As it approached the highway moving north out of Kuwait City and into southern Iraq, the Big Red One destroyed scores of enemy vehicles and took thousands more prisoners as the division's units advanced.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 65], "content_span": [66, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016192-0025-0008", "contents": "16th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Persian Gulf War\nAbout 2000, 27 February, the division's 1st Squadron, 4th Cavalry, seized the main highway leading north out of Kuwait and barred the Iraqis' escape. By the next morning, the rest of the division had taken up positions along the highway completely blocking any further movement north by the Iraqi Army. The cease fire was announced at 0800 on 28 February and the war was essentially over.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 65], "content_span": [66, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016192-0025-0009", "contents": "16th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Persian Gulf War\nWhile the Rangers of the 2nd Battalion were ordered to move over the ground just taken and destroy any remaining Iraqi vehicles and equipment that could be located in the rear, the 5th Battalion was ordered to the vicinity of Safwan Airfield in Iraq. There, the Devil Rangers were tasked with securing the site where on 3 March 1991 the negotiations were held between coalition forces and Iraqi leaders to finalize the cease-fire agreements. In this conflict the regiment earned 4 campaign streamers and each of the 2nd and 5th Battalions earned a Valorous Unit Award Streamer embroidered IRAQ-KUWAIT. On 10 May 1991, the division unfurled its colors at Fort Riley, Kansas, signifying its return home.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 65], "content_span": [66, 767]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016192-0026-0000", "contents": "16th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Bosnia and Herzegovina\n1st Battalion deployed to Bosnia in August 1999 through March 2000 along with supporting elements Fort Riley for peacekeeping operations. They were assigned under the 10th Mountain Division as part of SFOR 6. They were assigned primarily to Camp Dobol but also had elements assigned to Camp McGovern, Camp Demi and Camp Comanche.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 71], "content_span": [72, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016192-0027-0000", "contents": "16th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Global War on Terrorism, Iraq War\nWithin a few months after the initial invasion of Iraq, the 1st Battalion, 16th Infantry made its first deployment in the Global War on Terrorism. In August 2003, the Iron Rangers, equipped as a standard Bradley Fighting Vehicle-equipped battalion, deployed with the 1st Brigade to Ramadi, Anbar Province, in western Iraq. The brigade was initially attached to the 82nd Airborne Division and took over Area of Operations (AO) Topeka on 26 September. Over the next year the Iron Rangers had numerous skirmishes with Sunni insurgents in and around the provincial capital city of Ramadi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 82], "content_span": [83, 667]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016192-0027-0001", "contents": "16th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Global War on Terrorism, Iraq War\nMost notably, during 6\u201310 April 2004 when operating with elements of the 1st Marine Expeditionary Unit, the battalion fought a protracted battle with insurgents in the city. In addition to combat operations, during this tour the Iron Rangers trained elements of the new Iraqi Army as well as assisted with the implementation of numerous civil support projects. The battalion returned to Fort Riley in September 2004.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 82], "content_span": [83, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016192-0028-0000", "contents": "16th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Global War on Terrorism, Iraq War\nIn 2006, as part of the 1st Brigade, the 1st Battalion was given a new mission to train Military Transition Teams (\"MiTTs\") which would deploy to Iraq to advise and assist the units of the fledgling Iraqi Army. The battalion, however, was still required to maintain its ability to participate in overseas contingency operations. As a result, the battalion was reorganized into three deployable line companies (A, B, and C) and six MiTT training companies (D, I, K, L, M, and N).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 82], "content_span": [83, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016192-0028-0001", "contents": "16th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Global War on Terrorism, Iraq War\nBetween 2006 and 2008, the three deployable companies were sent on GWOT missions overseas: Company A was deployed to the Horn of Africa and B and C Companies each served in Iraq. Concurrently, the MiTT training companies conducted one of the Army's most important training missions back at Fort Riley. This mission was carried on by the battalion until 2009 when the responsibility was handed over to the Joint Readiness Training Center (JRTC) at Fort Polk, Louisiana.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 82], "content_span": [83, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016192-0029-0000", "contents": "16th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Global War on Terrorism, Iraq War\nIn January 2006, the 2nd Battalion, 16th Infantry was reactivated at Fort Riley as a part of the newly organized 4th Brigade Combat Team (BCT), 1st Infantry Division. The 2nd Rangers were hastily reformed as a light infantry battalion under the Army's new modular concept. Just over a year later, in February 2007, the battalion deployed to eastern Baghdad as part of President's George W. Bush's Surge in Iraq.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 82], "content_span": [83, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016192-0030-0000", "contents": "16th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Global War on Terrorism, Iraq War\nSome historians and veterans of the conflict noted that the 2nd Battalion had been undermanned when given the orders to deploy. In fact, most soldiers in 2nd Battalion\u2014including the Command Sergeant Major at the time\u2014had never seen combat before.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 82], "content_span": [83, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016192-0031-0000", "contents": "16th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Global War on Terrorism, Iraq War\nThe 2nd Battalion was assigned the mission of providing security in the southern area of the Tisa Nissan Qada (district) in southeastern Baghdad- a notoriously violent area which had been relatively lawless even under the reign of Saddam Hussein. The Rangers succeeded in significantly reducing the insurgent threat by focusing on heavy local patrolling using small teams and unconventional tactics. By the time the battalion departed in 2008, its areas of the Tisa Nissan Qada had become one of the most secure areas in Baghdad.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 82], "content_span": [83, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016192-0032-0000", "contents": "16th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Global War on Terrorism, Iraq War\nOn 1 September 2009, the 2nd Battalion, 16th Infantry returned to Iraq in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom, 2009\u20132011. This time the battalion operated in the vicinity of Bayji in north central Iraq. At Bayji, the battalion was assigned an advise and assist role with elements of the Iraqi 4th Infantry Division as well as with the local Iraqi Police forces which supported the local governments in its area of operations. After a more calm, though still dangerous tour this time around, the battalion returned to Fort Riley in late April and early May 2010, with the exception of A Company, which remained until that August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 82], "content_span": [83, 710]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016192-0033-0000", "contents": "16th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Global War on Terrorism, War in Afghanistan\nAfter performing the MiTT training mission for three years, the 1st Battalion began the process of reorganizing and training as one of the Army's new Combined Arms Battalions (CAB) in 2009. In January 2011, however, the 1st Battalion was deployed once again, this time on a unique mission to Afghanistan. For this deployment, the battalion was attached to the Combined Joint Special Operations Command-Afghanistan (CJSOCC- A) and assigned to support a new effort known as the Village Stability Operations (VSO) program.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 92], "content_span": [93, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016192-0033-0001", "contents": "16th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Global War on Terrorism, War in Afghanistan\nThis program required that the battalion be broken down into squads and sometimes fire teams and distributed to selected villages throughout Regional Commands East, South, West, and North. The squads and teams worked with Special Forces Teams and other special operations forces to help the villagers raise detachments of Afghan Local Police (ALP) who would then provide security to the villages. Those assigned to Headquarters and Headquarters Company were sent out to different NATO members Provincial Reconstruction Teams in order to assist with information sharing and liaison between the countries. The 16th Infantry established this with Germany, Norway, and Hungary. Members of the 16th were even utilized by 1st Special Forces Group and Afghan Commandoes as Forward Logistical Elements supporting CENTOM level missions. The Iron Rangers returned to Fort Riley from Afghanistan in December 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 92], "content_span": [93, 995]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016192-0034-0000", "contents": "16th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Global War on Terrorism, War in Afghanistan\nEven as the 1st Battalion was returning home, the 2nd Battalion was deploying on its third overseas tour of the GWOT. As with its brother battalion, the 2nd Rangers were sent to Afghanistan for this tour, this time to the eastern sections of Ghazni Province. In April 2012, the Rangers assumed responsibility for two districts and two Afghan National Army (ANA) kandaks (battalions). The battalion conducted daily combat patrols side by side with their Afghan partner units to influence and secure the local population throughout the districts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 92], "content_span": [93, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016192-0034-0001", "contents": "16th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Global War on Terrorism, War in Afghanistan\nIn August 2012, the 2nd Battalion underwent its first of several expansions to its AO when it assumed responsibility for a third district and a third ANA Kandak as the Surge forces in the country were being withdrawn. The new district brought new challenges, as the Rangers began patrolling the vital Highway 1 route between Kabul and Kandahar to ensure it remained open for commercial and military traffic. With reduced forces and additional ANA partners, the Rangers began to place the Afghans in the lead militarily.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 92], "content_span": [93, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016192-0034-0002", "contents": "16th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Global War on Terrorism, War in Afghanistan\nANA units readily assumed responsibility for their own districts, demonstrating the sound tactical knowledge and hard-fought experience they had gained through years of fighting and US Army mentorship. With Afghans in the lead for all aspects of the fight, and local Afghans actively resisting the Taliban and other insurgent forces, the stage appeared set for the ISAF mission to soon come to a close within Afghanistan as the battalion ended its own tour. The 2nd Battalion arrived home in February 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 92], "content_span": [93, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016192-0035-0000", "contents": "16th Infantry Regiment (United States), Notable members, Medals of Honor\nThe following soldiers were awarded the Medal of Honor for actions while serving in the 16th Infantry Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 72], "content_span": [73, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016192-0036-0000", "contents": "16th Infantry Regiment (United States), Notable members, Medals of Honor\nIn addition, Air Force SSGT William H. Pitsenbarger of the Air Force's 38th Air Rescue and Recovery Squadron was posthumously awarded a Medal of Honor for actions in support of C Company, 2/16 Infantry in the Battle of Xa Cam My on April 11-12, 1966, part of Operation Abilene. This was the same action for which SGT James W. Robinson Jr. was also awarded the Medal of Honor. This action is the subject of the 2019 feature film The Last Full Measure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 72], "content_span": [73, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016192-0037-0000", "contents": "16th Infantry Regiment (United States), Unit decorations\nPresidential Unit Citation (Army), Streamer embroidered MATEUR, TUNISIAPresidential Unit Citation (Army), Streamer embroidered SICILYPresidential Unit Citation (Army) Streamer embroidered NORMANDYPresidential Unit Citation (Army), Streamer embroidered HURTGEN FORESTPresidential Unit Citation (Army), Streamer embroidered HAMICH, GERMANYFrench Croix de Guerre with Palm, World War I, Streamer embroidered AISNE-MARNEFrench Croix de Guerre with Palm, World War I, Streamer embroidered MEUSE-ARGONNEFrench Croix de Guerre with Palm, World War II, Streamer embroidered KASSERINEFrench Croix de Guerre with Palm, World War II, Streamer embroidered NORMANDYFrench M\u00e9daille militaire, Streamer embroidered FRANCEFrench M\u00e9daille militaire, Fourrag\u00e8reBelgian Fourrag\u00e8re 1940Cited in the Order of the Day of the Belgian Army for action at MonsCited in the Order of the Day of the Belgian Army for action at Eupen-MalmedyRepublic of Vietnam Cross of Gallantry with Palm, Streamer embroidered VIETNAM 1965\u20131968Republic of Vietnam Cross of Gallantry with Palm, Streamer embroidered VIETNAM 1969Republic of Vietnam Civil Action Honor Medal, First Class, Streamer embroidered VIETNAM 1965\u20131970", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 56], "content_span": [57, 1236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016192-0038-0000", "contents": "16th Infantry Regiment (United States), Unit decorations\nValorous Unit Award, Streamer embroidered AL ANBAR PROVINCEArmy Superior Unit Award, Streamer embroidered 2006-2009", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 56], "content_span": [57, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016192-0039-0000", "contents": "16th Infantry Regiment (United States), Unit decorations\nMeritorious Unit Commendation (Army), Streamer embroidered IRAQ Sep 2006-Aug 2007Valorous Unit Award (Army), Streamer embroidered AFGHANISTAN APR-DEC 2011", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 56], "content_span": [57, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016192-0040-0000", "contents": "16th Infantry Regiment (United States), Unit decorations\nMeritorious Unit Commendation (Army), Streamer embroidered IRAQ Oct 2006-Jun 2007", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 56], "content_span": [57, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016192-0041-0000", "contents": "16th Infantry Regiment (United States), Unit decorations\nValorous Unit Award, Streamer embroidered IRAQ-KUWAIT 1991Valorous Unit Award, Streamer embroidered BAGHDAD 2007-2008Meritorious Unit Commendation (Army), Streamer embroidered IRAQ 2009-2010Meritorious Unit Commendation (Army), Streamer embroidered AFGHANISTAN 2012-2013", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 56], "content_span": [57, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016192-0042-0000", "contents": "16th Infantry Regiment (United States), Unit decorations\nPresidential Unit Citation, Streamer embroidered GELA, SICILY 11 \u2013 13 July 1943", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 56], "content_span": [57, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016192-0043-0000", "contents": "16th Infantry Regiment (United States), Unit decorations\nMeritorious Unit Commendation, Streamer embroidered NORMANDY 6 June \u2013 11 August 1944", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 56], "content_span": [57, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016192-0044-0000", "contents": "16th Infantry Regiment (United States), Unit decorations\nMeritorious Unit Commendation, Streamer embroidered NORMANDY 6 June \u2013 11 August 1944", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 56], "content_span": [57, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016193-0000-0000", "contents": "16th International Emmy Awards\nThe 16th International Emmy Awards took place on November 23, 1988, in New York City, United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016193-0001-0000", "contents": "16th International Emmy Awards, Ceremony\nFive television programmes from Britain, Australia and the Netherlands won International Emmy Awards in New York.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 40], "content_span": [41, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016193-0002-0000", "contents": "16th International Emmy Awards, Ceremony\nProducers from 30 countries submitted  a record 197 programmes to compete for the awards, given by International Council of the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 40], "content_span": [41, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016193-0003-0000", "contents": "16th International Emmy Awards, Ceremony\nGoar Mestre was given the Founders Award in recognition of this lifetime of work in Latin America broadcasting. The council gave a posthumous award to Italian Vittorio Boni, who was the director of international relations for RAI. Boni dies in Nov. 1987, at the age of 56, was given the Directorate Awards for his contributions in international broadcasting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 40], "content_span": [41, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016194-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Iowa Infantry Regiment\nThe 16th Iowa Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016194-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Iowa Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 16th Iowa Infantry was organized at Davenport, Iowa, and mustered in for three years of Federal service by companies between December 10, 1861, and March 12, 1862.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016194-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Iowa Infantry Regiment, Iowa Brigade\nAfter the Battle of Shiloh, the Thirteenth Iowa was assigned to the Third Brigade of the Sixth Division. The Brigade was composed of the Eleventh, Thirteenth, Fifteenth and Sixteenth regiments of Iowa Infantry, and was under command of Colonel Crocker. This organization remained intact until the close of the war. Except when upon detached duty, the operations of each of the regiments were identified very largely with those of the brigade, and, therefore, the history of each of these four Iowa regiments is almost inseparably interwoven with that of the brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 41], "content_span": [42, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016194-0003-0000", "contents": "16th Iowa Infantry Regiment, Total strength and casualties\nThe 16th Iowa mustered a total of 1,441 men over the span of its existence. Seven officers and 94 enlisted men were killed in action or died of their wounds, while three officers and 219 enlisted men died of disease, for a total of 323 fatalities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 58], "content_span": [59, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016195-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Irish Film & Television Awards\nThe 16th Irish Film & Television Academy Awards took place on 18 October 2020. Because no ceremony was held in 2019, this ceremony honoured films and television drama released in both 2018 and 2019. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, no physical ceremony took place; instead, there was a \"virtual ceremony\" hosted by Deirdre O\u2019Kane.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016195-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Irish Film & Television Awards\nThe nominations for the IFTAs were announced by the Irish Film and Television Academy on 14 July 2020. People presenting awards included President Michael D. Higgins, Martin Scorsese, Daisy Ridley and Liam Neeson. It aired on Virgin Media One.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016195-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Irish Film & Television Awards\nBelow are the winners and nominees. Winners are at the top of each list, in bold type.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016195-0003-0000", "contents": "16th Irish Film & Television Awards, Film, Best film (2020)\nFilms released in 2019. (Arracht went on general release in 2020, but it premiered at a festival in 2019.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 59], "content_span": [60, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016196-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Japan Film Professional Awards\nThe 16th Japan Film Professional Awards (\u7b2c16\u56de\u65e5\u672c\u6620\u753b\u30d7\u30ed\u30d5\u30a7\u30c3\u30b7\u30e7\u30ca\u30eb\u5927\u8cde) is the 16th edition of the Japan Film Professional Awards. It awarded the best of 2006 in film. The ceremony did not take place in this year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016197-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Japan Record Awards\nThe 16th Annual Japan Record Awards took place at the Imperial Garden Theater in Chiyoda, Tokyo, on December 31, 1974, starting at 7:00PM JST. The primary ceremonies were televised in Japan on TBS.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016198-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Jutra Awards\nThe 16th Prix Jutra ceremony was held on March 23, 2014 at the Monument-National theatre in Montreal, Quebec, to honour achievements in the Cinema of Quebec in 2013. Nominations were announced in January.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016199-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Kansas Cavalry Regiment\nThe 16th Kansas Volunteer Cavalry Regiment was a cavalry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War and American Indian Wars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016199-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Kansas Cavalry Regiment, Service\nThe 16th Kansas Volunteer Cavalry Regiment was organized at Leavenworth, Kansas from November 1863 through May 1864. It mustered in for three years under the command of Colonel Werter R. Davis. The regiment was attached to District of Kansas, Department of Missouri, to April 1865. District of the Plains, Department of Missouri, to December 1865. The 16th Kansas Cavalry mustered out of service on December 6, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016199-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Kansas Cavalry Regiment, Detailed service\nDuty in the District of North Kansas at Fort Leavenworth until September 1864. Company D at Fort Scott, 1st Brigade, District South Kansas. Companies A and L at Paola, 2nd Brigade, District South Kansas. Company B at Shawnee Mission and Company C at Olathe, 2nd Brigade, District of South Kansas. Companies F and G at Lawrence August 1864. Action at Ridgley, Missouri, June 11, 1864 (Company E). Scout from Leavenworth to Weston, Missouri, June 13\u201316, and from Kansas into Missouri June 16\u201329. Camden Point July 13 (Company F). Near Lexington October 17 (Company H). Second Battle of Lexington October 19.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016199-0002-0001", "contents": "16th Kansas Cavalry Regiment, Detailed service\nOperations against Price's Raid. Battle of Little Blue River October 21. Pursuit of Price October 21\u201328. Independence and State Line October 22. Big Blue and Westport October 23. Mine Creek, Little Osage River and Marias Des Cygnes October 25. Battle of Charlot October 25. Mound City and Fort Lincoln October 25 (Companies A and D). Second Battle of Newtonia October 28. Operations on Upper Arkansas January 28-February 9, 1865. Protecting country against Indians until June. Powder River Expedition, march from Fort Laramie, Dakota Territory to the Powder River then to Fort Connor, July 11 - September 20. Actions with Indians September 1\u201310 on Powder River. Mustered out December 6, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 739]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016199-0003-0000", "contents": "16th Kansas Cavalry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 110 men during service; 1 officer and 10 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 1 officer and 98 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016200-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Kansas Militia Infantry Regiment\nThe 16th Kansas Militia Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016200-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Kansas Militia Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 16th Kansas Militia Infantry was called into service on October 9, 1864. It was disbanded on October 29, 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016200-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Kansas Militia Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nThe unit was called into service to defend Kansas against Maj. Gen. Sterling Price's raid. The regiment saw action at Byram's Ford, Big Blue, October 22. Westport October 23.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 55], "content_span": [56, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016201-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Kentucky Cavalry Regiment (Union)\nThe 16th Kentucky Cavalry Regiment was a cavalry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016201-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Kentucky Cavalry Regiment (Union), Service\nThe 16th Kentucky Cavalry Regiment was organized at Paducah, Kentucky and mustered in for three years. It mustered in under the command of Major George F. Barnes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016201-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Kentucky Cavalry Regiment (Union), Service\nThe regiment was attached to 2nd Brigade, 2nd Division, Cavalry Corps, Department of the Ohio, to May 1864. 1st Cavalry Brigade, District of Kentucky, 5th Division, XXIII Corps, Department of the Ohio, to October 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016201-0003-0000", "contents": "16th Kentucky Cavalry Regiment (Union), Service\nThe 16th Kentucky Cavalry ceased when it was consolidated into the 12th Kentucky Cavalry on October 15, 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016201-0004-0000", "contents": "16th Kentucky Cavalry Regiment (Union), Detailed service\nDuty at Paducah, Kentucky, until April 1864. Fort Anderson, Paducah, March 25\u201326, 1864. Ordered to Louisville, Kentucky, April 12. Operations against Morgan May 31-June 30. Cynthiana June 12. At Nicholasville, Kentucky, June to August. Cleveland, Tennessee, August 17. Gillem's Expedition from eastern Tennessee toward southwestern Virginia September 20-October 17. Leesburg September 28. Near Rheatown, Duvall's Ford, Watauga River, September 30.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 56], "content_span": [57, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016201-0005-0000", "contents": "16th Kentucky Cavalry Regiment (Union), Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 58 men during service; 3 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 1 officer and 54 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 50], "content_span": [51, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016202-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Kentucky Infantry Regiment\nThe 16th Kentucky Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016202-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Kentucky Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 16th Kentucky Infantry Regiment was organized at Camp Kenton in Kentucky and mustered in for a three-year enlistment on January 27, 1862.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016202-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Kentucky Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to 18th Brigade, Army of the Ohio, to March 1862. Unattached, Army of the Ohio, to November 1862. District of West Kentucky, Department of the Ohio, to June 1863. 2nd Brigade, 3rd Division, XXIII Corps, Army of the Ohio, to August 1863. 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, XXIII Corps, to April 1864. 1st Brigade, 3rd Division, XXIII Corps, to March 1865. 1st Brigade, 3rd Division, XXIII Corps, Department of North Carolina, to July 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016202-0003-0000", "contents": "16th Kentucky Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 16th Kentucky Infantry mustered out of service on July 15, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016202-0004-0000", "contents": "16th Kentucky Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 188 men during service; 2 officers and 50 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 5 officers and 131 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016203-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Krajina Motorized Brigade\nThe 16th Krajina Motorized Brigade (Serbian: 16. \u041a\u0440\u0430\u0458\u0438\u0448\u043a\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0431\u0440\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0434\u0430, Lat. 16. Kraji\u0161ka motorizovana brigada) was a Banja Luka based unit of the First Krajina Corps of the Army of Republika Srpska.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016203-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Krajina Motorized Brigade, History\nThe 16th Krajina Brigade was the successor of the Krajina Strike Proletarian Brigade (Serbian: \u041a\u0440\u0430\u0458\u0438\u0448\u043a\u0430 \u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u0431\u0440\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0434\u0430, Lat. Kraji\u0161ka udarna proleterska brigada), established in 1942 by Yugoslav Partisans in the village of Lamovita near Prijedor, Bosnia. After the second world war the brigade was re-established in Travnik and later moved to Banja Luka as the 16th Regiment. In 1985 the 16th Krajina Regiment was renamed 16th Krajina Brigade. With the Breakup of Yugoslavia,  the brigade entered into service with the Army of Republika Srpska.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016203-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Krajina Motorized Brigade, Yugoslav Wars, War in Slavonia\nThe decision to mobilize the 16th Krajina Brigade was made after the Yugoslav government decided to intervene after the declaration of independence by Croatia. As such, between 13 June 13 and 15 August, 1991 the brigade conducted mobilization activities and preparatory exercises were in the villages of Ma\u0161i\u0107i, Han \u0160ibi\u0107, and Berek.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 62], "content_span": [63, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016203-0003-0000", "contents": "16th Krajina Motorized Brigade, Yugoslav Wars, War in Slavonia\nAs ordered, on 16 September 1991 the first elements of the brigade crossed the Sava River into the Socialist Republic of Croatia near Gradi\u0161ka joining the 329th JNA Armored Brigade (later the 1st Armored Brigade). In their first action, the soldiers of the 16th Krajina Brigade liberated the villages of Donja Varo\u0161, Gornja Varo\u0161, Nova Varo\u0161 and break into the Brotherhood and Unity Highway. The next day, with the first few wounded, the first soldier of the 16th Brigade, Bojan Majstorovic, was killed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 62], "content_span": [63, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016203-0004-0000", "contents": "16th Krajina Motorized Brigade, Yugoslav Wars, War in Slavonia\nAfter a few days, the rest of the brigade crossed the Sava River and in a rush liberated settlements in the direction of Kosovac-Gornji Bogicevci, Nova Varos-Donji Bogicevci, and then the villages of Gornji Rajici, Rozdanik, Jazavica, Vo\u0107arica, Paklenica, and part of Stari Grabovac.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 62], "content_span": [63, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016203-0005-0000", "contents": "16th Krajina Motorized Brigade, Yugoslav Wars, War in Slavonia\nUnder the command of then commander Milan \u010celeketi\u0107, the 16th Brigade liberated 65 km2 of the territory of Western Slavonia, which was mostly inhabited by the Serbian population.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 62], "content_span": [63, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016203-0006-0000", "contents": "16th Krajina Motorized Brigade, Yugoslav Wars, War in Bosnia\nIn the spring of 1992, a portion of the brigade returned to Banja Luka, and several troops were deployed to Mount Vla\u0161i\u0107. By the end of May 1992, a new mobilization was carried out near Mount Manja\u010da  were 1,500 new troops were added to the brigade. In 1992, a smaller element of the brigade was deployed to the Republic of Serbian Krajina, with a larger portion deploying to Posavina to take part in Operation Corridor. In mid-June 1992, the 16th Brigade systematically liberated villages from Doboj to Modri\u010da (Johovac, Gali\u0107i, Gornja Fo\u010da, Karamati\u0107i, Lu\u0161i\u0107i, Vukovac (partially) and \u017divkovo Polje (partially).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 60], "content_span": [61, 674]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016203-0006-0001", "contents": "16th Krajina Motorized Brigade, Yugoslav Wars, War in Bosnia\nIn the afternoon of June 26, 1992, combatants of the 16th Brigade liberated the village of Milo\u0161evac, and a little later Captain Dmitry Zaric's 2nd Company broke through the last enemy strongholds and merged with the units of the East Bosnian Corps. In this way, a corridor (also known as the Path of Life) between Krajina and Serbia was established.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 60], "content_span": [61, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016203-0006-0002", "contents": "16th Krajina Motorized Brigade, Yugoslav Wars, War in Bosnia\nSubsequently, the 16th Brigade participated in the liberation of the Serbian territories in Posavina from 3 to 17 July 1992, liberate 13 villages (122 km2 of territory) and breaking out to the Sava River, achieving their mission as directed by VRS headquarters. After breaking out to the Sava River, the 16th Brigade was tasked to defend the Lower Svilaj-Obodni Canal, and portions of the brigade engaged in combat operations near Ostra Luka, at the Grada\u010dac front in order to ensure that the corridor with Serbia was not compromised.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 60], "content_span": [61, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016203-0006-0003", "contents": "16th Krajina Motorized Brigade, Yugoslav Wars, War in Bosnia\nDuring this time, Lieutenant Colonel Milan \u010celeketi\u0107  was replaced by Colonel Novica Simi\u0107 as brigade commander. Shortly thereafter, VRS command promoted Colonel Simi\u0107 to general, appointing him commander of the Eastern Bosnia Corps of the Army of Republika Srpska. The new commander of the 16th Brigade become Lieutenant Colonel Vukadin Makagi\u0107.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 60], "content_span": [61, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016203-0007-0000", "contents": "16th Krajina Motorized Brigade, Yugoslav Wars, War in Bosnia\nFrom mid-August to early November 1992, units of the 16th Brigade, under the command of Colonel Slavko Lisica, participated in the liberation of Brod. At midnight on October 6, units of the 16th Brigade entered Brod again reaching the Sava River.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 60], "content_span": [61, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016203-0008-0000", "contents": "16th Krajina Motorized Brigade, Yugoslav Wars, War in Bosnia\nAfter the liberation of Brod, most of the brigade returned to frontline positions on the Donji Svilaj-Brusnica route, and about a month later the 16th Brigade was tasked to the Orasko front. In late December, the 16th Brigade received Lieutenant Colonel Vlado Topi\u0107 as commander, and proceeded to the Br\u010dko front in defense of the corridor along with the East Bosnian Corps of the Republika Srpska Army, headed by their former commander Major General Novica Simi\u0107.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 60], "content_span": [61, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016203-0008-0001", "contents": "16th Krajina Motorized Brigade, Yugoslav Wars, War in Bosnia\nFrom the beginning of 1993 until the summer of the same year, the 16th Brigade liberated 13 populated areas and expanded the corridor between Republika Srpska and Serbia by 33 km2 (as part of Operation Cooperation). Following this action, the brigade took a short break before being moved to the Doboj-Tesli\u0107 front. This brigade participated in Operation Drina in early 1994.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 60], "content_span": [61, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016203-0009-0000", "contents": "16th Krajina Motorized Brigade, Yugoslav Wars, War in Bosnia\nFollowing the fall of a number of Krajina municipalities during Operation Maestral in September 1995, as part of Operation Vaganj, the Brigade, along with the 43rd Prijedor, 6th Sanska, 5th Kozarska, 65th Protection Regiment and other units returned 5th Corps to the river Una. Prior to entering Bosanska Krupa, the brigade was relocated to the Manja\u010da region, where it was tasked, in cooperation with other units (Srpska Garda, 2nd Krajina Brigade and the Special Police Brigade of the RS MUP), to suppress the 5th ARBiH Corps from Mrkonji\u0107 Grad and liberate Kljuc. In just three days (October 3-6), the 16th Krajina arrived near Kljuc, when the General Staff decided to return the brigade to the Doboj front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 60], "content_span": [61, 771]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016203-0010-0000", "contents": "16th Krajina Motorized Brigade, Yugoslav Wars, War in Bosnia\nThis unit's combat tour lasted 1,727 days between 1992 and 1995, where the brigade lost 437 soldiers, approximately 2,000 wounded and 11 reported missing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 60], "content_span": [61, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016203-0011-0000", "contents": "16th Krajina Motorized Brigade, Decorations\nThe brigade was awarded the Order of Nemanji\u0107, the highest military recognition of Republika Srpska, for its merits in the 1992-95 war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 43], "content_span": [44, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016203-0012-0000", "contents": "16th Krajina Motorized Brigade, Gallery\nCroatia - Western Slavonia - September 1991 - January 1992", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 98]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016204-0000-0000", "contents": "16th LG Cup\nThe 16th LG Cup began on 13 June 2011 and concluded on 15 February 2012. Jiang Weijie won the title, defeating Lee Chang-ho in the final. 32 players from four countries competed in the final knockout tournament:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016205-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Lambda Literary Awards\nThe 16th Lambda Literary Awards were held in 2004 to honour works of LGBT literature published in 2003.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016206-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Land of Tarnow Infantry Regiment\n16th Infantry Regiment of the Land of Tarnow (Polish language: 16 Pulk Piechoty Ziemi Tarnowskiej, 16 pp) was an infantry regiment of the Polish Army. It existed from late 1918 until September 1939. Garrisoned in Tarn\u00f3w, the unit belonged to the 6th Infantry Division from Krakow.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016206-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Land of Tarnow Infantry Regiment\nThe history of the regiment dates back to the final weeks of World War I, when ethnic Polish soldiers, serving in the Austrian 57th Infantry Regiment, abandoned their positions on the Italian Front, and returned to Tarnow. In November 1918, Polish 57th Infantry Regiment was formed. In February 1919, its name was changed into the 16th Infantry Regiment of the Land of Tarnow.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016206-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Land of Tarnow Infantry Regiment, Symbols\nThe flag of the regiment was funded by the residents of the counties of Tarnow, Dabrowa Tarnowska and Brzesko. It was presented to the unit by President Ignacy Moscicki in Tarnow, on May 29, 1927.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016206-0003-0000", "contents": "16th Land of Tarnow Infantry Regiment, Symbols\nThe badge, approved in August 1930, was in the shape of the cross, with the coat of arms of Tarnow in the middle, and the number 16, together with the names of the Polish-Soviet War battles: DAWIDOW KRASNE MUROWA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016207-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Landwehr Division (German Empire)\nThe 16th Landwehr Division (16. Landwehr-Division) was a unit of the Imperial German Army in World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016208-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Legislative Assembly of Costa Rica\nThe 16th Legislative Assembly of Costa Rica since the current 1949 Constitution met from 1 May 2014 till 30 April 2018 in the Cuesta de Moras' Building in San Jos\u00e9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016209-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico\nThe 16th Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico will meet from January 2, 2009, to January 1, 2013. All members of the House of Representatives and the Senate were elected in the General Elections of 2008. The House and the Senate both have a majority of members from the New Progressive Party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016210-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Light Cavalry\nThe 16th Light Cavalry is a regiment of the Armoured Corps, a primary combat arm of the Indian Army. Prior to India gaining independence from the British in 1947, it was a regular cavalry regiment of the British Indian Army. It was formed in 1776 and is the oldest armoured regiment raised in India. The 16th Light Cavalry saw service in a number of conflicts ranging from the Second Anglo-Mysore War in 1781 to World War II. It has a number of battle honours including \"Punjab 1965\" earned during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016210-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Light Cavalry, History, Formation\nThe Regiment was raised prior to 1776 as the 3rd Regiment of Native Cavalry in the service of the Nawab of Arcot, Muhammad Ali Khan Wallajah. In 1780, while under service with the British East India Company, it formed part of the force that defeated Hyder Ali during the Second Anglo-Mysore War and was awarded battle honours for the Battle of Sholinghur, Battle of Mysore, Battle of Carnatic and the Battle of Seringapatam for service during the Anglo-Mysore Wars. After the Anglo-Mysore Wars the Regiment was next in action during the Third Anglo-Burmese War and were awarded the Battle Honour of Burma 1885-87.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 38], "content_span": [39, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016210-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Light Cavalry, History, Early 20th Century\nDuring World War I (1914\u20131918) the regiment remained in India for the defence of the North West Frontier but they did send drafts to other Indian cavalry regiments serving in France and the Middle East. In 1919 the regiment was involved in the brief Third Afghan War, for which they were awarded the battle honour of Afghanistan 1919. In 1923, the regiment was selected for \u2018Indianisation\u2019, wherein British officers were finally replaced by Indian officers and this became the first Indian cavalry regiment to be officered by Indians.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 47], "content_span": [48, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016210-0003-0000", "contents": "16th Light Cavalry, History, World War II\nDuring World War II the regiment was employed in the defence of India having converted from horses to armour at Quetta in 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 41], "content_span": [42, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016210-0004-0000", "contents": "16th Light Cavalry, History, World War II\nIn 1945 they were selected to undertake operations in Burma. Within three weeks the Regiment covered a distance of 3,500 miles from Quetta to the banks of Irrawaddy River and was personally complimented by General Slim, the Fourteenth Army commander.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 41], "content_span": [42, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016210-0005-0000", "contents": "16th Light Cavalry, History, World War II\nIn Burma the regiment were 14th Army troops and were also attached to the 255th Indian Tank Brigade, the brigade formation was;", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 41], "content_span": [42, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016210-0006-0000", "contents": "16th Light Cavalry, Post Independence\nDuring the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, the Regiment was part of the 1 Armoured Brigade and took part in the Battle of Phillora and Battle of Gadgor. In a major tank battle fought at Gadgor on 8 September, and a subsequent engagement at Alhar Railway Station, they destroyed 16 Patton Tanks of the enemy, against a loss of 6 tanks of their own. 2 officers, 1 JCO and 14 Other Ranks of the unit were killed in these actions and many wounded. The Regiment won the Theatre Honour 'PUNJAB 1965'. The gallantry awards won by its officers and men comprised 1 Vir Chakra, 1 Sena Medal, 8 Mention-in-Dispatches and 3 Commendation Cards from the Chief of Army Staff.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 37], "content_span": [38, 694]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016210-0007-0000", "contents": "16th Light Cavalry, Post Independence\nIn the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, the Regiment with its Centurion tanks fought the war under the 16th Independent Armoured Brigade in Shakargarh Sector.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 37], "content_span": [38, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016210-0008-0000", "contents": "16th Light Cavalry, Post Independence\nSeven Vijayanta tanks from 16 Cavalry fought in Amritsar during Operation Blue Star. At least three entered the Golden Temple compound to provide illumination and machine gun fire, but eventually deployed their main guns against the fortified Akal Takht building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 37], "content_span": [38, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016210-0009-0000", "contents": "16th Light Cavalry, Post Independence\nDuring a terrorist attack in Samba on 26 September 2003, three terrorist attacked the Officers mess of the Regiment. The three terrorists were killed, but the unit lost one officer and three men. Lt Col Bikramjeet Singh was conferred with Shaurya Chakra posthumously.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 37], "content_span": [38, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016210-0010-0000", "contents": "16th Light Cavalry, Affiliations\nThe Regiment was affiliated with the Madras Regiment in 2003 and with INS Talwar, the lead ship of the modern Talwar (modified Krivak) class frigates in  2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 32], "content_span": [33, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016210-0011-0000", "contents": "16th Light Cavalry, Composition\nDuring its more than 200 years of existence, the Regiment has seen many changes of organisations and designations. Manned originally by men from the Madras Presidency, its composition was changed in 1903 to Rajputs, Jats and Deccani Muslims. Since Independence, the Regiment has retained its original South Indian composition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016210-0012-0000", "contents": "16th Light Cavalry, Battle honours\nThe battle and theatre honours of the 16th Light Cavalry are:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 34], "content_span": [35, 96]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016211-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Lok Sabha\nMembers of the 16th Lok Sabha were elected during the 2014 Indian general election. The elections were conducted in 9 phases from 7 April 2014 to 12 May 2014 by the Election Commission of India. The results of the election were declared on 16 May 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016211-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Lok Sabha\nThe Bharatiya Janata Party (of the NDA) achieved an absolute majority with 282 seats out of 543, 166 seats more than in the previous 15th Lok Sabha. Its PM candidate Narendra Modi took office on 26 May 2014 as the 14th prime minister of India. The first session was convened from 4 to 11 June 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016211-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Lok Sabha\nThere was no leader of the opposition in the 16th Lok Sabha as the Indian Parliament rules state that a party in the Lok Sabha must have at least 10% (55) of the total seats (545) to be considered the opposition party. The Indian National Congress (of the UPA) could only manage 44 seats, while the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam party from Tamil Nadu came a close third with 37 seats. Mallikarjun Kharge was declared the leader of the Indian National Congress in the Lok Sabha.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016211-0003-0000", "contents": "16th Lok Sabha\nFive sitting members from Rajya Sabha, the Upper House of Indian Parliament, were elected to 16th Lok Sabha after the 2014 Indian general election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016211-0004-0000", "contents": "16th Lok Sabha\nThe pro-tem Speaker Kamal Nath was administered oath on 4 June 2014 & presided over the election of the Speaker of the Lok Sabha. Sumitra Mahajan was elected as its Speaker on 6 June 2014 and would remain in office until the day before the first sitting of the 17th Lok Sabha. M Thambidurai was elected as Deputy Speaker on 13 August 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016211-0005-0000", "contents": "16th Lok Sabha, Members, Party-wise Distribution of Seats\nFollowing 36 political parties were represented in 16th Lok Sabha:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 57], "content_span": [58, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016211-0006-0000", "contents": "16th Lok Sabha, Members, Criminal background\nCase-wise distribution of the 542 members of the 16th Lok Sabha.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 44], "content_span": [45, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016211-0007-0000", "contents": "16th Lok Sabha, Members, Criminal background\nAbout one-third of all winners had at least one pending criminal case against them, with some having serious criminal cases.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 44], "content_span": [45, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016211-0008-0000", "contents": "16th Lok Sabha, Members, Criminal background\nCompared to the 15th Lok Sabha, there was an increase of members with criminal cases. In 2009, 158 (30%) of the 521 members analyzed had criminal cases, of which 77 (15%) had serious criminal cases.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 44], "content_span": [45, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016211-0009-0000", "contents": "16th Lok Sabha, Members, Financial background\nAsset-wise distribution of the 543 members in the 16th Lok Sabha.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 45], "content_span": [46, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016211-0010-0000", "contents": "16th Lok Sabha, Members, Financial background\nAs of May 2014, out of the 542 members analysed, 443 (82%) are having assets of \u20b91 crore (US$140,000) or more. In the 15th Lok Sabha, out of 521 members analysed, 300 (58%) members had assets of \u20b91 crore (US$140,000) or more.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 45], "content_span": [46, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016211-0011-0000", "contents": "16th Lok Sabha, Members, Financial background\nThe average assets per member are \u20b914.7 crore (US$2.1\u00a0million) (in 2009, this figure was \u20b95.35 crore (US$750,000)).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 45], "content_span": [46, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016211-0012-0000", "contents": "16th Lok Sabha, Members, Age\nAge-wise distribution of the 542 members in the 16th Lok Sabha as of 16 May 2018", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 28], "content_span": [29, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016212-0000-0000", "contents": "16th London Turkish Film Festival\nThe 16th London Turkish Film Festival is a film festival held in London, England which ran from November 4 to 18, 2010. During the course of the festival seventeen feature films and two programmes of shorts were presented at the Apollo Theatre and the Rio Cinema.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016212-0001-0000", "contents": "16th London Turkish Film Festival\nThe festival began with an opening gala at the Empire, Leicester Square, attended by Turkish Ambassador to London \u00dcnal \u00c7evik\u00f6z, Turkish Ministry of Culture and Tourism official Abdurrahman \u00c7elik, actor \u015eener \u015een, film and theater star Genco Erkal and director \u00c7a\u011fan Irmak, at which the Golden Wings awards for Lifetime Achievement and Digiturk Digital Distribution were presented and Sleeping Princess (Turkish: Prensesin Uykusu) directed by \u00c7a\u011fan Irmak received its world premiere.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016212-0002-0000", "contents": "16th London Turkish Film Festival, Programmes, Golden Wings Digiturk Digital Distribution Competition\nFive Turkish films made in the preceding year were selected to compete in the festival\u2019s feature film competition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 101], "content_span": [102, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016213-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Lumi\u00e8res Awards\nThe 16th Lumi\u00e8res Awards ceremony, presented by the Acad\u00e9mie des Lumi\u00e8res, was held on 14 January 2011. The ceremony was presided by Fran\u00e7ois Berl\u00e9and. Of Gods and Men won the award for Best Film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016214-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Lux Style Awards\nThe 16th Lux Style Awards ceremony, presented by Lux to honor the best in fashion, music, films and Pakistani television of 2016, took place on April 19, 2017 at Expo Center, Karachi, Sindh. During the ceremony, LUX presented the Lux Style Awards (commonly referred as LSA) in four segments including Film, Fashion, Television, and Music. Actor in Law remained most awards winning film with 4 awards while Udaari remained most awards winning TV series by winning 3 awards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016214-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Lux Style Awards, Winners and nominees\nNominees for 16th Lux Style Awards were announced on 15 March 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 43], "content_span": [44, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016214-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Lux Style Awards, Ceremony information\nIn early April 2017, it was announced that Hassan Sheheryar Yasin was the show's director instead of Frieha Altaf. Altaf had previously been the director for Lux Style Awards since its inception in 2002 except for the 3rd Lux Style Awards event. On 9 April 2017, in a press conference the show's director Hassan Sheheryar Yasin announced that Atif Aslam would host the ceremony. Aslam expressed that it felt good to host Lux Style Awards. Osman Khalid Butt was chosen as the scriptwriter for the award ceremony.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 43], "content_span": [44, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016214-0003-0000", "contents": "16th Lux Style Awards, Ceremony information\nIn his acceptance speech for the Best TV Actor award, Ahsan Khan paid tribute to Mashal Khan, who was lynched by a charged mob over blasphemy allegations a few days earlier. During the ceremony, the Turkish actor Halit Ergen\u00e7 was presented the International Icon award. It was the first time an international celebrity was honoured at the LSAs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 43], "content_span": [44, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016214-0004-0000", "contents": "16th Lux Style Awards, Ceremony information\nM. Nadeem J. was the TV director for LSA in 2017 and has been since 2005. He was also the producer of the show in 2017 and 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 43], "content_span": [44, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016215-0000-0000", "contents": "16th MMC \u2013 Plovdiv-city\nThe 16th Multi-member Constituency \u2013 Plovdiv-City is a constituency whose borders are the same as Plovdiv Municipality in Bulgaria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016215-0001-0000", "contents": "16th MMC \u2013 Plovdiv-city, Background\nIn the 2009 Bulgarian parliamentary election the 16th Multi-member Constituency \u2013 Plovdiv-City elected 10 members to the Bulgarian National Assembly: 9 of which were through proportionality vote and 1 was through first-past-the-post voting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016216-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Maine Infantry Regiment\nThe 16th Maine Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. It was particularly noted for its service during the 1863 Battle of Gettysburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016216-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Maine Infantry Regiment, Organization and Assignments\nThe 16th Maine  was organized at Augusta, Maine, and mustered into Federal service for a three-year enlistment on August 14, 1862. It departed for Washington, D.C. in 1862. Likely assigned to 3rd Brigade, 2nd Division, 3rd Army Corps, Army of Virginia, to September, 1862. Assigned to 3rd Brigade, 2nd Division, 1st Army Corps, Army of the Potomac, to May, 1863. 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, 1st Army Corps, to March, 1864. 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, 5th Army Corps, to June, 1864. 1st Brigade, 3rd Division, 5th Army Corps, to August, 1864 or later. 2nd Brigade, 3rd Division, 5th Army Corps by February 7, 1865 to April 9, 1865, or perhaps to June, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 58], "content_span": [59, 713]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016216-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Maine Infantry Regiment, 1862\nTo repel the invasion of Maryland by the Confederates, the Army of the Potomac moved northward from Washington with its front extending from near the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad to the Potomac River. On September 12th, the First Corps bivouacked on the south side of the Monocacy near the crossing of the National Road (now called the Old National Road, old US 40). At the Battle of South Mountain on September 14th, Joseph Hooker's I Corps attacked the Confederates holding Turner's Pass while preventing a potential flanking maneuver to its north.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 34], "content_span": [35, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016216-0003-0000", "contents": "16th Maine Infantry Regiment, 1862\nThe 16th Maine was detached as railroad guard during the Battle of Antietam on September 17, 1862, according to the Antietam Union order of battle. At Pleasant Valley / Sharpsburg until October 30.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 34], "content_span": [35, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016216-0004-0000", "contents": "16th Maine Infantry Regiment, 1862\nMovement to Warrenton, thence to Falmouth, Virginia, October 30 to November 19. Fought at the Battle of Fredericksburg, Virginia, from December 12 to 15.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 34], "content_span": [35, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016216-0005-0000", "contents": "16th Maine Infantry Regiment, 1863\nThe regiment was part of the infamous \"Mud March\" January 20\u201324, 1863. At Falmouth and Belle Plain until April 27. Participated in the Chancellorsville Campaign April 27 to May 6. Operations at Pollock's Mill Creek April 29-May 2. Fitzhugh's Crossing April 29\u201330. Battle of Chancellorsville May 2\u20135. Gettysburg Campaign June 11-July 24. Battle of Gettysburg July 1\u20133. Picket duty along the Rapidan until October --. Bristoe Campaign October 9\u201322. Advance to line of the Rappahanock November 7\u20138. Mine Run Campaign November 26-December 2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 34], "content_span": [35, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016216-0006-0000", "contents": "16th Maine Infantry Regiment, 1863, The 16th Maine at Gettysburg\nAround 11: 30 on the morning of July 1, 1863, two divisions of the 1st Corps, Army of the Potomac arrived to join a fight that had been raging all morning, as the Confederates advanced on Gettysburg from the west and from the north. Among them was the 16th Maine. The regiment, along with the rest of the army, had been marching since June 12 up from Virginia, through Maryland, and into southern Pennsylvania. They were headed toward an eventual clash with the Confederate Army that was fated to take place in and around the little market town of Gettysburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 64], "content_span": [65, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016216-0006-0001", "contents": "16th Maine Infantry Regiment, 1863, The 16th Maine at Gettysburg\nThe 16th Maine fought bitterly for approximately three hours in the fields north of the Chambersburg Pike; but by mid-afternoon, it was evident that, even with the addition of the rest of the 1st Corps and the entire 11th Corps, the position of the Union forces could not be held. They began to fall back toward the town of Gettysburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 64], "content_span": [65, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016216-0007-0000", "contents": "16th Maine Infantry Regiment, 1863, The 16th Maine at Gettysburg\nThe 16th Maine was then ordered to withdraw to a new position to the east of where they had been fighting. \"Take that position and hold it at any cost!\" was the command. This meant that those of the 275 officers and men of the regiment who had not already become casualties had to sacrifice themselves to allow some 16,000 other men to retreat. This they valiantly did, but they were soon overwhelmed and forced to surrender to the Confederates. Historians say the 16th Maine fought valiantly, but its soldiers turned their attention to saving their beloved flags when they realized that defeat was inevitable. As the Southern troops bore down upon them, the men of the 16th Maine spontaneously began to tear up into little pieces their \"colors.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 64], "content_span": [65, 811]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016216-0008-0000", "contents": "16th Maine Infantry Regiment, 1863, The 16th Maine at Gettysburg\nLike other Union regiments, the 16th Maine carried an American flag and a regimental flag, known collectively as \"the colors.\" \"For a few last moments our little regiment defended angrily its hopeless challenge, but it was useless to fight longer,\" Abner Small of the 16th Maine wrote after the battle. \"We looked at our colors, and our faces burned. We must not surrender those symbols of our pride and our faith.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 64], "content_span": [65, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016216-0008-0001", "contents": "16th Maine Infantry Regiment, 1863, The 16th Maine at Gettysburg\nThe regiment's color bearers \"appealed to the colonel,\" Small wrote, \"and with his consent they tore the flags from the staves and ripped the silk into shreds; and our officers and men that were near took each a shred.\" Each man hid his fragment of the flags inside his shirt or in a pocket. The Confederates were thus deprived of the chance to capture the flags as battle trophies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 64], "content_span": [65, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016216-0008-0002", "contents": "16th Maine Infantry Regiment, 1863, The 16th Maine at Gettysburg\nThat was the 16th Maine's \"greatest day,\" wrote Earl Hess, a history professor at Lincoln Memorial University in Tennessee, in an introduction to a collection of Small's Civil War letters published in 2000. Hess said that the 16th Maine's actions show that battle flags carried \"very, very deep symbolism for Civil War soldiers, \"representing the \"esprit de corps\" of a regiment and \"a larger entity -- the country, the cause.\" Most of the 16th Maine survivors treasured these remnants for the rest of their lives and bequeathed them to their descendants, some of whom still possess them as family heirlooms to this day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 64], "content_span": [65, 685]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016216-0009-0000", "contents": "16th Maine Infantry Regiment, 1863, The 16th Maine at Gettysburg\nBy sunset on July 1, 11 officers and men of the 16th Maine had been killed, 62 had been wounded, and 159 had been taken prisoner. Only 38 men of the Regiment managed to evade being captured and report for duty at 1st Corps headquarters. But the 16th Maine had bought precious time for the Union Army. Those whose retreat they had covered were able to establish a very strong position just east and south of the center of the town of Gettysburg along Cemetery Ridge. During the night and into July 2 the 1st and 11th Corps were reinforced by the rest of the Army of the Potomac. For the next two days they would withstand successive assaults by the Confederates until the final repulse of Pickett's Charge, on July 3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 64], "content_span": [65, 781]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016216-0010-0000", "contents": "16th Maine Infantry Regiment, 1864\nDuty on the Orange & Alexandria Railroad until April, 1864. Demonstrations on the Rapidan February 6\u20137. Campaign from the Rapidan to the James May\u2013June. Battle of the Wilderness May 5\u20137; Spottsylvania May 8\u201312; Spottsylvania Court House May 12\u201321. Assault on the Salient May 12. North Anna River May 23\u201326. Jericho Ford May 23. Line of the Pamunkey June 26\u201328. Totopotomoy May 28\u201331. Cold Harbor June 1\u201312. Bethesda Church June 1\u20133. White Oak Swamp June 13. Before Petersburg June 16\u201318. Siege of Petersburg June 16-July 14.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 34], "content_span": [35, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016216-0011-0000", "contents": "16th Maine Infantry Regiment, 1865\nThe regiment was discharged from service on June 5, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 34], "content_span": [35, 92]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016216-0012-0000", "contents": "16th Maine Infantry Regiment, Total strength and casualties\n1,907 men served in the 16th Maine Infantry Regiment at one point or another during its service. It lost 181 enlisted men killed in action or died of wounds. 578 members of the regiment were wounded in action, 259 died of disease, and 76 died in Confederate prisons for a total of 511 fatalities from all causes, a rate of 57%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 59], "content_span": [60, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016217-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Manitoba Legislature\nThe members of the 16th Manitoba Legislature were elected in the Manitoba general election held in June 1920. The legislature sat from February 10, 1921, to June 24, 1922.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016217-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Manitoba Legislature\nThe Liberal Party led by Tobias Norris formed a minority government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 94]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016217-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Manitoba Legislature\nJohn Thomas Haig of the Conservatives was Leader of the Opposition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016217-0003-0000", "contents": "16th Manitoba Legislature, Members of the Assembly\nThe following members were elected to the assembly in 1920:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 50], "content_span": [51, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016218-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Marine Regiment (United States)\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by WikiCleanerBot (talk | contribs) at 20:46, 14 June 2020 (v2.02b - Special:LintError/missing-end-tag - WP:WCW project (Missing end bold/italic)). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016218-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Marine Regiment (United States)\nThe 16th Marine Regiment was a composite engineer regiment of the United States Marine Corps subordinate to the 5th Marine Division. While its subordinate battalions went to the Pacific Theater as part of the 5th Marine Division, the Regimental headquarters was disbanded while still in the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016218-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Marine Regiment (United States), Subordinate units\nThe regiment comprised two battalions and a headquarters and service company:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 55], "content_span": [56, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016218-0003-0000", "contents": "16th Marine Regiment (United States), History, World War II\nThe 16th Marines were inactivated on 25 May 1944 with the 5th Engineers and 5th Pioneers activated that same day. For the assault of Iwo Jima the 5th Marine Division created the 5th Shore Party Regiment with the Commanding Officer from the 16th Marines, Col Benjamin W. Gally as commander. It was composed of the 5th Pioneer Battalion  and 31st Naval Construction Battalion. The 5th Engineer Battalion was under Divisional control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 59], "content_span": [60, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016219-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Massachusetts Battery\nThe 16th Massachusetts Battery (or 16th Battery Massachusetts Light Artillery) was an artillery battery that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. The last battery of light artillery sent by Massachusetts, it was organized during the late winter of 1864 at Camp Meigs just outside of Boston. The battery was commanded by Captain Henry D. Scott of New Bedford, Massachusetts. The majority of enlisted men and officers were mustered into federal service on March 11, 1864. They departed Massachusetts on April 19, 1864, arriving at Washington of April 21. The unit was directed to Camp Barry just outside Washington and was there outfitted with 3-inch field guns and horses. It was assigned to the XXII Corps in the defenses of Washington. Serving primarily in the fortifications around Washington, the battery never saw active combat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 878]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016219-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Massachusetts Battery\nOn June 1, 1864, the battery turned in their guns and horses being assigned to heavy artillery duty on the south of Alexandria, Virginia. The unit was divided into two sections, one serving at Fort Lyon and the other at Fort Weed. On July 10, as Confederate General Jubal Early's forces threatened Washington, the men of the 16th Massachusetts Battery were briefly moved to reinforce Fort Kearny on the northwest side of Washington. After this threat diminished, the unit returned to Camp Barry. There they were re-supplied with field artillery equipment, including four 12-pounder guns and horses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016219-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Massachusetts Battery\nThe battery was transferred to Albany, New York on September 5 and was stationed at the Troy Road Barracks. It remained there until November 16 when it returned by train to Camp Barry. There it received an additional two 12-pounder guns, bringing the unit up to full armament as a battery of light artillery. On December 16, the battery moved to Fairfax County, Virginia, one section was stationed at Vienna, Virginia and the other at Fairfax Station. The battery remained at these posts through the winter and into the spring of 1865. In March 1865, the battery accompanied the 8th Illinois Cavalry on a march to Loudoun Valley, Virginia. Aside from this, their service in 1865 was uneventful.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 721]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016219-0003-0000", "contents": "16th Massachusetts Battery\nOn June 18, 1865, the battery marched from Fairfax to Washington and turned in their guns and equipment. They reached Boston on June 22 and after some delay at Camp Meigs were mustered out on July 13, 1865. The unit had no casualties in combat but lost six men to disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016220-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment\nThe 16th Massachusetts was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016220-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 16th Massachusetts was organized at Camp Cameron in North Cambridge, Massachusetts and mustered in for a three-year enlistment on June 29, 1861 under the command of Colonel Powell Tremlett Wyman.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016220-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to Fort Monroe, Department of Virginia, to May 1862, 1st Brigade, 1st Division, Department of Virginia, to June 1862. 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, III Corps, Army of the Potomac, to March 1864. 1st Brigade, 4th Division, II Corps, to May 1864. 3rd Brigade, 3rd Division, II Corps, to July 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016220-0003-0000", "contents": "16th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 16th Massachusetts mustered out of service on July 27, 1864. Veterans and recruits were transferred to the 11th Massachusetts Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016220-0004-0000", "contents": "16th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nLeft Massachusetts for Old Point Comfort, Va., August 17. Garrison duty at Fortress Monroe, Va., September 1, 1862 to May 8, 1862. Occupation of Norfolk May 10. Moved to Suffolk May 17, and joined the Army of the Potomac at Fair Oaks June 13. Nine-Mile Road, near Richmond, June 18. Seven Days before Richmond June 25-July 1. Oak Grove, near Fair Oaks, June 25. White Oak Swamp and Glendale June 30. Malvern Hill July 1 and August 5. Duty at Harrison's Landing until August 15. Movement to Fortress Monroe, then to Centreville August 15\u201326. Bristoe Station, Kettle Run, August 27.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016220-0004-0001", "contents": "16th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nBattles of Groveton August 29, Second Bull Run August 30, and Chantilly September 1. Duty at Fort Lyon and at Fairfax Station, defenses of Washington, until October 30, and at Munson's Hill until November 2. At Fairfax Station until November 25. Operations on Orange & Alexandria Railroad November 10\u201312. Rappahannock Campaign December 1862 to June 1863. Battle of Fredericksburg, December 12\u201315. \"Mud March\" January 20\u201324, 1863. At Falmouth until April 27. Chancellorsville Campaign April 27-May 6. Battle of Chancellorsville May 1\u20135. Gettysburg Campaign June 11-July 24. Battle of Gettysburg, July 1\u20133. Wapping Heights, Va, July 23. Bristoe Campaign October 9\u201322.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 720]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016220-0004-0002", "contents": "16th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nAdvance to the Rappahannock November 7\u20138. Kelly's Ford November 7. Mine Run Campaign November 26-December 2. Payne's Farm November 27. Demonstration on the Rapidan February 6\u20137, 1864. Duty near Brandy Station until May 1864. Rapidan Campaign May\u2013June. Battle of the Wilderness May 5\u20137, Spotsylvania May 8\u201312, Spotsylvania Court House May 12\u201321. Assault on the Salient, Spotsylvania Court House, May 12. Harris' Farm, Fredericksburg Road, May 19. North Anna River May 23\u201326. Ox Ford May 23\u201324. On line of the Pamunkey May 26\u201328. Totopotomoy May 28\u201331. Cold Harbor June 1\u201312. Before Petersburg June 16\u201318. Siege of Petersburg June 16-July 11. Jerusalem Plank Road June 22\u201323. Left front for muster out July 11.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 763]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016220-0005-0000", "contents": "16th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 245 men during service; 16 officers and 134 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 2 officers and 93 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016221-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Massachusetts Regiment\nThe 16th Massachusetts Regiment, also known as Henry Jackson's Additional Continental Regiment, was a unit of the American Massachusetts Line, raised on January 12, 1777, under Colonel Henry Jackson at Boston, Massachusetts. The regiment would see action at the Battle of Monmouth and the Battle of Rhode Island. The regiment was disbanded on January 1, 1781, at New Windsor, New York.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016221-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Massachusetts Regiment, Origins\nIn the years before the American Revolutionary War broke out in April 1775, the Province of Massachusetts Bay had a volunteer militia corps known as the Governor's Company of Cadets. Based in Boston, the company was disbanded in 1774 after its commander, John Hancock, was dismissed by Governor Thomas Gage. A number of its members left the city when the Siege of Boston began, and reformed themselves as an independent company under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Henry Jackson after the British evacuated the city in March 1776.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016221-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Massachusetts Regiment, Origins\nThe company petitioned the Continental Congress to be included in the Continental Army, and on January 12, 1777, Jackson was given a colonel's commission and authorization to raise an \"Additional Continental regiment\". Recruitment was conducted primarily in the Boston, but the regiment eventually had members from as far off as Connecticut. The unit's surgeon from 1779 onward was Dr. James Thacher, who kept an extensive journal of his war experience.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016221-0003-0000", "contents": "16th Massachusetts Regiment, Service history\nThe regiment left Boston in October 1777 to join General George Washington's Main Army outside Philadelphia. In 1778 it was with that army as it followed the British across New Jersey, and served with distinction in the June 28, 1778 Battle of Monmouth. The regiment was then sent to Providence, Rhode Island, where it played a major role in the August 29, 1778 Battle of Rhode Island. It remained in Rhode Island in 1779, but was despatched to Boston as part of a mobilization made in response to the British seizure of Castine, Maine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 44], "content_span": [45, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016221-0003-0001", "contents": "16th Massachusetts Regiment, Service history\nThe regiment was not part of the disastrous Penobscot Expedition that Massachusetts mounted to drive the British out, but it had been boarded onto transports and was en route to the area when the expedition dissolved following the arrival of British reinforcements. It was disembarked at Kittery, where it assisted in bringing in the remnants of the expedition that arrived there overland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 44], "content_span": [45, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016221-0004-0000", "contents": "16th Massachusetts Regiment, Service history\nFollowing the British withdrawal from Newport in October 1779, the regiment was sent to New Jersey, where it spent a difficult winter. It was involved in a failed attack on Staten Island in January that was aborted when surprise was lost. The regiment then fought in the June 23, 1780 Battle of Springfield.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 44], "content_span": [45, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016221-0005-0000", "contents": "16th Massachusetts Regiment, Service history\nOn July 24, 1780, the regiment was adopted into the Massachusetts Line and renamed the 16th Massachusetts Regiment. It was disbanded as part of a major reorganization of the army on January 1, 1781. Colonel Jackson was given command of the 4th Massachusetts Regiment, and later commanded the 1st American Regiment, the last major Continental Army unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 44], "content_span": [45, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016222-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Mechanised Division (Poland)\nThe 16th Pomeranian Infantry Division (Polish: 16. Pomorska Dywizja Piechoty) is a military unit of the Polish Army. It was first raised on 16 August 1919 during the Polish uprising, before going on to serve during the subsequent war with the Bolsheviks. At the start of World War II the division fought briefly against the advancing German Army before being destroyed on 19 September 1939 after being surrounded in the Kampinos Forest. The Division was raised once more in 1945 following the Soviet take over of Poland, however, it did not see further action during the war. Afterwards it continued to serve, undergoing a number of changes in name and role. Today, it exists as the 16th Mechanised Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 742]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016222-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Mechanised Division (Poland), History, Formation\nThe Polish 16th Infantry Division was created on August 16, 1919, during the Greater Poland Uprising under the name of 4th Pomeranian Rifle Division (Polish: 4. Dywizja Strzelc\u00f3w Pomorskich). After the uprising it was officially accepted into the Polish Army and took part in the Polish-Bolshevik War. Commanded by gen.dyw. Kazimierz \u0141ado\u015b, the division never reached its planned strength and was dispatched to the front without some of its forces. It was then composed of:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 53], "content_span": [54, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016222-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Mechanised Division (Poland), History, Formation\nAs part of the Polish 4th Army the division took part in the Kiev Offensive. Withdrawn to the area of Wieprz, it was attached to Pi\u0142sudski's army group to commence the Polish counter-assault during the battle of Warsaw of 1920. It continued its front-line service during the battle of the Niemen River, where it advanced along the Kobry\u0144-Pi\u0144sk railway and highway, and on to the signing of the Treaty of Riga. Partially demobilized, it retained its geographical description as an unofficial nickname (thus the division is often referred to as 16. Pomorska Dywizja Piechoty).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 53], "content_span": [54, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016222-0003-0000", "contents": "16th Mechanised Division (Poland), History, Inter War Years\nAfter the war the division was stationed in its home region of Pomerania. Its regiments were stationed in Starogard and Gniew (65th), Toru\u0144 (63rd), Grudzi\u0105dz (64th and 16th artillery), Ko\u015bcierzyna, Kartuzy and Che\u0142mno (66th). During the May Coup d'\u00c9tat of 1926 the division remained loyal to the government. Prior to the outbreak of World War II, in June 1939, the division was partially mobilized and, under command of Col. Stanis\u0142aw \u015awitalski, attached to Gen. Bo\u0142tu\u0107's Operational Group East of the Polish Pomorze Army. It was then dispatched to the area of Grudzi\u0105dz, where it was to shield the approaches towards Toru\u0144.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 59], "content_span": [60, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016222-0004-0000", "contents": "16th Mechanised Division (Poland), History, World War II\nAfter the outbreak of the Polish Defensive War the division entered in contact with the enemy on the first hours of the conflict. Attacked by the German XXI Corps of the 3rd Army, the division was pushed back to the other side of the Osa river. Suffering from a nervous breakdown, the commanding officer ordered his forces to retreat, but was soon replaced with Col. Zygmunt Szyszko-Bohusz, until then the deputy commander of the division. The latter prepared the plan of a counter-attack on the flank of the advancing Germans, but the fast pace of their advance cut out the Pomorze Army in two and the attack was called off.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 56], "content_span": [57, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016222-0005-0000", "contents": "16th Mechanised Division (Poland), History, World War II\nAfter a successful withdrawal through W\u0142oc\u0142awek (September 7) and Toru\u0144, the division took part in the battle of Bzura. It successfully assaulted the German positions and liberated \u0141owicz, the main pivot of the German defences in the area. However, in the effect of conflicting orders from Gen. W\u0142adys\u0142aw Bortnowski, the division was then withdrawn back to its initial positions on the northern bank of the Bzura river, and was then ordered to recapture the town again. The task was accomplished, but this time with much higher casualties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 56], "content_span": [57, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016222-0005-0001", "contents": "16th Mechanised Division (Poland), History, World War II\nAfter heavy street-to-street fighting, the town was almost completely razed to the ground and the division was reduced to merely a third of its initial strength and had to be withdrawn from combat. The remnants of the division broke through from the battle, but were then surrounded and destroyed in the battle of the Kampinos Forest of September 19.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 56], "content_span": [57, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016222-0006-0000", "contents": "16th Mechanised Division (Poland), History, World War II\nDuring World War II, the traditions of the 16th Pomeranian were inherited by the Polish 16th Pomeranian Infantry Brigade fighting as part of Gen. W\u0142adys\u0142aw Anders' Polish II Corps. After the Soviet take-over of Poland, the division was recreated in Gda\u0144sk in 1945. It was formed too late to take part in World War II and instead it served in a variety of roles in the rear.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 56], "content_span": [57, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016222-0007-0000", "contents": "16th Mechanised Division (Poland), History, Post World War II\nRenamed to 16th Kashubian Infantry Division, in 1949 it was reformed into an Armoured Division and then", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 61], "content_span": [62, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016222-0008-0000", "contents": "16th Mechanised Division (Poland), History, Post World War II\nThe division was re-formed as part of the People's Army of Poland in July 1945 on the basis of four reserve infantry regiments. Divisional headquarters was established at Gdansk-Wrzeszcz. Initially, its task was primarily reconstruction in the city and protecting property from theft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 61], "content_span": [62, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016222-0009-0000", "contents": "16th Mechanised Division (Poland), History, Post World War II\nIn the summer of 1945 the division consisted of headquarters in Gda\u0144sk, the 51st Infantry Regiment at Malbork, the 55th Infantry Regiment at Elblag, the 60th Infantry Regiment at Gda\u0144sk, the 41st Light Artillery Regiment at Gda\u0144sk, the 20 Independent Motorized Division Artillery, which moved twice before being established at Elblag, the 47th Sapper Battalion at Gdansk-Wrzeszcz, the 12 Independent Communications Battalion in Gdansk-Wrzeszcz, and several smaller units. Since 1945 the division went through various reorganisations and changes of station. In 1947, it was given its distinctive name \"Kashubian\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 61], "content_span": [62, 674]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016222-0010-0000", "contents": "16th Mechanised Division (Poland), History, Post World War II\nIn 1949, 16th Kashubian Infantry Division was reorganised as the 16th Kashubian Tank Division and moved to Elblag and Braniewo, Malbork, and Tczew, part of the Pomeranian Military District. In 1952 it was reorganised as the 16th Mechanised Division. In 1955 it became a tank division again and in this form served until 1989, when it was reorganised as a mechanised division once more.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 61], "content_span": [62, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016222-0011-0000", "contents": "16th Mechanised Division (Poland), History, Post World War II\nFrom January 11, 2007 to December 31, 2010, the 14th Anti -Tank Artillery Regiment (Poland) was within the structures of the 16th Pomeranian Mechanized Division \"King Kazimierz Jagiello\u0144czyk\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 61], "content_span": [62, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016222-0012-0000", "contents": "16th Mechanised Division (Poland), Current structure\nAs of 2020 the 16th \"Pomeranian\" Mechanised Division consists of the following units:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 52], "content_span": [53, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016222-0013-0000", "contents": "16th Mechanised Division (Poland), Current structure\nThe divisions is equipped with PT-91 Twardy and T-72M1Z tanks, BWP-1 infantry fighting vehicles and 2S1 Gvozdika self-propelled artillery. The 11th Artillery Regiment is equipped with WR-40 Langusta multiple rocket launchers and an operational group with 24 AHS Krab.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 52], "content_span": [53, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016222-0014-0000", "contents": "16th Mechanised Division (Poland), Current structure\nAccording to Joint Force Command Brunssum's Northern Star newsletter of February 2017, the division will be reorganised as the new Multi-National Division North East, agreed on by NATO at the NATO Warsaw Summit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 52], "content_span": [53, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016223-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Mechanized Infantry Division (Greece)\nThe 16th Mechanized Infantry Division \"Didymoteicho\" (Greek: XVI \u039c\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03ba\u03af\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b7 \u039c\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03af\u03b1 \u03a0\u03b5\u03b6\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \"\u0394\u0399\u0394\u03a5\u039c\u039f\u03a4\u0395\u0399\u03a7\u039f\", romanized:\u00a0XVI Mikhanok\u00edniti Merarkh\u00eda Peziko\u00fa \"Didym\u00f3tikho\") is a mechanized infantry division of the Hellenic Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016223-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Mechanized Infantry Division (Greece), History, World War I\nThe 16th Infantry Division was formed for the first time in late 1915 or early 1916, following the Greek mobilization on 10 September 1915, in response to the mobilization of Bulgaria. It comprised the 46th, 47th, and 48th Infantry Regiments, and was part of the V Army Corps. In June 1916, it was transferred to Northern Epirus, with headquarters at Argyrokastron and the regiments based at Korytsa, Argyrokastron, and Premeti respectively. The division was withdrawn south following the Italian occupation of the area in autumn 1916. In April 1917, along with the rest of the Hellenic Army still loyal to the royal government in Athens, it was withdrawn to the Peloponnese at the insistence of the Entente powers. Its final base was at Pyrgos, Elis, where it was disbanded shortly after.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 64], "content_span": [65, 854]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016223-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Mechanized Infantry Division (Greece), History, World War II\nAt the commencement of the Greco-Italian War in October 1940, it was reactivated in Lamia as a brigade but was quickly expanded to a division-strength by the end of the year and placed under the command of the Western Macedonia Army Section (III Army Corps). The 16th Division took part in operations against Italian forces throughout the campaign, capturing Hill 601 near Tseritsa on 10 February 1941, holding the line against repeated Italian attacks in the Tomoritsa Sector, and capturing Teke Hill on 31 March 1941 by bayonet charge. The division was disbanded in Agrinio, for a second time, in May 1941, after the German invasion of Greece.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 65], "content_span": [66, 711]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016223-0003-0000", "contents": "16th Mechanized Infantry Division (Greece), History, Post-war period\nIn 1965, the 99th Military Command (Greek: 99 \u03a3\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u0394\u03b9\u03bf\u03af\u03ba\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7, 99 \u03a3\u0394\u0399, romanized:\u00a099 Stratiotik\u00ed Di\u00edkisi, 99 SDI) was formed in the town of Didymoteicho. It was expanded and renamed in 1975 to the 16th Infantry Division (Greek: XVI \u039c\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03af\u03b1 \u03a0\u03b5\u03b6\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd, XVI \u039c\u03a0, romanized:\u00a0XVI Merarkh\u00eda Peziko\u00fa, XVI MP). The division was reorganized in 2009 as a mechanized infantry division and given the title of \"Didymoteicho\" to honor its long association with the garrison town.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 68], "content_span": [69, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016223-0004-0000", "contents": "16th Mechanized Infantry Division (Greece), Emblem and motto\nThe emblem of the 16th Mechanized Infantry Division is the double-headed eagle of the Byzantine Empire, standing guard on the walls of Constantinople.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 60], "content_span": [61, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016223-0005-0000", "contents": "16th Mechanized Infantry Division (Greece), Emblem and motto\nThe division's motto is \"We Shall All Die Willingly\" (Greek: \u03c0\u1fb6\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03ad\u03c4\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd, romanized:\u00a0p\u00e1des aftoproer\u00e9tos apothano\u00famen). The phrase is attributed to Constantine XI Palaiologos, the last reigning Byzantine Emperor. According to the historian Doukas, before the beginning of the siege of Constantinople in 1453, the Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II made an offer to Constantine XI. In exchange for the surrender of Constantinople, the emperor's life would be spared and he would continue to rule in Mistra.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 60], "content_span": [61, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016223-0005-0001", "contents": "16th Mechanized Infantry Division (Greece), Emblem and motto\nConstantine answered, \"To surrender the city to you is neither my right, nor any of its inhabitants, because it is our decision that, in its defence, we shall all die willingly and we shall not lament our death\" (Greek: \"\u03a4\u03bf \u03b4\u03ad \u03c4\u03ae\u03bd \u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03b9\u03bd \u03c3\u03bf\u03af \u03b4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u1f54\u03c4' \u1f10\u03bc\u03cc\u03bd \u1f10\u03c3\u03c4\u03af \u03bf\u1f54\u03c4' \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u1f10\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1\u03cd\u03c4\u1fc3\u00b7 \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03ae \u03b3\u03ac\u03c1 \u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03bc\u03b7 \u03c0\u1fb6\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03ad\u03c4\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03af \u03bf\u1f50 \u03c6\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03b6\u03c9\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f21\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 60], "content_span": [61, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016224-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Meril-Prothom Alo Awards\nThe 16th Meril Prothom Alo Awards ceremony, presented by Prothom Alo took place on 25 April 2014, at the Bangabandhu International Conference Center in Dhaka, Bangladesh as a part of 2013\u201314 film awards season. It organises cultural backgrounds sixteenth to reward stars. Visitors to the brim with the presence of a cover design of this program is the best awards of 14.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016224-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Meril-Prothom Alo Awards, Facts and figures\nThis was 16th award ceremony of Meril Prothom Alo Awards. Mrittika Maya won the awards of best film category as well as Rakhal Sobuj was awarded for Critics Choice best actor for this film combinedly with Raisul Islam Asad. Purno Doirgho Prem Kahini was nominated for 5 awards including 2 Public Choice best actor \u2013 Shakib Khan and Arifin Shuvoo, Public Choice best actress, Public Choice best singer male and female and won three awards. Tahsan-Mithila couple was nominated for Public Choice best TV actor and actresses for Landphoner Dingulote Prem. Nusrat Imroz Tisha had two nominations in Public choice best film and TV actress and secured best TV actress for Jodi Bhalo Na Lage Dio Na Mon. Nazmun Munir Nancy got best singer award fifth time in a row from 2009 to 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 48], "content_span": [49, 824]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016224-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Meril-Prothom Alo Awards, Winners and nominees\n14 awards were given in this ceremony and those are listed below:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 51], "content_span": [52, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016224-0003-0000", "contents": "16th Meril-Prothom Alo Awards, Host and Jury Board\nJewel Aich was the main anchor of Meril Prothom Alo Awards 2014 and his helping hands were Shaju Khadem & Jannatul Ferdoush Peya. Jury Board for Critic's Choice Awards for best director, best actor and best actress were Anupam Hayat, Rokeya Prachy, Nadir Junaid and presided by film director Shahidul Islam Khokon and Critics Choice Awards for best director, best cinematography, best actor and best actress were Salauddin Lavlu, Tarana Halim, Ishrafil Shahin and presided by TV personality Ramendu Majumdar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016225-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Michigan Infantry Regiment\nThe 16th Michigan Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016225-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Michigan Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 16th Michigan Infantry was organized as Stockton's Independent Regiment at Plymouth and Detroit, Michigan between July and September, 1861. Among the soldiers in the 16th was future Michigan state politician Henry H. Aplin. It was mustered into U.S. service as the 16th Regiment, Michigan Volunteer Infantry on Sept. 8, 1861 with an enrollment of 761 officers and men. The Regiment left Detroit for Washington, D.C., on Sept. 16, 1861 to join Butterfield's Brigade, Fitz John Porter's Division, Army of the Potomac. It went into camp at Hall's Hill, Arlington, Virginia, Defences of Washington, D.C., for the winter of 1861-62.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016225-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Michigan Infantry Regiment, Service, Gettysburg\nAt the Battle of Gettysburg on the second day they defended Little Round Top against a determined Confederate attack aimed at flanking the Union Army. They were one of four regiments, of the 3rd brigade, of the 1st Division of the V Corps of the Union Army of the Potomac. The 3rd brigade was commanded by Col. Strong Vincent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 52], "content_span": [53, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016225-0002-0001", "contents": "16th Michigan Infantry Regiment, Service, Gettysburg\nIt consisted of the 16th Michigan, the 44th New York, the 83rd Pennsylvania, and the 20th Maine, placed in that order right to left, with the 16th at the right end closest to the rest of the Union Army, and the 20th Maine at the left end, the actual end of the entire Union Army at Gettysburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 52], "content_span": [53, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016225-0003-0000", "contents": "16th Michigan Infantry Regiment, Service, Gettysburg\nThe 3rd brigade arrived at Little Round Top only minutes before the Confederate attack. The 16th Michigan bore repeated attacks from the 4th and 5th Texas. The 16th was the smallest regiment in the brigade, with only 263 men. Several times Vincent successfully rallied the 16th Michigan to repel the Texas charge. Vincent was mortally wounded during one Texas charge and died on July 7, after receiving a deathbed promotion to brigadier general.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 52], "content_span": [53, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016225-0004-0000", "contents": "16th Michigan Infantry Regiment, Service, Gettysburg\nBefore the Michiganders could be overrun, reinforcements arrived in the form of the 140th New York and a battery of four guns\u2014Battery D, 5th U.S. Artillery. The 140th New York took position immediately to the right of the 16th Michigan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 52], "content_span": [53, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016225-0005-0000", "contents": "16th Michigan Infantry Regiment, Service, Gettysburg\nThe 16th Michigan remained in position on Little Round Top for the rest of the Battle of Gettysburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 52], "content_span": [53, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016225-0006-0000", "contents": "16th Michigan Infantry Regiment, End of Service\nThe regiment was mustered out of service on July 8, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 47], "content_span": [48, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016225-0007-0000", "contents": "16th Michigan Infantry Regiment, Total strength and casualties\nThe regiment suffered 12 officers and 235 enlisted men who were killed in action or mortally wounded and 143 enlisted men who died of disease, for a total of 390fatalities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 62], "content_span": [63, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016226-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Military Police Brigade (United States)\nThe 16th Military Police Brigade is a military police brigade of the United States Army headquartered at Fort Bragg, North Carolina. This brigade has the only airborne-qualified military police units in the U.S. Army, outside of the 82nd MP Company of the 82nd Airborne Division. It provides law enforcement and police duties to Fort Bragg, and for the XVIII Airborne Corps when deployed. As a brigade with organic airborne units, it is authorized a beret flash and parachute wing trimming, and the shoulder sleeve insignia was authorized to be worn with an airborne tab. According to U.S. Army's Institute of Heraldry, the shoulder sleeve insignia \"was amended to delete the airborne tab effective 16 October 2008\" when jump status of the brigade was terminated; however, various elements of the brigade remain on jump status.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 872]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016226-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Military Police Brigade (United States), History, Vietnam War\nThe brigade dates back to the Vietnam War when it was constituted on 23 March 1966 as the 16th Military Police Group and activated on 20 May 1966 at Fort George G. Meade, Maryland. Shortly thereafter, the brigade deployed to Vietnam to help fight the Vietnam War. The Group provided command, control, staff planning, and coordination for military police units assigned and attached to the I and II Corps Tactical Zones.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 66], "content_span": [67, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016226-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Military Police Brigade (United States), History, Vietnam War\nThe 93rd, 97th, and 504th Military Police Battalions were under its control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 66], "content_span": [67, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016226-0003-0000", "contents": "16th Military Police Brigade (United States), History, Vietnam War\nThe unit participated in thirteen campaigns to include nine counteroffensives and two consolidations during the Vietnam War receiving two Meritorious Unit Commendations and the Republic Of Vietnam Cross Of Gallantry With Palm for their outstanding effort and dedication.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 66], "content_span": [67, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016226-0004-0000", "contents": "16th Military Police Brigade (United States), History, Cold War Era\nOn 16 July 1981 the group was reorganized and redesignated as the 16th Military Police Brigade (Airborne). Since Vietnam, the brigade headquarters has deployed around the world in support of XVIII Airborne Corps and on-going Army operations. In October 1983, the headquarters was sent to Grenada in support of Operation Urgent Fury. In March 1988, the brigade went to Panama in support of southern command's operation to secure US civilians and property and to protect the canal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 67], "content_span": [68, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016226-0004-0001", "contents": "16th Military Police Brigade (United States), History, Cold War Era\nIn September 1989, the brigade was sent to Saint Croix in the US Virgin Islands to restore law and order and protect property following hurricane Hugo. In December 1989, the brigade again went to Panama this time in support of Operation Just Cause and Promote Liberty during which the brigade was instrumental in standing up the Panamanian police force. in August 1990, the brigade deployed to Saudi Arabia and Kuwait in support of operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm. The brigade was later recognized for its hard work in the desert with their third Meritorious Unit Commendation. September 1992 the brigade went to Florida to assist in disaster relief following Hurricane Andrew. In September 1994, the brigade was sent to Haiti to support Operation Uphold Democracy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 67], "content_span": [68, 843]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016226-0005-0000", "contents": "16th Military Police Brigade (United States), History, War on Terrorism\nIn August 2006, the brigade deployed for 15 months to Iraq in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom where they were responsible for detainee operations and convoy security at Camp Bucca, along with detainee operations at The Baghdad Correctional Facility (Camp Cropper). The Unit also worked with Task Force 131 at Camp Victory in Baghdad, Iraq. The brigade was awarded its fourth Meritorious Unit Commendation for the outstanding mission accomplishments in Iraq.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 71], "content_span": [72, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016226-0006-0000", "contents": "16th Military Police Brigade (United States), History, War on Terrorism\nThe soldiers of the brigade have consistently been sent first to worldwide hot spots and crisis locations. Other operations that brigade units have supported were:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 71], "content_span": [72, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016226-0007-0000", "contents": "16th Military Police Brigade (United States), History, Afghanistan\nThe 91st MP battalion, 385th MP Battalion, and 503rd MP Battalion were deployed to Afghanistan, conducting operations in Kandahar and Nangarhar provinces. Unique to military police units, each battalion contains a Military Working Dog Detachment, which certifies military working dog teams to help support both MP and non-MP units worldwide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 66], "content_span": [67, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016227-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Minesweeping Squadron (Australia)\nThe 16th Minesweeping Squadron was a Royal Australian Navy (RAN) minesweeping squadron. It was formed with the purchase of six Ton class minesweepers from the Royal Navy in 1962.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016227-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Minesweeping Squadron (Australia)\nOn 19 May 1964, the Squadron, was deployed to Singapore as part of the RAN's commitment to the Indonesia\u2013Malaysia confrontation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016228-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Missouri Infantry Regiment (Confederate)\nThe 16th Missouri Infantry Regiment (also known as Jackman's Missouri Regiment, Caldwell's Missouri Regiment, and the 7th Missouri Infantry Regiment (Lewis')) was an infantry regiment that served in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. The regiment was formed from men recruited by Jeremiah V. Cockrell and Sidney D. Jackman during an expedition into Missouri in August 1862. Although the recruits fought at the Battle of Lone Jack on August 16, they were not officially mustered into Confederate service until August 31. The regiment fought at the Battle of Prairie Grove on December 7.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016228-0000-0001", "contents": "16th Missouri Infantry Regiment (Confederate)\nIn May 1863, the regiment was designated the 7th Missouri Infantry Regiment, although this designation was changed to the 16th Missouri Infantry Regiment in December. On July 4, the regiment fought at the Battle of Helena, suffering heavy casualties. The unit then spent time building fortifications at Little Rock, Arkansas, before leaving the town in September. The 16th Missouri then fought at the Battle of Pleasant Hill on April 9, 1864, and at the Battle of Jenkins' Ferry on April 30. On June 8, 1865, the men of the regiment were paroled and sent back to Missouri via steamboat. More men died while serving in the 16th Missouri Infantry Regiment than died in any other Missouri unit serving in the Confederate States Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 776]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016228-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Missouri Infantry Regiment (Confederate), Organization\nDuring the middle of 1862, Jeremiah V. Cockrell and Sidney D. Jackman attempted to recruit men for a cavalry regiment in northwestern Arkansas. Because Cockrell and Jackman were unable to recruit enough men to form a regiment in Arkansas, the two men, accompanied by other recruiters, entered Missouri on August 1. After recruiting a number of men, Cockrell and Jackman established a camp near Lone Jack, Missouri on August 15. On August 16, Cockrell's force engaged a Union column commanded by Major Emory S. Foster as part of the Battle of Lone Jack. After a five-hour battle, the Union forces were defeated and forced to withdraw. Foster was severely wounded and captured. Jackman and Cockrell's recruits suffered at least 46 casualties at Lone Jack. More Union troops came to the area, and the Confederates withdrew back into Arkansas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 59], "content_span": [60, 899]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016228-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Missouri Infantry Regiment (Confederate), Organization\nOn August 31, the unit of recruits officially mustered into the Confederate States Army, while in the vicinity of Fayetteville, Arkansas as infantry. Cockrell returned to Missouri to continue recruiting cavalrymen, and Jackman became the first colonel of the regiment, which bore his name. Levin Major Lewis was the regiment's first lieutenant colonel, and Pleasant W. H. Cumming was the first major. As of the date of muster, the regiment's company organization was:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 59], "content_span": [60, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016228-0003-0000", "contents": "16th Missouri Infantry Regiment (Confederate), Service history, 1862\nJackman resigned on September 25 to return to Missouri to continue recruiting; Jackman was replaced as commander of the regiment by Josiah H. Caldwell. On December 7, the regiment fought in the Battle of Prairie Grove as part of Brigadier General Mosby M. Parsons' brigade. Early in the fighting at Prairie Grove, Parsons' Brigade was aligned to support the Confederate left flank; the regiment (now known as Caldwell's Missouri Regiment) was on the left flank of Parsons' line. Later in the battle, Parsons' Brigade attacked a portion of Major General James G. Blunt's division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 68], "content_span": [69, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016228-0003-0001", "contents": "16th Missouri Infantry Regiment (Confederate), Service history, 1862\nParsons outflanked Blunt, and the Union troops were forced back. However, when a further attack was pressed against the Union line, Caldwell's Regiment was squeezed out by Parsons' advancing regiments and could not participate in the second charge. The regiment suffered 48 casualties at Prairie Grove. The Confederate army then fell back from Prairie Grove, and encamped at Van Buren, Arkansas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 68], "content_span": [69, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016228-0004-0000", "contents": "16th Missouri Infantry Regiment (Confederate), Service history, 1863\nIn January 1863, the regiment transferred from Van Buren to Little Rock, Arkansas. The next several months saw an outbreak of disease in the regiment, which took the lives of over 100 men. Colonel Caldwell resigned on March 23 and was replaced by Lewis. On May 3, the regiment was officially designated the 7th Missouri Infantry Regiment by special order of Major General Sterling Price. In late June, the regiment began moving towards Helena, Arkansas, although high water slowed the movement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 68], "content_span": [69, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016228-0004-0001", "contents": "16th Missouri Infantry Regiment (Confederate), Service history, 1863\nDuring the Battle of Helena on July 4, the regiment, along with the rest of Parsons' Brigade, assaulted the Union defenses at Helena at a point known as Graveyard Hill. Parsons' charge was successful, but the rest of the Confederate assaults were repulsed, allowing Union troops to focus on Parsons' Brigade. After five hours of fighting, Parsons' Brigade was driven back with heavy losses, including many prisoners taken. At Helena, the 7th Missouri suffered 194 casualties; only 325 men remained in the regiment on July 6. Colonel Lewis was wounded and captured at Helena; Cumming replaced him as commander of the regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 68], "content_span": [69, 694]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016228-0005-0000", "contents": "16th Missouri Infantry Regiment (Confederate), Service history, 1863\nAfter the debacle at Helena, the regiment returned to Little Rock, where it built defensive positions north of the city. Major General Frederick Steele's Union force advanced against Little Rock, but avoided the fortifications by attacking from the southeast. Parsons' Brigade left Little Rock on September 10 and transferred to the vicinity of Arkadelphia, Arkansas. On December 15, the regiment was renamed the 16th Missouri Infantry Regiment by order of Price's headquarters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 68], "content_span": [69, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016228-0006-0000", "contents": "16th Missouri Infantry Regiment (Confederate), Service history, 1864\u20131865\nThe 16th Missouri spent late 1864 in southern Arkansas. In March, Parsons was elevated to division command. His division contained the brigades of Colonels Simon P. Burns and John Bullock Clark Jr.; the 16th Missouri was in Burns' Brigade. Parsons' Division was sent to the aid of Major General Richard Taylor, who was threatened by a Union advance up the Red River; the troops reach Taylor on April 9. Later that day, the regiment participated in the Battle of Pleasant Hill. Parsons' Division, which was on the right flank of the Confederate line, attacked the Union line. The attack was initially successful, driving in part of the Union line, but a Union counterattack defeated the Confederates, who retreated in some disarray. The 16th Missouri lost 25 men at Pleasant Hill.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 73], "content_span": [74, 853]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016228-0007-0000", "contents": "16th Missouri Infantry Regiment (Confederate), Service history, 1864\u20131865\nParsons' Division then moved north to Camden, Arkansas, where a Union force commanded by Steele was positioned. Steele retreated in the face of the Confederate advance, but was caught by the Confederates at the crossing of the Saline River at Jenkins' Ferry. At the Battle of Jenkins' Ferry on April 30, the 16th Missouri was still part of Burns' Brigade, along with the 10th Missouri Infantry Regiment, 11th Missouri Infantry Regiment, 12th Missouri Infantry Regiment, Pindall's Missouri Sharpshooter Battalion, and Lesueur's Missouri Battery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 73], "content_span": [74, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016228-0007-0001", "contents": "16th Missouri Infantry Regiment (Confederate), Service history, 1864\u20131865\nAt Jenkins' Ferry, Parsons arranged his division in a line with Burns' Brigade on the left and Clark's on the right. When Burns' Brigade advanced, it hit the 33rd Iowa Infantry Regiment and the 12th Kansas Regiment. After about half an hour of fighting, Burns' Brigade was able to work around the flank of the two Union regiments, driving them back. However, despite Burns' initial success, Union reinforcements arrived, driving the brigade back to where it had begun its attack. The 16th Missouri lost 30 men at Jenkins' Ferry, and Steele's force was able to escape across the Saline.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 73], "content_span": [74, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016228-0008-0000", "contents": "16th Missouri Infantry Regiment (Confederate), Service history, 1864\u20131865\nAfter Jenkins' Ferry, the regiment was stationed at various points in Arkansas and at Shreveport, Louisiana. Lewis returned to the regiment in early 1865, and was appointed to serve as a brigadier general by General Edmund Kirby Smith on May 16. Cumming was then officially promoted from lieutenant colonel to colonel. On June 8, the men of the regiment were paroled; they would return to Missouri via steamboat. The 16th Missouri Infantry had more men die while serving in the regiment than any other Missouri unit fighting for the Confederacy: 83 men killed in action, 253 died of various diseases, two were executed for deserting, and three were executed by Union forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 73], "content_span": [74, 748]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016229-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Moscow International Film Festival\nThe 16th Moscow International Film Festival was held from 7 to 18 July 1989. The Golden St. George was awarded to the Italian film The Icicle Thief directed by Maurizio Nichetti.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016230-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Motor Rifle Division (Bulgaria)\nThe 16th Motor Rifle Division was a division of the Bulgarian Land Forces, active from 1960 - 1990s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016230-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Motor Rifle Division (Bulgaria), History\nThe 16th Mountain Rifle Brigade was established in 1950 with its headquarters in Zvezdets, being given the old number of the 16th Infantry Division. On February 6, 1961, the brigade was transformed into the 16th Motor Rifle Division, by Ministerial Order \u2116 0034. The headquarters of the division is in the city Burgas. It consisted of the 96th Motor Rifle Regiment with its headquarters in Burgas, the 33rd Motor Rifle Regiment with headquarters in the village of Zvezdets, the 37th Motor Rifle Regiment in Tsarevo, the 16th Motor Rifle Regiment in Grudovo (today Sredets and the 88th Artillery Regiment again in Sredets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 667]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016230-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Motor Rifle Division (Bulgaria), History\nThe division's goal was to defend Bulgaria's southeastern border with Turkey, as part of the 3rd Army. After 1990, the division was transformed into the 16th Mechanised Brigade, which in 1998 was named \"White Sea\" (a Bulgarian name for the Aegean Sea). In 2000 the brigade was finally closed. The brigade was the successor of the Tenth White Sea Infantry Division and the 16th Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016231-0000-0000", "contents": "16th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party\nThe 16th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party was held in Beijing between November 8 and 14, 2002. It was preceded by the 15th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party. 2,114 delegates and 40 specially invited delegates attended this and elected a 356-member 16th CCP Central Committee, as well as a 121-member Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (CCDI). The Congress marked the nominal transition of power between Jiang Zemin and Hu Jintao, who replaced Jiang as General Secretary, and a newly expanded Politburo Standing Committee line-up.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016231-0000-0001", "contents": "16th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party\nThe institutional transition would be completed in state organs by the 2003 National People's Congress in March. Jiang, however, remained head of the Central Military Commission, therefore in practice, the power transition was not complete. The Party National Congress examined and adopted the amendment to the Constitution of the Chinese Communist Party proposed by the 15th CCP Central Committee, and decided to come into force as from the date of its adoption. An amendment to the Constitution was approved the Party National Congress, with Jiang Zemin's signature ideology of \"Three Represents\" written into it. This congress was succeeded by the 17th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 759]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016231-0001-0000", "contents": "16th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party, Members of the Party Central Committee\nThe 16th CCP Central Committee is composed of 198 full members and 158 alternate members, as well as a 121-member Central Commission for Discipline Inspection.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 93], "content_span": [94, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016231-0002-0000", "contents": "16th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party, Inner party democracy\nOut of the nearly 200 Central Committee that was elected by the Congress, it is possible to judge from the number of votes cast in favour the delegates who lacked support in the party. Huang Ju, who was made Vice-Premier in 2003, had the fewest votes in favour, with more than 300 delegates voting against him. Others in the bottom seven, in order from least popular, were Li Changchun (CCP propaganda chief), Zhang Gaoli (then Shandong Party Chief), Jia Qinglin (CPPCC Chairman), Xi Jinping (then Zhejiang Party chief), Li Yizhong, and Chen Zhili (made State Councilor).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 76], "content_span": [77, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016231-0002-0001", "contents": "16th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party, Inner party democracy\nShanghai party chief Chen Liangyu ranked tenth from last, while Beijing party chief Liu Qi ranked twelfth from last. The trend seems to reflect that many Politburo Standing Committee members were extremely unpopular within the party, and that their subsequent positioning is the result of power bargaining between top leaders alone, and not a collective decision by the party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 76], "content_span": [77, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016232-0000-0000", "contents": "16th National Congress of the Kuomintang\nThe 16th National Congress of the Kuomintang (Chinese: \u4e2d\u570b\u570b\u6c11\u9ee8\u7b2c\u5341\u516d\u6b21\u5168\u570b\u4ee3\u8868\u5927\u4f1a) was the sixteenth national congress of the Kuomintang, held on 29\u201330 July 2001 in Taipei, Taiwan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016233-0000-0000", "contents": "16th National Film Awards\nThe 16th National Film Awards, presented by Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, India to felicitate the best of Indian Cinema released in 1968. Ceremony took place at Vigyan Bhavan, New Delhi on 13 February 1970.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016233-0001-0000", "contents": "16th National Film Awards\nWith 16th National Film Awards, three new awards were introduced, mainly for Best Film on Family Welfare, Best Child Artist and Best Film Lyric Writer. Moreover, for male and female singers, awards were differentiated with Best Male Playback Singer and Best Female Playback Singer respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016233-0002-0000", "contents": "16th National Film Awards, Juries\nSix different committees were formed based on the film making sectors in India, mainly based in Bombay, Calcutta and Madras along with the award categories. Another committee for all India level was also formed which included some of the members from regional committee. For 16th National Film Awards, central committee was headed by Justice G. D. Khosla.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 33], "content_span": [34, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016233-0003-0000", "contents": "16th National Film Awards, Awards\nPresident's Gold Medal for the All India Best Feature Film is now better known as National Film Award for Best Feature Film, whereas President's Gold Medal for the Best Documentary Film is analogous to today's National Film Award for Best Non-Feature Film. For children's films, Prime Minister's Gold Medal is now given as National Film Award for Best Children's Film. At the regional level, President's Silver Medal for Best Feature Film is now given as National Film Award for Best Feature Film in a particular language. Certificate of Merit in all the categories is discontinued over the years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 33], "content_span": [34, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016233-0004-0000", "contents": "16th National Film Awards, Awards, Feature films\nFeature films were awarded at All India as well as regional level. For 16th National Film Awards, a Bengali film Goopy Gyne Bagha Byne won the President's Gold Medal for the All India Best Feature Film, with also winning the maximum number of awards (two); along with two Hindi films, Aashirwad and Saraswatichandra with a Malayalam film, Thulabharam and a Tamil film, Thillaanaa Mohanambal. Following were the awards given in each category:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 48], "content_span": [49, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016233-0005-0000", "contents": "16th National Film Awards, Awards, Feature films, Regional Award\nThe awards were given to the best films made in the regional languages of India. For feature films in Assamese, English, Gujarati, Kashmiri and Punjabi language, President's Silver Medal for Best Feature Film was not given. The producer and director of the film were awarded with \u20b95,000 and a Silver medal, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 64], "content_span": [65, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016233-0006-0000", "contents": "16th National Film Awards, Awards, Awards not given\nFollowing were the awards not given as no film was found to be suitable for the award:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 51], "content_span": [52, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016234-0000-0000", "contents": "16th National Geographic Bee\nThe 16th National Geographic Bee was held in Washington, D.C. on May 26, 2004, sponsored by the National Geographic Society and ING. The final competition was moderated by Jeopardy! host Alex Trebek. The winner was Andrew Wojtanik of Kansas, who won a $25,000 college scholarship, lifetime membership in the National Geographic Society, and a trip to a Busch Gardens/Sea World Adventure Camp. The 2nd-place winner, Matthew Wells of Montana, won a $15,000 scholarship. The 3rd-place winner, Eric Liaw of Hawaii, won a $10,000 scholarship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016235-0000-0000", "contents": "16th National Hockey League All-Star Game\nThe 16th National Hockey League All-Star Game took place at Maple Leaf Gardens on October 6, 1962. The hometown Toronto Maple Leafs defeated the NHL all-stars 4\u20131.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016235-0001-0000", "contents": "16th National Hockey League All-Star Game, The game\nEddie Shack was named the first ever all-star game MVP, as the Toronto Maple Leafs erupted for four goals in the opening period against all-star goaltender Jacques Plante of the Montreal Canadiens. It was the first victory for the Maple Leafs in the annual classic, after falling to the All-Stars in 1947, 1948 and 1949.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 51], "content_span": [52, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016235-0002-0000", "contents": "16th National Hockey League All-Star Game, The game\nShack scored Toronto's fourth goal. Dick Duff, Bob Pulford and Frank Mahovlich also scored for the Leafs, while Gordie Howe, appearing in his record 14th all-star game, beat Johnny Bower.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 51], "content_span": [52, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016235-0003-0000", "contents": "16th National Hockey League All-Star Game, The game\nIn the days leading up to the game, the NHL was worried because Toronto had only two players under contract\u2014rookie Kent Douglas and captain George Armstrong; however, last minute efforts led to all players signing contracts in time to appear in the game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 51], "content_span": [52, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016236-0000-0000", "contents": "16th National Television Awards\nThe 16th National Television Awards ceremony was held at The O2 Arena in London on 26 January 2011 and was hosted by Dermot O'Leary. The awards are voted by the public and the winners are revealed live on ITV. Ant & Dec won the award for Most Popular Entertainment Presenter for the tenth year in a row, while Bruce Forsyth won the Special Recognition Award. Luis Urz\u00faa, one of the miners who was saved from the 2010 Copiap\u00f3 mining accident presented the award for Most Popular Drama.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016236-0000-0001", "contents": "16th National Television Awards\nThe award went to Waterloo Road, which meant Doctor Who failed to win the award for the first time since 2005. The 2010 X Factor winner Matt Cardle performed his number one single \"When We Collide\". Louie Spence of Pineapple Dance Studios performed a dance routine before presenting the award for Outstanding Serial Drama Performance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016236-0001-0000", "contents": "16th National Television Awards, Opening\nA scene specially written by Steven Moffat and featuring host Dermot O'Leary and Matt Smith as the Eleventh Doctor was shown before the title sequence. O'Leary wakes up and realises he has missed the awards show and then The Doctor appears with the TARDIS to offer help. They travel through time and space and meet various people from the TV industry including Ant and Dec and EastEnders character Dot Branning. Eventually, the Doctor claims that the next destination is \"a vast and terrible arena full of insane shrieking banshees thirsting for blood and conquest\" which Dermot identifies as the National Television Awards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 665]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016236-0002-0000", "contents": "16th National Television Awards, Awards, Longlist\nThis is the list of full nominees for the 2011 National Television Awards. Voting was open to the public from September 2010 until January 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016237-0000-0000", "contents": "16th New Brunswick Legislature\nThe 16th New Brunswick Legislative Assembly represented New Brunswick between October 19, 1854, and May 30, 1856.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016237-0001-0000", "contents": "16th New Brunswick Legislature\nThe assembly sat at the pleasure of the Governor of New Brunswick John Henry Thomas Manners-Sutton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016239-0000-0000", "contents": "16th New Hampshire Infantry Regiment\nThe 16th New Hampshire Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016239-0001-0000", "contents": "16th New Hampshire Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 16th New Hampshire Infantry was organized in Concord, New Hampshire, and mustered in October 24, 1862, for nine months' service under the command of Colonel James Pike.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016239-0002-0000", "contents": "16th New Hampshire Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment left New Hampshire for New York November and joined Banks' Expeditionary Corps. Sailed for New Orleans, Louisiana, December 6, arriving December 20. Attached to Sherman's Division, Department of the Gulf, to January 1863. 1st Brigade, 3rd Division, XIX Corps, Army of the Gulf, to May 1863. 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, XIX Corps, to August, 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016239-0003-0000", "contents": "16th New Hampshire Infantry Regiment, Service\nDuty at Carrollton and in the defenses of New Orleans, La., until April 1863. Operations on Bayou Plaquemine and the Black and Atchafalaya rivers February 12\u201328. Operations against Port Hudson, Louisiana, March 7\u201327. Fort Burton, Butte a la Rose, April 19. At Fort Burton until May 30. Ordered to Port Hudson May 30, and assigned as guard at arsenal of Banks' Army at Springfield Landing June 3 to July 9. Surrender of Port Hudson July 9. Occupation of works until August 1. Moved to Concord, New Hampshire, August 1\u201314.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016239-0004-0000", "contents": "16th New Hampshire Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 16th New Hampshire Infantry mustered out of service August 20, 1863, at Concord, New Hampshire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016239-0005-0000", "contents": "16th New Hampshire Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 221 men during service; 5 officers and 216 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016240-0000-0000", "contents": "16th New York Cavalry Regiment\nThe 16th New York Cavalry Regiment was a cavalry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. A detachment of the 16th New York had the distinction of killing Lincoln assassin John Wilkes Booth and apprehending accomplice David Herold.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016240-0001-0000", "contents": "16th New York Cavalry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was organized in Plattsburgh, New York, and mustered into service from June 19 to September 15, 1863. Consisting of eleven companies of cavalry, Companies A, B, C, and D of the 16th New York took part in the Gettysburg Campaign. The regiment was then dispatched to the defense of Washington D.C. and assigned to the Cavalry Brigade of the XXII Corps of the Department of Washington.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016240-0002-0000", "contents": "16th New York Cavalry Regiment, Service\nUntil the end of the Civil War, the 16th New York was repeatedly in action in Northern Virginia and fought a number of engagements against Confederate cavalry commanded by John Singleton Mosby. On August 8, 1864, Capt. James H. Fleming of Company M was killed in action near Fairfax, Virginia. Fleming was the only officer of the 16th New York Cavalry to die in the Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016240-0003-0000", "contents": "16th New York Cavalry Regiment, Service\nBefore dawn on April 26, 1865, a detachment of the 16th New York Cavalry under the command of Lt. Edward P. Doherty cornered Lincoln assassins Booth and Herold in a tobacco barn near Port Royal, Virginia. Herold surrendered but Booth refused and was shot by Sgt. Boston Corbett. Each of the 26 enlisted men of the 16th Cavalry that participated in the capture received $1,658.58 in reward money.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016240-0004-0000", "contents": "16th New York Cavalry Regiment, Service\nOn August 17, 1865, the 16th New York Cavalry was consolidated with the 13th Regiment New York Volunteer Cavalry; the new organization receiving the designation, 3rd Regiment New York Provisional Cavalry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016240-0005-0000", "contents": "16th New York Cavalry Regiment, Mail-in ballot fraud scheme\nIn the fall of 1864, Orville Wood, a merchant from Clinton County and supporter of Abraham Lincoln in the 1864 presidential election, was tasked to visit hometown troops and \"look after the local ticket.\" After seeing evidence of mail-in ballot fraud in another regiment and a hospital, Wood gained the trust of Moses Ferry, representative of Democratic Governor Horatio Seymour in Baltimore, and set out to expose the fraud. At Ferry's direction, Wood forged signatures of the 16th New York Cavalry while a clerk sat across from him signing ballots with names from a roster Wood brought from home.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 59], "content_span": [60, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016240-0005-0001", "contents": "16th New York Cavalry Regiment, Mail-in ballot fraud scheme\nWood reported this and other such operations he discovered to authorities, and less than two weeks before the election on October 27, 1864, Ferry and another political operative named Edward Donahue Jr. were tried before a military commission. Ferry confessed and offered up names of other conspirators, while Donahue continued to trial and was convicted, partly on Wood's testimony. Both were sentenced to life in prison, with Lincoln's approval.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 59], "content_span": [60, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016240-0006-0000", "contents": "16th New York Cavalry Regiment, Total strength and casualties\nThe regiment suffered 1 officer and 20 enlisted men who were killed in action or mortally wounded and 119 enlisted men who died of disease, for a total of 140 fatalities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 61], "content_span": [62, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016241-0000-0000", "contents": "16th New York Heavy Artillery Regiment\nThe 16th New York Heavy Artillery Regiment, U.S. Volunteers was an artillery regiment of the Union Army during the American Civil War, but served mostly as infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016241-0001-0000", "contents": "16th New York Heavy Artillery Regiment, Service\nCompanies organized and mustered in between September 1863 and February 1864. All moved to Fortress Monroe, Virginia. Regiment on duty at Fortress Monroe, Yorktown and Gloucester Point, Virginia, till June 1864, as Heavy Artillery and Infantry. Companies were attached to various brigades/divisions of X Corps, Army of the James, through December 1864 and then XXII Corps and XXIV Corps, to July\u2013August 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016241-0002-0000", "contents": "16th New York Heavy Artillery Regiment, Service\nThe surplus men recruited were ordered transferred to the 6th New York Heavy Artillery Regiment in April 1864, and in May 1864, a large number of men were transferred to the 81st New York Volunteer Infantry and 148th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment and 270 to the 1st Regiment New York Mounted Rifles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016241-0003-0000", "contents": "16th New York Heavy Artillery Regiment, Service\nRegiment concentrated at Washington, District of Columbia, July 1865, and duty there till August. Mustered out August 21, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016241-0004-0000", "contents": "16th New York Heavy Artillery Regiment, Total strength and casualties\nAccording to one source in June 1864, the regiment was \"the largest regiment ever recruited in the United States, and has men in the following places: At Yorktown, 1,140; at Williamsburgh, 736; at Gloucester Point, 147; at Bermuda Hundred, 270; putting up telegraph, 60; with One Hundred and Forty-eighth New York Volunteers, 46; with First New York Mounted Rifles, 272\u2014transferred; with Eighty-fifth New York Volunteers, 46; with light batteries United States Artillery, 22; with Army of the Potomac, 201\u2014transferred; making a total of 2,928 men and 63 officers.\" This source claimed there were nearly 3,700 men mustered for the regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 69], "content_span": [70, 709]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016241-0005-0000", "contents": "16th New York Heavy Artillery Regiment, Total strength and casualties\nRegiment lost during service 42 Enlisted men killed and mortally wounded and 2 Officers and 284 Enlisted men by disease. Total 328.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 69], "content_span": [70, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016242-0000-0000", "contents": "16th New York Infantry Regiment\nThe 16th New York Infantry Regiment (or 1st Northern New York Regiment) was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016242-0001-0000", "contents": "16th New York Infantry Regiment, Recruitment\nThe 16th New York Infantry was organized by company in small towns and the regiment was assembled in Albany, New York, originally under the name \"1st Northern New York Infantry. The regiment mustered in for two years of service as the 16th New York Infantry on May 15, 1861, under the command of Colonel Thomas A. Davies. However, Regiments that formed later in the war and individual soldiers that reinforced the Regiment would serve three years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 44], "content_span": [45, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016242-0002-0000", "contents": "16th New York Infantry Regiment, Recruitment\nCompanies were principally recruited as follows: A at Ogdensburg, B and F at Potsdam, C and E at Plattsburg, D at Gouverneur, G at DePeyster, H at Stockholm, I at Malone, and K at West Chazy and Mooers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 44], "content_span": [45, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016242-0003-0000", "contents": "16th New York Infantry Regiment, Recruitment\nThe regiment was attached to the 2nd Brigade, 5th Division, Army of Northeastern Virginia from June 1861 to August 1861; Heintzelman's Brigade, Division of the Potomac to March 1862; Slocum's Brigade, Franklin's Division, I Corps to May 1862; 2nd Brigade, 1st Division, VI Corps to May 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 44], "content_span": [45, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016242-0004-0000", "contents": "16th New York Infantry Regiment, Recruitment\nThe regiment was originally armed with model 1840 muskets. In July 1861 the state of New York replaced these with Pattern 1853 Enfield rifle muskets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 44], "content_span": [45, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016242-0005-0000", "contents": "16th New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nMustered in at Albany, May 15, 1861, went into camp near Bethlehem and left the state for Washington on June 26. To Alexandria on July 11, from there to Manassas, where it was engaged but a very short time on the 21st and returned immediately after to Alexandria. On September 15, 1861, to Fort Lyon. The winter of 1861-62 was passed at Camp Franklin. Ordered to Catlett's Station April 6, 1862, but at once returned to camp; then ordered to Yorktown, where it arrived on May 3. In 1862 Major Joel J. Seaver of the regiment presented the members of the regiment with straw hats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016242-0006-0000", "contents": "16th New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was in action at West Point, and at Gaines Mill, its loss being over 200 killed and wounded. Their straw hats stood out on the battlefield, making them targets for Confederate guns. The regiment was present through the remainder of that week of battle, but was not closely engaged, then encamped at Harrison's Landing until August 16, 1862, when it returned for a brief period to Alexandria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016242-0006-0001", "contents": "16th New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nIn the Battle of Crampton's Gap it was in the van and lost heavily; was held in reserve at Antietam; at Fredericksburg was posted on picket duty, and after the battle went into winter quarters near Falmouth. It shared the hardships and discomforts of the Mud March under Burnside and was active in the Battle of Chancellorsville, with a loss at Salem Church of 20 killed, 87 wounded and 49 missing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016242-0006-0002", "contents": "16th New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nA few days were next spent at Banks' Ford, then a short time in the old camp at Falmouth, and on May 22, 1863, the regiment was mustered out at Albany. During its term of service, its loss was 112 men killed or mortally wounded and 84 deaths from other causes. The three years men were transferred to the 121st New York.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016242-0007-0000", "contents": "16th New York Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 213 men during service including five officers and 124 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded and one officer and 83 enlisted men who died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016243-0000-0000", "contents": "16th New York State Legislature\nThe 16th New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from November 6, 1792, to March 12, 1793, during the sixteenth year of George Clinton's governorship, in New York City.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016243-0001-0000", "contents": "16th New York State Legislature, Background\nUnder the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1777, the State Senators were elected on general tickets in the senatorial districts, and were then divided into four classes. Six senators each drew lots for a term of 1, 2, 3 or 4 years and, beginning at the election in April 1778, every year six Senate seats came up for election to a four-year term. Assemblymen were elected countywide on general tickets to a one-year term, the whole assembly being renewed annually.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016243-0002-0000", "contents": "16th New York State Legislature, Background\nIn March 1786, the Legislature enacted that future Legislatures meet on the first Tuesday of January of each year unless called earlier by the governor. No general meeting place was determined, leaving it to each Legislature to name the place where to reconvene, and if no place could be agreed upon, the Legislature should meet again where it adjourned.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016243-0003-0000", "contents": "16th New York State Legislature, Background\nOn February 7, 1791, the Legislature re-apportioned the Senate and Assembly districts, according to the figures of the 1790 United States Census.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016243-0004-0000", "contents": "16th New York State Legislature, Background\nState Senator Peter Schuyler died on January 4, 1792, leaving a vacancy in the Western District.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016243-0005-0000", "contents": "16th New York State Legislature, Background\nAt this time the politicians were divided into two opposing political parties: the Federalists and the Democratic-Republicans. Since the first appearance of the political parties, many politicians changed sides for a variety of reasons, but the highly controversial gubernatorial election of 1792 re-aligned the politicians more clearly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016243-0006-0000", "contents": "16th New York State Legislature, Elections\nThe State election was held from April 24 to 26, 1792. Gov. George Clinton and Lt. Gov. Pierre Van Cortlandt were re-elected to a sixth term after the Canvass Committee rejected the votes of Otsego, Clinton and Tioga counties on technicalities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 42], "content_span": [43, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016243-0007-0000", "contents": "16th New York State Legislature, Elections\nHenry Cruger, John Schenck, Selah Strong (all three Southern D.), John Livingston, Robert Woodworth (both Eastern D.) and Assemblyman Joseph Hasbrouck (Middle D.) were elected to full terms in the Senate. Assemblyman John Frey was elected to fill the vacancy in the Western District.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 42], "content_span": [43, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016243-0008-0000", "contents": "16th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThis time, the Legislature was called to meet early to elect presidential electors. Both Houses met at Federal Hall in New York City; assembled a quorum on November 6, 1792; and adjourned on March 12, 1793.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 41], "content_span": [42, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016243-0009-0000", "contents": "16th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nOn November 20, 1792, the Legislature chose 12 presidential electors: William Floyd, Samuel Osgood, Edward Savage, Stephen Ward, John Bay, Jesse Woodhull, David Van Ness, Johannes Bruyn, Volkert Veeder, Abraham Yates Jr., Samuel Clark and Abraham Ten Eyck. All were Democratic-Republicans, elected on the first ballot in both Houses, and all cast their votes for George Washington and Gov. George Clinton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 41], "content_span": [42, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016243-0010-0000", "contents": "16th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nAfter the 1790 United States Census, Congress re-apportioned the seats, increasing New York's representation from 6 to 10 seats. This required the Legislature to re-apportion the congressional districts in the State what was belatedly done on December 18, 1792. Subsequently, the congressional elections were held in January 1793.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 41], "content_span": [42, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016243-0011-0000", "contents": "16th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Districts\nNote: There are now 62 counties in the State of New York. The counties which are not mentioned in this list had not yet been established, or sufficiently organized, the area being included in one or more of the abovementioned counties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 56], "content_span": [57, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016243-0012-0000", "contents": "16th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature. Joseph Hasbrouck and John Frey changed from the Assembly to the Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 54], "content_span": [55, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016243-0013-0000", "contents": "16th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members\nThe party affiliations follow the vote on the contested election of John Livingston. The Democratic-Republicans voted to seat Livingston, affirming that the decision of the Canvass Committee was final for both the governor's and the senators' vote. The Federalists voted against this, supporting the claim of Thomas Jenkins, the Federalist candidate who had lost the election after the rejection of the ballots from Clinton County, affirming that under the Constitution it was the right and duty of the Senate to revise the decision of the Canvass Committee concerning the election of senators.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 54], "content_span": [55, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016243-0014-0000", "contents": "16th New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Districts\nNote: There are now 62 counties in the State of New York. The counties which are not mentioned in this list had not yet been established, or sufficiently organized, the area being included in one or more of the abovementioned counties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 58], "content_span": [59, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016243-0015-0000", "contents": "16th New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Assemblymen\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued as members of this Legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 60], "content_span": [61, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016244-0000-0000", "contents": "16th New Zealand Parliament\nThe 16th New Zealand Parliament was a term of the New Zealand Parliament. It was elected at the 1905 general election in December of that year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016244-0001-0000", "contents": "16th New Zealand Parliament, Changes to the electoral law\nThe 1903 City Single Electorates Act declared that at the dissolution of the 15th Parliament, the four multi-member electorates would be abolished and replaced each with three single-member electorates. It was also the year absentee voting was introduced for all electors unable to be in their own electorate on election day. The first Chief Electoral Officer was appointed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 57], "content_span": [58, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016244-0002-0000", "contents": "16th New Zealand Parliament, Changes to the electoral law\nAccordingly, the multi-member urban electorates of City of Auckland, City of Christchurch, City of Dunedin and City of Wellington were abolished and replaced with the following single-member seats:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 57], "content_span": [58, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016244-0003-0000", "contents": "16th New Zealand Parliament, Changes to the electoral law\nNine of these twelve electorates had existed before. Wellington Central, Wellington North, and Dunedin North were established for the first time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 57], "content_span": [58, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016244-0004-0000", "contents": "16th New Zealand Parliament, 1905 general election\nThe 1905 general election was held on Wednesday, 6 December in the general electorates and on Wednesday, 20 December in the M\u0101ori electorates, respectively. A total of 80 MPs were elected; 38 represented North Island electorates, 38 represented South Island electorates, and the remaining four represented M\u0101ori electorates. 476,473 voters were enrolled and the official turnout at the election was 83.3%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 50], "content_span": [51, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016244-0005-0000", "contents": "16th New Zealand Parliament, Sessions\nThe 16th Parliament sat for four sessions (there were two sessions in 1906), and was prorogued on 29 October 1908.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016244-0006-0000", "contents": "16th New Zealand Parliament, Ministries\nThe Liberal Government of New Zealand had taken office on 24 January 1891. The Seddon Ministry under Richard Seddon had taken office in 1893 during the term of the 11th Parliament. The Seddon Ministry remained in power for the whole term of this Parliament and held power until Seddon's death on 10 June 1906. Seddon was travelling overseas at the time of his death, and William Hall-Jones was a reluctant acting Premier at the time. Joseph Ward would normally have been acting Premier, but he was also overseas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016244-0006-0001", "contents": "16th New Zealand Parliament, Ministries\nSo upon Seddon's death, Hall-Jones was sworn in as Prime Minister (the first time this new title was used) and formed the Hall-Jones Ministry on 21 June 1906. Upon Ward's return from overseas, the leadership was offered to him, which he accepted. Hall-Jones resigned as Prime Minister, succeeded by Ward who formed the Ward Ministry on 6 August 1906. The Ward Ministry remained in power for the remainder of the parliamentary term and subsequently until Ward's resignation as Prime Minister in 1912.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016244-0007-0000", "contents": "16th New Zealand Parliament, Initial composition of the 16th Parliament\nThe following are the results of the 1905 general election:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 71], "content_span": [72, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016244-0008-0000", "contents": "16th New Zealand Parliament, By-elections during 16th Parliament\nThere were a number of changes during the term of the 16th Parliament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 64], "content_span": [65, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016245-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Niue Assembly\nThe 16th Niue Assembly was a term of the Niue Assembly. Its composition was determined by the 2017 election, held on June 6, 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016246-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Northwest Territories Legislative Assembly\nThe 16th Northwest Territories Legislative Assembly is the 24th sitting legislature in Northwest Territories history. The membership of this Assembly was decided by the 2007 Northwest Territories general election held on October 1, 2007 to elect 19 members.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016246-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Northwest Territories Legislative Assembly\nDespite attempts by political parties to run candidates for the legislature, the legislature is nonpartisan and has been since 1905. The members will meet in October and choose the Premier, Speaker and the Cabinet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016246-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Northwest Territories Legislative Assembly\nThe NWT has set in place legislation that ensures elections are held every four years on the first Monday in October and the next election will be held 3 October 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016246-0003-0000", "contents": "16th Northwest Territories Legislative Assembly\nUnder the territory's consensus government system, Floyd Roland was chosen as the new Premier on October 17, 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016248-0000-0000", "contents": "16th OTO Awards\nThe 16th OTO Awards honoring the best in Slovak popular culture for the year 2015, took time and place on March 12, 2016 at the former Opera building of the Slovak National Theater in Bratislava. The ceremony was broadcast live the channel Jednotka of RTVS. The hosts of the upcoming show were for the fourth consecutive time, Adela Ban\u00e1\u0161ov\u00e1 and Matej \"Sajfa\" Cifra.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016248-0001-0000", "contents": "16th OTO Awards, Superlatives\nHaving two simultaneous winning nominations, Marcel Mer\u010diak has become the first participant of the TV poll to achieve it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 29], "content_span": [30, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016249-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Ohio Independent Light Artillery Battery\n16th Ohio Battery was an artillery battery that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016249-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Ohio Independent Light Artillery Battery, Service\nThe 16th Ohio Battery was organized in Springfield, Ohio August 20, 1861, and mustered in September 5, 1861, for a three-year enlistment under Captain James A. Mitchell. Despite its designation, it was actually the third battery raised in Ohio.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016249-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Ohio Independent Light Artillery Battery, Service\nThe battery was attached to 1st Division, District of Southeast Missouri, Department of the Missouri, to May 1862. Artillery, 1st Division, Army of Southwest Missouri, to July 1862. District of Eastern Arkansas, Department of the Missouri, to January 1863. Artillery, 12th Division, XIII Corps, Army of the Tennessee, to July 1863. Artillery, 3rd Division, XIII Corps, Department of the Tennessee, to August 1863, and Department of the Gulf to January 1864. Artillery, 1st Division, XIII Corps, Department of the Gulf, to June 1864. Defenses of New Orleans, Louisiana, Department of the Gulf, to August 1864. Artillery Reserve, Department of the Gulf, to August 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 722]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016249-0003-0000", "contents": "16th Ohio Independent Light Artillery Battery, Service\nThe 16th Ohio Battery mustered out of service at Camp Chase in Columbus, Ohio, on August 2, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016249-0004-0000", "contents": "16th Ohio Independent Light Artillery Battery, Detailed service\nOrdered to St. Louis, Mo., September 5. Moved from St. Louis to Jefferson City, Mo., October 13, and duty there until February 14, 1862. Moved to St. Louis, Mo., then to Pilot Knob, Mo., March 6. March to Doniphan March 21\u201331, 1862. Action at Pitman's Ferry April 1. Moved to Pocahontas, Ark., April 5\u201311; then to Jacksonport May 3. To Batesville May 14, then marched to Augusta, Ark., June 20-July 4. Marched to Clarendon, then to Helena, Ark., July 5\u201314. Duty at Helena and at Old Town Landing until April 1863. Ordered to Milliken's Bend, La., April 8.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 63], "content_span": [64, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016249-0004-0001", "contents": "16th Ohio Independent Light Artillery Battery, Detailed service\nMovement on Bruinsburg and turning Grand Gulf April 25\u201330. Battle of Port Gibson May 1. Fourteen-Mile Creek May 12\u201313. Battle of Champion Hill May 16. Siege of Vicksburg, Miss., May 18-July 4. Assaults on Vicksburg May 19 and 22. Advance on Jackson, Miss., July 5\u201310. Siege of Jackson July 10\u201317. Ordered to New Orleans, La., August 21, and duty there until September 20. Moved to Berwick Bay and duty there until December 27. Ordered to New Orleans, then to Texas January 1, 1864. Duty at Matagardo Peninsula, Indianola, Powder Horn, and Matagorda Island until June 1864. Ordered to New Orleans, La., and garrison duty there until July 13, 1865. Ordered home July 13, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 63], "content_span": [64, 738]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016249-0005-0000", "contents": "16th Ohio Independent Light Artillery Battery, Casualties\nThe battery lost a total of 47 men during service; 1 officer and 1 enlisted man killed or mortally wounded, 45 enlisted men died due to disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 57], "content_span": [58, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016250-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Ohio Infantry Regiment\nThe 16th Ohio Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016250-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service, Three-months regiment\nThe 16th Ohio Infantry Regiment was organized at Columbus, Ohio, in response to President Lincoln's call for 75,000 volunteers and mustered into service on May 3, 1861, under the command of Colonel James Irvine. The regiment moved to western Virginia, May 25, and occupied Grafton on May 30. It participated in the West Virginia Campaign June 1-July 17, seeing action at Phillippi June 3. The regiment was reported at Bowman's Place June 29 and was involved in the pursuit of Garnett July 7\u201312. Ordered back to Columbus and mustered out August 18, 1861.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 59], "content_span": [60, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016250-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service, Three-years regiment\nThe 16th Ohio Infantry was reorganized at Zanesville, Ohio, Camp Tiffin in Wooster, Ohio, and Camp Chase in Columbus beginning September 23, 1861, and mustered in for three years service on December 2, 1861, under the command of Colonel John F. DeCourcey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 58], "content_span": [59, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016250-0003-0000", "contents": "16th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service, Three-years regiment\nThe regiment was attached to 12th Brigade, Army of the Ohio, to March 1862. 26th Brigade, 7th Division, Army of the Ohio, to October 1862. 4th Brigade, Cumberland Gap Division, District of West Virginia, Department of the Ohio, to November 1862. 3rd Brigade, 9th Division, Right Wing, XIII Corps, Department of the Tennessee, to December 1862. 3rd Brigade, 3rd Division, Sherman's Yazoo Expedition, to January 1863. 3rd Brigade, 9th Division, XIII Corps, Army of the Tennessee, to February 1863. 2nd Brigade, 9th Division, XIII Corps, to July 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 58], "content_span": [59, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016250-0003-0001", "contents": "16th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service, Three-years regiment\n4th Brigade, 1st Division, XIII Corps, Department of the Tennessee, to August 1863, and Department of the Gulf to September 1863. 3rd Brigade, 1st Division, XIII Corps, Department of the Gulf, to March 1864. 2nd Brigade, 1st Division, XIII Corps, to June 1864. 2nd Brigade, 3rd Division, XIX Corps, to October 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 58], "content_span": [59, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016250-0004-0000", "contents": "16th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service, Three-years regiment\nThe 16th Ohio Infantry mustered out of service at Columbus, Ohio, on October 31, 1864, on the expiration of the term of service. Recruits were transferred to the 114th Ohio Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 58], "content_span": [59, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016250-0005-0000", "contents": "16th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nMoved to Camp Dennison, Ohio, November 28, then to Lexington, Ky., December 19. Moved to Somerset, Ky., January 12, 1862. March to support of Gen. Thomas at battle of Mill Springs, Ky., January 18\u201320, 1862. Duty at Somerset until January 31. March to London, then to Cumberland Ford January 31-February 12, repairing and rebuilding roads. Reconnaissance toward Cumberland Gap March 21\u201323. Skirmish at Elrod's Ridge March 22. Cumberland Gap Campaign March 28-June 18. Cumberland Mountain April 28. Cumberland Gap April 29. Occupation of Cumberland Gap June 18-September 15. Action at Wilson's Gap June 18. Tazewell July 26 and August 6.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 45], "content_span": [46, 681]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016250-0005-0001", "contents": "16th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nOperations about Cumberland Gap September 2\u20136. Evacuation of Cumberland Gap and retreat to the Ohio River September 17-October 3. Action at West Liberty September 26. Expedition to Charleston, W. Va., October 21-November 10. Ordered to Memphis, Tenn.. November 10. Sherman's Yazoo Expedition December 20, 1862, to January 3, 1863. Chickasaw Bayou December 26\u201328, 1862. Chickasaw Bluffs December 29. Expedition to Arkansas Post, Ark., January 3\u201310, 1863. Assault and capture of Fort Hindman, Arkansas Post, January 10\u201311. Moved to Young's Point, La., January 15, thence to Milliken's Bend March 8. Operations from Milliken's Bend to New Carthage March 31-April 17.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 45], "content_span": [46, 709]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016250-0005-0002", "contents": "16th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nMovement on Bruinsburg, Mississippi, and turning Grand Gulf April 25\u201330. Battle of Thompson's Hill, Grand Gulf, May 1. Battle of Champion Hill May 16. Big Black River May 17. Siege of Vicksburg, Miss., May 18-July 4. Assaults on Vicksburg May 19 and 22. Advance on Jackson, Miss., July 5\u201310. Near Clinton July 8. Siege of Jackson July 10\u201317. Ordered to New Orleans, La., August 13, and duty there until September 6. At Brashear City until October 3. Western Louisiana Campaign October 3-November 18.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 45], "content_span": [46, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016250-0005-0003", "contents": "16th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nMoved to DeCrow Point, Matagorda Bay, Texas, November 18\u201328, and duty there until January 1864, and at Matagorda Island until April. Moved to New Orleans, La., April 18, then to Alexandria, La., April 23. Red River Campaign April 26-May 22. Construction of dam at Alexandria April 30-May 10. Graham's Plantation April 5. Retreat to Morganza May 13\u201320. Mansura May 16. Expedition to the Atchafalaya May 30-June 6. Duty at Morganza until October. Ordered to Columbus, Ohio, October 6.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 45], "content_span": [46, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016250-0006-0000", "contents": "16th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 286 men during service; 2 officers and 68 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 4 officers and 217 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016251-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Oklahoma Legislature\nThe Sixteenth Oklahoma Legislature was a meeting of the legislative branch of the government of Oklahoma, composed of the Oklahoma Senate and the Oklahoma House of Representatives. The state legislature met November 24, 1936, to May 11, 1937, during the term of Governor E.W. Marland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016251-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Oklahoma Legislature\nThe Democratic Party dominated both chambers. There were no Republican state senators in 1937 and only three state representatives. As Lieutenant Governor of Oklahoma, James E. Berry served as the President of the Senate. Allen G. Nichols served as President pro tempore of the Oklahoma Senate and J. T. Daniel served as the Speaker of the Oklahoma House of Representatives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016251-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Oklahoma Legislature, Leadership, Senate\nThere were no Republicans in the state senate in 1937. As Lieutenant Governor of Oklahoma, James E. Berry served as the President of the Senate, giving him a tie-breaking vote and the authority to serve as the presiding officer. Allen G. Nichols served as President pro tempore of the Oklahoma Senate, the chamber's chief leader and organizer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 45], "content_span": [46, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016251-0003-0000", "contents": "16th Oklahoma Legislature, Leadership, House of Representatives\nThe Oklahoma Democratic Party held 114 of the 117 seats in the Oklahoma House of Representatives in 1937, allowing them to select the Speaker of the Oklahoma House of Representatives. J. T. Daniel of Waurika, Oklahoma, was elected by his fellow state representatives to serve as Speaker and J. Kenneth Hogue of Carnegie, Oklahoma, was elected to serve as Speaker Pro Tempore. James C. Nance of Purcell, Oklahoma, served as Majority Floor Leader.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 63], "content_span": [64, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016252-0000-0000", "contents": "16th PMPC Star Awards for Television\nThe following is a list of winners for the PMPC Star Awards for TV for 2002.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016252-0001-0000", "contents": "16th PMPC Star Awards for Television, Nominees and winners\nBEST EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM HOST: Ernie Baron - Knowledge Power (ABS-CBN 2)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016252-0002-0000", "contents": "16th PMPC Star Awards for Television, Nominees and winners\nBEST CHILDREN\u2019S PROGRAM HOSTS: 5 & Up Kids (GMA 7)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016252-0003-0000", "contents": "16th PMPC Star Awards for Television, Nominees and winners\nBEST MORNING SHOW HOSTS: Arnold Clavio, Lyn Ching, Miriam Quiambao, Suzie Entrata, Rhea Santos, Martin Andanar, Ivan Maryina, Hans Montenegro and Co. - Unang Hirit (GMA 7)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016252-0004-0000", "contents": "16th PMPC Star Awards for Television, Nominees and winners\nBEST GAME SHOW HOST: Kris Aquino -  Game K N B? (ABS-CBN 2)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016252-0005-0000", "contents": "16th PMPC Star Awards for Television, Nominees and winners\nBEST NEW MALE TV PERSONALITY: Paolo Ballesteros - Daddy Di Do Du (GMA 7)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016252-0006-0000", "contents": "16th PMPC Star Awards for Television, Nominees and winners\nBEST NEW FEMALE TV PERSONALITY: Nancy Castiliogne - Sana Ay Ikaw Na Nga (GMA 7)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016252-0007-0000", "contents": "16th PMPC Star Awards for Television, Nominees and winners\nBEST LIFESTYLE PROGRAM HOSTS: Angel Aquino, Cher Calvin & Daphne Ose\u00f1a - F (ABS-CBN 2)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016252-0008-0000", "contents": "16th PMPC Star Awards for Television, Nominees and winners\nBEST CELEBRITY TALK SHOW HOST: Boy Abunda - Private Conversations (ABS-CBN 2)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016252-0009-0000", "contents": "16th PMPC Star Awards for Television, Nominees and winners\nBEST MALE SHOWBIZ-ORIENTED SHOW HOST: Boy Abunda - The Buzz (ABS-CBN 2)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016252-0010-0000", "contents": "16th PMPC Star Awards for Television, Nominees and winners\nBEST FEMALE SHOWBIZ-ORIENTED SHOW HOST: Kris Aquino - The Buzz (ABS-CBN 2)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016252-0011-0000", "contents": "16th PMPC Star Awards for Television, Nominees and winners\nBEST COMEDY ACTORS: Michael V. (GMA 7)/Ogie Alcasid (GMA 7)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016252-0012-0000", "contents": "16th PMPC Star Awards for Television, Nominees and winners\nBEST COMEDY ACTRESS: Ai- Ai Delas Alas - Whattamen (ABS-CBN 2)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016252-0013-0000", "contents": "16th PMPC Star Awards for Television, Nominees and winners\nBEST PUBLIC SERVICE PROGRAM HOST: Erwin Tulfo - Mission X (ABS-CBN 2)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016252-0014-0000", "contents": "16th PMPC Star Awards for Television, Nominees and winners\nBEST PUBLIC AFFAIRS PROGRAM HOSTS: Winnie Monsod & Oscar Orbos - Debate (GMA 7)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016252-0015-0000", "contents": "16th PMPC Star Awards for Television, Nominees and winners\nBEST MAGAZINE PROGRAM HOST: Jessica Soho - Jessica Soho Reports (GMA 7)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016252-0016-0000", "contents": "16th PMPC Star Awards for Television, Nominees and winners\nBEST TRAVEL SHOW HOST: Cheche Lazaro - Cheche Lazaro Presents (GMA 7)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016252-0017-0000", "contents": "16th PMPC Star Awards for Television, Nominees and winners\nBEST MALE NEWSCASTER: Henry Omaga-Diaz - TV Patrol (ABS-CBN 2)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016252-0018-0000", "contents": "16th PMPC Star Awards for Television, Nominees and winners\nBEST FEMALE NEWSCASTER: Mel Tiangco - Frontpage (GMA 7)/Korina Sanchez - TV Patrol (ABS-CBN 2)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016252-0019-0000", "contents": "16th PMPC Star Awards for Television, Nominees and winners\nBEST DRAMA ACTOR: Eddie Garcia - Kung Mawawala Ka (GMA 7)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016252-0020-0000", "contents": "16th PMPC Star Awards for Television, Nominees and winners\nBEST DRAMA ACTRESS: Jean Garcia - Pangako Sa'Yo (ABS-CBN 2)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016252-0021-0000", "contents": "16th PMPC Star Awards for Television, Nominees and winners\nBEST DRAMA ACTOR IN A SINGLE PERFORMANCE: Paolo Contis - MMK: Chicken Feet (ABS-CBN 2)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016252-0022-0000", "contents": "16th PMPC Star Awards for Television, Nominees and winners\nBEST DRAMA ACTRESS IN A SINGLE PERFORMANCE: Regine Velasquez - MMK: Lobo (ABS-CBN 2)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016252-0023-0000", "contents": "16th PMPC Star Awards for Television, Nominees and winners\nBEST MALE VARIETY SHOW HOST: Vic Sotto - Eat Bulaga! (GMA 7)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016252-0024-0000", "contents": "16th PMPC Star Awards for Television, Nominees and winners\nBEST FEMALE VARIETY SHOW HOST: Pops Fernandez - ASAP (ABS-CBN 2)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016253-0000-0000", "contents": "16th PP National Congress\nThe 2008 PP congress\u2014officially the 16th PP National Congress\u2014was held on 21 June 2008. Mariano Rajoy was elected for a second term in office with 78.8% of the delegate vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016254-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)\nThe 16th Panzer Division (German: 16. Panzer-Division) was a formation of the German Army in World War II. It was formed in November 1940 from the 16th Infantry Division. It took part in Operation Barbarossa, the invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941, operating in the southern sector of the Eastern Front. After the Soviet offensive in  November 1942 the division was trapped in Stalingrad, where it surrendered in February 1943. A new 16th Panzer Division was formed in 1943 and sent to Italy where it was part of the unsuccessful German defense against the Allied invasion of Italy. Sent back to the Eastern Front in November 1943 the division once more saw action in the southern sector, taking part in the relief operation of the Korsun-Cherkassy Pocket and being part of the Kamenets-Podolsky pocket. It eventually surrendered to Soviet and US American forces in Czechoslovakia in May 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 933]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016254-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht), History\nThe division was formed in Autumn 1940 from the 16th Infantry Division which had previously taken part in the German invasion of France in 1940. The division, based in the Wehrkreis VI in the Westphalia region of Germany, received the 2nd Tank Regiment from the 1st Panzer Division and moved its home base from M\u00fcnster to Wuppertal and came under the command of Hans-Valentin Hube.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016254-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht), History\nThe new tank division was sent to Romania and Bulgaria in early 1941 but kept in reserve and did not take part in the German invasion of Yugoslavia and Greece. It briefly returned to Germany before being sent to Poland for the preparation of the invasion of the Soviet Union. The division fought in the southern sector of the Eastern Front, taking part in the Battle of Kiev and in the German drive to the Sea of Azov.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016254-0002-0001", "contents": "16th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht), History\nBy late November the 16th Panzer Division had run out of supplies and could only retreat after having been resupplied during a Soviet counter offensive. It fought in defensive positions during the winter of 1941\u201342 and took part in anti-partisan operations in the Stalino region. The division participated in the fighting of the Second Battle of Kharkov and, following this, the German summer offensive, Case Blue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016254-0003-0000", "contents": "16th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht), History\nThe Division was part of the offensive towards Stalingrad and reached the Volga river north of the city on 23 August 1942. Supporting the flank of the German attack on the city the division suffered heavy losses and, reduced to a strength of 4,000 men by mid-November, was scheduled for replacement. During its withdrawal from the front line the division was caught up in the Soviet counter offensive, Operation Uranus, which started on 19 November. Most of the division was trapped in what became the Stalingrad pocket while a smaller number of units were pushed west. The main body of the division was destroyed at Stalingrad during the battle and when the Axis forces surrendered on 2 February 1943, with the commander of the division, G\u00fcnther von Angern, committing suicide to avoid Soviet captivity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 846]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016254-0004-0000", "contents": "16th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht), History\nReformed in Brittany in March 1943 from new recruits and units who had not been trapped at Stalingrad the division was sent to Italy in June 1943. It was part of the German defences during the Allied invasion of Italy where it initially inflicted heavy casualties on the landing forces but also lost more than half of its tanks in the process, coming under fire from naval guns supporting the landing. Despite the 16th Panzer Division performing adequately under his command, Rudolf Sieckenius was made a scapegoat for the German defeat at Salerno and removed from his position. It took part in the German retreat and defensive operations in Italy until November 1943 when it was sent back to the Eastern Front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 753]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016254-0005-0000", "contents": "16th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht), History\nThe 16th Panzer Division was used in a number of locations in the southern sector after this in an attempt to stabilize the German front lines, frequently being moved between points of crisis. It took part in the only partially successful effort to relieve the trapped German forces in the Korsun-Cherkassy Pocket early 1944 and was itself trapped in the Kamenets-Podolsky pocket but managed to break out with the main body of the 1st Panzer Army in April 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016254-0005-0001", "contents": "16th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht), History\nAfter limited resupplies the division took part in the German retreat to Poland and also participated in further anti-partisan operations in the area around Daleszyce. Daleszyce was a center of Polish resistance to the German occupation, mostly carried out by the Home Army, and severely destroyed through shelling by Wehrmacht units in 1944 and eventually burned down.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016254-0006-0000", "contents": "16th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht), History\nIn January 1945 the division was entrapped once more with the start of the Soviet Vistula\u2013Oder Offensive but managed to reach German lines. After a short rest and resupply in February it fought in Silesia and Czechoslovakia. With the German surrender the division attempted to reach US American lines, with some parts succeeding in doing so but mostly being handed back to the Soviet forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016254-0007-0000", "contents": "16th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht), Post-war\nAfter the war a memorial was erected in M\u00fcnster, the original garrison headquarters of the division, for the soldiers of the 16th Panzer Division. A small number of Stalingrad survivors held annual reunions in the city up until the 1990s. Winfried Nachtwei, a former member of the German Parliament for the Green party from M\u00fcnster, carried out some research into the division and its part and responsibility in the Battle of Stalingrad that saw more than 700,000 casualties, the majority Soviet soldiers and civilians. His research also established that, of the unknown number of soldiers of the division that surrendered at Stalingrad only 128 returned after the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 712]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016254-0008-0000", "contents": "16th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht), Post-war\nThe original copies of the war diaries of the division from mid-1943 onward were destroyed during a fire in Potsdam in April 1945 while earlier editions had been moved to Liegnitz, now Legnica in Poland. These fell into American hands in 1945, having been evacuated to Thuringia, were taken to the US for research and gradually returned to West Germany from 1962 onward.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016254-0009-0000", "contents": "16th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht), References, Bibliography\nHistory of the 16th Panzer Division - Path and Destiny Wolfgang Werthen, Podzun, Bad Nauheim 1958, 312 pages (2nd edition 1986)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 58], "content_span": [59, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016255-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Parachute Brigade (United Kingdom)\nThe 16th Parachute Brigade was an airborne forces brigade of the British Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016255-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Parachute Brigade (United Kingdom)\nIt can trace its formation to February 1948, when the 2nd Independent Parachute Brigade left the 6th Airborne Division and moved to Germany, becoming part of the British Army of the Rhine. The 6th Airborne Division was disbanded soon afterwards, leaving the 2nd Independent Parachute Brigade as the only brigade-sized airborne formation in the British Army. In June the 5th (Scottish) Parachute Battalion was renumbered the 2nd Battalion, The Parachute Regiment, the 4th/6th Parachute Battalion became the 1st Battalion, and the 7th (Light Infantry) Parachute Battalion became the 3rd Battalion. Finally, on 25 June 1948, the brigade was re-designated as the 16th Independent Parachute Brigade Group, taking the \"1\" and \"6\" from the two wartime airborne divisions, the 1st and 6th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 821]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016255-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Parachute Brigade (United Kingdom)\nIn July 1960, the brigade was re-designated as the 16th  Parachute Brigade Group removing the word \"Independent\" from the title. In January 1965, the brigade was re-designated as the 16th Parachute Brigade removing the word \"Group\" from the title. The Army Restructuring Plan 1975 assigned the United Kingdom Mobile Force (UKMF) role to the brigade to replace 3rd Division which meant the loss of airborne status. On 1 April 1977, 16th Parachute Brigade reorganised and was re-designated as the 6th Field Force . On 1 April 1978, the 6th Field Force assumed the full role of the UKMF.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016256-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Parliament of British Columbia\nThe 16th Legislative Assembly of British Columbia sat from 1924 to 1928. The members were elected in the British Columbia general election held in June 1924. The British Columbia Liberal Party, led by John Oliver, formed a minority government. Following Oliver's death in August 1927, John Duncan MacLean became Premier.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016256-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Parliament of British Columbia, Members of the 16th General Assembly\nThe following members were elected to the assembly in 1924.:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 73], "content_span": [74, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016256-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Parliament of British Columbia, By-elections\nBy-elections were held for the following members appointed to the provincial cabinet, as was required at the time:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 49], "content_span": [50, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016256-0003-0000", "contents": "16th Parliament of British Columbia, By-elections\nBy-elections were held to replace members for various other reasons:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 49], "content_span": [50, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016257-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Parliament of Ontario\nThe 16th Legislative Assembly of Ontario was in session from June 25, 1923, until October 18, 1926, just prior to the 1926 general election. The majority party was the Ontario Conservative Party led by George Howard Ferguson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016257-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Parliament of Ontario\nThe United Farmers of Ontario party, who had held the balance of power in the preceding assembly, lost most of their seats to Conservatives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016257-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Parliament of Ontario\nThe Liberals led by Wellington Hay were recognized as the Official Opposition following the 1923 election by the governing Conservatives, despite the fact that the United Farmers of Ontario had more seats. According to historian Peter Oliver, this was an arbitrary decision without basis in precedent or law. Conservative Premier G. Howard Ferguson used as justification an announcement by UFO general secretary James J. Morrison that the UFO would be withdrawing from party politics, though Oliver argues that this was facetious logic. UFO parliamentary leader Manning Doherty protested the decision, but to no avail. In the course of the parliament, most UFO MLAs reorganized themselves as the Progressive Party under the leadership of first Manning Doherty and then William Ranery with a rump of three continuing as UFO MLAs under the leadership of Leslie Warner Oke.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 897]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016258-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Parliament of Sri Lanka\nThe 16th Parliament of Sri Lanka is the current Parliament of Sri Lanka, with the membership determined by the results of the 2020 parliamentary election held on 5 August 2020. The parliament is yet to meet. According to the Constitution of Sri Lanka the maximum legislative term of the parliament is 5 years from the first meeting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016258-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Parliament of Sri Lanka, Election\nThe 16th Parliamentary Election was held on 5 August 2020. The incumbent party Sri Lanka People's Freedom Alliance claimed a landslide victory in the election claiming the majority winning 145 seats, while Samagi Jana Balawegaya won a total of 54 seats and National People's Power won 3 seats. The main opposition United National Party suffered their worst ever landslide defeat in the history as they claimed only one seat and was placed at fourth position in the elections.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 38], "content_span": [39, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016258-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Parliament of Sri Lanka, Election, Results\nThe first official results were released on 6 August 2020 in the afternoon starting with the postal votes in the Galle District.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 47], "content_span": [48, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016258-0003-0000", "contents": "16th Parliament of Sri Lanka, Election, Results\nThe SLPFA became the largest group in Parliament after securing 59.09% of votes and 145 seats whilst the SJB won 23.90% of votes and 54 seats. SLPFA managed to exceed the majority cutoff of 113 with obtaining 128 seats from election votes and 17 seats from the national list.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 47], "content_span": [48, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016259-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Parliament of Turkey\nThe 16th Grand National Assembly of Turkey existed from 5 June 1977 to 12 September 1980. There were 450 MPs in the lower house . Republican People's Party (CHP) held the plurality. Justice Party (AP) was the next  party. National Salvation Party (MSP), Nationalist Movement Party (MHP), Republican Reliance Party and Democratic Party (DP) were the other parties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016259-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Parliament of Turkey, Main parliamentary milestones\nSome of the important events in the history of the parliament are the following:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 56], "content_span": [57, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016260-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment\nThe 16th Pennsylvania Cavalry (161st Volunteers) was a cavalry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016260-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Service\nThe 16th Pennsylvania Cavalry was organized at Harrisburg, Pennsylvania beginning in September 1862 as the \"161st Volunteers\" and mustered in for three years service under the command of Colonel John Irvin Gregg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016260-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to Defenses of Washington to January 1863. Averill's Cavalry Brigade, Army of the Potomac, to February 1863. 2nd Brigade, 2nd Division, Cavalry Corps, Army of the Potomac, to June 1863. 3rd Brigade, 2nd Division, Cavalry Corps, Army of the Potomac, to August 1863. 2nd Brigade, 2nd Division, Cavalry Corps, Army of the Potomac, to May 1865. Department of Virginia to August 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016260-0003-0000", "contents": "16th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Detailed service\nThe regiment left Pennsylvania for Washington, D.C. on November 23, 1862. It was then stationed at Camp Casey, near Bladensburg, Maryland, until January 3, 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 52], "content_span": [53, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016260-0004-0000", "contents": "16th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Detailed service\nIts first moved in 1863 was to Falmouth, Virginia on January 3. The regiment then took up duty on the line of the Rappahannock River until April 1863. It was involved in operations at Rappahannock Bridge and Grove Church February 5-7. Hartwood Church February 25. Kelly's Ford March 17. Operations about Bealeton Station April 13-27. Elk Run April 13. Next it was involved in the Chancellorsville Campaign from April 26-May 8. Specifically it participated in Stoneman's Raid April 29-May 8. Kelly's Ford April 29. Ely's Ford May 2. Brandy Station, Stevensburg, and Beverly Ford June 9. Aldie June 17.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 52], "content_span": [53, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016260-0004-0001", "contents": "16th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Detailed service\nNear Middleburg June 18. Middleburg June 19. Battle of Gettysburg July 1-3. Steven's Furnace July 5. Shepherdstown, West Virginia, July 14-16. Little Washington August 27. Advance to the Rapidan September 13-17. Culpeper Court House September 13. Crooked Run September 18. Bristoe Campaign October 9-22. Warrenton or White Sulphur Springs October 12-13. Auburn and Bristoe October 14. St. Stephen's Church October 14. Catlett's Station October 14. Mine Run Campaign November 26-December 2. New Hope Church November 27. Parker's Store November 29. Expedition to Luray December 21-23. Amissville, Gaines Cross Roads, and Sperryville December 22.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 52], "content_span": [53, 696]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016260-0005-0000", "contents": "16th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Detailed service\nThe regiment started 1864 off by participating in Kilpatrick's Raid on Richmond February 28-March 4, 1864. Beaver Dam Station February 29. Fortifications of Richmond March 1. Rapidan Campaign May-June. Todd's Tavern, Wilderness, May 5-8. Sheridan's Raid to James River May 9-24. North Anna River May 9-10. Ground Squirrel Church and Yellow Tavern May 11. Brook Church, Fortifications of Richmond, May 12. Milford Station May 21. Line of the Pamunkey May 26-28. Haw's Shop May 28. Totopotomoy May 28-31. Cold Harbor May 31-June 1. Sumner's Upper Bridge June 2. Sheridan's Trevilian Raid June 7-24. Trevilian Station June 11-12.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 52], "content_span": [53, 679]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016260-0005-0001", "contents": "16th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Detailed service\nWhite House or St. Peter's Church June 21. Black Creek or Tunstall Station June 21. St. Mary's Church June 24. Siege operations against Petersburg and Richmond July 1864 to April 1865. Warwick Swamp July 12, 1864. Demonstration on north side of the James at Deep Bottom July 27-29. Deep Bottom July 28-29. Malvern Hill July 28. Warwick Swamp July 30. Demonstration on north side of James River at Deep Bottom August 13-20. Gravel Hill August 14. Strawberry Plains, Deep Bottom, August 14-18. Charles City Cross Roads August 16. Dinwiddie Road, near Ream's Station, August 23. Ream's Station August 25.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 52], "content_span": [53, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016260-0005-0002", "contents": "16th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Detailed service\nReconnaissance to Poplar Springs Church September 13. Reconnaissance toward Dinwiddie Court House September 15. Poplar Springs Church September 29-October 2. Arthur's Swamp September 30-October 1. Boydton Plank Road, Hatcher's Run, October 27-28. Reconnaissance to Stony Creek November 7. Near Lee's Mills November 16 (detachment). Stony Creek Station December 1. Hicksford Raid December 7-12. Bellefield December 8. Disputantia Station January 9, 1865. Dabney's Mills, Hatcher's Run, February 5-7. Appomattox Campaign March 28-April 9. Dinwiddie Court House March 30-31. Five Forks April 1. Paine's Cross Roads and Amelia Springs April 5. Sailor's Creek April 6. Farmville April 7. Appomattox Court House April 9. Surrender of Lee and his army. Expedition to Danville April 23-29. Moved to Lynchburg, Va., and duty there and in the Department of Virginia until August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 52], "content_span": [53, 922]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016260-0006-0000", "contents": "16th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 302 men during service; 5 officers and 100 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 3 officers and 194 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 46], "content_span": [47, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016261-0000-0000", "contents": "16th People's Choice Awards\nThe 16th People's Choice Awards, honoring the best in popular culture for 1989, were held on March 11, 1990, at Universal Studios Hollywood, in Universal City, California. They were hosted by various hosts including Barbara Mandrell and Valerie Harper. It was broadcast on CBS.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016262-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Photographic Squadron\nThe 16th Photographic Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force unit. It was last assigned to the 55th Reconnaissance Group at MacDill Field, Florida, where it was inactivated on 16 December 1947. It served as a mapping unit during World War II and the initial years of Strategic Air Command", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016262-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Photographic Squadron, History\nInitially activated in March 1942 at Bolling Field as a laboratory for processing photographic products produced by the 1st Mapping Group. During World War II, the squadron was engaged in photographic mapping of areas of the United States with a variety of aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016262-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Photographic Squadron, History\nThe squadron moved to Buckley Field in late 1944, where it was assigned to the 311th Photographic Wing, which became the major reconnaissance organization of Strategic Air Command (SAC). It moved to with the wing to MacDill Field, Florida in April 1946 and was assigned to the 55th Reconnaissance Group in 1947. The squadron was engaged in SAC's strategic mapping mission. The 16th was inactivated in December and its personnel and equipment were transferred to the 16th Photographic Reconnaissance Squadron (Special), which was simultaneously activated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016262-0003-0000", "contents": "16th Photographic Squadron, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 52], "content_span": [53, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016263-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party\nThe 16th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party was elected by the 16th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party on November 15, 2002. It was nominally preceded by the 15th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party. This was the main vanguard executive committee functioning within the Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party. It was formally superseded by the 17th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016264-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Primetime Emmy Awards\nThe 16th Emmy Awards, later known as the 16th Primetime Emmy Awards, were presented on May 25, 1964. The ceremony was hosted by Joey Bishop and E. G. Marshall. Winners are listed in bold and series' networks are in parentheses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016264-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Primetime Emmy Awards\nThe top shows of the night were repeat winners. The Defenders, won its third consecutive Drama Emmy, while The Dick Van Dyke Show won its second straight Comedy Emmy. The Dick Van Dyke Show tied the record (since broken) for most major category wins, with five.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016265-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Producers Guild of America Awards\nThe 16th Producers Guild of America Awards (also known as 2005 Producers Guild Awards), honoring the best film and television producers of 2004, were held on January 22, 2005. The ceremony at Culver Studios in Los Angeles, California was hosted by Wayne Brady. The nominees were announced on January 5, 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016266-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Punjab Regiment\nThe 16th Punjab Regiment was an infantry regiment of the British Indian Army from 1922 to 1947. Upon the Partition of India, it was transferred to the newly-raised Pakistan Army. It ceased to exist in this form in 1956, when it was amalgamated with the 1st, 14th and 15th Punjab regiments to form the Punjab Regiment, an existing infantry regiment of the Pakistan Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016266-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Punjab Regiment, Early history\nThe 16th Punjab Regiment was formed in 1922 by amalgamation of the 30th, 31st, 33rd and 46th Punjabis, and 9th Bhopal Infantry. Except for the 46th Punjabis, who were raised in 1900, the rest were raised during the upheaval of the Indian Mutiny in 1857-59. The 30th and 31st Punjabis were raised in 1857, as the 22nd Regiment of Punjab Infantry and Van Cortlandt's Levy respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 35], "content_span": [36, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016266-0001-0001", "contents": "16th Punjab Regiment, Early history\nThe 33rd Punjabis were also raised in 1857, as the Allahabad Levy, while the 9th Bhopal Infantry was raised in 1859, as the Bhopal Levy from the remnants of loyal elements of the Bhopal Contingent. The 30th and 31st Punjabis served in the Bhutan War of 1864-66 and all the battalions saw service on the North West Frontier of India. The 30th and 31st Punjabis along with the 9th Bhopal took part in the Second Afghan War of 1878-80, while the 33rd Punjabis served in the Third Anglo-Burmese War of 1885-87.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 35], "content_span": [36, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016266-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Punjab Regiment, First World War\nThe 30th Punjabis served with distinction in the German East Africa, while their 2nd Battalion served in the Palestine Campaign. The regiment raised a total of three new battalions during the war. Another regiment that raised three battalions was the 9th Bhopal Infantry, who were dispatched to the killing fields of France and Flanders in 1914. The regiment suffered heavy losses at the Battles of Neuve Chapelle, Festubert, Givenchy and the Second Ypres. In 1915, they arrived in Mesopotamia, where Sepoy Chatta Singh was awarded the Victoria Cross for exceptional valour. By the time they returned home, only fifteen men remained of those who had sailed for France in 1914.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 37], "content_span": [38, 714]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016266-0003-0000", "contents": "16th Punjab Regiment, First World War\nAll war-raised battalions were disbanded after the war. In 1921-22, a major reorganization was undertaken in the British Indian Army leading to the formation of large infantry groups of four to six battalions. Among these was the 16th Punjab Regiment. The line-up of battalions for Solah Punjab was:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 37], "content_span": [38, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016266-0004-0000", "contents": "16th Punjab Regiment, First World War\nThe class composition of the new regiment was Punjabi Muslims, Sikhs and Dogras. The new regimental badge consisted of a Maltese cross with a Muslim crescent and a Sikh quoit, surmounted by a Tudor crown with a scroll below. The uniform was scarlet with white facings. Multan in the Punjab was chosen as the permanent station for the Training Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 37], "content_span": [38, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016266-0005-0000", "contents": "16th Punjab Regiment, Second World War\nThe 2nd and 3rd Battalions were captured by the Japanese at Singapore. The 1st, 5th and 7th Battalions fought in Burma, and the 4th Battalion's fought in Africa and Italy. Lance Naik Sher Shah of the 7th Battalion was awarded the Victoria Cross in Burma. During the war, the 16th Punjab Regiment suffered a total of 2744 casualties including 990 killed or died of wounds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 38], "content_span": [39, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016266-0006-0000", "contents": "16th Punjab Regiment, Post-independence history\nOn the independence of Pakistan in 1947, the 16th Punjab Regiment was allotted to Pakistan Army. At the time, the active battalions were 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 7th. Jats, Sikhs and Dogras were transferred to the Indian Army and the regiment's new class composition was fixed as Punjabis and Pathans. In 1948, the 1st, 3rd and 4th Battalions fought in the war with India in Kashmir. In 1956, a major reorganization was undertaken in the Pakistan Army and larger infantry groups were created by amalgamating the existing infantry regiments. As a result, the 16th Punjab Regiment was amalgamated with the 1st, 14th and 15th Punjab Regiments to form one large Punjab Regiment. The four regimental centres were also merged and the combined centre moved to Mardan. The line-up of the new regiment was:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 47], "content_span": [48, 843]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016266-0007-0000", "contents": "16th Punjab Regiment, Battle honours\nAfghanistan 1879-80, Burma 1885-87, Chitral, Tirah, Malakand, Punjab Frontier, La Bassee 1914, Messines 1914, Armentieres 1914, Festubert 1914, Givenchy 1914, Ypres 1915, St Julien, Aubers, Loos, France and Flanders 1914-15, Macedonia 1918, Suez Canal, Egypt 1915-16, Megiddo, Nablus, Palestine 1918, Aden, Tigris 1916, Kut al Amara 1917, Baghdad, Mesopotamia 1915-18, NW Frontier India, 1915, 1916\u201317, Behobeho, Narungombe, Nyangao, East Africa 1917-18, Afghanistan 1919, Mescelit Pass, Mt Engiahat, Massawa, Abyssinia 1940-41, Sidi Barrani, Omars, Benghazi, El Alamein, Mareth, Akarit, Djebel Garci, Tunis, North Africa 1940-43, Cassino I, Italy 1943-45, Kroh, Jitra, Gurun, Ipoh, Kampar, The Muar, Singapore Island, Malaya 1941-42, Fort White, North Arakan, Kaladan, Maungdaw, Ngakyedauk Pass, Imphal, Tamu Road, Litan, Arakan Beaches, Burma 1942-45, Kashmir 1948.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 36], "content_span": [37, 904]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016267-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Quebec Legislature\nThe 16th Legislative Assembly of Quebec was the provincial legislature in Quebec, Canada that existed from February 5, 1923, to May 16, 1927. The Quebec Liberal Party led by Louis-Alexandre Taschereau was the governing party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016267-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Quebec Legislature, Member list\nThis was the list of members of the Legislative Assembly of Quebec that were elected in the 1923 election:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 36], "content_span": [37, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016268-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Rajputs (The Lucknow Regiment)\nThe  16th Rajputs (The Lucknow Regiment) was an infantry regiment of the Bengal Army and later of the united British Indian Army. It can trace its origins to 1857, during the Indian Mutiny when it was formed from men of the 13th, 48th and 71st Bengal Native Infantry regiments that remained loyal to the British. Named The Lucknow Regiment they were responsible for guarding the Bailey Gate in the Lucknow Residency.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016268-0000-0001", "contents": "16th Rajputs (The Lucknow Regiment)\nOver the years they were known by a number of different titles the 16th Bengal Native Infantry in 1861, the 16th (The Lucknow) Bengal Native Infantry 1864, the 16th (The Lucknow) Bengal Infantry 1885, the 16th (The Lucknow) Rajput Bengal Infantry 1897, the 16th Rajput Infantry (The Lucknow Regiment) 1901 and finally after the Kitchener reforms of the Indian Army the 16th Rajputs (The Lucknow Regiment).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016268-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Rajputs (The Lucknow Regiment)\nDuring this time the regiment took part in the Duffla Hill Expedition, the Second Afghan War, the Third Anglo-Burmese War, the Siege of Malakand and the Campaign against the Bunerwals. During World War I they served in the Mesopotamia Campaign with the Jubbulpore Brigade 5th (Mhow) Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016268-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Rajputs (The Lucknow Regiment)\nAfter World War I the Indian government reformed the Indian Army again moving from single battalion regiments to multi battalion regiments. The 6th Rajputs (The Lucknow Regiment) now became the 10th Training Battalion, 7th Rajput Regiment. After Independence this was one of the regiments allocated to the new Indian Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016269-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Regiment Royal Artillery\n16 Regiment Royal Artillery is a regiment of the Royal Regiment of Artillery in the British Army. It currently serves in the air defence role, and is equipped with the Rapier FSC Short Range Air Defence (SHORAD) missile system and the Land Environment Air Picture Provision (LEAPP) system. One of its Rapier Batteries is always deployed to the Falkland Islands. As of 2021, the Sky Sabre air defence missile system had started to replace Rapier.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016269-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Regiment Royal Artillery, History\nThe regiment was established in 1947 when 2nd Coast Regiment Royal Artillery was retitled 16 Coast Regiment Royal Artillery. As 16 Light Air Defence Regiment it was deployed to Borneo in 1965. It undertook tours in Northern Ireland during the Troubles in 1970, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1976, 1979, 1988 and 1993 and 14 Battery took part in the Falklands War in 1982.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016269-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Regiment Royal Artillery, History\nThe regiment was renamed 16th Regiment RA in 1993 whilst stationed in Napier barracks in Dortmund having been there since 1992", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016269-0003-0000", "contents": "16th Regiment Royal Artillery, History\nIn 1995 the regiment was relocated back to England from Germany, having previously been stationed in Kirton in Lindsey (85-92). They arrived in Woolwich and were stationed at Royal Artillery barracks. 14 Battery deployed to the Maze prison and West Belfast at the end of the summer in 96. The Rapier FSC was bought into action in 1997 replacing tracked rapier FSB throughout the regiment. The working garages at Centaur barracks were replaced with Napier Lines which were sited alongside the main hub RA barracks in 1998.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016269-0003-0001", "contents": "16th Regiment Royal Artillery, History\nThe regiment then deployed to South Armagh to start its final tour of Northern Ireland before the peace process was carried out. The next deployment was to America (Texas) in 99 to take part in a huge multi national air defense exercise in White Sands whilst based on Fort Bliss. A UN tour to Cyprus marked the start of the new millennium for the regiment based in Nicosia with overall control of sector 2 and the UN commanders reaction force roles were occupied.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016269-0004-0000", "contents": "16th Regiment Royal Artillery, History\nIn August 2007, the Regiment relocated to St George's Barracks in Rutland from Woolwich. Its departure from the Royal Artillery Barracks, where the Royal Regiment of Artillery had been based since 1716, was marked with a ceremony on 25 July 2007. In July 2014 the Regiment moved to Baker Barracks, Thorney Island.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016269-0005-0000", "contents": "16th Regiment Royal Artillery, History\nThe Regiment was part of the 2012 London Olympics Air Security Force, deploying Rapier FSC Ground Based Air Defence (GBAD) systems as part of Exercise Olympic Guardian.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016269-0006-0000", "contents": "16th Regiment Royal Artillery, Role\nThe regiment is equipped with the Rapier Field Standard C SHORAD missile system providing local area air defence to land formations and airfields. It also provides a Land Environment Air Picture Provision capability to land formation HQs which provides a local Recognised Air Picture. Previously it also provided the now out of service Counter Rocket, Artillery, and Mortar C-RAM and Automated Sense & Warn (AS&W) Urgent Operational Requirement (UOR) capabilities on Operation TELIC (Iraq) and Operation HERRICK (Afghanistan) respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 35], "content_span": [36, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016269-0007-0000", "contents": "16th Regiment Royal Artillery, Role\nIn January 2021, the regiment began training with the new Sky Sabre air defence missile system which would be replacing Rapier.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 35], "content_span": [36, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016270-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Regiment, Royal Australian Artillery\nThe 16th Regiment, Royal Australian Artillery is the Australian Army's only ground-based air defence (GBAD) unit. It also provides sense, warn and locate, ground liaison, and joint terminal attack control capabilities. Part of the Royal Regiment of Australian Artillery (RAA), the regiment is responsible for protecting a wide range of military assets during wartime, ranging from Army units in the field to providing point defence to the Royal Australian Navy's support ships and air defence to Royal Australian Air Force air bases.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016270-0000-0001", "contents": "16th Regiment, Royal Australian Artillery\nPrior to being equipped with the currently in-service RBS-70 surface-to-air missile system, the regiment was equipped with the Rapier systems for 25 years. The regiment is based at Woodside, South Australia, but frequently deploys with other Australian and allied units on operations and defence exercises. It is part of the 6th Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016270-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Regiment, Royal Australian Artillery, History\nThe regiment has its genesis in the amalgamation of two previously independent batteries at Woodside Barracks in South Australia. On 2 June 1969, the 111th LAA Battery and 110th LAA Battery were grouped together to become the 16th Light Anti- Aircraft Regiment. The 111th had been raised in 1957 and had served in Malaysia during Confrontation during 1964\u20131966, while the 110th had been raised in 1965 and replaced the 111th in Malaysia in June 1966, but returned to Australia shortly afterwards after the conflict came to an end.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 50], "content_span": [51, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016270-0001-0001", "contents": "16th Regiment, Royal Australian Artillery, History\nUpon formation, the regiment was initially equipped with the QF 40 mm Mark XII anti-aircraft gun and was placed under the command of Lieutenant Colonel D.J. Ashmore. During this time, the regiment deployed small numbers of personnel to operate the Bofors guns upon the landing craft of the Royal Australian Engineers' 32nd Small Ships Squadron during the Vietnam War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 50], "content_span": [51, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016270-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Regiment, Royal Australian Artillery, History\nDuring 1971, the regiment experienced a manning shortage which resulted in the 110th Battery being placed in \"suspended animation\", as the regiment was only able to staff one battery. In 1973, the Bofors gun was replaced by the Redeye surface-to-air missile system. The following year the regiment was redesignated as the 16th Air Defence Regiment. The 110th was re-raised in 1978 as the Army moved towards the purchase of a new surface-to-air missile system called the Rapier. At the same time the 111th was re-allocated to the 1st Division as a divisional air defence battery, although it remained under the regiment's command for administrative purposes. On 1 July 1978, the regiment was redesignated the 16th Air Defence Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 50], "content_span": [51, 785]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016270-0003-0000", "contents": "16th Regiment, Royal Australian Artillery, History\nIn 1979\u20131980, the 110th Air Defence Battery also received the Rapier surface-to-air missile system. The following year, the regiment deployed the new capability in August during an exercise at Cultana with the first regimental firing taking place the following November at Beercroft. In 1984, the regiment undertook its largest exercise to that point, deploying to Darwin on 76 flat-bed trucks. The 111th Air Defence Battery replaced the Redeye with the RBS-70 surface-to-air missile system in 1987.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 50], "content_span": [51, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016270-0004-0000", "contents": "16th Regiment, Royal Australian Artillery, History\nFour years later, in 1991, the regiment deployed detachments aboard HMAS Success and Westralia as part of Australia's contribution to the Persian Gulf War. After the September 11 attacks, A Troop, 111th Air Defence Battery was deployed at short notice to embark on HMAS Kanimbla to provide air and surface defence of her operations in the Persian Gulf. In May 2003, the regiment again deployed a detachment in support of the Royal Australian Navy when a detachment was sent on board Kanimbla during the invasion of Iraq. In 2005, the 110th Air Defence Battery replaced Rapier with the RBS-70.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 50], "content_span": [51, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016270-0005-0000", "contents": "16th Regiment, Royal Australian Artillery, History\nThe regiment committed air defence batteries to serve as infantry on Operation Astute on two occasions. In 2006, the regiment deployed the 111th Air Defence Battery to Timor Leste as Golf Company of the ANZAC Battle Group returning to Australia in mid 2007. Again in October 2008, the 110th Air Defence Battery was deployed as Golf Company, Timor Leste Battle Group Five, led by the 5th Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment returning to Australia in June 2009. On 9 December 2011, the 16th Air Defence Regiment was amalgamated with the 1st Ground Liaison Group to form the 16th Air Land Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 50], "content_span": [51, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016270-0006-0000", "contents": "16th Regiment, Royal Australian Artillery, History\nOn 1 March 2010, the 16th Air Defence Regiment became part of the re-raised 6th Brigade. Later in December 2010 the unit deployed a contingent on Operation Slipper in Afghanistan, to man a Counter Rocket, Artillery, and Mortar system at the Multi National Base, Tarin Kot, once Australian forces assumed this responsibility from the Dutch. In 2012, GIRAFFE radars were also deployed. The majority of Australian forces withdrew from the Multi National Base Tarin Kot in December 2013. In July 2016, it was announced that C-RAM would be deployed to support Task Group Taji in Iraq. In July 2018, the regiment participated in Exercise Pitch Black alongside Royal Australian Air Force assets and personnel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 50], "content_span": [51, 753]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016270-0007-0000", "contents": "16th Regiment, Royal Australian Artillery, History\nThe regiment has regularly provided personnel to Operation Mazurka, where they are deployed in a peacekeeping role with the Multinational Force and Observers monitoring the border between Israel and Egypt in the Sinai. Under project Land 19 Phase 7B, the regiment will receive the National Advanced Surface to Air Missile System, which is scheduled for introduction in 2022\u20132023.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 50], "content_span": [51, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016270-0008-0000", "contents": "16th Regiment, Royal Australian Artillery, History\nOn 2 June 2019, the 16th Air Land Regiment was renamed the 16th Regiment, Royal Australian Artillery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 50], "content_span": [51, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016270-0009-0000", "contents": "16th Regiment, Royal Australian Artillery, Structure\nBoth the 110th and 111th Air Land Batteries are equipped with the RBS-70 surface-to-air missile system, the Portable Search and Target Acquisition Radar\u00a0\u2013 Extended Range (PSTAR-ER) as well as the G-AMB GIRAFFE Full Operational Capability Radar and  Light-weight Counter Mortar Radar (LCMR) for detection of rockets and mortars. The 1st Air Ground Ops Battery is responsible for \"the coordination and allocation of friendly air assets in support of the land force in the joint war fighting environment\" and includes a troop of Joint Terminal Attack Controllers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 52], "content_span": [53, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016270-0010-0000", "contents": "16th Regiment, Royal Australian Artillery, Structure\nThe regiment houses a training centre equipped with an Advanced Air Defence Simulator. This consists of high definition projectors inside a dome structure allowing a single RBS-70 detachment to simulate a realistic 360-degree training environment. The simulator is maintained by BAE Systems and was upgraded in 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 52], "content_span": [53, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016271-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Reserve Division (German Empire)\nThe 16th Reserve Division (16. Reserve-Division) was a unit of the Imperial German Army in World War I. The division was formed on mobilization of the German Army in August 1914 as part of VIII Reserve Corps. The division was disbanded in 1919 during the demobilization of the German Army after World War I. The division was recruited primarily in the Prussian Rhine Province. At the beginning of the war, it formed the VIII Reserve Corps with the 15th Reserve Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016271-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Reserve Division (German Empire), Combat chronicle\nThe 16th Reserve Division fought on the Western Front, participating in the opening German offensive which led to the Allied Great Retreat, fighting at Sedan in late August 1914. It fought in the First Battle of the Marne. Thereafter, it remained in the line in the Champagne region and fought in the Second Battle of Champagne in September\u2013October 1915. It fought on the Aisne until October 1916, and then joined the Battle of the Somme.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 55], "content_span": [56, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016271-0001-0001", "contents": "16th Reserve Division (German Empire), Combat chronicle\nIts next major engagement was the Second Battle of the Aisne, also called the Third Battle of Champagne (and by the Germans, the Double Battle on the Aisne and in the Champagne). In July 1917, the division was transferred to the Eastern Front. It remained on the Eastern Front until November 1917, and then returned to the Western Front. The division fought in the 1918 German spring offensive, and remained in the Flanders and Artois regions until the end of the war. Allied intelligence rated the division as second class in 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 55], "content_span": [56, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016271-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Reserve Division (German Empire), Order of battle on mobilization\nThe order of battle of the 16th Reserve Division on mobilization was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 70], "content_span": [71, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016271-0003-0000", "contents": "16th Reserve Division (German Empire), Order of battle on April 10, 1918\nThe 16th Reserve Division was triangularized in late September 1916. Over the course of the war, other changes took place, including the formation of artillery and signals commands and a pioneer battalion. The order of battle on April 10, 1918, was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 72], "content_span": [73, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016272-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Rifle Corps\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by Pamrel (talk | contribs) at 13:50, 19 November 2019. The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016272-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Rifle Corps\nThe 16th Rifle Corps was a corps of the Soviet Red Army, formed twice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 87]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016272-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Rifle Corps\nIt took part in the Soviet invasion of Poland in 1939 and destroyed in the Baltic Operation during Operation Barbarossa. Reformed in 1942, the corps fought through the rest of the war on the Eastern Front, and was disbanded immediately postwar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016272-0003-0000", "contents": "16th Rifle Corps, History, First formation\nThe corps was formed in November 1922 at Saratov, part of the Volga Military District. It was relocated to Orsha in October 1923 and Bryansk in November, becoming part of the Western Military District. In January 1924, the corps received the honorific \"named for the Bryansk Proletariat\", but on 19 November was renamed the 16th Belorussian Territorial Rifle Corps and became a territorial unit after relocating to Mogilev in October. In 1929, the corps was converted back into a regular unit. The 16th Corps fought in the Soviet invasion of Poland in September 1939, occupying what became western Belarus. It became part of the 11th Army by 22 June 1941, under the command of Major General Mikhail Mikhailovich Ivanov. The corps fought against Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union, from 22 June 1941, and was disbanded in August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 898]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016272-0004-0000", "contents": "16th Rifle Corps, History, Second formation\nThe second formation became part of the 18th Army, 56th Army and 33rd Army. In 1945 it consisted of the 323rd Rifle Division, 339th Rifle Division, and 383rd Rifle Division as part of the 33rd Army. It was disbanded in July 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 43], "content_span": [44, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016273-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Rifle Division (Soviet Union)\nThe 16th Rifle Division (Russian: 16-\u044f '\u041b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f' \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u0438\u044f, Lithuanian: 16-oji 'Lietuvi\u0161koji' divizija) was a formation in the Red Army created during World War II. The division was formed twice, and was given the title 'Lithuanian' during its second formation. It was originally established at Tambov in May 1918. It was wiped out at Mga in July 1941. Reformed and given the title 'Lithuanian', the division participated in several battles against Nazi Germany, including Kursk, Belarus, and the Baltic. The division became a brigade postwar but became a division again in 1950. It was disbanded in 1956.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016273-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), First formation, Operation Barbarossa\nAt the beginning of Operation Barbarossa the 16th Rifle Division (I Formation) was part of North-Western Front's 27th Army, reporting directly to Army headquarters along with the 67th Rifle Division and 3rd Rifle Brigade. It was destroyed at Mga amid the first German drive on Leningrad.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 73], "content_span": [74, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016273-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Second formation, Background\nWhen the 16th Division was reformed after its destruction, it was named 'Lithuanian' for political purposes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 64], "content_span": [65, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016273-0003-0000", "contents": "16th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Second formation, Background\nAfter Lithuania, along with Latvia and Estonia, were occupied by the Soviet Union in June 1940, the Lithuanian Army was reorganized into the Red Army's 29th Rifle Corps. At the start of Operation Barbarossa in June 1941, Lithuanians massively deserted, joined anti-Soviet June Uprising, or surrendered to the Germans. The corps was officially disbanded in August 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 64], "content_span": [65, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016273-0004-0000", "contents": "16th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Second formation, Background\nDespite this disaster, Lithuanian communists, including Antanas Snie\u010dkus and Me\u010dislovas Gedvilas, sought to establish a new Lithuanian unit. Similar national military units were created by Estonians (8th Estonian Rifle Corps) and Latvians (130th Latvian Rifle Corps).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 64], "content_span": [65, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016273-0005-0000", "contents": "16th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Second formation, Formation\nThe decision to re-form the division was made by the State Defense Committee on 18 December 1941. It was decided that it would be formed in the Moscow Military District, in the city of Balakhna, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast. The division was officially labelled \"Lithuanian\" to encourage enlistment of Lithuanians. Personnel were assembled from:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 63], "content_span": [64, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016273-0006-0000", "contents": "16th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Second formation, Formation\nLithuanians born in Russia and Russians born in Lithuania were drafted into the division, because there was insufficient numbers of Lithuanians to form a division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 63], "content_span": [64, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016273-0007-0000", "contents": "16th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Second formation, Formation\nThe officers of the division were mostly graduates from the Vilnius infantry academy, who had been evacuated after the invasion to Novokuznetsk, Kemerovo Oblast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 63], "content_span": [64, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016273-0008-0000", "contents": "16th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Second formation, 1943\nFormation and training of the division came to an end by February 1943 and the division entered the war on 21 February 1943 at Alekseyevka, 50\u00a0km southeast of Oryol. This brought the division into the path of the Wehrmacht's Operation Citadel or Battle of Kursk, where it served with the 42nd Rifle Corps of the 48th Army, Soviet Central Front. In the first days of the battle, the 16th Rifle Division withstood the attack of the German 383rd Infantry and 18th Panzer Divisions, that were accompanied by 120 planes. After suffering serious losses, the Soviet armies eventually emerged victorious. Between 20 February and 24 March 1943, the division lost 1,169 dead and 3,275 injured men. During this battle a private named Viktoras Jacenevi\u010dius, was wounded, taken prisoner and then tortured to death by the Germans. He was posthumously awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 58], "content_span": [59, 939]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016273-0009-0000", "contents": "16th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Second formation, 1943\nFollowing the victory at Kursk, the division was assigned to the 1st Baltic Front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 58], "content_span": [59, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016273-0010-0000", "contents": "16th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Second formation, 1944\nOn 1 June 1944, the division was directly subordinate to the Front, along with 47th Rifle Division. Along with the 3rd Belarussian Front, they invaded Belarus and much of Lithuania. On 2 August 1944, division had arrived at the suburbs of \u0160iauliai, which was home to their commander, Vladas Karvelis. The division was stationed there for one month, to receive reinforcements from Lithuanian forced-volunteers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 58], "content_span": [59, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016273-0011-0000", "contents": "16th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Second formation, 1944\nIn mid-August the city of \u0160iauliai was hit by the German \u0160iauliai Offensive. The Wehrmacht divisions were armed with 900 armoured vehicles and artillery pieces. For three days the 16th Division stood its ground, and in the end as the German attack ran out of steam the Division emerged victorious. On 31 October the division was awarded the Order of the Red Banner for \"courage and valor\" in breaking through German defenses west of \u0160iauliai.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 58], "content_span": [59, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016273-0012-0000", "contents": "16th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Second formation, 1945\nOn 31 January 1945, the Lithuanian division received orders to join the fight against the Germans in the Courland Pocket. The German resistance was strong and elements of Army Group Courland did not surrender to the Soviets until 8\u20139 May at the end of World War II in Europe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 58], "content_span": [59, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016273-0013-0000", "contents": "16th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Second formation, 1945\nThe division was part of 22nd Guards Rifle Corps, 6th Guards Army towards the end of the war on 1 May 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 58], "content_span": [59, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016273-0014-0000", "contents": "16th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Second formation, 1945\nAfter the war, many former soldiers of the division's went to Palestine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 58], "content_span": [59, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016273-0015-0000", "contents": "16th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Second formation, Ethnic composition\nAccording to various sources, 50%, up to 80% and even 85% of the division was Jewish. Due to this, the division was nicknamed \"The division with the sixteen Lithuanians\". As the Soviet military wanted to preserve the Lithuanian character of the division,   there was a policy of sending Jews to fight and keeping Lithuanians behind the front. As a result, 90% of the division's casualties were Jews and the division was only about 20% Jewish when it reached Lithuania. As of 1 January 1943, of the 10,250 soldiers and officers of the division, 7,000 of them were ethnic Lithuanians and/or inhabitants of the Lithuanian SSR. The total ethnic make-up of the division was:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 72], "content_span": [73, 742]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016273-0016-0000", "contents": "16th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Second formation, Ethnic composition\nAlthough other sources cite figures of 2378 Jews (23.2%) in the division, it is still the highest number of ethnic Jews amongst all divisions of the Red Army. Jews made 13% (136 persons) of all officers in the division and 34.2% of all soldiers in the infantry regiments. 12 soldiers of a division have been awarded the title, Hero of the Soviet Union, of them, four were Jews:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 72], "content_span": [73, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016273-0017-0000", "contents": "16th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Second formation, Ethnic composition\nOriginally, commands and orders were given in the Lithuanian language. However over a third of all soldiers in the division did not speak Lithuanian. More problems arose when officers from other divisions were sent to train and transfer their fighting experience to the soldiers of the 16th. Most of them had never heard a word of Lithuanian in their lives, and were mainly Russophone. For these reasons, the language of commands, orders and even conversation, became Russian and also Yiddish.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 72], "content_span": [73, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016273-0018-0000", "contents": "16th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Second formation, Cold War\nIn 1947, it became the 44th Rifle Brigade at Vilnius, now with the 2nd Guards Rifle Corps. In December 1950, it became a division again. It was disbanded on 7 July 1956.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016274-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Robert Awards\nThe 16th Robert Awards ceremony was held in 1999 in Copenhagen, Denmark. Organized by the Danish Film Academy, the awards honoured the best in Danish and foreign film of 1998.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016275-0000-0000", "contents": "16th SS Panzergrenadier Division Reichsf\u00fchrer-SS\nThe 16th SS Panzergrenadier Division \"Reichsf\u00fchrer-SS\" (German: 16. SS-Panzergrenadier-Division \"Reichsf\u00fchrer SS\") was a motorised formation in the Waffen-SS of Nazi Germany during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016275-0001-0000", "contents": "16th SS Panzergrenadier Division Reichsf\u00fchrer-SS\nThe division, during its time in Italy, committed a number of war crimes, and, together with the 1st Fallschirm-Panzer Division Hermann G\u00f6ring, was dis-proportionally involved in massacres of the civilian population. One possible reason for the division's increased involvement in war crimes has been identified by the fact that much of its leadership originally came from the SS-Totenkopfverb\u00e4nde.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016275-0002-0000", "contents": "16th SS Panzergrenadier Division Reichsf\u00fchrer-SS, History\nFormed in November 1943 when Volksdeutsche recruits were added to the Sturmbrigade Reichsf\u00fchrer SS, which was used as the cadre in the formation of the new division. A Kampfgruppe (\"combat group\") from the division fought at the Anzio beachhead, while the rest of the division took part in the occupation of Hungary. It fought in Italy as a division from May 1944, until being transferred to Hungary in February 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 57], "content_span": [58, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016275-0003-0000", "contents": "16th SS Panzergrenadier Division Reichsf\u00fchrer-SS, History\nOn June 27, 1944, the 16th SS-Panzergrenadiers command post in San Vincenzo, Italy was overrun by the U.S. 1st Battalion, 133rd Infantry, 34th Infantry Division (Red Bulls). The command post was a town centre apartment which had been commandeered; when the owners returned to their apartment they found a signed large leather-bound Stielers Handatlas which had been left behind.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 57], "content_span": [58, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016275-0004-0000", "contents": "16th SS Panzergrenadier Division Reichsf\u00fchrer-SS, History\nIn late summer 1944, a part of this division, SS-Panzer-Aufkl\u00e4rungsabteilung 16 (Reconnaissance Battalion 16), commanded by Major Walter Reder, was withdrawn from engagement with the American 5th Army then advancing on the Gothic Line to deal with an Italian Communist partisan unit, the Red Star Brigade (Brigata Stella Rossa). Operating out of a mountain complex centered on Monte Sole, just southeast of the town of Marzabotto, and sitting astride communications to Bologna, the Red Star was seen as a significant threat to the German rear, both in terms of cutting communications and obstructing a possible route of retreat. Major Reder completed his assignment and destroyed this guerrilla force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 57], "content_span": [58, 759]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016275-0005-0000", "contents": "16th SS Panzergrenadier Division Reichsf\u00fchrer-SS, History\nA Kampfgruppe of the 16th Training and Replacement Battalion was based in Arnhem and took part in Operation Market Garden. The division surrendered to British forces near Klagenfurt, Austria, at the end of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 57], "content_span": [58, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016275-0006-0000", "contents": "16th SS Panzergrenadier Division Reichsf\u00fchrer-SS, War crimes\nThe division was involved in many war crimes while stationed in Italy during World War II. Together with the 1st Fallschirm-Panzer Division Hermann G\u00f6ring the 16th SS Panzergrenadier is estimated to be responsible for about one third of all civilians killed in massacres in Italy during the war. In regards to these war crimes the 16th SS Panzer Reconnaissance Battalion and its commander, Walter Reder, have been identified as one of the main culprits. The division is estimated to have killed up to 2,000 Italian civilians during its time there.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 60], "content_span": [61, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016275-0007-0000", "contents": "16th SS Panzergrenadier Division Reichsf\u00fchrer-SS, War crimes\nIn August 1944 alone, in the Versilia and Lunigiana areas of Tuscany, there were three large massacres. 560 civilians were massacred at Sant'Anna di Stazzema on August 12, 1944, 159 civilians executed at San Terenzo Monti on August 17 and 173 civilians murdered at Vinca starting August 24. The division was also responsible for the Marzabotto massacre, where at least 770 Italian civilians were executed, the worst massacre committed by the German Army on Italian civilians during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 60], "content_span": [61, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016275-0008-0000", "contents": "16th SS Panzergrenadier Division Reichsf\u00fchrer-SS, War crimes\nMajor Walter Reder, the SS commander who signed the order to execute the civilians at San Terenzo, was extradited to Italy in 1948 and tried in Bologna in 1951 for war crimes in Tuscany and at Marzabotto in Emilia-Romagna, where 770 people were massacred, making it the worst massacre of civilians committed by the Waffen-SS in Western Europe during the war. He was found guilty and sentenced to life in prison. However, he was released in 1985, and he returned unrepentant to his native Austria, where he was received with full military honors. He died in 1991.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 60], "content_span": [61, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016275-0009-0000", "contents": "16th SS Panzergrenadier Division Reichsf\u00fchrer-SS, War crimes\nIn a case filed decades late due to misplaced evidence, ten SS officers of the 16th SS Panzergrenadier Division were convicted of murder in absentia in 2005 at La Spezia for the slaughter at Sant'Anna di Stazzema. German prosecutors declined to proceed on the grounds that there was a lack of evidence tying specific murders to specific defendants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 60], "content_span": [61, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016276-0000-0000", "contents": "16th SS Police Regiment\nThe 16th SS Police Regiment (German: SS-Polizei-Regiment 16) was initially named the 16th Police Regiment (Polizei-Regiment 16) when it was formed in 1942 from existing Order Police units (Ordnungspolizei) for security duties on the Eastern Front. It was redesignated as an SS unit in early 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016276-0001-0000", "contents": "16th SS Police Regiment, Formation and organization\nThe regiment was ordered formed on 9 July 1942 in northern Russia. Police Battalion 56 (Polizei-Batallion 56), Police Battalion 102, I Battalion of the 15th Police Regiment, formerly Police Battalion 305, and Police Battalion 121 were redesignated as the regiment's first through fourth battalions, respectively. I Battalion was transferred to Tilsit, East Prussia (now Sovetsk, Kaliningrad Oblast), and was converted into a training unit on 5 February 1943. It eventually became I Battalion of the 3rd SS Police Regiment and was replaced by a newly formed battalion in July 1944. All of the police regiments were redesignated as SS police units on 24 February 1943, but this was strictly honorary. IV Battalion was disbanded in 1943 and the remnants of the 9th SS Police Regiment were absorbed into III Battalion in mid-1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 51], "content_span": [52, 878]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016277-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Sabah State Legislative Assembly\nThe 16th Sabah State Legislative Assembly is the current term of the Sabah State Legislative Assembly, the legislative branch of the Government of Sabah in Sabah, Malaysia. The 16th Assembly consists of 79 members that 73 members were elected in the 2020 Sabah election and 6 members were nominated by the Government and is serving from 26 October 2020 until the next state election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016277-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Sabah State Legislative Assembly, Background\nGabungan Rakyat Sabah coalition won the election with a simple majority of 38 seats. The coalition consists of United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) (14) and Malaysian United Indigenous Party (BERSATU) (11) with support from United Sabah Party (PBS) (7) and Homeland Solidarity Party (STAR) (6). Hajiji Noor from BERSATU was sworn in as Chief Minister 3 days later. For the first time since 2003 in which the rotation system was scrapped, the Chief Minister position was offered to a non-majority party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 49], "content_span": [50, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016277-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Sabah State Legislative Assembly, Current composition, Membership changes\nOn 25 February 2021, Sebatik assemblyman exit Warisan. The reason he left because the party is no longer prioritizing the well-being of the people and only focusing on politics. On 6 April 2021, he join Bersatu.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 78], "content_span": [79, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016277-0003-0000", "contents": "16th Sabah State Legislative Assembly, Current composition, Membership changes\nOn 10 March 2021, Pitas assemblyman, Ruddy Awah join Bersatu.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 78], "content_span": [79, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016278-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Santosham Film Awards\nThe 16th Santosham Film Awards is an awards ceremony held at Hyderabad, India on 26 August 2018 recognized the best films and performances from the Tollywood films and music released in 2017, along with special honors for lifetime contributions and a few special awards. The awards are annually presented by Santosham magazine. The ceremony was announced on 3 August 2018 with Srikanth being the chief guest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016279-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Sarasaviya Awards\nThe 16th Sarasaviya Awards festival (Sinhala: 16\u0dc0\u0dd0\u0db1\u0dd2 \u0dc3\u0dbb\u0dc3\u0dc0\u0dd2\u0dba \u0dc3\u0db8\u0dca\u0db8\u0dcf\u0db1 \u0d8b\u0dbd\u0dd9\u0dc5), presented by the Associated Newspapers of Ceylon Limited, was held to honor the best films of 1987 Sinhala cinema on July 23, 1988, at the Bandaranaike Memorial International Conference Hall, Colombo 07, Sri Lanka. Minister of National Defense, Trade and Shipping Lalith Athulathmudali was the chief guest at the awards night.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016279-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Sarasaviya Awards\nThe film Viragaya won most number of awards with twelve awards including Best Film, Best Director and Best Actor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016280-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Saskatchewan Legislature\nThe 16th Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan was elected in the Saskatchewan general election held in October 1967. The assembly sat from February 15, 1968, to May 25, 1971. The Liberal Party led by Ross Thatcher formed the government. The New Democratic Party (NDP) led by Woodrow Lloyd formed the official opposition. Allan Blakeney succeeded Lloyd as party leader in 1970.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016280-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Saskatchewan Legislature, Members of the Assembly\nThe following members were elected to the assembly in 1967:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 54], "content_span": [55, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016281-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Satellite Awards\nThe 16th Satellite Awards is an award ceremony honoring the year's outstanding performers, films, television shows, home videos and interactive media, presented by the International Press Academy at the Hyatt Regency Century Plaza in Century City, Los Angeles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016281-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Satellite Awards\nThe nominations were announced on December 1, 2011. The winners were announced on December 18, 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016281-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Satellite Awards\nThe categories for motion picture were pared down from 22 to 19 classifications; the change reflected the merger of comedy and drama under a general Best Picture heading.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016281-0003-0000", "contents": "16th Satellite Awards, Special achievement awards\nAuteur Award (for his body of film work, as well as his books on the inner workings of filmmaking and filmmakers) \u2013 Peter Bogdanovich", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 49], "content_span": [50, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016281-0004-0000", "contents": "16th Satellite Awards, Special achievement awards\nHumanitarian Award (for community involvement and work on social causes) \u2013 Tim Hetherington", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 49], "content_span": [50, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016281-0005-0000", "contents": "16th Satellite Awards, Special achievement awards\nMary Pickford Award (for outstanding contribution to the entertainment industry) \u2013 Mitzi Gaynor", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 49], "content_span": [50, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016281-0006-0000", "contents": "16th Satellite Awards, Special achievement awards\nNikola Tesla Award (for his work as film preservationist and historian) \u2013 Douglas Trumbull", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 49], "content_span": [50, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016281-0007-0000", "contents": "16th Satellite Awards, Special achievement awards\nBest Educational Motion Picture \u2013 The First Grader (Sam Feuer, Richard Harding, David Thompson - Producers)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 49], "content_span": [50, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016281-0008-0000", "contents": "16th Satellite Awards, Special achievement awards\nCareer of Outstanding Service in the Entertainment Industry \u2013 Brian Edwards", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 49], "content_span": [50, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016281-0009-0000", "contents": "16th Satellite Awards, Special achievement awards\nOutstanding Performance in a TV Series \u2013 Jessica Lange (American Horror Story)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 49], "content_span": [50, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016281-0010-0000", "contents": "16th Satellite Awards, Motion picture winners and nominees\nThe Descendants \u2013 Alexander Payne, Nat Faxon, and Jim Rash", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 58], "content_span": [59, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016281-0011-0000", "contents": "16th Satellite Awards, Television winners and nominees\nPeter Dinklage \u2013 Game of Thrones (TIE)  Ryan Hurst \u2013 Sons of Anarchy (TIE)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 54], "content_span": [55, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016282-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Saturn Awards\nThe 16th Saturn Awards, honoring the best in science fiction, fantasy and horror film and television in 1988, were held on January 21, 1990.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016282-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Saturn Awards, Winners and nominees\nBelow is a complete list of nominees and winners. Winners are highlighted in bold.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 40], "content_span": [41, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016283-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Screen Actors Guild Awards\nThe 16th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards, honoring the best achievements in film and television performances for the year 2009, were presented on January 23, 2010 at the Shrine Exposition Center in Los Angeles, California for the fourteenth consecutive year. It was broadcast live simultaneously by TNT and TBS.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016283-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Screen Actors Guild Awards\nThe nominees were announced on December 17, 2009 by Michelle Monaghan and Chris O'Donnell at Los Angeles' Pacific Design Center's Silver Screen Theater.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016284-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Scripps National Spelling Bee\nThe 16th National Spelling Bee was held in Washington, D.C. on May 28, 1940. Scripps-Howard would not sponsor the Bee until 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016284-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Scripps National Spelling Bee\nThe winner was 14-year-old girl Laurel Kuykendall, correctly spelling the word therapy. Elizabeth O'Keefe, a 13-year-old girl from New Jersey, took second place after failing to correctly spell \"plantain\", followed by Eleanor Shea of Nebraska in third.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016284-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Scripps National Spelling Bee\nThere were 22 spellers this year, and the prizes were $500 for first, $200 for second, and $100 for third.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016284-0003-0000", "contents": "16th Scripps National Spelling Bee\nHarold F. Harding of George Washington University was the pronouncer. He earned a round of applause when he slipped and spelled the word \"fore\" himself, instead of waiting for the speller to do so.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016285-0000-0000", "contents": "16th September (painting)\n16th September is a painting by Ren\u00e9 Magritte, probably produced in 1956. It is now in the Royal Museum of Fine Arts, Antwerp, which bought it directly from the artist. This painting of a tree sounded by empty space with rocks, and at the top of the tree you can see the moon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016286-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Space Control Squadron\nThe 16th Space Control Squadron is an active United States Space Force unit, stationed at Peterson Space Force Base, Colorado as part of the Space Delta 3. The squadron protects critical satellite communication links to detect, characterize, geolocate and report sources of electromagnetic interference on US military and commercial satellites. The squadron also provides combat-ready crews to deploy and employ defensive space control capabilities for theater combatant commanders. The squadron is Air Force Space Command's first defensive counterspace unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016286-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Space Control Squadron\nFrom 1967 through 1994, the squadron, originally the 16th Surveillance Squadron, operated the Cobra Dane space detection system at Eareckson Air Force Base, Alaska.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016286-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Space Control Squadron, Mission\nThe 16th Space Control Squadron operates space control capabilities to achieve space superiority in support of theater campaigns and United States Strategic Command's space superiority mission. To achieve this, 16th operates the Rapid Attack Identification Detection Reporting System (RAIDRS) central operating location and up to six RAIDRS fixed ground stations and three deployable ground segments. The unit detects, characterizes, geolocation and electromagnetic interference for satellite communications systems, supporting combatant commanders. 16th SPCS operators can remotely control and task the fixed and deployable antenna suites from Peterson Air Force Base. Additionally, the three deployable systems are capable of sustained autonomous operations if connectivity is lost.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 821]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016286-0003-0000", "contents": "16th Space Control Squadron, History, Cobra Dane operation\nThe squadron was first organized at Shemya Air Force Station, Alaska as the 16th Surveillance Squadron and assigned to the 73d Aerospace Surveillance Wing of Air Defense Command. The unit's mission was to operate the Cobra Dane long-range early warning radar system, used to track Soviet intercontinental ballistic missile launches. In April 1967, the 73d Wing was inactivated and the 16th was assigned directly to Fourteenth Aerospace Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 58], "content_span": [59, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016286-0004-0000", "contents": "16th Space Control Squadron, History, Cobra Dane operation\nThe 16th continued its mission under Air (later Aerospace) Defense Command until the command was disestablished in December 1979. Strategic Air Command assumed responsibility for strategic space defense assets and assigned the squadron to its 47th Air Division. The unit was again reassigned in 1983, when the Air Force brought its space defense and communications units under Air Force Space Command, which assigned the squadron to the 1st Space Wing. In 1991, it was reassigned to the 73rd Space Surveillance Group. In 1992, the unit was designated the 16th Space Surveillance Squadron. It was inactivated in 1994.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 58], "content_span": [59, 675]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016286-0005-0000", "contents": "16th Space Control Squadron, History, Rapid Attack Identification Detection Reporting System\nThe unit was reactivated at Peterson Air Force Base., Colorado in May 2007 under the 21st Space Wing to operate the Air Force's Rapid Attack Identification Detection Reporting System (RAIDRS).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 92], "content_span": [93, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016286-0006-0000", "contents": "16th Space Control Squadron, History, Rapid Attack Identification Detection Reporting System\nThe RAIDRS prototype, designated the \"Satellite Interference Response System\" (SIRS), was initially deployed to United States Central Command (USCENTCOM)'s area of responsibility for a 120-day proof of concept. When the proof of concept proved to be a success, SIRS was redesignated RAIDRS Deployable Ground Segment-0 and has been continually deployed to USCENTCOM since then. In 2011, the Bounty Hunter system was delivered to USCENTCOM for added capability and the two comprise Operation Silent Sentry. Airmen from the 16th and its reserve associate, the 380th Space Control Squadron provide the preponderance of the required manpower for this mission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 92], "content_span": [93, 747]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016286-0007-0000", "contents": "16th Space Control Squadron, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 53], "content_span": [54, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016287-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Special Operations Squadron\nThe 16th Special Operations Squadron is part of the 27th Special Operations Wing at Cannon Air Force Base, New Mexico. It operates the AC-130W Stinger II aircraft in support of special operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016287-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Special Operations Squadron, Mission\nTrain and maintain its combat-ready force to provide highly accurate firepower in support of both conventional and unconventional forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016287-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Special Operations Squadron, History, World War II\nThe 16th ferried aircraft from factories to units in US and Canada and conducted pilot training from April 1942 \u2013 April 1944. It flew combat aerial transportation missions from India into Burma and China from December 1944 \u2013 October 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016287-0003-0000", "contents": "16th Special Operations Squadron, History, Vietnam War\nThe 16th flew combat missions in Southeast Asia where it was charged with attacking convoys on the Ho Chi Minh Trail, the defense of hamlets and fire bases, providing close air support to troops in contact with the enemy, providing convoy escort, and battlefield illumination, November 1968 \u2013 July 1974. As the war drew to a close the squadron supported Operation Eagle Pull, the evacuation of Phnom Penh, Operation Frequent Wind, the evacuation of Saigon and figured prominently in the rescue of the Mayag\u00fcez. In all 53 members of the 16 SOS were killed in action during the Vietnam War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 54], "content_span": [55, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016287-0004-0000", "contents": "16th Special Operations Squadron, History, Hurlburt Field\nIn November 1979 the 16th set a flight endurance record of 29.7 hours, flying non-stop from Hurlburt Field, Florida to Andersen Air Force Base, Guam.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 57], "content_span": [58, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016287-0005-0000", "contents": "16th Special Operations Squadron, History, Hurlburt Field\nThe 16th supported the multi-national assault on Grenada on 25 October 1983. It provided last-second surveillance and intelligence to the air assault forces, silencing anti-aircraft artillery emplacements, knocking out enemy armored personnel carriers, defending political dignitaries surrounded by enemy troops, and relieving troops in combat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 57], "content_span": [58, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016287-0006-0000", "contents": "16th Special Operations Squadron, History, Hurlburt Field\nFrom late December 1989 to 14 January 1990, the squadron participated in the invasion of Panama during Operation Just Cause. 16 SOS aircrews received the MacKay Trophy and the 1989 Military Airlift Command Aircrew of the Year, for their actions destroying the headquarters for the Panamanian Defense Force, and providing fire support for the Army Ranger assault on Rio Hato Air Base.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 57], "content_span": [58, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016287-0007-0000", "contents": "16th Special Operations Squadron, History, Hurlburt Field\nOn 12 September 1990 The 16th arrived in Saudi Arabia to support Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm, the protection of Saudi Arabia and liberation of Kuwait. The squadron flew 50 combat missions in Desert Storm and lost one aircraft and 14 airmen on 31 January 1991, while supporting coalition forces engaged in the Battle of Khafji.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 57], "content_span": [58, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016287-0008-0000", "contents": "16th Special Operations Squadron, History, Hurlburt Field\nDuring 1993 and 1994, the 16th deployed to Africa in support of Operation Continue Hope, the United Nations relief effort in Somalia. Squadron crews based out of Djibouti struck targets in Mogadishu, and later deployed to Kenya to ensure security for UN forces. During this deployment, a gunship was destroyed due to an in-borne detonation of the 105mm gun while airborne. Eight of the 14 aircrew members lost their lives in this accident.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 57], "content_span": [58, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016287-0009-0000", "contents": "16th Special Operations Squadron, History, Hurlburt Field\nThe 16 SOS deployed to Italy in support of Operation Deny Flight periodically from July 1993 until its termination on 28 August 1995. 16 SOS aircraft actively patrolled the skies over Bosnia and Herzegovina, providing protective air cover and close air support to UN protection forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 57], "content_span": [58, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016287-0010-0000", "contents": "16th Special Operations Squadron, History, Hurlburt Field\nWhile maintaining the Operation Deny Flight mission, the 16 SOS also deployed to other parts of the world for 184 days. From 18 September-19 October 1994, it deployed to Cuba in support of Operation Uphold Democracy and provided air support to coalition forces during the ouster of General Raoul C\u00e9dras and restoration of Jean-Bertrand Aristide in Haiti. Additionally, from 30 January \u22122 March 1995, the 16th SOS returned to Africa in support of Operation United Shield, the withdrawal of UN forces from Mogadishu, Somalia. On the final night of this operation, the gunships provided real-time intelligence to ground commanders via armed reconnaissance and surveillance during the U.S. Marine amphibious withdrawal from Mogadishu.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 57], "content_span": [58, 788]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016287-0011-0000", "contents": "16th Special Operations Squadron, History, Hurlburt Field\nOperation Deliberate Force began on 19 August 1995. It was the largest NATO air operation in history. The 16 SOS flew multiple combat search and rescue sorties from 6\u20138 September in support of the rescue attempt of a French Mirage aircrew downed by a surface-to-air missile near Pale. During the operation, which lasted until 15 September, the 16th expended 268 rounds of 105MM and 125 rounds of 40MM against early warning radar sites and command and control facilities. The 16th also participated in Operations Decisive Endeavor, Joint Endeavor, Assured Response, Deliberate Guard, Joint Guard, Goal Keeper, and Wintering Over.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 57], "content_span": [58, 686]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016287-0012-0000", "contents": "16th Special Operations Squadron, History, Hurlburt Field\nFollowing the 11 September terrorist attacks the 16th deployed on 11 November 2001 to an undisclosed location near Afghanistan to support Operation Enduring Freedom. The day after arriving in Afghanistan, the 16th attacked Taliban and Al-Qaeda forces near the city of Konduz in support of Northern Alliance forces, and was directly responsible for the city's surrender the next day. On 26 November the squadron supported the suppression of a rebellion at the prison fort of Qala-i-Jangi While supporting the beleaguered U.S. CIA and allied British forces throughout the night with withering 40mm and 105mm fire, Spectre succeeded in ending the rebellion of Taliban and Al-Qaeda POWs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 57], "content_span": [58, 741]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016287-0013-0000", "contents": "16th Special Operations Squadron, History, Hurlburt Field\nThe 16th also flew missions over Maz\u0101r-e Shar\u012bf, Kunduz, Kandahar, Shkin, Asadabad, Bagram, Baghran, Tora Bora, and nearly every other part of Afghanistan. The squadron has participated in a number of operations within Afghanistan including Operations Full Throttle, Roll Tide, and Eagle Fury. It also performed on-call close air support and armed reconnaissance over Kandahar after an assassination attempt against Afghanistan's President, Hamid Karzai.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 57], "content_span": [58, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016287-0014-0000", "contents": "16th Special Operations Squadron, History, Hurlburt Field\nIn March 2002, the 16th flew 39 combat missions in support of Operation Anaconda in Afghanistan. With only 3 aircraft and 3 crews, the squadron amassed 322 combat hours over 12 days, resulting in 45 enemies killed in action, nine vehicles destroyed, 11 damaged vehicles, and 12 destroyed and 25 damaged buildings. During the intense fighting, the squadron expended more than 1,300 40MM and 1,200 105MM rounds. Their actions earned them the 2002 Mackay Trophy, and 2002 Air Force aviator valor awards. In addition, in 2002 the 16th SOS was the third most deployed unit in the Air Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 57], "content_span": [58, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016287-0015-0000", "contents": "16th Special Operations Squadron, History, Hurlburt Field\n27 May 2015, retired the final AC-130H Spectre Gunship in service, tail number #69-6569 \"Excalibur\". Converted to AC-130W Stinger IIs during 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 57], "content_span": [58, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016287-0016-0000", "contents": "16th Special Operations Squadron, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 58], "content_span": [59, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016288-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Special Troops Battalion\nThe 16th Special Troops Battalion is a subordinate battalion of the 16th Sustainment Brigade, and is based in Baumholder, Germany. On 16 July 2007, the 16th Special Troops Battalion was activated in Warner Barracks, U.S. Army Garrison, Bamberg, Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016288-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Special Troops Battalion\nIn July 2008, the Battalion deployed to Iraq, where it provided sustainment, combat support, and force protection operations in support of Multi-National Division-North through expert life support and logistical operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016289-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection\nThe 16th Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (CCDI) was elected at the 1st Plenary Session of the 16th CCDI and then endorsed by the 1st Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee on 15 November 2002.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 75], "section_span": [75, 75], "content_span": [76, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016290-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Street Baptist Church\nThe 16th Street Baptist Church is a Baptist church in Birmingham, Alabama, United States, affiliated with the Progressive National Baptist Convention. In 1963, the church was bombed by Ku Klux Klan members. The bombing killed four young girls in the midst of the Civil Rights Movement. The church is still in operation and is a central landmark in the Birmingham Civil Rights District. It was designated as a National Historic Landmark in 2006. Since 2008, it has also been on the UNESCO list of tentative World Heritage Sites.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016290-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Street Baptist Church, Beginnings\nThe 16th Street Baptist Church was organized as the First Colored Baptist Church of Birmingham in 1873. It was the first black church to organize in Birmingham, which was founded just two years before. The first meetings were held in a small building at 12th Street and Fourth Avenue North. A site was soon acquired on 3rd Avenue North between 19th and 20th Street for a dedicated building. In 1880, the church sold that property and built a new church on the present site on 16th Street and 6th Avenue North. The new brick building was completed in 1884 under the supervision of its pastor, William R. Pettiford, but in 1908, the city condemned the structure and ordered it to be demolished. Pettiford was pastor from 1883 to 1904.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 38], "content_span": [39, 771]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016290-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Street Baptist Church, Beginnings\nThe present building, a \"modified Romanesque and Byzantine design\" by the prominent black architect Wallace Rayfield, was constructed in 1911 by the local black contractor T.C. Windham. The cost of construction was $26,000. In addition to the main sanctuary, the building houses a basement auditorium, used for meetings and lectures, and several ancillary rooms used for Sunday school and smaller groups.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 38], "content_span": [39, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016290-0003-0000", "contents": "16th Street Baptist Church, Beginnings\nAs one of the primary institutions in the black community, the 16th Street Baptist Church has hosted prominent visitors throughout its history. W. E. B. Du Bois, Mary McLeod Bethune, Paul Robeson and Ralph Bunche all spoke at the church during the first part of the 20th century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 38], "content_span": [39, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016290-0004-0000", "contents": "16th Street Baptist Church, Civil rights era and the 1963 bombing\nDuring the civil rights movement of the 1960s, the 16th Street Baptist Church served as an organizational headquarters, site of mass meetings and rallying point for African Americans protesting widespread institutionalized racism in Birmingham, Alabama, and the South. The reverends Fred Shuttlesworth, who was the chief local organizer, Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)) leader Martin Luther King Jr., and SCLC leader James Bevel, who initiated the Children's Crusade and taught the students nonviolence, were frequent speakers at the church and led the movement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 65], "content_span": [66, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016290-0005-0000", "contents": "16th Street Baptist Church, Civil rights era and the 1963 bombing\nOn Sunday, September 15, 1963, Thomas Blanton, Bobby Frank Cherry and Robert Edward Chambliss, members of the Ku Klux Klan, planted 19 sticks of dynamite outside the basement of the church. At 10:22\u00a0a.m., they exploded, killing four young girls - Addie Mae Collins, Carole Robertson, Cynthia Wesley and Denise McNair. Twenty-two other victims suffered injuries. They were there preparing for the church's \"Youth Day\". A funeral for three of the four victims was attended by more than 8,000 mourners, white and black, but no city officials.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 65], "content_span": [66, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016290-0006-0000", "contents": "16th Street Baptist Church, Civil rights era and the 1963 bombing\nThis was one of a string of more than 45 bombings within the decade. The neighborhood of Dynamite Hill was the most-frequently targeted area during this time. The bombing of the 16th Street Baptist Church increased Federal involvement in Alabama. President Johnson passed the 1964 Civil Rights Act the following year; and in 1965 the Voting Rights Act was passed, making literacy tests and poll taxes illegal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 65], "content_span": [66, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016290-0007-0000", "contents": "16th Street Baptist Church, Civil rights era and the 1963 bombing\nFollowing the bombing, more than $300,000 in unsolicited gifts were received by the church and repairs were begun immediately. The church reopened on June 7, 1964. A stained glass window depicting a black Jesus, designed by John Petts, was donated by citizens of Wales and installed in the front window, facing south.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 65], "content_span": [66, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016290-0008-0000", "contents": "16th Street Baptist Church, Current status\nThe church was added to the Alabama Register of Landmarks and Heritage on June 16, 1976. On September 17, 1980, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places. In 1993, a team of surveyors for the Historic American Buildings Survey executed archival quality measured drawings of the church for the Library of Congress. Because of its historic value on a national level in the moral crusade of civil rights, the church was officially designated a National Historic Landmark on February 20, 2006 by the United States Department of the Interior. On January 1, 2008 the US Government submitted it to UNESCO as part of an envisaged future World Heritage nomination and as such it is on the so-called UNESCO 'Tentative List of World Heritage Sites'. In 2017, the church became part of the newly-created Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 42], "content_span": [43, 892]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016290-0009-0000", "contents": "16th Street Baptist Church, Current status\nAs part of the Birmingham Civil Rights District, the 16th Street Baptist Church receives more than 200,000 visitors annually. Though the current membership is only around 500, it has an average weekly attendance of nearly 2,000. The church also operates a large drug counseling program. The current pastor is Reverend Arthur Price. Across from the church at Kelly Ingram Park is the Birmingham Civil Rights Institute, which plans events that teach and promote the history of human rights.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 42], "content_span": [43, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016290-0010-0000", "contents": "16th Street Baptist Church, Current status\nThe 16th Street Baptist Church engaged in a $3\u00a0million restoration of the building in the first decade of the 21st century. Persistent water damage problems and exterior brick facing failure were addressed. The first phase of restoration, mainly below-grade waterproofing, was completed in 2007, followed by work on the exterior masonry. Additional funds were sought to handle unexpected problems uncovered during the work and to provide for ongoing physical maintenance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 42], "content_span": [43, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016291-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Street Baptist Church bombing\nThe 16th Street Baptist Church bombing was a white supremacist terrorist bombing of the 16th Street Baptist Church in Birmingham, Alabama, on Sunday, September 15, 1963. Four members of a local Ku Klux Klan chapter planted 19 sticks of dynamite attached to a timing device beneath the steps located on the east side of the church.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016291-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Street Baptist Church bombing\nDescribed by Martin Luther King Jr. as \"one of the most vicious and tragic crimes ever perpetrated against humanity\", the explosion at the church killed four girls and injured between 14 and 22 other people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016291-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Street Baptist Church bombing\nAlthough the FBI had concluded in 1965 that the 16th Street Baptist Church bombing had been committed by four known Klansmen and segregationists: Thomas Edwin Blanton Jr., Herman Frank Cash, Robert Edward Chambliss, and Bobby Frank Cherry, no prosecutions were conducted until 1977, when Robert Chambliss was tried and convicted of the first-degree murder of one of the victims, 11-year-old Carol Denise McNair.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016291-0003-0000", "contents": "16th Street Baptist Church bombing\nAs part of a revival of effort by states and the federal government to prosecute cold cases from the civil rights era, the state conducted trials in the early 21st century of Thomas Edwin Blanton Jr. and Bobby Cherry, who were each convicted of four counts of murder and sentenced to life imprisonment in 2001 and 2002, respectively. Future United States Senator Doug Jones successfully prosecuted Blanton and Cherry. Herman Cash had died in 1994, and was never charged with his alleged involvement in the bombing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016291-0004-0000", "contents": "16th Street Baptist Church bombing\nThe 16th Street Baptist Church bombing marked a turning point in the United States during the civil rights movement and also contributed to support for the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 by Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016291-0005-0000", "contents": "16th Street Baptist Church bombing, Background\nIn the years leading up to the 16th Street Baptist Church bombing, Birmingham had earned a national reputation as a tense, violent and racially segregated city, in which even tentative racial integration in any form was met with violent resistance. Martin Luther King Jr. described Birmingham as \"probably the most thoroughly segregated city in the United States.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 46], "content_span": [47, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016291-0006-0000", "contents": "16th Street Baptist Church bombing, Background\nThe city had no black police officers or firefighters. Given the state's disenfranchisement of most black people since the turn of the century, by making voter registration essentially impossible, few of the city's black residents were registered to vote. Bombings at black homes and institutions were a regular occurrence, with at least 21 separate explosions recorded at black properties and churches in the eight years before 1963, although none of these explosions had resulted in fatalities. These attacks earned the city the nickname \"Bombingham\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 46], "content_span": [47, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016291-0007-0000", "contents": "16th Street Baptist Church bombing, Background, Birmingham Campaign\nThe three-story 16th Street Baptist Church was a rallying point for civil rights activities through the spring of 1963. When the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) and the Congress on Racial Equality became involved in a campaign to register African Americans to vote in Birmingham, tensions in the city increased. The church was used as a meeting-place for civil rights leaders such as Martin Luther King Jr., Ralph David Abernathy, and Fred Shuttlesworth, for organizing and educating marchers. It was the location where students were organized and trained by James Bevel to participate in the 1963 Birmingham campaign's Children's Crusade after other marches had taken place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 67], "content_span": [68, 759]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016291-0008-0000", "contents": "16th Street Baptist Church bombing, Background, Birmingham Campaign\nOn Thursday, May 2, more than 1,000 students, some reportedly as young as eight, opted to leave school and gather at the 16th Street Baptist Church. Demonstrators present were given instructions to march to downtown Birmingham and discuss with the mayor their concerns about racial segregation in the city, and to integrate buildings and businesses currently segregated. Although this march was met with fierce resistance and criticism, and 600 arrests were made on the first day alone, the Birmingham campaign and its Children's Crusade continued until May 5. The intention was to fill the jail with protesters. These demonstrations led to an agreement, on May 8, between the city's business leaders and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, to integrate public facilities, including schools, in the city within 90 days. (The first three schools in Birmingham to be integrated would do so on September 4.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 67], "content_span": [68, 982]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016291-0009-0000", "contents": "16th Street Baptist Church bombing, Background, Birmingham Campaign\nThese demonstrations and the concessions from city leaders to the majority of demonstrators' demands were met with fierce resistance by other whites in Birmingham. In the weeks following the September 4 integration of public schools, three additional bombs were detonated in Birmingham. Other acts of violence followed the settlement, and several staunch Klansmen were known to have expressed frustration at what they saw as a lack of effective resistance to integration.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 67], "content_span": [68, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016291-0010-0000", "contents": "16th Street Baptist Church bombing, Background, Birmingham Campaign\nAs a known and popular rallying point for civil rights activists, the 16th Street Baptist Church was an obvious target.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 67], "content_span": [68, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016291-0011-0000", "contents": "16th Street Baptist Church bombing, Bombing\nIn the early morning of Sunday, September 15, 1963, four members of the United Klans of America\u2014Thomas Edwin Blanton Jr., Robert Edward Chambliss, Bobby Frank Cherry, and (allegedly) Herman Frank Cash\u2014planted a minimum of 15 sticks of dynamite with a time delay under the steps of the church, close to the basement. At approximately 10:22\u00a0a.m., an anonymous man phoned the 16th Street Baptist Church. The call was answered by the acting Sunday School secretary, a 14-year-old girl named Carolyn Maull. The anonymous caller simply said the words, \"Three minutes\" to Maull before terminating the call.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016291-0011-0001", "contents": "16th Street Baptist Church bombing, Bombing\nLess than one minute later, the bomb exploded. Five children were present within the basement at the time of the explosion, in a restroom close to the stairwell, changing into choir robes in preparation for a sermon entitled \"A Rock That Will Not Roll\". According to one survivor, the explosion shook the entire building and propelled the girls' bodies through the air \"like rag dolls\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016291-0012-0000", "contents": "16th Street Baptist Church bombing, Bombing\nThe explosion blew a hole measuring seven feet (2.1\u00a0m) in diameter in the church's rear wall, and a crater five feet (1.5\u00a0m) wide and two feet (0.61\u00a0m) deep in the ladies' basement lounge, destroying the rear steps to the church and blowing a passing motorist out of his car. Several other cars parked near the site of the blast were destroyed, and windows of properties located more than two blocks from the church were also damaged. All but one of the church's stained-glass windows were destroyed in the explosion. The sole stained-glass window largely undamaged in the explosion depicted Christ leading a group of young children.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 677]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016291-0013-0000", "contents": "16th Street Baptist Church bombing, Bombing\nHundreds of individuals, some of them lightly wounded, converged on the church to search the debris for survivors as police erected barricades around the church and several outraged men scuffled with police. An estimated 2,000 black people converged on the scene in the hours following the explosion. The church's pastor, the Reverend John Cross Jr., attempted to placate the crowd by loudly reciting the 23rd Psalm through a bullhorn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016291-0014-0000", "contents": "16th Street Baptist Church bombing, Bombing\nFour girls\u2014Addie Mae Collins (age 14, born April 18, 1949), Carol Denise McNair (age 11, born November 17, 1951), Carole Rosamond Robertson (age 14, born April 24, 1949), and Cynthia Dionne Wesley (age 14, born April 30, 1949)\u2014were killed in the attack. The explosion was so intense that one of the girls' bodies was decapitated and so badly mutilated that her body could be identified only through her clothing and a ring. Another victim was killed by a piece of mortar embedded in her skull. The pastor of the church, the Reverend John Cross, recollected in 2001 that the girls' bodies were found \"stacked on top of each other, clung together\". All four girls were pronounced dead on arrival at the Hillman Emergency Clinic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 770]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016291-0015-0000", "contents": "16th Street Baptist Church bombing, Bombing\nBetween 14 and 22 additional people were injured in the explosion, one of whom was Addie Mae's younger sister, 12-year-old Sarah Collins. She had 21 pieces of glass embedded in her face and was blinded in one eye. In her later recollections of the bombing, Collins would recall that in the moments immediately before the explosion, she had watched her sister, Addie, tying her dress sash.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016291-0015-0001", "contents": "16th Street Baptist Church bombing, Bombing\nAnother sister of Addie Mae Collins, 16-year-old Junie Collins, would later recall that shortly before the explosion, she had been sitting in the basement of the church reading the Bible and had observed Addie Mae Collins tying the dress sash of Carol Denise McNair before she returned upstairs to the ground floor of the church.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016291-0016-0000", "contents": "16th Street Baptist Church bombing, Reactions, Unrest and tensions\nViolence escalated in Birmingham in the hours following the bombing, with reports of groups of black and white youth throwing bricks and shouting insults at each other. Police urged parents of black and white youths to keep their children indoors, as the Governor of Alabama, George Wallace, ordered an additional 300 state police to assist in quelling unrest. The Birmingham City Council convened an emergency meeting to propose safety measures for the city, although proposals for a curfew were rejected. Within 24 hours of the bombing, a minimum of five businesses and properties had been firebombed and numerous cars\u2014most of which were driven by whites\u2014had been stoned by rioting youths.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 66], "content_span": [67, 758]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016291-0017-0000", "contents": "16th Street Baptist Church bombing, Reactions, Unrest and tensions\nIn response to the church bombing, described by the Mayor of Birmingham, Albert Boutwell, as \"just sickening\", the Attorney General dispatched 25 FBI agents, including explosives experts, to Birmingham to conduct a thorough forensic investigation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 66], "content_span": [67, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016291-0018-0000", "contents": "16th Street Baptist Church bombing, Reactions, Unrest and tensions\nAlthough reports of the bombing and the loss of four children's lives were glorified by white supremacists, who in many instances chose to celebrate the loss as \"four less niggers\", as news of the church bombing and the fact that four young girls had been killed in the explosion reached the national and international press, many felt that they had not taken the civil rights struggle seriously enough. The day following the bombing, a young white lawyer named Charles Morgan Jr. addressed a meeting of businessmen, condemning the acquiescence of white people in Birmingham toward the oppression of blacks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 66], "content_span": [67, 674]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016291-0018-0001", "contents": "16th Street Baptist Church bombing, Reactions, Unrest and tensions\nIn this speech, Morgan lamented: \"Who did it [the bombing]? We all did it! The 'who' is every little individual who talks about the 'niggers' and spreads the seeds of his hate to his neighbor and his son ... What's it like living in Birmingham? No one ever really has known and no one will until this city becomes part of the United States.\" A Milwaukee Sentinel editorial opined, \"For the rest of the nation, the Birmingham church bombing should serve to goad the conscience. The deaths\u00a0... in a sense, are on the hands of each of us.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 66], "content_span": [67, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016291-0019-0000", "contents": "16th Street Baptist Church bombing, Reactions, Unrest and tensions\nTwo more black youths, Johnny Robinson and Virgil Ware, were shot to death in Birmingham within seven hours of the Sunday morning bombing. Robinson, aged 16, was shot in the back by a policeman as he fled down an alley, after ignoring police orders to halt. The police were reportedly responding to black youths throwing rocks at cars driven by white people. Robinson died before reaching the hospital. Ware, aged 13, was shot in the cheek and chest with a revolver in a residential suburb 15 miles (24\u00a0km) north of the city.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 66], "content_span": [67, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016291-0019-0001", "contents": "16th Street Baptist Church bombing, Reactions, Unrest and tensions\nA 16-year-old white youth named Larry Sims fired the gun (given to him by another youth named Michael Farley) at Ware, who was sitting on the handlebars of a bicycle ridden by his brother. Sims and Farley had been riding home from an anti-integration rally which had denounced the church bombing. When he spotted Ware and his brother, Sims fired twice, reportedly with his eyes closed. (Sims and Farley were later convicted of second-degree manslaughter, although the judge suspended their sentences and imposed two years' probation upon each youth.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 66], "content_span": [67, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016291-0020-0000", "contents": "16th Street Baptist Church bombing, Reactions, Unrest and tensions\nSome civil rights activists blamed George Wallace, Governor of Alabama and an outspoken segregationist, for creating the climate that had led to the killings. One week before the bombing, Wallace granted an interview with The New York Times, in which he said he believed Alabama needed a \"few first-class funerals\" to stop racial integration.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 66], "content_span": [67, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016291-0021-0000", "contents": "16th Street Baptist Church bombing, Reactions, Unrest and tensions\nThe city of Birmingham initially offered a $52,000 reward for the arrest of the bombers. Governor Wallace offered an additional $5,000 on behalf of the state of Alabama. Although this donation was accepted, Martin Luther King Jr. is known to have sent Wallace a telegram saying, \"the blood of four little children ... is on your hands. Your irresponsible and misguided actions have created in Birmingham and Alabama the atmosphere that has induced continued violence and now murder.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 66], "content_span": [67, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016291-0022-0000", "contents": "16th Street Baptist Church bombing, Reactions, Funerals\nCarole Rosamond Robertson was laid to rest in a private family funeral held on September 17, 1963. Reportedly, Carole's mother, Alpha, had expressly requested that her daughter be buried separately from the other victims. She was distressed about a remark made by Martin Luther King, who had said that the mindset that enabled the murder of the four girls was the \"apathy and complacency\" of black people in Alabama.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 55], "content_span": [56, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016291-0023-0000", "contents": "16th Street Baptist Church bombing, Reactions, Funerals\nThe service for Carole Rosamond Robertson was held at St. John's African Methodist Episcopal Church. In attendance were 1,600 people. At this service, the Reverend C. E. Thomas told the congregation: \"The greatest tribute you can pay to Carole is to be calm, be lovely, be kind, be innocent.\" Carole Robertson was buried in a blue casket at Shadow Lawn Cemetery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 55], "content_span": [56, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016291-0024-0000", "contents": "16th Street Baptist Church bombing, Reactions, Funerals\nOn September 18, the funeral of the three other girls killed in the bombing was held at the Sixth Avenue Baptist Church. Although no city officials attended this service, an estimated 800 clergymen of all races were among the attendees. Also present was Martin Luther King Jr. In a speech conducted before the burials of the girls, King addressed an estimated 3,300 mourners\u2014including numerous white people\u2014with a speech saying:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 55], "content_span": [56, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016291-0025-0000", "contents": "16th Street Baptist Church bombing, Reactions, Funerals\nThis tragic day may cause the white side to come to terms with its conscience. In spite of the darkness of this hour, we must not become bitter ... We must not lose faith in our white brothers. Life is hard. At times as hard as crucible steel, but, today, you do not walk alone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 55], "content_span": [56, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016291-0026-0000", "contents": "16th Street Baptist Church bombing, Reactions, Funerals\nAs the girls' coffins were taken to their graves, King directed that those present remain solemn and forbade any singing, shouting or demonstrations. These instructions were relayed to the crowd present by a single youth with a bullhorn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 55], "content_span": [56, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016291-0027-0000", "contents": "16th Street Baptist Church bombing, Initial investigation\nInitially, investigators theorized that a bomb thrown from a passing car had caused the explosion at the 16th Street Baptist church. But by September 20, the FBI was able to confirm that the explosion had been caused by a device that was purposely planted beneath the steps to the church, close to the women's lounge. A section of wire and remnants of red plastic were discovered here, which could have been part of a timing device. (The plastic remnants were later lost by investigators.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 57], "content_span": [58, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016291-0028-0000", "contents": "16th Street Baptist Church bombing, Initial investigation\nWithin days of the bombing, investigators began to focus their attention upon a KKK splinter group known as the \"Cahaba Boys\". The Cahaba Boys had formed earlier in 1963, as they felt that the KKK was becoming restrained and impotent in response to concessions granted to black people to end racial segregation. This group had previously been linked to several bomb attacks at black-owned businesses and the homes of black community leaders throughout the spring and summer of 1963. Although the Cahaba Boys had fewer than 30 active members, among them were Thomas Blanton Jr., Herman Cash, Robert Chambliss, and Bobby Cherry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 57], "content_span": [58, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016291-0029-0000", "contents": "16th Street Baptist Church bombing, Initial investigation\nInvestigators also gathered numerous witness statements attesting to a group of white men in a turquoise 1957 Chevrolet who had been seen near the church in the early hours of the morning of September 15. These witness statements specifically indicated that a white man had exited the car and walked toward the steps of the church. (The physical description by witnesses of this person varied, and could have matched either Bobby Cherry or Robert Chambliss.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 57], "content_span": [58, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016291-0030-0000", "contents": "16th Street Baptist Church bombing, Initial investigation\nChambliss was questioned by the FBI on September 26. On September 29, he was indicted upon charges of illegally purchasing and transporting dynamite on September 4, 1963. He and two acquaintances, John Hall and Charles Cagle, were each convicted in state court upon a charge of illegally possessing and transporting dynamite on October 8. Each received a $100 fine (the equivalent of $850 as of 2021) and a suspended 180-day jail sentence. At the time, no federal charges were filed against Chambliss or any of his fellow conspirators in relation to the bombing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 57], "content_span": [58, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016291-0031-0000", "contents": "16th Street Baptist Church bombing, Initial investigation, FBI closure of case\nThe FBI encountered difficulties in their initial investigation into the bombing. A later report stated: \"By 1965, we had [four] serious suspects\u2014namely Thomas Blanton Jr., Herman Frank Cash, Robert Chambliss, and Bobby Frank Cherry, all Klan members\u2014but witnesses were reluctant to talk and physical evidence was lacking. Also, at that time, information from our surveillance was not admissible in court. As a result, no federal charges were filed in the '60s.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 78], "content_span": [79, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016291-0032-0000", "contents": "16th Street Baptist Church bombing, Initial investigation, FBI closure of case\nOn May 13, 1965, local investigators and the FBI formally named Blanton, Cash, Chambliss, and Cherry as the perpetrators of the bombing, with Robert Chambliss the likely ringleader of the four. This information was relayed to the Director of the FBI, J. Edgar Hoover; however, no prosecutions of the four suspects ensued. There had been a history of mistrust between local and federal investigators. Later the same year, J. Edgar Hoover formally blocked any impending federal prosecutions against the suspects, and refused to disclose any evidence his agents had obtained with state or federal prosecutors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 78], "content_span": [79, 685]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016291-0033-0000", "contents": "16th Street Baptist Church bombing, Initial investigation, FBI closure of case\nIn 1968, the FBI formally closed their investigation into the bombing without filing charges against any of their named suspects. The files were sealed by order of J. Edgar Hoover.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 78], "content_span": [79, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016291-0034-0000", "contents": "16th Street Baptist Church bombing, Resulting legislation\nThe Birmingham campaign, the March on Washington in August, the September bombing of the 16th Street Baptist church, and the November assassination of John F. Kennedy\u2014an ardent supporter of the civil rights cause who had proposed a Civil Rights Act of 1963 on national television\u2014increased worldwide awareness of and sympathy toward the civil rights cause in the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 57], "content_span": [58, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016291-0035-0000", "contents": "16th Street Baptist Church bombing, Resulting legislation\nFollowing the assassination of John F. Kennedy on November 22, 1963, newly-inaugurated President Lyndon Johnson continued to press for passage of the civil rights bill sought by his predecessor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 57], "content_span": [58, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016291-0036-0000", "contents": "16th Street Baptist Church bombing, Resulting legislation\nOn July 2, 1964, President Lyndon Johnson signed into effect the Civil Rights Act of 1964. In attendance were major leaders of the Civil Rights Movement, including Martin Luther King Jr. This legislation prohibited discrimination based on race, color, religion, gender, or national origin; to ensure full, equal rights of African Americans before the law.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 57], "content_span": [58, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016291-0037-0000", "contents": "16th Street Baptist Church bombing, Formal reopening of investigation\nOfficially, the 16th Street Baptist Church bombing remained unsolved until after William Baxley was elected Attorney General of Alabama in January 1971. Baxley had been a student at the University of Alabama when he heard about the bombing in 1963, and later recollected: \"I wanted to do something, but I didn't know what.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 69], "content_span": [70, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016291-0038-0000", "contents": "16th Street Baptist Church bombing, Formal reopening of investigation\nWithin one week of being sworn into office, Baxley had researched original police files into the bombing, discovering that the original police documents were \"mostly worthless\". Baxley formally reopened the case in 1971. He was able to build trust with key witnesses, some of whom had been reluctant to testify in the first investigation. Other witnesses obtained identified  Chambliss as the individual who had placed the bomb beneath the church.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 69], "content_span": [70, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016291-0038-0001", "contents": "16th Street Baptist Church bombing, Formal reopening of investigation\nBaxley also gathered evidence proving Chambliss had purchased dynamite from a store in Jefferson County less than two weeks before the bomb was planted, upon the pretext the dynamite was to be used to clear land the KKK had purchased near Highway 101. This testimony of witnesses and evidence was used to formally construct a case against Robert Chambliss.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 69], "content_span": [70, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016291-0039-0000", "contents": "16th Street Baptist Church bombing, Formal reopening of investigation\nAfter Baxley requested access to the original FBI files on the case, he learned that evidence accumulated by the FBI against the named suspects between 1963 and 1965 had not been revealed to the local prosecutors in Birmingham. Although he met with initial resistance from the FBI, in 1976 Baxley was formally presented with some of the evidence which had been compiled by the FBI, after he publicly threatened to expose the Department of Justice for withholding evidence which could result in the prosecution of the perpetrators of the bombing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 69], "content_span": [70, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016291-0040-0000", "contents": "16th Street Baptist Church bombing, Formal reopening of investigation, Prosecution of Robert Chambliss\nOn November 14, 1977, Robert Chambliss, then aged 73, stood trial in Birmingham's Jefferson County Courthouse. Chambliss had been indicted by a grand jury on September 24, 1977, charged with four counts of murder, for each dead child in the 1963 church bombing. But at a pre-trial hearing on October 18, Judge Wallace Gibson ruled that the defendant would be tried upon one count of murder\u2014that of Carol Denise McNair\u2014and that the remaining three counts of murder would remain, but that he would not be charged in relation to these three deaths.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 102], "content_span": [103, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016291-0041-0000", "contents": "16th Street Baptist Church bombing, Formal reopening of investigation, Prosecution of Robert Chambliss\nBefore his trial, Chambliss remained free upon a $200,000 bond raised by family and supporters and posted October 18.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 102], "content_span": [103, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016291-0042-0000", "contents": "16th Street Baptist Church bombing, Formal reopening of investigation, Prosecution of Robert Chambliss\nChambliss pleaded not guilty to the charges, insisting that although he had purchased a case of dynamite less than two weeks before the bombing, he had given the dynamite to a Klansman and FBI agent provocateur named Gary Thomas Rowe Jr.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 102], "content_span": [103, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016291-0043-0000", "contents": "16th Street Baptist Church bombing, Formal reopening of investigation, Prosecution of Robert Chambliss\nTo discredit Chambliss's claims that Rowe had committed the bombing, prosecuting attorney William Baxley introduced two law enforcement officers to testify as to Chambliss's inconsistent claims of innocence. The first of these witnesses was Tom Cook, a retired Birmingham police officer, who testified on November 15 as to a conversation he had had with Chambliss in 1975. Cook testified that Chambliss had acknowledged his guilt regarding his 1963 arrest for possession of dynamite, but that he (Chambliss) was insistent he had given the dynamite to Rowe before the bombing. Following Cook's testimony, Baxley introduced police sergeant Ernie Cantrell.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 102], "content_span": [103, 756]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016291-0043-0001", "contents": "16th Street Baptist Church bombing, Formal reopening of investigation, Prosecution of Robert Chambliss\nHe testified that Chambliss had visited his headquarters in 1976 and that he had attempted to affix the blame for the 16th Street Baptist Church bombing upon an altogether different member of the KKK. Cantrell also stated that Chambliss had boasted of his knowledge of how to construct a \"drip-method bomb\" using a fishing float and a leaking bucket of water. (Upon cross-examination by defense attorney Art Hanes Jr., Cantrell conceded that Chambliss had emphatically denied bombing the church.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 102], "content_span": [103, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016291-0044-0000", "contents": "16th Street Baptist Church bombing, Formal reopening of investigation, Prosecution of Robert Chambliss\nOne individual who went to the scene to help search for survivors, Charles Vann, later recollected that he had observed a solitary white man whom he recognized as Robert Edward Chambliss (a known member of the Ku Klux Klan) standing alone and motionless at a barricade. According to Vann's later testimony, Chambliss was standing \"looking down toward the church, like a firebug watching his fire\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 102], "content_span": [103, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016291-0045-0000", "contents": "16th Street Baptist Church bombing, Formal reopening of investigation, Prosecution of Robert Chambliss\nOne of the key witnesses to testify on behalf of the prosecution was the Reverend Elizabeth Cobbs, Chambliss's niece. Reverend Cobbs stated that her uncle had repeatedly informed her he had been engaged in what he referred to as a \"one-man battle\" against blacks since the 1940s. Moreover, Cobbs testified on November 16 that, on the day before the bombing, Chambliss had told her that he had in his possession enough dynamite to \"flatten half of Birmingham\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 102], "content_span": [103, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016291-0045-0001", "contents": "16th Street Baptist Church bombing, Formal reopening of investigation, Prosecution of Robert Chambliss\nCobbs also testified that approximately one week after the bombing, she had observed Chambliss watching a news article relating to the four girls killed in the bombing. According to Cobbs, Chambliss had said: \"It [the bomb] wasn't meant to hurt anybody ... it didn't go off when it was supposed to.\" Another witness to testify was William Jackson, who testified as to his joining the KKK in 1963 and becoming acquainted with Chambliss shortly thereafter. Jackson testified that Chambliss had expressed frustration that the Klan was \"dragging its feet\" on the issue of racial integration, and said he was eager to form a  splinter group more dedicated to resistance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 102], "content_span": [103, 768]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016291-0046-0000", "contents": "16th Street Baptist Church bombing, Formal reopening of investigation, Prosecution of Robert Chambliss\nIn his closing argument before the jury on November 17, Baxley acknowledged that Chambliss was not the sole perpetrator of the bombing. He expressed regret that the state was unable to request the death penalty in this case, as the death penalty in effect in the state in 1963 had been repealed. The current state death penalty law applied only to crimes committed after its passage. Baxley noted that the day of the closing argument fell upon what would have been Carol Denise McNair's 26th birthday and that she would have likely been a mother by this date. He referred to testimony given by her father, Chris McNair, about the family's loss, and requested that the jury return a verdict of guilty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 102], "content_span": [103, 803]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016291-0047-0000", "contents": "16th Street Baptist Church bombing, Formal reopening of investigation, Prosecution of Robert Chambliss\nIn his rebuttal closing argument, defense attorney Art Hanes Jr. attacked the evidence presented by the prosecution as being purely circumstantial, adding that, despite the existence of similar circumstantial evidence, Chambliss had not been prosecuted in 1963 of the church bombing. Hanes noted conflicting testimony among several of the 12 witnesses called by the defense to testify as to Chambliss's whereabouts on the day of the bombing. A policeman and a neighbor had each testified that Chambliss was at the home of a man named Clarence Dill on that day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 102], "content_span": [103, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016291-0048-0000", "contents": "16th Street Baptist Church bombing, Formal reopening of investigation, Prosecution of Robert Chambliss\nFollowing the closing arguments, the jury retired to begin their deliberations, which lasted for over six hours and continued into the following day. On November 18, 1977, they found Robert Chambliss guilty of the murder of Carol Denise McNair. He was sentenced to life imprisonment for her murder. At his sentencing, Chambliss stood before the judge and stated: \"Judge, your honor, all I can say is God knows I have never killed anybody, never have bombed anything in my life ... I didn't bomb that church.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 102], "content_span": [103, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016291-0049-0000", "contents": "16th Street Baptist Church bombing, Formal reopening of investigation, Prosecution of Robert Chambliss\nOn the same afternoon that Chambliss's guilty verdict was announced, prosecutor Baxley issued a subpoena to Thomas Blanton to appear in court about the 16th Street Baptist Church bombing. Although Baxley knew he had insufficient evidence to charge Blanton at this stage, he intended the subpoena to frighten Blanton into confessing his involvement and negotiating a plea deal to turn state evidence against his co-conspirators. Blanton, however, hired a lawyer and refused to answer any questions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 102], "content_span": [103, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016291-0050-0000", "contents": "16th Street Baptist Church bombing, Formal reopening of investigation, Prosecution of Robert Chambliss\nChambliss appealed his conviction, as provided under the law, saying that much of the evidence presented at his trial\u2014including testimony relating to his activities within the KKK\u2014was circumstantial; that the 14-year delay between the crime and his trial violated his constitutional right to a speedy trial; and the prosecution had deliberately used the delay to try to gain an advantage over Chambliss's defense attorneys. This appeal was dismissed on May 22, 1979.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 102], "content_span": [103, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016291-0051-0000", "contents": "16th Street Baptist Church bombing, Formal reopening of investigation, Prosecution of Robert Chambliss\nRobert Chambliss died in the Lloyd Noland Hospital and Health Center on October 29, 1985, at the age of 81. In the years since his incarceration, Chambliss had been confined to a solitary cell to protect him from attacks by fellow inmates. He had repeatedly proclaimed his innocence, insisting Gary Thomas Rowe Jr. was the actual perpetrator.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 102], "content_span": [103, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016291-0052-0000", "contents": "16th Street Baptist Church bombing, Later prosecutions\nIn 1995, ten years after Chambliss died, the FBI reopened their investigation into the church bombing. It was part of a coordinated effort between local, state and federal governments to review cold cases of the civil rights era in the hopes of prosecuting perpetrators. They unsealed 9,000 pieces of evidence previously gathered by the FBI in the 1960s (many of these documents relating to the 16th Street Baptist Church bombing had not been made available to DA William Baxley in the 1970s).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 54], "content_span": [55, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016291-0052-0001", "contents": "16th Street Baptist Church bombing, Later prosecutions\nIn May 2000, the FBI publicly announced their findings that the 16th Street Baptist Church bombing had been committed by four members of the KKK splinter group known as the Cahaba Boys. The four individuals named in the FBI report were Blanton, Cash, Chambliss, and Cherry. By the time of the announcement, Herman Cash had also died;  however, Thomas Blanton and Bobby Cherry were still alive. Both were arrested.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 54], "content_span": [55, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016291-0053-0000", "contents": "16th Street Baptist Church bombing, Later prosecutions\nOn May 16, 2000, a grand jury in Alabama indicted Thomas Edwin Blanton and Bobby Frank Cherry on eight counts each in relation to the 16th Street Baptist Church bombing. Both named individuals were charged with four counts of first-degree murder, and four counts of universal malice. The following day, both men surrendered to police.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 54], "content_span": [55, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016291-0054-0000", "contents": "16th Street Baptist Church bombing, Later prosecutions\nThe state prosecution had originally intended to try both defendants together; however, the trial of Bobby Cherry was delayed due to the findings of a court-ordered psychiatric evaluation. It concluded that vascular dementia had impaired his mind, therefore making Cherry mentally incompetent to stand trial or assist in his own defense.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 54], "content_span": [55, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016291-0055-0000", "contents": "16th Street Baptist Church bombing, Later prosecutions\nOn April 10, 2001, Judge James Garrett indefinitely postponed Cherry's trial, pending further medical analysis. In January 2002, Judge Garrett ruled Cherry mentally competent to stand trial and set an initial trial date for April 29.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 54], "content_span": [55, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016291-0056-0000", "contents": "16th Street Baptist Church bombing, Later prosecutions, Thomas Edwin Blanton\nThomas Edwin Blanton Jr. was brought to trial in Birmingham, Alabama, before Judge James Garrett on April 24, 2001. Blanton pleaded not guilty to the charges and chose not to testify on his behalf throughout the trial.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 76], "content_span": [77, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016291-0057-0000", "contents": "16th Street Baptist Church bombing, Later prosecutions, Thomas Edwin Blanton\nIn his opening statement to the jurors, defense attorney John Robbins acknowledged his client's affiliation with the Ku Klux Klan and his views on racial segregation. But, he warned the jury: \"Just because you don't like him, that doesn't make him responsible for the bombing.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 76], "content_span": [77, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016291-0058-0000", "contents": "16th Street Baptist Church bombing, Later prosecutions, Thomas Edwin Blanton\nThe prosecution called a total of seven witnesses to testify in their case against Blanton, including relatives of the victims, John Cross, the former pastor of the 16th Street Baptist Church; an FBI agent named William Fleming, and Mitchell Burns, a former Klansman who had become a paid FBI informant. Burns had secretly recorded several conversations with Blanton in which the latter (Blanton) had gloated when talking about the bombing, and had boasted the police would not catch him when he bombed another church.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 76], "content_span": [77, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016291-0059-0000", "contents": "16th Street Baptist Church bombing, Later prosecutions, Thomas Edwin Blanton\nThe most crucial piece of evidence presented at Blanton's trial was an audio recording secretly taped by the FBI in June 1964, in which Blanton was recorded discussing his involvement in the bombing with his wife, who can be heard accusing her husband of conducting an affair with a woman named Waylen Vaughn two nights before the bombing. Although sections of the recording\u2014presented in evidence on April 27\u2014are unintelligible, Blanton can twice be heard mentioning the phrase \"plan a bomb\" or \"plan the bomb\". Most crucially, Blanton can also be heard saying that he was not with Miss Vaughn but, two nights before the bombing, was at a meeting with other Klansmen on a bridge above the Cahaba River. He said: \"You've got to have a meeting to plan a bomb.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 76], "content_span": [77, 835]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016291-0060-0000", "contents": "16th Street Baptist Church bombing, Later prosecutions, Thomas Edwin Blanton\nIn addition to calling attention to flaws in the prosecution's case, the defense exposed inconsistencies in the memories of some prosecution witnesses who had testified. Blanton's attorneys criticized the validity and quality of the 16 tape recordings introduced as evidence, arguing that the prosecution had edited and spliced the sections of the audio recording that were secretly obtained within Blanton's kitchen, reducing the entirety of the tape by 26 minutes. He said that the sections introduced as evidence were of poor audio quality, resulting in the prosecution presenting text transcripts of questionable accuracy to the jury.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 76], "content_span": [77, 715]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016291-0060-0001", "contents": "16th Street Baptist Church bombing, Later prosecutions, Thomas Edwin Blanton\nAbout the recordings made as Blanton conversed with Burns, Robbins emphasized that Burns had earlier testified that Blanton had never expressly said that he had made or planted the bomb. The defense  portrayed the audiotapes introduced into evidence as the statements of \"two rednecks driving around, drinking\" and making false, ego-inflating claims to one another.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 76], "content_span": [77, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016291-0061-0000", "contents": "16th Street Baptist Church bombing, Later prosecutions, Thomas Edwin Blanton\nThe trial lasted for one week. Seven witnesses testified on behalf of the prosecution, and two for the defense. One of the defense witnesses was a retired chef named Eddie Mauldin, who was called to testify to discredit prosecution witnesses' statements that they had seen Blanton in the vicinity of the church before the bombing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 76], "content_span": [77, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016291-0061-0001", "contents": "16th Street Baptist Church bombing, Later prosecutions, Thomas Edwin Blanton\nMauldin testified on April 30 that he had observed two men in a Rambler station wagon adorned with a Confederate flag repeatedly drive past the church immediately before the blast, and that, seconds after the bomb had exploded, the car had \"burned rubber\" as it drove away. (Thomas Blanton had owned a Chevrolet in 1963; neither Chambliss, Cash nor Cherry had owned such a vehicle.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 76], "content_span": [77, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016291-0062-0000", "contents": "16th Street Baptist Church bombing, Later prosecutions, Thomas Edwin Blanton\nBoth counsels delivered their closing arguments before the jury on May 1. In his closing argument, prosecuting attorney and future U.S. Senator Doug Jones said that although the trial was conducted 38 years after the bombing, it was no less important, adding: \"It's never too late for the truth to be told ... It's never too late for a man to be held accountable for his crimes.\" Jones reviewed Blanton's extensive history with the Ku Klux Klan, before referring to the audio recordings presented earlier in the trial. Jones repeated the most damning statements Blanton had made in these recordings, before pointing at Blanton and stating: \"That is a confession out of this man's mouth.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 76], "content_span": [77, 764]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016291-0063-0000", "contents": "16th Street Baptist Church bombing, Later prosecutions, Thomas Edwin Blanton\nDefense attorney John Robbins reminded the jury in his closing argument that his client was an admitted segregationist and a \"loudmouth\", but that was all that could be proven. He said this past was not the evidence upon which they should return their verdicts. Stressing that Blanton should not be judged for his beliefs, Robbins again vehemently criticized the validity and poor quality of the audio recordings presented, and the selectivity of the sections which had been introduced into evidence. Robbins also discredited the testimony of FBI agent William Fleming, who had earlier testified as to a government witness claiming he had seen Blanton in the vicinity of the church shortly before the bombing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 76], "content_span": [77, 786]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016291-0064-0000", "contents": "16th Street Baptist Church bombing, Later prosecutions, Thomas Edwin Blanton\nThe jury deliberated for two and a half hours before returning with a verdict finding Thomas Edwin Blanton guilty of four counts of first-degree murder. When asked by the judge whether he had anything to say before sentence was imposed, Blanton said: \"I guess the Lord will settle it on Judgment Day.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 76], "content_span": [77, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016291-0065-0000", "contents": "16th Street Baptist Church bombing, Later prosecutions, Thomas Edwin Blanton\nBlanton was sentenced to life imprisonment. He was incarcerated at the St. Clair Correctional Facility in Springville, Alabama. Blanton was confined in a one-man cell under tight security. He seldom spoke of his involvement in the bombing, shunned social activity and rarely received visitors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 76], "content_span": [77, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016291-0066-0000", "contents": "16th Street Baptist Church bombing, Later prosecutions, Thomas Edwin Blanton\nHis first parole hearing was held on August 3, 2016. Relatives of the slain girls, prosecutor Doug Jones, Alabama Chief Deputy Attorney General Alice Martin, and Jefferson County district attorney Brandon Falls each spoke at the hearing to oppose Blanton's parole. Martin said: \"The cold-blooded callousness of this hate crime has not diminished by the passage of time.\" The Board of Pardons and Paroles debated for less than 90 seconds before denying parole to Blanton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 76], "content_span": [77, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016291-0067-0000", "contents": "16th Street Baptist Church bombing, Later prosecutions, Thomas Edwin Blanton\nBlanton died in prison from unspecified causes on June 26, 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 76], "content_span": [77, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016291-0068-0000", "contents": "16th Street Baptist Church bombing, Later prosecutions, Bobby Frank Cherry\nBobby Frank Cherry was tried in Birmingham, Alabama, before Judge James Garrett, on May 6, 2002. Cherry  pleaded not guilty to the charges and did not testify on his own behalf during the trial.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 74], "content_span": [75, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016291-0069-0000", "contents": "16th Street Baptist Church bombing, Later prosecutions, Bobby Frank Cherry\nIn his opening statement for the prosecution, Don Cochran presented his case: that the evidence would show that Cherry had participated in a conspiracy to commit the bombing and conceal evidence linking him to the crime and that he had later gloated over the deaths of the victims. Cochran also added that although the evidence to be presented would not conclusively show that Cherry had personally planted or ignited the bomb, the combined evidence would illustrate that he had aided and abetted in the commission of the act.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 74], "content_span": [75, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016291-0070-0000", "contents": "16th Street Baptist Church bombing, Later prosecutions, Bobby Frank Cherry\nCherry's defense attorney, Mickey Johnson, protested his client's innocence, citing that much of the evidence presented was circumstantial. He also noted that Cherry had initially been linked to the bombing by the FBI via an informant who had claimed, fifteen months after the bombing, that she had seen Cherry place the bomb at the church shortly before the bombing. Johnson warned the jurors they would have to distinguish between evidence and proof.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 74], "content_span": [75, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016291-0071-0000", "contents": "16th Street Baptist Church bombing, Later prosecutions, Bobby Frank Cherry\nFollowing the opening statements, the prosecution began presenting witnesses. Crucial testimony at Cherry's trial was delivered by his former wife, Willadean Brogdon, who had married Cherry in 1970. Brogdon testified on May 16 that Cherry had boasted to her that he had been the individual who planted the bomb beneath the steps to the church, then returned hours later to light the fuse to the dynamite. Brogdon also testified that Cherry had told her of his regret that children had died in the bombing, before adding his satisfaction that they would never reproduce.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 74], "content_span": [75, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016291-0071-0001", "contents": "16th Street Baptist Church bombing, Later prosecutions, Bobby Frank Cherry\nAlthough the credibility of Brogdon's testimony was called into dispute at the trial, forensic experts conceded that, although her account of the planting of the bombing differed from that which had been discussed in the previous perpetrators' trials, Brogdon's recollection of Cherry's account of the planting and subsequent lighting of the bomb could explain why no conclusive remnants of a timing device were discovered after the bombing. (A fishing float attached to a section of wire, which may have been part of a timing device, was found 20 feet (6.1\u00a0m) from the explosion crater following the bombing. One of several vehicles severely damaged in the explosion was found to have carried fishing tackle.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 74], "content_span": [75, 785]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016291-0072-0000", "contents": "16th Street Baptist Church bombing, Later prosecutions, Bobby Frank Cherry\nBarbara Ann Cross also testified for the prosecution. She is the daughter of the Reverend John Cross and was aged 13 in 1963. Cross had attended the same Sunday School class as the four victims on the day of the bombing and was slightly wounded in the attack. On May 15, Cross testified that prior to the explosion, she and the four girls killed had each attended a Youth Day Sunday School lesson in which the theme taught was how to react to a physical injustice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 74], "content_span": [75, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016291-0072-0001", "contents": "16th Street Baptist Church bombing, Later prosecutions, Bobby Frank Cherry\nCross testified that each girl present had been taught to contemplate how Jesus would react to affliction or injustice, and they were asked to learn to consider, \"What Would Jesus Do?\" Cross testified that she would usually have accompanied her friends into the basement lounge to change into robes for the forthcoming sermon, but she had been given an assignment. Shortly thereafter, she had heard \"the most horrible noise\", before being struck on the head by debris.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 74], "content_span": [75, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016291-0073-0000", "contents": "16th Street Baptist Church bombing, Later prosecutions, Bobby Frank Cherry\nThroughout the trial, Cherry's defense attorney, Mickey Johnson, repeatedly observed that many of the prosecution's witnesses were either circumstantial or \"inherently unreliable\". Many of the same audiotapes presented in Blanton's trial were also introduced into evidence in the trial of Bobby Cherry. A key point contested as to the validity of the audiotapes being introduced into evidence, outside the hearing of the jury, was the fact that Cherry had no grounds to contest the introduction of the tapes into evidence, as, under the Fourth Amendment, neither his home or property had been subject to discreet recording by the FBI.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 74], "content_span": [75, 709]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016291-0073-0001", "contents": "16th Street Baptist Church bombing, Later prosecutions, Bobby Frank Cherry\nDon Cochran disputed this position, arguing that Alabama law provides for \"conspiracies to conceal evidence\" to be proven by both inference and circumstantial evidence. In spite of a rebuttal argument by the defense, Judge Garrett ruled that some sections were too prejudicial, but also that portions of some audio recordings could be introduced as evidence. Through these rulings, Mitchell Burns was called to testify on behalf of the prosecution. His testimony was restricted to the areas of the recordings permitted into evidence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 74], "content_span": [75, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016291-0074-0000", "contents": "16th Street Baptist Church bombing, Later prosecutions, Bobby Frank Cherry\nOn May 21, 2002, both prosecution and defense attorneys delivered their closing arguments to the jury. In his closing argument for the prosecution, Don Cochran said the victims' \"Youth Sunday [sermon] never happened ... because it was destroyed by this defendant's hate.\" Cochran outlined Cherry's extensive record of racial violence dating back to the 1950s, and noted that he had experience and training in constructing and installing bombs from his service as a Marine demolition expert.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 74], "content_span": [75, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016291-0074-0001", "contents": "16th Street Baptist Church bombing, Later prosecutions, Bobby Frank Cherry\nCochran also reminded the jury of a secretly obtained FBI recording, which had earlier been introduced into evidence, in which Cherry had told his first wife, Jean, that he and other Klansmen had constructed the bomb within the premises of business the Friday before the bombing. He said that Cherry had signed an affidavit in the presence of the FBI on October 9, 1963, confirming that he, Chambliss, and Blanton were at these premises on this date.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 74], "content_span": [75, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016291-0075-0000", "contents": "16th Street Baptist Church bombing, Later prosecutions, Bobby Frank Cherry\nIn the closing argument for the defense, attorney Mickey Johnson argued that Cherry had nothing to do with the bombing, and reminded the jurors that his client was not on trial for his beliefs, stating: \"It seems like more time has been spent here throwing around the n-word than proving what happened in September 1963.\" Johnson reiterated that there was no hard evidence linking Cherry to the bombing, but only evidence attesting to his racist beliefs dating from that era, adding that the family members who had testified against him were all estranged and therefore should be considered unreliable witnesses. Johnson urged the jury against convicting his client by association.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 74], "content_span": [75, 756]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016291-0076-0000", "contents": "16th Street Baptist Church bombing, Later prosecutions, Bobby Frank Cherry\nFollowing these closing arguments, the jury retired to consider their verdicts. These deliberations continued until the following day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 74], "content_span": [75, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016291-0077-0000", "contents": "16th Street Baptist Church bombing, Later prosecutions, Bobby Frank Cherry\nOn the afternoon of May 22, after the jury had deliberated for almost seven hours, the forewoman announced they had reached their verdicts: Bobby Frank Cherry was convicted of four counts of first-degree murder and sentenced to life imprisonment. Cherry remained stoic as the sentence was read aloud. Relatives of the four victims openly wept in relief.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 74], "content_span": [75, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016291-0078-0000", "contents": "16th Street Baptist Church bombing, Later prosecutions, Bobby Frank Cherry\nWhen asked by the judge whether he had anything to say before sentence was imposed, Cherry motioned to the prosecutors and stated: \"This whole bunch lied through this thing [the trial]. I told the truth. I don't know why I'm going to jail for nothing. I haven't done anything!\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 74], "content_span": [75, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016291-0079-0000", "contents": "16th Street Baptist Church bombing, Later prosecutions, Bobby Frank Cherry\nBobby Frank Cherry died of cancer on November 18, 2004, at age 74, while incarcerated at the Kilby Correctional Facility.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 74], "content_span": [75, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016291-0080-0000", "contents": "16th Street Baptist Church bombing, Later prosecutions, Bobby Frank Cherry\nFollowing the convictions of Blanton and Cherry, Alabama's former Attorney General, William Baxley, expressed his frustration that he had never been informed of the existence of the FBI audio recordings before they were introduced in the 2001 and 2002 trials. Baxley acknowledged that typical juries in 1960s Alabama would have likely leaned in favor of both defendants, even if these recordings had been presented as evidence, but said that he could have prosecuted Thomas Blanton and Bobby Cherry in 1977 if he had been granted access to these tapes. (A 1980 Justice Department report concluded that J. Edgar Hoover had blocked the prosecution of the four bombing suspects in 1965, and he officially closed the FBI's investigation in 1968.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 74], "content_span": [75, 817]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016291-0081-0000", "contents": "16th Street Baptist Church bombing, A possible fifth conspirator\nAlthough both Blanton and Cherry denied their involvement in the 16th Street Baptist Church bombing, until his death in 1985, Robert Chambliss repeatedly insisted that the bombing had been committed by Gary Thomas Rowe Jr. Rowe had been encouraged to join the Klan by acquaintances in 1960. He became a paid FBI informant in 1961. In this role, Rowe acted as an agent provocateur between 1961 and 1965. Although informative to the FBI, Rowe actively participated in violence against both black and white civil rights activists. By Rowe's own later admission, while serving as an FBI informant, he had shot and killed an unidentified black man and had been an accessory to the murder of Viola Liuzzo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 64], "content_span": [65, 764]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016291-0082-0000", "contents": "16th Street Baptist Church bombing, A possible fifth conspirator\nInvestigative records show that Rowe had twice failed polygraph tests when questioned as to his possible involvement in the 16th Street Baptist Church bombing and two separate, non-fatal explosions. These polygraph results had convinced some FBI agents of Rowe's culpability in the bombing. Prosecutors at Chambliss's 1977 trial had initially intended to call Rowe as a witness; however, DA William Baxley had chosen not to call Rowe as a witness after being informed of the results of these polygraph tests.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 64], "content_span": [65, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016291-0083-0000", "contents": "16th Street Baptist Church bombing, A possible fifth conspirator\nAlthough never formally named as one of the conspirators by the FBI, Rowe's record of deception on the polygraph tests leaves open the possibility that Chambliss's claims may have held a degree of truth. Nonetheless, a 1979 investigation cleared Rowe of any involvement in the 16th Street Baptist Church bombing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 64], "content_span": [65, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016291-0084-0000", "contents": "16th Street Baptist Church bombing, Aftermath\nI remembered the bombing of that Sunday School at 16th Street Baptist Church in Birmingham in 1963. I did not see it happen, but I heard it happen and I felt it happen, just a few blocks away at my father's church. It is a sound that I will never forget, that will forever reverberate in my ears. That bomb took the lives of four young girls, including my friend and playmate [Carol] Denise McNair. The crime was calculated, not random. It was meant to suck the hope out of young lives, bury their aspirations, and ensure that old fears would be propelled forward into the next generation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 45], "content_span": [46, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016292-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Street Bridge (Washington, D.C.)\nThe 16th Street Bridge, also known as the Piney Branch Bridge, is an automobile and pedestrian bridge that carries 16th Street NW over Piney Branch and Piney Branch Parkway in Washington, D.C. It was the first parabolic arch bridge in the United States. Construction on the first span began in 1905 as part of the northward extension of 16th Street, and was finished in 1907 but was never opened to traffic. The second span began construction in 1909 and was completed in 1910. The bridge was renovated in 1990, and again beginning in October 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016292-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Street Bridge (Washington, D.C.)\nThe bridge, which spans the Piney Branch addition to Rock Creek Park, sits at the corner of four Washington, D.C., neighborhoods: Sixteenth Street Heights, Crestwood, Columbia Heights, and Mount Pleasant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016292-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Street Bridge (Washington, D.C.), Description\nThe 16th Street Bridge is 272 feet (83\u00a0m) long. Its span is 125 feet (38\u00a0m) in length, and has a rise of 45 feet (14\u00a0m). The span is a parabolic arch, the first built in the United States and the longest in the world at the time, according to its designer, W.J. Douglas. The abutments and substructure of the bridge are of reinforced concrete; the arch itself is not reinforced with steel. The interior of the bridge is hollow. Square vertical interior columns 2 feet (0.61\u00a0m) in length on each side support the road deck.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 50], "content_span": [51, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016292-0002-0001", "contents": "16th Street Bridge (Washington, D.C.), Description\nA latticework of horizontal square beams, each 1 square foot (0.093\u00a0m2) in size, intersect the columns and are set perpendicular to one another. This system of columns and beams compress the arch and keep it stable as well push outward against the walls. The bridge's abutments are hollow. The abutments are stabilized by soil pressing against them from the outside, and the system of beams and columns on the interior of the bridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 50], "content_span": [51, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016292-0003-0000", "contents": "16th Street Bridge (Washington, D.C.), Description\nThe walls of the bridge and the abutments are 2 feet (0.61\u00a0m) thick. A bluish crushed diorite was added to the concrete used to pour the walls of the abutments and the spandrel walls, which were left unfinished, and reflect the texture of the wooden forms used to create them. However, the archivolt, balustrade, and pilasters, whose concrete includes yellow sand and crushed granite, have a much different texture. These elements were removed from their molds before the concrete was fully hardened, then roughened with stiff brushes, helping to expose the granite particles within and make them glitter in the sun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 50], "content_span": [51, 667]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016292-0004-0000", "contents": "16th Street Bridge (Washington, D.C.), Description\nThe bridge superstructure rests on walls and columns. The 25-foot (7.6\u00a0m) wide spans are of reinforced concrete. Steel beams, their ends resting on the walls of the two bridges, close the gap between the spans. Reinforced concrete slabs lie atop these beams to create a unified deck. Concrete balustrades and newels create a railing on the east and west sides of the bridge. The road is 45 feet (14\u00a0m) wide, and 8-foot (2.4\u00a0m) sidewalks are on either side of the roadway. Granite curbs define the cement sidewalk. The deck is topped by asphalt. At 65 feet (20\u00a0m) in width (roadway and sidewalks), the deck was the widest in the city when built and could support 40 short tons (36\u00a0t).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 50], "content_span": [51, 734]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016292-0005-0000", "contents": "16th Street Bridge (Washington, D.C.), Description\nThe bridge has four ornamental cast iron lampposts. The ends of the bridge are flanked by two bronze reclining tigers on concrete pedestals. The archivolt consists of three arch rings, and is of smoothed concrete. Pilasters flank the arch on the sides of the bridge. Stylistically, the bridge is Neoclassical in design.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 50], "content_span": [51, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016292-0006-0000", "contents": "16th Street Bridge (Washington, D.C.), Construction, Authorization of the first span\nOn March 30, 1899, the United States Congress authorized the extension of 16th Street NW from Morris Road NW (now Monroe Street NW) to the D.C.-Maryland line. Condemnation proceedings to obtain land began on December 2, 1900, were completed on May 27, 1901, and were approved by the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia on April 19, 1902. By November 1903, work had almost reached the stream known as Piney Branch, which runs through a valley about 60 feet (18\u00a0m) below the grade of the street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 84], "content_span": [85, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016292-0006-0001", "contents": "16th Street Bridge (Washington, D.C.), Construction, Authorization of the first span\nOn December 10, 1903, the Commissioners of the District of Columbia asked Congress for a 300-foot (91\u00a0m) bridge to carry one or two lanes of 16th Street NW over Piney Branch. The bridge, whose cost was estimated at $50,000 ($1,422,778 in 2019 dollars), would be long enough to permit a parkway to pass beneath it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 84], "content_span": [85, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016292-0007-0000", "contents": "16th Street Bridge (Washington, D.C.), Construction, Authorization of the first span\nIn March 1904, the commissioners' request finally saw action. Senator Jacob Gallinger (R-New Hampshire) offered an amendment to the Senate's 1905 District of Columbia appropriations bill which both authorized the city to construct the bridge and appropriated $50,000 ($1,422,778 in 2019 dollars) for this purpose. The House D.C. appropriations bill also contained the same language, but this provision was stricken from the bill on the floor of the house on March 18. Undeterred, the Senate Committee on the District of Columbia included the bridge authorization in the 1905 D.C. appropriations bill just five days later. The legislation, however, authorized a $50,000 concrete bridge but appropriated only $20,000 ($569,111 in 2019 dollars) for its construction. Half the money came from the federal government, and half from the city.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 84], "content_span": [85, 921]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016292-0008-0000", "contents": "16th Street Bridge (Washington, D.C.), Construction, Authorization of the first span\nA fight erupted on the floor of the Senate over the bridge provision. Both the Senate Appropriations Committee and the Senate Committee on the District of Columbia approved the bridge. But many Senators were unhappy that the federal budget was increasing rapidly. The bill was held up for 10 months, while Senators worked behind the scenes to resolve these differences. The D.C. appropriations bill did not reach the Senate floor for another 10 months. When the bill did reach the chamber floor on February 15, 1905, Senator Stephen B. Elkins (R-West Virginia) demanded that the bridge provision be removed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 84], "content_span": [85, 692]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016292-0008-0001", "contents": "16th Street Bridge (Washington, D.C.), Construction, Authorization of the first span\nSenator William B. Allison (R-Iowa) rose to support the expenditure. Their floor fight lasted three full days. Elkins claimed on February 16 that no citizens of the city wanted the bridge, and he demanded a full Senate vote on the bridge amendment. Senator Allison replied on February 17 by bringing in petitions from the Brightwood Citizens Association and the Mt. Pleasant Citizens Association asking for construction of the bridge, and pointing out that these petitions had been delivered to the Senate some months ago. Although Elkins won a vote on the amendment, the Senate overwhelmingly approved its inclusion in the final bill on February 17, ending the three-day floor fight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 84], "content_span": [85, 769]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016292-0009-0000", "contents": "16th Street Bridge (Washington, D.C.), Construction, Authorization of the first span\nA conference committee was now appointed by the House and Senate to reconcile the two different D.C appropriations bills. The House voted on February 18 to instruct its conferees to oppose the bridge amendment. The conference began meeting the week of February 20. On Sunday, February 26, the conferees agreed to include the bridge authorization and expenditure in the 1905 D.C. appropriations bill. The conference bill was introduced in the Senate on February 28, and hours later it approved the legislation. The House unanimously approved it on the afternoon of March 1. President Theodore Roosevelt signed the bill into law a few days later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 84], "content_span": [85, 729]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016292-0010-0000", "contents": "16th Street Bridge (Washington, D.C.), Construction, Constructing the first span, Designs and selection of contractor\nAt the time the bridge was approved, Piney Branch was nearly impassable. A rough pine bridge existed at the site of the new bridge to permit pedestrian traffic, while horses and wagons used a nearby ford.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 117], "content_span": [118, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016292-0011-0000", "contents": "16th Street Bridge (Washington, D.C.), Construction, Constructing the first span, Designs and selection of contractor\nWith four months to prepare architectural designs for the bridge before the federal funds became available, the city was ready to build the bridge in July 1905. Major J.J. Morrow, Assistant Engineer Commissioner for the District of Columbia, and W.J. Douglas, Engineer of Bridges for the District of Columbia, submitted sketches of the bridge to the commissioners on July 12. The bridge's final design was by Douglas and city engineer William N. Reynolds (who was also the engineer in charge of construction). H.T. Pratt was the architectural draughtsman.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 117], "content_span": [118, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016292-0011-0001", "contents": "16th Street Bridge (Washington, D.C.), Construction, Constructing the first span, Designs and selection of contractor\nStylistically, the 16th Street Bridge was to look like the Connecticut Avenue Bridge (built between 1897 and 1907). Their design for the concrete bridge showed a span 125 feet (38\u00a0m) long and a road deck 20 to 25 feet (6.1 to 7.6\u00a0m) wide, and with as much ornamentation as budget would allow. By early August, the plans for the bridge were complete. The bridge would be 272 feet (83\u00a0m) long, with a 25-foot (7.6\u00a0m) wide road deck. The 125-foot (38\u00a0m) long span would rise 60 feet (18\u00a0m) above the valley floor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 117], "content_span": [118, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016292-0011-0002", "contents": "16th Street Bridge (Washington, D.C.), Construction, Constructing the first span, Designs and selection of contractor\nThe bridge would be made of reinforced concrete and steel, with hollow spandrels between the arch and abutments. The roof and walls of the arch and the walls of the abutments ranged from 10 to 20 inches (25 to 51\u00a0cm) in thickness. Square columns, 2 feet (0.61\u00a0m) in length on each side, supported the road deck, and were linked internally by a latticework of 1 square foot (0.093\u00a0m2) horizontal concrete beams (which helped to compress the arch and keep it stable as well push outward against the walls).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 117], "content_span": [118, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016292-0012-0000", "contents": "16th Street Bridge (Washington, D.C.), Construction, Constructing the first span, Designs and selection of contractor\nAlthough the Piney Branch Bridge (as it was then known) was designed to carry two lanes of traffic and be a completed structure, the D.C. Commissioners expected to build a second span as soon as possible. This would expand the road deck to 70 feet (21\u00a0m). Subsequently, the first span was built 20 feet (6.1\u00a0m) off the centerline of 16th Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 117], "content_span": [118, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016292-0013-0000", "contents": "16th Street Bridge (Washington, D.C.), Construction, Constructing the first span, Designs and selection of contractor\nEngineers estimated the foundations for the bridge would be complete before the onset of cold weather in December. Construction bids were advertised on August 26, 1905, and six bids were received by the September 16 deadline. The Pennsylvania Bridge Company was selected to construct the bridge. Although Congress had appropriated only $20,000 for the job, the city issued a contract worth $42,731 ($1,215,934 in 2019 dollars).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 117], "content_span": [118, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016292-0014-0000", "contents": "16th Street Bridge (Washington, D.C.), Construction, Constructing the first span, 8-hour day law dispute\nIn 1892, Congress enacted an eight-hour day law which applied to contractors doing work on behalf of the federal government. As the District of Columbia was a creature of the federal government, the law also applied to city workers and contractors engaged in work for the city.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 104], "content_span": [105, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016292-0015-0000", "contents": "16th Street Bridge (Washington, D.C.), Construction, Constructing the first span, 8-hour day law dispute\nIn July 1906, a broad investigation into violation of the eight-hour day law by the Pennsylvania Bridge Company was begun by federal inspectors. The company was indicted on July 28, and plead not-guilty. On October 1, city attorneys charged the company with additional violations of the eight-hour law. Initially, John Meigs, the civil engineer in charge of the work, refused to surrender the company's accounting books to the grand jury investigating the alleged crime. The grand jurors complained to D.C. criminal court, which threatened the company with contempt of court. After a discussion between company lawyers and the city, the books were released to the grand jury. The company was again indicted, and again plead not guilty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 104], "content_span": [105, 840]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016292-0016-0000", "contents": "16th Street Bridge (Washington, D.C.), Construction, Constructing the first span, 8-hour day law dispute\nThe Pennsylvania Bridge Company admitted it had forced workers to stay on the job nine and sometimes 10 hours a day. But it offered two defenses. First, the company said that the District of Columbia had set such stringent deadlines for construction that the company had no choice but to violate the law. Second, the company said that many skilled workers would not work for less than 10 hours a day, and it had acceded to their demands. Neither argument was persuasive to the jury, and the company was found guilty. A $1,500 fine ($42,683 in 2019 dollars) was imposed on the firm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 104], "content_span": [105, 686]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016292-0017-0000", "contents": "16th Street Bridge (Washington, D.C.), Construction, Constructing the first span, Completion\nWith the bridge's foundations and abutments underway, additional federal funds were needed to complete the span and road deck. In October 1905, the D.C. Commissioners requested another $30,000 ($853,667 in 2019 dollars) from Congress. The Subcommittee of the House Appropriations Committee added the $30,000 appropriation, and legislation making the appropriation passed on April 17, 1906. By June 30, the end of the fiscal year, $15,000 ($426,833 in 2019 dollars) had been expended on the bridge's construction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 92], "content_span": [93, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016292-0018-0000", "contents": "16th Street Bridge (Washington, D.C.), Construction, Constructing the first span, Completion\nThe bridge was poured in place. By mid-November 1906, the bridge was halfway completed, and construction officials estimated it would be finished in early 1907. This estimate proved significantly over-optimistic. On December 1, company officials declared the bridge \"almost ready\", except for the approaches. Yet, a month later, the bridge was still under construction. By mid-March 1907, construction was still not finished.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 92], "content_span": [93, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016292-0019-0000", "contents": "16th Street Bridge (Washington, D.C.), Construction, Constructing the first span, Completion\nFinally, on June 9, contractors said the bridge would be completed on July 1, 1907. The approaches, however, were not complete. D.C. officials had only just received seven bids for their construction, and awarded the $28,000 contract ($768,300 in 2019 dollars) to Hoffman Construction. The total cost of the structure was estimated to be between $44,000 and $60,000 ($1,207,329 to $1,646,357 in 2019 dollars).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 92], "content_span": [93, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016292-0020-0000", "contents": "16th Street Bridge (Washington, D.C.), Construction, Constructing the first span, Completion\nWork on grading the approaches was still going on in October 1907. At that time, Hoffman Construction estimated they would be done by January 1, 1908. Grading was nearly complete by early December 1907.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 92], "content_span": [93, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016292-0021-0000", "contents": "16th Street Bridge (Washington, D.C.), Construction, Constructing the first span, Completion\nThe 16th Street Bridge was completed and ready to accept traffic on December 27, 1907. Commissioners Henry B.F. Macfarland and J.J. Morrow drove over the bridge to inaugurate it informally. The bridge was not, however, actually opened to traffic. It remained complete but closed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 92], "content_span": [93, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016292-0022-0000", "contents": "16th Street Bridge (Washington, D.C.), Construction, Construction of the second span\nBy 1908, the economizing mood of Congress had lessened. D.C. officials sought permission to complete the second span of the 16th Street Bridge, and on April 28, 1908, Senator Thomas H. Carter (R-Montana) offered an amendment to the D.C. appropriations bill to authorize construction of a second span and widen the bridge to a full 60 feet (18\u00a0m). No funds were appropriated for this purpose, however. The amendment was not accepted, and the 1909 fiscal year started without them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 84], "content_span": [85, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016292-0023-0000", "contents": "16th Street Bridge (Washington, D.C.), Construction, Construction of the second span\nin December 1908, the D.C. Commissioners again asked Congress for permission to build a second span. The roadway would not be 65 feet (20\u00a0m), and the span's cost estimated at $85,000 ($2,418,722 in today's dollars). The House Appropriations Committee approved the funding request on January 6, 1909. The Subcommittee on the District of Columbia of the Senate Appropriations Committee followed suit on February 2. A House\u2013Senate conference committee approved the funding on February 27, and President Theodore Roosevelt signed the legislation into law.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 84], "content_span": [85, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016292-0024-0000", "contents": "16th Street Bridge (Washington, D.C.), Construction, Construction of the second span\nThe D.C. Commissioners advertised for construction bids on May 8, 1909. Eight bids were received, with Cranford Paving Company receiving the contract. Design of the second span was nearly the identical to the first, and Captain Edward M. Markham (assistant to the engineer commissioner) and C.B. Hunt (D.C. Engineer of Highways) oversaw the construction. The estimated time for completion of the span was January 1, 1910.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 84], "content_span": [85, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016292-0025-0000", "contents": "16th Street Bridge (Washington, D.C.), Construction, Construction of the second span\nAs with the first span, the second span was poured in place. Although construction of the first span had occurred without any reported accidents, construction on the second span did not proceed as safely. On August 14, 1906, an African American worker had his hand crushed on the job site. Despite the accident, construction officials still estimated the time of completion at January 1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 84], "content_span": [85, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016292-0026-0000", "contents": "16th Street Bridge (Washington, D.C.), Construction, Construction of the second span\nOn September 22, 1909, the city entered into a contract with sculptor A. Phimister Proctor to sculpt four reclining tigers in bronze to adorn the ends of the bridge. It is not clear how Proctor was chosen for the job. As models, Proctor studied tigers at the Bronx Zoo, and he sculpted the statues in his New York City studio. The Gorham Company cast the statues, each of which was 10 feet (3.0\u00a0m) long and weighed 1 short ton (0.91\u00a0t).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 84], "content_span": [85, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016292-0027-0000", "contents": "16th Street Bridge (Washington, D.C.), Construction, Construction of the second span\nIn October 1909, the city advertised bids for lighting for the bridge. Four ornamental lampposts, in either bronze or cast iron, were required. Five bids were received in November, R. L. Watmaugh, a Washington architect, received the lighting contract. The lamps were incandescent lights which used a tungsten filament. An armored steel cable, run under the granite curb, provided power to the lights. Each light gave off 100 watts or 78.48 candela. The lamppost had three globes: A 24-inch (61\u00a0cm) central globe and two 17-inch (43\u00a0cm) side globes. The central globe was 20 feet (6.1\u00a0m) above the roadway, and each lamppost was 160 feet (49\u00a0m) apart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 84], "content_span": [85, 736]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016292-0028-0000", "contents": "16th Street Bridge (Washington, D.C.), Construction, Construction of the second span\nA second accident occurred during the construction of the second span on March 16, 1909. Howard Hurley, a 43-year-old African American worker, died instantly when a wooden beam fell on his skull, crushing it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 84], "content_span": [85, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016292-0029-0000", "contents": "16th Street Bridge (Washington, D.C.), Construction, Construction of the second span\nAs the bridge neared completion, D.C. architect R. L. Watmaugh won a contract to design and manufacture ornamental concrete balustrades for either side of the bridge. The two separate spans were linked as construction ended. Holes were cut in the top of the western wall of the first span. Steel beams were laid at intervals across the open space, the ends of each beam resting on the wall of the span. A concrete slab was then laid across the beams to create the roadway's sub-deck. The 16th Street Bridge opened to traffic on April 15, 1909. The total cost of both spans was estimated at $140,000 ($3,841,500 in today's dollars).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 84], "content_span": [85, 716]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016292-0030-0000", "contents": "16th Street Bridge (Washington, D.C.), Operation, Effects\nA few weeks after the bridge opened, contractors completed a $30,000 ($823,179 in today's dollars) road project that extended 16th Street several blocks north of the 16th Street Bridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 57], "content_span": [58, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016292-0031-0000", "contents": "16th Street Bridge (Washington, D.C.), Operation, Effects\nThe impact of the 16th Street Bridge was substantial. The Mt. Pleasant Heights subdivision opened shortly after construction of the first span, and building lots sold briskly. The price of land along 16th Street NW skyrocketed by 500 percent from 1904 to 1910. In December 1911, the Sixteenth Street Heights subdivision opened. Developers reported that they had seen a 200 percent increase in property values since the second span opened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 57], "content_span": [58, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016292-0032-0000", "contents": "16th Street Bridge (Washington, D.C.), Operation, Renovations\nIn 1990, the 16th Street Bridge underwent its first renovation. The extent of the work was not clear, but the $3 million ($5,870,861 in 2019 dollars) project took 15 months to complete. At least one lane of the bridge was closed during rush hour. The Proctor tigers were regilded during the renovation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 61], "content_span": [62, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016293-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Street Limited Line\nThe 16th Street Limited Line, designated Route S9, is a limited stop MetroExtra bus route operated by the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority between Silver Spring station, which is served by the Red Line of the Washington Metro, and McPherson Square station, which is served by the Orange, Blue, and Silver lines of the Washington Metro. The line operates every 5\u201312 minutes during rush hours, 12 minutes during weekday middays, Saturdays and Sundays between 7AM and 9PM and 15 minutes after 9PM. Trips are roughly 40\u201350 minutes long. This line provides additional service between Monday and Saturday along the 16th Street corridor supplementing routes S1 and S2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 700]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016293-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Street Limited Line, Background\nRoute S9 provides daily service between Silver Spring station and McPherson Square station, running primarily on the 16th Street corridor. The route provides limited stop service supplementing the commuter route S1 and the local route S2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016293-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Street Limited Line, Background\nRoutes S9 and 79 are the only MetroExtra routes to have full-time service with all other MetroExtra routes operating during the weekday or weekday peak periods.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016293-0003-0000", "contents": "16th Street Limited Line, Background\nRoute S9 currently operates out of Montgomery division. It originally operated out of Northern division until it was closed in 2019. The line mostly utilizes 2009 New Flyer DE40LFas (6424-6472) but often uses other buses from Montgomery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016293-0004-0000", "contents": "16th Street Limited Line, History\nExpress lines along the 16th Street corridor were originally operated by routes S3 and S5. These routes provided service from Silver Spring station to Franklin Square. However the line was discontinued in the 1990s in favor for routes S1, S2, and S4.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016293-0005-0000", "contents": "16th Street Limited Line, History\nIn 2008, a study was released along the 16th Street corridor in order to improve the line by both WMATA and the District Department of Transportation. The corridor averages a weekday ridership of 16,000 making it the third most heavily used line in the Metrobus system, Parts of the proposal was to create a new route S3 which would be a shorten routes S1, S2, and S4 and create a limited stop route S9. According to the study, it goes for routes S3 and S9:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016293-0006-0000", "contents": "16th Street Limited Line, History, New Route S9\nOn March 30, 2009, route S9 was introduced as a new limited-stop express route between Silver Spring station and McPherson Square station along 16th Street serving only 16 stops in both directions. The new route will supplement routes S1, S2 and S4 during the weekday peak-hours only.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016293-0007-0000", "contents": "16th Street Limited Line, History, New Route S9\nThe new route also debut new hybrid buses (2009 New Flyer DE40LFAs) branded under the express scheme which were used for the S9. These new buses were painted in the 4th Generation paint scheme with the primary color being blue instead of red.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016293-0008-0000", "contents": "16th Street Limited Line, History, New Route S9\nDue to the Red Line collision in June 2009, route S9 service was temporarily increased and operated all day during the weekdays between June 22 to June 26. Service reverted to its regular service on June 29, 2009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016293-0009-0000", "contents": "16th Street Limited Line, History, New Route S9\nOn June 17, 2012, the express branding was merged into the MetroExtra brand. All routes that originally operated under the limited-stop express branding was merged into the MetroExtra brand in order to simplify the brands. Route S9 was converted in the fall of 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016293-0010-0000", "contents": "16th Street Limited Line, History, New Route S9\nWhen the Paul S. Sarbanes Transit Center at Silver Spring station opened, route S9 was rerouted from its terminus along Wayne Avenue to the new transit center. The S9 were assigned to Bus Bay 104 on level 1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016293-0011-0000", "contents": "16th Street Limited Line, History, New Route S9\nIn 2016 during WMATA FY2018 budget, WMATA proposed to add midday and Saturday service to route S9 at a 20-minute frequency and increase the peak hour frequency from 7\u20138 minutes to 6 minutes between Silver Spring and Missouri/Colorado avenues NW and 7\u20138 minutes to 3 minutes from Missouri/Colorado avenues NW to Franklin Square. These changes were recommended by DDOT's 16th Street NW Transit Priority Planning Study from April 2016:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016293-0012-0000", "contents": "16th Street Limited Line, History, New Route S9\nOn June 25, 2017, midday and Saturday service was added to route S9 that will operate every 20 minutes. Also additional Route S9 limited-stop trips will be added to the schedule, including trips between 16th Street & Missouri Avenue NW and Franklin Square during morning rush hour and between Franklin Square and 16th Street & Colorado Avenue NW during afternoon rush hour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016293-0013-0000", "contents": "16th Street Limited Line, History, New Route S9\nIn 2019, WMATA proposed to reroute route S9 to remain straight along 16th Street instead of diverting onto Alaska and Eastern Avenues NW and add service to bus stops at 16th Street & Kalmia Road NW, 16th Street & Portal Drive NW and 16th Street & Eastern Avenue NW in order to replace route S4 which is proposed to be renamed route S9. Route S9 will also have service extended to 11:00 PM and new Sunday service add to operate every 20 minutes between 7:00 AM to 7:00 PM. This was due to the following according to WMATA:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016293-0014-0000", "contents": "16th Street Limited Line, History, New Route S9\nLater in 2019, WMATA proposed to raise the MetroExtra fare from $2.00 to $3.00 and extend the hours of route S9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016293-0015-0000", "contents": "16th Street Limited Line, History, New Route S9\nBeginning on March 16, 2020, in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, all route S9 service was reduced to operate on its Saturday schedule. However beginning on March 18, 2020, all route S9 service was suspended as WMATA shifted to operate on a modified Sunday schedule.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016293-0016-0000", "contents": "16th Street Limited Line, History, New Route S9\nOn August 23, 2020, route S9 was restored and rerouted to remain along 16th Street instead of diverting onto Alaska Avenue and Eastern Avenue in order to replace the S4. Route S9 service was also extended to 11:00 PM on Monday through Saturday and added Sunday service operating every 20 minutes between 7:00 AM to 7:00 PM. Service on Alaska Avenue and Eastern Avenue is still provided by route S2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016293-0017-0000", "contents": "16th Street Limited Line, History, New Route S9\nWhen Black Lives Matter Plaza opened, route S9 routing detoured along 15th Street NW at I Street resuming route on 16th Street NW at K Street going to Silver Spring and detoured along K Street NW at 16th Street resuming route on 11th Street NW at H Street going to Franklin Park when the S9 resumed service on August 23, 2020. The reroute became permanent on October 5, 2020, after the DC Council made Black Lives Matter Plaza permanent. All service on 16th Street between H and K streets was eliminated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016293-0018-0000", "contents": "16th Street Limited Line, History, New Route S9\nOn September 5, 2021, the line was increased to operate every 12 minutes daily.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016294-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Street Line\nThe 16th Street Line, designated Route S2, is a daily bus route operated by the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority between Silver Spring station, which is served by the Red Line of the Washington Metro, and Federal Triangle in Downtown Washington, D.C. The line operates every 10 minutes during the weekday peak hours, 15 minutes during the weekday midday and Saturday, 20 minutes on Sunday, and 30 minutes late nights. Trips are roughly 55-60 minutes long.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016294-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Street Line, Background\nRoute S2 operates daily between Federal Triangle and Silver Spring station via the 16th Street corridor providing service along 11th Street, 16th Street, I Street (to Silver Spring), K Street (to Federal Triangle), Alaska Avenue NW, Eastern Avenue NW, and Colesville Road.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016294-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Street Line, Background\nRoute S2 currently operates out of Montgomery garage with some peak hour trips operated by Bladensburg garage. The line originally operated out of Northern division but was shifted to Montgomery when Northern closed on June 23, 2019. The line often uses articulated buses due to its high passenger volume.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016294-0003-0000", "contents": "16th Street Line, History\nRoutes S2 and S4 originally operated under streetcar lines under the Washington Rapid Transit Company which operated between Federal Triangle and Silver Spring, Maryland via the 16th Street corridor. Major differences between the two routes was route S2 operated along Alaska and Eastern Avenues while route S4 remain along 16th Street. Route S4 weekend service only operated up to McPherson Square station/Franklin Square during most of its day. Route S4 was converted to a bus route in 1921 while route S2 was converted to bus in 1926.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016294-0004-0000", "contents": "16th Street Line, History\nRoutes S2 and S4 were later acquired by the Capital Transit Company and later run by buses in 1933. Later on DC Transit acquired the lines in 1956 and WMATA would later acquire the S2 and S4 in 1973.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016294-0005-0000", "contents": "16th Street Line, History\nLater on, routes S1, S3 and S5 would be introduced to operate alongside the S2 and S4 during the weekday peak hours. Route S1 would operate to Potomac Park and 14th Street while routes S3 and S5 would operate express routing for routes S2 and S4. However the S3 and S5 would be eliminated later in the 1990s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016294-0006-0000", "contents": "16th Street Line, History\nRoute S2 would later have trips beginning on 14th Street (in front of WMATA's Northern bus garage) and run  along 14th Street and Missouri Avenue to Federal Triangle. Select trips would also end at Carter Barron Park and Ride.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016294-0007-0000", "contents": "16th Street Line, History\nOn February 19, 1978, routes S2 and S4 were rerouted to Silver Spring station via Colesville Road connecting riders to the Red Line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016294-0008-0000", "contents": "16th Street Line, History, Studies\nIn 2008, a study was released along the 16th Street corridor in order to improve the line by both WMATA and the District Department of Transportation. The corridor averages a weekday ridership of 16,000 making it the third most heavily used line in the Metrobus system, Parts of the proposal was to create a new route S3 which would be a shorten routes S1, S2, and S4 and create a limited stop route S9. According to the study, it goes for routes S3 and S9:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 34], "content_span": [35, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016294-0009-0000", "contents": "16th Street Line, History, Studies, S9\nIn 2013, another study was made on the 16th Street corridor with the S3 proposal coming back. Routes S1, S2 and S4 are plagued with overcrowding with passengers only getting seats early on before hitting Downtown. Route S9 only made limited stops while the S2 and S4 were serving all local stops. The S3 would operate along 16th Street and can run to 16th and Half Street in order to reduce the crowding to the S lines while running up to 16th and Colorado. Other proposals were to add articulated buses to the S1, S2, and S4.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 38], "content_span": [39, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016294-0010-0000", "contents": "16th Street Line, History, Articulated buses\nBeginning on August 24, 2014, articulated buses will be debuted on the S2 and S4 during the weekdays in order to relieve crowding. Later in 2015, new buses were introduced in 2015 to operate along the 16th Street, 14th Street, and Georgia Avenue corridor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 44], "content_span": [45, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016294-0011-0000", "contents": "16th Street Line, History, Articulated buses\nArticulated buses operating on the line were suspended beginning in late 2018 until summer 2019 due to structural issues at Northern garage (where the S lines operate out of at the time). WMATA added extra buses to the S2 and S4 with standard 40 foot buses in order to revive the crowding along 16th Street. Northern garage was later closed in 2019 and the entire S line was shifted over to Montgomery garage with some S1, S2, and S4 trips operated by Bladensburg garage resuming articulated buses on the line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 44], "content_span": [45, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016294-0012-0000", "contents": "16th Street Line, History, Later Changes\nWhen the Paul S. Sarbanes Transit Center at Silver Spring station opened, routes S2 and S4 were rerouted from its terminus along Wayne Avenue to the new transit center. The S2 and S4 were assigned to Bus Bay 103 on level 1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 40], "content_span": [41, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016294-0013-0000", "contents": "16th Street Line, History, Later Changes\nIn 2017, WMATA proposed to eliminate all S2 trips beginning at Northern bus garage in order to simplify the line. Also, WMATA proposed to extend all route S4 service to Federal Triangle during the weekends instead of it terminating at Franklin Square. This was due to the following:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 40], "content_span": [41, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016294-0014-0000", "contents": "16th Street Line, History, Later Changes\nOn June 25, 2017, S2 trips along 14th Street were eliminated and route S4 eliminated all weekend short trips to Franklin Square. Both routes now run the full route between Silver Spring station and Federal Triangle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 40], "content_span": [41, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016294-0015-0000", "contents": "16th Street Line, History, Later Changes\nIn 2019, WMATA proposed to eliminate the S4 and replace the route with the S9 which will be rerouted along 16th Street instead of diverting onto Alaska and Eastern Avenues NW and add service to bus stops at 16th Street & Kalmia Road NW, 16th Street & Portal Drive NW and 16th Street & Eastern Avenue NW. This was due to the following according to WMATA:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 40], "content_span": [41, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016294-0016-0000", "contents": "16th Street Line, History, Later Changes\nRoute S2 will still operate along Alaska and Eastern Avenues while the S9 will remain along 16th Street instead of it diverting along the S2 route.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 40], "content_span": [41, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016294-0017-0000", "contents": "16th Street Line, History, Later Changes\nDuring the COVID-19 pandemic, Routes S2 and S4 began operating on its Saturday supplemental schedule beginning on March 16, 2020. It however began operating on its Sunday service on March 18, 2020. Weekend service on Route S2 was then suspended and the S4 was also reduced to operate every 30 minutes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 40], "content_span": [41, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016294-0018-0000", "contents": "16th Street Line, History, Later Changes\nDue to the opening of Black Lives Matter Plaza, routes S2 and S4 detoured along 15th Street NW at I Street resuming route on 16th Street NW at K Street going to Silver Spring and detoured along K Street NW at 16th Street resuming route on 11th Street NW at H Street going to Federal Triangle. The reroute became permanent on October 5, 2020 after the DC Council made Black Lives Matter Plaza permanent. All service on 16th Street between H and K Streets was eliminated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 40], "content_span": [41, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016294-0019-0000", "contents": "16th Street Line, History, Later Changes\nOn August 23, 2020, all route S4 service was eliminated and replaced by route S9 which added daily service and remained along 16th Street. Routes S2 and S9 handled most of the discontinued S4 service but route S2 service was slightly decreased to supplement route S9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 40], "content_span": [41, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016295-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Street Mall\nThe 16th Street Mall is a pedestrian and transit mall in Denver, Colorado. The mall, 1.25 miles (2 kilometers) long, runs along 16th Street in downtown Denver, from Wewatta Street (at Union Station) to the intersection of 16th Avenue and Broadway (at Civic Center Station). The intricate granite stone sidewalks and streets were designed by architect I.M Pei to resemble the scale pattern of the Western Diamondback Rattlesnake. It is home to over 300 stores, 50 restaurants, and the Denver Pavilions shopping mall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016295-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Street Mall, History\nBefore the mall was built, downtown Denver experienced rates of bus congestion, especially on 16th and 17th streets, where more than 600 bus trips per day operated in 1970s, creating both air pollution and traffic congestion. The design of the area also discouraged pedestrian activity. The solution proposed by the downtown Denver business community and the Regional Transportation District (RTD) was to build two bus transfer stations at either end of 16th Street and connect the two with a pedestrian mall that would include a free transit shuttle bus service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016295-0001-0001", "contents": "16th Street Mall, History\nThe final design was drawn up by noted architecture firm I. M. Pei & Partners, in collaboration with the urban design and landscape architecture firm, OLIN. Construction was funded by a $75 million grant from Federal Interstate Highway Transfer Funds and the Federal Urban Mass Transit Administration, with RTD providing a local match.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016295-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Street Mall, History\nThe mall opened in 1982 and stretched between Market Street (the site of the Market Street Station) and Broadway (the site of Civic Center Station). Light rail service was added on California and Stout in 1994, creating a third transit hub along the mall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016295-0003-0000", "contents": "16th Street Mall, History\nRTD purchased Union Station in 2001 and started the process of redeveloping the historic station along with 19.85 acres (8.03\u00a0ha) of land in LoDo, to create a new transit hub that would replace Market Street Station. To enable the project, the 16th Street Mall was extended from Market Street to Wynkoop Street in 2001, and to Union Station in 2002 to coincide with the completion of the new light rail spur to the station. In May 2014, RTD opened a new underground bus concourse at Union Station, and Market Street Station was closed. The land was sold to a developer for $11 million, which helped fund the redevelopment of Union Station, and the station site was transformed into a mixed-use building with residential, office, retail and restaurant space.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 783]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016295-0004-0000", "contents": "16th Street Mall, History, Street performing\nTraditionally, street performing has been very popular on the mall, with many local folk, country, and vocal musicians gaining recognition in pop culture. Other types of performers, such as dancers, actors, impressionists, and comedians have also used the popular location as a prime venue for discovery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 44], "content_span": [45, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016295-0005-0000", "contents": "16th Street Mall, MallRide\nA free shuttle bus service, operated by the Regional Transportation District (RTD), is known as the MallRide. Buses stop at every intersection along the route.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 26], "content_span": [27, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016295-0006-0000", "contents": "16th Street Mall, MallRide\nThe service was introduced when the mall opened in 1982. It originally traveled between Market Street Station and Civic Center Station (16th & Broadway), two hubs for RTD buses at either end of downtown. Light rail service was added at 16th & California and 16th & Stout stations in 1994, creating a third transit hub along the mall. In May 2014, Market Street Station was closed and replaced with the Union Station Transit Center.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 26], "content_span": [27, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016295-0007-0000", "contents": "16th Street Mall, MallRide\nToday the route continues to provide a vital connection between the A Line, B Line, C Line, E Line, W Line and the underground bus concourse at Union Station; the D Line, F Line, H Line, and L Line at 16th & California and 16th & Stout stations; and the bus concourse at Civic Center Station. RTD estimates the MallRide shuttle removes nearly a thousand daily bus trips from the streets of downtown Denver, reducing traffic congestion and improving air quality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 26], "content_span": [27, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016295-0008-0000", "contents": "16th Street Mall, MallRide\nAs part of the Union Station Transit Center opening, RTD introduced the MetroRide service with operates parallel to the MallRide on 18th and 19th Streets, but operates much faster by making far fewer stops between Union Station and Civic Center Station.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 26], "content_span": [27, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016295-0009-0000", "contents": "16th Street Mall, MallRide\nThe MallRide has always used a fleet of right-hand-drive buses that were custom-designed and purpose-built. The right-hand-drive setup gives the operators a better view of passengers entering and exiting the buses from the right-hand side and of pedestrians who often 'wander' around the open mall and get close to the buses that can travel up to 25\u00a0mph (40\u00a0km/h). The first-generation buses which were used until 1999 were diesel-powered and front-wheel drive. The second-generation \"EcoMark\" buses were introduced in 1999 and were series hybrids with batteries charged by a 70\u00a0hp (52\u00a0kW) 1.6-litre compressed natural gas Ford engine. The third-generation \"BYD K10MR\" buses were introduced in 2016 and are battery electric.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 26], "content_span": [27, 751]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016295-0010-0000", "contents": "16th Street Mall, Impact as an urban space\nThe Project for Public Spaces says of the Mall that it \"provides the entire downtown with shuttle bus circulation and high quality pedestrian access to Union Station. However, its success as a place has to do with its edge uses, over 300 shops and 50 restaurants that line the Mall with caf\u00e9s, window displays, and buskers.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016295-0011-0000", "contents": "16th Street Mall, Impact as an urban space\nIn summer 2014, and again in 2015, the Downtown Denver Partnership and Downtown Denver Business Improvement collaborated on several Meet in the Street Sunday events, rerouting the Mall Shuttle to adjacent streets and opening much of the mall to pedestrians and cyclists, and featuring various fun activities to bring people together.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016296-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Street Mission station\n16th Street Mission station is a Bay Area Rapid Transit station located under Mission Street at 16th Street in the Mission District of San Francisco, California. Service at the station began, along with other stations between Montgomery Street Station and the Daly City station, on November 5, 1973.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016296-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Street Mission station, Station design\n16th Street Mission station has two escalator and stair banks at the northeast and southwest corners of the intersection, which lead to a mezzanine under the intersection. A single row of faregates connects to a vaulted paid mezzanine centered over the platform area. The station has a single island platform serving two tracks. 24th Street Mission station has an identical design. Both stations have concrete reliefs by William Mitchell on the walls of their entrances, as well as colorful tilework on the mezzanine and platform levels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 43], "content_span": [44, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016296-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Street Mission station, Station design\nAn early-2000s renovation of the southwest plaza added several additional art pieces. These include Palaza del Colibri by Victor Mario Zaballa - colorful metal railings depicting hummingbirds - and Future Roads by Jos Sances and Daniel Galvez, a screen printed tile mural around the entrance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 43], "content_span": [44, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016297-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Street NW\n16th Street Northwest is a prominent north\u2013south thoroughfare in the northwest quadrant of Washington, D.C. Part of Pierre L'Enfant's design for the city, 16th Street begins just north of the White House across Lafayette Park at H Street and continues due north in a straight line passing K Street, Scott Circle, Meridian Hill Park, Rock Creek Park, and the Walter Reed Army Medical Center before crossing Eastern Avenue into Silver Spring, Maryland, where it ends at Georgia Avenue. From K Street to the District line, 16th Street is part of the National Highway System. The Maryland portion of the street is designated Maryland State Highway 390. The entire street is 6.4 miles (10.3\u00a0km) long.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 710]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016297-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Street NW\nThe Washington meridian, a prime meridian once in use in the United States, follows the street. Part of the street is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as Sixteenth Street Historic District. In June 2020, the section immediately north of the White House was renamed Black Lives Matter Plaza.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016297-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Street NW, Significance\nEarly in the city's history, many foreign countries opened their embassies on 16th Street because of its proximity to the White House. Many religious denominations followed with churches, earning the street the nickname \"Church Row.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 28], "content_span": [29, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016297-0002-0001", "contents": "16th Street NW, Significance\nThese include Foundry Methodist (attended by Presidents Hayes and Clinton), First Baptist (attended by Presidents Truman and Carter), the Nineteenth Street Baptist Church which was originally named the First Colored Baptist Church of Washington, D.C. (visited twice by President Barack Obama),  St. John's (\"Church of the Presidents\"), All Souls Unitarian, Universalist National Memorial Church, St. John the Baptist Russian Orthodox Cathedral, founded in 1949 and built in 1958, and Third Church of Christ, Scientist, which was designed by an associate of I.M. Pei in 1971 and demolished in 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 28], "content_span": [29, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016297-0002-0002", "contents": "16th Street NW, Significance\nShrine of the Sacred Heart is located just off of 16th Street. After most of the embassies moved to Embassy Row and other parts of the city, the churches became more prominent in 16th Street's identity. Other notable buildings include the Scottish Rite Masons' House of the Temple, Carnegie Institution for Science, Robert Simpson Woodward House, the Warder Mansion, Carter Barron Amphitheater, the Washington, D.C. Jewish Community Center, and the Toutorsky Mansion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 28], "content_span": [29, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016297-0003-0000", "contents": "16th Street NW, Significance\nThe AFL-CIO, American Trucking Association, National Education Association, American Chemical Society, National Geographic Society, and Benjamin Franklin University have prominent buildings on 16th Street. The National Rifle Association was until the late 1990s headquartered on the street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 28], "content_span": [29, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016297-0004-0000", "contents": "16th Street NW, Significance\nThe northern and central portions of 16th Street \u2014 and the Crestwood neighborhood, in particular \u2014 have for a half century been the chosen neighborhood of accomplished African Americans in Washington. Known colloquially as \"The Gold Coast\", these sections of 16th Street are lined with early 20th-century Tudor mansions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 28], "content_span": [29, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016297-0004-0001", "contents": "16th Street NW, Significance\nAs 16th Street continues north through the Shepherd Park neighborhood, the street passes Tudor-style house at 7700 16th Street NW, the scene of a notorious crime, and several houses of worship including the Ohev Sholom synagogue and historic Tiffereth Israel synagogue, across the street from one another, and the Washington Ethical Society.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 28], "content_span": [29, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016297-0005-0000", "contents": "16th Street NW, Significance\nThe street's proximity to Rock Creek Park and importance as a thoroughfare has made it a natural dividing boundary for Washington neighborhoods. Outside of the downtown area, no neighborhood in the city falls on both sides of 16th Street; the neighborhoods that surround it have 16th as either their eastern or their western boundary. For many years, the wide street was the de facto \"boundary\" between Caucasian and African-American neighborhoods of the city, especially in the tense years after the 1968 race riots.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 28], "content_span": [29, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016297-0006-0000", "contents": "16th Street NW, Significance\nA pair of similarly named streets, 16th Street Northeast and 16th Street Southeast, are three miles (5\u00a0km) away in the northeast and southeast quadrants of Washington. They are contiguous with each other and parallel to 16th Street NW. There is no 16th Street Southwest, as this space is occupied by the National Mall and the Washington Channel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 28], "content_span": [29, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016297-0007-0000", "contents": "16th Street NW, 16th Street World War I Memorial Trees\nIn 1920, more than 500 trees were planted along 16th Street between Alaska Avenue and Varnum Street to honor fallen soldiers from World War I. Today, the 16th Street World War I Memorial Trees and their corresponding markers have largely been lost to history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 54], "content_span": [55, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016297-0008-0000", "contents": "16th Street NW, Ronald Reagan Boulevard 2005 proposal\nIn July 2005, just before Congress's summer recess, Texas Republican congressman Henry Bonilla quietly introduced resolution   July 3, 2016, at the Wayback Machine to rename 16th Street NW \"Ronald Reagan Boulevard\" in honor of the former president of the United States. Mayor Anthony A. Williams objected on the grounds that the proposal changes Pierre L'Enfant's 1791 design for the city and would have cost an estimated $1 million for new signs and maps. The plan was ultimately quashed by Rep. Tom Davis, chairman of the House Government Reform Committee and a fellow Republican representing Washington's Virginia suburbs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 53], "content_span": [54, 679]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016297-0009-0000", "contents": "16th Street NW, Black Lives Matter mural and renaming\nOn June 5, 2020, during the series of George Floyd protests, riots and vandalism that were occurring in Washington D.C., the DC Public Works Department painted the words \"Black Lives Matter\" in 35-foot yellow capital letters on 16th Street NW near the White House and Lafayette Square, with the assistance of the MuralsDC program of the D.C. Department of Public Works. The D.C. flag accompanies the text. Later that day Mayor Muriel Bowser announced that part of the street outside of the White House had been ceremonially renamed to Black Lives Matter Plaza.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 53], "content_span": [54, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016297-0010-0000", "contents": "16th Street NW, Black Lives Matter mural and renaming\nOn Saturday, June 6, 2020, activists altered the mural. The stars were removed from the D.C. flag, changing it to an equals sign, and the words \"defund the police\" were added, resulting in the mural reading \"Black Lives Matter = Defund the Police\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 53], "content_span": [54, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016298-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Street World War I Memorial Trees\nThe World War I 16th Street Memorial Trees, honoring the lives of District of Columbia residents lost in World War I, is located on 16th Street NW in Washington, D.C. between Alaska Avenue and Varnum Street. It originally consisted of more than 500 trees and markers representing the D.C. men and women who died in conflict.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016298-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Street World War I Memorial Trees, Dedication\nThe 16th Street Memorial Trees were a gift to the city from the D.C. department of the American Legion. Norway Maple trees were planted approximately 40 feet apart along the 2.5-mile stretch of 16th Street NW between Alaska Avenue and Varnum Street. Each tree was accompanied by a small concrete marker with a bronze plate. The markers were approximately 6-8\" tall, with a sloping top and the name of the deceased engraved on a bronze plate. The plates bore the dead soldier's name, their branch of service and the words \"Memorial Tree, World War, 1917-18.\" The 507 markers were arranged in alphabetical order, starting with Edward D. Adams in the north and ending with Randolph T. Zane to the south. At least 6 of the markers are known to have been dedicated to women who perished in the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 50], "content_span": [51, 844]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016298-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Street World War I Memorial Trees, Dedication\nThe memorial was dedicated on Sunday, May 30, 1920 at 4:00pm. The ceremony consisted of a parade by the American Legion and other veteran organizations, with music performed by the United States Marine Band. Assistant Secretary of War Benedict Crowell and District Commissioner Louis Brownlow made brief addresses and approximately 10,000 District residents were in attendance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 50], "content_span": [51, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016298-0003-0000", "contents": "16th Street World War I Memorial Trees, Early Decades and Later Neglect\nBy 1922 the total number of trees comprising the memorial had increased to 533. In the years following the dedication and into the 1950s, the trees were decorated and the street was a gathering point for Memorial Day celebrations and remembrances. The closely planted tree canopy created an attractive passage into downtown Washington, coinciding with active development along 16th Street in the 1920s and 30s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 71], "content_span": [72, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016298-0004-0000", "contents": "16th Street World War I Memorial Trees, Early Decades and Later Neglect\nHowever, it was not long before the markers and trees began to fall victim to automobile accidents, theft, unintentional damage due to utility and landscape maintenance, and general indifference. The American Legion set up slot machines in federal buildings to fund maintenance of the memorials, but a legal ruling in the 1950s banned such machines. The Legion's budget priorities fell elsewhere in subsequent decades, on projects such as the Vietnam Veterans Memorial and the World War II Memorial, and little attention was paid to the World War I memorial trees and markers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 71], "content_span": [72, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016298-0005-0000", "contents": "16th Street World War I Memorial Trees, Early Decades and Later Neglect\nAs of 1982, only about three dozen trees remained, many of them not originals but saplings planted as replacements for lost trees. While several dozen concrete columns were still present, only one bronze marker could be located.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 71], "content_span": [72, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016298-0006-0000", "contents": "16th Street World War I Memorial Trees, Early Decades and Later Neglect\nBy 2000, the remaining concrete markers were largely flush with the earth and obscured by grass, and very few bronze markers remained.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 71], "content_span": [72, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016298-0007-0000", "contents": "16th Street World War I Memorial Trees, Present Day\nAs of 2010 only two bronze markers remained, those of Leo Joseph and Private John Kendall. A ceremonial resolution was introduced by Phil Mendelson and passed by the Council of the District of Columbia on May 4, 2010, recognizing the 90th Anniversary of the memorial's dedication and calling upon stakeholders to rededicate the memorial on its centennial, May 31, 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 51], "content_span": [52, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016299-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Street station (BMT Fifth Avenue Line)\n16th Street was a station on the demolished section of the BMT Fifth Avenue Line in Brooklyn, New York City. It was served by trains of the BMT Culver Line and BMT Fifth Avenue Line and had 2 tracks and 1 island platform. The station was built on August 15, 1889, at the intersection of Fifth Avenue and 16th Street, and had a connection to the 15th Street Line trolleys. The next stop to the north was Ninth Street. The next stop to the south was 20th Street. It closed on May 31, 1940.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016300-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Street station (Oakland)\n16th Street station (Oakland Central) is an abandoned Southern Pacific Railroad station in the Prescott neighborhood of Oakland, California, United States. The Beaux-Arts building was designed by architect Jarvis Hunt, a preeminent railroad station architect, and opened in 1912. The station has not been served by trains since 1994.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016300-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Street station (Oakland), History, Southern Pacific\nThe original 16th Street depot was a smaller wood structure, built when the tracks were on the shoreline of San Francisco Bay. Later the shoreline was filled and now lies nearly a mile west. It was replaced in 1912 by a Beaux-Arts building designed by architect Jarvis Hunt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 56], "content_span": [57, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016300-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Street station (Oakland), History, Southern Pacific\nFor decades the 16th Street station was the main Oakland station for Southern Pacific (SP) through trains, almost entirely replacing the 7th Street station. It was a companion (or \"city station\") for Oakland Pier, two miles away, where passengers could board ferries to San Francisco. (After 1958, the ferries were replaced by buses from 16th Street station to the SP's Third and Townsend Depot). The elevated platforms were used for the SP-owned East Bay Electric Lines commuter service (renamed Interurban Electric Railway or IER in 1938).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 56], "content_span": [57, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016300-0003-0000", "contents": "16th Street station (Oakland), History, Southern Pacific\nIER trains from Berkeley no longer stopped at 16th Street when railroad service over the Bay Bridge opened in January 15, 1939, as the junction from those lines to the bridge was north of the station. When the IER folded in July 1941, portions of some lines were sold to the competing Key System for use by their transbay trains; however, the Key System only served the station with a surface streetcar line on 16th Street, and did not use the elevated platforms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 56], "content_span": [57, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016300-0004-0000", "contents": "16th Street station (Oakland), History, Southern Pacific\nMajor long distance trains from the station included the Oakland Lark (night train to Los Angeles) and the City of San Francisco (to Chicago).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 56], "content_span": [57, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016300-0005-0000", "contents": "16th Street station (Oakland), History, Amtrak and replacement\nThe station also served as the main rail link for points north and east of the Bay Area. San Francisco-area passengers boarded ferries to Oakland Pier, and after 1958 boarded buses to 16th Street. Amtrak took over intercity passenger rail services in 1971, and decided to consolidate most Bay Area service in Oakland, leaving San Francisco as one of the largest cities without direct intercity rail service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 62], "content_span": [63, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016300-0006-0000", "contents": "16th Street station (Oakland), History, Amtrak and replacement\nThe station was severely damaged in the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake, but continued serving trains at an adjacent building. Capitols and San Joaquins trains were shifted to the new Emeryville station on August 13, 1993, but long-distance trains continued to use Oakland Central while track work was completed at Emeryville. The Coast Starlight and California Zephyr began stopping at Emeryville on August 5, 1994; they last stopped at Oakland 16th St. on August 21. This left Emeryville as the only Oakland-area stop for Amtrak until the new Oakland \u2013 Jack London Square station opened on May 22, 1995.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 62], "content_span": [63, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016300-0007-0000", "contents": "16th Street station (Oakland), History, Amtrak and replacement\nEmeryville largely replaced 16th Street station as the connection point for Amtrak Thruway Motorcoach across the bay in San Francisco (for passengers heading northbound towards Seattle or eastbound towards Chicago, or passengers arriving from the north and east), as Emeryville is closer to the San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge than Oakland-Jack London Square. However, Jack London Square serves as the San Francisco connection for the Coast Starlight,(for southbound passengers from San Francisco and northbound passengers heading to San Francisco).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 62], "content_span": [63, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016300-0008-0000", "contents": "16th Street station (Oakland), History, Amtrak and replacement\nIn the mid 1990s, the adjacent railroad tracks were moved west during the construction of Interstate 880 (to replace the earthquake-destroyed Cypress Street Viaduct), which isolated the station from the tracks. The station buildings are largely intact, including the interlocking tower and ironwork elevated platforms. The station was purchased in 2005 by BUILD, an affiliate of BRIDGE Housing, and is being restored as part of a local redevelopment project. In 2015, the station was used to stage a local opera company's production of Lulu. As of 2021, the station is being used as a rented space for private events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 62], "content_span": [63, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016300-0009-0000", "contents": "16th Street station (Oakland), In media\nThe station was used in films including Chu Chu and the Philly Flash, Funny Lady (as Cleveland station), RENT, and Hemingway & Gellhorn (as a stand-in for the Hotel Florida). Mumford & Sons filmed their music video for \"Babel\" in the station.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 39], "content_span": [40, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016301-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Street station (Sacramento)\n16th Street is a side platformed Sacramento RT Light Rail station in Downtown Sacramento, California, United States. The station was opened on September 5, 1987, and is operated by the Sacramento Regional Transit District. Located at 16th Street between Q and R Streets (in an alley), it is served by the Gold and Blue Lines, and is the easternmost station where transfers can be made between both rail lines. With a daily average of 7,100 riders, the 16th Street station is the busiest in the RT light rail system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016302-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Street\u2013Woodside station\n16th Street\u2013Woodside is a light rail station that is currently under construction in the Woodside neighborhood of Silver Spring, Maryland. It will be part of the Purple Line in Maryland. The station will be located at 16th Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016302-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Street\u2013Woodside station, History\nThe 16th Street\u2013Woodside station is expected to open to the public by 2027, or sooner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016303-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement\nThe 16th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement was held from 26 to 31 August 2012 in Tehran, Iran. The summit was attended by leaders of 120 countries, including 24 presidents, 3 kings, 8 prime ministers and 50 foreign ministers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016303-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement\nThe summit's framework was the \"Final Document\" adopted during the Ministerial Meeting of the Non-Aligned Movement Coordinating Bureau which was held in Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt, from 7 to 10 May. The Foreign Ministry also said that the agenda would primarily consist of issues pertaining to nuclear disarmament, human rights and regional issues. Iran also intended to draw up a new peace resolution aiming to resolve the Syrian civil war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016303-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement\nThe summit consisted of two preceding events: a \"Senior Officials Meeting\" on 26 and 27 August 2012, and a \"Ministerial Meeting\" on 28 and 29 August 2012. The leaders summit took place on 30 and 31 August. Egyptian President Mohammad Morsi officially handed the presidency of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) to Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, during the inaugural ceremony of Leaders' Meeting. Iran will hold the NAM presidency for four years until the 17th summit in Venezuela in 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016303-0003-0000", "contents": "16th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement, Overview\nAs of August 2012, the organisation consists of 120 member states, including the non-UN member state of Palestine, and 21 other observer countries. The countries of the Non-Aligned Movement represent nearly two-thirds of the United Nations' members and contain 55% of the world's population.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 49], "content_span": [50, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016303-0004-0000", "contents": "16th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement, Overview\nSince the Non-Aligned Movement was formed in an attempt not to take sides during the Cold War, it has sought to seek a new direction since the fall of the Soviet Union. After the breakup of Yugoslavia, a founding member, its membership was suspended in 1992 at the regular ministerial meeting held in New York during the regular annual session of the United Nations General Assembly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 49], "content_span": [50, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016303-0005-0000", "contents": "16th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement, Organization\nThe summit was scheduled to be held at Kish Island but it was transferred to Tehran in 2010. According to Vice President Ali Saeedlou, who is the head of the organising committee, up to 7,000 participants \u2013 including delegations and the media \u2013 are expected to attend the summit. To prepare for the meeting and reduce traffic and air pollution, a five-day public holiday in Tehran has been called for the duration of the summit. Parts of Tehran have been beautified with lamp posts and freshly painted road markings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 53], "content_span": [54, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016303-0005-0001", "contents": "16th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement, Organization\nRoads around the summit venue will be closed to all but official vehicles. Iran's deputy police chief Ahmad Reza Radan stated \"The police are on full alert during the Non-Aligned Movement summit.\" In addition, to raise security of the event, visa-free entry to Iran normally offered to nationals from several countries has been temporarily suspended.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 53], "content_span": [54, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016303-0006-0000", "contents": "16th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement, Organization\nThe \"Senior Officials Meeting\" and \"Ministerial Meeting\" convened at the \"IRIB International Conference Center\" (IICC). The summit was held at \"Tehran's Summit Conference Hall\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 53], "content_span": [54, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016303-0007-0000", "contents": "16th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement, Participants\nA spokesman of the Iranian Ministry of Foreign Affairs stated that 24 presidents, 3 kings, 8 vice presidents, 8 prime ministers, 50 foreign ministers attended at the summit. By the first day of the summit, 110 delegations arrived Tehran.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 53], "content_span": [54, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016303-0008-0000", "contents": "16th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement, Participants\nAli Akbar Salehi, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Iran, announced that the UN Secretary-General, Ban Ki-moon, would attend the conference. He also invited leaders of Russia, Turkey and Brazil to the summit. Mohamed Morsi, ex-president of NAM and the Egyptian President, also announced that he would participate in the summit. He was the first leader of his country to visit Iran since the Islamic revolution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 53], "content_span": [54, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016303-0009-0000", "contents": "16th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement, Participants\nIran reportedly cancelled an invitation to Saudi Arabia to attend the summit. However, it was later announced that Abdulaziz bin Abdullah, Saudi Deputy Foreign Minister, would participate in the summit upon the invitation of Saudi Arabia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 53], "content_span": [54, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016303-0010-0000", "contents": "16th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement, Pre-summit responses\nFormer Malaysian Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad commented on the significance of the summit in Iran: \"Certain NAM states too have upheld sanctions against Iran which is a totally unwise move because the sanctions are not on part of the UN, rather unilaterally levelled by the US The U.S. can issue any sort of sanctions it wants against Iran but there is no reason other countries to follow suit.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016303-0011-0000", "contents": "16th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement, Pre-summit responses\nAn Iranian government official also commented on the summit, reportedly saying that \"the NAM summit is the best opportunity to confront the sanctions.\" He added that \"in meetings with the officials of [fellow] member states, we should brief them on the illegality of these sanctions and talk to them to make these sanctions ineffective.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016303-0012-0000", "contents": "16th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement, Agenda\nThe base of the summit's negotiations' framework is the \"Final Document\" adopted during the Ministerial Meeting of the Non-Aligned Movement Coordinating Bureau which was held in Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt, from 7 to 10 May 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016303-0013-0000", "contents": "16th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement, Agenda\nThe Foreign Ministry also said that the agenda would primarily consist of issues pertaining to nuclear disarmament, human rights and regional issues. Iran also intended to draw up a new peace resolution aiming to resolve the Syrian civil war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016303-0014-0000", "contents": "16th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement, Agenda\nForeign Minister Ali Akbar Salehi opened the first meeting and spoke of NAM's original goal: \"We believe that the timetable for ultimate removal of nuclear weapons by 2025, which was proposed by NAM, will only be realised if we follow it up decisively.\" At the opening of the ministerial meeting Khamenei said: \"The UN Security Council has an irrational, unjust and utterly undemocratic structure, and this is an overt dictatorship. The control room of the world (the Security Council) is under the control of the dictatorship of some Western countries.\" Al Jazeera interpreted Moon's reaction as \"nonplussed.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016303-0015-0000", "contents": "16th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement, Agenda, Senior Officials Meeting\nThe Senior Officials Meeting was held on 26 and 27 August 2012. The officials reviewed the Sharm el-Sheikh's document and issued a draft document which should be endorsed by the ministerial meetings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 73], "content_span": [74, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016303-0015-0001", "contents": "16th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement, Agenda, Senior Officials Meeting\nIran's deputy foreign minister, Mohammad Mehdi Akhondzadeh, who is also secretary general of the senior officials meeting, read parts of the draft document at the press conference and mentioned some of the main points including rejection of all forms of terrorism, as well as all form of occupation including occupation of the Palestinian territories by Israel, requesting weapons of mass destruction and nuclear weapon disarmament, condemning unilateral sanctions and replacing unipolar management of international politics with collective management. According to Akhundzadeh, the draft urges for a Middle East free from nuclear weapons and emphasizes \"inalienable\" right of all NAM member states for the peaceful use of nuclear energy, envisaged by the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 73], "content_span": [74, 869]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016303-0016-0000", "contents": "16th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement, Agenda, Ministerial Meeting\nThe Ministerial Meeting with presence of foreign ministers of NAM countries was held on 28 and 29 August 2012. Egypt's Deputy Foreign Minister, Ramzy Ezzeldin Ramzy, handed the presidency of the ministerial meeting for three years at the opening ceremony of the meeting. After opening remark of Ali Akbar Salehi and listening to the report of Senior Officials Meeting which was delivered by Mohammad Mehdi Akhondzadeh, the ministers starts to review the document.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 68], "content_span": [69, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016303-0016-0001", "contents": "16th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement, Agenda, Ministerial Meeting\nAfter preparation of the final document for the leaders' summit, Ali Akbar Salehi participated in a press conference and emphasized on the four main topics that were discussed at the meeting including establishment a task force in New York to pursue Palestine's membership in the United Nations and act against Israel's \"illegal\" measures against Palestinians, finding solution for Syrian crisis with United Nations cooperation, acting against monopolizing of the financial mechanisms in the world by using US dollar and finally establishment of a work group in New York to study the mechanisms of plural management of the world.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 68], "content_span": [69, 698]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016303-0017-0000", "contents": "16th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement, Agenda, Leaders' Summit\nOn 30 August, the summit was inaugurated by Iran's Supreme Leader, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei. Then the Egyptian President, Mohammad Morsi, as the chair of the 15th summit declared opening of the 16th summit and presented the report of NAM's chairmanship during the past three years. Morsi officially handed the presidency of the Non-Aligned Movement to the Iranian President, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 64], "content_span": [65, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016303-0017-0001", "contents": "16th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement, Agenda, Leaders' Summit\nAfter Morsi, President of the Sixty-sixth session of the United Nations General Assembly Nassir Abdulaziz Al-Nasser, Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon, Chair of the Group of 77 Mourad Benmehidi, host President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh delivered their opening speeches. Khamenei later commented that \"the Non-Aligned Movement definitely has more political right than the US, NATO or some European countries to intervene in the Syrian issue,\" but \"did not elaborate on what kind of role the group should have\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 64], "content_span": [65, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016303-0018-0000", "contents": "16th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement, Agenda, Leaders' Summit\nInaugurating the summit, Iranian Supreme Leader Khamenei condemned the use of nuclear and chemical weapons as an \"unforgivable sin\", and called for \"Middle East Free from Nuclear Weapons\". Khamenei argued that it was ironic for the US to oppose nuclear proliferation while, according to Khamenei, it possessed the largest stockpile of nuclear weapons and had used them in the past. He also accused the US and its Western allies of providing \"the usurper Zionist regime\" with nuclear weapons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 64], "content_span": [65, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016303-0018-0001", "contents": "16th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement, Agenda, Leaders' Summit\nA day after U.N. Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon asked Khamenei to lower his rhetoric on Israel, Khamanei accused \"the Zionist regime\" of \"waging disastrous wars\" and \"organizing state terror\" throughout the world, and said the media that it and the West own repeat the \"lie\" that the Palestinians are \"terrorists.\" He criticized the UN Security Council as \"unjust\" and \"undemocratic\" and accused the US of abusing it. Other Iranian officials stated that the Security Council had more power than the General Assembly and criticized the veto rights of its permanent members.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 64], "content_span": [65, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016303-0018-0002", "contents": "16th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement, Agenda, Leaders' Summit\nKhamenei accused the United States of protecting the interests of the Western countries in the name of \"human rights\", interfering militarily in other countries in the name of \"democracy\", and targeting civilians in the name of \"combating terrorism.\" Khamenei also proposed improving the \"political productivity\" of the Non-Aligned Movement in global governance and called for a \"historic document\", an active secretariat, and administrative tools to achieve this. He also called for economic cooperation and for cultural relationships between NAM members.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 64], "content_span": [65, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016303-0019-0000", "contents": "16th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement, Agenda, Leaders' Summit\nFollowing Khamenei's remarks, the United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon, who was described as visibly irritated, denounced Iran's position towards Israel in his opening speech. \"I strongly reject threats by any member state to destroy another or outrageous attempts to deny historical facts, such as the Holocaust,\" he said. \"Claiming that another UN Member State, Israel, does not have the right to exist, or describing it in racist terms, is not only utterly wrong but undermines the very principles we have all pledged to uphold.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 64], "content_span": [65, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016303-0019-0001", "contents": "16th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement, Agenda, Leaders' Summit\nWhile describing Iran's cooperation with the International Atomic Energy Agency as \"constructive and useful,\" Ban Ki-moon demanded that Iran boost global confidence in its nuclear program by \"fully complying with the relevant (UN) Security Council resolutions and thoroughly cooperating with the IAEA.\" Ahmadinejad also declares a one minute of silence in honor of the late Iranian president and prime minister, Mohammad-Ali Rajai and Mohammad-Javad Bahonar that were assassinated in same day in 1981.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 64], "content_span": [65, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016303-0020-0000", "contents": "16th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement, Agenda, Leaders' Summit\nEgyptian President Mohamed Morsi denounced the Syrian government, an ally of Iran, calling it \"oppressive\" and said that it was an \"ethical duty\" to support the Syrian revolt against the Bashar al-Assad government. Walid al-Moallem, Syrian foreign minister, walked out in protest, although Mahmoud Ahmadinejad remained seated beside Morsi. Morsi called for a peaceful transition to freedom and democracy in Syria. Like Iran, Morsi also called for reform in the structure of the UN Security Council. Morsi echoed Iranian calls for a nuclear-free Middle East, and criticized Israel for refusing to join the Non-Proliferation Treaty. Morsi and Iran also both supported the Palestinian bid for a seat at the UN. At the summit Egypt's Mohammed Morsi also handed over the leadership of the body to Iran for the next three years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 64], "content_span": [65, 887]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016303-0021-0000", "contents": "16th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement, Agenda, Leaders' Summit\nIndian Prime Minister, Manmohan Singh, called for a peaceful resolution of the crisis in Syria and pledged support for the Palestinian movement. He also called for reform in the UN Security Council, the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. The summit also drew up a draft resolution on ending the Syrian conflict.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 64], "content_span": [65, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016303-0022-0000", "contents": "16th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement, Agenda, Leaders' Summit\nThe summit's final declaration ratified on 31 August by the 120 members of NAM, emphasizes on the right of all countries to develop and use of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes and notably singles out Iran. In addition, it condemns unilateral sanctions, supports creation of a Palestinian state, advocates nuclear disarmament, human rights free from political agendas and opposition to racism and \"Islamophobia\". But due to lack of consensus among member states it did not mention to Syria's civil war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 64], "content_span": [65, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016303-0023-0000", "contents": "16th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement, Agenda, Leaders' Summit\nAt the end of the summit, Venezuela was declared as the host of the 17th summit with the consensus of the member states.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 64], "content_span": [65, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016303-0024-0000", "contents": "16th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement, Agenda, Bilateral meetings\nPakistani President Asif Ali Zardari and Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh are likely to meet on the margins of the summit to discuss recent developments in India\u2013Pakistan relations and in the region. UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon intends to talk with the Iranian leaders about issues such as Iran's nuclear programme, terrorism, human rights and the crisis in Syria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 67], "content_span": [68, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016303-0025-0000", "contents": "16th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement, Agenda, Bilateral meetings\nIndia, Iran and Afghanistan agreed to set up a joint working group to discuss the development of the strategically important Chahbahar port in Iran.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 67], "content_span": [68, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016303-0026-0000", "contents": "16th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement, Agenda, Bilateral meetings\nAt two separate meetings with Iran's Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei and President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, spokesman Martin Nesirky said that United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon called for a stop to their threats against Israel, and said that \"their verbal attacks on Israel were offensive, inflammatory, and unacceptable.\" Ban also said that Iran needed to take \"concrete steps to address the concerns of the International Atomic Energy Agency and prove to the world its nuclear program is for peaceful purposes.\" He further urged Iran to use its influence to help end the Syrian Civil War. Human rights were also discussed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 67], "content_span": [68, 695]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016303-0027-0000", "contents": "16th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement, Agenda, Bilateral meetings\nIn addition, United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon criticised Iran for alleged \"serious concerns on the human rights abuses and violation[s]\" and urged Iran to cooperate with the United Nations to improve its human rights record. Iranian Parliament Speaker Ali Larijani, who sat next to Ban, was reported by Ynet as having frowned at the remarks. He also met Syria's PM Wael al-Halaqi and Foreign Minister Walid Muallem and later told a news conference about the meeting that in regards to the violence \"the primary responsibility resting on the government to halt its use of heavy weapons. [", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 67], "content_span": [68, 667]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016303-0027-0001", "contents": "16th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement, Agenda, Bilateral meetings\nHe] demands for all sides to cease all forms of violence. What is important at this time is that all the parties must stop the violence. All those actors who may be providing arms to both sides...must stop.\" He further mentioned that he had called on Iran to support his call \"and I have a strong assurance from Iran that it will do so.\" He also met the new UN-Arab League envoy Lakhdar Brahimi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 67], "content_span": [68, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016303-0028-0000", "contents": "16th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement, Reactions and assessments\nAgence France-Presse claimed that Ban Ki-moon's attacks on Iran and Morsi's support for the Syrian opposition upset Iran's goal of showing the summit as a diplomatic victory for Iran against Western attempts to isolate Iran. A Xinhua commentary qualified the summit as an \"important\" diplomatic \"accomplishment from Iran\", having hosted \"leaders and delegates of over 100 countries\". The Anti- Defamation League slammed what they called the hate speech of Ayatollah Khamanei's opening remarks, in which he rejected Israel's legitimacy, accused \"ferocious Zionist wolves\" of committing daily acts of murder around the world, and perpetuated an old anti-Semitic myth of a \"Zionist-controlled\" media.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 764]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016303-0029-0000", "contents": "16th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement, Other events\nIn an effort for Iran to prove that its nuclear programme is peaceful, the Foreign Ministry of Iran declared that Iran would arrange for officials from the Non-Aligned Movement to visit its nuclear facilities. In addition, the mangled remains of three cars in which Iranian nuclear scientists were assassinated stands outside of the event venue, as part of an Iranian campaign to demonstrate that Iran has been a victim of terrorism, which Iran has accused the West as being responsible for.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 53], "content_span": [54, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016303-0030-0000", "contents": "16th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement, Other events\nThe Cultural Heritage, Handcrafts and Tourism Organization announced an opportunity for visiting delegations to make a visit to the exhibition of Persian handicrafts held at Tehran's Milad Tower. Visiting nationals from the NAM countries could avail of a tour of Tehran's historic museums, palaces and ancient sites in order to get acquainted with Persian culture and civilisation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 53], "content_span": [54, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016303-0031-0000", "contents": "16th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement, Controversies, Attendance of Ban Ki-moon\nWhile it is usual for the UN Secretary-General to attend NAM Summits, the presence of Ban Ki-moon was opposed by the United States and Israel. Haaretz reported that Prime Minister of Israel Benjamin Netanyahu had personally appealed to the secretary-general not to attend this summit and described Iran as \"a regime that represents the greatest danger to world peace\". In addition, according to Maariv, the Israeli Foreign Ministry ordered Israel's embassies to encourage their host countries not to attend or to send only lower-level representatives to the summit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 81], "content_span": [82, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016303-0032-0000", "contents": "16th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement, Controversies, Attendance of Ban Ki-moon\nThe government of the United States also publicly expressed displeasure over world leaders attending the summit. U.S. State Department spokesperson Victoria Nuland said: \"We think that this is a strange place and an inappropriate place for this meeting. We have made that point to participating countries. We've also made that point to [the UN] Secretary General Ban Ki-moon. If he does choose to go, we hope he will make the strongest points of concern.\" Haaretz reported that both the United States and Israel believed that such a visit would break their efforts to isolate Iran from the international community by giving the country a \"renewed international legitimacy.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 81], "content_span": [82, 755]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016303-0033-0000", "contents": "16th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement, Controversies, Attendance of Ban Ki-moon\nAlthough the US and Israel had urged Ban to boycott the summit, UN spokesman Martin Nesirky confirmed that Ban would attend the summit. He hoped to meet with Supreme Leader of Iran Ali Khamenei and President Mahmoud Ahmadenijad at the sidelines of the summit to have \"meaningful and fruitful discussions\" and to \"convey the international community's expectations that Iran make urgent progress on issues including the country's controversial nuclear program, terrorism, human rights and the crisis in Syria.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 81], "content_span": [82, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016303-0034-0000", "contents": "16th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement, Controversies, Attendance of Ban Ki-moon\nStill, Ban Ki-moon signalled that he would not refrain from criticizing Iran at the summit. At the summit, harsh criticism of Iran's human rights record was levelled by Ban, which caught Iranian officials off guard. Ban criticised Iran in calling the country to \"\u2026demonstrate that it can play a moderate and constructive role internationally, [which] includes responsible action on the nuclear program\" and \"for the sake of peace and security in this region and globally, [urged] Iran to take the necessary measures to build international confidence in the exclusively peaceful nature of its nuclear programme.\" Iranian opposition groups urged Ban Ki-moon to use his attendance at the summit as a way to criticize the Iranian government over its crackdowns on political dissent, such as the house arrest of opposition leaders Mir Hossein Mousavi and Mahdi Karroubi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 81], "content_span": [82, 947]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016303-0035-0000", "contents": "16th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement, Controversies, Fatah\u2013Hamas rivalry\nIn late August, President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad invited Hamas Prime Minister Ismail Haniyeh to the summit, despite Fatah leader Mahmoud Abbas' attendance being contingent on Abbas serving as the sole representative of the Palestinians at the summit, Haniyeh's office said that he would attend the summit, sparking a counter-protest. Fatah's Prime Minister Salam Fayyad condemned the invitation, accused Iran of being \"against Palestinian national unity\" and said that only his party's representatives were the \"sole and legitimate representative\" of the Palestinians.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 75], "content_span": [76, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016303-0035-0001", "contents": "16th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement, Controversies, Fatah\u2013Hamas rivalry\nTheir Foreign Affairs Minister Riyad al-Maliki said that if Haniyeh attends the conference Abbas would not attend and reiterated the stance that it was the only \"legitimate Palestinian representative.\" The Palestine Liberation Organization also condemned the invitation, saying that \"Iran joined the Israeli choir which aims to undermine the Palestinian political system and its elected legitimacies.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 75], "content_span": [76, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016303-0036-0000", "contents": "16th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement, Controversies, Fatah\u2013Hamas rivalry\nHowever, on 26 August, news agencies Mehr and ISNA said that it had not invited Haniyeh. Mohammad Reza Forqani, the spokesman for the summit, said: \"Only [Palestinian President] Mahmoud Abbas has been invited to the NAM summit.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 75], "content_span": [76, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016303-0037-0000", "contents": "16th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement, Controversies, Fatah\u2013Hamas rivalry\nOn the other hand, on 26 August, a source close to Hamas declared \"After intense consultations in the last few hours, a decision was taken not to attend the NAM summit that will take place in Tehran at the end of this month.\" Taher al-Nono, a Hamas spokesman, appropriating Ahmadinejad told this invitation shows Iran's support of Palestine but Haniyeh excused and refrain for attendance in the summit to not intensify disagreements and divides of Palestinians, Arabs and Muslims.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 75], "content_span": [76, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016303-0038-0000", "contents": "16th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement, Controversies, Error in translations\nIranian state media has been heavily criticized for distorting part of Egyptian President Morsi's speech at the summit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 77], "content_span": [78, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016303-0039-0000", "contents": "16th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement, Controversies, Error in translations\nOn 30 August 2012, during the summit, some Iranian media outlets reported that official Iranian stations were deceiving Iranians by tampering with the Persian translation of Egyptian President Morsi's speech, in order to fit the Iranian government's rhetoric \u2013 namely, opposing criticism of the Assad government in Syria, an ally of Iran. Iranian official state television refused to translate part of Morsi's speech which criticized Syria. One outlet reported that the Iranian interpreter translated part of Morsi's speech which criticized Assad as in fact supporting Assad, saying that \"we must support the ruling regime in Syria.\" In another case, when Morsi denounced the Syrian government as \"tyrannical\", the Iranian translator quoted Morsi as saying that \"there's a crisis in Syria and all of us must support the Syrian ruling system.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 77], "content_span": [78, 920]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016303-0040-0000", "contents": "16th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement, Controversies, Error in translations\nJahan News and Asiran, as well as other Iranian outlets, published the tampered speech, and deliberately highlighted parts of Morsi's speech without referring to Morsi's stance on Syria. In other cases, the Iranian translator exchanged the word Syria with Bahrain when discussing countries that have been affected by the Arab Spring, as well as \"Islamic Awakening\" instead of \"Arab Spring.\" Iranian media activist Ameed Maqdam Maqdam reported that this could not have happened unless the translator received orders from Iranian higher authorities, aiming to deceive Iranian public opinion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 77], "content_span": [78, 667]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016303-0041-0000", "contents": "16th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement, Controversies, Error in translations\nIn addition, Iranian media confirmed changes to speeches delivered by United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon and United Nations General Assembly President Nassir Abdulaziz Al-Nasser and apologies to the people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 77], "content_span": [78, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016303-0042-0000", "contents": "16th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement, Controversies, Error in translations\nAs a result, Bahrain criticized the Iranian media for distorting Morsi's speech, and for replacing \"Syria\" with \"Bahrain.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 77], "content_span": [78, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016304-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Sustainment Brigade\nThe 16th Sustainment Brigade is a sustainment brigade of the United States Army based at Smith Barracks in Baumholder, Germany. It is a subordinate unit of the 21st Theater Sustainment Command of the Seventh Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016304-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Sustainment Brigade\nActivated in the summer of 2007, the brigade traces its lineage to the 7th and 16th Corps Support Groups which combined to form it. As the only sustainment brigade active in US Army Europe, the brigade provides sustainment for all of the forces of US Army's commands for Europe and Africa. It saw two deployments to Iraq in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom as the 16th Corps Support Group. It deployed to Iraq for its first tour as a Sustainment brigade from July 2008 to October 2009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016304-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Sustainment Brigade, Organization\nThe 16th Sustainment Brigade is directly subordinate to the 21st Theater Sustainment Command, which in turn is subordinate to the Seventh Army, United States Army Europe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 38], "content_span": [39, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016304-0003-0000", "contents": "16th Sustainment Brigade, Organization\nThe Brigade Headquarters is located at US Army Garrison, Baumholder and has three subordinate battalions currently supporting sustainment operations:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 38], "content_span": [39, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016304-0004-0000", "contents": "16th Sustainment Brigade, History, Origin\nThe unit was first constituted on 29 October 1965 in the Regular Army as the 16th General Support Group. It was then activated on 10 December 1965 in the Dominican Republic. The group returned to the continental United States and was subsequently inactivated on 19 September 1968 at Fort Benning, Georgia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 41], "content_span": [42, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016304-0005-0000", "contents": "16th Sustainment Brigade, History, Origin\nThe group was redesignated on 16 September 1987 as the 16th Support Group and activated in Germany. Through the 1990s, the 16th CSG also participated in operations in Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Kosovo. It received its distinctive unit insignia on 14 April 1988.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 41], "content_span": [42, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016304-0006-0000", "contents": "16th Sustainment Brigade, History, Origin\nOn 1 May 2002, the group was re-aligned to include the 181st Transportation Battalion located at Turley Barracks in Manheim, Germany, and the 485th Corps Support Battalion, located on Hutier Kaserne, to increase their combat service support capabilities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 41], "content_span": [42, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016304-0007-0000", "contents": "16th Sustainment Brigade, History, Origin\nIn March 2003, the 16th Corps Support Group and its battalions deployed to Iraq in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom. The group provided logistical support to include direct support maintenance, transportation and supply support to all units in the operation. During this deployment the unit and controlled 3,000 logistical soldiers provided a support role for Combined Joint Task Force 7 (CJTF-7) for combat and stability operations, including the invasion, for Operation Iraqi Freedom. During this deployment they primarily operated out of Camp Dogwood.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 41], "content_span": [42, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016304-0008-0000", "contents": "16th Sustainment Brigade, History, Origin\nThe group saw a second deployment to Iraq in October 2005 while primarily operating out of Tallil Air Base and Camp Adder near An Nasiriyah Iraq. The 16th CSG also had support personnel located in Kuwait, Mosul, Baghdad and LSA Anaconda, LSA Taji, and other major bases around Iraq.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 41], "content_span": [42, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016304-0008-0001", "contents": "16th Sustainment Brigade, History, Origin\n16th CSG Also provided support to Cedar II, Scania, Camp Charlie, Camp Delta, Camp Echo, Camp Duke and others with an area expanding from the Kuwait Border to LSA Anaconda During this deployment, soldiers of the group executed over 1,500 sustainment convoys which provided over 250\u00a0million US gallons (950,000\u00a0m3) of fuel, 1\u00a0million cases of bottled water and 60\u00a0million US gallons (230,000\u00a0m3) of purified water to allied forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 41], "content_span": [42, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016304-0008-0002", "contents": "16th Sustainment Brigade, History, Origin\nThe 16th CSG also operated both the Air and Land Movement Control Centers with over rotary and fixed wing support for the 27th Movement Control Battalion and the 101st Airborne Division supply emergency support for camps and bases throughout Southern Iraq. During this deployment the 16th CSG also operated a Military Transition Team in the Southern Baghdad Area. During this operation they also controlled and supported logistic operations for such units for the 48th Infantry Brigade Combat Team, 36th Infantry Division, and the 34th Infantry Division. One of the other missions of the 16th CSG was their \"S5 Section\" which was Civil Affairs On 19 September 2006, the group rotated out of Iraq and back to Germany, replaced by the 82nd Sustainment Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 41], "content_span": [42, 800]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016304-0009-0000", "contents": "16th Sustainment Brigade, History, Origin\nUpon rotation back to Hanau Germany the 16th Corp Support Group began deactivating and assisting in the deactivation of units throughout Europe. Soldiers left with the unit were attached to Task Force Sustainer which was a joint operation with the 21st Theater Support Command in the shutting down of Kaserne's and Units, and the retrograding of vehicles and equipment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 41], "content_span": [42, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016304-0010-0000", "contents": "16th Sustainment Brigade, History, Activation\nIn January 2007, the lineage and honors were designated to be transferred to the 16th Sustainment Brigade. On 16 July 2007 the group was reorganized as part of an effort to reform support groups into larger, more versatile sustainment brigades. It became the 16th Sustainment Brigade and was subsequently activated at Warner Barracks in Bamberg, Germany. The 16th Corps Support Group and the 7th Corps Support Group had been deactivated and combined to form the new formation. Their subordinate units had been moved and redesignated as well.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 45], "content_span": [46, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016304-0010-0001", "contents": "16th Sustainment Brigade, History, Activation\nThis move made the 16th Sustainment Brigade the only brigade-sized logistics unit supporting United States Army Europe. It was put under the command of the 21st Theater Sustainment Command. The move was part of an overall streamlining of the Command's logistics element, as all major logistics formations were redesigned to be modular and more efficient. The sustainment brigade not only retained all previous logistics functions and responsibilities, but also assumed additional services, like finance, medical and signal capabilities. The brigade was composed of the 16th Special Troops Battalion headquartered at Bamberg, the 391st Combat Sustainment Support Battalion at Bamberg, and the 18th Combat Sustainment Support Battalion in Grafenwoehr. It also received its shoulder sleeve insignia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 45], "content_span": [46, 842]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016304-0011-0000", "contents": "16th Sustainment Brigade, History, Activation\nOn 29 November 2007, it was announced that the 16th Sustainment Brigade would be deployed to Iraq in summer of 2008. It would be part of a force of 8,000 soldiers from US Army Europe to deploy. The brigade was just one of over 20 major units from Europe to deploy to the Middle East in 2008; most of these units came from the 21st Theater Sustainment Command and V Corps. Throughout the Spring of 2008, the unit prepared for the deployment by conducting training exercises in Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 45], "content_span": [46, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016304-0012-0000", "contents": "16th Sustainment Brigade, History, Activation\nIn July 2008, the brigade deployed to Iraq for its first tour in Operation Iraqi Freedom as a sustainment brigade. Its mission in the country was to provide sustainment and force protection operations in support of Multi-National Division North with life support and logistical operations. On 22 July 2008, the brigade's soldiers underwent final preparations before departing Rammstein Air Base for northern Iraq. The brigade operated out of Contingency Operating Base Q-West, which was supported by a dozen Iraqi small businesses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 45], "content_span": [46, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016304-0013-0000", "contents": "16th Sustainment Brigade, History, Activation\nIn October 2008, the brigade's leaders attended a conference at Joint Base Balad. Hosted by the 3rd Sustainment Command (Expeditionary), the conference was attended by the 1st, 7th, 16th, 55th, and 371st Sustainment Brigades, as well as the 76th Infantry Brigade Combat Team. They discussed streamlining and coordinating sustainment throughout the region. Among the brigade's operations was a water project in the Ninewa province. The brigade operated with US Air Force and Iraqi Army engineers to repair infrastructure that brought water from the Tigris River to the entire province, including the base. The brigade has also undertaken several other support duties for units operating throughout northern Iraq.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 45], "content_span": [46, 757]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016304-0014-0000", "contents": "16th Sustainment Brigade, History, Activation\nThe brigade participated in joint exercises with the 18th Military Police Brigade and other elements of the 21st Theater Support Command in Spring of 2009. The exercises involved extensive battle simulations and role play missions to test the overall effectiveness of the units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 45], "content_span": [46, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016304-0015-0000", "contents": "16th Sustainment Brigade, History, Activation\nIn October 2010, the brigade served as the command and control element for Saber Strike 11, a cooperative training effort aimed at improving interoperability and preparing Latvian, Estonian, Lithuanian and U.S. troops for upcoming deployments in support of the International Security Assistance Forces in Afghanistan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 45], "content_span": [46, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016304-0016-0000", "contents": "16th Sustainment Brigade, History, Activation\nIn July 2016, 23rd Ordnance Company, 18th Combat Sustainment Support Command assumed mission command of the logistics for Task Force Warhammer, in Mihail Kogalniceanu Air Base, Romania.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 45], "content_span": [46, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016305-0000-0000", "contents": "16th TCA Awards\nThe 16th TCA Awards were presented by the Television Critics Association. The ceremony was held on July 14, 2000, at the Ritz-Carlton Huntington Hotel and Spa in Pasadena, California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016306-0000-0000", "contents": "16th TVyNovelas Awards\nThe 16th TVyNovelas Awards, is an Academy of special awards to the best of soap operas and TV shows. The awards ceremony took place on 1998 in the M\u00e9xico D.F.. The ceremony was televised in the Mexico by Canal de las estrellas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016306-0001-0000", "contents": "16th TVyNovelas Awards\nFernando Colunga and Sebastian Ligarde hosted the show. Esmeralda won 5 awards including Best Telenovela of the Year, the most for the evening. Other winners Pueblo chico, infierno grande won 4 awards, Te sigo amando won 3 awards, Mirada de mujer won 2 awards and Alguna vez tendremos alas, Mi peque\u00f1a traviesa, Mar\u00eda Isabel, Mi querida Isabel, El alma no tiene color and Salud, dinero y amor won one each.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016307-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Tamil Nadu Assembly\nThe Sixteenth Assembly of Tamil Nadu succeeded the Fifteenth Assembly of Tamil Nadu and was constituted after the victory of Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) and allies in the 2021 State Assembly Elections held on 6 April 2021. M. K Stalin is elected as Chief Minister for the First time and assumed office on 7 May 2021", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016307-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Tamil Nadu Assembly, List of members\nInformation derived from data produced by the Election Commission of India (ECI) except where noted. Reserved constituencies for candidates from the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (SC / ST) were defined in 2007 by the Delimitation Commission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 41], "content_span": [42, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016308-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Tank Division (Soviet Union)\nThe 16th Tank Division was a tank division of the Soviet Union's Red Army and later the Soviet Army, formed twice. The division was first formed during the summer of 1940 at Kotovsk, Ukraine with the 2nd Mechanized Corps. After the German invasion of the Soviet Union began in June 1941, the division was sent into the fighting along with its corps. The division was destroyed along with its corps during the Battle of Uman. The division was reformed in 1955 from the 111th Tank Division in the Soviet Far East, and was disbanded two years later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016308-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Tank Division (Soviet Union), First Formation\nThe 16th Tank Division (Military Unit Number 4488) was first formed in July 1940 from elements of the 173rd Rifle Division at summer camps in Kotovsk, part of the 2nd Mechanized Corps. It was commanded by Colonel Mikhail Myndro, and its chief of staff was Colonel Andrei Kravchenko.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 50], "content_span": [51, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016308-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Tank Division (Soviet Union), Second Formation\nThe 16th Tank Division was reformed on 4 March 1955 from the 111th Tank Division at Nalaikh, Mongolia with the 6th Guards Tank Army in the Transbaikal Military District. It included the 133rd Mechanized Regiment, the 165th, 222nd, and 223rd Tank Regiments, and the 73rd Heavy Tank Regiment. In May 1957, the division was reorganized. The 133rd Mechanized Regiment became the 378th Motor Rifle Regiment and the 205th Tank Regiment replaced the 223rd, which transferred to the 22nd Guards Tank Division. The division was disbanded in July 1957.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 51], "content_span": [52, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016309-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Texas Cavalry Regiment\nThe 16th Texas Cavalry Regiment was a unit of mounted volunteers from Texas that fought in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. The regiment was recruited in early 1862 and mustered into Confederate service in April 1862. The unit fought as cavalry at the Battle of Cotton Plant but it was dismounted in the summer of 1862. The 16th Cavalry served as infantry in Walker's Texas Division for the remainder of the war. The regiment fought at Milliken's Bend, Mansfield, Pleasant Hill, and Jenkins' Ferry. The unit marched to Texas in early 1865 and disbanded in May 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016309-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Texas Cavalry Regiment, History, Formation\nIn April 1862, the regiment organized at Dallas and mustered into Confederate service in the middle of April. Nearly 1,000 horsemen were recruited and they were formed into ten companies. The soldiers hailed mostly from Collin, Cooke, and Grayson Counties. The field officers were William F. Fitzhugh, Edward P. Gregg, and William W. Diamond. The regiment would have several nicknames including Bloody Sixteenth, Briscoe's Cavalry, Daugherty's Cavalry, Diamond's Cavalry, Fitzhugh's Cavalry, and Gregg's Cavalry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 47], "content_span": [48, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016309-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Texas Cavalry Regiment, History, 1862\nIn March 1862, Earl Van Dorn received an order to transfer his Army of the West to Corinth, Mississippi. Van Dorn moved all available soldiers, ammunition, food, and weapons to the east side of the Mississippi River. The Union Army of the Southwest under Samuel Ryan Curtis marched south from Missouri and captured Batesville, Arkansas on 2 May. Though Curtis was soon compelled to transfer ten infantry regiments east of the Mississippi, his army still posed major threat to eastern Arkansas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 42], "content_span": [43, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016309-0002-0001", "contents": "16th Texas Cavalry Regiment, History, 1862\nThe only Confederate general officer in the state, John Selden Roane started to detain Texas cavalry regiments as they crossed Arkansas on their way to Memphis, Tennessee. Roane also pleaded for a new overall commander, so Thomas C. Hindman was sent to take charge. The new commander was shocked to find few soldiers and military equipment to defend the state. Hindman improvised an army of 4,000 Texas cavalry and 1,500 Arkansas infantry within a fairly short time. In May, Curtis reported a strength of 6,000 infantry, 3,000 cavalry, and 1,000 artillerymen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 42], "content_span": [43, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016309-0003-0000", "contents": "16th Texas Cavalry Regiment, History, 1862\nCurtis tried to march to Little Rock but his supply line broke down and he abandoned the effort. Then Curtis's army moved south down the White River. The 16th Texas fought at the Battle of Cotton Plant on 7 July 1862. In this action, the Federal troops were opposed by Albert Rust with 5,000 Arkansas infantry and Texas cavalry. While his army crossed the Cache River, Curtis sent Charles Edward Hovey with 400 soldiers and one cannon to scout ahead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 42], "content_span": [43, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016309-0003-0001", "contents": "16th Texas Cavalry Regiment, History, 1862\nNear Parley Hill's plantation, the Federals bumped into 1,000 men from the 12th Texas Cavalry and 16th Texas Cavalry Regiments under William Henry Parsons. Colonel Fitzhugh led the 16th Cavalry during the battle. After the initial contact, the Texans compelled part of Hovey's troops to retreat. Emerging from a wooded area and seeing the backs of their enemies, the Texas cavalry charged up the road. They ran into an ambush by three companies of the 33rd Illinois Infantry Regiment hidden in a cornfield. After a few volleys emptied a number of saddles, the Texans dispersed into the woods.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 42], "content_span": [43, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016309-0003-0002", "contents": "16th Texas Cavalry Regiment, History, 1862\nAfter a lull, 200 Union troops and two more cannons reinforced Hovey and began to push back the Texans. Later in the day another Union brigade under William P. Benton arrived as reinforcements. Rust's troops retreated behind the lower Cache River and destroyed their boats. One soldier of the 12th Texas wrote that his unit lost 14 killed, 20 seriously wounded, 16 slightly wounded, and two missing. He believed that the 16th suffered similar losses. Hindman was critical of Rust's handling of the battle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 42], "content_span": [43, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016309-0004-0000", "contents": "16th Texas Cavalry Regiment, History, 1862\nThe 16th Texas Cavalry was ordered to dismount and fight as infantry in July 1862. This proved very unpopular since most Texans considered themselves horsemen. Altogether, four regiments were dismounted because of the scarcity of food for horses. This caused a number of men to desert. Diseases also killed many soldiers or rendered them unfit for service. In October 1862, Henry Eustace McCulloch began organizing a Texas infantry division. On 1 January 1863, John George Walker assumed command of the division and led it until the end of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 42], "content_span": [43, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016309-0004-0001", "contents": "16th Texas Cavalry Regiment, History, 1862\nIt was originally formed into four brigades, but the 4th Brigade was soon captured at the Battle of Arkansas Post. The 3rd Brigade consisted of the 16th, 17th, and 19th Texas Infantry Regiments, the 16th Cavalry (dismounted), and Edgar's Texas Battery. Later, the 2nd Texas Partisan Rangers Regiment (dismounted) was added to the brigade. The 3rd Texas Infantry Regiment served briefly with the brigade in 1864 but was soon sent home. The 3rd Brigade's commanders during the war were George M. Flournoy, H. E. McCulloch, William Read Scurry, and Richard Waterhouse.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 42], "content_span": [43, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016309-0005-0000", "contents": "16th Texas Cavalry Regiment, History, 1863\u20131865\nIn mid-1863, a Confederate army was surrounded in the Siege of Vicksburg. Richard Taylor was ordered to launch operations to help the defenders of Vicksburg. Walker's Texas Division arrived at Richmond, Louisiana on 6 June where Taylor made attack plans. That day, a Union force consisting of the 9th Louisiana Infantry Regiment (former African-American slaves) and elements of the 10th Illinois Cavalry Regiment under Herman Lieb made a reconnaissance toward Richmond which resulted in skirmishing. After withdrawing to Milliken's Bend, Lieb requested reinforcements and directed his soldiers to fortify their camp with cotton bales and abatis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 47], "content_span": [48, 693]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016309-0005-0001", "contents": "16th Texas Cavalry Regiment, History, 1863\u20131865\nSoon the Federal defenders were reinforced by the 23rd Iowa Volunteer Infantry Regiment and the gunboat USS Choctaw. That night Walker's troops started their approach march, planning to attack the Union camps at dawn. McCulloch's 3rd Brigade took the left fork toward Milliken's Bend while James Morrison Hawes's 1st Brigade took the right fork toward Young's Point. Walker held back Horace Randal's 2nd Brigade as a reserve.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 47], "content_span": [48, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016309-0006-0000", "contents": "16th Texas Cavalry Regiment, History, 1863\u20131865\nAt 2:30 am, the Battle of Milliken's Bend started when the 3rd Brigade encountered the Union pickets. McCulloch deployed his 1,500 soldiers with the 16th Texas Cavalry on the left, 17th Texas Infantry in the center, 19th Texas Infantry on the right, and 16th Texas Infantry in reserve. Lieb commanded 1,061 defenders in the 8th Louisiana, 9th Louisiana, 11th Louisiana, 13th Louisiana, 1st Mississippi, and 23rd Iowa. The Texans pressed back the Union defenders through a series of hedgerows before arriving in front of the Federal main line of defense. Screaming, \"No quarter for the officers. Kill the damned abolitionists!\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 47], "content_span": [48, 674]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016309-0006-0001", "contents": "16th Texas Cavalry Regiment, History, 1863\u20131865\nthe Texans charged. After receiving a murderous volley from the defenders, the attackers rushed forward and got among the poorly-trained ex-slaves before they could reload their weapons. McCulloch reported that the white troops fled first while the black soldiers fought stubbornly. After breaking through the first line, the Texans charged a second line but were driven back by the big guns of the Choctaw. When the USS Lexington was seen approaching, McCulloch called off the attack and ordered a retreat. The Confederates lost 44 killed, 131 wounded, and 10 missing while the Union lost 101 killed, 285 wounded, and 266 missing. The 16th Cavalry suffered losses of 19 killed, 47 wounded, and one missing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 47], "content_span": [48, 755]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016309-0007-0000", "contents": "16th Texas Cavalry Regiment, History, 1863\u20131865\nIn July 1863 the 16th Texas Cavalry marched 300\u00a0mi (483\u00a0km) across central and northern Louisiana. Private Andrew Jackson Lucas remembered that the soldiers were often underfed and, \"We had but little in the way of camp equipage and suffered much from rain and cold.\" The regiment spent January and February 1864 at Camp Glenwood in Louisiana. Private J. B. Briscoe was sent on a detail to Texas to gather beef cattle for the Confederate government. Briscoe wrote, \"My battles were against hunger. We were often fed on corn in the shuck, sometimes wheat bran alone, and sometimes bacon alone.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 47], "content_span": [48, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016309-0008-0000", "contents": "16th Texas Cavalry Regiment, History, 1863\u20131865\nThe regiment fought at the Battle of Mansfield on 8 April 1864 and at the Battle of Pleasant Hill the following day. Taylor had 9,000 troops available at Mansfield. He deployed Walker's division on the right and Alfred Mouton's division on the left, with cavalry covering both flanks. The Union army of Nathaniel P. Banks had at least 20,000 soldiers, but they were strung out in a long column. After Mouton's division charged the Federals and overwhelmed their opponents, Walker's division also attacked, completing the rout.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 47], "content_span": [48, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016309-0008-0001", "contents": "16th Texas Cavalry Regiment, History, 1863\u20131865\nOf 12,000 Union troops engaged, 2,235 became casualties and the Confederates captured 20 guns and 200 wagons. Confederate casualties were less than half of the Federal loss. That evening, Taylor was reinforced to 12,500 men and he attacked the next day at Pleasant Hill. Walker's division was ordered to hold the Union army in front while Thomas James Churchill's infantry attacked on the right and Tom Green's cavalry went forward on the left. Mouton's division, now under Camille Polignac (Mouton had been killed), was in reserve.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 47], "content_span": [48, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016309-0008-0002", "contents": "16th Texas Cavalry Regiment, History, 1863\u20131865\nChurchill's troops enjoyed initial success but were soon driven back by veteran Union troops under Andrew Jackson Smith. Walker was badly wounded and the action was a tactical defeat for the Confederates. The Union army sustained 1,369 casualties while the Confederates lost 1,626. Nevertheless, Banks abandoned the Red River campaign and retreated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 47], "content_span": [48, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016309-0009-0000", "contents": "16th Texas Cavalry Regiment, History, 1863\u20131865\nAfter Pleasant Hill, Edmund Kirby Smith ordered the divisions of Churchill, Mosby Monroe Parsons, and Walker to march north to deal with the threat of Frederick Steele's Union force in Arkansas. Steele's troops occupied Camden, Arkansas but a lack of supplies and a defeat at the Battle of Marks' Mills made their position weak. On 26 April, Steele's column withdrew from Camden headed back to Little Rock. By 29 April the Federals were crossing the Saline River at Jenkins' Ferry. The 16th Texas Cavalry fought at the Battle of Jenkins' Ferry on 30 April 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 47], "content_span": [48, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016309-0009-0001", "contents": "16th Texas Cavalry Regiment, History, 1863\u20131865\nThe Union troops defended a position on the south side of the river between a flooded creek and a swamp, leaving their attackers no room for maneuver. That morning, the divisions of Churchill, Parsons, and Walker were flung into the attack, one after another, to be met with a vigorous defense. By 12:30 all attacks were beaten back and Steele's column continued its retreat. The 3rd Brigade's General Scurry and the 2nd Brigade's General Randal were both killed. In June 1864, Walker was promoted to lead the District of West Louisiana and John Horace Forney took command of the Texas Division. In March and April 1865, the division marched back to Texas. The 16th Texas Cavalry disbanded on 26 May 1865 at Camp Groce in Hempstead, Texas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 47], "content_span": [48, 787]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016310-0000-0000", "contents": "16th The Queen's Lancers\nThe 16th The Queen's Lancers was a cavalry regiment of the British Army, first raised in 1759. It saw service for two centuries, before being amalgamated with the 5th Royal Irish Lancers to form the 16th/5th Lancers in 1922.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016310-0001-0000", "contents": "16th The Queen's Lancers, History, Early wars\nThe regiment was raised in 1759 by Colonel John Burgoyne as the 16th Regiment of (Light) Dragoons, being the second of the new regiments of light dragoons; it was also known as Burgoyne's Light Horse. The regiment was closely involved, undertaking several cavalry charges, in the action leading up to the capture of the French Garrison of Belle \u00cele in April 1761 during the Seven Years' War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 45], "content_span": [46, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016310-0001-0001", "contents": "16th The Queen's Lancers, History, Early wars\nIt also made a major contribution to the British victories against the Spaniards at the Battle of Valencia de Alc\u00e1ntara in August 1762 and at the Battle of Vila Velha in October 1762 during the Anglo-Spanish War. In 1766 the regiment was renamed after Queen Charlotte as the 2nd (or The Queen's) Regiment of (Light) Dragoons, the number being an attempt to create a new numbering system for the light dragoon regiments. However, the old system was quickly re-established, with the regiment returning as the 16th (The Queen's) Regiment of (Light) Dragoons in 1769.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 45], "content_span": [46, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016310-0001-0002", "contents": "16th The Queen's Lancers, History, Early wars\nThe regiment arrived in New York in October 1776 for service in the American Revolutionary War. It was involved in fighting at the Battle of White Plains in October 1776, the Battle of Brandywine in September 1777 and the Battle of Germantown in October 1777 before seeing more action at the Battle of Crooked Billet in May 1778, the Battle of Barren Hill later that month and the Battle of Monmouth in June 1778. The regiment returned to England in spring 1779.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 45], "content_span": [46, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016310-0001-0003", "contents": "16th The Queen's Lancers, History, Early wars\nThe regiment next landed at Ostend in April 1793 for service in the Flanders Campaign and was present at the siege of Valenciennes in June 1793, the siege of Dunkirk in August 1793 and the siege of Landrecies in April 1794. It also took part in the Battle of Beaumont in April 1794, the Battle of Willems in May 1794 and the Battle of Tournay in later that month before returning to England in February 1796. The regiment was then based in Ireland between autumn 1802 and 1805.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 45], "content_span": [46, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016310-0002-0000", "contents": "16th The Queen's Lancers, History, Napoleonic Wars\nThe regiment were ordered to support Sir Arthur Wellesley's Army on the Iberian Peninsula and landed at Lisbon in April 1809. The regiment fought at the Second Battle of Porto in May 1809, the Battle of Talavera in July 1809 and the siege of Ciudad Rodrigo in April 1810. The regiment also saw action at the Battle of Bussaco in September 1810 the Battle of Sabugal in April 1811 and the Battle of Fuentes de O\u00f1oro in May 1811.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 50], "content_span": [51, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016310-0002-0001", "contents": "16th The Queen's Lancers, History, Napoleonic Wars\nIt next fought at the Battle of Salamanca in July 1812, the siege of Burgos in September 1812 and the Battle of Vitoria in June 1813. It was next in action at the siege of San Sebasti\u00e1n in August 1813 and having advanced into France, at the Battle of Nivelle in November 1813 and at the Battle of the Nive in December 1813. It returned home in July 1814.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 50], "content_span": [51, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016310-0003-0000", "contents": "16th The Queen's Lancers, History, Napoleonic Wars\nThe regiment took part in the Hundred Days landing at Ostend in May 1815. It charged with John Vandeleur's Cavalry Brigade at the Battle of Waterloo in June 1815. After the battle, their commander, Lieutenant-colonel James Hay, lay so badly injured that he could not be moved from the field for eight days. The regiment had been the sole British cavalry regiment to serve throughout the Peninsular War and at the Hundred Days.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 50], "content_span": [51, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016310-0004-0000", "contents": "16th The Queen's Lancers, History, Victorian era\nThe regiment was dispatched to Ireland in March 1816 where it was re-designated as a lancer regiment in September 1816, becoming the 16th (The Queen's) Regiment of (Light) Dragoons (Lancers). It returned from Ireland in June 1819. The regiment was sent to India in 1822 and saw action, using lances, against the Marathas at the siege of Bharatpur in January 1826. It saw action again at the capture of Ghuznee in July 1839 during the First Anglo-Afghan War and at the Battle of Maharajpore in December 1843 during the Gwalior Campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 48], "content_span": [49, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016310-0004-0001", "contents": "16th The Queen's Lancers, History, Victorian era\nIt also took part in the Battle of Aliwal in January 1846, when the regiment charged and dispersed a body of Sikhs ten times its size, and also fought at the Battle of Sobraon in February 1846 during the First Anglo-Sikh War. The regiment's title was simplified to the 16th (The Queen's) Lancers in 1861. It served in India between 1865 and 1876 and again between 1890 and 1899.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 48], "content_span": [49, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016310-0005-0000", "contents": "16th The Queen's Lancers, History, 20th century\nThe regiment landed at Cape Colony in January 1900 for service in the Second Boer War and took part in the relief of Kimberley in February 1900. The regiment, which had been based at The Curragh at the start of the First World War, landed in France as part of the 3rd Cavalry Brigade in the 1st Cavalry Division in August 1914 for service on the Western Front. The regiment was retitled as the 16th The Queen's Lancers in 1921 and amalgamated with the 5th Royal Irish Lancers to form the 16th/5th Lancers) in 1922.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016310-0006-0000", "contents": "16th The Queen's Lancers, Regimental museum\nThe regimental collection is held at the Queen's Royal Lancers and Nottinghamshire Yeomanry Museum which is based at Thoresby Hall in Nottinghamshire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 43], "content_span": [44, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016310-0007-0000", "contents": "16th The Queen's Lancers, Insignia and uniform\nThe collar badge of the regiment comprised the figure 16 above a scroll inscribed \"Queen's Lancers\", over a pair of crossed lances and surmounted by a crown. The lancer full dress cap bore the regimental battle honours and number in silver.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 46], "content_span": [47, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016310-0008-0000", "contents": "16th The Queen's Lancers, Insignia and uniform\nIn its early years as the 16th Light Dragoons, the regiment wore the standard red uniform of this branch of cavalry with black and then royal blue facings. In 1784 the red coat was replaced by a dark blue jacket. From 1816 to 1832 a dark blue lancer uniform was worn, until in December 1832 a scarlet coatee and undress jacket was authorized for all lancer regiments as part of a general policy to make red the national military colour. In 1840 it was ordered that Light Cavalry should revert to the blue uniforms formerly worn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 46], "content_span": [47, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016310-0008-0001", "contents": "16th The Queen's Lancers, Insignia and uniform\nSir John Vandeleur petitioned that the regiment might be permitted to retain their scarlet coatee and on 2 March 1841, his request was granted. The scarlet uniform was worn by the regiment during the First Sikh War and on their return to England in 1846, they remained the only Lancer regiment not to resume the blue jacket of the light cavalry. The unique distinction of scarlet lancer tunic and dark blue plastron was retained in full dress until 1914.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 46], "content_span": [47, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016311-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Tony Awards\nThe 16th Annual Tony Awards took place on April 29, 1962, in the Waldorf-Astoria Grand Ballroom in New York City. The ceremony was broadcast on local television station WCBS-TV (Channel 2) in New York City. The Masters of Ceremonies were Ray Bolger and Robert Preston.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016311-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Tony Awards, The ceremony\nPresenters: Judith Anderson, Art Carney, Ossie Davis, Ruby Dee, Olivia de Havilland, Albert Dekker, Anita Gillette, Hermione Gingold, Robert Goulet, Helen Hayes, Celeste Holm, Sally Ann Howes, Ron Husman, Hal March, Helen Menken, Geraldine Page, Hugh O'Brian, Elaine Perry, Tom Poston and Jason Robards. The performer was Mimi Benzell. Music was by Meyer Davis and his Orchestra.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 30], "content_span": [31, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016312-0000-0000", "contents": "16th United States Colored Infantry Regiment\nThe 16th United States Colored Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. The regiment was composed of African American enlisted men commanded by white officers and was authorized by the Bureau of Colored Troops which was created by the United States War Department on May 22, 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016312-0001-0000", "contents": "16th United States Colored Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 16th U.S. Colored Infantry was organized in Nashville, Tennessee beginning December 4, 1863 and mustered in for three-year service under the command of Colonel William B. Gaw.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 53], "content_span": [54, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016312-0002-0000", "contents": "16th United States Colored Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to Post of Chattanooga, Department of the Cumberland, to November 1864. Unattached, District of the Etowah, Department of the Cumberland, to December 1864. 1st Colored Brigade, District of the Etowah, Department of the Cumberland, to January 1865. Unattached, District of the Etowah, to March 1865. 1st Colored Brigade, Department of the Cumberland, to April 1865. 5th Sub-District, District of Middle Tennessee, to July 1865. 2nd Brigade, 4th Division, District of East Tennessee and Department of the Cumberland to April 1866.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 53], "content_span": [54, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016312-0003-0000", "contents": "16th United States Colored Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 16th U.S. Colored Infantry mustered out of service April 30, 1866.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 53], "content_span": [54, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016312-0004-0000", "contents": "16th United States Colored Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nDuty at Chattanooga, Tennessee, until November 1864. Battle of Nashville, December 15\u201316. Overton Hill December 16. Pursuit of Hood to the Tennessee River December 17\u201328. Duty at Chattanooga and in middle and eastern Tennessee until April 1866.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 62], "content_span": [63, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016313-0000-0000", "contents": "16th United States Congress\nThe 16th United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, consisting of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in Washington, D.C. from March 4, 1819, to March 4, 1821, during the third and fourth years of James Monroe's presidency. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the Third Census of the United States in 1810. Both chambers had a Democratic-Republican majority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016313-0001-0000", "contents": "16th United States Congress, Party summary\nThe count below identifies party affiliations at the beginning of the first session of this congress. Changes resulting from subsequent replacements are shown below in the \"Changes in membership\" section.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 42], "content_span": [43, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016313-0002-0000", "contents": "16th United States Congress, Party summary, Senate\nDuring this congress, two Senate seats were added for each of the new states of Alabama and Maine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 50], "content_span": [51, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016313-0003-0000", "contents": "16th United States Congress, Party summary, House of Representatives\nDuring this congress, one House seat was added for the new state of Alabama and one seat was reapportioned from Massachusetts to the new state of Maine. For the beginning of the next congress, six more seats from Massachusetts would be reapportioned to Maine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 68], "content_span": [69, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016313-0004-0000", "contents": "16th United States Congress, Members\nThis list is arranged by chamber, then by state. Senators are listed by class and representatives are listed by district.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016313-0005-0000", "contents": "16th United States Congress, Members, Senate\nSenators were elected by the state legislatures every two years, with one-third beginning new six-year terms with each Congress. Preceding the names in the list below are Senate class numbers, which indicate the cycle of their election. In this Congress, Class 1 meant their term ended with this Congress, requiring re-election in 1820; Class 2 meant their term began in the last Congress, requiring re-election in 1822; and Class 3 meant their term began in this Congress, requiring re-election in 1824.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 44], "content_span": [45, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016313-0006-0000", "contents": "16th United States Congress, Members, House of Representatives, Maryland\nThe 5th district was a plural district with two representatives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 72], "content_span": [73, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016313-0007-0000", "contents": "16th United States Congress, Members, House of Representatives, New York\nThere were six plural districts, the 1st, 2nd, 12th, 15th, 20th & 21st, each had two representatives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 72], "content_span": [73, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016313-0008-0000", "contents": "16th United States Congress, Members, House of Representatives, Pennsylvania\nThere were six plural districts, the 2nd, 3rd, 5th, 6th & 10th had two representatives each, the 1st had four representatives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 76], "content_span": [77, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016313-0009-0000", "contents": "16th United States Congress, Changes in membership\nThe count below reflects changes from the beginning of this Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 50], "content_span": [51, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016313-0010-0000", "contents": "16th United States Congress, Changes in membership, Senate\nThere were 5 resignations, 2 deaths, 2 vacancies before the Congress, and 4 new seats. The Democratic-Republicans had a 7-seat net gain and the Federalists had a 1-seat net loss.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 58], "content_span": [59, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016313-0011-0000", "contents": "16th United States Congress, Changes in membership, House of Representatives\nThere were 13 resignations, 5 deaths, 2 contested elections, and 2 new seats. The Democratic-Republicans had a 1-seat net gain and the Federalists had no net change.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 76], "content_span": [77, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016314-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Utah Territorial Legislature\nThe 16th Utah Legislative Assembly was a session of the Utah Territorial Legislature which was elected in 1866, in Salt Lake City Council Hall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016315-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Uttar Pradesh Assembly\nThe Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh (a.k.a. Sixteenth Vidhan Sabha of Uttar Pradesh) was constituted on 15 March 2012 as a result of 2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election held between 8 Feb to 3 March 2012. The Sixteenth Legislative Assembly has total of 404 MLAs (including one nominated Anglo-Indian member) against a total strength of 404 members.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016315-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Uttar Pradesh Assembly, List of constituencies and elected members\nDefault sort, in alphabetical order of constituency. All members were elected in Mar 2012 and following list might undergo further changes due by-elections.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 71], "content_span": [72, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016316-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Vanier Cup\nThe 16th Vanier Cup was played on November 29, 1980, at Varsity Stadium in Toronto, Ontario, and decided the CIAU football champion for the 1980 season. The Alberta Golden Bears won their third championship by defeating the Ottawa Gee-Gees by a score of 40-21.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016317-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Venice International Film Festival\nThe 16th Venice International Film Festival was held from 25 August to 10 September 1955. Film critic Mario Gromo was appointed as the President of the Jury. The Golden Lion was awarded to Ordet, directed by Carl Theodor Dreyer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016317-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Venice International Film Festival, Official selection, In Competition\nThe following films were selected for the main international competition:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 75], "content_span": [76, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016317-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Venice International Film Festival, Awards, Official selection\nThe following official awards were presented at the 15th edition:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 67], "content_span": [68, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016318-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Vermont Infantry Regiment\nThe 16th Vermont Infantry Regiment (or 16th VVI) was a nine months' infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War. It served in the eastern theater, predominantly in the Defenses of Washington, from October 1862 to August 1863. It was a member of the 2nd Vermont Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016318-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Vermont Infantry Regiment, Recruitment\nThe 16th Vermont Infantry, a nine months regiment, was raised as a result of President Abraham Lincoln's call on August 4, 1862, for additional troops due to the disastrous results of the Peninsula Campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 43], "content_span": [44, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016318-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Vermont Infantry Regiment, Recruitment\nIt was recruited  in Windsor and Windham Counties, the two southernmost counties in the state, and rendezvoused in the following towns:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 43], "content_span": [44, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016318-0003-0000", "contents": "16th Vermont Infantry Regiment, Recruitment\nOn September 27, 1862, the officers listed above met at Bellows Falls and elected Wheelock G. Veazey, of Springfield, colonel, Charles Cummings, of Brattleboro, lieutenant colonel, and William Rounds, of Chester, major.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 43], "content_span": [44, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016318-0004-0000", "contents": "16th Vermont Infantry Regiment, Recruitment\nThe regiment rendezvoused at Brattleboro on October 9, and was mustered into the United States service on October 23, with 949 officers and men. The left Brattleboro on October 24, and arrived in Washington, D.C. on the morning of October 27, going into camp near the other four regiments that were then formed into the 2nd Vermont Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 43], "content_span": [44, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016318-0005-0000", "contents": "16th Vermont Infantry Regiment, In the field\nThe regiment marched to Munson Hill on October 30, then to Hunting Creek on November 5, where it remained until December 12. It next served on picket duty near Fairfax Court House until January 20, 1863, where it participated in the repulse of Stuart's cavalry on December 29, 1862. The regiment was next stations at Union Mills from March 24 to June 1, then Bristoe Station, Catlett's Station and Manassas until June 15, when it returned to Union Mills.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 44], "content_span": [45, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016318-0006-0000", "contents": "16th Vermont Infantry Regiment, In the field\nOn June 25, the brigade was assigned as the 3rd Brigade, 3rd Division, I Corps, and ordered to form the rear guard of the Army of the Potomac as it marched north after Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia. The 16th marched with the brigade from Wolf Run Shoals on June 25, crossed the Potomac river on June 27, at Edward's Ferry, and moved north through Frederick City and Creagerstown, Maryland. It was drawing near Gettysburg on July 1, when the 12th and 15th regiments were detached to guard the corps trains. The two regiments accompanied the corps trains to Rock Creek Church, near the battlefield. The remaining regiments of the brigade arrived on the battlefield at Gettysburg after dark on the first day of the battle, and camped in a wheat field to the left of Cemetery Hill.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 44], "content_span": [45, 834]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016318-0007-0000", "contents": "16th Vermont Infantry Regiment, Gettysburg\nOn July 2, the brigade helped reinforce picket lines along Cemetery Ridge that were threatened by an attack by Confederate General A. P. Hill.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016318-0008-0000", "contents": "16th Vermont Infantry Regiment, Gettysburg\nThe 13th, 14th and 16th Vermont regiments played a pivotal role in the Union repulse of Pickett's Charge on the afternoon of July 3. The 13th and 16th regiments flanked James L. Kemper's brigade as it approached the copse of trees on Cemetery Ridge, then the 16th wheeled about, and joined by the 14th, stopped the advance of Cadmus M. Wilcox's brigade, capturing hundreds of Virginians. Lieutenant George Benedict, an aide to Brigadier General George J. Stannard, related General Abner Doubleday's reaction, saying he \"waved his hat and shouted: 'Glory to God, glory to God! See the Vermonters go it!'\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016318-0009-0000", "contents": "16th Vermont Infantry Regiment, Final days\nAfter the battle, due to Brigadier General George J. Stannard's wounding, Colonel Veazey assumed command of the brigade, and it participated in the pursuit of Lee's Army of Northern Virginia across the Catoctin mountains to Middletown, Maryland, then back over South Mountain, through Boonesboro, to Williamsport by July 14. On the previous day, a picket detail of 150 from the 16th participated in a skirmish with rebel pickets, in which two soldiers were wounded. This was the last known action of the  brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016318-0010-0000", "contents": "16th Vermont Infantry Regiment, Final days\nThe 14th, 15th and 16th regiments marched to Harper's Ferry, across South Mountain again, and camped near Petersville, near Berlin. On July 18, the regiment was released, took a train from Berlin to Baltimore. It reached New York City on July 20. After spending a few uneventful days in that riot-torn city, assisting with security, the regiment continued its trip home, arrived in Brattleboro on July 21, and mustered out on July 30.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016318-0011-0000", "contents": "16th Vermont Infantry Regiment, Final days\nLike the other regiments in the 2nd Vermont Brigade, dozens of newly discharged members from the 14th regiment enlisted again, predominantly in the regiments of the 1st Vermont Brigade, and the 17th Vermont Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016319-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Vietnam Film Festival\nThe 16th Vietnam Film Festival was held from December 8 to December 12, 2009 in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, with the slogan \"For a reformed and integrated Vietnam cinema\" (Vietnamese: \"V\u00ec m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n \u0111i\u1ec7n \u1ea3nh Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi v\u00e0 h\u1ed9i nh\u1eadp\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016319-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Vietnam Film Festival, Event\nThe 16th Vietnam Film Festival is also a meaningful \"reunion\" with the public in Ho Chi Minh City since the 5th Vietnam Film Festival was held in 1983 in the city named after Uncle Ho. 2009 is also the 50th anniversary of the Vietnamese Revolutionary Cinema, so this is also a festival for Vietnam's Cinema to review its development journey with significant successes achieved in the region and the world.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 33], "content_span": [34, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016319-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Vietnam Film Festival, Event\nThe opening ceremony of the Film Festival took place on the evening of December 8 at White Palace, broadcast live on HTV7 channel. The closing ceremony on the evening of December 12 at H\u00f2a B\u00ecnh Theater, live on HTV9 channel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 33], "content_span": [34, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016319-0003-0000", "contents": "16th Vietnam Film Festival, Event\nPublic opinion praises this film festival for being more professional in a number of stages: Organizing the voting for the most favorite movies of the audience, and seminars. Professionally, the 16th Vietnam Film Festival also impressed with the \"double\" of the Golden Lotus and the director award for the film \"\u0110\u1eebng \u0111\u1ed1t\" by director \u0110\u1eb7ng Nh\u1eadt Minh.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 33], "content_span": [34, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016319-0004-0000", "contents": "16th Vietnam Film Festival, Event, Participation\nThis year, the organizers extend to a maximum of 100% of feature films of all types (feature, documentary, science, animated) of all cinema establishments, produced after the 15th Vietnam Film Festival (November 2007) to the second half of October 2009, all were able to participate. This is intended to encourage movie establishments to produce more movies in theaters, to serve the public. Therefore, some studios send up to two or three films to participate. Fifteen works with three film lines: State, private and films by overseas Vietnamese directors created a colorful cinematic picture. The difference in quantity between public and private films is not significant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 48], "content_span": [49, 723]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016319-0005-0000", "contents": "16th Vietnam Film Festival, Event, Participation\nParticipating in the competition at the 16th Vietnam Film Festival, there were 99 cinematographic works from 29 film production facilities across the country. In which, there are 15 feature films, 11 direct-to-video feature films, 20 animated films and 53 documentaries - science films. 9 foreign film troupes from China, Japan, Korea, the US, Finland, Russia, Singapore, Laos and Cambodia have attended and contribute ideas in seminars on short films, on mobilizing capital for film production. This clearly shows the integration efforts of the country's cinema.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 48], "content_span": [49, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016319-0006-0000", "contents": "16th Vietnam Film Festival, Event, Jury\nThe organizers clearly define each film genre to have the best movie among the entries, so each film genre has won the Golden Lotus award: \"\u0110\u1eebng \u0111\u1ed1t\" (Feature film), \"13 b\u1ebfn n\u01b0\u1edbc\" (Direct-to-video Feature film), \"\u0110\u1ea5t l\u1ea1nh\" (Documentary), \"N\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1ea7m c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o\" (Science film) and \"Th\u1ecf v\u00e0 R\u00f9a\" (Animated film).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 39], "content_span": [40, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016319-0007-0000", "contents": "16th Vietnam Film Festival, Event, Jury\nThe feature film jury comprises 9 members: President of Vietnam Cinema Association Tr\u1ea7n Lu\u00e2n Kim (Head), director V\u0169 Xu\u00e2n H\u01b0ng, painter Ph\u1ea1m Quang V\u0129nh, director B\u00f9i Tu\u1ea5n D\u0169ng, composer \u0110\u1eb7ng H\u1eefu Ph\u00fac, screenwriters Chu Lai and V\u0103n L\u00ea, cinematopgrapher Ho\u00e0ng T\u1ea5n Ph\u00e1t, actress Ng\u1ecdc Hi\u1ec7p. Direct-to-video feature film jury has 7 members, led by director Xu\u00e2n S\u01a1n. Documentary - science film jury has 7 members, led by director L\u00f2 Minh. The animated film jury has 5 members and is headed by director \u0110\u1eb7ng Hi\u1ec1n. For the first time at the National Film Festival, there will also be a press panel led by Tr\u1ecbnh L\u00ea V\u0103n - Head of the Department of Arts and Sciences of Vietnam Television.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 39], "content_span": [40, 719]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016319-0008-0000", "contents": "16th Vietnam Film Festival, Event, Jury\nThis year, in addition to the traditional awards of the Film Festival, the organizers added the award category for the best feature film voted by the press into the award structure. This award is organized by the organizers in collaboration with the Press Department - Ministry of Information and Communications. Each judging journalist was given a briefcase containing information about the 15 films participating in the festival, the judging rules, paper for making comments, a pen and a flashlight (for viewing seats and reading documents).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 39], "content_span": [40, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016319-0009-0000", "contents": "16th Vietnam Film Festival, Event, Jury\nThe film festival continued to maintain the audience vote award, although this award is still considered inaccurate, as the film that wins is often the most free-to-view film, not the best film in the opinion of the public. majority of the public. The award voted by the audience in this festival is recommended to use the form of ticket sales or online voting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 39], "content_span": [40, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016319-0010-0000", "contents": "16th Vietnam Film Festival, Event, Activities\nMovies are shown according to schedule at cinemas in Ho Chi Minh City: Th\u0103ng Long A, \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ed3ng, \u0110\u1ed1ng \u0110a, Galaxy Nguy\u1ec5n Du, Fafilm. The film \"14 ng\u00e0y ph\u00e9p\" is the opening film for the cinema screenings at Th\u0103ng Long A theater from 9:30 a.m. on December 7. At the same time, at the cinemas of Fafilm, \u0110\u1ed1ng \u0110a and \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ed3ng will also screen films submitted to the festival in the genres of direct-to-video feature, documentary - science and animated. The movies will be shown until the end of December 11 in 3 mornings, afternoons and evenings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 45], "content_span": [46, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016319-0011-0000", "contents": "16th Vietnam Film Festival, Event, Activities\nOn the morning of December 8, movie artists came to offer flowers at Uncle H\u1ed3's monument and at the same time the Film Fair will open at the Cultural Center of District 10. For the first time at the National Film Festival, the Film Fair activity was officially held with the name \"Cinema with the Public\" (Vietnamese: \u0110i\u1ec7n \u1ea3nh v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang), paralleling almost the entire duration of the festival. This is a remarkable innovation because at film festivals around the world, and even big art festivals like Cannes, there are also film fairs. The public will have access to filmmakers and producers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 45], "content_span": [46, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016319-0012-0000", "contents": "16th Vietnam Film Festival, Event, Activities\nFor Vietnamese and international professionals and film professionals, there are 3 seminars and talks on:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 45], "content_span": [46, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016319-0013-0000", "contents": "16th Vietnam Film Festival, Event, Inadequacy\nThis Vietnam Film Festival does not have a festival space with a large square for flags to fly, for the public to meet and interact with artists. Artist Quyen Linh expressed regret that he did not have the opportunity to interact with the public on the opening night because the audience was separated by barriers from the artist. The opening night space of the festival is confined to the premises of the White Place convention center, a convention center with limited height, causing the images to be miniaturized, torn apart within the low wall and lost impression.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 45], "content_span": [46, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016319-0014-0000", "contents": "16th Vietnam Film Festival, Event, Inadequacy\nBecause the stage space is too small to match the scale of the festival, the opening dance performance in the opening ceremony was staged very elaborately and colorfully, but still had the appearance of a performance. fashion. The catwalk nature of the opening night stage of the film festival was enhanced when the girls, who were mostly models, appeared in a few dramas and walked around the stage as emerging movie actors, making viewers think of beauty contests.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 45], "content_span": [46, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016319-0015-0000", "contents": "16th Vietnam Film Festival, Event, Inadequacy\nEven when the closing ceremony and awarding ceremony are held in a more spacious and airy space than Hoa Binh theater, artists are not properly honored, even award winners are herded to sit on guard, it was very inconvenient to get on stage when his name was called.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 45], "content_span": [46, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016320-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Virginia Cavalry Regiment\nThe 16th Virginia Cavalry Regiment was created in early 1863 when Milton Ferguson's Battalion of Cavalry was combined with Otis Caldwell's Battalion of Cavalry in Salem, Virginia. Milton Ferguson was elected colonel of the regiment. The men were primarily recruited from the West Virginia counties of Wayne, Putnam, Cabell, Kanawha and the Virginia counties of Russell, Tazewell, and Roanoke.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016320-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Virginia Cavalry Regiment\nIt was present at Gettysburg and was part of General Jenkins' Brigade that itself was part of General Jeb Stuart's Cavalry Division of the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia. The 16th Virginia Cavalry is considered the Confederate unit that caused the first Union casualty on Union soil - Corporal William Rihl.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016320-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Virginia Cavalry Regiment\nFollowing the Confederate army's return to Virginia after Gettysburg, the 16th Virginia Cavalry moved into West Virginia and participated in the Battle of Droop Mountain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016320-0003-0000", "contents": "16th Virginia Cavalry Regiment\nThe 16th Virginia Cavalry suffered its biggest defeat in the Battle of Murder Hollow in Wayne County, West Virginia, which happened to be the county where Ferguson's Battalion originated. Fifty men of the regiment along with Colonel Ferguson were camped in the hollow and were attacked by more than four hundred Federal troops under Colonel George Gallup of Louisa, Kentucky. Thirty-eight men of the 16th were captured and five were killed. An additional eleven died in prison. William Graham served as colonel of the regiment until Ferguson was exchanged later that year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016320-0004-0000", "contents": "16th Virginia Cavalry Regiment\nThe regiment disbanded at Lynchburg after Lee surrendered at Appomattox.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016321-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Virginia Infantry Regiment\nThe 16th Virginia Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment raised in 1861 in Portsmouth in southeastern Virginia for service in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. The regiment fought almost exclusively with the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016321-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Virginia Infantry Regiment\nThe 16th Virginia completed its organization in May 1861 with ten companies. However, because of various reorganizations and transfers, the unit contained only seven companies after 1 November 1862. The men were from Suffolk and Portsmouth, and the counties of Nansemond, Isle of Wight, Sussex, and Chesterfield.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016321-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Virginia Infantry Regiment\nThe regiment initially served in the Department of Norfolk, and in June 1862 had 516 effectives. Assigned to General John Weisiger's Brigade, General William Mahone's Division, and eventually General A.P. Hill's Third Corps of General Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia, it fought in many conflicts:  from the Seven Days' Battles to Cold Harbor. Later in the War, it was involved in the Siege of Petersburg (south of the James River) and in the Appomattox Campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016321-0003-0000", "contents": "16th Virginia Infantry Regiment\nThe regiment reported 91 casualties at Malvern Hill, 154 at Second Manassas, 5 in the Maryland Campaign, and 18 at Chancellorsville. Of the 270 engaged at Gettysburg, about five percent were disabled. The regiment eventually surrendered with 10 officers and 114 men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016321-0004-0000", "contents": "16th Virginia Infantry Regiment\nThe field officers were Colonels Raleigh E. Colston, Charles A. Crump, Stapleton Crutchfield, Joseph H. Ham, and Henry T. Parrish; Lieutenant Colonels John C. Page and Richard O. Whitehead; and Majors Francis D. Holladay, Francis M. Ironmonger, and John T. Woodhouse.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016322-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Visual Effects Society Awards\nBest Visual Effects in a Visual Effects Driven Motion Picture:War for the Planet of the Apes", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016322-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Visual Effects Society Awards\nBest Visual Effects in a Photoreal Episode:Game of Thrones \u2013 Beyond the Wall", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016322-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Visual Effects Society Awards\nThe 16th Visual Effects Society Awards was held in Los Angeles at the Beverly Hilton Hotel on February 13, 2018, in honor to the best visual effects in film and television of 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016322-0003-0000", "contents": "16th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Film\nWar for the Planet of the Apes \u2013 Joe Letteri, Ryan Stafford, Daniel Barrett, Dan Lemmon, Joel Whist", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016322-0004-0000", "contents": "16th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Film\nDunkirk \u2013 Andrew Jackson, Mike Chambers, Andrew Lockley, Alison Wortman, Scott Fisher", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016322-0005-0000", "contents": "16th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Film\nCoco \u2013 Lee Unkrich, Darla K. Anderson, David Ryu, Michael K. O'Brien", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016322-0006-0000", "contents": "16th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Film\nWar for the Planet of the Apes \u2013 Caesar \u2013 Dennis Yoo, Ludovic Chailloleau, Douglas McHale, Tim Forbes", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016322-0007-0000", "contents": "16th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Film\nCoco \u2013 H\u00e8ctor \u2013 Emron Grover, Jonathan Hoffman, Michael Honsel, Guilherme Sauerbronn Jacinto", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016322-0008-0000", "contents": "16th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Film\nBlade Runner 2049 \u2013 Los Angeles \u2013 Chris McLaughlin, Ryan Salcombe, Seungjin Woo, Francesco Dell'Anna", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016322-0009-0000", "contents": "16th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Film\nCoco \u2013 City of the Dead \u2013 Michael Frederickson, Jamie Hecker, Jonathan Pytko, Dave Strick", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016322-0010-0000", "contents": "16th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Film\nGuardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 \u2013 Groot Dance/Opening Fight \u2013 James Baker, Steven Lo, Alvise Avati, Robert Stipp", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016322-0011-0000", "contents": "16th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Film\nBlade Runner 2049 \u2013 LAPD Headquarters \u2013 Alex Funke, Steven Saunders, Joaquin Loyzaga, Chris Menges", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016322-0012-0000", "contents": "16th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Film\nWar for the Planet of the Apes \u2013 David Caeiro Cebrian, Johnathan Nixon, Chet Leavai, Gary Boyle", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016322-0013-0000", "contents": "16th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Film\nCoco \u2013 Kristopher Campbell, Stephen Gustafson, Dave Hale, Keith Klohn", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016322-0014-0000", "contents": "16th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Film\nWar for the Planet of the Apes \u2013 Christoph Salzmann, Robin Hollander, Ben Morgan, Ben Warner", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016322-0015-0000", "contents": "16th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Television\nGame of Thrones \u2013 Beyond the Wall \u2013 Joe Bauer, Steve Kulliback, Chris Baird, David Ramos, Sam Conway", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 68], "content_span": [69, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016322-0016-0000", "contents": "16th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Television\nBlack Sails \u2013 XXIX \u2013 Erik Henry, Terron Pratt, Yafei Wu, David Wahlberg, Paul Dimmer", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 68], "content_span": [69, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016322-0017-0000", "contents": "16th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Television\nSamsung \u2013 Do What you Can't; Ostrich \u2013 Diarmid Harrison-Murray, Tomek Zietkiewicz, Amir Bazazi, Martino Madeddu", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 68], "content_span": [69, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016322-0018-0000", "contents": "16th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Television\nGame of Thrones \u2013 The Spoils of War; Drogon Loot Train Attack \u2013 Murray Stevenson, Jason Snyman, Jenn Taylor, Florian Friedmann", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 68], "content_span": [69, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016322-0019-0000", "contents": "16th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Television\nSamsung \u2013 Do What you Can't; Ostrich \u2013 David Bryan, Maximilian Mallmann, Tim Van Hussen, Brendan Fagan", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 68], "content_span": [69, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016322-0020-0000", "contents": "16th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Television\nGame of Thrones \u2013 Beyond the Wall; Frozen Lake \u2013 Daniel Villalba, Antonio Lado, Jose Luis Barreiro, Isaac de la Pompa", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 68], "content_span": [69, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016322-0021-0000", "contents": "16th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Television\nGame of Thrones \u2013 The Dragon and the Wolf; Wall Destruction \u2013 Thomas Hullin, Dominik Kirouac, Sylvain Nouveau, Nathan Arbuckle", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 68], "content_span": [69, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016322-0022-0000", "contents": "16th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Television\nGame of Thrones \u2013 The Spoils of War; Loot Train Attack \u2013 Dom Hellier, Thijs Noij, Edwin Holdsworth, Giacomo Matteucci", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 68], "content_span": [69, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016322-0023-0000", "contents": "16th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Television\nSamsung \u2013 Do What you Can't; Ostrich \u2013 Michael Gregory, Andrew Roberts, Gustavo Bellon, Rashabh Ramesh Butani", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 68], "content_span": [69, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016322-0024-0000", "contents": "16th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Other categories\nAssassin's Creed Origins \u2013 Raphael Lacoste, Patrick Limoges, Jean-Sebastien Guay, Ulrich Haar", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 74], "content_span": [75, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016322-0025-0000", "contents": "16th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Other categories\nAvatar Flight of Passage \u2013 Richard Baneham, Amy Jupiter, David Lester, Thrain Shadbolt", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 74], "content_span": [75, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016322-0026-0000", "contents": "16th Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Other categories\nHybrids \u2013 Florian Brauch, Romain Thirion, Matthieu Pujol, Kim Tailhades", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 74], "content_span": [75, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016323-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Volksgrenadier Division (Wehrmacht)\nThe 16th Volksgrenadier Division (16. Volksgrenadier-Division; 16. VGD) was a volksgrenadier division of the German Army (Heer) during the Second World War, active from October 1944 to May 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016323-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Volksgrenadier Division (Wehrmacht), History\nThe 16th Volksgrenadier Division was established on 9 October 1944 from the remnants of the 16th Infantry Division, the 158th Reserve Division and the 16th Luftwaffe Field Division in the Vosges in France. She took part in the defensive battles between Langres and Epinal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016323-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Volksgrenadier Division (Wehrmacht), History\nOn 2 February 1945, the division was in a defensive position in the area of Turckheim, but on 8 February was ordered to pull back across the Rhine over the bridge in Neuchatel to help defend the Westwall. On 15 March 1945, the expected attack by the French First Army and US VI Corps started and after resisting for one day the division was forced to pull back. The last remnants of the division capitulated on 5 May 1945 in the Kufstein area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016324-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Ward of New Orleans\nThe 16th Ward or Sixteenth Ward is a division of the city of New Orleans, Louisiana, one of the 17 Wards of New Orleans. It is an Uptown ward, along with the adjacent 17th Ward, formerly part of the city of Carrollton, Louisiana which was annexed by New Orleans in the 1870s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016324-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Ward of New Orleans, Boundaries\nThe 16th Ward stretches inland from the Mississippi River, with the upper boundary being Carrollton Avenue, across which is the 17th Ward, and the lower being Lowerline Street, across which is the 14th Ward. The back boundary was the New Basin Canal, now part of the route of I-10.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016324-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Ward of New Orleans, Neighborhoods and landmarks\nGoing from the Riverfront back, the Ward includes part of the Mississippi River levee used as a linear park. Atop a section of the levee is the regional office of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 53], "content_span": [54, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016324-0003-0000", "contents": "16th Ward of New Orleans, Neighborhoods and landmarks\nAcross Leake Avenue (still called \"River Road\" by many locals) is the Black Pearl neighborhood. The Ward continues back across St. Charles Avenue, route of the famous St. Charles Avenue Streetcar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 53], "content_span": [54, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016324-0004-0000", "contents": "16th Ward of New Orleans, Neighborhoods and landmarks\nThe Old Carrollton Courthouse formerly served as a courthouse, jail and school, but has been vacant since 2013. Designed by architect Henry Howard, the building's construction was completed in 1855.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 53], "content_span": [54, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016324-0005-0000", "contents": "16th Ward of New Orleans, Neighborhoods and landmarks\nThe Lower or East Carrollton neighborhood contains much fine wooden 19th century residential architecture, and Maple Street, an old mixed commercial/residential neighborhood main street, with shops, restaurants, bars, and coffee shops, is popular with both locals and students of nearby Tulane University and Loyola University New Orleans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 53], "content_span": [54, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016324-0006-0000", "contents": "16th Ward of New Orleans, Neighborhoods and landmarks\nAt the corner of S. Carrollton Avenue and Willow Street is the Nix Library, which opened in 1930. The lot, upon which the library sits, was donated to the City of New Orleans by James, Ralph, and John Nix in order to build a library in memory of their parents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 53], "content_span": [54, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016324-0007-0000", "contents": "16th Ward of New Orleans, Neighborhoods and landmarks\nThe old residential neighborhood, with occasional corner stores, continues back to wide Claiborne Avenue, across which is the upper edge of the Fountainbleau neighborhood. On Carrollton Avenue the Notre Dame Seminary is the residence of the Archbishop of New Orleans, where Pope John Paul II stayed during his visit to New Orleans in 1987.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 53], "content_span": [54, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016324-0008-0000", "contents": "16th Ward of New Orleans, Neighborhoods and landmarks\nBack from Earhart Boulevard was the former location of Lincoln Park and Johnson Park, where musicians including Buddy Bolden, Bunk Johnson, and John Robichaux played in the early years of the 20th century, now a mixed commercial and residential area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 53], "content_span": [54, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016324-0009-0000", "contents": "16th Ward of New Orleans, Neighborhoods and landmarks\nThe Gert Town, New Orleans neighborhood continues back to Xavier University of Louisiana, at the back end of the Ward, adjacent to I-10.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 53], "content_span": [54, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016324-0010-0000", "contents": "16th Ward of New Orleans, Neighborhoods and landmarks\nEstablished in 1849, Carrollton Cemetery No.1 was founded as the municipal cemetery for the suburb of Carrollton, and later annexed to the City of New Orleans in 1874. Also referred to as the Green Street Cemetery, Carrollton Cemetery No.1 covers a four block area, and is bounded by Adams, Hickory, Birch, and Lowerline Streets. The cemetery is dominated by in-ground burials with several aisles of above-ground tombs. Located one block away is Carrollton Cemetery No.2, also known as St. Mary's Cemetery as it was formerly the property of the Catholic Church (St. Mary\u2019s Nativity). Like Carrollton Cemetery No.1, Carrollton Cemetery No.2 is bounded on the east side by Lowerline Street. It covers 2 blocks, and is bounded on the other three sides by Adams, Spruce, and Cohn Streets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 53], "content_span": [54, 838]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016324-0011-0000", "contents": "16th Ward of New Orleans, Hurricane Katrina\nIn the general flooding of New Orleans in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina in 2005, most of the ward from about Green Street back was flooded, while most of the area from around Freret Street to the Mississippi River was above the flood waters. The dry area experienced extensive looting in the aftermath of the storm and levee failure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 43], "content_span": [44, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016324-0012-0000", "contents": "16th Ward of New Orleans, Hurricane Katrina\nThe area was hit in February, 2007 by a EF2 tornado that tossed a stretch of Hillary Street before bouncing across St. Charles Avenue and Carrollton Avenue near Jeannette Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 43], "content_span": [44, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016325-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Weapons Squadron\nThe 16th Weapons Squadron is a United States Air Force unit. It is assigned to the USAF Weapons School, based at Nellis Air Force Base, Nevada.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016325-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Weapons Squadron\nThe 16th began as the 16th Pursuit Squadron on 20 November 1940. During World War II, the 16th Squadron flew missions in New Guinea, India, and China in the Curtiss P-40 Warhawk, Republic P-47 Thunderbolt, and North American P-51 Mustang. During the Korean War, the 16th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron flew missions from Korea and Japan in the Lockheed F-80 Shooting Star and North American F-86 Sabre. After the Korean War, the 16th was stationed in Japan, Florida, Norway, Turkey, Korea, and Utah, flying missions in the Convair F-102 Delta Dagger and McDonnell F-4 Phantom II aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016325-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Weapons Squadron\nIn January 1979, the 16th Tactical Fighter Training Squadron became the USAF's first F-16A/B operational squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016325-0003-0000", "contents": "16th Weapons Squadron, History, World War II\nActivated at Hamilton Field, California in 1941 as a Curtiss P-40 Warhawk pursuit squadron to defend the West Coast. Deployed to the CBI in March 1942, initially arriving at Karachi, India moving via Australia and Ceylon. It was assigned to Tenth Air Force. The squadron defended the Indian terminus of The Hump over the Himalayas between India and China and airfields in that area, operating from the Assam Valley of northeast India. The squadron flew strafing, bombing, reconnaissance, and patrol missions in support of Allied ground troops during a Japanese offensive in northern Burma in 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016325-0004-0000", "contents": "16th Weapons Squadron, History, World War II\nMoved to southeast China in October 1943, being assigned to Fourteenth Air Force. The squadron defended the Chinese end of the Hump route and air bases in the Kunming area. Attacked Japanese shipping in the Red River delta of Indochina and supported Chinese ground forces in their late 1944 drive along the Salween River. Was reequipped with North American P-51D Mustangs in 1945 to defend the eastern end of the route over the Hump, and to guard air bases in the Kunming area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016325-0005-0000", "contents": "16th Weapons Squadron, History, World War II\nThey returned to India in the fall of 1945 and sailed for the United States in November. Inactivated on 13 December 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016325-0006-0000", "contents": "16th Weapons Squadron, History, Air defense in the Pacific\nReactivated at Yontan Air Base Okinawa in 1946 and moved to Naha Air Base when Yontan closed in 1947. The squadron was assigned to the 301st Fighter Wing. Pilots engaged in combat operations in the Korean War, 1950\u20131953, returned to Naha Air Base to resume air defense coverage of the Ryukyu Islands in 1954.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 58], "content_span": [59, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016325-0007-0000", "contents": "16th Weapons Squadron, History, Air defense in the Pacific\nFrom August 1958 to January 1959, deployed to Tainan Air Base Taiwan to fly combat air support missions for Nationalist Chinese forces after mainland Communist Chinese forces shelled the Nationalist-held islands of Quemoy and Matsu.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 58], "content_span": [59, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016325-0008-0000", "contents": "16th Weapons Squadron, History, Air defense in the Pacific\nIn the early 1960s, the Air Force was implementing Project Clearwater, an initiative to withdraw Convair F-102 Delta Daggers from overseas bases in order to reduce \"gold flow\" (negative foreign currency transactions). By 1963, part of Clearwater called for the 16th to move to Davis-Monthan Air Force Base, Arizona, permitting the McDonnell F-101 Voodoos of the 15th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron stationed there to be distributed to other Air Defense Command squadrons. However, the Gulf of Tonkin incident intervened and the 16th was kept in the Pacific to maintain an air defense capability there. It deployed F-102s to the Philippines and South Vietnam from August to October 1964 for air defense against possible North Vietnamese air attacks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 58], "content_span": [59, 805]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016325-0009-0000", "contents": "16th Weapons Squadron, History, Tactical fighter operations\nReturned to the United States, activating at Eglin Air Force Base, Florida. Became combat ready in the McDonnell F-4 Phantom II aircraft in December 1965 with a program of tactical training operations to maintain proficiency. Participated in numerous airpower demonstrations, provided close air support of Army troops during tactical exercises, and prepared for overseas deployments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 59], "content_span": [60, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016325-0010-0000", "contents": "16th Weapons Squadron, History, Tactical fighter operations\nFrom December 1966 to mid-1967 performed F-4 replacement training. Through deployment of combat-ready tactical components, with personnel and equipment transferred to Pacific Air Forces units upon arrival, the squadron provided fresh aircraft and aircrews for the forces in Southeast Asia, twice relinquished all its resources for combat and remanned in October 1967 and April 1969. Deployed to South Korea, and assumed alert status at Kunsan Kunsan and Osan Air Bases June\u2013September 1970, providing air defense, participating in exercises, and maintaining combat readiness.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 59], "content_span": [60, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016325-0011-0000", "contents": "16th Weapons Squadron, History, Tactical fighter operations\nMoved to Hill Air Force Base, Utah, and received first production General Dynamics F-16A Fighting Falcon aircraft to be delivered to an operational squadron on 6 January 1979. Many of the early F-16 pilots went through the 16th Tactical Fighter Training Squadron, as it was the first Replacement Training Unit for the F-16 and acted as a worldwide training unit, training over 240 pilots in the F-16.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 59], "content_span": [60, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016325-0012-0000", "contents": "16th Weapons Squadron, History, Tactical fighter operations\nIn April 1983 the unit became the 16th Tactical Fighter Squadron but still kept its training role, although not for beginner pilots but for higher levels of combat training. It was only fitting that as the world's first F-16 squadron that the 16th received the 1,000th F-16 to come off the General Dynamics assembly line on 22 July 1983. During the three years of operational tasking the squadron continued to train and upgrade its pilots to combat ready status and to maintain the capability to deploy worldwide on short notice and employ the F-16 in the conventional air-to-air and air-to-ground combat roles. The unit inactivated on 30 June 1986.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 59], "content_span": [60, 709]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016325-0013-0000", "contents": "16th Weapons Squadron, History, Fighter weapons training\nInitially there was an F-16 division within the Fighter Weapons School that was created in 1982 and produced its first graduating class. The purpose of the school was to train aircrew in a most realistic combat environment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 56], "content_span": [57, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016325-0014-0000", "contents": "16th Weapons Squadron, History, Fighter weapons training\nReactivated on 3 February 2003 as the 16th Weapons Squadron. The squadron is composed of block 42 and 52's. Only a few days before on 24 January 2003 the squadron officially was redesignated the 16th Weapons Squadron while working towards activation at Nellis Air Force Base, Nevada.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 56], "content_span": [57, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016325-0015-0000", "contents": "16th Weapons Squadron, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 47], "content_span": [48, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016326-0000-0000", "contents": "16th West Virginia Infantry Regiment\nThe 16th West Virginia Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016326-0001-0000", "contents": "16th West Virginia Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 16th West Virginia Infantry Regiment was organized at Washington, D.C. between August and September 1862. It spent its entire service in the defenses of Washington, D.C., and was mustered out on June 10, 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016326-0002-0000", "contents": "16th West Virginia Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe 16th West Virginia Infantry Regiment suffered 7 enlisted men dead from disease for a total of 7 fatalities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016327-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment\nThe 16th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016327-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 16th Wisconsin was raised at Madison, Wisconsin, and mustered into Federal service January 31, 1862.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016327-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe 16th Wisconsin  suffered 6 officers and 141 enlisted men killed in action or who later died of their wounds, plus another 4 officer and 248 enlisted men who died of disease, for a total of 399 fatalities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016327-0003-0000", "contents": "16th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe six-man color guard were all killed on April 6, 1862. They are memorialized with cenotaphs at what was the apex of the Shiloh Military Cemetery overlooking the Tennessee River.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016327-0004-0000", "contents": "16th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment, Further reading\nThis article about a specific military unit of the American Civil War is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 49], "content_span": [50, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016328-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Wisconsin Legislature\nThe Sixteenth Wisconsin Legislature convened from January 14, 1863, to April 2, 1863, in regular session.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016328-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Wisconsin Legislature\nSenators representing odd-numbered districts were newly elected for this session and were serving the first year of a two-year term. Assembly members were elected to a one-year term. Assembly members and even-numbered senators were elected in the general election of November 4, 1862. Senators representing even-numbered districts were serving the second year of their two-year term, having been elected in the general election held on November 5, 1861.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016328-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Wisconsin Legislature, Members, Senate\nMembers of the Wisconsin Senate for the Sixteenth Wisconsin Legislature:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 43], "content_span": [44, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016329-0000-0000", "contents": "16th World Economic Forum on Africa\nThe 16th World Economic Forum on Africa: Going for Growth was a World Economic Forum economic summit meeting held in Cape Town, South Africa, from May 31 to June 2, 2006. The summit was attended by some 650 political and business leaders from 39 countries, focusing particularly on rapidly increasing African commodity prices. It also examined issues relating to the promotion of investment, improving world opinion, combating hunger, sustainable development, and offer specific initiatives to address these and other economic issues facing part of or the entire continent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016329-0001-0000", "contents": "16th World Economic Forum on Africa, Initiatives\nIn addition to examining the impact of the expanding Chinese and Indian economies on the rise of commodity prices in Africa, the summit addressed several specific economic, developmental, and financial initiatives:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 48], "content_span": [49, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016330-0000-0000", "contents": "16th World Science Fiction Convention\nThe 16th World Science Fiction Convention, also known as Solacon, was held August 29\u2013September 1, 1958, at the Alexandria Hotel in Los Angeles, California, United States. Solacon was physically in Los Angeles, but (by mayoral proclamation) technically in South Gate, California, to fulfill their longtime bid slogan (since 1948) of \"South Gate in '58.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016330-0001-0000", "contents": "16th World Science Fiction Convention\nSuperfan Rick Sneary had a cardboard sign at this convention that read \"We'll do it again in 2010\" that he carried to numerous future Worldcons. His death in 1990 laid that dream to rest and the 2010 Worldcon happened in Melbourne, Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016330-0002-0000", "contents": "16th World Science Fiction Convention\nSolacon's chair was Anne S. Moffatt. The guest of honor was Richard Matheson. The toastmaster was Anthony Boucher. Total attendance was 322.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016330-0003-0000", "contents": "16th World Science Fiction Convention, Awards\nThe Hugo Awards, named after Hugo Gernsback, are presented every year for the best science fiction or fantasy works and achievements of the previous year. The results are based on the ballots submitted by members of the World Science Fiction Society. Other awards, including the Astounding Award for Best New Writer (since 1973; named \"John W. Campbell Award for Best New Writer\" until 2019), are also presented at each year's Worldcon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 45], "content_span": [46, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016330-0004-0000", "contents": "16th World Science Fiction Convention, Awards, Hugo Awards\nFor the 1958 Hugos, Solacon presented engraved Hugo Award plaques instead of the nickel-plated Hugo rockets mounted on wooden bases, like those presented at the previous Worldcons in 1953, 1955, 1956, and 1957 (no awards were given in 1954).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 58], "content_span": [59, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016331-0000-0000", "contents": "16th World Scout Jamboree\nThe 16th World Scout Jamboree was held 30 December 1987 to 7 January 1988, the first World Scout Jamboree held in the Southern Hemisphere, and the first to change the date from the traditional August to January to coincide with summer. The Jamboree was hosted by Australia at Cataract Scout Park a specially constructed Scout tent city situated on a 160-hectare site at Appin, New South Wales, near Sydney, New South Wales. 14,434 Scouts from 84 countries attended the Jamboree, with around 13,000 more in attendance on \"Visiting Day\". The theme was Bringing the World Together.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016331-0001-0000", "contents": "16th World Scout Jamboree\nThe course of New Year's Day passed during the Jamboree, and the opening ceremony of the Jamboree, at midnight on 31 December 1987, was the first official event of Australia's Bicentenary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016331-0002-0000", "contents": "16th World Scout Jamboree\nHighlights included the Challenge Valley obstacle course, and the Great Aussie Surf Carnival, for which all Scouts were shuttled in over 50 buses to Thirroul Beach.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016331-0003-0000", "contents": "16th World Scout Jamboree\nThe United Kingdom contingent included Betty Clay, daughter of the founder of Scouting, and eleven members of the Baden-Powell family, nine of whom were direct descendants of Robert Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-Powell. In addition 18 Ranger Guides attended, the first time members of the Guide Association were allowed to take part in a World Jamboree.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016332-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Writers Guild of America Awards\nThe 16th Writers Guild of America Awards honored the best film writers and television writers of 1963. Winners were announced in 1964.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016333-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Yokohama Film Festival\nThe 16th Yokohama Film Festival (\u7b2c16\u56de\u30e8\u30b3\u30cf\u30de\u6620\u753b\u796d) was held on 22 January 1995 in Kannai Hall, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016334-0000-0000", "contents": "16th Youth in Film Awards\nThe 16th Youth in Film Awards ceremony (now known as the Young Artist Awards), presented by the Youth in Film Association, honored outstanding youth performers under the age of 21 in the fields of film, television, theater and music for the 1993-1994 season, and took place on March 19, 1995, at the Sportsmen's Lodge in Studio City, California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016334-0001-0000", "contents": "16th Youth in Film Awards\nEstablished in 1978 by long-standing Hollywood Foreign Press Association member, Maureen Dragone, the Youth in Film Association was the first organization to establish an awards ceremony specifically set to recognize and award the contributions of performers under the age of 21 in the fields of film, television, theater and music.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016334-0002-0000", "contents": "16th Youth in Film Awards, Best Young Performer in a TV Mini-Series or Special, Best Performance by a Youth Actress in a TV Mini-Series or Special\n\u2605 Rae'Ven Larrymore Kelly - Lily in Winter (USA Network)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 146], "content_span": [147, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016334-0003-0000", "contents": "16th Youth in Film Awards, Best Young Performer in a Television Series, Best Performance by a Youth Actress in a Drama Series\n\u2605 (tie) Lisa Wilhoit - My So-Called Life (ABC)\u2605 (tie) J. Madison Wright - Earth 2 (NBC)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 125], "content_span": [126, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016334-0004-0000", "contents": "16th Youth in Film Awards, Best Young Performer in a Television Series, Best Performance by a Youth Actress in a TV Comedy Series\n\u2605 Brittany Daniel and Cynthia Daniel - Sweet Valley High (Syndication)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 129], "content_span": [130, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016334-0005-0000", "contents": "16th Youth in Film Awards, Best Young Performer in a Television Series, Best Youth Comedienne in a TV Show\n\u2605 Melissa Joan Hart - Clarissa Explains It All (Nickelodeon)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 106], "content_span": [107, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016334-0006-0000", "contents": "16th Youth in Film Awards, Best Young Performer in a Television Series, Best Performance by a Youth Actor in a Daytime Series\n\u2605 Courtland Mead - The Young and the Restless (CBS)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 125], "content_span": [126, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016334-0007-0000", "contents": "16th Youth in Film Awards, Best Young Performer in a Television Series, Best Performance by a Youth Actress in a Daytime Series\n\u2605 Maitland Ward - The Bold and the Beautiful (CBS)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 127], "content_span": [128, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016334-0008-0000", "contents": "16th Youth in Film Awards, Best Young Performer in a Television Series, Best Performance by an Actor Under 10 in a TV Series\n\u2605 Ross Bagley - The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air (NBC)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 124], "content_span": [125, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016334-0009-0000", "contents": "16th Youth in Film Awards, Best Young Performer in a Voice-Over, Best Performance by a Youth Actor in a Voice-Over - TV or Movie\n\u2605 Jason Weaver (duet with Laura Williams) - The Lion King (Walt Disney)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 128], "content_span": [129, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016334-0010-0000", "contents": "16th Youth in Film Awards, Best Young Performer in a Voice-Over, Best Performance by a Youth Actress in a Voice-Over - TV or Movie\n\u2605 Laura Williams (duet with Jason Weaver) - The Lion King (Walt Disney)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 130], "content_span": [131, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016334-0011-0000", "contents": "16th Youth in Film Awards, Best Young Ensemble Performance, Best Performance by a Youth Ensemble in a Motion Picture\n\u2605 The Little Rascals (Universal Pictures) - Ross Bagley, Travis Tedford, Bug Hall, Brittany Ashton Holmes, Kevin Jamal Woods and Juliette Brewer", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 116], "content_span": [117, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016334-0012-0000", "contents": "16th Youth in Film Awards, Best Young Ensemble Performance, Best Performance by a Youth Ensemble in a Television Series\n\u2605 My So-Called Life (ABC) - Claire Danes, Wilson Cruz, Devon Gummersall, A.J. Langer, Devon Odessa and Lisa Wilhoit", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 119], "content_span": [120, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016334-0013-0000", "contents": "16th Youth in Film Awards, Youth In Film's Special Awards, Former Child Star - Life Achievement Award\n\u2605 Robert Blake - Original \"Little Mickey\" in The Little Rascals", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 101], "content_span": [102, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016334-0014-0000", "contents": "16th Youth in Film Awards, Youth In Film's Special Awards, Outstanding Contribution To Youth Through Entertainment\n\u2605 Laura Dash - Stunt Artist For Children in Film and TV", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 114], "content_span": [115, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016334-0015-0000", "contents": "16th Youth in Film Awards, Youth In Film's Special Awards, Outstanding Youth Actors in a Foreign Film\n\u2605 Daniel Guyent and Jehan Pag\u00e8s - Poussi\u00e8res de vie (Dust of Life)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 101], "content_span": [102, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016335-0000-0000", "contents": "16th and 17th Republican People's Party Extraordinary Conventions\nThe 16th and 17th Republican People's Party Extraordinary Conventions (Turkish: 16. ve 17. Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc kurultaylar\u0131) were held on 26 and 27 February 2012 respectively. Two separate conventions were held, since the Republican People's Party (CHP) of Turkey had the changing of several party regulations on its agenda. The rare occasion in which two extraordinary conventions were held on two days in a row resulted in the CHP being nicknamed the \"party of conventions.\" The 16th convention saw party policy, achievements and proposed regulation changes being discussed, with a new party council elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [65, 65], "content_span": [66, 691]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016335-0000-0001", "contents": "16th and 17th Republican People's Party Extraordinary Conventions\nThe new council president was named as Adnan Keskin. The 17th convention was held a day later and was only attended by party delegates, who held a final discussion and then a vote on adopting the new regulations. The new regulations were accepted by a majority of the delegates, with 362 dissidents voting against. The terms of the accepted changes took effect in time for the 34th ordinary convention held on 1 March 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [65, 65], "content_span": [66, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016335-0001-0000", "contents": "16th and 17th Republican People's Party Extraordinary Conventions\nThe convention saw a split between those in favour of the regulation reforms and \"dissident\" party members led mainly by Manisa MP \u0130sa G\u00f6k. G\u00f6k had claimed repeatedly that an insufficient amount of delegates (583 out of 1,247) had arrived which thus meant that the conventions could not take place. Met with boos and aggression, G\u00f6k was forced out of the convention. The newly reformed regulations included the devolution of greater powers and funding to local party associations and youth/women wings, as well as the induction of a quota for equal gender representation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [65, 65], "content_span": [66, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016335-0001-0001", "contents": "16th and 17th Republican People's Party Extraordinary Conventions\nSeats on the party's council were reduced but an honorary committee of party grandees was also created, while running for the party leadership was made easier. The process by which parliamentary candidates were chosen was changed and becoming a party member was made easier. The new regulations also featured changes to the party's principles, with new articles taking a tougher stance against elitism and imperialism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [65, 65], "content_span": [66, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016335-0002-0000", "contents": "16th and 17th Republican People's Party Extraordinary Conventions\nDuring the 17th convention in which only delegates were admitted, 9 proposed changes made by the 362 dissident delegates, plus a proposed bulk change made after, were all rejected by the other delegates. The new regulations were thus voted in with a majority. In total, 47 articles of the CHP party regulations were changed as a result.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [65, 65], "content_span": [66, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016336-0000-0000", "contents": "16th arrondissement of Marseille\nThe 16th arrondissement of Marseille is one of the 16 arrondissements of Marseille. It is governed locally together with the 15th arrondissement, with which it forms the 8th sector of Marseille.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016337-0000-0000", "contents": "16th arrondissement of Paris\nThe 16th arrondissement of Paris (XVIe arrondissement) is one of the 20 arrondissements of the capital city of France. In spoken French, this arrondissement is referred to as seizi\u00e8me.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016337-0001-0000", "contents": "16th arrondissement of Paris\nThe arrondissement includes part of the Arc de Triomphe, and a concentration of museums between the Place du Trocad\u00e9ro and the Place d'I\u00e9na, complemented in 2014 by the Fondation Louis Vuitton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016337-0002-0000", "contents": "16th arrondissement of Paris\nWith its ornate 19th-century buildings, large avenues, prestigious schools, museums, and various parks, the arrondissement has long been known as one of French high society's favourite places of residence (comparable to London's Kensington and Chelsea or Berlin's Charlottenburg) to such an extent that the  phrase le 16e (French pronunciation:\u00a0\u200b[l\u0259 s\u025bzj\u025bm]) has been associated with great wealth in French popular culture. Indeed, the 16th arrondissement of Paris is France's third richest district for average household income, following the 7th, and Neuilly-sur-Seine, both adjacent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016337-0003-0000", "contents": "16th arrondissement of Paris\nThe 16th arrondissement hosts several large sporting venues, including: the Parc des Princes, which is the stadium where Paris Saint-Germain football club plays its home matches; Roland Garros Stadium, where the French Open tennis championships are held; and Stade Jean-Bouin, home to the Stade Fran\u00e7ais rugby union club. The Bois de Boulogne, the second-largest public park in Paris (behind only the Bois de Vincennes), is also located in this arrondissement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016337-0004-0000", "contents": "16th arrondissement of Paris, Geography\nThe land area of this arrondissement is 16.305\u00a0km2 (6.295\u00a0sq mi or 4,029\u00a0acres), slightly more than half of which consists of the Bois de Boulogne park. Excluding the Bois de Boulogne, its land area is 7.846\u00a0km2 (3.029\u00a0sq mi or 1,939\u00a0acres). It is the largest arrondissement in Paris in terms of land area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 39], "content_span": [40, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016337-0005-0000", "contents": "16th arrondissement of Paris, Geography\nStade Fran\u00e7ais rugby union fans at the Parc des Princes", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 39], "content_span": [40, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016337-0006-0000", "contents": "16th arrondissement of Paris, Demographics and politics\nThe 16th arrondissement population peaked in 1962, when it had 227,418 inhabitants. At the last census (2009), the population was 169,372. The 16th arrondissement contains a great deal of business activity; in 1999 it hosted 106,971 jobs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 55], "content_span": [56, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016337-0007-0000", "contents": "16th arrondissement of Paris, Demographics and politics\nThe 16th arrondissement is commonly thought to be one of the richest parts of Paris (see Auteuil-Neuilly-Passy), and features some of the most expensive real estate in France including the famous Auteuil \"villas\", heirs to 19th century high society country houses, they are exclusive gated communities with huge houses surrounded by gardens, which is extremely rare in Paris. It is also the only arrondissement in Paris to be divided into two separate postal codes. The southern part of the arrondissement carries a postal code of 75016, while the northern part has the code of 75116.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 55], "content_span": [56, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016337-0008-0000", "contents": "16th arrondissement of Paris, Demographics and politics\nThe 16th arrondissement is one of the strongest areas in the country for the French right. In 2017, it gave over 58% of its votes in the first round to right-wing candidate Fran\u00e7ois Fillon; amidst a poor national result of only 20%. It then went on to vote for Emmanuel Macron by a landslide in the runoff.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 55], "content_span": [56, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016337-0009-0000", "contents": "16th arrondissement of Paris, Demographics and politics, Immigration\n2 An immigrant is a person born in a foreign country not having French citizenship at birth. Note that an immigrant may have acquired French citizenship since moving to France, but is still considered an immigrant in French statistics. On the other hand, persons born in France with foreign citizenship (the children of immigrants) are not listed as immigrants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 68], "content_span": [69, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016337-0010-0000", "contents": "16th arrondissement of Paris, Economy\nFour Fortune Global 500 have their head offices in this arrondissement: PSA Peugeot Citro\u00ebn, Lafarge, and Veolia. In addition Lagard\u00e8re and Technip have their headquarters in this arrondissement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016337-0011-0000", "contents": "16th arrondissement of Paris, Economy\nAt one time A\u00e9rospatiale had its head office in the arrondissement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016337-0012-0000", "contents": "16th arrondissement of Paris, Movies filmed in the 16th arrondissement\nIn one of the opening scenes of the 1965 James Bond film Thunderball, character Emilio Largo is seen arriving at the headquarters of The International Brotherhood for the Assistance of Stateless Persons. This scene was shot on Avenue d'Eylau in the 16th arrondissement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 70], "content_span": [71, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016337-0013-0000", "contents": "16th arrondissement of Paris, Movies filmed in the 16th arrondissement\nThe 1972 film Last Tango in Paris was filmed at various locations in the 16th arrondissement, with the apartment the characters stayed in being located in Passy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 70], "content_span": [71, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016337-0014-0000", "contents": "16th arrondissement of Paris, Marcel Petiot\nA notorious serial murder case, which generated an international media circus, centered in the 16th arrondissement during the Nazi occupation of France during World War II. The focal point of the case was French doctor Marcel Petiot, who in 1941 bought a house at 21 Rue le Sueur in \"the heart of Paris's fashionable 16th arrondissement\". On 11 March 1944, Petiot's neighbors complained to police of a foul stench in the area and of large amounts of smoke billowing from a chimney of the house.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 43], "content_span": [44, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016337-0014-0001", "contents": "16th arrondissement of Paris, Marcel Petiot\nFearing a chimney fire, the police summoned firemen, who entered the house and found a roaring fire in a coal stove in the basement. In the fire, and scattered in the basement, were human remains. Following an investigation, during which time Petiot attempted to evade capture, \"the monster of rue Le Sueur\" was ultimately arrested and went on trial on 19 March 1946, facing 135 criminal charges. He was convicted of 26 counts of murder and sentenced to death. On 25 May, Petiot was beheaded, after a stay of several days due to a problem in the release mechanism of the guillotine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 43], "content_span": [44, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016337-0015-0000", "contents": "16th arrondissement of Paris, Education, Primary and secondary schools\nHere is a list of domestic French sixth-form colleges/high schools in the arrondissement", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 70], "content_span": [71, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016337-0016-0000", "contents": "16th arrondissement of Paris, Education, Undergraduate and postgraduate studies\nThe Universit\u00e9 Paris-Dauphine is in the arrondissement, as well as Paris Institute of Technology, part of Paris Descartes University, one of Paris biggest public universities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 79], "content_span": [80, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016337-0017-0000", "contents": "16th arrondissement of Paris, Education, Undergraduate and postgraduate studies\nThe renowned \"classes pr\u00e9paratoires\" establishment Int\u00e9grale\u00a0: Institut d'enseignement sup\u00e9rieur priv\u00e9 have one of their campuses in the arrondissement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 79], "content_span": [80, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016337-0018-0000", "contents": "16th arrondissement of Paris, Education, Supplementary schools\nThe \u00c9cole de langue japonaise de Paris (\u30d1\u30ea\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u88dc\u7fd2\u6821 Pari Nihongo Hosh\u016bk\u014d), a supplementary Japanese education programme, is held at the \u00c9cole Maternelle et Primaire Saint Francois d'Eylau in the 16th arrondissement. The school has its offices at the Association Amicale des Ressortissants Japonais en France (AARJF) in the 8th arrondissement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 62], "content_span": [63, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016338-0000-0000", "contents": "16th century\nThe 16th century (or XVIth century) begins with the Julian year 1501 (MDI) and ends with either the Julian or the Gregorian year 1600 (MDC) (depending on the reckoning used; the Gregorian calendar introduced a lapse of 10 days in October 1582).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016338-0001-0000", "contents": "16th century\nThe 16th century is regarded by historians as the century in which the rise of Western civilization and the Age of the Islamic Gunpowders occurred. The Renaissance in Italy and Europe saw the emergence of important artists, authors and scientists, and led to the foundation of important subjects which include accounting and political science. Copernicus proposed the heliocentric universe, which was met with strong resistance, and Tycho Brahe refuted the theory of celestial spheres through observational measurement of the 1572 appearance of a Milky Way supernova.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016338-0001-0001", "contents": "16th century\nThese events directly challenged the long-held notion of an immutable universe supported by Ptolemy and Aristotle, and led to major revolutions in astronomy and science. Galileo Galilei became a champion of the new sciences, invented the first thermometer and made substantial contributions in the fields of physics and astronomy, becoming a major figure in the Scientific Revolution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016338-0002-0000", "contents": "16th century\nSpain and Portugal colonized large parts of Central and South America, followed by France and England in northern America and the lesser Antilles. The Portuguese became the masters of trade between Brazil, the coasts of Africa, their possessions in the Indies and the Moluccas in Oceania, whereas the Spanish came to dominate the greater Antilles, Mexico, Peru, and opened trade across the Pacific Ocean, linking the Americas with the Indies. English and French corsaires began to practice persistent theft of Spanish and Portuguese treasures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016338-0002-0001", "contents": "16th century\nThis era of colonialism established mercantilism as the leading school of economic thought, where the economic system was viewed as a zero-sum game in which any gain by one party required a loss by another. The mercantilist doctrine encouraged the many intra-European wars of the period and arguably fueled European expansion and imperialism throughout the world until the 19th century or early 20th century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016338-0003-0000", "contents": "16th century\nThe Protestant Reformation in central and northern Europe gave a major blow to the authority of the papacy and the Catholic Church. In England, the British-Italian Alberico Gentili wrote the first book on public international law and divided secularism from canon law and Catholic theology. European politics became dominated by religious conflicts, with the groundwork for the epochal Thirty Years' War being laid towards the end of the century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016338-0004-0000", "contents": "16th century\nIn the Middle East, the Ottoman Empire continued to expand, with the Sultan taking the title of Caliph, while dealing with a resurgent Persia. Iran and Iraq were caught by a major popularity of the Shiite sect of Islam under the rule of the Safavid dynasty of warrior-mystics, providing grounds for a Persia independent of the majority-Sunni Muslim world.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016338-0005-0000", "contents": "16th century\nIn the Indian subcontinent, following the defeat of the Delhi Sultanate empire and Vijayanagara Empire, new powers emerged, the Suri Empire founded by Sher Shah Suri, Deccan sultanates and the Mughal Empire by Emperor Babur of Mughal Dynasty, a direct descendant of Timur and Genghis Khan. His successors Humayun and Akbar, enlarged the empire to include most of South Asia. The empire developed a strong and stable economy in the world, leading to commercial expansion and greater patronage of culture, which significantly influenced the course of Indian history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016338-0006-0000", "contents": "16th century\nJapan suffered a severe civil war at this time, known as the Sengoku period, and emerged from it as a unified nation. China was ruled by the Ming dynasty and came into conflict with Japan and Japanese piracy over the control of Korea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016339-0000-0000", "contents": "16th century BC\nThe 16th century BC is a century which lasted from 1600 BC to 1501 BC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 86]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016339-0001-0000", "contents": "16th century BC, Sovereign states\nSee : List of sovereign states in the 16th century BC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 33], "content_span": [34, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016340-0000-0000", "contents": "16th century in Canada\nThe 16th century in Canada saw the first contacts, since the Norsemen 500 years earlier, between the indigenous peoples in Canada living near the Atlantic coast and European fishermen, whalers, traders, and explorers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016340-0001-0000", "contents": "16th century in Canada\nFollowing the discovery of the Americas by Christopher Columbus in 1492 and the subsequent voyage to the land that became known as Canada by John Cabot in 1497, Europeans visited the Atlantic coast with increasing frequency. Cabot's report of abundant codfish drew European fishermen to the waters near Canada. Most of the visits in the 16th century were unrecorded, although by mid-century the number of European fishing boats and whaling ships visiting Newfoundland, Labrador, the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and Nova Scotia ran into the hundreds annually. Many of the Europeans came ashore to trade with the indigenous peoples or process their catch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016340-0002-0000", "contents": "16th century in Canada\nThe tribes of indigenous people living in the area visited by Europeans were the Inuit in Labrador, the Beothuk in Newfoundland, the Micmaq in Nova Scotia and the southern part of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, the St. Lawrence Iroquoians along the St. Lawrence River in Quebec and Ontario, and the Innu (Montagnais), north of the St. Lawrence River. The tribes of the Wabenaki and Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) Confederacies would also play a role in the history of Canada during this century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016340-0003-0000", "contents": "16th century in Canada\nThe principal resources drawing Europeans to Canada were a seemingly inexhaustible fishery of cod and marine mammals (for oil). Toward the end of the century, trading with indigenous people for furs became important.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016341-0000-0000", "contents": "16th century in North American history\nThe historical record in North America begins  in the second half of the 16th century, with ongoing   European exploration.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016341-0001-0000", "contents": "16th century in North American history, Timeline\nGiovanni da Verrazzano explored the East Coast of North America from Florida to presumably Newfoundland in 1524.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 48], "content_span": [49, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016341-0002-0000", "contents": "16th century in North American history, Timeline\nJacques Cartier made a series of voyages on behalf of the French crown in 1534 and explored the St. Lawrence River.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 48], "content_span": [49, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016341-0003-0000", "contents": "16th century in North American history, Timeline\nAndr\u00e9 Thevet's The new found worlde, or Antarctike is an English translation of Thevet's Les singularitez de la France antarctique, first published in 1558.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 48], "content_span": [49, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016341-0004-0000", "contents": "16th century in North American history, Timeline\nAndr\u00e9 Thevet was a Franciscan friar who accompanied Villegagnon in 1555 when he went to establish a French colony on the coast of Brazil. He was there for only a few months, but in that time gained a considerable knowledge of the manners and customs of the natives. His observations were considered unreliable by some of his contemporaries and there is still some doubt as to whether or not his accounts can be regarded as accurate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 48], "content_span": [49, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016341-0005-0000", "contents": "16th century in North American history, Timeline\nBy his translation of Thevet, Thomas Hacket presented the first account in English of a curious American custom \u2013 the smoking of tobacco by means of burning leaves wrapped in a small cylinder (the cigar), or in a pipe: \"Their maner to use it, is this, they wrappe a quantitie of this herbe being dry in a leafe of a palme tree which is very great, and so they make rolles of the length of a c\u00e3dle, and than they fire the one end, and receive the smoke therof by their nose and by their mouthe.\" Thevet's account of this practice is the first clear description of the cigar and its use.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 48], "content_span": [49, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016341-0006-0000", "contents": "16th century in North American history, Timeline\nSir Humphrey Gilbert published his book, A discourse of a discoverie for a new passage to Cataia. This book, which is an essay to prove the practicality of the Northwest Passage, was written partly in support of Gilbert's still unanswered petition of November 1566 for privileges \"concerning the discoveringe of a passage by the North west to go to Cataia\", partly to reassure his elder brother, Sir John, who, having no issue, was adverse to Sir Humphrey embarking personally on such an enterprise.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 48], "content_span": [49, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016341-0006-0001", "contents": "16th century in North American history, Timeline\nGilbert had shown his friend, the poet George Gascoigne, \"sundrie profitable and verie commendable exercises which he had perfected painefully with his owne penne\"; one of these \"exercises\" was the Discourse. Gascoigne edited it and published it in 1576, probably without Gilbert's authority. In 1583 Gilbert landed at Newfoundland and there founded the first British colony in North America. After a voyage of discovery along the south coast he sailed for home, but was lost in a storm off the southern Azores. A year later his patents were renewed in the name of his half-brother, Sir Walter Raleigh.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 48], "content_span": [49, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016341-0007-0000", "contents": "16th century in North American history, Timeline\nMartin Frobisher, licensed by Elizabeth I and backed by a group of merchant adventurers, sought gold in the New World and a Northwest Passage to the Orient. George Best accompanied Frobisher on all of his three voyages (in 1576, 1577 and 1578) and this work is the first account of them. It has two maps drawn by James Beare, Frobisher's principal surveyor, The rough outline map of the west of Europe, Groenland and \"the supposed fyrmeland of America\" wrongly convinced many people in England that the Northwest Passage had actually been discovered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 48], "content_span": [49, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016341-0007-0001", "contents": "16th century in North American history, Timeline\nBut it was not until the late nineteenth century that the actual existence of a Northwest Passage was proved and only at the beginning of this century that the transit was made. Frobisher discovered Hudson Strait (which he named Mistaken Strait) and returned home with shiploads of fool's gold (iron pyrites) and mica, which finally served as road building material.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 48], "content_span": [49, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016341-0008-0000", "contents": "16th century in North American history, Timeline\nRichard Eden published The history of travayle in the West and East Indies in 1577\u2014this is not a reprint of the 1555 edition, although, like that, the larger portion is taken up with Peter Martyr d'Anghiera's Decades of the New World, the first formal history of the Americas, and Gonzalo Fern\u00e1ndez de Oviedo y Vald\u00e9s (Oviedo)' History of the West Indies. It contains a number of important additions not to be found in the earlier edition and appeared after the death of Eden.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 48], "content_span": [49, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016341-0009-0000", "contents": "16th century in North American history, Timeline\nThis is the earliest collection of voyages in the English language and is of great historical importance. It contains the \"Bull of Pope Alexander\", in Latin and English, by which the world was divided between Spain and Portugal, as well as translations of the most important parts of the works of Oviedo, Maximilian of Transylvania, Vespuccius, Gomara, and others, pertaining to the maritime discovery of the New World.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 48], "content_span": [49, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016341-0010-0000", "contents": "16th century in North American history, Timeline\nAugustin de Zarate, the Comptroller of Accounts for Castile, was sent out as Treasurer-General with the first viceroy, Blasco Nu\u00f1ez de Vela, to examine the financial affairs of Peru. During his stay at Lima, he carefully collected notes and materials in his journal and, on his return to Spain, began the compilation of a history of Peru from the discovery of Pizarro to the departure of Gasca. He had access to the best official sources of information, and his work is not without value, though strongly prejudiced. The Historia del descubrimiento y conquista del Peru (The strange and delectable history of the discoverie and conquest of the provinces of Peru) is the foundation of all the subsequent histories of the events to which it refers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 48], "content_span": [49, 795]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016341-0011-0000", "contents": "16th century in North American history, Timeline\nThis is the first English translation, by Thomas Nicholas, who also translated Francisco L\u00f3pez de G\u00f3mara\u2019s La conquista de Mexico. Nicholas was employed by the Levant Company in the Canary Islands and spent several years in prison there and in Spain for alleged heresy. On his release and return to England he published his translations of Spanish works which were probably written during his imprisonment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 48], "content_span": [49, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016341-0012-0000", "contents": "16th century in North American history, Timeline\nRichard Hakluyt wrote and published his book, The principal navigations, voyages, traffiques and discoveries of the English nation. Hakluyt was a graduate of University of Oxford, where he later lectured on geography. He was a scholar, a collector and a fervent advocate of colonial expansion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 48], "content_span": [49, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016341-0013-0000", "contents": "16th century in North American history, Timeline\nHakluyt sincerely believed that England was obliged to carry the Protestant gospel to the Native American people. To enforce his argument, Hakluyt emphasized the advantages that England would receive if his demand for overseas colonies was met. His first book, Divers voyages touching the discoverie of America, published in 1582, introduced the English-speaking world to the discoveries made in North America by the Cabot's, Verrazano and Ribaut. In 1589, he compiled his principal navigations\u2014this is the second, enlarged edition that was published in the following year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 48], "content_span": [49, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016341-0013-0001", "contents": "16th century in North American history, Timeline\nHakluyt's second edition documents a life devoted to the promotion of English colonization and commerce, through an exploration of the less-known or recently discovered parts of the world. The publication has been called \"the prose epic of the modern English nation\". The third volume is solely concerned with America and Hakluyt gathered firsthand narratives of exploration for posterity\u2014its importance in relation to English discovery and colonization in America has been stated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 48], "content_span": [49, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016341-0014-0000", "contents": "16th century in North American history, Timeline\nWalter Bigges' A summarie and true discourse of Sir Francis Drakes West Indian voyage is an account of Drake's expedition of 1585\u201386 against the Spaniards. The king of Spain had laid an embargo on all English ships and goods found in his country, and Elizabeth I had replied by letters of reprisal, and by ordering that a fleet of twenty-five sail be equipped \"to revenge the wrongs offered her and to resist the king of Spain's preparations\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 48], "content_span": [49, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016341-0015-0000", "contents": "16th century in North American history, Timeline\nThe first part of this work was written by Walter Bigges, a soldier officer; he died shortly after leaving Cartagena and the account was continued by Croftes, the lieutenant of Bigges' company. The expedition had been successful in that many Spanish settlements had been plundered and destroyed and a severe blow dealt to Spanish trade, but Croftes describes the difficulties faced by the English fleet, their sufferings from sickness, bad weather, and lack of water. It was only Drake's personal influence, courage and energy that kept them together. This was the voyage on which they brought into England, it is believed for the first time, tobacco and potatoes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 48], "content_span": [49, 713]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016341-0016-0000", "contents": "16th century in North American history, Timeline\nIn 1594, Sir Walter Raleigh, interested in the Spanish legend of the riches of the city of Manoa (Eldorado) in South America, sent out an expedition to Guiana (modern Venezuela). He sailed to Guiana himself the following year and in 1596, after his return to England, sent out a third expedition under Lawrence Keymis. Raleigh's final expedition to South America in 1617 resulted in armed conflict with the Spanish and this in turn led to his execution in 1618.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 48], "content_span": [49, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016341-0017-0000", "contents": "16th century in North American history, Timeline\nThe discoverie of the large, rich, and bewtiful empyre of Guiana, written to refute those who claimed that Raleigh had never been to Guiana, is a storehouse of first-hand impressions and its influence can be traced in the works of Chapman, Shakespeare and Milton. It was an Elizabethan best-seller and the printer Robert Robinson produced no less than three editions of it in the year 1596.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 48], "content_span": [49, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016341-0018-0000", "contents": "16th century in North American history, Timeline\nNicol\u00e1s Monardes' Joyfull newes out of the new-found worlde is a translation by John Frampton, a merchant who spent most of his life in Spain, of Monardes' Primera y segunda y tercera partes de la historia medicinal de las cosas que se traen de nuestras Indias occidentales qui sirven en medicinal, published in Seville in 1574.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 48], "content_span": [49, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016341-0019-0000", "contents": "16th century in North American history, Timeline\nNicolas Monardes was one of the most distinguished Spanish physicians of his time. He studied medicine at Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, where Cardinal Ximenez de Cisneros had founded schools of medicine and botany, and which was famous as a centre of medical research at a period when Spain had a high reputation in Europe as a leader of medical science.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 48], "content_span": [49, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016341-0020-0000", "contents": "16th century in North American history, Timeline\nAt the time Monardes wrote his book he had been practising in Seville for forty years; new medicines, still untried in Europe, but by reputation in the Indies, possessing almost magical properties, were constantly being placed before him, with stories of their curative virtue and detailed accounts of their wonderful healing powers, plants and herbs which, according to the title page of the English edition, \"bring such present remedie for all diseases, as may seeme altogether incredible: not withstanding by practice found out to be true.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 48], "content_span": [49, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016341-0021-0000", "contents": "16th century in North American history, Timeline\nMonardes was enthusiastic over the medical properties he thought inherent in tobacco and his account rapidly superseded that of Li\u00e9bault whose work had hitherto been the chief source of information on the subject in Europe. Monardes made tobacco a household remedy throughout Western Europe and his gospel was accepted by the majority of European physicians for more than two centuries. Nowhere does he write of tobacco smoked by white men for pleasure", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 48], "content_span": [49, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016342-0000-0000", "contents": "16th century in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the century 1501\u20131600 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016343-0000-0000", "contents": "16th century in literature\nThis article presents lists of literary events and publications in the 16th century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016344-0000-0000", "contents": "16th century in philosophy\nThis is a list of philosophy-related events in the 16th century (16th-century philosophy).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016345-0000-0000", "contents": "16th district of Budapest\nIt consists of these parts: \u00c1rp\u00e1df\u00f6ld, Cinkota, M\u00e1ty\u00e1sf\u00f6ld, Sashalom, R\u00e1kosszentmih\u00e1ly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016345-0001-0000", "contents": "16th district of Budapest, Sport\nThe oldest football and athletics team is R\u00e1kosszentmih\u00e1lyi AFC that competes in the Budapest Bajnoks\u00e1g I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 32], "content_span": [33, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016345-0002-0000", "contents": "16th district of Budapest, Sport\nTHSE Sashalom (or THSE Szabadkik\u00f6t\u0151) currently competes in the 2018-19 Nemzeti Bajnoks\u00e1g III.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 32], "content_span": [33, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016345-0003-0000", "contents": "16th district of Budapest, Education\nThe College of International Management and Business Faculty of the Budapest Business School is located in the district.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 36], "content_span": [37, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016345-0004-0000", "contents": "16th district of Budapest, Education\nCinkota is also the home of the secondary school, Szerb Antal Gimn\u00e1zium.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 36], "content_span": [37, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016346-0000-0000", "contents": "16th edition of MIFF\nThe 16th edition of MIFF (Mumbai International Film Festival) was held from 28 January to 3 February 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016346-0001-0000", "contents": "16th edition of MIFF\nthe list included various kind of Documentaries, short fiction and animation films.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016346-0002-0000", "contents": "16th edition of MIFF, Jury\nthe Jury panel for MIFF 2020 included names like Shaji N Karun, Robert Cahen, Hama Haruka, Amrit Gangar, Rehina Pareira, Thomas Waugh, A. K. Bir, Utpal Borpujari, Pencho Kunchev, Kireet Khurana etc.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 26], "content_span": [27, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016346-0003-0000", "contents": "16th edition of MIFF, Selection, Masterclass\n16th edition of MIFF screened masterclasses by Micheal Dudok de Wit, Pencho Kunchev, Thomas Waugh, Mazhar Kamran, Ramesh Tekwani, Munjal Shroff, Chetan Sharma, etc.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 44], "content_span": [45, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016346-0004-0000", "contents": "16th edition of MIFF, Awards, National Competition\nBest Short Fiction Film (up to 45mins. ): Bebaak: Dying wind in her hair  (Shazia Iqbal)\u00a0; Lacchavva (Jai Shankar) - Special Mention", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 50], "content_span": [51, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016346-0005-0000", "contents": "16th edition of MIFF, Awards, National Competition\nBest Documentary film (below 60 minutes)\u00a0: Atasi (Putul Mahmoodl)\u00a0; Son-Rise (Vibha Bakshi) - Special Mention", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 50], "content_span": [51, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016346-0006-0000", "contents": "16th edition of MIFF, Awards, National Competition\nBest Documentary Film (above 60 minutes)\u00a0: Sindhustan (Sapna Bhavnani)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 50], "content_span": [51, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016346-0007-0000", "contents": "16th edition of MIFF, Awards, International Competition\nBest Animation Film\u00a0: Portrait of Suzanne (Izabela Plucinska); The Fox of the Palmgrove (Divakar SK)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 55], "content_span": [56, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016346-0008-0000", "contents": "16th edition of MIFF, Awards, International Competition\nBest Short Fiction Film (up to 45 mins.) : An Essay of Rain (Nagraj Manjule)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 55], "content_span": [56, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016346-0009-0000", "contents": "16th edition of MIFF, Awards, International Competition\nBest Documentary Film of the Festival (Golden Conch)\u00a0: Babenco: Tell Me When I Die (Barbara Paz)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 55], "content_span": [56, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016346-0010-0000", "contents": "16th edition of MIFF, Awards, International Competition\nPramod Pati Special Jury Award (For Most Innovative / Experimental Film) (For Director only)\u00a0: And What is the Summer Saying (Payal Kapadia), Echo From The Pukpui Skies (Joshy Joseph)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 55], "content_span": [56, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016346-0011-0000", "contents": "16th edition of MIFF, Awards, International Competition\nIDPA Award for Best Student Film\u00a0: Naked Wall (Anant Dass Sahni)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 55], "content_span": [56, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016346-0012-0000", "contents": "16th edition of MIFF, Awards, International Competition\nDadasaheb Phalke Chitranagari Award for Best Debut Film of a Director (Govt of Maharashtra)\u00a0: Grandfather (Umashankar Nair)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 55], "content_span": [56, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016346-0013-0000", "contents": "16th edition of MIFF, Awards, International Competition\nSpecial Award for Best Short film on Water conservatio & Climate Change (up to 15 mins. ) (For Indian filmmakers only)\u00a0: The Wetland's Wail (Aravind M)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 55], "content_span": [56, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016347-0000-0000", "contents": "16th government of Turkey\nThe 16th government of Turkey (10 September 1947 \u2013 10 June 1948) was a government in the history of Turkey. It is also called the first Saka government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016347-0001-0000", "contents": "16th government of Turkey, Background\nRecep Peker of the Republican People's Party (CHP), who was the previous prime minister, resigned on 9 September 1947 after a harsh discussions in the parliament. \u0130smet \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc, the president, assigned Hasan Saka, a more moderate politician, as the prime minister. Saka's government was, however, similar to that of Peker.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016347-0002-0000", "contents": "16th government of Turkey, The government\nIn the list below, the  cabinet members who served only a part of the cabinet's lifespan are shown in the column \"Notes\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 41], "content_span": [42, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016347-0003-0000", "contents": "16th government of Turkey, Aftermath\nSaka was criticized as too mild to struggle against the Democrat Party opposition. He resigned on 8 July 1948. However, ten days later, he founded his second government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 36], "content_span": [37, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016348-0000-0000", "contents": "16th meridian east\nThe meridian 16\u00b0 east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Europe, Africa, the Atlantic Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016348-0001-0000", "contents": "16th meridian east\nThe 16th meridian east forms a great circle with the 164th meridian west.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 92]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016348-0002-0000", "contents": "16th meridian east, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 16th meridian east passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 37], "content_span": [38, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016349-0000-0000", "contents": "16th meridian west\nThe meridian 16\u00b0 west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Greenland, Iceland, the Atlantic Ocean, Africa, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016349-0001-0000", "contents": "16th meridian west\nThe 16th meridian west forms a great circle with the 164th meridian east.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 92]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016349-0002-0000", "contents": "16th meridian west, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 16th meridian west passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 37], "content_span": [38, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016350-0000-0000", "contents": "16th parallel north\nThe 16th parallel north is a circle of latitude that is 16 degrees north of the Earth's equatorial plane. It crosses Africa, Asia, the Indian Ocean, the Pacific Ocean, Central America, the Caribbean and the Atlantic Ocean.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016350-0001-0000", "contents": "16th parallel north\nAt this latitude the sun is visible for 13 hours, 5 minutes during the summer solstice and 11 hours, 11 minutes during the winter solstice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016350-0002-0000", "contents": "16th parallel north, As a dividing line\nAfter World War II, the parallel divided Vietnam into Chinese military administration in the north and the British in the south (See Timeline of World War II (1945) and War in Vietnam (1945-1946)).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 39], "content_span": [40, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016350-0003-0000", "contents": "16th parallel north, As a dividing line\nIn the Chadian\u2013Libyan conflict, from 1984 the parallel, known as the \"Red Line\", delineated areas controlled by opposing combatants. Previously the Red Line had been the 15th parallel north. (See also Operation Manta.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 39], "content_span": [40, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016350-0004-0000", "contents": "16th parallel north, Around the world\nStarting at the Prime Meridian and heading eastwards, the parallel 16\u00b0 north passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 37], "content_span": [38, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016351-0000-0000", "contents": "16th parallel south\nThe 16th parallel south is a circle of latitude that is 16 degrees south of the Earth's equatorial plane. It crosses the Atlantic Ocean, Africa, the Indian Ocean, Australasia, the Pacific Ocean and South America.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016351-0001-0000", "contents": "16th parallel south\nA section of the border between Mozambique and Zimbabwe is defined by the parallel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016351-0002-0000", "contents": "16th parallel south, Around the world\nStarting at the Prime Meridian and heading eastwards, the parallel 16\u00b0 south passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 37], "content_span": [38, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016352-0000-0000", "contents": "16th ~That's J-POP~\n16th ~That's J-POP~ is the 16th studio album by the Japanese girl group Morning Musume '21. It was released in Japan on March 31, 2021.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016352-0001-0000", "contents": "16th ~That's J-POP~, Background\nIt is the first album to feature 15th generation members Rio Kitagawa, Homare Okamura and Mei Yamazaki the last album to feature 10th generation member\u00a0Masaki Sat\u014d.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016352-0002-0000", "contents": "16th ~That's J-POP~, Background\nThe album was released in two versions: Limited Edition (CD+DVD) and Regular Edition (CD). The Limited Edition includes a Blu-ray recording of a no audience live titled \"Morning Musume '21 Mukankyaku Secret Live\", and an interview of the members talking about the album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016352-0003-0000", "contents": "16th ~That's J-POP~, Track listing\nAll tracks are written by Tsunku except #13 and #14.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 34], "content_span": [35, 87]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016353-0000-0000", "contents": "16th-century philosophy\n16th-century philosophy is generally regarded as the later part of Renaissance philosophy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016353-0001-0000", "contents": "16th-century philosophy\nEarly 16th-century philosophy is often called the High Renaissance and is considered to succeed the Renaissance philosophy era and precede the Age of Rationalism. Notable philosophers from the time period include Desiderius Erasmus, Thomas More, Niccol\u00f2 Machiavelli, Samuel von Pufendorf, Nicolaus Copernicus, and Michel de Montaigne.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016353-0002-0000", "contents": "16th-century philosophy\nThe 16th century is characterized by a mixture of humanist and scholastic traditions. Notable developments in vocabulary occurred, with the introduction of the words \u2018psychology\u2019 (coined by Marko Marulic) and \u2018anthropology\u2019 (first used by Magnus Helt). \u2018Psychology\u2019 in the 16th century context referred to discussions of the origin of the human soul. \u2018Anthropology\u2019 was used in a narrower context than we are used to today, in strict reference to the relationship between both the human soul and human anatomy as they both comprise human nature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016353-0003-0000", "contents": "16th-century philosophy\nLogic (as represented by the likes of John Mair) began to fall out of favor among most European countries around the early to mid 16th century, and a directional shift occurred towards Aristotelian interpretations. Erasmus' work Antibarbarians was published in 1520, thirty years after he wrote it, defending the study of ancient philosophers and scholars, broadly referred to as 'classical education,' while conveying the belief that the study of philosophy is crucial in order to preserve the Christian faith.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016353-0004-0000", "contents": "16th-century philosophy\nAcademic skepticism had a growing influence, represented by people like Omar Talon and Cornelius Agribba von Nettesheim, who wrote On the Vanity and Uncertainty of the Arts and Sciences and the Excellence of God\u2019s Word.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016353-0005-0000", "contents": "16th-century philosophy\nOverall, the writings of Aristotle were one of the most commonly used subjects of great philosophical commentary. One of the most influential aspects of Aristotle informing 16th century thought was that the soul could be viewed as belonging on two axes of sensitive-intellective (emotions and desires) and cognitive-appetitive (the will).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016353-0005-0001", "contents": "16th-century philosophy\nJuan Luis Vives, a humanist considered to be \u2018the father of modern psychology,\u2019 was one of a few to attempt to explore an alternative to the Aristotelian psychological model, rejecting metaphysical approaches to understanding the soul and instead placing priority on understanding it through describing its functionality (although fails to successfully arrive at a fully formed alternative). His arguments centered around humanity's intellectual inability to completely understand what a soul is.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016353-0006-0000", "contents": "16th-century philosophy\nThe individual, in the 16th century, was understood only (again through an Aristotelian lens) through their political community or homeland, with the task of pursuing moral virtue. Humanity's tendency towards fostering political communities was seen as both a natural and entirely unique characteristic belonging to man.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016354-0000-0000", "contents": "16th/5th The Queen's Royal Lancers\nThe 16th/5th The Queen's Royal Lancers was a cavalry regiment of the British Army. It was formed by the amalgamation of the 16th The Queen's Lancers and the 5th Royal Irish Lancers in 1922. The reason for the uniquely atypical regimental title (with a higher number preceding a lower) was that the 5th had been re-raised in 1858 almost 60 years after being disbanded, and when re-raised took precedence after the 17th Lancers. After service in the Second World War and the Gulf War, the regiment amalgamated with the 17th/21st Lancers to form the Queen's Royal Lancers in 1993.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016354-0001-0000", "contents": "16th/5th The Queen's Royal Lancers, History, Second World War\nThe regiment was formed at Lucknow in India by the amalgamation of the 16th The Queen's Lancers and the 5th Royal Irish Lancers on 11 April 1922. It moved to the United Kingdom in 1926 but returned to India in 1936 and was based there when the Second World War started. The regiment returned to the United Kingdom in 1940, becoming part of 26th Armoured Brigade in the 6th Armoured Division. As part of this formation, the regiment fought at the Battle of Kasserine Pass in February 1943 and the Siege of Tunis in May 1943, before landing in Naples in January 1944 and taking part in the Battle of Monte Cassino in May 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 61], "content_span": [62, 686]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016354-0002-0000", "contents": "16th/5th The Queen's Royal Lancers, History, Post-war\nThe regiment was posted to Flug Marine Barracks in Schleswig at the end of the war but moved to Lulworth Camp in late 1946. Princess Elizabeth became Colonel-in-Chief of the regiment in 1947, and after her accession to the throne, the regiment was retitled the 16th/5th The Queen's Royal Lancers, in 1954. The regiment was deployed to Egypt in March 1948 and to Libya in February 1950. It re-roled as an anti-tank regiment with 33rd Armoured Brigade based Athlone Barracks in Sennelager in July 1953 before moving to Waithwith Camp at Catterick Garrison in February 1957. It joined 12th Infantry Brigade and moved to Imphal Barracks in Osnabr\u00fcck in April 1959.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 53], "content_span": [54, 714]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016354-0003-0000", "contents": "16th/5th The Queen's Royal Lancers, History, Post-war\nThe regiment deployed squadrons to Aden and to Hong Kong in November 1963 and then re-roled as a tank regiment at Aliwal Barracks in Tidworth Camp in December 1964. It joined 11th Infantry Brigade and moved to Lumsden Barracks at Bad Fallingbostel in January 1968. It became resident battalion at Lisanelly Camp in Omagh in November 1971 at the height of the Troubles and then returned to Aliwal Barracks in Tidworth in May 1973. From there it deployed squadrons to Cyprus and to Hong Kong. It returned to West Germany in a recce role and took up residence at Northampton Barracks in Wolfenb\u00fcttel in October 1974. From there it deployed units to Northern Ireland again.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 53], "content_span": [54, 723]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016354-0004-0000", "contents": "16th/5th The Queen's Royal Lancers, History, Post-war\nIn November 1980 the regiment moved to Bovington Camp as RAC Centre Regiment and, in January 1983, it moved on to Assaye Barracks at Tidworth  as recce regiment for 1st Infantry Brigade deploying units for peace keeping duties to Beirut in December 1983 and to Cyprus in January 1984 and January 1985. It became recce regiment for 4th Armoured Division based at Harewood Barracks in Herford in November 1986 and deployed to the Persian Gulf in December 1990 for the Gulf War. Its final role was as recce regiment for 19th Infantry Brigade based at Carver Barracks at Debden in July 1991. From there it deployed units to Cyprus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 53], "content_span": [54, 681]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016354-0005-0000", "contents": "16th/5th The Queen's Royal Lancers, History, Post-war\nIn 1993, as part of the reduction in forces after the end of the Cold War, it amalgamated with the 17th/21st Lancers to form the Queen's Royal Lancers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 53], "content_span": [54, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016354-0006-0000", "contents": "16th/5th The Queen's Royal Lancers, Battle honours\nFor battle honours won by predecessor regiments see 16th The Queen's Lancers and 5th Royal Irish Lancers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 50], "content_span": [51, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016355-0000-0000", "contents": "16volt\n16volt is an American industrial rock band featuring Eric Powell with other performers added for live shows.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016355-0001-0000", "contents": "16volt, History\n16volt was formed in Portland, Oregon by composer and vocalist Eric Powell. Powell recruited musicians drummer Joel Bornzin, guitarist Jon Fell and Jeff Taylor to record \"Motorskills\", which debuted on The Cyberflesh Conspiracy various artist compilation by If It Moves... That band released their first full-length studio album Wisdom on May 25, 1993, after signing to Re-Constriction Records. The album received critical attention for its industrial-informed beats and abrasive electronic textures. The band continued to issue album's via Re-Constriction for the next three albums: Skin (1994), LetDownCrush (1996), SuperCoolNothing (1998).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 15], "content_span": [16, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016355-0002-0000", "contents": "16volt, History\nThe band is featured in the opening scene of video game Primal, and contributed nine songs to the game's soundtrack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 15], "content_span": [16, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016355-0003-0000", "contents": "16volt, History\n16volt released its fifth album titled FullBlackHabit in 2007 for Metropolis Records. The band followed that release with two more studio albums for Metropolis, American Porn Songs and Beating Dead Horses, which were released in 2009 and 2011 respectively. 16volt self-released the 2016 album The Negative Space on their label Murder Creek. The EP Dead on Arrivals was self-released for Murder Creek in 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 15], "content_span": [16, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016356-0000-0000", "contents": "16\u00d79\n16\u00d79 (formerly branded as 16:9 and 16:9: The Bigger Picture) is a Canadian investigative newsmagazine television program created by Troy Reeb and Mary Garofalo that aired on Global for eight seasons. The series debuted on November 30, 2008, with Mary Garofalo as host and Senior Consulting Producer until October 2011. Carolyn Jarvis later took over hosting until its cancellation on June 28, 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016356-0001-0000", "contents": "16\u00d79\nThe title refers to the aspect ratio of 16:9 high definition television broadcasts which display a wider area, hence, a bigger picture, as opposed to 4:3 standard definition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016356-0002-0000", "contents": "16\u00d79\nOriginally airing as a half-hour series, 16x9 expanded to an hour-long program for the 2011\u201312 television season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016356-0003-0000", "contents": "16\u00d79\nAllison Vuchnich was nominated for a 2009 Gemini Award for Best News Information Series. Mary Garofalo earned a Gemini in 2011 for Best Lifestyle/Practical Information Series. On March 8, 2016  the program won for Best News or Information Series at the 4th Canadian Screen Awards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016356-0004-0000", "contents": "16\u00d79\n16x9 was canceled by Global on June 28, 2016 due to job cuts, network programming changes and low ratings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016357-0000-0000", "contents": "16\u03b1-Hydroxy-DHEA\n16\u03b1-Hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone (16\u03b1-hydroxy-DHEA or 16\u03b1-OH-DHEA) is an endogenous metabolite of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA). Both 16\u03b1-OH-DHEA and its 3\u03b2-sulfate ester, 16\u03b1-OH-DHEA-S, are intermediates in the biosynthesis of estriol from dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA). 16\u03b1-OH-DHEA has estrogenic activity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016358-0000-0000", "contents": "16\u03b1-Hydroxy-DHEA sulfate\n16\u03b1-Hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (16\u03b1-OH-DHEA-S), also known as 16\u03b1-hydroxy-17-oxoandrost-5-en-3\u03b2-yl sulfate, is an endogenous, naturally occurring steroid and a metabolic intermediate in the production of estriol from dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) during pregnancy. It is the C3\u03b2 sulfate ester of 16\u03b1-hydroxy-DHEA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016359-0000-0000", "contents": "16\u03b1-Hydroxyandrostenedione\n16\u03b1-Hydroxyandrostenedione (16\u03b1-OH-A4), also known as 16\u03b1-hydroxyandrost-4-ene-3,17-dione, is an endogenous and naturally occurring steroid and metabolic intermediate in the biosynthesis of estriol during pregnancy. It is produced from dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), which is converted into 16\u03b1-hydroxy-DHEA sulfate, then desulfated and aromatized into 16\u03b1-hydroxyestrone, and finally converted into estriol by 17\u03b2-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016360-0000-0000", "contents": "16\u03b1-Hydroxyestrone\n16\u03b1-Hydroxyestrone (16\u03b1-OH-E1), or hydroxyestrone, also known as estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,16\u03b1-diol-17-one, is an endogenous steroidal estrogen and a major metabolite of estrone, as well as an intermediate in the biosynthesis of estriol. It is a potent estrogen similarly to estrone, and it has been suggested that the ratio of 16\u03b1-hydroxyestrone to 2-hydroxyestrone, the latter being much less estrogenic in comparison and even antiestrogenic in the presence of more potent estrogens like estradiol, may be involved in the pathophysiology of breast cancer. Conversely, 16\u03b1-hydroxyestrone may help to protect against osteoporosis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016360-0001-0000", "contents": "16\u03b1-Hydroxyestrone\nIn terms of relative binding affinity (RBA) for the rat uterine estrogen receptor, 16\u03b1-hydroxyestrone showed 2.8% of the affinity of estradiol. For comparison, estrone had 11% of the affinity and estriol had 10% of the affinity of estradiol. In contrast to other estrogens, the binding  of 16\u03b1-hydroxyestrone to the estrogen receptor is reported to be covalent and irreversible. 16\u03b1-Hydroxyestrone has been reported to have 25% of the vaginal estrogenic potency of estradiol. The maximal uterotrophic and antigonadotropic effect of 16\u03b1-hydroxyestrone was equivalent to those of estradiol and estriol, indicating that 16\u03b1-hydroxyestrone is a fully effective estrogen. However, 16\u03b1-hydroxyestrone was much less potent than estradiol or estrone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 761]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016360-0002-0000", "contents": "16\u03b1-Hydroxyestrone\nThe C3 and C16\u03b1 diacetate ester of 16\u03b1-hydroxyestrone, hydroxyestrone diacetate (brand names Colpoginon, Colpormon, Hormobion, and Hormocervix), has been marketed and used medically as an estrogen in Europe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016361-0000-0000", "contents": "16\u03b1-Hydroxyprogesterone\n16\u03b1-Hydroxyprogesterone (16\u03b1-OHP), also known as 16\u03b1-hydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione, is a minor endogenous progestogen steroid hormone and a metabolite of progesterone that is formed in lower amounts than 17\u03b1-hydroxyprogesterone (17\u03b1-OHP). It occurs in micromolar concentrations and its physiological relevance hence is questionable. However, it may accumulate in target tissues and could have a physiological role in the reproductive system and mammary gland development as well as the cardiovascular and central nervous systems.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016361-0001-0000", "contents": "16\u03b1-Hydroxyprogesterone\n16\u03b1-OHP is formed from progesterone via 16\u03b1-hydroxylation primarily by CYP17A1 and primarily in steroidogenic tissues including the adrenal glands, testes, and ovaries. It is also synthesized from progesterone during pregnancy by hepatic cytochrome P450 enzymes like CYP3A4 and CYP1A1 in the fetal liver as well as placenta. It appears to be an end metabolite of progesterone and does not seem to be further metabolized.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016361-0002-0000", "contents": "16\u03b1-Hydroxyprogesterone\n16\u03b1-OHP has approximately 67% and 43% of the affinity of progesterone for the PR-A and PR-B, respectively, and acts as an agonist of these receptors similarly to progesterone. It was found to produce natriuresis similar to that produced by spironolactone when administered to humans, suggesting that it also has antimineralocorticoid activity similarly to progesterone. However, surprisingly, 16\u03b1-OHP showed low affinity for the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) of greater than 1\u00a0\u03bcM (compared to 1\u00a0nM for progesterone) and showed no antagonism of the MR at up to a concentration of 1\u00a0\u03bcM (whereas progesterone shows potent such activity). However, the findings of another study suggested that 16\u03b1-OHP antagonizes the effects of aldosterone via the MR, and it may still be possible that 16\u03b1-OHP has significant antimineralocorticoid activity in some cells in spite of its weak MR affinity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 910]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016362-0000-0000", "contents": "16\u03b1-Iodo-E2\n16\u03b1-Iodo-E2, or 16\u03b1-iodoestradiol, is a synthetic, steroidal, potent estrogen with slight preference for the ER\u03b1 over the ER\u03b2 that is used in scientific research. The KD of 16\u03b1-iodo-E2 for the ER\u03b1 is 0.6 nM and for the ER\u03b2 is 0.24 nM, a 4-fold difference in affinity, whereas estradiol is considered to have similar affinity for the two receptor subtypes. Unlike the case of the much weaker estriol (16\u03b1-hydroxyestradiol), 16\u03b1-iodo-E2 is considered to be equipotent with estradiol in terms of estrogenic activity. Radiolabeled [16\u03b1-125I]iodo-E2 has been employed in imaging to study the estrogen receptor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016363-0000-0000", "contents": "16\u03b1-LE2\n16\u03b1-LE2, or 16\u03b1-lactone-estradiol, also known as 3,17\u03b2-dihydroxy-19-nor-17\u03b1-pregna-1,3,5-(10)-triene-21,16\u03b1-lactone, is a synthetic, steroidal estrogen featuring an estradiol core. It is a highly potent and selective agonist of the ER\u03b1 that is used in scientific research to study the function of the ER\u03b1. It has 265-fold higher potency in transactivation assays of the ER\u03b1 relative to the ER\u03b2 and 70-fold preference in binding affinity for the ER\u03b1 over the ER\u03b2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016363-0001-0000", "contents": "16\u03b1-LE2\nIn rodents, 16\u03b1-LE2 has no effect on ovarian follicle development, whereas the highly ER\u03b2-selective agonist 8\u03b2-VE2 stimulates follicular growth and to a comparable extent as estradiol, indicating that the ER\u03b2 and not the ER\u03b1 is involved in the effects of estrogen on ovarian follicles. In contrast, 16\u03b1-LE2 stimulates uterine weight, whereas 8\u03b2-VE2 has no effect, indicating that the ER\u03b1 and not the ER\u03b2 is involved in the effects of estrogen on the uterus. Research has determined through experimental rodent studies with estradiol, 16\u03b1-LE2, and 8\u03b2-VE2 that the positive, protective effects of estrogens on bone formation resorption and bone mineral density are mediated via the ER\u03b1, whereas the ER\u03b2 does not appear to be involved.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 740]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016364-0000-0000", "contents": "16\u03b1-Methyl-11-oxoprednisolone\n16\u03b1-Methyl-11-oxoprednisolone, also known as dexamethasone impurity J, is a synthetic glucocorticoid corticosteroid which was reported in 1979 and was never marketed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016365-0000-0000", "contents": "16\u03b2,17\u03b1-Epiestriol\n16\u03b2,17\u03b1-Epiestriol, or 16,17-epiestriol, also known as 16\u03b2-hydroxy-17\u03b1-estradiol, as well as estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,16\u03b2,17\u03b1-triol, is a minor and weak endogenous steroidal estrogen that is related to 17\u03b1-estradiol and estriol. Along with estriol, 16\u03b2,17\u03b1-epiestriol has been detected in the urine of women during the late pregnancy stage. It shows preferential affinity for the ER\u03b2 over the ER\u03b1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016366-0000-0000", "contents": "16\u03b2-Hydroxyestrone\n16\u03b2-Hydroxyestrone (16\u03b2-OH-E1) is an endogenous estrogen which serves as a metabolite of estrone as well as a metabolic intermediate in the transformation of estrone into epiestriol (16\u03b2-hydroxyestradiol). 16\u03b2-Hydroxyestrone has similar estrogenic activity to that of 16\u03b1-hydroxyestrone. It is less potent than estradiol or estrone but can produce similar maximal uterotrophy at sufficiently high doses, suggesting a fully estrogenic profile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016367-0000-0000", "contents": "16\u201325 Railcard\nThe 16\u201325 Railcard is an annual card giving discounts on certain types of railway ticket in Britain. It is available to anybody aged between 16 and 25 (inclusive), and certain mature students aged 26 and above, and is currently priced at \u00a330.00 (as of 19 May 2013). There is no restriction on the number of times the Railcard can be used to purchase discounted tickets during the period of its validity, and there are no geographical restrictions on its use.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016367-0001-0000", "contents": "16\u201325 Railcard\nIntroduced in 1974 on an experimental basis, under the name Student Card, and expanded into the Student Railcard later that year, it was the first of the many Railcards which formed part of British Rail's array of concessionary fare schemes, and which still exist on the post-privatisation railway network. Later, it was rebranded as the Young Persons Railcard and, from 18 May 2008, the 16\u201325 Railcard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016367-0002-0000", "contents": "16\u201325 Railcard, History\nIn the 1960s and 1970s, many new universities were opened in Britain, while car ownership was relatively low, especially among young people. Furthermore, internal flights were not as cheap or prevalent as they are now. Most students either hitched or took a long-distance coach. The National Union of Students had a very large travel company at the time with charter flights all over the world. They wanted to expand their operations domestically and so went to various regional sales managers of British Railways to develop special fares for holders of NUS cards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016367-0002-0001", "contents": "16\u201325 Railcard, History\nThese were usually an allocated number of seats on specified weekend trains but they were very successful and Paul Connellan, who was the Travel Company General Manager, went to the British Railways Board with a proposal to allow a general discount based on the NUS card. The railways management, led by Alan Chamberlain, were reluctant to offer a discount based just on such cards particularly as some colleges and universities were not members of the NUS. A compromise was agreed where a special card would be sold but only through student travel offices.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016367-0003-0000", "contents": "16\u201325 Railcard, History\nThe first Student Card, as it was known, was launched. It exhibited some features which have remained consistent throughout the Railcard scheme's history, but also several which were later changed. It could only be purchased from National Union of Students (NUS) offices. Costing \u00a31.65, which included a VAT charge of 8%, it was valid until a specific date\u201430 June 1974\u2014rather than for a specific length of time. Only second class tickets could be bought, and all types of ticket were subject to a minimum fare below which no further discount would be given. The maximum discount was 50%. A booklet containing ten \"Student Travel Request Forms\" was supplied with the card; one had to be filled in and presented at the ticket office when booking a ticket.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 778]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016367-0004-0000", "contents": "16\u201325 Railcard, History\nThis original scheme, which was intended as a trial, was changed and relaunched in October 1974 under the new name Student Railcard. Two of the inconvenient conditions of the trial version removed: Railcards could be bought at railway station ticket offices, and Travel Request Forms were no longer required: the passenger just had to show the Railcard when buying their ticket.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016367-0005-0000", "contents": "16\u201325 Railcard, History\nDuring the 1970s, the range of people who could buy the Railcard was expanded in stages; having at first been restricted to students in full-time education, it was made available to nurses, part-time students and, ultimately (in 1980) anybody between 14 and 24 years old inclusive. Since then, the age range boundaries have been altered twice. In September 1987, the lower boundary became 16 years old, as British Rail changed their age limit for child tickets from 14 to 16, while the upper age limit became 23. However, registered mature students older than this could now buy a Railcard. Then, on 29 May 1994, the upper age limit was increased to 25.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 677]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016367-0006-0000", "contents": "16\u201325 Railcard, History\nThe use of the same expiry date for all cards issued in a given year persisted until 1982, although the fixed date was changed from 30 June to 30 September when the first version of the Student Railcard was launched in October 1974 (the original \"Student Card\" was the only version ever to use a 30 June expiry date). After 30 September 1982, Railcards were issued for a fixed period of 12 months from the date of issue. At the same time, the name Young Persons Railcard was adopted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016367-0007-0000", "contents": "16\u201325 Railcard, History\nThe next major changes came in 1987, with the discount structure, types of discounted tickets available and appearance of the Railcard all changing. With the introduction of the APTIS ticket issuing system happening at this time, a new set of ticket stock (with the British Rail form number BR 4599/20)  was introduced. These were smaller than the erstwhile handwritten square-cornered card tickets, and had no room for a photograph to be attached; a separate Photocard, with a unique serial number was introduced instead. This was issued together with the Railcard, and had to be shown when buying subsequent Railcards and when travelling on discounted tickets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 686]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016367-0008-0000", "contents": "16\u201325 Railcard, History\nChanges after this mostly involved the design of the APTIS ticket stock, the price of the Railcard and the minimum fare boundaries. However, two changes were also made to the method of buying the Railcard. From 9 January 2000, Telesales offices operated by the train operating companies were able to sell Railcards, although if a Photocard was not already held, one had to be issued at a station or travel agency within one month (a temporary pass, entitled Temporary Facility \u2013 Permit to Travel without Photocard was issued in lieu by the Telesales office). In August 2006,  of Railcards was made available, although the card can still be bought through train stations and over the phone. Booking online includes the option of a three-year railcard for \u00a370.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 782]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016367-0009-0000", "contents": "16\u201325 Railcard, History\nFrom 18 May 2008 the card was rebranded as the 16\u201325 Railcard in order to make it easier to understand who is eligible for the card.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016367-0010-0000", "contents": "16\u201325 Railcard, History\nThe 16\u201325 digital Railcard was announced in September 2015 and was available for purchase in 2017. Existing customers were unable to upgrade their physical railcard to a digital version, instead having to wait for their physical railcard to expire. The railcard was designed to reduce the number of people incurring fines for forgetting their railcard and remove the wait for obtaining a physical railcard in the post or at a station. A phone can display the railcard without an active internet connection, as long as the device had connected to the internet in the past 72 hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016367-0011-0000", "contents": "16\u201325 Railcard, Ticket types and discounts\nThe first version of the Railcard, the \"Student Card\" of 1974, gave 50% discounts on Second Class Single and Ordinary Return fares, as they were then known. (Ordinary Returns were valid for travel at all times, and the return journey could take place on a later date. They later became \"Standard Returns\", and are now known as \"Anytime Returns\".) The higher-rate minimum fare (see Price and minimum fare below) applied to Ordinary Returns, while the lower-rate fare was used as the baseline for other fares.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 42], "content_span": [43, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016367-0012-0000", "contents": "16\u201325 Railcard, Ticket types and discounts\nA 50% discount on Day Returns (valid at all times, for return on the same day) and Off Peak Day Returns (valid outside peak hours, again for return on the same day) was available from 30 September 1978. Other fares added later included the London Saver (1981; this type of ticket is no longer available) and Saver (12 May 1985; the discount on these was 34%). The main change, however, came on 1 March 1987, when the set of discounts was changed as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 42], "content_span": [43, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016367-0013-0000", "contents": "16\u201325 Railcard, Ticket types and discounts\nThe One Day Capitalcard became the One Day Travelcard in 1989, and as from April 1993 only all-zone tickets (Zones 1\u20136) could be purchased at a discount, again subject to a minimum fare restriction. As of 2010, this is \u00a35.00.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 42], "content_span": [43, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016367-0014-0000", "contents": "16\u201325 Railcard, Ticket types and discounts\nAlthough other minor changes have been made since, mainly to the names of ticket types, this range of discounts is very similar to that which applies as of 2007:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 42], "content_span": [43, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016367-0015-0000", "contents": "16\u201325 Railcard, Ticket types and discounts\nAs of 2 January 2008, for people using public transport in London, the discount can be loaded on to an Oyster Card at any London Underground ticket machine (with help from a member of staff), providing the 34% discount off the cost of a One Day Travelcard and the Oyster automatic daily cap. From 2010 discounted paper tickets have been suspended in the Transport for London zoned area. An Oyster card loaded with the railcard can be used to obtain 34% reduction on Off Peak single National Rail fares in the area or the Off Peak Cap rate. From January 2011, this discount also applies to off-peak single fares on the Tube, DLR and London Overground.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 42], "content_span": [43, 693]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016367-0016-0000", "contents": "16\u201325 Railcard, Ticket types and discounts\nAvanti West Coast waives peak time restrictions on certain services where a railcard has been used to discount the ticket.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 42], "content_span": [43, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016367-0017-0000", "contents": "16\u201325 Railcard, Price and minimum fare\nThe Railcard has undergone regular price increases since its introduction, and as of 19 May 2013 has cost \u00a330.00. A VAT charge was included until 1976. Railcards for mature students have always cost the same as those for people within the standard age range.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 38], "content_span": [39, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016367-0018-0000", "contents": "16\u201325 Railcard, Price and minimum fare\nFrom the beginning, discounted tickets bought with the Railcard were subject to a \"minimum fare\", although its level and the circumstances in which it was applied have varied considerably over time. For the first 4\u00bd years, until 15 September 1978, minimum fares applied at all times; if the price of the ticket including the full discount was lower than the relevant minimum fare level, the latter would be charged and the full discount would not be given.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 38], "content_span": [39, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016367-0018-0001", "contents": "16\u201325 Railcard, Price and minimum fare\nFor example, if the date was June 1974, the journey in question was a \"Higher rate\" Ordinary Return and its published full fare was \u00a31.30, the passenger would be charged the \u00a31.00 minimum fare, because the discounted fare would be lower than this (50% discount = \u00a31.30 \u00f7 2 = \u00a30.65). If the \u00a31.30 fare was on a \"Lower Rate\" ticket, however, the full discount would be applied, as the minimum fare for lower-rate tickets (\u00a30.50) was less than the discounted fare (\u00a30.65).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 38], "content_span": [39, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016367-0019-0000", "contents": "16\u201325 Railcard, Price and minimum fare\nFrom 15 September 1978, minimum fares no longer applied at weekends, on bank holidays or at any time during July and August; at these times, the full 50% discount was applied to all available ticket types, no matter how low the resulting discounted fare became. On 1 September 1980, minimum fares no longer applied after 6.00pm on weekdays; and in 1986, this was changed to 10.00am. The latter condition remains in force today, meaning that the full discount is available at all times except in the morning peak (before 10.00am). Weekends, bank holidays, July and August are still unrestricted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 38], "content_span": [39, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016367-0020-0000", "contents": "16\u201325 Railcard, Price and minimum fare\nFrom 17 May 2009, minimum fares were standardised at \u00a312 for both single and return journeys before 10.00am. Cards were also entitled to discount on First Class advance fares and Anytime Day Travelcards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 38], "content_span": [39, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016367-0021-0000", "contents": "16\u201325 Railcard, Price and minimum fare\nThe three-year online only railcard was introduced in 2008, and cost \u00a365. The price was raised to \u00a370 on 19 May 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 38], "content_span": [39, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016367-0022-0000", "contents": "16\u201325 Railcard, Tickets issued with a Railcard\nOn the APTIS, PORTIS/SPORTIS and other computerised ticket issuing systems, a \"status code\" field is provided on each ticket issued. This is left blank if an adult is travelling at full (undiscounted) fare; but if any discount or other special condition applies, a code of up to five letters appears.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 46], "content_span": [47, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016367-0023-0000", "contents": "16\u201325 Railcard, Tickets issued with a Railcard\nThe change of name from \"Student Railcard\" to \"Young Persons Railcard\" preceded the introduction of these systems by four years, so the status code used has always taken the form Y-P. However, in the earliest days of APTIS and PORTIS, this code was rendered Y\u00a0-\u00a0P, with spaces between the letters and the dash. Since 1988, Y-P has always been used\u00a0\u2014 both on the now defunct APTIS and SPORTIS (the successor to PORTIS) and on the various New Generation systems introduced since privatisation. In late 2014, the status code 16-25 started to be used, 26 years after its introduction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 46], "content_span": [47, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016367-0024-0000", "contents": "16\u201325 Railcard, Railcards as an incentive to open a bank account\nIn recent years, as a marketing initiative, British banks HSBC, NatWest and Santander have offered free multi-year Railcards to students opening new bank accounts. HSBC held the exclusive contract from 1997 to 2004, between 2004 and 2013 it was held by NatWest, and Santander won the contract in 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 64], "content_span": [65, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016367-0025-0000", "contents": "16\u201325 Railcard, Railcards as an incentive to open a bank account\nMidland Bank, a part of HSBC since 1992, introduced a free four-year Railcard on 7 July 1997. It was available to any first-year undergraduate who opened a new account with the bank. The card had a red colour scheme, bore the holder's photograph and a handwritten expiry date, and was made of thin plastic rather than card. Minor layout changes were made when Midland Bank was rebranded as HSBC in 1999. A generic seven-digit serial number was shown on the front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 64], "content_span": [65, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016367-0026-0000", "contents": "16\u201325 Railcard, Railcards as an incentive to open a bank account\nNatWest signed a deal on 7 June 2004 for the exclusive right to offer Railcards as parts of its own incentive package. A five-year version was offered (which was effectively worth \u00a3100, given that a one-year Railcard bought in the normal way cost \u00a320.00) as from 21 June 2004. For a short period, until 1 September 2004, both NatWest five-year and HSBC four-year Railcards were available; but from that date, NatWest gained the exclusive rights and the HSBC version ceased to be available. NatWest ceased to offer the railcard to new accounts in 2011, however existing account holders continued to be reissued with renewed cards until 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 64], "content_span": [65, 705]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016367-0027-0000", "contents": "16\u201325 Railcard, Railcards as an incentive to open a bank account\nSantander has issued railcards to new student current account holders since summer 2013", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 64], "content_span": [65, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016367-0028-0000", "contents": "16\u201325 Railcard, Railcards as an incentive to open a bank account\nThe overall appearance and layout of the NatWest Railcard was similar to that of the HSBC version. A six-digit serial number prefixed by NWB was used, however; and the card has a standard form number in the \"4599\" series (RSP 4599/294), whereas the Midland Bank (RSP 24881/5) and HSBC (RSP 24881/7) versions were allocated non-standard codes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 64], "content_span": [65, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016367-0029-0000", "contents": "16\u201325 Railcard, Railcards as an incentive to open a bank account\nThe bank Railcards are used in the same way as standard, paid-for Railcards: the same range of tickets is available at the same discounts, and subject to the same terms and conditions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 64], "content_span": [65, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016367-0030-0000", "contents": "16\u201325 Railcard, 26\u201330 Railcards\nThe 26\u201330 Railcard went on sale nationwide on 2 January 2019 and provides customers 1/3 off leisure journeys, by train, across Britain. It broke sales records when it was launched, with two Railcards being sold per second.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 31], "content_span": [32, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016367-0031-0000", "contents": "16\u201325 Railcard, 26\u201330 Railcards\nIn its first month, 125k people were able to save over \u00a33.4m on their rail journeys, with the 26\u201330 Railcard being used for an average of 13,777 journeys per day. This amounted to customers covering 29,717,793 miles with their 26\u201330 Railcard, the equivalent of travelling 62 times to the moon and back. By the end of the second month after the launch, customers had saved over \u00a310.5m on their rail journeys.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 31], "content_span": [32, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016367-0032-0000", "contents": "16\u201325 Railcard, 26\u201330 Railcards\nWhilst the majority of 26\u201330 Railcard holders live in the London area and South East of England, some of the most popular locations travelled to include: London \u2013 Manchester, London \u2013 Cambridge, London \u2013 Birmingham, Milton Keynes \u2013 London and London \u2013 Bristol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 31], "content_span": [32, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016367-0033-0000", "contents": "16\u201325 Railcard, 26\u201330 Railcards\nThe 26\u201330 Railcard is the first digital-only Railcard and is available to buy online. Once bought it can be downloaded to the Railcard app on a smartphone, so customers can start travelling and saving with it straight away. If their phone gets lost, or the battery dies, then customers can swap their Railcard onto another smartphone device.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 31], "content_span": [32, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016368-0000-0000", "contents": "17 & 19 Newhall Street, Birmingham\n17 & 19 Newhall Street is a red brick and architectural terracotta Grade I listed building, situated on the corner of Newhall Street and Edmund Street in the city centre of Birmingham, England. Although its official name is 17 & 19 Newhall Street, it is popularly known as The Exchange, and was previously known as the Bell Edison Telephone Building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016368-0001-0000", "contents": "17 & 19 Newhall Street, Birmingham, History\nOpened in 1887, the building was designed by Frederick Martin of the firm Martin & Chamberlain. It was constructed to house the new Central Telephone Exchange and offices for the National Telephone Company (NTC). Birmingham's central exchange had 5,000 subscribers and was the largest of its type in the country.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016368-0002-0000", "contents": "17 & 19 Newhall Street, Birmingham, History\nOriginally having the postal address of 19 Newhall Street, it was known as \"Telephone Buildings\" within the NTC organisation but it was also popularly known as the \"Bell Edison Telephone Building\" \u2013 the NTC logo behind the wrought iron gates to the main entrance bears the names of Bell and Edison. The ground floor of the building was let out to shops.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016368-0003-0000", "contents": "17 & 19 Newhall Street, Birmingham, History\nIn 1912, the NTC was taken over by the Postmaster General and ownership of the building transferred to the GPO. Whereas Telephone House accommodated the telex automatic exchange, 19 Newhall Street held a TAS exchange which was used by the GPO to route telegrams around the UK. It also housed the Birmingham office of the Post Office Engineering Union (located on the basement floor in Edmund Street).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016368-0004-0000", "contents": "17 & 19 Newhall Street, Birmingham, History\nDuring World War I, the building was used as the Midland headquarters of the air raid warning system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016368-0005-0000", "contents": "17 & 19 Newhall Street, Birmingham, History\nIn 1936, the Central Telephone Exchange vacated the building and relocated to new premises (Telephone House) further down Newhall Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016368-0006-0000", "contents": "17 & 19 Newhall Street, Birmingham, Modern era\n17 & 19 Newhall Street is now occupied by Core Marketing (a marketing and PR company), Mitchell Adam (an accountancy recruitment firm) and GBR Phoenix Beard (a firm of property consultants). The basement is occupied by a bar called Bushwackers, which has its entrance on Edmund Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 46], "content_span": [47, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016368-0007-0000", "contents": "17 & 19 Newhall Street, Birmingham, Modern era\nThe building's full postal address is: The Exchange, 19 Newhall Street, Birmingham B3 3PJ. However, it occupies 17 & 19 Newhall Street as well as 103 Edmund Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 46], "content_span": [47, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016369-0000-0000", "contents": "17 (EP)\n17 is the debut extended play (EP) by American R&B singer-songwriter Zhavia Ward. It was released on June 14, 2019, by record labels Columbia Records and Sony Music. 17 follows Ward's appearance on Fox reality television series The Four: Battle for Stardom, where she placed as one of the four finalists. In May 2019, Ward was featured on the soundtrack album Aladdin (2019), performing a version of the song \"A Whole New World\" with English musician Zayn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016370-0000-0000", "contents": "17 (MK song)\n\"17\" is a song by MK featuring uncredited vocals by Carla Monroe, released as a single on September 1, 2017. It peaked at number seven in the UK, making it MK's highest charting single there. The song has been included on various music compilations such as The Annual 2018 and Now 98", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016370-0001-0000", "contents": "17 (MK song), Music video\nAn official lyric video was uploaded on YouTube to MK's Vevo channel on September 1, 2017. The official music video was released to the same place two months later on November 6, 2017. As of January 1, 2020, the video has over 3,300,000 views. This video was also uploaded on Ultra Music's YouTube channel, and as of the same date, has more than 2,200,000 views.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 25], "content_span": [26, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016371-0000-0000", "contents": "17 (Madame song)\n\"17\" is a song by Italian rapper Madame. It was released on 17 June 2019 by Sugar Music, and produced by Eiemgei and Mago Del Blocco.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016371-0001-0000", "contents": "17 (Madame song)\nIn December 2020, the song was certified gold by the Federation of the Italian Music Industry, denoting 35,000 equivalent units in Italy. By 30 September 2021, the music video on YouTube has gathered more than 9 million views.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016371-0002-0000", "contents": "17 (Madame song), Music video\nThe music video for \"17\", directed by Dalil\u00f9, premiered on 26 June 2019 via Madame's YouTube channel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016372-0000-0000", "contents": "17 (Motel album)\n17 is the second studio album by Mexican Latin rock band Motel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 80]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016373-0000-0000", "contents": "17 (Parachute) Field Regiment (India)\n17 (Parachute) Field Regiment (Zojila & Poongli Bridge) is part of the Regiment of Artillery of the Indian Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016373-0001-0000", "contents": "17 (Parachute) Field Regiment (India), Formation\n17 Parachute Field Regiment was raised as the 8th Battalion, the 7th Rajput Regiment on 1 February 1941 at Fatehgarh by Major DW Dawson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 48], "content_span": [49, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016373-0002-0000", "contents": "17 (Parachute) Field Regiment (India), History\nThe Regiment moved to Calcutta on 7 January 1942. On 1 February 1942, the battalion was converted and redesignated as 7 Rajput Heavy Anti- Aircraft Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016373-0003-0000", "contents": "17 (Parachute) Field Regiment (India), History\nOn 19 December 1945, the Regiment was converted to a Field Artillery Regiment and was redesignated as 17 (Independent) Field Regiment RIA. On 3 November 1946, it was converted to a Parachute Field Regiment and was designated as 17 Parachute Field Regiment RIA with Lieutenant Colonel DHN Baker Carr as its Commanding Officer. The Regiment became part of the 2nd Indian Airborne Division (previously 44th Indian Airborne Division) at Karachi. After partition, the Regiment moved to Khadakwasla, Poona. Lieutenant Colonel JK Khanna, MC became the first Indian Commanding Officer on 22 October 1947.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016373-0004-0000", "contents": "17 (Parachute) Field Regiment (India), History\nThe regiment consists of the 49, 51 and 52 Field Batteries", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016374-0000-0000", "contents": "17 (Ricky Martin album)\n17 is a greatest hits album by Puerto Rican singer Ricky Martin, released on CD and DVD by Sony BMG Norte in the United States and Latin America on November 18, 2008. The CD includes seventeen songs from seventeen years of Martin's music career. It contains thirteen Spanish-language hits, two English-language songs and two Spanglish tracks. 17 doesn't include any new material, however, some songs are featured in remixed versions. The DVD track listing varies from the CD and contains a few other hits.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016374-0001-0000", "contents": "17 (Ricky Martin album), Critical reception\nThe AllMusic review by Stephen Thomas Erlewine awarded the album 4 stars stating \"Given its approach, it should be no surprise that this is heavy on Latin material, to the extent that even his huge crossover hit, \"Livin' la Vida Loca,\" is here in Spanish rather than English. Therefore, this isn't a compilation for the curious fellow pop travelers who only want to hear turn-of-the-millennium monsters like \"She Bangs,\" a hit single that's not even here. Instead, this is a sampler, giving a taste of what Martin has done over the years, and in that regard it's successful, even if it's not definitive\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 43], "content_span": [44, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016374-0002-0000", "contents": "17 (Ricky Martin album), Commercial performance\n17 peaked inside top ten in Argentina and Mexico, and reached number sixteen in Spain, number nineteen in Greece, and number twenty-one on the Top Latin Albums in the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 47], "content_span": [48, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016375-0000-0000", "contents": "17 (Tokio album)\n17 is the twelfth studio album by Japanese band Tokio. It was released on August 22, 2012. The album peaked at fifth place on the Oricon weekly charts, and remained in the charts for five weeks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016375-0001-0000", "contents": "17 (Tokio album)\nIt was the band's final studio album feature bassist Tatsuya Yamaguchi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016376-0000-0000", "contents": "17 (XXXTentacion album)\n17 is the debut studio album by American rapper XXXTentacion. It was released on August 25, 2017, by Bad Vibes Forever and Empire Distribution. With a total length of 22 minutes, the album is barely an LP, and does not feature a song longer than three minutes, which is considered unconventional for a studio album. The album was supported by the lead single \"Revenge\", and is XXXTentacion's second commercial record, following the compilation mixtape of the same name (2017). 17 includes a sole appearance from Trippie Redd and heavy sampling of  Shiloh Dynasty, and production was handled by XXXTentacion, among others.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016376-0001-0000", "contents": "17 (XXXTentacion album)\nThe album is built on acoustic and piano-driven songs, rather than the \"turn-up\" style and distortion bass sounds that was popular in XXXTentacion's native Florida scene. It experiments with a variety of genres, such as emo, lo-fi, indie rock, alternative R&B and grunge, while the lyrics are based around themes such as suicide, failed relationships, and infidelity. XXXTentacion stated that the album's target audience is people who suffer with depression, and that the album is also an \"entry\" into his mind.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016376-0002-0000", "contents": "17 (XXXTentacion album)\nThe album produced the singles \"Jocelyn Flores\", and \"Fuck Love\". \"Jocelyn Flores\", \"Revenge\", \"Everybody Dies in Their Nightmares\", \"Depression & Obsession\", \"Save Me\" and \"Carry On\" all debuted on the Billboard Hot 100. \"Jocelyn Flores\", \"Everybody Dies in Their Nightmares\" and \"Fuck Love\" also debuted in the top 100 of the UK Singles Chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016376-0003-0000", "contents": "17 (XXXTentacion album)\nAlthough 17 was marketed with no radio play or much press coverage, it was a commercial success. It debuted at number two on the US Billboard 200, with 87,000 album-equivalent units, and has been certified double platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). It also charted highly in numerous European countries, including top five positions in Denmark, the Netherlands, Finland, Italy, Sweden, and a number one position in Norway. The album has also been certified platinum in Canada, Denmark and New Zealand. XXXTentacion posthumously won Favourite Soul/R&B Album for 17 at the 2018 American Music Awards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016376-0004-0000", "contents": "17 (XXXTentacion album), Background\nWhile XXXTentacion was in jail for aggravated battery charges on his allegedly pregnant ex-girlfriend, he signed an exclusive distribution deal with Empire Distribution. Empire Distribution made an official announcement on March 2, 2017, while he was still in jail that his debut album Bad Vibes would be released in spring 2017. Talking to XXL while in prison, XXXTentacion announced 17, I Need Jesus and Members Only, Vol. 3 saying:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016376-0005-0000", "contents": "17 (XXXTentacion album), Background\nI got this really really, really good album called 17. That's more of an alternative, R&B sound. Then I've got this mixtape called I Need Jesus, which is mainly rap and the underground sound I did. So I'm trying to give my fans and anybody that comes in and listens to me everything with the mixtape and album. And then I want to come out with Members Only Vol. 3. People are gonna be really surprised about the shit I drop.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016376-0006-0000", "contents": "17 (XXXTentacion album), Background\nXXXTentacion later reaffirmed the announcement of 17, Revenge, Members Only Vol. 3 and I Need Jesus during an interview with WMIB following his release from prison in March 2017. He later used the app Periscope to talk to his followers and announce the three albums once again. He later said that 17 would be released after he finished working on Members Only Vol. 3 with his collective, \"Members Only\". Members Only Vol. 3 was released on June 26, 2017. He began to preview short snippets on his Instagram page that were later taken down, one of the snippets had the caption \"Working on a the  [sic] album, what do you think? \".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 665]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016376-0007-0000", "contents": "17 (XXXTentacion album), Background\n17 was released on August 25, 2017. With a total length of 22 minutes, the album was barely an LP. 17 is eleven tracks long with not a single track being longer than three minutes long, which is unconventional for a studio album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016376-0008-0000", "contents": "17 (XXXTentacion album), Themes and composition\nXXXTentacion stated that the album's target audience is people who suffer with depression, and that the album is a 'gateway' into his mind. The lyrics for 17 are based around suicide, failed relationships, and infidelity. It also focuses on events in XXXTentacion's life and involves a lot of internal dialogue. Speaking on the sound of 17, XXXTentacion explained that the album was different from his previous works, saying \"If you listen to me to get hype or to not think, don't buy this album, this one is for the depression, for the depressed ones, for the lost ones.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 47], "content_span": [48, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016376-0009-0000", "contents": "17 (XXXTentacion album), Themes and composition\nSpeaking to XXL, XXXTentacion said the album would consist of \"an alternative R&B sound\". The album takes a different style from XXXTentacion's traditional music which is often considered rap rock and trap music. The album adapts different genres of music, including emo and indie rock to create an unconventional style that fits within the genre of alternative R&B. The album itself is produced mainly by XXXTentacion, Natra Average and Potsu, a producer who generally creates lo-fi instrumental hip hop on SoundCloud.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 47], "content_span": [48, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016376-0010-0000", "contents": "17 (XXXTentacion album), Themes and composition\nAndrew Matson of Mass Appeal highlighted that XXXTentacion \"is at the forefront of the current rock & roll twist on hip-hop...and constructs an emo record that calls on some of his past work (the guitar stuff) but completely leaves behind his popular turn-up style and distortion bass\" that was popular in the Florida scene. Matson further described the songs on 17 as mostly acoustic guitars and piano-driven. Jon Powell of Respect. called the album an \"emotional rollercoaster contained of different genres, all kept together by XXX\u2019s ever-changing lyricism and Aaron Lewis-esque harmonics\", and that it \"has you in absolute awe of [XXXtentacion's] talent, even in the midst of his alleged past transgressions.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 47], "content_span": [48, 761]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016376-0011-0000", "contents": "17 (XXXTentacion album), Promotion\nSnippets were released showing him in a collaboration with Kodak Black, Lil JJ, and Juicy J. He later announced via his Snapchat story that the release date for 17 was August 25, 2017. In the same story, he claimed that the album would be different from his previous works and more for people with depression.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016376-0012-0000", "contents": "17 (XXXTentacion album), Promotion\nXXXTentacion previewed snippets on August 6, 2017, via his Snapchat story. The snippets shown was his iTunes library page with the album being played showcasing a tracklist of 8 songs. He kept his thumb on the feature that showcases the song count on the computer monitor and didn't announce the tracklist as official. The songs showcased in the snippets included \"Jocelyn Flores\", \"Save Me\", \"Fuck Love\" featuring Trippie Redd, \"Orlando\" and \"Ayala (Outro)\". XXL's Vernon Coleman called the snippets \"very somber\". On August 22, 2017, X revealed the official tracklist alongside the final cover for the album. The day before the album's release, the song \"Fuck Love\" featuring Trippie Redd was uploaded to SoundCloud.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 753]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016376-0013-0000", "contents": "17 (XXXTentacion album), Promotion, Singles\nThe lead single, \"Revenge\", was released on May 18, 2017, for streaming and digital download, originally titled as \"Garrette's Revenge\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 43], "content_span": [44, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016376-0014-0000", "contents": "17 (XXXTentacion album), Promotion, Singles\nThe second single, \"Jocelyn Flores\", was sent to rhythmic radio on October 31, 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 43], "content_span": [44, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016376-0015-0000", "contents": "17 (XXXTentacion album), Promotion, Singles\nThe third single, \"Fuck Love\", featuring Trippie Redd, was sent to rhythmic radio on January 23, 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 43], "content_span": [44, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016376-0016-0000", "contents": "17 (XXXTentacion album), Promotion, Instagram controversy\nOn August 23, 2017, Onfroy posted a short 3.5-second clip of what appeared to be him hanging himself from a tree to his Instagram account. The video circulated much controversy and criticism, and led to rumors that Onfroy had indeed committed suicide. However, many were quick to point out that the video was fake and was a publicity stunt to draw more attention to his upcoming album. This was heavily criticized by the press, with many calling the act an insensitive ploy to draw attention by projecting a message of suicide to a young fanbase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 57], "content_span": [58, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016376-0017-0000", "contents": "17 (XXXTentacion album), Promotion, Instagram controversy\nLater in the day, Onfroy posted another clip to his Instagram, showing more clips of the hanging, but this time elaborating that the clips were a teaser for an upcoming music video. He later offered an explanation of the situation fully and publicly apologized on his Instagram.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 57], "content_span": [58, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016376-0018-0000", "contents": "17 (XXXTentacion album), Critical reception\nMeaghan Garvey of Pitchfork stated that 17 \"presents XXXTentacion as impressively adept at reconciling his influences into a sound that is shockingly elegant, even at its most unpolished\u2014an album whose disparate influences dissolve in an acid bath of raw feeling.\" Andrew Matson from Mass Appeal described the album as \"musically excellent, morally problematic\". Pigeons and Planes' Eric Skelton called the album's composition \"progressive\" and \"genre-defiant.\" Mitch Findlay of HotNewHipHop called it \"different from your average hip hop album\", highlighting its lo-fi aesthetic, experimentation with guitar arrangements and vocals. Uproxx complimented the experimentation with different genres and the album's lyrics and narrative on 17, but criticized the album's short length and its inability to depict fully what it was trying to convey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 43], "content_span": [44, 887]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016376-0019-0000", "contents": "17 (XXXTentacion album), Critical reception\nNotable figures in the hip hop music industry also gave recognition to the album, including American rapper Kendrick Lamar, who wrote on Twitter, \"listen to [17] if you feel anything. raw thoughts.\" XXXTentacion posthumously won Favourite Soul/R&B Album for 17 at the 2018 American Music Awards, and the album received a Top R&B Album nomination at the 2018 Billboard Music Awards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 43], "content_span": [44, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016376-0020-0000", "contents": "17 (XXXTentacion album), Commercial performance\n17 was released on August 25, 2017, on iTunes, Spotify and Apple Music for streaming. Following the release, the album was promoted on social media by numerous other artists including Kendrick Lamar, Tory Lanez, 9th Wonder, and Lil Yachty. The sales projections for the album, managed by the magazine Hits estimated that 17 would collect over 80 million streams and would sell 74\u201379,000 album-equivalent units in the US, including 16\u201318,000 pure sales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 47], "content_span": [48, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016376-0021-0000", "contents": "17 (XXXTentacion album), Commercial performance\nIn the United States, 17 debuted at number two on the Billboard 200 with 87,000 album-equivalent units, of which 18,000 were pure sales. 17 dropped down to No. 3 on the Billboard 200 for its second week of release with 51,275 total album equivalent units sold. In its third week, 17 fell to No. 6 with 40,100 album-equivalent units sold. 17 had sold 313,000 album-equivalent units by October 12, 2017, dropping to No. 12 in the same week.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 47], "content_span": [48, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016376-0021-0001", "contents": "17 (XXXTentacion album), Commercial performance\nSeven songs\u2014\"Jocelyn Flores\", \"Revenge\", \"Fuck Love\", \"Everybody Dies in Their Nightmares\", \"Depression & Obsession\", \"Save Me\" and \"Carry On\"\u2014debuted in the Billboard Hot 100 at numbers 31, 77, 41, 54, 91, 94 and 95 respectively, with \"Jocelyn Flores\" becoming XXXTentacion's highest charting song since \"Look at Me\", which peaked at 31 on September 16, 2017. Following XXXTentacion's death, 17 re-entered the Billboard 200 at number seven, earning 55,000 album-equivalent units. It has been certified double platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 47], "content_span": [48, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016376-0022-0000", "contents": "17 (XXXTentacion album), Commercial performance\n17 debuted at number one in Norway (where it remained for three weeks) and in the top twenty in numerous album charts, including the UK Albums Chart, where it entered at number 12, selling 4,520 album-equivalent units. The album also charted in Belgium, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Italy, and Sweden. Three songs\u2014\"Jocelyn Flores\", \"Everybody Dies in Their Nightmares\" and \"Fuck Love\"\u2014debuted in the top 100 of the UK Singles Chart, at numbers 56, 88 and 99, respectively. \"Jocelyn Flores\" peaked at 39 on the UK Singles Chart. The album has been certified platinum in Canada, Denmark and New Zealand. Rolling Stone reported that 17 \"hit the charts with no record label besides his own imprint, no radio play and a near-total press blackout.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 47], "content_span": [48, 791]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016376-0023-0000", "contents": "17 (XXXTentacion album), Commercial performance\nExactly two years after his passing, 17 as well as his sophomore album \"?\" both re-entered the Top 100 on Apple Music.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 47], "content_span": [48, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016377-0000-0000", "contents": "17 (number)\n17 (seventeen) is the natural number following 16 and preceding 18. It is a prime number.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016377-0001-0000", "contents": "17 (number)\nSeventeen is the sum of the first four prime numbers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 65]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016377-0002-0000", "contents": "17 (number), In mathematics\nSeventeen is the seventh prime number. The next prime is nineteen, with which it forms a twin prime.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 27], "content_span": [28, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016377-0003-0000", "contents": "17 (number), In mathematics\nSeventeen is the third Fermat prime, as it is of the form 22n + 1, specifically with n = 2. Since 17 is a Fermat prime, regular heptadecagons can be constructed with a compass and unmarked ruler. This was proven by Carl Friedrich Gaussand ultimately led him to choose mathematics over philology for his studies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 27], "content_span": [28, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016377-0004-0000", "contents": "17 (number), In mathematics\nThere are exactly 17 two-dimensional space (plane symmetry) groups. These are sometimes called wallpaper groups, as they represent the seventeen possible symmetry types that can be used for wallpaper.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 27], "content_span": [28, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016377-0005-0000", "contents": "17 (number), In mathematics\nLike 41, the number 17 is a prime that yields primes in the polynomial n2\u00a0+\u00a0n\u00a0+\u00a0p, for all positive n\u00a0<\u00a0p\u00a0\u2212\u00a01.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 27], "content_span": [28, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016377-0006-0000", "contents": "17 (number), In mathematics\nEither 16 or 18 unit squares can be formed into rectangles with perimeter equal to the area; and there are no other natural numbers with this property. The Platonists regarded this as a sign of their peculiar propriety; and Plutarch notes it when writing that the Pythagoreans \"utterly abominate\" 17, which \"bars them off from each other and disjoins them\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 27], "content_span": [28, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016377-0007-0000", "contents": "17 (number), In mathematics\nSeventeen is the minimum possible number of givens for a sudoku puzzle with a unique solution. This was long conjectured, and was proved in 2012\u201314.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 27], "content_span": [28, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016377-0008-0000", "contents": "17 (number), In mathematics\nThere are 17 orthogonal curvilinear coordinate systems (to within a conformal symmetry) in which the three-variable Laplace equation can be solved using the separation of variables technique.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 27], "content_span": [28, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016377-0009-0000", "contents": "17 (number), In mathematics\nSeventeen is the first number that can be written as the sum of a positive cube and a positive square in two different ways; that is, the smallest n such that x3 + y2 = n has two different solutions for x and y positive integers ((1,4) or (2,3)). The next such number is\u00a065.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 27], "content_span": [28, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016377-0010-0000", "contents": "17 (number), In mathematics\nSeventeen is the minimum number of vertices on a graph such that, if the edges are coloured with three different colours, there is bound to be a monochromatic triangle. (See Ramsey's theorem.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 27], "content_span": [28, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016377-0011-0000", "contents": "17 (number), In mathematics\nSeventeen is the only prime number which is the sum of four consecutive primes (2,3,5,7). Any other four consecutive primes summed would always produce an even number, thereby divisible by 2 and so not prime.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 27], "content_span": [28, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016377-0012-0000", "contents": "17 (number), In mathematics\nThe sequence of residues (mod n) of a googol and googolplex, for n = 1, 2, 3, ..., agree up until n = 17.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 27], "content_span": [28, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016377-0013-0000", "contents": "17 (number), In languages, Grammar\nIn Catalan, 17 is the first compound number (disset). The numbers 11 (onze) through 16 (setze) have their own names.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 34], "content_span": [35, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016377-0014-0000", "contents": "17 (number), In languages, Grammar\nIn French, 17 is the first compound number (dix-sept). The numbers 11 (onze) through 16 (seize) have their own names.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 34], "content_span": [35, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016377-0015-0000", "contents": "17 (number), In languages, Grammar\nIn Italian, 17 is also the first compound number (diciassette), whereas sixteen is sedici.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 34], "content_span": [35, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016378-0000-0000", "contents": "17 Again (film)\n17 Again is a 2009 American fantasy comedy film directed by Burr Steers. The film follows 37-year-old Mike (Matthew Perry) who becomes his 17-year-old self (Zac Efron) after a chance accident. The film also stars Leslie Mann, Thomas Lennon, Michelle Trachtenberg, Melora Hardin and Sterling Knight in supporting roles. The film was released in the United States on April 17, 2009. It received mixed reviews from critics and grossed $139 million.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016378-0001-0000", "contents": "17 Again (film), Plot\nIn 1989, 17-year-old star athlete Mike O'Donnell's girlfriend Scarlet Porter tells him that she is pregnant, just moments before his likely scholarship-clinching high school championship basketball game. Mike plays the first few seconds of the game, then walks off the court and goes after Scarlet, abandoning his hopes of going to college and achieving a career that could support their future.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016378-0002-0000", "contents": "17 Again (film), Plot\nNearly twenty years later, 37-year-old Mike finds his life stagnant and boring, abandoning any project he starts. Scarlet, now his wife and mother of their two children, has filed for divorce, forcing him to move in with his geeky, yet extremely wealthy, best friend, Ned Gold. He has quit his job after he is passed over for a promotion he believed he deserves, and his high school-age kids, 17-year-old Maggie and 16-year-old Alex, want nothing to do with him. Later, while driving, an encounter on a bridge with a janitor transforms Mike back into his 17-year-old self.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016378-0003-0000", "contents": "17 Again (film), Plot\nAfter convincing Ned of his identity, Ned believes that Mike's transformation was caused by a mystical spirit guide who is trying to steer him on a better path. Mike enrolls in high school posing as Mark Gold, Ned's son, and plans to go to college on a basketball scholarship. As he befriends his bullied son and discovers that his daughter has a boyfriend, Stan, who does not respect her and frequently torments Alex, Mike comes to believe that his mission is to help them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016378-0004-0000", "contents": "17 Again (film), Plot\nThrough their kids, Mike spends time with Scarlet, who notes his remarkable resemblance to her husband, but rationalizes it as an odd coincidence. Deciding to also try and fix his relationship with Scarlet, Mike begins to finish (under the pretense of getting \"volunteer credit\") all of the garden projects he abandoned as an adult. He does his best to separate Stan and Maggie while also encouraging Alex to be more confident so he can make the basketball team and go out with a girl he has a crush on named Nicole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016378-0004-0001", "contents": "17 Again (film), Plot\nMike has difficulty resisting his desire for Scarlet despite the relationship's clear inappropriateness. Ned, meanwhile, begins to pursue the school's principal Jane Masterson through increasingly extravagant stunts in order to win her affections, which she adamantly rebukes, though she agrees to a date after he offers to buy laptops for the school.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016378-0005-0000", "contents": "17 Again (film), Plot\nOn their date, Jane is completely unimpressed with Ned until he drops the \"sophisticated rich-guy\" persona and admits he is actually a geek. Jane then reveals her own enthusiasm for geek culture by speaking to him in Elvish, and the two hit it off. Mike throws a party to celebrate a basketball game win at Ned's house while Ned is out with Jane, where he confronts Stan, who had recently dumped Maggie for not sleeping with him. Mike gets knocked out and wakes up to Maggie trying to seduce him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016378-0005-0001", "contents": "17 Again (film), Plot\nMike tells his daughter that he is in love with someone else and Maggie leaves, much to Mike's relief. Scarlet arrives at the party worried about her kids attending, but Mike shows her that Alex has finally managed to get together with his crush. The two have an intimate conversation where Mike, caught up in the moment, tries to kiss her. Disgusted, she storms off as Mike tries unsuccessfully to explain his true identity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016378-0006-0000", "contents": "17 Again (film), Plot\nOn the day of the court hearing to finalize Scarlet and Mike's divorce, Mike makes one last attempt to win her back (as Mark) by reading a supposed letter from Mike. He states that although he couldn't set things right in the beginning of his life, it doesn't change the fact that he still loves her. After he exits, Scarlet notices that the \"letter\" is actually the directions to the courtroom and she begins to grow curious. As a result, she postpones the divorce by a month.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016378-0006-0001", "contents": "17 Again (film), Plot\nFrustrated that he could not salvage his marriage, Mike decides to once again pursue a scholarship and move on with a new life. During a high school basketball game, Mike reveals himself to Scarlet. As Scarlet runs away, Mike decides to chase her down, just like he did in 1989, but not before handing the ball off to his son. Mike is then transformed back into his 37-year-old self, and happily reunites with Scarlet, saying that she was the best decision he ever made.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016378-0007-0000", "contents": "17 Again (film), Plot\nAs Mike prepares for his first day as the new coach at his kids' school, Ned, who has successfully started a relationship with Jane, gifts him a whistle, both happy with their new starts in life.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016378-0008-0000", "contents": "17 Again (film), Reception, Critical response\nOn Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 56% based on 149 reviews, with an average rating of 5.40/10. The site's critics consensus reads, \"Though it uses a well-worn formula, 17 Again has just enough Zac Efron charm to result in a harmless, pleasurable teen comedy.\" On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 48 out of 100, based on reviews from 27 critics, indicating \"mixed or average reviews\". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of \"A\u2013\" on an A+ to F scale.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 45], "content_span": [46, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016378-0009-0000", "contents": "17 Again (film), Reception, Critical response\nRoger Ebert gave the film 3 stars out of 4, writing: \"17 Again is pleasant, harmless PG-13 entertainment, with a plot a little more surprising and acting a little better than I expected.\" Justin Chang of Variety wrote: \"Zac Efron's squeaky-clean tweener-bait profile is unlikely to be threatened by 17 Again, an energetic but earthbound comic fantasy that borrows a few moves, if little inspiration, from Big and It's a Wonderful Life.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 45], "content_span": [46, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016378-0010-0000", "contents": "17 Again (film), Reception, Box office\nThe film was projected to take in around $20 million in its opening weekend. Opening in 3,255 theaters in the United States and Canada, the film grossed $23.7 million ranking #1 at the box office, with 70% of the audience consisting of young females. By the end of its run, 17 Again grossed $64.2 million in North America and $72.1 million internationally, totaling $136.3 million worldwide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 38], "content_span": [39, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016378-0011-0000", "contents": "17 Again (film), Soundtrack\n17 Again: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack was released on April 21, 2009, by New Line Records.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 27], "content_span": [28, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016378-0012-0000", "contents": "17 Again (film), Soundtrack, Additional music credits\nThe orchestral score was written by Rolfe Kent and orchestrated by Tony Blondal. It was recorded at Skywalker Sound.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 53], "content_span": [54, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016378-0013-0000", "contents": "17 Again (film), Adaptation\nA South Korean television series titled 18 Again based on the film aired on JTBC from September 21 to November 10, 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 27], "content_span": [28, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016379-0000-0000", "contents": "17 Again (song)\n\"17 Again\" is a song by British pop duo Eurythmics from their eighth studio album, Peace (1999). It was released as the album's second single on 10 January 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016379-0001-0000", "contents": "17 Again (song)\nPeace was the first new album released by Eurythmics in a decade and the lyrics to \"17 Again\" find the duo reminiscing about their long-standing career in pop music. The song mentions \"fake celebrities\", \"vicious queens\", \"the stupid papers and the stupid magazines\" and makes the conclusion that \"sweet dreams are made of anything that gets you in the scene\". The closing of \"17 Again\" contains an interpolation of 1983's \"Sweet Dreams (Are Made of This)\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016379-0002-0000", "contents": "17 Again (song)\n\"17 Again\" peaked at number 27 on the UK Singles Chart. The single was not officially released in the United States, though promotional-only remixes were issued for nightclubs. \"17 Again\" became the first Eurythmics song to reach number one on the Hot Dance Club Play chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016379-0003-0000", "contents": "17 Again (song)\nThe song was featured in a season four episode of the American television series Will & Grace (\"Bed, Bath, & Beyond\"). It was also featured in season two of the American television series, Charmed, in the episode titled  \"How to Make a Quilt Out of Americans\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016380-0000-0000", "contents": "17 Aquarii\n17 Aquarii, abbreviated 17 Aqr, is a spectroscopic binary star system in the constellation of Aquarius. 17 Aquarii is the Flamsteed designation. It appears to the naked eye as a faint sixth magnitude star, having a combined apparent visual magnitude of 5.99. The distance to 17 Aqr can be estimated from its annual parallax shift of 4.9\u00a0mas, which yields a separation of around 660\u00a0light years. It is moving further away with a heliocentric radial velocity of 18\u00a0km/s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016380-0001-0000", "contents": "17 Aquarii\nA preliminary orbit for the pair gives a period of 20 years and an eccentricity of 0.4. The primary component is an aging giant star with a stellar classification of K4/5\u00a0III. It is radiating 495 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 3,951\u00a0K.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016381-0000-0000", "contents": "17 August 2005 Baghdad bombings\nThe 17 August 2005 Baghdad bombings was a terrorist attack that occurred when three powerful car bombs ripped through civilian targets in central Baghdad, killing 43 people and injuring 76.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016382-0000-0000", "contents": "17 August 2010 Baghdad bombings\nThe 17 August 2010 Baghdad bombings were two attacks in Baghdad, Iraq. The first attack in the morning was when a suicide bomber detonated his explosives outside the Iraqi Army division headquarters on potential recruits to the army, some of whom had queued for hours prior to the bombings, that killed over 60 and wounded more than 100. The second attack took place in the evening when a fuel truck exploded in a Shia neighbourhood, killing 8 and wounding 44.Islamic State of Iraq claimed the first of the two attacks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016382-0001-0000", "contents": "17 August 2010 Baghdad bombings, Background\nThe bombing came amid uncertainty over the future government in Iraq following the 2010 Iraqi parliamentary election. One day before the attack former Iraqi Interim Prime Minister Iyad Allawi pulled out of coalition talks with Prime Minister Nuri al-Maliki following claims that al-Maliki was pushing for a sectarian division of government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016382-0002-0000", "contents": "17 August 2010 Baghdad bombings, Background\nSecurity forces have been targets of attack in the months prior to this bombing. The United States began to reduce its troop strength in Iraq, from just under 60,000 at the time of this bombing, to about 50,000 by 31 August, which was scheduled to be the formal end of combat operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016382-0003-0000", "contents": "17 August 2010 Baghdad bombings, Background\nThe bombing was the first major attack of the year's Ramadan, the most venerated month in the Islamic calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016382-0004-0000", "contents": "17 August 2010 Baghdad bombings, Bombings, First bombing\nUnemployed people had queued for hours outside an Army recruiting centre when a suicide bomber approached and detonated his explosives. The recruiting location is near the Bab al-Muadhan (Great Gate) by the Tigris River and the former Iraqi Ministry of Defense building in downtown Baghdad.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 56], "content_span": [57, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016382-0005-0000", "contents": "17 August 2010 Baghdad bombings, Bombings, First bombing\nAn interior ministry official said the majority of the victims were army recruits but there were also some soldiers who were protecting the recruitment centre among the casualties. The casualties among these soldiers were at least three dead and eight wounded, with the overall total killed at over 60.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 56], "content_span": [57, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016382-0006-0000", "contents": "17 August 2010 Baghdad bombings, Bombings, Second bombing\nOn the same day another attack occurred at 21:30 in the majority Shia neighbourhood of Hay Ur. A bomb attached to a fuel truck loaded with kerosene exploded, killing eight people and wounding 44 more.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 57], "content_span": [58, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016382-0007-0000", "contents": "17 August 2010 Baghdad bombings, Perpetrators\nIraqi spokesman Gen. Al-Moussawi immediately blamed al-Qaeda in Iraq for the bombings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 45], "content_span": [46, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016382-0008-0000", "contents": "17 August 2010 Baghdad bombings, Perpetrators\nIslamic State of Iraq, which includes al-Qaida in Iraq, within three days claimed the first of the two attacks, saying it targeted \"a group of Shias and apostates who sold their faith for money and to be a tool in the war on Iraqi Sunnis\",and boasting that its operative easily passed through checkpoints before detonating his explosives belt in a crowd of officers and recruits outside army headquarters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 45], "content_span": [46, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016383-0000-0000", "contents": "17 August 2019 Kabul bombing\nOn August 17, 2019, a suicide bombing took place during a wedding in a wedding hall in Kabul, Afghanistan. At least 92 people were killed in the attack and over 140 injured. The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant claimed responsibility for the bombing, stating that the attack targeted the Shi'ites. More than 1,000 people were gathered for the wedding when the attack took place. The attack occurred a day before the 100th Afghan Independence Day, causing the government to postpone the planned celebrations taking place at the Darul Aman Palace. It was the deadliest attack in Kabul since January 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016383-0001-0000", "contents": "17 August 2019 Kabul bombing, Attack\nThe suicide bombing occurred at approximately 10:40\u00a0p.m. Afghanistan Time (UTC+04:30) in western Kabul, in an area heavily populated by the Shia Hazara minority, inside the \"Dubai City\" wedding hall. The suicide bomber detonated the explosives in the men's section of the wedding hall, near the stage where musicians were playing, at a time when hundreds were inside the building for a wedding ceremony. The bomber detonated a suicide vest packed with ball bearings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 36], "content_span": [37, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016383-0002-0000", "contents": "17 August 2019 Kabul bombing, Attack\nThe explosion occurred shortly before the wedding ceremony was supposed to start. According to the wedding hall's owner, more than 1,200 people had been invited to the event, with a mixed group of Shi'ites and Sunnis attending. Most of the attendees were ethnic Hazaras. Both the bride and the groom were Shi'ite, and both from modest working class families, with the groom working as a tailor. Their families had discussed how to schedule the timing of the wedding to try to minimize the risk of an attack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 36], "content_span": [37, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016383-0003-0000", "contents": "17 August 2019 Kabul bombing, Attack\nAt least 63 people were initially killed and 182 injured. While the bride and groom survived, both lost several family members. Many children were also among those killed. 17 more people succumbed to their injuries in the days after the attack, bringing the death toll to 80. The final death toll was put at 92.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 36], "content_span": [37, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016383-0004-0000", "contents": "17 August 2019 Kabul bombing, Responsibility\nThe day after the attack, a local affiliate of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL, also known as ISIS, the Islamic State, or Daesh) claimed responsibility for the attack. The statement of responsibility claimed that after the suicide bombing inside the wedding hall, a car bomb was also detonated outside as emergency vehicles were arriving. The follow-up car bombing has not been confirmed by the authorities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 44], "content_span": [45, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016383-0005-0000", "contents": "17 August 2019 Kabul bombing, Responsibility\nThe Taliban denied responsibility for the attack, with a spokesman stating that the Taliban \"condemns [the bombing] in the strongest terms\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 44], "content_span": [45, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016383-0006-0000", "contents": "17 August 2019 Kabul bombing, Reactions, Domestic\nPresident of Afghanistan Ashraf Ghani declared a day of mourning. He also stated that the Taliban can not fully escape blame for the attack either, saying that \"The Taliban cannot absolve themselves of blame for they provide platform for terrorists.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 49], "content_span": [50, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016383-0007-0000", "contents": "17 August 2019 Kabul bombing, Reactions, Domestic\nThe Taliban denied responsibility for the attack and condemned it. The group's spokesperson Zabiullah Mujahid said in a statement that the group \"strongly condemns explosion [sic] targeting civilians inside a hotel in Kabul city,\" while also adding that \"Such barbaric deliberate attacks against civilians including women and children are forbidden and unjustifiable.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 49], "content_span": [50, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016384-0000-0000", "contents": "17 Avenue SE (Calgary)\n17 Avenue SE is a major arterial road in east Calgary, Alberta. 17\u00a0Avenue\u00a0SE is the focal point of the International Avenue Business Revitalization Zone (BRZ) and the main roadway through the former town of Forest Lawn. Chestermere Boulevard is a major arterial road and the eastern extension of 17\u00a0Avenue\u00a0SE through Chestermere, Alberta, Canada. The roadway is a former alignment of Highway\u00a01A.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016384-0001-0000", "contents": "17 Avenue SE (Calgary), Route description\nThe west end of 17 Avenue SE begins with a small segment at a 5-way intersection with 9\u00a0Avenue\u00a0SE and 15\u00a0Street\u00a0SE (due to traffic calming, access to northbound 15\u00a0Street\u00a0SE is closed), crossing the Canadian Pacific Railway, and ending at 17A\u00a0Street\u00a0SE. It begins again just to the south at the Blackfoot Trail / 19\u00a0Street\u00a0SE intersection and crosses the Bow River via the Cushing Bridge before intersecting Deerfoot Trail (Highway\u00a02).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 41], "content_span": [42, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016384-0001-0001", "contents": "17 Avenue SE (Calgary), Route description\nPrior to the construction of Blackfoot Trail, 17\u00a0Avenue\u00a0SE was a continuous roadway and the section between 19\u00a0Street\u00a0SE and Deerfoot Trail is now generally referred to as part of Blackfoot Trail. 19\u00a0Street\u00a0SE serves as the main access between 9\u00a0Avenue\u00a0SE and Blackfoot Trail / 17\u00a0Avenue\u00a0SE.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 41], "content_span": [42, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016384-0002-0000", "contents": "17 Avenue SE (Calgary), Route description\nEast of Deerfoot Trail, 17\u00a0Avenue\u00a0SE leaves the Bow River valley and intersects Barlow Trail, though it is only accessible for westbound traffic. It passes through the communities of Albert Park/Radisson Heights, Southview, and Forest Lawn, and continues east past Elliston Park before intersecting Stoney Trail. It transitions into rural farmland and at 116\u00a0Street\u00a0SE (also known as Range Road 284 or Conrich Road), enters into the city of Chestermere, where it becomes Chestermere Boulevard. It ends at the Highway\u00a01 (Trans-Canada Highway) interchange, where it continues east as Range Road\u00a0243.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 41], "content_span": [42, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016384-0003-0000", "contents": "17 Avenue SE (Calgary), History\n17\u00a0Avenue\u00a0SE is the original alignment of Highway\u00a01 through eastern Calgary. In 1949, Highway\u00a01 was rerouted to follow 16\u00a0Avenue N, bypassing downtown Calgary and Forest Lawn, and 17\u00a0Avenue\u00a0SE designated as Highway\u00a01A. The section of Highway\u00a01A west of Deerfoot Trail was dropped in the 1970s, resulting in Highway\u00a01A being a short alternate route into Calgary and its southeast industrial parks. In 1993, the International Avenue BRZ was established resulting in 17\u00a0Avenue\u00a0SE being nicknamed as International Avenue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016384-0003-0001", "contents": "17 Avenue SE (Calgary), History\nIn 2007, the City of Calgary annexed land from Rocky View County up to Range Road\u00a0284 (now 116\u00a0Street\u00a0SE); while in 2009, Chestermere annexed land up to the Calgary city limit, resulting in Highway\u00a01A no longer travelling through a rural municipality and signaling a possible end to the Highway\u00a01A designation. In 2013, the province of Alberta decommissioned Highway 1A, and as of 2016, remnant Highway 1A signage still remains on Deerfoot Trail and sections of 17\u00a0Avenue\u00a0SE within Calgary; however, it has been removed along Stoney Trail, through Chestermere, and along the Trans-Canada Highway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016384-0004-0000", "contents": "17 Avenue SE (Calgary), 17 Avenue Transitway\nThe City of Calgary opened a 5-kilometre (3\u00a0mi) long dedicated bus-only transitway on November 19, 2018 as part of the city's MAX BRT network. The transitway, which carries MAX Purple, begins to the south of 17 Avenue SE at the intersection 9 Avenue SE and 16 Street SE, and travels parallel to Blackfoot Trail and 17 Avenue SE, crossing the Bow River and Deerfoot Trail on its own dedicated bridges. At 28 Street SE, the transitway shifts to the centre of 17 Avenue SE and travels east before ending just west of Hubalta Road. Long-term plans call for the mixed-use corridor and transitway to extend east into Chestermere.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 44], "content_span": [45, 668]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016384-0005-0000", "contents": "17 Avenue SE (Calgary), 17 Avenue Transitway\nConstruction began in 2017 and was divided into two phases \u2013 both of which were constructed simultaneously. Phase 1 focused on the dedicated bus-only transitway on 17 Avenue SE between 28 Street SE and Hubalta Road SE, which included the construction of BRT station platforms and a complete transformation of International Avenue infrastructure. Phase 2 focused on the construction of a transit and pedestrian only bridge crossing Deerfoot Trail, connecting 28 Street SE to 9 Avenue SE.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 44], "content_span": [45, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016385-0000-0000", "contents": "17 Avenue SW (Calgary)\n17 Avenue SW is a major east\u2013west arterial road in the southwest quadrant of the city of Calgary, Alberta.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016385-0001-0000", "contents": "17 Avenue SW (Calgary)\nBetween the Calgary Stampede Grounds and 14 Street SW, it is a commercial street, with bars, restaurants, nightclubs, and shops, which has been designated a Business Revitalization Zone. Officially named 17th Ave Retail and Entertainment District.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016385-0002-0000", "contents": "17 Avenue SW (Calgary)\nFrom 14th Street to Sarcee Trail, it is flanked by a mix of residential and commercial space, with small strip malls, a retirement home, and denser commercial developments in the Westbrook Mall area. West of Sarcee Trail it runs through suburban neighbourhoods and acreages, by Rundle College and Westside Recreation Centre.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016385-0003-0000", "contents": "17 Avenue SW (Calgary)\nThe west extension of the C-Train light rail transit system runs along 17 Avenue west of 33 Street SW, as does the rapid bus transit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016385-0004-0000", "contents": "17 Avenue SW (Calgary), Red Mile\n17th Avenue was nicknamed the \"Red Mile\" in 2004 during the playoff run of Calgary's NHL team, the Calgary Flames. During this time, it was not uncommon to see over 100,000 fans crowding the street and its bars and pubs on game nights.. The block has become the unofficial gathering place for Calgary Flames fans, with many celebrating in the street during their last playoff run in 2015. The street also \"dead-ends\" at the Stampede Grounds on its east side and is thus central to the party-like atmosphere that overtakes the city during the Calgary Stampede festival.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016385-0005-0000", "contents": "17 Avenue SW (Calgary), Major intersections\nFrom east to west. The entire route is in Calgary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 43], "content_span": [44, 94]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016386-0000-0000", "contents": "17 BC\nYear 17 BCE was either a common year starting on Sunday or Monday or a leap year starting on Saturday, Sunday or Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar (the sources differ, see leap year error for further information) and a leap year starting on Friday of the Proleptic Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Furnius and Silanus (or, less frequently, year 737 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 17 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016387-0000-0000", "contents": "17 Blocks\n17 Blocks is an 2019 American documentary film, directed by Davy Rothbart, written by Rothbart and Jennifer Tiexiera. The film revolves around The Sanford Family, who spent 20 years filming themselves.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016387-0001-0000", "contents": "17 Blocks\nThe film had its world premiere at the Tribeca Film Festival on April 27, 2019. It was released in virtual cinema on February 19, 2021, by MTV Documentary Films.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016387-0002-0000", "contents": "17 Blocks, Plot\nThe film follows the Sanford Family, who spent 20 years filming themselves, living just 20 minutes away from the White House.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 15], "content_span": [16, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016387-0003-0000", "contents": "17 Blocks, Release\nThe film had its world premiere at the Tribeca Film Festival on April 27, 2019. The film also screened at AFI Docs on June 20, 2019. In July 2019, MTV Documentary Films acquired distribution rights to the film. The film was released in virtual cinema on February 19, 2021.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 18], "content_span": [19, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016387-0004-0000", "contents": "17 Blocks, Reception\n17 Blocks received positive reviews from film critics. It holds a 100% approval rating on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, based on 23 reviews, with a weighted average of 8.60/10. On Metacritic, the film holds a rating of 79 out of 100, based on 6 critics, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 20], "content_span": [21, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016388-0000-0000", "contents": "17 Brigade (Nigeria)\nThe 17 Brigade is a military formation of the Nigerian Army, which was established on 20 February 2018 for internal security duties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016388-0001-0000", "contents": "17 Brigade (Nigeria), History\nThe 17 Brigade was established in December 2017, but was officially commissioned in February 2018. According to Army chief of staff Lieutenant General Tukur Yusuf Buratai, the establishment of the 17 Brigade is part of a wider reorganisation of the Nigerian Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016388-0002-0000", "contents": "17 Brigade (Nigeria), Operations\nIn 2018, the 17 Brigade conducted two internal security operations: Operation Sharar Daji and Operation Mesa, against armed banditry. In January 2019, the Brigade launched Operation Egwu Eke III in order to complement the other two ongoing operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 32], "content_span": [33, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016388-0003-0000", "contents": "17 Brigade (Nigeria), Mission\nAccording to Lieutenant General Buratai, the 17 Brigade was established in order to address issues in the North-West Zone and in the Katsina State identified by the Nigerian Army: cattle rustling, armed robbery and armed banditry. Countering such threats includes carrying out public security duties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016389-0000-0000", "contents": "17 Camelopardalis\n17 Camelopardalis is a single star in the northern circumpolar constellation of Camelopardalis, located roughly 960\u00a0light years away from the Sun. It is visible to the naked eye as a faint, red-hued star with an apparent visual magnitude of 5.44. This object is moving closer to the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of \u221220\u00a0km/s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016389-0001-0000", "contents": "17 Camelopardalis\nThis is an aging red giant star, currently on the asymptotic giant branch, with a stellar classification of M1IIIa. It is a suspected small amplitude variable. The star has expanded to 83 times the Sun's radius and is radiating 1,603 times the luminosity of the Sun from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of 3,818\u00a0K.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016390-0000-0000", "contents": "17 Canis Majoris\n17 Canis Majoris is a single star in the southern constellation of Canis Major, located 610\u00a0light years away from the Sun. It is visible to the naked eye as a dim, white-hued star with an apparent visual magnitude of 5.80. The object is moving closer to the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of \u221213\u00a0km/s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016390-0001-0000", "contents": "17 Canis Majoris\nThis is an A-type main-sequence star with a stellar classification of A2\u00a0V, and is near the end of its main sequence lifetime. It has 2.8 times the mass of the Sun and is spinning with a projected rotational velocity of 43\u00a0km/s. The star is radiating 126 times the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 8,872\u00a0K. It has a magnitude 8.66 visual companion at an angular separation of 42.90\u2033 along a position angle of 147\u00b0, as of 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016391-0000-0000", "contents": "17 Carat\n17 Carat is the debut extended play by South Korean boy group Seventeen. It was released on May 29, 2015 by Pledis Entertainment and distributed by LOEN Entertainment. \"Adore U\" serves as the lead single for the extended play.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016391-0001-0000", "contents": "17 Carat, Background and release\nThe extended play includes 5 tracks written, co-written and co-produced by Seventeen's group members. \"Adore U\" was chosen as the lead single for the EP and was performed on multiple music shows by the group. \"Shining Diamond\" was used a pre-single on the group's reality debut show. The group states that the track list was chosen to reflect the group's core concept of \"boys passion\". The album has two physical versions: one with a \"black\" themed photo card set and the other with a \"white\" themed photo card set. All copies include a CD containing the songs and a fold up poster/lyric sheet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 32], "content_span": [33, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016391-0002-0000", "contents": "17 Carat, Single\n\"Adore U\" is the lead single of the extended play. It was written by Woozi, S.Coups, and Yeon Dong-geon. The Korea Herald states \"\u201cAdore U\u201d is a funky pop song about a teenage boy trying to navigate through puppy love.\" It marks the beginning of the group's trilogy composed of the singles Adore U, Mansae and Pretty U about a boy meeting, falling in love and asking out a girl. The track was composed and arranged by Woozi, Bumzu, and Yeon Dong-geon. The music video for the single was released on May 29, 2015 and was directed by Dee Shin. The dance choreography accompaniment to the song was choreographed by Hoshi of Seventeen and focuses on \"storytelling, and on highlighting each member's strengths onstage\". The single has sold more than 38,000 digital copies and peaked at number 13 on the Billboard US World Chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 16], "content_span": [17, 840]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016391-0003-0000", "contents": "17 Carat, Commercial Performance\nThe EP has sold 82,972+ copies in South Korea. It peaked at number 4 on the Korean Gaon Chart and number 8 on the US World Billboard Chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 32], "content_span": [33, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016391-0004-0000", "contents": "17 Carat, Track listing\nHoshi participated in the choreography of 'Adore U' and 'Shining Diamond', Dino choreographed 'Jam Jam'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 23], "content_span": [24, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016392-0000-0000", "contents": "17 Crateris\n17 Crateris is a wide binary star system in the equatorial constellation of Hydra, located 90.5\u00a0light years away from the Sun. It is visible to the naked eye as a faint, yellow-white hued star with a combined apparent visual magnitude of 4.93. The system is traversing the celestial sphere with a relative proper motion of 24.9\u00a0mas/y, and is moving away from the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of +5.8\u00a0km/s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016392-0001-0000", "contents": "17 Crateris\nThe dual nature of this system was discovered by W. Herschel in 1783, when they showed an angular separation of 9.8\u2033. As of 2015, the two components of this system had a separation of 9.60\u2033 along a position angle of 210\u00b0. This is equivalent to a projected separation of 241.3\u00a0AU; wide enough that, thus far, their orbital track appears linear. They are nearly identical F-type main-sequence stars with a stellar classification of F8V. The primary is slightly brighter at magnitude 5.64, while the secondary is magnitude 5.76.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016393-0000-0000", "contents": "17 Crimes\n\"17 Crimes\" is a song by American rock band AFI. It was released as the second single from their ninth studio album Burials in 2013. It peaked at number 25 on the US Alternative Songs chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016394-0000-0000", "contents": "17 Cygni\n17 Cygni is the Flamsteed designation for a binary star system in the northern constellation of Cygnus. It has an apparent visual magnitude of 5.00, so, according to the Bortle scale, it is visible from suburban skies at night. Measurements made with the Hipparcos spacecraft show an annual parallax shift of 0.0478\u2033, which is equivalent to a distance of around 68.2\u00a0ly (20.9\u00a0pc) from the Sun. It has a relatively high proper motion, traversing the celestial sphere at the rate of 0.451\u2033/year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016394-0001-0000", "contents": "17 Cygni\nThe stellar classification of the primary star is F7\u00a0V, which means it is a main sequence star like the Sun. The star has 1.24 times the mass of the Sun and 0.95\u20131.1 times the Sun's radius. It is some 2.8 billion years old and shines with 3.66 times the Sun's luminosity. The effective temperature of the stellar atmosphere is 6,455 K, giving it the yellow-white hued glow of an F-type star.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016394-0002-0000", "contents": "17 Cygni\nAt an angular separation of 791.40\u00a0arcseconds is a proper motion companion with a classification of M0.4, indicating this is a red dwarf star. At the estimated distance of the pair, this is equal to a projected separation of 16,320\u00a0AU. Although the CCDM lists four other companions, these are not associated with the pair.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016395-0000-0000", "contents": "17 December 1930 Guatemalan presidential election\nA coup d'\u00e9tat occurred in Guatemala on 17 December 1930, which ousted president Baudilio Palma; then, Congress appointed coup leader Orellana Contreras as the new President of Guatemala in a legislative presidential election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016395-0001-0000", "contents": "17 December 1930 Guatemalan presidential election, History\nAfter the coup d'\u00e9tat against president Baudilio Palma -who had just been designated president of Guatemala after a stroke forced president L\u00e1zaro Chac\u00f3n to resign on 12 December 1930- the Congress appointed general Manuel Mar\u00eda Orellana Contreras as provisional president. However, given the large investments that American companies had in Guatemala -especially the United Fruit Company, the United States Secretary of State Henry Stimson publicly denounced Orellana as an unconstitutional leader and demanded his removal. Realizing that the Americans would not recognize his government, Orellana resigned on December 29.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 58], "content_span": [59, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016395-0002-0000", "contents": "17 December 1930 Guatemalan presidential election, History\nEventually, general Jorge Ubico came into power in 1931, and ruled Guatemala with a tight grip until he was deposed on 1 July 1944; during his rule, the power and influence of the United Fruit Company strengthened in Guatemala.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 58], "content_span": [59, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016396-0000-0000", "contents": "17 December 2013 Russian\u2013Ukrainian action plan\nThe 17 December 2013 Russian\u2013Ukrainian action plan is a de facto defunct proposed agreement between the Russian President Vladimir Putin and Ukrainian President Viktor Yanukovych publicized on 17 December 2013 whereby Russia would buy $15 billion of Ukrainian Eurobonds to be issued by Ukraine and that the cost of Russian natural gas supplied to Ukraine would be lowered to $268 per 1,000 cubic metres (the price was more than $400 at the time). The treaty was signed amid massive, ongoing protests in Ukraine for closer ties between Ukraine and the European Union. The interest rate on the loan would be renegotiated every three months, based on a verbal agreement between the two leaders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 738]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016396-0001-0000", "contents": "17 December 2013 Russian\u2013Ukrainian action plan\nThe proposed agreement is de facto defunct since Russia has halted its purchase of the never issued Eurobonds since the ousting of President Yanukovich of 22 February 2014 and in April 2014, the Russian natural gas discount was cancelled.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016396-0002-0000", "contents": "17 December 2013 Russian\u2013Ukrainian action plan\nSince December 2015, Ukraine defaulted on the $3 billion debt payment to Russia that was part of the action plan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016396-0003-0000", "contents": "17 December 2013 Russian\u2013Ukrainian action plan, Background\nIn mid-August 2013, Russia changed its customs regulations on imports from Ukraine. Ukrainian Industrial Policy Minister Mykhailo Korolenko stated on 18 December 2013 that because of this Ukraine's exported had dropped by $1.4 billion (or a 10% year-on-year decrease through the first 10 months of the year).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 58], "content_span": [59, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016396-0003-0001", "contents": "17 December 2013 Russian\u2013Ukrainian action plan, Background\nThe State Statistics Service of Ukraine reported in November 2013 that in comparison with the same months of 2012 industrial production in Ukraine in October 2013 had fallen by 4.9 percent, in September 2013 by 5.6 percent and in August 2013 by 5.4 percent (and that the industrial production in Ukraine in 2012 total had fallen by 1.8 percent). In June 2010 (a few months after the 2010 Ukrainian\u2013Russian Naval Base for Natural Gas treaty), Ukraine paid Gazprom (the Russian government controls 50.002% of shares in Gazprom) around $234 per 1,000 cubic metres of natural gas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 58], "content_span": [59, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016396-0003-0002", "contents": "17 December 2013 Russian\u2013Ukrainian action plan, Background\nIn January 2013, Ukraine paid $430 per 1,000 cubic metres. And at the time of the 17 December 2013 agreement, Ukraine still paid more than $400. Since August 2011, Ukraine seeks to reduce imports of Russian natural gas by two-thirds (compared with 2010) by 2016. Natural gas is Ukraine's biggest import at present and is the main cause of the country's structural trade deficit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 58], "content_span": [59, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016396-0004-0000", "contents": "17 December 2013 Russian\u2013Ukrainian action plan, Background\nWhatever the reason might have been; the economy of Ukraine was in a bad state late 2013. And Ukraine had a poor solvency.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 58], "content_span": [59, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016396-0005-0000", "contents": "17 December 2013 Russian\u2013Ukrainian action plan, Background\nOn 21 November 2013, a Ukrainian government decree preparations for signing an Association Agreement and Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Agreement with the European Union (EU). Despite that in the months before Ukrainian President Viktor Yanukovych had urged the parliament to adopt laws so that Ukraine would meet the EU's criteria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 58], "content_span": [59, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016396-0005-0001", "contents": "17 December 2013 Russian\u2013Ukrainian action plan, Background\nOn 25 September 2013 Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada (Ukraine's parliament) Volodymyr Rybak stated that he was sure that his parliament would pass all the laws needed to fit the EU criteria for the Association Agreement since, except for the Communist Party of Ukraine, \"The Verkhovna Rada has united around these bills\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 58], "content_span": [59, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016396-0006-0000", "contents": "17 December 2013 Russian\u2013Ukrainian action plan, Background\nThe reason given for the (stop preparations for signing EU-agreement) decree was that the previous months Ukraine had experienced \"a drop in industrial production and our relations with CIS countries\". The government also assured \"Ukraine will resume preparing the agreement when the drop in industrial production and our relations with CIS countries are compensated by the European market\". During two years of negotiations, Ukraine did not raise the issue of large, unconditional grants from the EU and IMF until the eve of the Vilnius summit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 58], "content_span": [59, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016396-0006-0001", "contents": "17 December 2013 Russian\u2013Ukrainian action plan, Background\nAccording to Ukrainian Prime Minister Mykola Azarov \"the extremely harsh conditions\" of an IMF loan (presented by the IMF on 20 November 2013), which included big budget cuts and a 40% increase in gas bills, had been the last argument in favor of the Ukrainian government's decision to suspend preparations for signing the Association Agreement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 58], "content_span": [59, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016396-0006-0002", "contents": "17 December 2013 Russian\u2013Ukrainian action plan, Background\nOn 7 December 2013 the IMF clarified that it was not insisting on a single-stage increase in natural gas tariffs in Ukraine by 40%, but recommended that they be gradually raised to an economically justified level while compensating the poorest segments of the population for the losses from such an increase by strengthening targeted social assistance. The same day IMF Resident Representative in Ukraine Jerome Vacher stated that this particular IMF loan is worth US$4 billion and that it would be linked with \"policy, which would remove disproportions and stimulated growth\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 58], "content_span": [59, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016396-0007-0000", "contents": "17 December 2013 Russian\u2013Ukrainian action plan, Background\nThe decision to put off signing the EU Association Agreement led to massive, ongoing protests in Ukraine (for closer ties between Ukraine and the EU) that began in the night of 21 November 2013 when up to 2,000 protesters gathered at Kyiv's Maidan Nezalezhnosti. And that had risen to 400,000\u2013800,000 protesters demonstrating in Kyiv on the weekends of 1 December and 8 December 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 58], "content_span": [59, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016396-0008-0000", "contents": "17 December 2013 Russian\u2013Ukrainian action plan, Negotiation\nRussian President Vladimir Putin and his Ukrainian counterpart Viktor Yanukovych held the sixth \"interstate consultation\" on 17 December in Moscow. Yanukovych flew to Moscow on the private jet airliner of Ukrainian oligarch (and alleged financier and chieftain of Yanukovych's Party of Regions) Rinat Akhmetov. After the meeting, Yanukovych stated \"We've prepared a joint action plan to resolve trade and economic restrictions, a so-called road map that will significantly improve performance in this area\" and added this would benefit the entire sectors of the economies of the two countries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 59], "content_span": [60, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016396-0008-0001", "contents": "17 December 2013 Russian\u2013Ukrainian action plan, Negotiation\n\"Favourable conditions for the about 1.5 million people from Ukraine that are working in Russia\" were also discussed. According to President Putin and Russian presidential press secretary Dmitry Peskov this deal was \"not tied to any conditions\" and Ukraine's possible accession to the Customs Union of Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Russia was not addressed. Peskov also added \"it is our principled position not to interfere in Ukraine's affairs\" and accused other countries of doing the opposite.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 59], "content_span": [60, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016396-0008-0002", "contents": "17 December 2013 Russian\u2013Ukrainian action plan, Negotiation\nAccording to President Yanukovych, the trade situation between Russia and Ukraine required urgent intervention, and that it should be coordinated with other Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) countries. He also added referring to Russia\u2013Ukraine relations, \"We'll have to learn lessons for the future and not to repeat such mistakes\". And President Yanukovych also stated that Ukraine and Russia should strengthen cross-border and inter-regional cooperation \"which create convenient conditions for the people\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 59], "content_span": [60, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016396-0009-0000", "contents": "17 December 2013 Russian\u2013Ukrainian action plan, Negotiation\nThe next day Prime Minister Mykola Azarov stated that without the deal with Russia \"bankruptcy and social collapse would have awaited Ukraine\". He also added that there was no way Ukraine could have signed the EU Association Agreement as Ukraine would have had to accept unfeasibly stringent IMF conditions for economic reform. The protest on Maidan Nezalezhnosti continued on 18 December 2013. He also stated \"Nothing is threatening stability of the financial-economic situation in Ukraine now. Not a single economic factor\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 59], "content_span": [60, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016396-0010-0000", "contents": "17 December 2013 Russian\u2013Ukrainian action plan, Negotiation\nOn 19 December 2013, Russian President Putin stated about the (which he described as an \"act of brotherly love\") 17 December deal between Russia and Ukraine \"This is not at all linked to (protests at) Maidan, nor with the EU-talks that Ukraine leads... We're just seeing that Ukraine is in dire straits and we should support her\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 59], "content_span": [60, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016396-0011-0000", "contents": "17 December 2013 Russian\u2013Ukrainian action plan, Negotiation\nOn 25 September 2014, Ukraine opened a criminal probe against (in December 2013) Minister of Finance of Ukraine Yuriy Kolobov; he is accused of illegally transferring a $450,000 fee to Russia's state-run VTB Capital as a kickback for the 17 December 2013 Ukrainian\u2013Russian action plan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 59], "content_span": [60, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016396-0012-0000", "contents": "17 December 2013 Russian\u2013Ukrainian action plan, The agreement\nThe \"joint action plan\" consisted of the Russian National Wealth Fund buying $15 billion of Ukrainian Eurobonds and the lowering of the cost of Russian natural gas supplied to Ukraine to $268 per 1,000 cubic metres (Ukraine paid $400 at the time). The discount in gas was set contingent upon a quarterly review to be approved by both parties, upon which Russia reserved the right to rescind the discount. As part of the action plan, Russia committed itself to the restoration its customs regulations on imports from Ukraine that had existed before mid-August 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 61], "content_span": [62, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016396-0012-0001", "contents": "17 December 2013 Russian\u2013Ukrainian action plan, The agreement\nThe lowering of the natural gas price was done by amending the agreement that had ended the 2009 Russia\u2013Ukraine gas dispute. According to President Putin, this amendment would enable Gazprom to lower the price of natural gas for Ukraine. The natural gas prices was to be reviewed every three months. According to Russian Finance Minister Anton Siluanov, the exact terms of the Russian purchase of Ukrainian Eurobonds would be determined later, but a portion of the Eurobonds, \"significantly less, will be placed this year\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 61], "content_span": [62, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016396-0012-0002", "contents": "17 December 2013 Russian\u2013Ukrainian action plan, The agreement\nSiluanov added that the bonds would be placed on the Irish Stock Exchange under English law with 5% interest per bond. The bonds will mature in two years. On 23 December 2013, Siluanov stated that Russia would not be trading the bonds. Russia can demand early repayment of the loan at any time. The terms of the action plan included the condition that if Ukraine's total state debt would exceed 60% of its annual gross domestic product (GDP) Russian could demand early repayment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 61], "content_span": [62, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016396-0013-0000", "contents": "17 December 2013 Russian\u2013Ukrainian action plan, Ratification and criticism, Voting\nIn response to the agreement, the opposition parties Batkivshchyna, UDAR and Svoboda immediately blocked parliament in order to defer its ratification since they quickly denounced the plan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 82], "content_span": [83, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016396-0014-0000", "contents": "17 December 2013 Russian\u2013Ukrainian action plan, Ratification and criticism, Criticism\nOn 17 December, opposition leader Vitaly Klitschko told the approximately 50,000 people Euromaidan-protest on Kyiv's Maidan Nezalezhnosti \"He [President Yanukovich] has given up Ukraine's national interests, given up independence and prospects for a better life for every Ukrainian\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 85], "content_span": [86, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016396-0015-0000", "contents": "17 December 2013 Russian\u2013Ukrainian action plan, Ratification and criticism, Criticism\nOn 18 December 2013, BBC News reported that the deal \"will not fix Ukraine's deeper economic problems\" in an article called Russian bailout masks Ukraine's economic mess. The same day The Financial Times noted that the treaty could be bad for Gazprom, which was already planning to cut its overall investment in 2014, \"With an additional burden from Ukraine, the state firm may be even less able to serve as a motor for Russia's sluggish economy\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 85], "content_span": [86, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016396-0016-0000", "contents": "17 December 2013 Russian\u2013Ukrainian action plan, De facto collapse of the agreement\nRussian President Putin told his Dmitry Medvedev's Cabinet on 29 January (and just after the resignation of the second Azarov Government) that \"it's reasonable\" to wait until a successor cabinet was installed in Ukraine before extending more aid to Ukraine. Furthermore, Russian Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev stated Ukraine wasn't paying its natural gas bills even with the lower price, which \"seriously changes the situation.\" Meanwhile, Serhiy Arbuzov (who had replaced Mykola Azarov as acting Ukrainian Prime Minister) believed Russia would be its second $2 billion tranche \"in the nearest future\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 82], "content_span": [83, 685]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016396-0017-0000", "contents": "17 December 2013 Russian\u2013Ukrainian action plan, De facto collapse of the agreement\nNaftogaz Ukrainy blamed the delay in payment of Russian natural gas on a lack of payment of local \"enterprises in the heating utilities sector\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 82], "content_span": [83, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016396-0018-0000", "contents": "17 December 2013 Russian\u2013Ukrainian action plan, De facto collapse of the agreement\nOn 17 February, Russian Finance Minister Anton Siluanov stated that Russia would release the next $2 billion tranche of the 17 December 2013 $15 billion loan to Ukraine the same week. But on 18 February Ukraine decides not to issue these $2 billion Eurobond.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 82], "content_span": [83, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016396-0019-0000", "contents": "17 December 2013 Russian\u2013Ukrainian action plan, De facto collapse of the agreement\nSince the ousting of President Yanukovich of 22 February 2014, Russia had halted its purchase of Eurobonds (after it had on 23 December 2013 Russia transferred $3 billion in payment for the Eurobonds to Ukraine).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 82], "content_span": [83, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016396-0020-0000", "contents": "17 December 2013 Russian\u2013Ukrainian action plan, De facto collapse of the agreement\nOn 1 April 2014, Gazprom cancelled the Russian natural gas discount as agreed in the treaty because Ukraine's debt to the company had risen to $1.7 billion since 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 82], "content_span": [83, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016396-0021-0000", "contents": "17 December 2013 Russian\u2013Ukrainian action plan, De facto collapse of the agreement\nAfter trilateral months of talks between the European Union, Ukraine and Russia, a deal was reached on 30 October 2014 in which Ukraine agreed to pay (in advance) $378 per 1,000 cubic metres to the end of 2014, and $365 in the first quarter (ending on 31 March) of 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 82], "content_span": [83, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016396-0022-0000", "contents": "17 December 2013 Russian\u2013Ukrainian action plan, De facto collapse of the agreement\nSince December 2015, Ukraine refuses to and hence de facto defaults on the $3 billion debt payment to Russia that was part of the action plan. On 17 February 2016, Russia filed a lawsuit against Ukraine at Her Majesty's High Court of Justice in England over this debt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 82], "content_span": [83, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016396-0023-0000", "contents": "17 December 2013 Russian\u2013Ukrainian action plan, Effects\nOn 23 December 2013, Russia transferred $3 billion in payment for the Eurobonds to Ukraine. But so far trade between Ukraine and Russia has not been normalized.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 55], "content_span": [56, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016396-0024-0000", "contents": "17 December 2013 Russian\u2013Ukrainian action plan, Effects, Economic effect\nAccording to the plan, \"protective measures\" of both countries should be lifted so that \"normalize trade\" can resume.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 72], "content_span": [73, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016396-0025-0000", "contents": "17 December 2013 Russian\u2013Ukrainian action plan, Effects, Economic effect\nThe days after the 17 December 2013 agreement (Ukraine's natural gas importer) Naftogaz did cut its imports of Russian gas to a minimum. But on 9 January 2014, Ukrainian Energy and Coal Industry Minister Eduard Stavytsky stated that Ukraine (at that time) will buy only Russian natural gas \"because it's currently the most profitable\". The same day Naftogaz and Russia's Gazprom signed a supplement to the Russian-Ukrainian gas contract, setting the price of natural gas for Ukraine in the first quarter of 2014 at $268.5 per 1,000 cubic meters. A representative of European Commissioner for Energy G\u00fcnther Oettinger stated soon after that shipping gas from EU member states represents an opportunity for Ukraine to increase its competitiveness and the security of its natural gas supplies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 72], "content_span": [73, 863]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016396-0026-0000", "contents": "17 December 2013 Russian\u2013Ukrainian action plan, Effects, Economic effect\nOn 9 January 2014, Ukrainian Prime Minister Mykola Azarov stated \"at full capacity the program of industrial cooperation with Russia that will give us in the coming years hundreds of thousands of jobs and guarantees for budgets of all levels, which will be a financial base for the development of our domestic market\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 72], "content_span": [73, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016396-0027-0000", "contents": "17 December 2013 Russian\u2013Ukrainian action plan, Effects, Economic effect\nOn 29 January, in response to the resignation of the second Azarov Government, and despite pledging to honor agreements with Ukraine, Russia restarted tight border controls and other restrictions at the border for Ukrainian goods. Russia imposed inspections on 100% of Ukrainian exports to Russia. A government source suggested the customs war with Ukraine was a measure to pressure Ukrainian oligarchs into maintaining a pro-Russian policy vector.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 72], "content_span": [73, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016396-0028-0000", "contents": "17 December 2013 Russian\u2013Ukrainian action plan, Effects, Political effects\nThe 17 December 2013 agreement did not stop the approximately 50,000 people Euromaidan-protest on Kyiv's Maidan Nezalezhnosti. The opposition leaders vowed to continue their protests, if necessary through New Year and Orthodox Christmas (celebrated on 7 January annually), they repeated their demands for the firing of the second Azarov Government, early presidential and parliamentary elections.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 74], "content_span": [75, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016396-0029-0000", "contents": "17 December 2013 Russian\u2013Ukrainian action plan, Effects, Political effects\nOn 20 December, high-ranking EU-officials stated that the EU is still ready to sign the Association Agreement with Ukraine \"as soon as Ukraine is ready for it\", that this agreement was also beneficial for Russia and that the EU \"is totally not concerned about the fact that Ukraine is signing agreements with Russia\". The day before Polish Foreign Minister Rados\u0142aw Sikorski stated \"I do not know any formal facts that should say that it is impossible to sign the association agreement between Ukraine and the European Union\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 74], "content_span": [75, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016396-0030-0000", "contents": "17 December 2013 Russian\u2013Ukrainian action plan, Effects, Political effects\nOn 19 December Ukrainian President Viktor Yanukovych had stated \"We have decided to pause [on the Association Agreement] to work out on what kind of conditions should be in place for us to sign the Free Trade Zone Agreement [a part of the Association Agreement]. And this answer should be found by the government. There isn't any contradiction about Ukraine's course on the [EU] integration issue. Generally, this is not about the integration, this is about economical relations\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 74], "content_span": [75, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016396-0030-0001", "contents": "17 December 2013 Russian\u2013Ukrainian action plan, Effects, Political effects\nAlthough he added \"If we talk about the work on the free trade agreement [a part of the EU Association Agreement], this will take us some time, and we still have a lot of uncertainties. Surely, we should see how this will benefit us in the short term, midterm, and long term\". He also added that Ukraine may combine the EU Association Agreement with observer status in the Customs Union of Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Russia and the Eurasian Economic Union. According to the Ukrainian President Viktor Yanukovych, Ukraine expects to be granted observer status in the Eurasian Economic Union. \"As concerns the Eurasian Union, we filed a written bid in Astana in August this year to consider Ukraine's participation in the Eurasian Union as an observer\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 74], "content_span": [75, 824]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016396-0031-0000", "contents": "17 December 2013 Russian\u2013Ukrainian action plan, Effects, Political effects\nOn 29 January and just after the resignation of the second Azarov Government First deputy head of A Just Russia, Mikhail Emelyanov, stated the need to cancel the Ukrainian-Russian Action Plan and its discount in natural gas, and refuse the redemption of Eurobonds 'if the government will resume Eurointegration'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 74], "content_span": [75, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016396-0032-0000", "contents": "17 December 2013 Russian\u2013Ukrainian action plan, Effects, April 2014 end of discount price for Ukraine\nMid -June 2014 the price Ukraine paid to Russia for natural gas was $485.50 per 1,000 cubic metres, the highest in Europe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 101], "content_span": [102, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016396-0033-0000", "contents": "17 December 2013 Russian\u2013Ukrainian action plan, Effects, April 2014 end of discount price for Ukraine\nAfter trilateral months of talks between the European Union, Ukraine and Russia, a deal was reached on 30 October 2014 in which Ukraine agreed to pay (in advance) $378 per 1,000 cubic metres to the end of 2014, and $365 in the first quarter (ending on 31 March) of 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 101], "content_span": [102, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016397-0000-0000", "contents": "17 Eridani\n17 Eridani is a single star in the equatorial constellation of Eridanus. It has the Bayer designation v Eridani, while 17 Eridani is the Flamsteed designation. This object is visible to the naked eye as a faint, white-hued star with an apparent visual magnitude of 4.74. It is moving further from the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of around +15\u00a0km/s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016397-0001-0000", "contents": "17 Eridani\nHouk and Swift (1999) found a stellar classification of B9\u00a0III for this star, while Cowley et al. (1969) show B9\u00a0Vs. Stellar models suggest this is a main sequence star, which indicates it is generating energy through hydrogen fusion at its core. It is about 178\u00a0million years old with 3.55 times the mass of the Sun and around 3.2 times the size of the Sun. The star is radiating 268 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 11,143\u00a0K. These coordinates are a source for X-ray emission, which may be coming from an unresolved companion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016398-0000-0000", "contents": "17 Field Artillery\n17 Field Artillery Regiment was a reserve South African Artillery unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016398-0001-0000", "contents": "17 Field Artillery, History\n17 Field Artillery Regiment was formed in 1975 as a Citizen Force unit in Pretoria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016398-0002-0000", "contents": "17 Field Artillery, History\n17 Field was originally an offshoot of the Regiment University of Pretoria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016398-0003-0000", "contents": "17 Field Artillery, History, Divisional Support\nIt was a new artillery counter-insurgency unit whose purpose was to provide support for 73 Motorised Brigade from 1975 to 1991. 17 Field Artillery also assisted 81 Armoured Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 47], "content_span": [48, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016398-0004-0000", "contents": "17 Field Artillery, History, Artillery Type\nThe term Field Regiment was not quite descriptive of this unit which comprised a number of artillery elements such as field guns, medium mortars and a locating artillery element being essentially radar. It could also be referred to as a composite regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 43], "content_span": [44, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016398-0005-0000", "contents": "17 Field Artillery, History, Operations\n17 Field Regiment  received indirect operational experience when it received experienced national servicemen returning from SWA and Angola. Members also did service as infantry in the operational area. The first actual operation duty for the regiment occurred in 1982 when a battery  under command of Capt H.J. Bootha was sent to Sector 70. Another battery was sent as well to Sector 10 as Infantry to fill a strength requirement for the Brigade. A battery under Commandant Botha was also sent to the border in Sector 10 in 1988. The expected operation did however not occur.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 39], "content_span": [40, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016398-0006-0000", "contents": "17 Field Artillery, History, Renamed\n17 Field Artillery was also known as the Pretoria Artillery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 36], "content_span": [37, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016398-0007-0000", "contents": "17 Field Artillery, History, Amalgamation\n17 Field Regiment was eventually amalgamated into the Transvaalse Staatsartillerie in October 1991.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 41], "content_span": [42, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016399-0000-0000", "contents": "17 Girls\n17 Girls (French: 17 filles) is a 2011 French comedy-drama film about 17 teenage girls who make a pregnancy pact. The film was screened at the 2011 Montreal World Film Festival and the 2011 Cannes Film Festival. 17 Girls is based on the alleged pregnancy pact that took place at Gloucester High School in Massachusetts in 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016399-0001-0000", "contents": "17 Girls\nThe 2010 American film The Pregnancy Pact is based on the same story.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 78]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016399-0002-0000", "contents": "17 Girls, Plot\nIn Lorient, 17 teenage girls from the same high school make an unexpected decision, incomprehensible to the boys and adults. They decide to get pregnant at the same time. Camille (Louise Grinberg) lives alone with her mother who is overwhelmed by her work. She becomes pregnant after a condom problem with a sexual partner who is not her boyfriend. She is the first to discover a positive pregnancy test.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 14], "content_span": [15, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016399-0003-0000", "contents": "17 Girls, Plot\nShe wants to keep her child, which will convince the others to become pregnant and they can all raise their children together. These girls do not want to comply with the traditional code of conduct and just want to \"give the love they have to a baby.\" Emancipation, is the keyword of these girls who build a plan to no longer be reflections of their parents. \"We will be only 16 years apart from our kids, this is ideal. We will be closer in age, no clash of generations!\" They decide to educate their future children together in the form of a \"hippie community.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 14], "content_span": [15, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016399-0004-0000", "contents": "17 Girls, Plot\nIn the end, Camille loses her baby after a minor traffic accident. She and her mother leave town without telling anyone where they've gone. The other girls have their babies, but they do not form a \"community.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 14], "content_span": [15, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016399-0004-0001", "contents": "17 Girls, Plot\nOne girl is miserable as a young unwed mother and seems to regret her decision to have a child so young, another girl had to dropout of school and work long hours in a dead-end minimum wage job to support her child, another girl decides to give her child up for adoption to a more affluent couple from Paris, and another has her baby with the help and support of her parents who will help raise the kid while she finishes high school and later studies at college.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 14], "content_span": [15, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016399-0005-0000", "contents": "17 Girls, Reception\nPremiere magazine likened 17 Girls to The Virgin Suicides by Sofia Coppola saying \"same languid pop, same delicately grainy picture, same kind of heterogeneous female cast, same absence of boys, reduced to the roles of stooges\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 19], "content_span": [20, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016400-0000-0000", "contents": "17 Greatest Hits\n17 Greatest Hits is a compilation album by artist David Allan Coe featuring highlights from early in his career.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016401-0000-0000", "contents": "17 Hertz Studio\n17 Hertz Studio is a 10,000 sq ft production and recording facility in Los Angeles, California. It is located at , in the center of the NoHo Arts District.Coordinates:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016401-0001-0000", "contents": "17 Hertz Studio, History\n17 Hertz Studio was formerly known as One On One Recording, which was owned by Jim David (son of Hal David). The studio was popular for having the \"best drum sound in Los Angeles\" and was highly recognized for recording Metallica's 16x platinum self-titled album Metallica, also known as the Black Album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016401-0002-0000", "contents": "17 Hertz Studio, History\nThe studio was featured in Metallica's 1992 documentary, A Year and a Half in the Life of Metallica.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016401-0003-0000", "contents": "17 Hertz Studio, History\nThe well-known albums that were recorded here, include Metallica's aforementioned Black Album, Metallica's ... And Justice for All, The Ritual by Testament, Awake by Dream Theater, When The Pawn... by Fiona Apple, Crazy Nights and Psycho Circus  by Kiss, and Dirt by Alice in Chains. Rust in Peace by Megadeth, was also mixed here.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016401-0004-0000", "contents": "17 Hertz Studio, History\nNews about the studio piqued the interest of Japanese rock musician Yoshiki Hayashi, drummer of heavy metal band X Japan. He tried to book recording time but was told he would have to wait over a year due to a long waiting list of clients. Preferring not to wait, Yoshiki bought the studio in 1993, converting it into his private recording facility and eventually renaming it to Extasy Recording Studio.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016401-0005-0000", "contents": "17 Hertz Studio, History\nIn 2012, 17 Hertz LLC took over the space, restoring it and renaming it to 17 Hertz Studio.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016401-0006-0000", "contents": "17 Hertz Studio, Clients\nActs that used the facility included Metallica, Megadeth, Testament, Dream Theater, KISS, Alice in Chains, Michael Jackson, Jimi Hendrix, The Temptations, Hal David, Burt Bacharach, Dionne Warwick, Michael McDonald, Heart, Sammy Hagar, Bad English, Etta James, Aretha Franklin, M\u00f6tley Cr\u00fce, Tom Petty, Lita Ford, A Perfect Circle, Poison, Earth, Wind & Fire, Dirtyphonics, and Sullivan King.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016401-0007-0000", "contents": "17 Hertz Studio, Clients\nCurrent independent and Major Label clients of labels 17 Hertz Studio include Universal Music Group, Def Jam, Mo Town, Interscope, Atlantic Records, BMG Chrysalis, Warner Music Group, Sony Music, Akon, Alex Da Kid, Birdman, Bone Thugz N Harmony, Boyz II Men, CeeLo Green, Goodie Mob, Chance The Rapper, Crooks & Castles, Deezle, French Montana, Gareth Emery, Jabbawockeez, Lewis Hamilton, Mann, Mark Ronson, Prince Royce, Ray Dalton, Rita Ora, Skylar Grey, Stalley, Orgy, T.I., Tyler, The Creator, Wyclef Jean, Halsey, Lido, Papa Roach, Jeremih, Lil Yachty, Taking Back Sunday, BJ The Chicago Kid,  Zendaya, and YG.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016401-0008-0000", "contents": "17 Hertz Studio, Studio Rooms, Studio A\n17 Hertz Studio A is popular for its 2,148 sq ft Live Room, one of the largest in Los Angeles. Comes equipped with a complimentary Yamaha C7 Grand Piano. It also includes a 414 sq ft Control Room, a private lounge and two Isolation Booths. Our Studio A Control Room features an SSL J9080 80 Channel console which was purchased from rockstar Bryan Adams's The Warehouse Studio. Our monitoring system is a Custom Augspurger DSP System with Dual 15\u2033 Drivers, 4\u2033 Horn Drivers and Dual 18\u2033 subs on each side.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 39], "content_span": [40, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016401-0008-0001", "contents": "17 Hertz Studio, Studio Rooms, Studio A\nAmplified by 1,000 watts at 4ohms to each Subwoofer, 500 watts at 4ohms to each 15\" Driver. Equipped with Pro Tools 10 & 11 and 64 analogue inputs and outputs with four the new 16x16 Avid I/O's. Equipped with the new apple mac pro \"trashcan\" 12 Core with 64 Gigs of Memory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 39], "content_span": [40, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016401-0009-0000", "contents": "17 Hertz Studio, Studio Rooms, Studio B\n17 Hertz Studio B was designed by Richard Landis as an exact replica of his popular home studio, The Grey Room. It includes a spacious control room, live room, machine room and vocal booth. Now equipped with A SSL AWS 900+SE 24 Channel Mixing Console. Dual TAD 15\" Drivers, Northwest Horns and dual PAD 18\" Subwoofers on each side, Amplified by JSX Audio's 6 Channel Amplifier and QSC Q-Sys DSP Technology.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 39], "content_span": [40, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016401-0010-0000", "contents": "17 Hertz Studio, Studio Rooms, Studio C\n17 Hertz Studio C is a 483 sq ft space that includes a mixing/production area, lounge and vocal booth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 39], "content_span": [40, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016401-0011-0000", "contents": "17 Hertz Studio, Studio Rooms, Other Rooms\n17 Hertz Studio also includes additional writing rooms and production spaces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 42], "content_span": [43, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016402-0000-0000", "contents": "17 Hippies\n17 Hippies is a band from Berlin, Germany, playing largely on acoustic instruments, a radically democratic collective of professionals and amateurs. Their music is a confection of various folk influences. They are most popular in their native Germany and France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016402-0001-0000", "contents": "17 Hippies, History\nThe band was founded 1995 in Berlin by Christopher Blenkinsop (bouzouki, ukulele & vocals), Carsten Wegener (bass), Lutz \"L\u00fc\u00fcl\" Ulbrich (banjo & guitar), Kristin \"Kiki\" Sauer (accordion & vocals) and Reinhard \"Koma\" L\u00fcderitz (bagpipes). They first used the name 17 Hippies in the fall of that year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016402-0002-0000", "contents": "17 Hippies, History\nIn 1996 they began to organize their own series of free concerts called Hippie Haus Tanz (Hippie House Dance). At this time Antje Henkel (clarinet), Elmar Gutmann (trumpet), and Ulrike \"Rike\" Lau (cello) joined the band. In 1997 Henry Notroff (clarinet) and Dirk Trageser (guitar & vocals) also were added, and live recordings of different concerts and rehearsal room sessions were compiled into their first CD Rock'n'Roll 13. In 1998 they played at the SXSW Festival in Austin, Texas and then toured in Texas and Louisiana. Later that year Uwe Langer (trombone) joined the band and they played in Paris for the first time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016402-0003-0000", "contents": "17 Hippies, History\nThey established their own record label and in 1999 released their second CD Wer ist das? (Who is that?). The French label Buda Musique released a compilation of both CDs called Berlin Style, which was then also released in Italy. Volker \"Kruisko\" Rettmann (accordion) joined the band.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016402-0004-0000", "contents": "17 Hippies, History\nIn 2001 the band wrote the score for the German movie Grill Point (Halbe Treppe) by Andreas Dresen and they performed in a cameo role in the film. A tour of Budapest, Prague, Vienna and France took place, and the second French album Sirba was released, featuring their first radio hit \"Marl\u00e8ne\". Kerstin Kaernbach (violin) also was added to the band lineup. Their first studio album Ifni was released in 2004. An extensive tour of Germany, Switzerland, the Netherlands, Belgium, Hungary, the Czech Republic, Morocco and France ensued. Daniel Friederichs (violin) became the last member to join the current lineup. In 2006 the band made a tour of Japan and Spain and composed the music for the play Kasimir and Karoline, staged at the Deutsches Theater in Berlin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 782]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016402-0005-0000", "contents": "17 Hippies, History\nIn 2007, a second studio album Heimlich (Secretly) was released in Europe and North America. In September they embarked on their first US tour, playing in Chicago, New York, Washington and Bloomington. In December they played at the Olympia in Paris. In 2008, their earlier albums were released in the UK by Proper Records, they toured the US twice, and they played festivals in Germany, France, the UK, Canada, Spain, Switzerland, Ireland, Greece, and Algeria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016402-0006-0000", "contents": "17 Hippies, History\nIn 2009 they released their third studio album El Dorado, the first of their albums to be released worldwide. Again the band went on an extensive world tour, that took them to 14 countries including China, the US, Israel and Jordan. Concert highlights included appearances at WOMAD in Charlton Park (UK), and a sold out show at the Th\u00e9\u00e2tre de la Ville in Paris. In 2011 they performed a concert at the , in Taranaki, New Zealand. A one-hour broadcast was later played on Radio New Zealand National on 1 July 2011", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016402-0007-0000", "contents": "17 Hippies, History\nIn 2011 JD Foster co-produced their album Phantom Songs. Since then they have added Mexico to their list of countries visited, recorded an album for children called Titus and recorded their first album with percussionists, including Aly Keita, Harald Grosskopf and Tunji Beier, called Biester (Beasts).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016402-0008-0000", "contents": "17 Hippies, Style\nTheir style is a unique mix of Eastern European melodies and rhythms, with French chanson and American folk music. They sing mainly in German, English and French. In France their music is known as Berlin Style.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 17], "content_span": [18, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016402-0009-0000", "contents": "17 Hippies, Sideline projects, Sexy Ambient Hippies\nSince 1997 the 17 Hippies occasionally play with DJs and electronic musicians as the \"Sexy Ambient Hippies\", with major concerts in Paris, Berlin and Munich. Among the featured artists are Carsten Dane from Hamburg, and Robert Cummings from Canada. The concert at the Pop d\u2019Europe festival in Berlin on 31 August 2002 was recorded, and released on CD in 2003.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 51], "content_span": [52, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016402-0010-0000", "contents": "17 Hippies, Sideline projects, Hardcore Troubadors\nTogether with Les Hurlements d'L\u00e9o from Bordeaux, they recorded an EP with six songs. After giving concerts in Moscow, and going on a French tour, the album was released in France by Wagram Music in 2004.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 50], "content_span": [51, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016402-0011-0000", "contents": "17 Hippies, Sideline projects, 17 Hippies Play Guitar\nOn 19 December 2004, a concert for German national radio WDR in Cologne, featuring the two electric guitarists Marc Ribot and Jakob Ilja, was recorded and released on CD in 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 53], "content_span": [54, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016402-0012-0000", "contents": "17 Hippies, Sideline projects, 17 Hippies and the Beat\nIn September 2008 they invited the percussionist Johnny Kalsi of the Dhol Foundation in London to play with them. A first concert was given on 12 September in Dortmund, Germany and was broadcast live by German public radio WDR.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 54], "content_span": [55, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016403-0000-0000", "contents": "17 Hundred 90 Inn\n17 Hundred 90 Inn (also stylized as 17Hundred90 Inn) is a historic inn, restaurant and tavern in Savannah, Georgia, United States. Located on East President Street, just west of Columbia Square, it is Savannah's oldest inn, occupying a building dating to 1790, thus pre-dating the foundation of the square. The entrance to its tavern is at the corner of Lincoln Street and East York Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016403-0001-0000", "contents": "17 Hundred 90 Inn\nThe property, which is situated in the Savannah Historic District, occupies what was originally three separate residences. The western part of the building (on Lincoln Street), built around 1822 by Steele White, was a duplex. The smaller eastern section, meanwhile, was built by the Powers family in 1888. The ground level is believed to be part of an earlier structure that was burned in the Savannah fire of 1820.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016403-0002-0000", "contents": "17 Hundred 90 Inn\nThe inn also owns a three-story guest house across East York Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 86]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016403-0003-0000", "contents": "17 Hundred 90 Inn\nAnna Powers, a former resident of one of the three properties from the late 18th century into the early 19th century, supposedly jumped out of one of its windows to her death after an argument with her love interests, an English sailor who had gone AWOL to be with her. Another version is that Powers was pushed to her death, possibly by another female who was in love with the same sailor. Her ghost reportedly haunts the property.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016403-0004-0000", "contents": "17 Hundred 90 Inn\nThe inn was featured in a season 2 episode of My Ghost Story.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 79]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016404-0000-0000", "contents": "17 July Revolution\nThe 17 July Revolution was a bloodless coup in Iraq in 1968 led by Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr, Abd ar-Razzaq an-Naif, and Abd ar-Rahman al-Dawud that ousted President Abdul Rahman Arif and Prime Minister Tahir Yahya and brought the Iraqi Regional Branch of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party to power. Ba'athists involved in the coup as well as the subsequent purge of the moderate faction led by Naif included Hardan al-Tikriti, Salih Mahdi Ammash, and Saddam Hussein, the future President of Iraq.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016404-0000-0001", "contents": "17 July Revolution\nThe coup was primarily directed against Yahya, an outspoken Nasserist who exploited the political crisis created by the June 1967 Six-Day War to push Arif's moderate government to nationalize the British- and American-owned Iraq Petroleum Company (IPC) in order to use Iraq's \"oil as a weapon in the battle against Israel.\" Full nationalization of the IPC did not occur until 1972, under the Ba'athist administration. In the aftermath of the coup, the new Iraqi government consolidated power by denouncing alleged American and Israeli machinations, publicly executing 14 people (including 9 Iraqi Jews) on fabricated espionage charges amidst a broader purge, and working to expand Iraq's traditionally close relations with the Soviet Union.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 759]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016404-0001-0000", "contents": "17 July Revolution\nThe Ba'ath Party ruled from the 17 July Revolution until 2003, when it was removed from power by an invasion led by American and British forces. The 17 July Revolution is not to be confused with the 14 July Revolution, a coup on 14 July 1958, when King Faisal II was overthrown, ending the Hashemite dynasty in Iraq and establishing the Republic of Iraq, or the 8 February 1963 Ramadan Revolution that brought the Iraqi Ba'ath Party to power for the first time as part of a short-lived coalition government that held power for less than one year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016404-0002-0000", "contents": "17 July Revolution, Background\nUnder the Presidency of Abdul Rahman Arif, who assumed power following the death of his brother Abdul Salam Arif in April 1966, the United States (U.S.) and Iraq developed closer ties than at any point since the 14 July Revolution of 1958.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016404-0002-0001", "contents": "17 July Revolution, Background\nThe Lyndon B. Johnson administration favorably perceived Salam Arif's proposal to partially reverse ousted Prime Minister Abd al-Karim Qasim's nationalization of the United Kingdom (U.K.)-based Iraq Petroleum Company (IPC)'s concessionary holding in July 1965 (American firms owned 23.75% of the IPC), although the resignation of six Nasserist cabinet members and widespread disapproval among the Iraqi public forced him to abandon this plan, as well as pro-Western lawyer Abd al-Rahman al-Bazzaz's brief tenure as prime minister (which straddled the presidencies of both Arif brothers); Bazzaz attempted to implement a peace agreement with Iraqi Kurdish rebels following a decisive Kurdish victory at the Battle of Mount Handren in May 1966.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 773]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016404-0002-0002", "contents": "17 July Revolution, Background\nArif was considered \"one of the few forces of moderation\" in Iraq, having established a friendship with U.S. ambassador Robert C. Strong prior to assuming the presidency and making a number of friendly gestures to the U.S. between April 1966 and January 1967. At Arif's request, President Johnson met five Iraqi generals and Iraqi ambassador Nasir Hani in the White House on 25 January 1967, reiterating his \"desire to build an ever closer relationship between [the] two governments.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016404-0002-0003", "contents": "17 July Revolution, Background\nAccording to Johnson's National Security Adviser, Walt Whitman Rostow, the NSC even contemplated welcoming Arif on a state visit to the U.S., although this proposal was ultimately rejected due to concerns about the stability of his government. Prior to the outbreak of the Six-Day War, Iraqi Foreign Minister Adnan Pachachi met with a number of U.S. officials to discuss the escalating Middle East crisis on 1 June, including U.S. ambassador to the United Nations (UN) Arthur Goldberg, Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs Eugene V. Rostow, Secretary of State Dean Rusk, and President Johnson himself. The political atmosphere engendered by the costly Arab defeat prompted Iraq to break relations with the U.S. on 7 June, and ultimately ensured the collapse of Arif's relatively moderate government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 840]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016404-0003-0000", "contents": "17 July Revolution, Background\nIn May 1968, the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) produced a report titled \"The Stagnant Revolution,\" stating that radicals in the Iraqi military posed a threat to the Arif government, and while \"the balance of forces is such that no group feels power enough to take decisive steps,\" the ensuing gridlock had created \"a situation in which many important political and economic matters are simply ignored.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016404-0003-0001", "contents": "17 July Revolution, Background\nIn June 1968, Belgian officials relayed a message from the U.S. State Department to Iraqi officials, offering to resume normal relations if Iraq agreed to provide compensation for damage to the U.S. embassy and consulate incurred during an earlier protest and met other conditions, including an end to the Iraqi boycott of U.S. goods and services imposed after Israel's 1967 victory; although U.S. officials were hoping to prevent a coup, there is no indication of any Iraqi response to this overture.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016404-0004-0000", "contents": "17 July Revolution, Background\nFrom at least mid-1965, the Shah's Iran, Israel, and the U.K.\u2014motivated largely by the desire to contain Egyptian influence in the Persian Gulf\u2014had sought to destabilize Iraq by supporting Kurdish rebels, which the U.S. refrained from doing at the time as the Kurdish war was considered unimportant to the broader Cold War with the Soviet Union.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016404-0004-0001", "contents": "17 July Revolution, Background\nSenior Israeli official Uri Lubrani explained the strategy: \"The Shah believed that his Israeli connection would provide a deterrent to Arab regimes [particularly Iraq] because it would create the impression that if an Arab state were to attack Iran, Israel would take advantage of this pretext to strike Iraq's western flank.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016404-0004-0002", "contents": "17 July Revolution, Background\nWhile Nasserist elements had attempted to overthrow Arif as far back as Arif Abd ar-Razzaq's failed coup attempt in June 1966 (itself Razzaq's second attempt to wrest power from the regime), the Six-Day War compounded existing dissatisfaction within the Iraqi military and, combined with the stand-off with the Kurds, \"had a profound impact on Iraq's political stability.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016404-0004-0003", "contents": "17 July Revolution, Background\nLike his brother, Arif previously tried to balance radical and moderate elements in Iraq and turned against the Nasserists after the Razzaq plot was exposed, but this balancing act was upended by the war as Arif moved to placate the ascendant Iraqi nationalists, notably by reappointing Tahir Yahya to the position of prime minister. Yahya had announced his intention to create a national oil company during his first premiership in late 1963, laying the groundwork for the Iraq National Oil Company (INOC).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016404-0004-0004", "contents": "17 July Revolution, Background\nDuring his second term as prime minister from July 1967 to July 1968, Yahya moved to revitalize the INOC and sought to work with France and the Soviet Union to develop the technical capacity to nationalize the IPC outright, pledging to use Iraq's \"oil as a weapon in the battle against Israel.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016404-0005-0000", "contents": "17 July Revolution, The coup\nPlanning for a coup against Arif and Yahya was underway at least from March 1968, when the topic was discussed at an \"officer's convention\" held at the home of prominent Ba'athist general Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr. On 17 July 1968 the Iraqi Ba'ath Party\u2014led by al-Bakr as president, Abd ar-Rahman al-Dawud as defense minister, and Abd ar-Razzaq an-Naif as prime minister\u2014seized power in a bloodless coup, placing Arif on a plane to London.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 28], "content_span": [29, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016404-0005-0001", "contents": "17 July Revolution, The coup\nal-Bakr quickly ordered Naif and Dawud to be removed from their posts and exiled on 30 July, cementing the Ba'ath Party's control over Iraq until the U.S.-led invasion in March 2003. al-Bakr was then named prime minister and commander-in-chief of the army. According to a semi-official biography, future Iraqi president Saddam Hussein personally led Naif at gunpoint to the plane that escorted him out of Iraq.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 28], "content_span": [29, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016404-0006-0000", "contents": "17 July Revolution, The coup\nThe exact circumstances leading up to the coup are shrouded in mystery. The U.S. embassy in Beirut (which became the major American source for intelligence on Iraq after the U.S. embassy in Baghdad was closed) speculated that the non-Ba'athists Naif and Dawud\u2014who were, respectively, in charge of President Arif's military intelligence and personal security\u2014initiated the plot, and that Ba'athist conspirators including al-Bakr, Hardan al-Tikriti, and Salih Mahdi Ammash were only asked to participate in order to establish a broader coalition of support for a new government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 28], "content_span": [29, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016404-0006-0001", "contents": "17 July Revolution, The coup\nHowever, Brandon Wolfe-Hunnicutt states: \"Though executed by Nayef, the coup was organised by Bakr and his deputy Saddam Hussein.\" Both the Naif and Bakr factions were motivated by rumors that Prime Minister Yahya, who was increasingly dominating Arif's \"weak\" government due to the political climate engendered by the Six-Day War, planned to formally usurp all power for himself.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 28], "content_span": [29, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016404-0006-0002", "contents": "17 July Revolution, The coup\nAfter his ouster, Arif was exiled to the U.K., and even Yahya was not executed (although he endured brutal torture in prison), possibly to avoid the negative international attention that had resulted from the bloodletting that accompanied other changes of government in Iraq's contemporaneous history. In the ensuing years, Wolfe-Hunnicutt states that Saddam \"succeeded in consolidating a formidable political regime\u00a0... where so many others had failed,\" including co-opting Yahya's intention to nationalize the IPC with the help of the Soviet Union.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 28], "content_span": [29, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016404-0007-0000", "contents": "17 July Revolution, Aftermath\nEstimates on the size of the crowds that came to view the dangling corpses spread seventy meters apart in Liberation Square\u2014increasing the area of sensual contact between mutilated body and mass\u2014vary from 150,000 to 500,000. Peasants streamed in from the surrounding countryside to hear the speeches. The proceedings, along with the bodies, continued for twenty-four hours, during which the President, Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr, and a host of other luminaries gave speeches and orchestrated the carnival-like atmosphere.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 29], "content_span": [30, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016404-0008-0000", "contents": "17 July Revolution, Aftermath\nOn 2 August 1968, Iraqi Foreign Minister Abdul Karim Sheikhli stated that Iraq would seek close ties \"with the socialist camp, particularly the Soviet Union and the Chinese People's Republic.\" By late November, the U.S. embassy in Beirut reported that Iraq had released many leftist and communist dissidents, although \"there [was] no indication\u00a0... [they had] been given any major role in the regime.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 29], "content_span": [30, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016404-0008-0001", "contents": "17 July Revolution, Aftermath\nAs the Arif government had recently signed a major oil deal with the Soviets, the Ba'ath Party's rapid attempts to improve relations with Moscow were not a shock to U.S. policymakers, but they \"provided a glimpse at a strategic alliance that would soon emerge.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 29], "content_span": [30, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016404-0008-0002", "contents": "17 July Revolution, Aftermath\nBehind the scenes, Tikriti (now Iraqi minister of defense) attempted to open a discrete line of communication with the U.S. government through a representative of the American oil company Mobil, but this overture was rebuffed by the Johnson administration as it had come to perceive the Ba'ath Party, in both Iraq and Syria, as too closely associated with the Soviet Union.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 29], "content_span": [30, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016404-0009-0000", "contents": "17 July Revolution, Aftermath\nIn December, Iraqi troops based in Jordan \"made international headlines\" when they began shelling Israeli settlers in the Jordan Valley, which led to a strong response by the Israeli Air Force. al-Bakr claimed that a \"fifth column of agents of Israel and the U.S. was striking from behind,\" and, on 14 December, the Iraqi government alleged it had discovered \"an Israeli spy network\" plotting to \"bring about a change in the Iraqi regime,\" arresting dozens of individuals and eventually publicly executing 14 people (including 9 Iraqi Jews) on fabricated espionage charges in January 1969.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 29], "content_span": [30, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016404-0009-0001", "contents": "17 July Revolution, Aftermath\nKanan Makiya credits the hangings with helping the Ba'athist government consolidate control of Iraq, stating: \"The terror that, from a Ba'athist viewpoint, was premature and badly handled in 1963, worked and was skillfully deployed the second time around.\" Makiya recounts how the Ba'athist purge quickly expanded far beyond Iraq's marginalized Jewish community: \"In 1969 alone, official executions of convicted spies (or announcements of such executions) took place at least on the following days: February 20, April 14, April 30, May 15, August 21, August 25, September 8, and November 26. The victims now were Muslim or Christian Iraqis with the occasional Jew thrown in for good measure.\" In total, an estimated 150 people were publicly executed in Liberation Square, Baghdad from 1969\u20131970.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 29], "content_span": [30, 825]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016404-0010-0000", "contents": "17 July Revolution, Aftermath\nThe plans, concepts, views, internal forces, and reserves we used up to the 1st of March 1973, the day on which the monopolistic companies knelt down and recognized our nationalization, are no longer enough to confront imperialism with its newly conceived and developed plans. ... Thus we prepared additional forces for which imperialism had not allowed in its plans. We can assure our patriotic brothers\u00a0... they will not make an Allende of us.\u2014Saddam Hussein reflecting on the IPC nationalization in light of the 1973 Chilean coup d'\u00e9tat, 24 September 1973.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 29], "content_span": [30, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016404-0011-0000", "contents": "17 July Revolution, Aftermath\nOn 1 June 1972, Iraq announced the complete nationalization of the IPC. This followed the April 1972 signing of the 15-year Iraqi\u2013Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Co-Operation by al-Bakr and Soviet premier Alexei Kosygin. According to historian Charles R. H. Tripp, the Iraqi\u2013Soviet Treaty upset \"the U.S.-sponsored security system established as part of the Cold War in the Middle East,\" leading the U.S. to finance Mustafa Barzani's Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP) rebels during the Second Iraqi\u2013Kurdish War. From October 1972 until the abrupt end of the Kurdish intervention after March 1975, the CIA \"provided the Kurds with nearly $20 million in assistance,\" including 1,250 tons of non-attributable weaponry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 29], "content_span": [30, 744]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016404-0012-0000", "contents": "17 July Revolution, Aftermath\nWhile most studies credit the nationalization measures pursued by Muammar Gaddafi's Libya after September 1969 with setting the precedent that other oil-producing states would subsequently follow, Iraq's nationalization of the IPC was the largest such expropriation attempted since Iran's 1951 nationalization of the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (AIOC), which the U.S. and U.K. successfully thwarted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 29], "content_span": [30, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016404-0012-0001", "contents": "17 July Revolution, Aftermath\nThe U.S. pursued a similarly reactionary policy towards Iraq's nationalization, believing that its Western allies would agree to embargo Iraqi oil to ensure that the nationalization failed and that its allies in the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)\u2014namely Iran, Saudi Arabia, and Kuwait\u2014would announce a commensurate increase in production. However, the U.S. position was an extreme outlier relative to international opinion and none of the U.S.'s traditional allies, including the U.K., were willing to countenance such measures. To the contrary, OPEC took decisive steps to ensure the success of Iraq's nationalization. The IPC consortium broke down and signed an agreement to resolve its outstanding disputes with Iraq on 1 March 1973, leading to celebrations in Baghdad.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 29], "content_span": [30, 824]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016405-0000-0000", "contents": "17 June 1980 Bangladesh coup d'\u00e9tat\n17 June 1980 Bangladesh coup d'\u00e9tat was a failed coup in Bangladesh against President Ziaur Rahman.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016405-0001-0000", "contents": "17 June 1980 Bangladesh coup d'\u00e9tat, History\nThe coup was led by left wing Jatiya Samajtantrik Dal and Purba Banglar Sarbahara Party who motivated an uprising at Dhaka cantonment on 17 June 1980. The aim was to seize power while President Ziaur Rahman was outside of Bangladesh in London. The coup was crushed by the government of Bangladesh. The coup resulted in the death of a few hundred army officers and enlisted men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016405-0002-0000", "contents": "17 June 1980 Bangladesh coup d'\u00e9tat, History\nSultan Shahriar Rashid Khan and Shariful Haque Dalim were involved in the coup and fled their diplomatic posts. Khan return after reaching an \"understanding\" with President Ziaur Rahman. Dalim returned to his post after President Hussain Mohammad Ershad came to power. Abdul Aziz Pasha was arrested for his involvement with the coup but was released after reaching a deal with President Ziaur Rahman.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016406-0000-0000", "contents": "17 June 2008 Baghdad bombing\nThe 17 June 2008 Baghdad bombing was a suicide car bomb attack on a bus stop in northern Baghdad, the capital city of Iraq, on 17 June 2008, killing 51 people and wounding 75.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016406-0001-0000", "contents": "17 June 2008 Baghdad bombing\nThe attack happened in the Shia neighbourhood of Hurriya. The explosion struck during the early evening rush hour, when the bus stop was crowded with waiting passengers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016407-0000-0000", "contents": "17 King Street, Bristol\n17 King Street  is a historic building on King Street in the English city of Bristol. Along with the adjacent 18 King Street, it houses a public house called The Famous Royal Naval Volunteer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016407-0001-0000", "contents": "17 King Street, Bristol\n17 King Street dates from 1665 and has been designated by English Heritage as a grade II* listed building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016408-0000-0000", "contents": "17 Leporis\n17\u00a0Leporis is a binary star system in the southern constellation of Lepus. It has an overall apparent visual magnitude which varies between 4.82 and 5.06, making it luminous enough to be visible to the naked eye as a faint star. The variable star designation for this system is SS Leporis, while 17 Leporis is the Flamsteed designation. Parallax measurements yield a distance estimate of around 730\u00a0light years from the Sun. The system is moving further away from the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of +18.7\u00a0km/s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016408-0001-0000", "contents": "17 Leporis\nThis is a double-lined spectroscopic binary system with an orbital period of 260\u00a0days and an eccentricity of 0.005. The spectrum reveals the pair to consist of an A-type main-sequence star with a stellar classification of A1\u00a0V, and a red giant with a class of M6III. The close pair form a symbiotic binary with ongoing mass transfer from the giant to the hotter component. The giant does not appear to be filling its Roche lobe, so the mass transfer is coming from stellar wind off the giant. The pair are surrounded by a shell and a dusty circumbinary disk, with the former obliterating the lines from the A-type star.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016409-0000-0000", "contents": "17 Lyrae\n17 Lyrae is a multiple star system in the constellation Lyra, approximately 136 light years away from Earth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016409-0001-0000", "contents": "17 Lyrae, Components\nThe 17 Lyrae system contains two visible components, designated A and B, separated by 2.48\" in 1997. The primary star is a single-lined spectroscopic binary with a period of 42.9 days.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 20], "content_span": [21, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016409-0002-0000", "contents": "17 Lyrae, Components\nThere was once thought to be a fourth star in the system, the red dwarf binary Kuiper 90, designated 17 Lyrae C, until it was evident that the star's parallax and proper motions were too different for it to be part of the system. The separation between 17 Lyrae AB and C is increasing rapidly, from less than 2' in 1881 to nearly 5' in 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 20], "content_span": [21, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016409-0003-0000", "contents": "17 Lyrae, Components\nA number of other visual companions have been catalogued. The closest is the 11th magnitude star at 39\", and the brightest is BD+32 3325 just over 2' away.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 20], "content_span": [21, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016409-0004-0000", "contents": "17 Lyrae, Properties\nThe primary component, 17 Lyrae A, is a 5th magnitude main sequence star of the spectral type F0, meaning it has a surface temperature of about 6,750 K.  It is about 60% more massive than the sun and 16 times more luminous. It has been catalogued as an Am star but is now believed to be a relatively normal quickly-rotating star.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 20], "content_span": [21, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016409-0005-0000", "contents": "17 Lyrae, Properties\nThe visible companion 17 Lyrae B is a 9th magnitude star of an unknown spectral type. The spectroscopic companion cannot be detected in the spectrum and its properties are uncertain. Faint sharp spectral lines contrasting with the broadened lines of the primary may originate in a shell of material around the stars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 20], "content_span": [21, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016410-0000-0000", "contents": "17 Men and Their Music\n17 Men and Their Music is a live album by the Kenny Clarke/Francy Boland Big Band featuring performances recorded in West Germany in 1967 and first released on producer Gigi Campi's own label. The album's title phrase was added as a subtitle / \"sticker\" to re-issues of four Clarke-Boland Big Band albums: Faces: Gigi Campi Presents 17 Men and Their Music 1; All Smiles: Gigi Campi Presents 17 Men and Their Music 2; Latin Kaleidoscope: Gigi Campi Presents 17 Men and Their Music 3; Fellini 712: Gigi Campi Presents 17 Men and Their Music 4", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016411-0000-0000", "contents": "17 Mile Dam\nThe Seventeen Mile Dam was constructed as part of the Camballin Irrigation Scheme by the Public Works Department of Western Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016411-0001-0000", "contents": "17 Mile Dam\nIt is now in a derelict state after years of floods have eroded its foundations. The dam was built across Uralla Creek, designed to hold water against its natural flow.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016411-0002-0000", "contents": "17 Mile Dam\nOne employee died during a large flood after the boat he was in was swept over the spillway leaving the surviving employee to run the seventeen miles back to town to raise the alarm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016411-0003-0000", "contents": "17 Mile Dam\nThe dam is particularly shallow and was designed to hold 5,400,000 cubic metres (190,000,000\u00a0cu\u00a0ft) of water. It was completed in 1957, built by the Public Works Department of Western Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016412-0000-0000", "contents": "17 Million Fuck Offs\n\"17 Million Fuck Offs\", also censored as \"17 Million F**k-Offs\", is a 2019 British comedy folk song by Dominic Frisby. The song was written to commemorate the approximate number of the 17.4\u00a0million people who voted for the United Kingdom to leave the European Union in the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum. The song was first released on 4 March 2019 then re-released with an updated version in December 2019, where it reached number 43 on the UK Singles Charts. It later reached No. 1 on Amazon. The song itself is set to the old English folk tune of Widecombe Fair.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016412-0001-0000", "contents": "17 Million Fuck Offs, Background and release\nFrisby wrote \"17 Million Fuck Offs\" as a protest song \"17 Million Fuck Offs\" was released on Amazon in March 2019 to coincide with the original date of Brexit and made it to number 1 on its album charts and initially number 8, later rising to number 1 on its singles charts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 44], "content_span": [45, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016412-0002-0000", "contents": "17 Million Fuck Offs, Background and release, Re-release\nDue to delays in Brexit with a new date being set for 31 January 2020 after a delay of seven months from 31 March 2019, Frisby updated the song in December 2019 by adding a verse that covered the result of the 2019 United Kingdom general election. Frisby had been due to stand as a Brexit Party candidate in the election but withdrew. In 2020, Frisby started a campaign to get \"17 Million Fuck Offs\" to number 1 in the UK Singles Chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 56], "content_span": [57, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016412-0002-0001", "contents": "17 Million Fuck Offs, Background and release, Re-release\nDuring the run-up to the day of Brexit, pro-EU activists started a counter-campaign for people to buy copies of Ludwig van Beethoven's \"Ode to Joy\" (used as the EU anthem) performed by Andr\u00e9 Rieu. When the charts were released, \"Ode to Joy\" reached 30 while \"17 Million Fuck Offs\" reached 43.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 56], "content_span": [57, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016412-0003-0000", "contents": "17 Million Fuck Offs, Background and release, Re-release\nFrisby was invited by Leave Means Leave to perform at their Brexit celebration in Parliament Square on Brexit Day on 31 January. During the performance, Frisby sang \"17 Million Fuck Offs\" but he was told that he could not sing the phrase: \"fuck off\" on the stage as that would have been a public order offence. Instead he had the crowd sing the phrase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 56], "content_span": [57, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016413-0000-0000", "contents": "17 Miracles\n17 Miracles is a 2011 adventure film directed by T. C. Christensen. It was released in 2011 by Excel Entertainment Group. Based on the experiences of members of the Willie Handcart Company of Mormon pioneers following their late-season start and subsequent winter journey to Salt Lake City in 1856, the film emphasizes miracles individual participants reported having during the journey. The film was released in select theaters across the United States in the summer of 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016413-0001-0000", "contents": "17 Miracles, Plot\nWhen Levi Savage, a former Mormon Battalion member and missionary to Asia, agrees to assist the Willie Handcart Company as they journey to Salt Lake City in 1856, the late start and onset of a bitter winter leaves the pioneers unprepared and suffering as they cross the plains of the Midwestern United States. Elizabeth Panting, a woman who has converted to The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), escapes her drunken husband with her two little children, joining the handcart company. With the threat of winter starvation, illness, wolves, freezing river crossings, and death following them throughout their journey, Levi and others also witness the occurrences of divine miracles that enable them to complete their journey and arrive in Salt Lake City.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 794]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016413-0002-0000", "contents": "17 Miracles, Reception\nReviews of the film have been mixed. Critic Sean P. Means of The Salt Lake Tribune thought that Christensen's eye for striking cinematography gave the film a \"glossy look\"  and Wade's portrayal of the hardy Levi Savage \"held the film together.\" However, Means suggested that the film's structure as a series of vignettes was \"wearying\" and some of the low-budget effects were \"distracting.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016414-0000-0000", "contents": "17 Monocerotis\n17 Monocerotis is a single star located around 490\u00a0light years away from the Sun in the equatorial constellation of Monoceros. It is visible to the naked eye as a faint, orange-hued star with an apparent visual magnitude of 4.77. The star is moving away from the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of +46\u00a0km/s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016414-0001-0000", "contents": "17 Monocerotis\nThis is an aging giant star with a stellar classification of K4\u00a0III. As a consequence of having exhausted the supply of hydrogen at its core, the star has expanded to 25 times the radius of the Sun. It is radiating around 538 times the Sun's luminosity from its swollen photosphere at an effective temperature of 4,345\u00a0K.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016415-0000-0000", "contents": "17 Musicians in Search of a Sound: Darfur\n17 Musicians in Search of a Sound: Darfur is a live album by American jazz trumpeter Bill Dixon. The project, a tour de force of orchestral composition, conduction and improvisational exploration, was specially commissioned by Arts for Art, recorded at the 2007 Vision Festival and released on AUM Fidelity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016415-0001-0000", "contents": "17 Musicians in Search of a Sound: Darfur, Reception\nIn his review for AllMusic, Michael G. Nastos stated: \"this is not an angry or disgusted expressionistic music, but one that reflects the distant outcries of the people in Darfur who need help from the world community... This is a project of austere emotion, clever counterpoint, and searing reality in dedication to a condition in the so-called civilized world that should never, ever be.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 52], "content_span": [53, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016415-0002-0000", "contents": "17 Musicians in Search of a Sound: Darfur, Reception\nWriting for All About Jazz, John Sharpe remarked: \"Trumpeter Bill Dixon works with an orchestral conception, even when playing solo, so it is fascinating to hear what happens when he has 17 musicians at his disposal...  it is hard to think who else could deploy such forces to such deft effect, creating a towering work in a class of its own.\" In a separate review for All About Jazz, Mark Corroto wrote: \"Dixon was given talent but little time for rehearsal and changes. This makes for a part composed, part improvised series of passages.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 52], "content_span": [53, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016415-0002-0001", "contents": "17 Musicians in Search of a Sound: Darfur, Reception\nThere's the feeling that Dixon is guiding this who's who of creative players, but at other times they are free to fill in as their own muse dictates. The music is, nonetheless, up to Dixon's standards. Players create moods for his vast open landscape of a vision, crafting solos in between caverns of sound... 17 Musicians In Search Of A Sound has the feel of a coarse-sewn rug, made from very fine materials. Given time and perhaps a long tour... this music might become tighter and more easily consumable. But, then again, it wouldn't be Bill Dixon music.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 52], "content_span": [53, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016415-0002-0002", "contents": "17 Musicians in Search of a Sound: Darfur, Reception\nNic Jones, in another All About Jazz review, stated: \"It's clear, on something like In Search Of A Sound, that instrumental color must have been one of Dixon's abiding concerns. He summons up static blocks of sound comprised of individual voices in the service of some grim, foreboding end that remains unrealized...\" Jones concludes by calling the album \"a program of music designed not for comfort listening but for challenging and, perhaps, raging against mortality and the horrors and restrictions it imposes.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 52], "content_span": [53, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016415-0003-0000", "contents": "17 Musicians in Search of a Sound: Darfur, Reception\nJoe Tangari, writing for Pitchfork, commented: \"From a listener's standpoint, the project's tonal and textural variety and relatively simple organization makes it more approachable than a great deal of free music for newcomers to the genre, though it still takes a willingness to abandon usual structures. In fact, for its flow from violence to calm and back, it bears as much similarity to modern chamber works like Olivier Messiaen's 'Quartet for the End of Time' as it does to Albert Ayler, Cecil Taylor and other free jazz luminaries. Whatever the associates, though, Dixon has created an outstanding work of modern jazz and political commentary.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 52], "content_span": [53, 704]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016416-0000-0000", "contents": "17 New Wakefield Street\nBridgewater Heights(also known as Liberty Heights, Wakefield Street Tower, or 17 New Wakefield Street) is a skyscraper apartment building in Manchester, England, west of Oxford Street. 17 New Wakefield Street was designed by local architect Stephen Hodder in a clustered architectural form and was completed in September 2012. The skyscraper is situated adjacent to Oxford Road railway station, on the corner of Great Marlborough Street. The skyscraper is 37 storeys high at a height of 109 metres and is the ninth tallest building in Manchester behind towers such as Deansgate Square's South Tower, the Beetham Tower and CIS Tower.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016416-0001-0000", "contents": "17 New Wakefield Street, History\nFour development schemes were proposed for the site in four years. Plans for a 65-metre residential tower were proposed in 2006 featuring a design similar to the tower being built. However, despite obtaining planning approval, the proposal was abandoned. In December 2009, the project was revived with a plan for a 106-metre residential tower.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016416-0002-0000", "contents": "17 New Wakefield Street, History\nA planning application was made in early 2010, and planning consent granted in July 2010. Construction work began weeks after consent was granted. By November 2011, the tower had risen in height considerably, and on 18 April 2012, the tower had its topping out ceremony at a height of 109 metres.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016416-0003-0000", "contents": "17 New Wakefield Street, History\nUpon opening the building was named Student Castle, later renamed to Liberty Heights, and finally Bridgewater Heights.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016416-0004-0000", "contents": "17 New Wakefield Street, Architecture\n17 New Wakefield Street is a residential development of high rise flats aimed at young people and students. At 109m high it is the tallest, purpose built student accommodation in the world. It is the third tallest building in Manchester by roof height and the joint 43rd tallest nationally. Its apparent height is accentuated slightly by its position on a slope. The tower has some resemblance to the Mathematics Tower which also had a clustered exterior but was controversially demolished by the University of Manchester in 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 37], "content_span": [38, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016416-0005-0000", "contents": "17 New Wakefield Street, Architecture\nThe project has 525 bedrooms in four stepped towers built on a foot area of 7,000 square feet. Plans for a residents' car park were rejected by planners concerned about the impact of a large building and busy location.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 37], "content_span": [38, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016417-0000-0000", "contents": "17 November 2014 global students protests\nMonday 17 November 2014 saw hundreds of thousands of students participate in demonstrations around the world on the occasion of International Students' Day. On 17 November, students mobilised in more than 40 countries to demand free education. In addition, commemorations were held for the anniversaries of Nazi repression of student activists in Prague of 1939, the Athens Polytechnic Uprising of 1973 and the Velvet Revolution of 1989.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016417-0001-0000", "contents": "17 November 2014 global students protests, Background\nThe 17 November was first marked as International Students' Day in 1941 in London by the International Students' Council (which had many refugee members) in agreement with the Allies, and the tradition had been kept up by the successor International Union of Students. Following IUS' decline, the Organising Bureau of European School Student Unions and the European Students' Union agreed, at the 2004 World Social Forum in Mumbai, to coordinate future observances of the date.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 53], "content_span": [54, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016417-0002-0000", "contents": "17 November 2014 global students protests, Organisation\n2014 being the tenth anniversary of the occasion's reestablishment, the Organising Bureau of European School Student Unions (OBESSU) and the European Students' Union (ESU) decided, ambitiously, to launch a global call for action aiming to bring student organisations around the world. The call was published on 17 October 2014 and demanded an education free of costs and fees, free of discrimination, and free of fear.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 55], "content_span": [56, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016417-0002-0001", "contents": "17 November 2014 global students protests, Organisation\nIt was initially signed by OBESSU, ESU, United States Student Association and Canadian Federation of Students and called on national governments and United Nations institutions to commit to prioritising free, equal access to education and safe learning environments in the United Nations' Post-2015 Development Agenda. In the weeks up to 17 November more than thirty additional student organisations signed the call, making the final declaration representative of students from a total of ninety-seven countries across every continent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 55], "content_span": [56, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016417-0003-0000", "contents": "17 November 2014 global students protests, Action, Europe\nIn Czech Republic and Slovakia thousands of people took to the streets to commemorate the 25th anniversary of the Velvet Revolution, where there were also demonstrations against the Czech President Zeman. In Greece, 20,000 took to the street to commemorate the anniversary of the Athens Polytechnic uprising. In the weekend leading up to 17 November 100,000 students mobilised across Italy against Matteo Renzi's Buona Scuola reforms and the Jobs Act, demanding instead a free education that guaranteed student rights; whilst on the 17 November itself, thousands of students joined occupations and symbolic actions at universities and schools across the country.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 57], "content_span": [58, 720]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016417-0003-0001", "contents": "17 November 2014 global students protests, Action, Europe\nIn Macedonia, thousands mobilised against changes to student evaluation  and in Norway there was a national demonstration against the introduction of tuition fees for non-EU students. In Spain and Austria symbolic actions were taken around the country, in Slovenia student unions drew attention to deteriorating conditions for students and in Serbia school students presented their demands to officials.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 57], "content_span": [58, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016417-0004-0000", "contents": "17 November 2014 global students protests, Action, Asia\nIn the Philippines, student activists demanded an end to tuition hikes and called for the resignation of President Aquino whilst in Myanmar, students continued demonstrations against a proposed new education law. In India, school students challenged the education minister on a proposed new evaluation system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 55], "content_span": [56, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016417-0005-0000", "contents": "17 November 2014 global students protests, Action, Africa\nIn Egypt demonstrations were held across the country to call for the demilitarisation of university campuses. Meanwhile, in Ghana, the All Africa Student Union organised events to promote quality assurance in education and commemorations were held in Uganda.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 57], "content_span": [58, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016417-0006-0000", "contents": "17 November 2014 global students protests, Action, Americas\nIn Cuba more than 50,000 students joined a national day of student celebration. In Mexico a large number of activists protested against the 2014 Iguala mass kidnapping, demanding educational environments free from fear. In Uruguay, thousands demonstrated in solidarity with Mexican protesters. In Canada, the Canadian Federation of Students held a national lobby for free education at the Canadian parliament in Ottawa, whilst hundreds of students protested tuition hikes in Alberta.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 59], "content_span": [60, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016418-0000-0000", "contents": "17 October 2017 Afghanistan attacks\nOn 17 October 2017, insurgents attacked Gardez, Paktia Province and Ghazni Province in Afghanistan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016418-0001-0000", "contents": "17 October 2017 Afghanistan attacks, Background\nIn 2017, insurgents carried out many attacks in Afghanistan, including several in October. Major attacks included a double suicide bombing on 19 October in Kandahar Province which killed 43 Afghan soldiers and suicide bombings on 20 October in Kabul and Ghor Province which killed at least 60 people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 47], "content_span": [48, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016418-0002-0000", "contents": "17 October 2017 Afghanistan attacks, Attacks\nOn 17 October 2017, an insurgent attack occurred at a police training centre in Gardez, Paktia Province. A suicide car bombing was followed by a gun attack. This killed at least 41 people, including the local police chief; 110 civilians and 48 police officers were injured. The Taliban claimed responsibility.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016418-0003-0000", "contents": "17 October 2017 Afghanistan attacks, Attacks\nOn the same day in Ghazni Province, armoured Humvee vehicles filled with explosives were detonated near the provincial governor's office, who were followed by gunmen. They killed 30 people - mostly security personnel; at least 10 other people were injured. The attackers are believed to have been Taliban members.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0000-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution\nThe 17 October Revolution (Arabic: \u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 17 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u200e, romanized:\u00a0thawrat 17 tishr\u012bn al-\u02beawwal, lit. '17 October revolution') were a series of civil protests that took place in Lebanon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0000-0001", "contents": "17 October Revolution\nThese national protests were triggered by planned taxes on gasoline, tobacco, and VoIP calls on applications such as WhatsApp, but quickly expanding into a country-wide condemnation of sectarian rule, stagnant economy, and unemployment that reached 46% in 2018, endemic corruption in the public sector, legislation that was perceived to shield the ruling class from accountability (such as banking secrecy) and failures of the government to provide basic services such as electricity, water, and sanitation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0001-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution\nThe protests created a political crisis in Lebanon, with Prime Minister Saad Hariri tendering his resignation and echoing protesters' demands for a government of independent specialists. A cabinet headed by Hassan Diab was formed in 2020, but also resigned after the 2020 Beirut explosion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0002-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, Background, Political background\nAccording to The Economist, Lebanon's disfunction and mismanagement that followed the protests, has originated in the country's sectarian political system enshrined because of the Taif agreement, which took place in 1989. The Taif agreement enshrines a sect-based political system, where political authority is allocated based on the religious affiliation of the public servant. This system is perceived as exploited by the current Lebanese politicians, many of whom are Lebanese Civil War-era sectarian warlords who still occupy positions of power and enjoy amnesty against accountability. Lebanon is a mosaic of various religious factions. It is composed of 18 different sects. The 18 officially recognized religious groups include four Muslim sects, 12 Christian sects, the Druze sect, and Judaism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 55], "content_span": [56, 857]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0003-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, Background, Political background\nThe outbreak of the protests was attributed to the accumulated crises within the preceding weeks in Lebanon. First, in Chouf and Saadiyat, among other places, fires propagated, scorching nearby homes, and placing many people in danger. A large portion of greenery, an aspect that makes Lebanon special, was burnt down as a result. The Lebanese government failed to employ its planes to extinguish the fires and had to rely on Cypriot aid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 55], "content_span": [56, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0003-0001", "contents": "17 October Revolution, Background, Political background\nMoreover, the prices of both oil and bread had been increasing as well as the rates of unemployment and poverty nationwide- in fact, the youth unemployment has reached 37% and the general unemployment  25% as of August 2019. Since all of these issues are due to a lack of proper governance, the Lebanese people voiced out their opinions over the negative situation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 55], "content_span": [56, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0004-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, Background, Political background\nFurthermore, Lebanese citizens were facing many problems in the preceding years, electricity cuts since 1975, and so obtaining 24-hour electricity in Lebanon has since been dependent on obtaining a deal with the country's \"generator mafia\", which operates a ring of contraband gasoline power generators that contribute to the high level of air pollution in Lebanese cities. Lebanon has also not had access to drinking water except through purchased bottled water from private companies since the 1975\u20131990 Lebanese Civil War. Finally, the country suffers from deficient sanitation and sewage infrastructure, which led to the 2015 \"garbage crisis\" that sparked the 2015\u20132016 Lebanese protests.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 55], "content_span": [56, 748]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0005-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, Background, Political background\nDays before the protests began, a series of about 100 major wildfires in Chouf, Khroub and other Lebanese areas displaced hundreds of people and caused enormous damage to Lebanese wildlife. The Lebanese government failed to deploy its firefighting equipment due to lack of maintenance and had to rely on aid from neighboring Cyprus, Jordan, Turkey and Greece.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 55], "content_span": [56, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0006-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, Background, Political background\nProtests started taking place in small numbers around Beirut towards the end of September. Impetus for the revolutionary movement was apparent years before the protests began and was visible in Lebanon's arts and culture scene, as evidenced by pop artist Ragheb Alama's song \"Tar Al Balad\" in December 2018 and rock singer-songwriter IJK's song \"Chedd Halak\" in June 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 55], "content_span": [56, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0007-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, Background, Economic background\nSince 1997, successive governments maintained a pegged exchange rate between the Lebanese pound and United States dollar. Forecasts for the Lebanese economy worsened over the 2010s and by 2019 GDP per capita reached its lowest since 2008 and the debt-to-GDP ratio reached its highest since 2008 at 151%. As a result, international credit rating agencies downgraded the rating of government bonds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 54], "content_span": [55, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0007-0001", "contents": "17 October Revolution, Background, Economic background\nThe combination of an economic downturn in the import-dependent country with the continuation of its dollar peg saw an increase in the government's budget deficit and reliance on using foreign exchange reserves from the nation's central bank to keep the currency peg. A subsequent dollar shortage in late 2019 further affected the economy, as import businesses and citizens became unable to acquire dollars at the official rate and a black market emerged.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 54], "content_span": [55, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0007-0002", "contents": "17 October Revolution, Background, Economic background\nThe coalition government led by Saad Hariri responded with an austerity program of general tax increases and spending reductions, with the aim to reduce the government deficit while maintaining the peg against the U.S. dollar. The reduction of the national deficit as a condition of a package of USD 10.2 billion of loans and USD 860 million of grants agreed in 2018 with the World Bank, European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, and Saudi Arabia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 54], "content_span": [55, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0008-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, Background, Economic background\nOn 1 October, the Central Bank of Lebanon announced an economic strategy that promised to provide dollars to all those companies in the business of importing wheat, gasoline, and pharmaceuticals, so that they could continue their imports. This was considered a short-term solution by economic analysts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 54], "content_span": [55, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0009-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, Background, Economic background\nIn a cabinet session held on 17 October, the government proposed strategies to increase state revenue for 2020. There were 36 items to be discussed, including the increase of Value Added Tax (VAT) by 2pp by 2021 and an additional 2pp by 2022, making it reach a total of 15%. Additionally, the media reported there were plans of a USD 0.20 charge on Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) calls, such as ones made on FaceTime, Facebook and WhatsApp. The final session of the budget draft was to be held on 19 October, but was canceled upon the agreement of Prime Minister Saad Hariri and President Michel Aoun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 54], "content_span": [55, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0010-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2019 protests, Beginning\nOn 17 October 2019, approximately 150 civil activists were protesting against the new proposed taxes in and around downtown Beirut, blocking important streets after the first call to protest that was made by Lihaqqi  (\u0644\u0650\u062d\u0642\u0651\u064a) . As the Minister of Higher Education Akram Chehayeb and his convoy passed by the area, protesters assembled around his car. One of his bodyguards shot stray bullets into the air, which further enraged the protesters, but no injuries were reported.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 47], "content_span": [48, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0010-0001", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2019 protests, Beginning\nWalid Joumblatt, the leader of the Progressive Socialist Party, stated that he had spoken to minister Chehayeb- in fact, this minister represents the party in the Lebanese government- and so requested the bodyguards be handed over to the police, as all people are \"under the law\". A large number of protesters began appearing in Martyrs Square, Nejmeh Square, and Hamra Street, as well as many other regions around Lebanon. As the protests grew bigger, Prime Minister Saad Hariri called a snap cabinet meeting at the request of President Michel Aoun for midday on 18 October.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 47], "content_span": [48, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0010-0002", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2019 protests, Beginning\nAn announcement was also made by Minister of Higher Education Akram Chehayeb that all schools and universities, public or private, would remain closed the next day. The Minister of Telecommunications Mohamad Choucair announced that the \"WhatsApp tax\" idea had been scrapped at around 11:00PM. Protesters saw the \"WhatsApp tax\" as the last straw, socially, politically and economically, against the entire political class, which was deemed corrupt and in need of immediate ousting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 47], "content_span": [48, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0011-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2019 protests, Beginning\nProtesters in Nabatiyeh and Tripoli, on 18 October, vandalized the offices of the Hezbollah, Amal Movement, and Free Patriotic Movement political parties in an expression of disillusionment and in protest against perceived government corruption. Other protesters aimed to enter the Serail, which includes the Lebanese Parliament building, but were stopped by the use of tear gas from the Internal Security Forces. protesters created roadblocks on the major roads of the country, using burning tires and trash cans to stop access.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 47], "content_span": [48, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0011-0001", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2019 protests, Beginning\nCivil servants announced a strike with immediate effect through League of Public Sector Employees, arguing that the proposed reforms would \"undermine the rights of employees and pensioners in particular\". A cabinet meeting was due to be held in the afternoon, but ministers of the Lebanese Forces announced that they would not attend. The leader of the Forces, Samir Geagea, called for the resignation of the Prime Minister, due to the \"resounding failure to halt the deterioration of the [country's] economic situation\". After this announcement, the cabinet meeting was canceled by the Prime Minister.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 47], "content_span": [48, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0011-0002", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2019 protests, Beginning\nLeader of the Progressive Socialist Party, Walid Jumblatt, called for a \"calm and peaceful\" move against President Michel Aoun's mandate, and organized rallies in Aley, Bhamdoun, and Baakline to voice their opinions. Pierre Issa of the National Bloc voiced a similar opinion, calling for a \"government of specialists, a government reduced from public safety\". However, he criticized the involvement of political parties within the protests and argued it should remain something for the citizens to do. In the evening, Prime Minister Saad Hariri addressed the nation, giving his \"partners in government\" 72 hours to support the reforms. If they did not come to an agreement, he suggested he would take a \"different approach\". He tweeted \"72 hours...\" right after the delivered speech.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 47], "content_span": [48, 831]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0012-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2019 protests, First week: 19\u201324 October\nLebanese national Hussein Al-Attar was shot and killed during a protest on 19 October 2019. Former MP Mosbah al-Ahdab's bodyguards fired on protesters, no one was killed, but four were injured. The General Secretary of Hezbollah, Hassan Nasrallah, addressed the nation in the morning, speaking against the imposed taxes. However, he indicated that Hezbollah was against the government resigning and instead asked citizens to divert blame from Hariri's cabinet to the previous government, which was also to blame for the state of the economy. As the protests carried on throughout the day, there were reports of Amal Movement militants harassing and opening fire on protesters in Tyre.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 63], "content_span": [64, 748]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0013-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2019 protests, First week: 19\u201324 October\nProtests were held around major European cities, as well as in North America and Australia, showing solidarity with the protesters in Lebanon. Due to the mounting pressure from protesters, the Lebanese Forces announced their resignation from the cabinet. Samir Geagea, their leader, had previously blamed his opponents for \"obstructing the necessary reforms,\" but since declared his \"lack of confidence in the current cabinet.\" His party held four seats within the government: Minister of Labor Camille Abou Sleiman, Minister of Administrative Development May Chidiac, Deputy Prime Minister Ghassan Hasbani, and Minister of Social Affairs Richard Kouyumjian.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 63], "content_span": [64, 722]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0014-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2019 protests, First week: 19\u201324 October\nOn 20 October, hundreds of thousands of protesters gathered in locations throughout the country, making it the largest demonstrations since 2005. Gunfire was heard outside the Tripoli office of Firas Al-Ali, an associate of Hariri. None were injured with the clash, and security forces were quick to act. At 6:00PM, protesters across the country united to sing the national anthem together.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 63], "content_span": [64, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0015-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2019 protests, First week: 19\u201324 October\nOn 21 October, a general strike was called across the country demanding an end to the country's economic problems. Some protesters began clearing away demonstration debris in Beirut after a social media call to keep the streets tidy and clear. In the afternoon, an emergency cabinet meeting was held.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 63], "content_span": [64, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0015-0001", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2019 protests, First week: 19\u201324 October\nAfter the meeting, Prime Minister Hariri held a press conference in which he announced various economic reforms including halving the salaries of legislators and members of parliament, reducing the deficit by about US$3.4 billion in 2020 with the help of the Lebanese central bank and the banking sector, distributing financial aid to families living in poverty and giving US$160 million in housing loans. These proposals were unsuccessful at quelling protests. At night, several motorcyclists hoisting Hezbollah and Amal Movement were recorded heading towards the protests in central Beirut but were intercepted by the Lebanese Army. Soon thereafter, Hezbollah and the Amal Movement denied any involvement with the motorcyclists.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 63], "content_span": [64, 794]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0016-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2019 protests, First week: 19\u201324 October\nHariri met on 22 October with ambassadors from the United States, Russia, France, the United Kingdom, Germany, Italy, and the European Union, along with representatives from China, the United Nations, and the Arab League. Hariri discussed planned reforms and stressed the importance of peaceful expression from the protesters. The representatives, who form the International Support Group for Lebanon, expressed support for economic reforms and protection of protesters, but urged the leaders of Lebanon to engage in open dialogue with the country's citizens.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 63], "content_span": [64, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0017-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2019 protests, First week: 19\u201324 October\nOn 23 October, Hariri held a meeting with the ministerial committee in charge of financial and economic reforms, discussing a draft law on the recovery of public money and requesting suggestions on it from the Supreme Judicial Council within ten days. In the evening, Hariri also held a meeting with members of the Progressive Socialist Party to discuss the latest developments in the country. Sheikh Akl of the Lebanese Druze community called for government dialogue to safeguard the rights of liberty, security and stability.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 63], "content_span": [64, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0018-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2019 protests, First week: 19\u201324 October\nPresident Michel Aoun addressed the population on 24 October, stating his willingness to hold a dialogue with the protesters and find the best solution forward. He supported Hariri's reforms but did confirm a need to \"review the current government\" within the \"state institutions\", and not through protesting. Hariri supported this review through Lebanon's \"constitutional mechanisms\", but the protesters rejected any calls for dialogue until the government has resigned.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 63], "content_span": [64, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0019-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2019 protests, Second week: 25\u201331 October\nDespite calls for dialogue from President Aoun, protests and road blocks continued on 25 October 2019. Small scuffles broke out in central Beirut between protesters and Hezbollah supporters. One protester was injured. A report by Standard & Poor's downgraded its credit assessment of Lebanon to \"CreditWatch negative\" due to the government's low creditworthiness and economic pressures relating to the reforms. The country's banks remained closed. Hezbollah supporters again clashed with protesters in downtown Beirut, chanting in support of Hezbollah's General Secretary, Hassan Nasrallah. Nasrallah held a speech in the evening, calling his supporters to leave the streets. Within this speech, he praised the protesters for achieving economic reforms, but suggested that they were being exploited by local and foreign agents to start a civil war within the country. Nasrallah also strongly suggested that the protests are part of an Israeli and American plot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 64], "content_span": [65, 1026]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0020-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2019 protests, Second week: 25\u201331 October\nA security meeting was held on 26 October in Yarzeh to discuss how the safety and free movement of protesters could be ensured. Lebanese Forces leader Samir Geagea once more criticized the lack of response from the government towards the protesters' concerns. Meanwhile, thousands of Lebanese gathered in over thirty cities around the world on 26 and 27 October including Sydney, Paris, Houston and London in a show of support.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 64], "content_span": [65, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0021-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2019 protests, Second week: 25\u201331 October\nTens of thousands of individuals took part in a \"human chain\" which was held on 27 October at the coastlines from the Northern city of Tripoli to the southern city of Tyre - encompassing 171\u00a0km - organized with the intention to show the unity of the Lebanese people. The Maronite Patriarch Bechara Boutros al-Rahi during a Sunday sermon in Bkerk\u00e9 considered that the people are living their positive and reformist revolution. Pope Francis addressed the Lebanese people expressing their struggle in the face of challenges and social, moral and economic problems of the country, expressing he's praying that Lebanon can continue to be a place of peaceful coexistence, and urging the Lebanese government to listen to the concerns of the people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 64], "content_span": [65, 806]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0022-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2019 protests, Second week: 25\u201331 October\nBlack-clad Hezbollah and Amal Movement supporters attacked protesters in Beirut on 29 October, tearing down and setting fire to the tents set up by the protesters, throwing plastic chairs, and beating anti-government protesters. Many among the angry mob chanted: \"God, Nasrallah, and the whole Dahyeh,\" in reference to the southern suburb that is a stronghold of the Iranian-backed militant group. They also chanted, \"Shia, Shia\", as a reverential reference to the country's Shiite Muslim sect.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 64], "content_span": [65, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0022-0001", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2019 protests, Second week: 25\u201331 October\nThe Hezbollah and Amal Movement supporters also attacked TV crew members and destroyed live broadcasting equipment for the MTV (Lebanon) and Al Jadeed television channels, claiming that they were upset at the roadblocks and insults to their leader. Public squares across Beirut filled with protesters shortly after. Prime Minister Saad Hariri announced his resignation in a televised address on the afternoon of 29 October. Several hours after the resignation of the Prime Minister, celebrations swept the nation with demonstrators cautiously welcoming the resignation celebrated through fireworks, songs, and releasing flagged colored balloons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 64], "content_span": [65, 710]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0023-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2019 protests, Second week: 25\u201331 October\nOn 30 October, tear gas was fired at protesters in the northern district of Akkar by the Lebanese Army trying to reopen the roads. Protesters also blocked roads in the southern city of Sidon and Bekaa Valley. In Central Beirut, dozens of protesters blocked the \"Ring Bridge\" while a big crowd returned to Tripoli's al-Nour Square to protest. The Lebanese Army intervened in many regions to prevent escalation. Later that evening a statement released from the Presidential Office said that Lebanese President Michel Aoun will address the nation the next day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 64], "content_span": [65, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0024-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2019 protests, Second week: 25\u201331 October\nPresident Aoun delivered a speech on 31 October in which he spoke about Lebanon's economic and financial crisis. He also spoke about his commitment to fighting corruption, ensuring political stability, eliminating terrorists, and the return of Syrian refugees within the country. He also promised the new government will be made up of specialists instead of political loyalists. Protesters took to the streets and blocked roads across the country almost immediately after President Aoun's address to the nation, demanding early parliamentary elections and the formation of a technocratic government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 64], "content_span": [65, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0024-0001", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2019 protests, Second week: 25\u201331 October\nDemonstrators shut off roads in cities nationwide \u2013 including Sidon, Bekaa, and Khaldeh \u2013 with burning tires or by the sheer volume of protesters. In Tripoli, thousands of protesters started to gather at Al-Nour Square while in Beirut, protesters blocked the George Haddad highway which connects the waterfront road to the \"Ring Bridge\". The Lebanese Army and riot police were deployed across the country in an effort to reopen the roads.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 64], "content_span": [65, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0025-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2019 protests, Third week: 1\u20137 November\nLebanon's banks reopened on 1 November 2019, after two weeks of closure, the longest bank closure in the nation's history. \"Unofficial\" capital controls were imposed by individual banks to prevent a bank run, with personal withdrawals being limited to US$3,000 per week or per month depending on individual banks. Corporate banking activity was similarly heavily restricted, and international bank transfers from Lebanon were halted almost completely, subject to manual per-transfer approval. Hezbollah's Secretary General Hassan Nasrallah offered a public speech in which he stated that Hezbollah feared a government overthrow, due to the consequent \"vacuum\" Lebanon would experience.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 62], "content_span": [63, 748]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0025-0001", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2019 protests, Third week: 1\u20137 November\nNasrallah's then-latest speech was perceived to be unclear on whether Hezbollah supported or opposed the nationwide revolutionary movement. Nasrallah again shed doubt on the motivations of the protesters during his speech, implying that they were being manipulated by foreign influences. As Lebanese schools universities remained closed during the protests, public teach-ins and debates, organized by secular political groups and advocacy organizations (Beirut Madinati, Libaladi, Lihaqqi and others) were offered in Beirut.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 62], "content_span": [63, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0026-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2019 protests, Third week: 1\u20137 November\nOn 3 November, thousands of Lebanese Free Patriotic Movement supporters attended a protest in support of President Michel Aoun, the founder of the party. During the protest, FPM leader Gebran Bassil made a personal statement for the first time in over 13 days. Bassil claimed \"We should block roads for MPs who refuse corruption-combating laws, politicians who escape accountability and judges who do not implement the law.\" He also demanded lifting banking secrecy on political officials' accounts and insisting accountability, as well as a return of misused or stolen public funds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 62], "content_span": [63, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0026-0001", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2019 protests, Third week: 1\u20137 November\nIn the afternoon, tens of thousands of anti-government protesters flooded the streets across Lebanon in a \"Sunday of unity\". Protesters gathered for the third consecutive Sunday since mass anti-government demonstrations began on 17 October, filling the streets and central squares of major cities including Beirut, Tripoli and Tyre. Dozens of main roads were closed by burning tires, mounts of sand, and by the sheer amount of protesters, despite an ongoing threat of violence from political-party opposition. Acts of violence from party rivals consisted around Lebanon, such as the attacks on protesters in Beirut blocking public roads. These attacks were presumed to be affiliated with Hezbollah.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 62], "content_span": [63, 761]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0027-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2019 protests, Third week: 1\u20137 November\nA candlelight vigil was held on 4 November in Baalbek in memorial of those who have perished in the Lebanese protest, while physical tensions from road blocking persisted in Beirut.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 62], "content_span": [63, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0028-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2019 protests, Third week: 1\u20137 November\nOn 5 November, some students of American University of Science and Technology in Beirut showed attendance in protest and were met with harsh engagement from soldiers of the Lebanese Armed Forces. General Directorate of General Security officers were recorded verbally threatening students that were recording the protests. Protesters in Nabatieh, shut down companies such as OGERO, Liban Post, Banque du Liban and several banks despite state-exerted political pressure towards the protesters in this region. Protesters were present outside electrical company buildings, frustrated with decades of inconsistent power and common outages.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 62], "content_span": [63, 698]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0029-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2019 protests, Third week: 1\u20137 November\nThousands of students across Lebanon protested on 6 November in front of universities and schools refusing to attend classes until their demands are met. Several student-led movements have been organized since the start of the protests, in demand of a financial student contract, the reversal of the decision to charge tuition fees to the dollar currency in some universities, independent student councils in each university, and a well-funded Lebanese University. On the national scale, they have been asking for social, political, and economic reform, in hopes of finding respectable job prospects after graduation without nepotism or sect bias. Pension and retirement plans are also being demanded, as well as proper health care coverage. In the afternoon, protesters began to gradually grow across Lebanon and started protesting by the thousands in front of key governmental and private institutions and forced some of them to close their doors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 62], "content_span": [63, 1012]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0030-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2019 protests, Fourth week: 8\u201314 November\nIt was reported on 9 November 2019 that the dollar-rationing policies implemented by Lebanese banks were at risk of causing major shortages and price hikes in gasoline, petrol, food, and other vital supplies. Suleiman Haroun, the head of the Lebanese Syndicate of Hospitals, said that medical stocks in the country \"will not last more than a month\" unless a solution is found.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 64], "content_span": [65, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0030-0001", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2019 protests, Fourth week: 8\u201314 November\nDuring the weekend, news spread of a planned parliamentary legislative session on 12 November that would include a proposed general amnesty law, which could grant current and past members protection against prosecution for crimes such as corruption and misuse of public funds. In response, protesters called for a general strike to be held on the same day, and published a list of demands which included bolstering guarantees for a speedy trial, working towards a solution for the economic crisis, guaranteeing the independence of the judiciary, and investigating the misuse of public funds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 64], "content_span": [65, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0031-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2019 protests, Fourth week: 8\u201314 November\nOn 11 November, the Lebanese Federation of Syndicates of Bank Employees called for a general strike for its 11,000 members over \"concerns for safety\". This strike is unprecedented in the country's history and its impact is unclear. No end date was specified for the strike, and a general closure of all Lebanese banks may very well be the result.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 64], "content_span": [65, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0031-0001", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2019 protests, Fourth week: 8\u201314 November\nRiad Salameh, the governor of Lebanon's central bank (Banque du Liban) gave a press conference in which he denied the possibility of capital control on the Lebanese economy, assured that a \"haircut\" on large accounts is not a possibility, and repeated that the central bank's priority remains on economic stability and confidence in the Lebanese Pound. When asked about the strike by the bank staff union announced earlier in the day, Salameh claimed to have not yet heard of it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 64], "content_span": [65, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0031-0002", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2019 protests, Fourth week: 8\u201314 November\nA few minutes after Salameh's press conference, Speaker of Parliament Nabih Berri appeared on live television to announce that the following day's parliamentary session had been delayed until 19 November 2019, possibly as a response to protests called for during the weekend against the proposed general amnesty bill that was due to be discussed. Berri claimed the postponement was for \"security reasons\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 64], "content_span": [65, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0031-0003", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2019 protests, Fourth week: 8\u201314 November\nIn the afternoon, Hezbollah Secretary-General Hassan Nasrallah gave a speech in which he made strong overtures towards a corruption investigation to be led by Lebanon's judiciary, offering for Hezbollah to collaborate fully with any such investigation and calling for a \"strong, independent judiciary\" to equally investigate all Lebanese parties without reservation. Nasrallah also called for banking secrecy and any prior amnesty for public representatives to be lifted, \"dating back to 1992\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 64], "content_span": [65, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0032-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2019 protests, Fourth week: 8\u201314 November\nOn 12 November, speaker of Parliament Nabih Berri was reported to have sent resigned Prime Minister Saad Hariri a pot of Leben, a traditional Lebanese dairy product, along with a note that promised \"eternal enmity\" if Hariri refused to form a new government. Hariri thanked Berri for the Leben but excused himself as having ceased eating all kinds of milks and cheeses due to lactose intolerance, concluding that \"indeed, the state of the country itself requires a new political diet or \"regime\", so to speak\". The unusual exchange was covered in Lebanese media.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 64], "content_span": [65, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0032-0001", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2019 protests, Fourth week: 8\u201314 November\nPresident Michel Aoun gave a live interview at 8:30PM, during which he rejected calls for a fully technocratic government, warned against a run on the bank further damaging the economic sector, and called for an immediate end to the protests to prevent a \"catastrophe\". Aoun accused protesters of \"stabbing the nation with a dagger\" and accused protesters that blocked roads of \"violating international law\". Aoun also stated that \"anyone who cannot find faith in the current Lebanese government can leave Lebanon and live somewhere else\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 64], "content_span": [65, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0032-0002", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2019 protests, Fourth week: 8\u201314 November\nAoun's interview proved exceedingly unpopular with the protest movement, which began blocking an unprecedented number of arterial roads in Beirut and across Lebanon before the interview was even concluded including Qob Elias, \"Ring Bridge\", Dahr el Baidar, Jiyyeh, Nahr el Kalb, Neemeh, Beddawi, Abdeh, Mahmara, Braqil, Madina Riyadiyya, Verdun, Jal el Dib, Hasbaya, the Palma highway, Aley, Cola, Dawra, Sayyfi, Corniche al Mazraa, and Sassine. Alaa Abou Fakhr, a Lebanese national, was shot and killed in Khalde at the ensuing protests.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 64], "content_span": [65, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0033-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2019 protests, Fourth week: 8\u201314 November\nProtesters began appearing in the early morning of 13 November near the heavily fortified Baabda Presidential Palace to express dissatisfaction with President Aoun's speech a few hours earlier and picked up in pace as the day progressed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 64], "content_span": [65, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0034-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2019 protests, Fourth week: 8\u201314 November\nActivist and protester Khaldoun Jaber was released on 14 November after being detained by the Lebanese army in Baabda the previous day in mysterious circumstances. Jaber was shown to have marks of physical abuse upon his release, which he claimed were due to torture by the army during his detention. Jaber also claimed to have been exposed to psychological abuse. During his detention, Jaber was not given access to a lawyer with even the location of his detention being kept secret. The reason for his arrest was unclear, with some sources claiming it was due to attempting to cross a security perimeter during the previous day's protest near Baabda Palace.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 64], "content_span": [65, 724]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0035-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2019 protests, Fifth week: 15\u201321 November\nAs the protests continue nationwide, Sleiman Haroun, the president of the Syndicate of Private Hospitals, threatened to have 15 November 2019 as a day of closure to all patients except the ones who have dialysis, chemotherapy treatment, and emergency care, unless some immediate action is taken by the authorities in the government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 64], "content_span": [65, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0035-0001", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2019 protests, Fifth week: 15\u201321 November\nHaroun said the strike has nothing to do with the current protest and his purpose was to \"raise awareness\" and highlight the fact that the government has not been paying its full dues to the hospitals since 2011 and owes them a total of $1.3 billion as of today. Since no direct response was received, all hospitals in Metn, Akkar and Nabatieh areas went on strike that day; doctors along with the hospital's medical teams and staff were on the streets \"breathing their last breath\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 64], "content_span": [65, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0036-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2019 protests, Fifth week: 15\u201321 November\nCurrency and payment issues are causing additional burdens on hospitals. Hospitals are running out of medical supplies and equipment because they are 100% reliant on imported supplies and equipment. Due to the shortage of US currency in Lebanon, banks have not been able to transfer funds in US dollars to the companies who import these supplies. Suppliers now have to turn to exchange houses in order to get their US dollars, which end up charging significantly higher rates than the official rate of $1 to 1,507.5 L.L., only if they had any dollars to sell.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 64], "content_span": [65, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0036-0001", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2019 protests, Fifth week: 15\u201321 November\nSuppliers have also not been paid by the hospitals as a result of the situation. If this continues, hospitals will only have one month before they run out of their current shelf stock. Hospitals have received no payment since the beginning of 2019 and salary reductions are being considered in many hospitals if the situation does not improve.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 64], "content_span": [65, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0037-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2019 protests, Fifth week: 15\u201321 November\nBeirut Bar Association elections were held on 17 November. The independent candidate, Melhem Khalaf, won the majority vote (2,341 votes) to become the BBA's Council president and the first independent candidate to win against politically affiliated candidates in decades. Khalaf's contenders were Nader Gaspard, Saadeddine Al Khatib, and Ibrahim Moussallem. Pierre Hanna, who was backed by the Lebanese Forces, Progressive Socialist Party and the Future Movement, as well as twelve other candidates who either dropped out or were not voted in, competed for council positions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 64], "content_span": [65, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0038-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2019 protests, Fifth week: 15\u201321 November\nParliament was set to hold two sessions in the morning of 19 November, including a legislative session that was opposed by protesters, due to it timetabling a controversial amnesty law that was perceived as potentially granting amnesty to crimes committed by the political class, such as misappropriation of public funds or corruption. The sessions were originally planned for 12 November but were already once postponed due to protests. 58 out of 128 Members of Parliament were boycotting the session, but that number was not sufficient to prevent a quorum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 64], "content_span": [65, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0038-0001", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2019 protests, Fifth week: 15\u201321 November\nA human chain was planned around the Lebanese Parliament to prevent Members of Parliament from entering the premises and to thereby force the session to be postponed. Protesters began gathering early in the morning. Convoys for some Members of Parliament were recorded shooting live bullets or speeding into crowds in an attempt to disperse protesters. Many protesters were gravely injured. At around 11:20am, the Secretary-General of the Lebanese Parliament Adnane Daher confirmed to local media that both parliament sessions were postponed indefinitely. This was perceived as a victory by protesters. Lebanese banks reopened for the first time since 11 November after the Lebanese Federation of Syndicates of Bank Employees ended its strike.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 64], "content_span": [65, 808]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0039-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2019 protests, Fifth week: 15\u201321 November\nPresident Michel Aoun gave a speech on 21 November, on the eve of Lebanese Independence Day, in which he called for an end to protests and \"hateful language on the streets\" and promised an \"anti-corruption cabinet\". Protesters expressed dissatisfaction with the speech by resuming the closing of roads.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 64], "content_span": [65, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0040-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2019 protests, Sixth week: 22\u201328 November\nLebanon's 76th Independence Day was celebrated on 22 November 2019 with the nation's first-ever civil parade, which was organized by civil society groups in Beirut's Martyr's Square. An invite-only private military parade had been held in the early morning by the Lebanese government, and the civil parade was intended as a rebuke against the government organized by the \"true Lebanese\": the parade had \"batallions\" representing different groups from Lebanese society, including cooks, schoolteachers, retired military personnel, pharmacists, engineers, women's rights activists, bankers, athletes, performance artists and more. The civil parade coincided with a program of festival activities organized by independent groups, which included dancing and heat lantern lighting. Marches were held across the Beirut region in the morning, all arriving to the civil parade in central Beirut.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 64], "content_span": [65, 952]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0041-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2019 protests, Sixth week: 22\u201328 November\nOn 23 November, five youths, including children aged 12 and 15, were detained by Lebanese military intelligence after taking down a banner that supported the Free Patriotic Movement, which is the party of President Aoun. Their detention was reported to the media by their families, and the children were released past midnight after the intervention of volunteer lawyers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 64], "content_span": [65, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0042-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2019 protests, Sixth week: 22\u201328 November\nA protest was held on 24 November outside the United States embassy in Lebanon to express opposition to U.S. interference in Lebanon. The protest came after Hezbollah accused the United States in meddling with and delaying the formation of a new cabinet, and after comments made by U.S. ambassador Jeffrey Feltman in which he said that \"reactions to [Hezbollah] by Lebanese leaders and institutions fortunately coincide with U.S. interests\". Around noon, another protest was held across the Lebanese coastline to draw attention to the high level of environmental pollution in Lebanon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 64], "content_span": [65, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0042-0001", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2019 protests, Sixth week: 22\u201328 November\nRight before midnight, pro-government Hezbollah and Amal Movement supporters violently clashed with protesters in the \"Ring\" bridge and Jal el Dib areas, demanding an end to road blocks imposed by protesters. This came after protesters apparently physically assaulted two people after suspecting them of being Hezbollah supporters. The Hezbollah/Amal supporters burned civil society tents, trashed cars, and caused damage to public and private property. The Lebanese army intervened with tear gas and flash grenades hours later, dispersing one of the most violent evenings since the beginning of the protests.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 64], "content_span": [65, 674]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0043-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2019 protests, Sixth week: 22\u201328 November\nAt around noon on 25 November, Hussein Chalhoub and his sister-in-law Sanaa al-Jundi died after their car hit a makeshift roadblock used by protesters to cut off access to the Jiyyeh highway. This inflamed tensions between protesters and pro-government Hezbollah/Amal Movement supporters. J\u00e1n Kubi\u0161, the United Nations Special Coordinator for Lebanon, issued multiple statements on Twitter warning against escalating confrontation between protesters and Hezbollah/Amal Movement supporters. Later in the afternoon, pro-government Hezbollah and Amal Movement supporters began roving around Beirut, Tyre and other cities on mopeds and motorbikes, shouting taunts and provocations at protesters. Some physical clashes ensued, and the confrontations continued to occur sporadically until later in the evening.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 64], "content_span": [65, 869]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0044-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2019 protests, Sixth week: 22\u201328 November\nResigned Prime Minister Saad Hariri formally announced on 26 November that he would not run again for the position. Meanwhile, businessman Samir Khatib announced that he was \"ready to form a new government\", and seemed to accrue some level of endorsement from political parties. President Michel Aoun announced that binding consultations to designate a new Prime Minister would be held on 28 November. Overnight, clashes occurred all around Lebanon. In Baalbek, Hezbollah/Amal Movement supporters destroyed protester's tents and also their sound system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 64], "content_span": [65, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0044-0001", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2019 protests, Sixth week: 22\u201328 November\nIn Bikfaya, Free Patriotic Movement (the party of sitting President Michel Aoun) supporters organized a protest in front of the home of former President Amin Gemayel. They clashed with Kataeb Party (Gemayel's party) supporters, which led to injuries and the destruction of private property until the Lebanese army intervened. Clashes also occurred in Chyah and Ein Rummaneh. The Lebanese Red Cross claimed that dozens of people were injured including one female FPM activist injured to the head, while the Lebanese army said that at least 16 people were detained for their involvement in the clashes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 64], "content_span": [65, 665]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0045-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2019 protests, Sixth week: 22\u201328 November\nOn 27 November, Lebanon's Syndicate of Gas Station Owners announced that an open-ended strike would begin the next day to highlight the \"size of the losses sustained by the sector due to the presence of two-dollar [rates] in the Lebanese market.\" Hundreds of Lebanese mothers led a \"mother's march\" in Chyah to protest against sectarian violence on 26 November between youths.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 64], "content_span": [65, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0046-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2019 protests, Sixth week: 22\u201328 November\nSources at the Lebanese Ministry of Finance claimed to local media that the Lebanese Central Bank was scheduled to repay US$1.5 billion in Eurobond debt which matures on 28 November, putting to rest speculation that Lebanon could default on its debt. However, Lebanon still has outstanding Eurobond debt due in 2020, and media sources noted that the path towards refinancing necessary to handle that debt is unclear without a cabinet. A protest occurred in front of the Lebanese Central Bank and other government administrative and judiciary institutions. Arab League ambassador Hossam Zaki formally expressed \"readiness\" to help solve the political and economic crisis in Lebanon for the first time since the beginning of the protests.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 64], "content_span": [65, 801]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0047-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2019 protests, Seventh week: 29 November \u2013 5 December\nOn 29 November 2019, protests occurred in front of the Lebanese Central Bank and some other judiciary and administrative government buildings and institutions, with the aim of preventing public sector employees from entering these institutions. Multiple media sources claimed that Hezbollah had asked President Michel Aoun to delay binding parliamentary consultations, which were scheduled for 28 November, under the hope that resigned Prime Minister Saad Hariri would revert his decision not to lead the next cabinet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 76], "content_span": [77, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0048-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2019 protests, Seventh week: 29 November \u2013 5 December\nProtesters gathered on 3 December across the country in response to businessman Samir Khatib's nomination as possible new prime minister. Several cases of suicide were being linked to deteriorating living conditions in Lebanon, most prominently the death of 40-year-old Naji Fleity in Arsal. According to local media, Fleity committed suicide because he was unable to provide for his family after losing his job. His suicide sparked a large outcry of anger online.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 76], "content_span": [77, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0049-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2019 protests, Seventh week: 29 November \u2013 5 December\nProtesters resumed blocking roads on 4 December following politicians' apparent consensus on designating Samir Khatib as the next prime minister.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 76], "content_span": [77, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0050-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2019 protests, Eighth week: 6\u201312 December\nOn 7 December 2019, about a thousand people marched in Beirut to protest sexual harassment in Lebanon. A man self-immolated during the protest and survived, with his motives being unclear. The protest came after days of prolonged controversy surrounding a personal trainer in Beirut who was accused by over fifty women of sexual misconduct.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 64], "content_span": [65, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0051-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2019 protests, Eighth week: 6\u201312 December\nReports of women journalists being attacked also began to surface around this time. The Coalition For Women In Journalism, which has a special focus on women journalists, documented several attacks. \"Covering large protests in many parts of the Middle East has always been so hard for women journalists \u2014 we remember the many terrible incidents that happened during the Arab Spring. Following which over the years we have seen many journalism support organizations and others in the industry to train and equip women reporters to be able to take precautions on the ground.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 64], "content_span": [65, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0051-0001", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2019 protests, Eighth week: 6\u201312 December\nBut the scope of these attacks are now changing and diversifying.\" the organization's founding director Kiran Nazish said. \"Unfortunately this is an ever more precarious situation and it is important to point out to Lebanese authorities that they have a responsibility to protect the press. Not doing so or doing the opposite is rather reckless,\" Kiran added.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 64], "content_span": [65, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0052-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2019 protests, Eighth week: 6\u201312 December\nOn 8 December, Samir Khatib withdrew as candidate for prime minister after failing to get enough backing from the Sunni Muslim parties in parliament. With Khatib's withdrawal, Saad Hariri became the only candidate for prime minister once again. Protesters then gathered outside parliament to condemn Hariri's candidacy and demand an independent candidate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 64], "content_span": [65, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0053-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2019 protests, Eighth week: 6\u201312 December\nFollowing days of heavy rainfall, a house collapsed on 10 December in Tripoli, killing two adult siblings. Protesters, claiming that the house collapsed due to consistent municipal negligence, stormed the Tripoli municipal police office and demonstrated outside the house of the mayor. They smashed windows, set a room on fire, and damaged a car. The army intervened to stop the violence. In Jounieh, four protesters were detained after attempting to block roads. They were released the same evening after another protest blocked the Jounieh highway. In Beirut, protesters organized demonstrations outside the houses of current and former public works ministers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 64], "content_span": [65, 727]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0053-0001", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2019 protests, Eighth week: 6\u201312 December\nWhile attempting to reach the home of former public works and transportation minister Ghazi Zaiter, they were blocked at Rue Verdun by men dressed in uniforms of the Internal Security Forces. Cars were vandalized as the men dragged protesters out to beat them; a dozen people including reporter Paula Naufal were hospitalized for their injuries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 64], "content_span": [65, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0054-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2019 protests, Ninth week: 13\u201319 December\nRiot police used tear gas against groups of men that attacked protesters' camps in Beirut on 14 December. In the evening, protesters in central Beirut attempted to reach Nejmeh Square, chanting slogans against Saad Hariri, who was expected to be named Prime Minister by 20 December, and Gebran Bassil. The protesters were met with violence, tear gas and rubber bullets by the Lebanese internal security forces. At least 46 people were hospitalized with injuries according to the Lebanese Red Cross and Lebanese Civil Defense.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 64], "content_span": [65, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0055-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2019 protests, Ninth week: 13\u201319 December\nArabic: \u0648\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u064a \u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u0628\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0634\u062d\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0628\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0662/\u0663\u200e", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 64], "content_span": [65, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0056-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2019 protests, Ninth week: 13\u201319 December\nAnd as it became clear to me that despite my categorical commitment to forming a government of specialists, the reactions of the past few days regarding my nomination were uncompromising, I announce that I will not be a candidate to form the next government, 2/3", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 64], "content_span": [65, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0057-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2019 protests, Ninth week: 13\u201319 December\nIn Beirut, protesters clashed with security forces on 15 December for the second night in a row near Nejmeh Square. According to the Lebanese Civil Defense, 46 people were treated for injuries and another 14 were hospitalized. A group of counter-protesters, themselves supporters of Amal and Hezbollah, also briefly clashed with protesters until the army intervened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 64], "content_span": [65, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0058-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2019 protests, Ninth week: 13\u201319 December\nRoads were blocked in northern Lebanon on 16 December. At noon, President Aoun delayed scheduled parliamentary consultations, where Saad Hariri was widely expected to be renamed Prime Minister. This was because Hariri was now no longer being supported by the main Christian parties in parliament. At night, protesters gathered close to Saad Hariri's Beirut residence to reject his reappointment. A separate group of protesters descended upon Beirut as well, expressing outrage at a month-old video of an ex-pat insulting several Shi'a religious leaders. Amal and Hezbollah released statements asking the men to fall back, but these calls were not immediately heeded. Protest encampments in several places, including Beirut, Saida and Nabatieh, were ransacked and destroyed during the night. At least two cars in Beirut were set on fire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 64], "content_span": [65, 901]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0059-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2019 protests, Ninth week: 13\u201319 December\nOn 18 December, Hariri announced that he did not want to be reappointed Prime Minister, calling on the president to designate a new Prime Minister immediately. Later that day, Al Jadeed claimed that the remaining candidates for Prime Minister were now Tammam Salam (the 34th Prime Minister, 2014\u20132016), jurist Nawaf Salam (former representative of Lebanon to the United Nations), Khaled Mohieddin Qabbani (former Minister of Justice, 2005\u20132008) and academic Hassan Diab (former Minister of Education, 2011\u20132014). Diab was the apparent favorite, because he had the support of Hezbollah and Amal. Protests continued in Nabatieh and Kfar Remen despite threats of retaliation by Hezbollah and Amal supporters. Cement walls and blocs were erected around Beirut's central district, blocking off streets leading to and from Riad Al Solh Square as well a parliament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 64], "content_span": [65, 923]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0060-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2019 protests, Ninth week: 13\u201319 December\nParliamentary consultations took place on 19 December and Hassan Diab was designated as the next Prime Minister to succeed Hariri. The announcement of Diab becoming Prime Minister was immediately followed by street protests and road blocks in Tripoli and Beirut. Near Beirut's Nejme Square, hundreds of protesters sang an anti-Diab chant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 64], "content_span": [65, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0061-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2019 protests, Tenth week: 20\u201326 December\nRoad blocks in response to Diab's Prime Ministership continued across the country on 20 December. Schools were closed in Tripoli.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 64], "content_span": [65, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0062-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2019 protests, Tenth week: 20\u201326 December\nOn 22 December, thousands protested against Diab's nomination on Beirut's Martyrs' Square, many of them coming from the north of the Beqaa Valley. Protests in Beirut continued on 23 December with a lower turnout. Later that day, hundreds of people shared a Christmas dinner benefiting the poor on Martyrs' Square.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 64], "content_span": [65, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0063-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2019 protests, Tenth week: 20\u201326 December\nOn 24 December, it was reported that tourism fell by 80% because of the protest movements. Additionally, 265 restaurants and cafes closed their doors in the last two months.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 64], "content_span": [65, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0064-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2019 protests, Eleventh week: 27\u201331 December\nA group of pro-Hariri Sunni Muslims protested on 28 December 2019 in front of the new Prime Minister Diab calling for him to resign. On 29 December, protests continued asking for Hassan Diab's resignation although he is still continuing consultations to form the government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 67], "content_span": [68, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0065-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2020 protests, Protests resume\nAfter weeks of relative calm, mass protests resumed across the country on 14 January 2020. Highways and major roads were blocked in Beirut, Tripoli, Akkar, Sidon, and Zahle by protests and burning tires. In Beirut, protesters clashed with security forces outside the Central Bank. Protests also took place outside Hassan Diab's house for failing to form a government. President Michel Aoun blamed obstacles in the delay of formation of a new government. School and university students participated in some of the demonstrations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 53], "content_span": [54, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0066-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2020 protests, Protests resume\nOn 15 January, protesters gathered in front of the Helou police barracks in Beirut demanding the release of more than 50 protesters who were arrested the night before. During the protest, riot police fired tear gas and practiced excessive violence to separate protesters. Additionally, an estimated number of 15 protesters were dragged into the barracks. The Lebanese Media reported that there have been more than 30 injuries as a result of the clashes that happened between the protesters and the riot police. The Lebanese Army also arrived at the scene later on that night. It was reported by the Red Cross that the wounded people on Wednesday had reached 45, according to DW. According to Reuters, Lebanon's Minister of Interior has issued a statement criticizing the violence and urging the protesters to remain peaceful.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 53], "content_span": [54, 879]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0067-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2020 protests, Protests resume\nAs the Lebanese protests enter its fourth month on 17 January, protesters blocked several main roads across Lebanon, including a vital road connecting central Beirut's east and west. Hundreds of protesters were said to have also gathered outside the Lebanese central bank and close to the parliament, the Times of Israel added. On Friday morning, the roads were also blocked in second city Tripoli by protesters, but later in the day the roads were cleared, according to France 24.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 53], "content_span": [54, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0067-0001", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2020 protests, Protests resume\nHuman Rights Watch has urged authorities to free detainees that haven't been charged with a recognizable crime and that the Ministry of Interior should quickly hold security officers responsible for the excessive use of force on protesters. HRW also claimed that protesters and media officials had been struck by riot police, according to Al Jazeera.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 53], "content_span": [54, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0068-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2020 protests, Escalation of violence and arrest of journalist\nIn an attempt to break up gatherings of anti-government protesters attempting to reach Martyr's Square on 18 January, dozens of people have been injured as security forces used water cannons and tear gas to dissipate the protesters. Furthermore, demonstrators have been spotted at Martyr's Square throwing rocks, fireworks and Molotov cocktails at security forces, as well as shining lasers at them to interrupt series of tear gas rounds, CNN reported. In the evening, President Aoun summoned in the armed forces to the streets in order to safeguard private property, as well as peaceful protesters, the ABC News reported.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 85], "content_span": [86, 708]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0068-0001", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2020 protests, Escalation of violence and arrest of journalist\nAbout 30 people were said to have been detained due to Saturday's unrest, the state-run National News Agency stated, though the detainees were later released. More than 60 wounded people are believed to have received treatment, while at least 40 people have been rushed to the hospitals, the Lebanese Red Cross stated. In total, Reuters reported that more than 370 people had been injured in the day's protests.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 85], "content_span": [86, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0069-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2020 protests, Escalation of violence and arrest of journalist\nOn 19 January, an American freelance journalist, Nicholas Frakes, was arrested on the allegation of sending footage of anti-government protests to the Israeli newspaper Haaretz, according to The Washington Post. However, Haaretz Newspaper has rejected any connection to Nicholas Frakes, arguing that the live video feed of the anti-government protest uploaded on their Facebook account was from Reuters, the Jerusalem Post added. The committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ) claimed that since 14 January, journalists reporting anti-government protests in Beirut have been arrested, attacked or molested by police officers, according to the International Business Times.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 85], "content_span": [86, 754]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0069-0001", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2020 protests, Escalation of violence and arrest of journalist\nAccording to France 24, In light of this week's World Economic Forum, the expected participation of Lebanon's outgoing foreign minister Gebran Bassil triggered a strong public protest, demanding the cancellation of his invitation. However, Bassil maintains that the protesters who chanted against him do not make up the majority of Lebanese and that he believes the people of Lebanon want change, but he argued that he's not leaving until voters drive him out in elections, according to the Washington Post. The former foreign minister further claimed that he came to Davos \"on his own expenses\". As of 21 January, there has been an increase in the number of injured people in the Lebanese protests to more 540, according to The Times of Israel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 85], "content_span": [86, 831]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0070-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2020 protests, New government formed\nOn 21 January, Prime Minister Diab announced the formation of a new cabinet of 20 ministers, despite public outrage and protests against the Cabinet of Hassan Diab. According to CNN, during an interview with Lebanon's state news agency, Diab portrayed the newly appointed ministers as \"technocrats\" who he believes would operate without loyalties to political parties. However, the cabinet members themselves were unable to hide their partisan allegiances. Even before the new cabinet was unveiled, several groups of protesters had gathered in the streets of Beirut, obstructing a main street in the center of the capital, according to France 24.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 59], "content_span": [60, 706]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0070-0001", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2020 protests, New government formed\nThe Times of Israel added that the protesters made an effort to take down barbed wire near the parliament building and throw rocks at security forces, who in return used tear gas and water cannons. Some protesters maintained that they would remain in the streets, till their claims for a technocratic government and early elections were met, according to Al Jazeera.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 59], "content_span": [60, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0071-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2020 protests, New government formed\nAccording to VOA, despite the fact that the newly formed ministers are experts and academics, protesters are still accusing political groups of participating in forming the new cabinet. On 22 January, as Lebanon's new government convened, protesters in the capital gathered to discredit the meeting, smashing windows and breaking down security blockages encircling the parliament building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 59], "content_span": [60, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0072-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2020 protests, New government formed\nAmnesty International, based on evidence collected, has accused the Internal Security Forces of using rubber bullets unlawfully at close range, besides beatings, water cannons and tear gas in an attempt to disperse protesters on the weekend, which has left hundreds wounded. 25 January marked the 100th day since the protests began. Protesters gathered in Beirut and breached several security barriers around the central government building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 59], "content_span": [60, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0073-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2020 protests, New government formed\nOn 27 January, the Lebanon Parliament passed a 2020 budget, amid the debilitating financial crisis. The state budget came as the protests outside the Parliament in Beirut were held back by the security forces. Four people had been injured and taken to the hospitals in Beirut, with 8 other people sustaining minor injuries, the Lebanese Red Cross announced. The state-run National News Agency stated that only 70 out of the 128 members of parliament attended Monday's vote, with 49 lawmakers in favor of passing the budget, 13 against and 8 forgoing. According to Al Jazeera, analysts argue that the endorsed 2020 budget barely attempts to resolve Lebanon's financial and economic crisis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 59], "content_span": [60, 748]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0074-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2020 protests, New government formed\nAccording to SBS News, the parliament budget committee chairman Ibrahim Kanaan stated that the purpose of the new budget is to lower the deficit of gross domestic product to around 7%. Experts warned that the direction in which Lebanon is heading could ignite more instability, as the newly formed government is not expected to convince Lebanese protesters to end their demonstrations against the ruling elite, according to VOA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 59], "content_span": [60, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0075-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2020 protests, February protests\nOn 2 February, a protest was held outside the United States embassy in Beirut, by hundreds of Lebanese and Palestinians, in opposition to the US plan for ending the Israeli\u2013Palestinian conflict. Protesters were gathered on a road leading to the US embassy, northeast of Beirut, waving Palestinian flags, with some of the protesters chanting \u201cDeath to America! Death to Israel! We will die and Palestine survive,\" according to France 24.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 55], "content_span": [56, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0075-0001", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2020 protests, February protests\nIt was reported by the VOA News that around noon, security forces used what seemed to be pepper spray to stop some of the protesters who had removed the barbed wire and reached a metal fence set up by security forces. At least three protesters were said to have been carried away in the process of the struggle. According to Arab News, 24 hours prior to the protest, employees of the US embassy were advised to stay clear of the area of the protests.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 55], "content_span": [56, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0076-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2020 protests, February protests\nHowever, in an attempt to prove to the government that the Lebanese people are united in their quest for political change, protesters were also reported to have gathered in Tripoli, the country's poorest city on Sunday, according to Al Jazeera.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 55], "content_span": [56, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0077-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2020 protests, February protests\nAccording to the Middle East Monitor, in a statement issued by the Lebanese Information Minister Abdul Samad on 6 February, he disclosed that the new government of Lebanon has agreed to the approval of a new policy statement, which is believed to include a clause calling for the return of refugees back to their various countries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 55], "content_span": [56, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0078-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2020 protests, February protests\nOn 10 February, women's groups at the local level in Lebanon, including other alienated groups, are demanding for their rights to be honored by the Lebanese government, Al Jazeera reported.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 55], "content_span": [56, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0079-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2020 protests, February protests\nOn Tuesday, the Lebanese parliament held a nine-hour session, in which the legislators passed a vote of confidence, supporting the newly formed cabinet by the Lebanese government, and its financial rescue plan. Protesters attempted to disrupt the meeting from holding by throwing stones at security forces and tried to block the path leading to the parliament. The parliament meeting was attended by 84 members of parliament, with 63 of them voting in support of the government, France 24 added. In an attempt by protesters to evade security checkpoints, they started to form up at various points in Beirut, but some lawmakers reportedly spent the night in the parliament ahead of the meeting, in order to avoid being prevented by protesters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 55], "content_span": [56, 798]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0080-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2020 protests, February protests\nOn 14 February, former Prime Minister Saad Hariri delivered his first speech after leaving office in October, urging that he is not leaving Lebanon, but mapping out a new future in politics with his party. In response to Lebanon's request for technical assistance from the IMF earlier in February, hundreds of protesters have gathered around Lebanon's central bank and parliament on 15 February, in rejection of the request.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 55], "content_span": [56, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0081-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2020 protests, February protests\nThe World Bank has warned Lebanon against the risk of implosion if they fail to adopt a new system of governance that is more genuine and transparent compared to the old one. Lebanon's Prime Minister Hassan Diab hosted the speaker of the Iranian Parliament Ali Larijani on 17 February, as Iran expresses readiness to assist Lebanon with its ongoing crisis. The Iranian speaker added that, considering Lebanon has made it all the way past the creation of a new government, Iran is now ready to assume their responsibility, which involves working with Lebanon, according to the Tasnim News Agency. According to The New York Times, several Lebanese are considering emigration as a solution to the ongoing deepening crisis in Lebanon which has no end date, with some in possession of a second passport already, which will pave way for them to leave the country without any difficulty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 55], "content_span": [56, 936]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0082-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2020 protests, February protests\nDuring the G-20 Summit in Riyadh on 23 February, Saudi Arabia's finance minister divulged Saudi's plan of assisting Lebanon with its financial crisis, once there is assurance that Lebanon has put in place a solid reform plan. Also during the summit, the finance minister of France has expressed his country's willingness to provide Lebanon with any form of financial support if need be. Furthermore, the Lebanese government is trying to set up an emergency economic plan that will improve the country's conditions, amid fears of acquiring aid from the international community. Several migrant workers in Lebanon are paying the price for the country's financial crisis, as the access to hard currency has been limited, France 24 reported.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 55], "content_span": [56, 793]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0083-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2020 protests, March protests\nLebanon recorded its first case of COVID-19 on 21 February. On 28 February, the Lebanese Government implemented the first of many measures aimed at combating the virus, closing all educational institutions starting 29 February.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 52], "content_span": [53, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0084-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2020 protests, March protests\nDue to religious restrictions guarding the country's system of protection, Lebanon's Prime Minister Hassan Diab stated on 2 March, that the government has become unable to protect the Lebanese citizens. Lebanon's huge debts have cast doubts on the ability of Lebanon to meet repayment due by 9 March, as several members of parliament reject paying the $1.2bn Euro-bond, regardless of the consequences, the speaker of parliament disclosed on 4 March.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 52], "content_span": [53, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0085-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2020 protests, March protests\nOn 5 March, Lebanese came out in hundreds near banks in Southern Lebanon, to protest against the regulations stopping them from withdrawing their funds. However, the Lebanese parliament is believed to have passed a bill to ensure that banking secrecy has been lifted, Justice Minister Marie-Claude Najm stated. Lebanon's minister of information also added that the law is expected to be applicable to members of parliament, ministers, as well as public officials.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 52], "content_span": [53, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0085-0001", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2020 protests, March protests\nAs the exchange rate of US dollar-Lebanese pound reaches LL2,600 on Thursday, hundreds of demonstrators took to the streets in Antelias and Beirut, demanding for the government to find a solution, as well as to hold early elections. Considering the current economic situation in Lebanon, a judge has reportedly halted an order of assets freezing of 20 banks, including their directors. The judge explained the reason for suspending the order, stating that he wants to first learn how the order could affect Lebanon's current economic position.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 52], "content_span": [53, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0086-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2020 protests, March protests\nOn 7 March, Prime Minister Hassan Diab said that Lebanon would default on a Eurobond repayment and pursue restructuring its debt. The country has never before defaulted. Lebanon's government debt is about 170% of its yearly gross domestic product. Several Analysts have added that only the IMF's support could be the solution to Lebanon's financial crisis after the default. However, hundreds of protesters have reportedly continued their rally which commenced earlier on Thursday, in several cities across the country including Sidon, as they criticise against the financial policies and poor standard of living in the country.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 52], "content_span": [53, 681]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0087-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2020 protests, March protests\nOn 9 March, Prime Minister Hassan Diab announced that Lebanon had defaulted on a $1.2 billion Eurobond, for the very first time in the history of the country.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 52], "content_span": [53, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0088-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2020 protests, March protests\nOn 10 March, the restriction on deposits due to shortage of foreign currency was reduced by a public prosecutor, as he consented to rules for commercial banks, targeted at defending depositor's rights. The decision was verified by an official at the office of the public prosecutor, even though no additional comment was given.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 52], "content_span": [53, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0089-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2020 protests, March protests\nAmid fears of the further spread of coronavirus in Lebanon, on 15 March, the government decided to put in place a state of emergency, leaving its crippling economy in a stalemate. The decision was reached after several hours of an emergency cabinet meeting which resulted to the closure of its land borders, seaports and Rafic Hariri International Airport in Beirut. According to Reuters, the closure which commenced on Wednesday, is expected to be in place until 29 March, so as to enable the state of health emergency that has been set up, to tackle the virus effectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 52], "content_span": [53, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0090-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2020 protests, March protests\nOn 23 March, the Lebanese government decided to stop paying back all debts in foreign currencies, in light of the fall in foreign currency reserves and worsening financial and economic crisis. The COVID-19 pandemic has caused many businesses to be closed down, including a severe impact on the foreign sector, which influenced the government's new decision. The Lebanese finance ministry added that the country is planning on reaching reasonable understanding with its creditors immediately.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 52], "content_span": [53, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0091-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2020 protests, March protests\nOn 27 March, camps in Martyrs Square in central Beirut, which has been mostly occupied by protesters since October 2019, were reportedly cleared by Lebanon's security forces, according to the National Post. The security forces engaged the Martyrs Square in the evening after the Lebanese cabinet had imposed a curfew. The decision to remove the camps was made amid growing concerns over the further spread of coronavirus, according to the Lebanese government. However, protesters claimed that the police neither informed or gave them a notice, instead, they instructed them to quickly vacate the protest site.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 52], "content_span": [53, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0091-0001", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2020 protests, March protests\nA protester added that there were only about 50 to 60 of them remaining when the security forces invaded the camps, as most of the protesters had evacuated the camps following the closure of seaports and airport of Beirut by the Lebanese government on 18 March, according to the Al-Monitor. Activists and journalists in Lebanon have expressed their concerns on the suspicion that the Lebanese government might be using the COVID-19 pandemic as an excuse to make its powers even stronger.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 52], "content_span": [53, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0092-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2020 protests, April protests\nOn 2 April, some activists and journalists defied the lockdown that was issued by the cabinet on 15 March to prevent the widespread of COVID-19, protesting against the closure of banks which led to the arrest of six activists and a journalist by the Lebanese security forces. The small group of protesters gathered in front of the Al-Mawarid Bank's Hamra branch in west Beirut, with some people putting on surgical masks and others without, Al-Arabiya added.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 52], "content_span": [53, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0093-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2020 protests, April protests\nPresident Michel Aoun on 6 April, urged the international community to provide Lebanon with financial support as they battle to survive the ongoing economic crisis, alongside the COVID-19 pandemic. The president made the call during a meeting of the International support group for Lebanon, in which he particularly asked the governments of the International community to make available $11 billion which they had pledged for during a conference in Paris, April 2018. Aoun also maintained that the country is solely relying on the financial aid which is to be dedicated in executing infrastructure projects, as they have gone into an unforeseen economic recession.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 52], "content_span": [53, 717]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0094-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2020 protests, April protests\nOn 7 April, just a day after security forces stopped an escape attempt in Tripoli's prison in northern Lebanon, heavy protests erupted amid fears of the spread of coronavirus. At least four inmates were reportedly injured when security forces fired rubber bullets in an attempt to disperse the crowd.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 52], "content_span": [53, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0095-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2020 protests, April protests\nAccording to CNN, American citizens living in Lebanon have rejected the offer made by the US government to return them back to the US, due to the drastic increase in the number of COVID-19 cases in America. The offer was given to both citizens and permanent residents on a chartered flight at the cost of $2,500 for each individual.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 52], "content_span": [53, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0096-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2020 protests, April protests\nOn 21 April, several protesters in Lebanon returned to the streets again in large car convoys, gathering around the complex where MPs convened in order to pass several laws on Tuesday. Many protesters were sighted waving Lebanon's flag while putting on protective gear like medical masks and hand gloves as a preventive measure against the Coronavirus. Due to the worsening economic condition, COVID-19 lock-down and the Lebanese government's inability to enact policies that would curb the situation, protesters were threatening to resume protests nationwide, Xinhuanet reported. Prime minister Hassan Diab disclosed after the session that the reforms plan by the government is scheduled to be discussed next week.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 52], "content_span": [53, 768]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0097-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2020 protests, April protests\nOn 27 April, large clashes in Tripoli between the army and protesters resulted in one protester being killed. 40 troops were injured, and many banks in Tripoli were set on fire or had their windows smashed due to the currency's rapid devaluation. Molotov cocktails had been thrown at an army vehicle and at least 5 banks in the city in the previous days, and heavy gunfire was heard. The next day, all banks in Tripoli announced their temporary closure until security has been restored, as they have been the targets attacks and rioting. Protests also took place in Sidon on 27 April.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 52], "content_span": [53, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0098-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2020 protests, April protests\nOn 28 April, large protests erupted in Tripoli for a 2nd consecutive night, along with other demonstrations in Beirut, Sidon, Nabatieh, Bekaa Valley, and Akkar, in defiance of the lockdown to contain COVID-19 in Lebanon. Over a dozen banks and cash machines across the country were either torched with Molotov cocktails or vandalized. The military expressed regret over the killing of a protester the night before and opened an investigation into the death. A funeral procession for the deceased protester in Tripoli took place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 52], "content_span": [53, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0099-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2020 protests, April protests\nOn 29 April, small protests continued for the third night. In the northern city of Tripoli, protesters lobbed fireworks and stones at soldiers who pushed them back with rubber bullets. In the southern city of Sidon, demonstrators set a central bank building ablaze with petrol bombs for a second night.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 52], "content_span": [53, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0100-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2020 protests, April protests\nAfter a series of protests that turned into violence, the government of Lebanon on 30 April, approved the long-awaited plan to save the country's economy from the brink of collapse. Prime Minister Hassan Diab maintained that the Lebanese government intends to use the plan in applying for an IMF programme that would facilitate the revival of the economy which is projected to be in crisis for the next five years. Following minor amendments, the approval of the plan was unanimously agreed by the government during the cabinet meeting at the presidential palace in Baabda, according to SBS. However, Diab assured that the plan is subject to the option of having minor changes to it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 52], "content_span": [53, 736]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0101-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2020 protests, May protests\nProtesters in Lebanon on 1 May, rejected the government's rescue plan which was announced on Thursday, as hundreds of protesters gathered outside the Central bank in Beirut and across the country. The protesters condemned the government's approach towards tackling the economic crisis which plummeted their local currency, leading to inflation and increased prices of goods. Outside a private bank, struggles reportedly erupted between security forces and protesters, as at least one protester was sighted being stroked and taken away by security forces, according to Daily Sabah.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 50], "content_span": [51, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0102-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2020 protests, May protests\nLebanese banks have also shown their lack of support for the government to seek help from the IMF, claiming their counsel wasn't asked for. The banking association of Lebanon urged for the rejection of the plan by members of parliament, maintaining that it does not need to be passed, as it infringes on private property rights. They added that the plan has no specific time for implementation, also lacking the ability to proffer solutions to the high rate of inflation, possibly leading to hyperinflation. However, it is believed that the IMF may possibly confer with the Lebanese banks on the rescue plan before proceeding further, according to Arab News.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 50], "content_span": [51, 709]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0103-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2020 protests, May protests\nThe United Nations on 8 May 2020, reported that the journalists covering popular demonstrations in Lebanon are at the highest risk of contracting COVID-19, as many of those protesting do not abide by the safety measures advised for preventing the spread of the novel virus. The issue was first addressed by Joyce Akiki, a prominent Lebanon-based reporter for MTV channel in her velfie (or a video selfie).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 50], "content_span": [51, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0104-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2020 protests, May protests\nOn 14 May, the director of cash operations for the Lebanese central bank, Mazen Hamdan was arrested based on the suspicion of being involved in currency manipulation. The order for the director's arrest was issued by A Lebanese financial prosecutor, Ali Ibrahim. Although the prosecutor's office is yet to release a statement, security sources have confirmed that Hamdan is being held in detention while awaiting an investigation, according to Reuters. Following the arrest of Mazen Hamdan, Lebanon's Prime Minister Hassan Diab demanded for the allegations regarding the Lebanese pound to be looked into further, maintaining that the people of Lebanon are entitled to an explanation as to why the exchange rate has plummeted, Daily Sabah added.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 50], "content_span": [51, 795]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0105-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2020 protests, June protests\nOn 2 June, protesters in Lebanon took to social media to share preventive measures with protesters who gathered in several cities across the United States, over the death of George Floyd, an unarmed black man in Minneapolis, Minnesota. The Lebanese protesters further provided the US protesters with a list of items to carry along while demonstrating, as well as how to prevent themselves from the excessive use of force by security forces. The hashtag #Americarevolts in Arabic language which trended on Twitter was used by several protesters in Lebanon as a sign of solidarity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 51], "content_span": [52, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0106-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2020 protests, June protests\nOn 4 June, In anticipation of the intended protest scheduled for Saturday by the civil movement, the period of general mobilization in Lebanon was extended to 5 July by the Lebanese Council of Ministers. The Lebanese aren't denied their right to protest, so far as they wear protective gear, avoid shutting down roads, starting violence with security forces, or destroying properties, the minister of Information Abdel-Samad stated. He added that the decision regarding the extension was reached in line with the recommendation of the Higher Defense Council. Prime minister Hassan Diab, despite his support for peaceful protests, expressed his fears and cautioned the people of Lebanon against taking advantage of the situation by turning it into violence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 51], "content_span": [52, 808]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0107-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2020 protests, June protests\nOn 6 June, several protesters returned to the streets for the first time since the COVID-19 lockdown was put in place. The protests reportedly turned violent when some anti-government protesters and supporters of the Iran-backed Shiite Hezbollah movement began to throw stones at each other, according to DW. As the thousands of protesters gathered in Beirut's Martyrs' Square clashed, the army was forced to intervene and stand in between the two groups. According to a statement by the Lebanese Red Cross on Twitter, 37 people were injured during the violence that erupted, with the majority of the victims treated at the scene.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 51], "content_span": [52, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0108-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2020 protests, June protests\nOn 11 June, fresh violence erupted in Lebanon's capital Beirut, after the Lebanese pound significantly depreciated against the US dollars as angry protesters took to the streets. Several roads were shut down across Lebanon by anti-government protesters, consequently clashing with security forces who used tear gas to disperse the crowd. According to CNN, protests also reportedly broke out in southern cities of Saida and Nabatieh, as well as the northern city of Tripoli, where demonstrators threw Molotov cocktails and stones at the city's central bank building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 51], "content_span": [52, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0108-0001", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2020 protests, June protests\nFollowing the series of heavy clashes that rocked Lebanon on Thursday, Prime Minister Hassan Diab called for an emergency cabinet meeting on Friday, in an attempt to discuss solutions to the country's financial crisis. BBC reported that President Michel Aoun disclosed that the central bank is expected to start injecting US dollars into the market, so as to stabilize the plummeted exchange rate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 51], "content_span": [52, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0109-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2020 protests, June protests\nOn 12 June, the demonstration which started late Thursday evening, entered its second night, with security forces firing rubber bullets and tear gas after clashing with protesters in Beirut and northern Lebanon's Tripoli. Many public properties, shops, were destroyed by the protesters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 51], "content_span": [52, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0110-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2020 protests, June protests\nOn 13 June, some Lebanese protesters in Beirut's Martyrs' Square were sighted wearing black with their faces colored in white, while moving around with a coffin covered with the Lebanese. As the protests in the capital and other cities across Lebanon reached its third consecutive day, hundreds of demonstrators rallied through the streets of Lebanon demanding for the Diab's government to quit. After 100 days in power, the government led by prime minister Hassan Diab was considered inadequate to alleviate the economic crisis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 51], "content_span": [52, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0111-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2020 protests, June protests\nOn 18 June, Henri Chaoul, a top advisor for Lebanon's Minister of Finance in the International Monetary Fund negotiations resigned. Chaoul's publicly posted resignation directly placed blame on the government and ruling elite stating \"Whilst the IMF has confirmed the quantum of these losses, the establishment (the political class, the monetary authorities, and the financial sector as a whole has opted to dismiss the magnitude of these losses that impose themselves as an incontestable reality and has embarked on a populist agenda\". During the day, protesters blocked the main highway in Jounieh connecting the city to Beirut.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 51], "content_span": [52, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0111-0001", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2020 protests, June protests\nClashes and violence between protesters and security forces occurred over the arrest of activist Michel Chamoun after he had criticized president Michel Aoun on social media. This comes a few days after a new order allowed the right to sue people who insulted the presidency on social media. Violence erupted as Chamoun was being transported from the serail in Jounieh to another detention center. One Internal Security Forces officer was injured in the clashes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 51], "content_span": [52, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0112-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2020 protests, June protests\nOn 22 June, a female activist, Kinda El-Khatib, was charged with the crime of \"dealing with the enemy [Israel]\" and visiting occupied Palestinian territories, after she was taken from her home in Akkar on 18 June.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 51], "content_span": [52, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0113-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2020 protests, June protests\nOn 25 June, protests erupted across Lebanon amidst deteriorating economic conditions in the country, with several protesters shutting down various roads in Lebanon. Several demonstrators reportedly gathered at the Palace of Justice in Beirut, calling for the immediate release of protesters who were detained earlier this week on the allegations of destruction of properties. According to Al Jazeera, the Lebanese pound on Thursday plummeted to a new rate of more than 7,000 to a dollar on the black market. Following the protests that erupted, President Michel Aoun on Thursday held a national meeting with Lebanon's top politicians, in fear of further escalation of the protests into a civil war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 51], "content_span": [52, 750]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0114-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2020 protests, June protests\nDuring a television interview with Al Manar on 28 June, Lebanon's Interior Minister, Mohamed Fahmi, acknowledged killing two people during the 15-year civil war in Lebanon. Fahmi claimed that he was protected by the current President Michel Aoun who was then a senior officer in the army. He also revealed that an incident occurred with the two people he killed, who were part of a very powerful group. The interview with the minister has raised doubts regarding the relationship between Prime Minister Hassan Diab's assumed technocratic government and the current political elite comprising the likes of President Aoun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 51], "content_span": [52, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0115-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2020 protests, June protests\nOn 29 June, two weeks after Henri Chaoul's resignation, the Finance Ministry Director-General and negotiator with the IMF, Alain Bifani, submitted his resignation. At a press conference, Bifani cited the reasons for resigning were that negotiations were at a \"dead end\" and that the risk level has reached a point where he could no longer stay silent. Bifani continued, \"We waited a long time for a chance to achieve serious change and we tried to anticipate what we have reached today.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 51], "content_span": [52, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0115-0001", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2020 protests, June protests\nWe struggled to avoid the worst, but the forces of darkness and tyranny came together to impede what we did\". In a phone call interview with France 24, Bifani blamed the elite interest groups for allowing negotiations to reach a dead-end stating \u201cThis is one of the very few cases when the IMF is seen on the side of social justice against political elites in cahoots with private interests, banks, and big depositors \u2013 the few who have over $10 million each [in bank deposits] and don\u2019t want to contribute to a fair solution.\u201d", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 51], "content_span": [52, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0115-0002", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2020 protests, June protests\nAn investigation was launched by Lebanon's security forces into a claimed missile attack that was supposedly fired close to former Prime Minister Saad al-Hariri's convoy on 17 June. A missile reportedly went off 500 metres away from the ex-prime minister's convoy while he was visiting the eastern Bekaa Valley. To note, the report was first published by a foreign news station, the Saudi-owned TV station Al-Hadath, and there is no other reference of the attack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 51], "content_span": [52, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0116-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2020 protests, July protests\nOn 3 July, with the continuing collapse of the Lebanese economy and hardship, two men were believed to have killed themselves in Lebanon, according to the Daily Star. A note, a Lebanese flag and a copy of spotless criminal record were discovered on the busy street in Beirut where the first victim, a 61-year-old man from the eastern region of Hermel shot himself. As security workers were taking away the body in a white coffin and clearing the scene, his relative blamed the government for the hard times that brought about the suicide of the victim. However, the second body, a man said to be a driver, was discovered by security forces at his residence near Saida, in southern Lebanon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 51], "content_span": [52, 741]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0117-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2020 protests, July protests\nOn 6 July, following the deepening economic crisis and regular power shortages in Lebanon, protesters took to the streets on Monday, shutting down roads and burning tires in the capital Beirut. In the Sanayeh area of Beirut, protests were also held by drivers outside the headquarters of the Interior Ministry, as they demanded for reduction of fuel prices and other charges. According to Arab News, security forces detained the Lebanese activist Pierre Hashash, further beating up two others among the protesters who came out to demonstrate against the detention of Hashash.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 51], "content_span": [52, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0118-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2020 protests, July protests\nOn 10 July, several Lebanese protesters alongside supporters of the Hezbollah group gathered outside the US embassy in Awkar, to protest against Washington's involvement in Lebanon, as well as express support for the Hezbollah group. The protesters threw stones at the security forces outside the embassy and made attempts to remove the barbed wire which was standing between them and the security forces. They also set American flags ablaze and ridiculed the US dollar bills, describing the US as supporters of terrorism. However, the riot police managed to quell the protest by leading the gathering away from the US embassy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 51], "content_span": [52, 679]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0119-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2020 protests, August protests\nOn 3 August, Lebanon's Foreign Minister Nassif Hitti reportedly tendered his resignation to the Prime Minister Hassan Diab, describing his fear of the country turning into a failed state due to the government's inability to enact reforms. The appointment of a new minister or caretaker has not been made yet, pending the acceptance of his resignation. According to VOA News, after the previous visit of the French Foreign Minister Jean-Yves Le Drian to the capital Beirut, he was criticized by Prime Minister Hassan Diab, which Hitti found to be disappointing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 53], "content_span": [54, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0119-0001", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2020 protests, August protests\nThe Lebanese Foreign Minister also maintained that Diab's government had not expedited carrying out the reforms that International donors required. However, it is believed that Diab accepted the minister's resignation instantly and has already begun evaluating alternatives for a suitable replacement, his office stated according to France 24. Later in the afternoon on Monday, it was reported that President Michel Aoun's diplomatic adviser Charbel Wahbi, had been named as Hitti's successor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 53], "content_span": [54, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0120-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2020 protests, August protests\nOn 4 August, dozens of Lebanese protesters attempted to force their way into the energy ministry's headquarters in Beirut, following power outages that left several areas in darkness. Security forces with batons managed to break up the crowd which had already made it past a barbed-wire fence. The protesters wanted to prepare a sit-in at the energy ministry, as one protester maintained that they will not vacate the premises until electricity is made available.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 53], "content_span": [54, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0121-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2020 protests, August protests, Beirut explosion protests\nOn the night of 6 August 2020, protests against the government resumed, following the explosion in Beirut two days prior that killed 207 people and wounded more than 6,000. The protesters gathered near the parliament building calling for the resignation of Lebanese government officials. The health ministry disclosed that despite search and rescue experts taking over the search for remaining survivors, at least 21 people were still missing. The protests turned violent, with officers using tear gas, and several people were wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 80], "content_span": [81, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0121-0001", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2020 protests, August protests, Beirut explosion protests\n17 ambulances were dispatched by the Lebanese Red Cross to the protest site in order to assist those who were wounded. That same day, Emmanuel Macron arrived in Beirut. He was the first foreign head of state to do so since the blast. He promised France would donate to relief efforts and urged Lebanon's leaders to implement reforms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 80], "content_span": [81, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0122-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2020 protests, August protests, Beirut explosion protests\nMore than 60,000 signed a petition to reintegrate Lebanon as a French colony for 10 years, but Macron rejected the idea and told the Lebanese people that it was up to them to fix their country.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 80], "content_span": [81, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0123-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2020 protests, August protests, Beirut explosion protests\nOn 8 August 2020, thousands of protesters stormed the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Bustros Palace) during demonstrations. Security forces opened fire and clashed with the protesters, wounding more than 238 people, sixty-three of whom were taken to hospital; Saudi news channel Al-Hadath confirmed that a policeman was killed in an accident. Protesters also broke into the Ministry of Economy, Ministry of Environment, Ministry of Energy, and Association of Banks. They also broke into the offices of the ministries of housing and transport, the US News added.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 80], "content_span": [81, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0123-0001", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2020 protests, August protests, Beirut explosion protests\nA Human Rights Watch investigation documented security forces employing metal pellets in multiple instances against protesters in the August 8 demonstration. All security forces have rejected the claims. In response to the protests and calls for the termination of his government, Prime Minister Diab promised to hold early elections, maintaining that his government would stay for two months until major parties can make a decision.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 80], "content_span": [81, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0124-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2020 protests, August protests, Beirut explosion protests\nOn 9 August, as the protests entered their second day, the fire reportedly broke out at the entrance of the parliament square, when angry protesters attempted breaking into the building. The broadcast was shown live on Lebanese TV, with security forces using tear gas to disperse hundreds of anti-government protesters gathered outside the building. By Sunday, three ministers stepped down following the explosion. The Lebanese Information Minister Manal Abdel Samad described Diab's government as a failure in terms of meeting the demands of the people of Lebanon. Also, Environment Minister Damianos Kattar lamented that the regime is incompetent and has missed chances for ensuring reforms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 80], "content_span": [81, 774]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0125-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2020 protests, August protests, Beirut explosion protests\nOn 11 August, findings by Amnesty International suggested that Lebanese security forces had applied unlawful use of force against protesters, during protests after the explosion in Beirut. Medical documents also showed evidence that protesters were targeted with live rounds and rubber bullets. Medics were also reportedly attacked on the scene, as they were attending to the wounded during the clash.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 80], "content_span": [81, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0126-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2020 protests, August protests, Beirut explosion protests\nOn 26 August, Human Rights Watch revealed that excessive use of force and live ammunition was applied against anti-government protesters by Lebanese security forces during demonstrations that took place after the Beirut explosion. They also added that some protesters were aimed at directly with tear gas, hitting some in the neck and head. Following these findings, HRW called for an independent investigation into the misconduct carried out by the Lebanese security forces. Lebanese security forces fired metal pellets at least two Lebanese protesters in early September, adding to a growing suspicion that police are employing previously unused tactics that impose serious and possibly deadly injuries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 80], "content_span": [81, 786]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0127-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2020 protests, August protests, Beirut explosion protests\nAs Lebanon turned 100 years old on September 1, 2020, riled protesters gathered to demand justice for those impacted by the port blast. They flung rocks and attempted to mount over the walls around Lebanon's heavily guarded Parliament in Beirut as law enforcement agents successfully shot tear gas and rubber bullets in order to scatter the crowd. The protest was the first significant rally since August 8, which left thousands of anti-government protesters injured as they were met with tear gas, rubber bullets, and live ammunition from security forces. During the protests, at least two protesters were said to have been injured as a result of metal pellets used by the Lebanese security forces, according to Al Jazeera.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 80], "content_span": [81, 805]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0128-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2020 protests, August protests, Beirut explosion protests\nOn 3 September, 30 days after the devastating Beirut explosion, a rescue dog reportedly smelled something that the Chilean rescue thought might possibly be a heartbeat. A piece of equipment was deployed which was said to have picked up a pulse of 18 to 19 beats per minute, though rescuers say that despite the possibility of the pulse meaning someone is alive or in a coma, it could also be just an object producing a signal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 80], "content_span": [81, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0128-0001", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2020 protests, August protests, Beirut explosion protests\nRescue teams dug through the rubble for hours, but unfortunately, they had to temporarily suspend the operation due to the fear that the building could collapse. Separately, the army revealed that four containers with 4.3 tonnes of ammonium nitrate were discovered outside Beirut's seaport, according to the BBC. The military disclosed that army experts had been invited in order to carry out an inspection of the containers with the dangerous chemical. However, the details of the owners or source of the chemicals was not disclosed, the Times of Israel added.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 80], "content_span": [81, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0129-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2020 protests, August protests, Beirut explosion protests\nOn 10 September, a huge fire reportedly broke out at Beirut's port which was believed to have originated from a warehouse where oil and tires were kept, the Lebanese army disclosed. The cause of the fire was not yet confirmed, CNN added. Although the fire was not yet extinguished, it was brought under control by the Lebanese civil defense fighters, with no casualties reported. However, the head of Lebanon's Red Cross George Kettaneh, stated that some people were experiencing shortness of breath.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 80], "content_span": [81, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0130-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2020 protests, August protests, Beirut explosion protests\nOn 12 September, the Lebanese Army reportedly clashed with anti-government protesters near the presidential palace in the suburb of Baabda. In an attempt to break up the gathering of protesters, the Lebanese soldiers were said to have fired rubber bullets and live rounds in the air, in order to prevent the protesters from reaching the presidential palace. The protesters criticized the lack of accountability by the authorities to look into the August 4 explosion that devastated the capital, as some of them held up black versions of the Lebanese flag as a sign of mourning those killed in the blast. Anti -government protesters were also reported to have clashed with rival protesters backing President Michel Aoun, Arab News added. Several Lebanese soldiers were said to have been wounded as a result of stones and tree branches thrown at them by some protesters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 80], "content_span": [81, 949]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0131-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2020 protests, August protests, Beirut explosion protests\nOn 15 September, following Beirut's August 4 explosion, a third fire erupted again in a Zaha Hadid-designed shopping centre in Beirut. Firefighters were able to bring the situation under control, as they managed to extinguish the flames, according to the Lebanese Civil Defense. The cause of the fire is yet to be determined, Al Jazeera added. So far, no casualties have been reported during the incident.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 80], "content_span": [81, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0132-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2020 protests, August protests, Beirut explosion protests\nOn 27 September 2020, Gebran Bassil's party said he was infected with a \u201cmild\u201d case of COVID-19 as cases continued to surge throughout Lebanon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 80], "content_span": [81, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0133-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2020 protests, August protests, Beirut explosion protests\nOn 9 October 2020, a fuel tanker exploded, leaving at least four people dead and twenty injured. The blast occurred after the tank caught fire in the Tariq-al-Jdide district.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 80], "content_span": [81, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0134-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2020 protests, August protests, Beirut explosion protests\nOn 1 February 2021, fresh evidence revealed by Amnesty International suggested that the Lebanese security forces applied unlawful use of force and excessive tear gas to disperse protesters during the 2020 Beirut explosion protests in Lebanon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 80], "content_span": [81, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0135-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2020 protests, August protests, Resignations\nAs of August 10 Lebanon's Prime Minister Hassan Diab and his cabinet resigned, and became interim prime minister until a new government is formed. Diab made the announcement while he was delivering a speech on Monday evening, blaming the country's ruling class for hindering reform plans. Following his speech, he proceeded to the presidential palace where President Michel Aoun approved the resignation of his cabinet. Despite the stepping down of Diab's government, Lebanese protesters have maintained that they would still not stop the demonstrations, VOA News reported.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 67], "content_span": [68, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0136-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2020 protests, August protests, Resignations\nOn 31 August, Mustapha Adib, Lebanon's ambassador to Germany since 2013 was named as the new Prime Minister of Lebanon. His nomination came just the same day as the French President Emmanuel Macron's second planned visit to Lebanon within a month, to discuss various needs for reform. According to Lebanon's sectarian-based power-sharing system, Adib being a Sunni Muslim, makes him qualified to become Lebanon's PM. Adib's name was said to have emerged following a meeting between an influential group of previous PMs of Lebanon on Sunday, according to Al Jazeera.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 67], "content_span": [68, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0137-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2020 protests, August protests, Resignations\nAfter Mustapha Adib's nomination as new Prime Minister-designate, he urged for the formation of a new government and the implementation of immediate reforms, in order to reach an understanding with the IMF. The 48-year-old little-known diplomat was able to acquire 90 votes out of the 128-member parliament of legislators. 17 MPs were said to have voted for other candidates, with about a dozen other MPs either failing to be present or voting for no one, Al Jazeera added.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 67], "content_span": [68, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0138-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2020 protests, August protests, Resignations\nOn Monday also, French President Emmanuel Macron visited Lebanon for the second time since the August 4 explosion which destroyed almost half of Beirut. Upon Macron's arrival at the Beirut International airport, he urged for the immediate establishment of a new cabinet. According to Macron, after his meeting with Lebanese leaders on Tuesday, they vowed to set up a new government within two weeks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 67], "content_span": [68, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0139-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2020 protests, August protests, Resignations\nOn 26 September, Mustapha Adib stepped down after failing to form a cabinet. His decision to step aside came after conducting a meeting with President Michel Aoun. Despite Adib's resignation, President Aoun has maintained that he remains obligated to ensure that Macron's initiative is still on course. According to DW, Adib particularly encountered a deadlock while nominating who would occupy the position of Finance Minister, as Lebanon's main Shiite groups, Hezbollah and Amal, both want to keep the position.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 67], "content_span": [68, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0140-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2020 protests, August protests, Resignations\nFollowing Mustapha Adib's resignation, French President Emmanuel Macron on 27 September, blamed Lebanon's leaders for being unable to establish a new government and described their failure as a betrayal. He added that he was embarrassed with the Lebanese political leaders during his news conference in Paris, stating that they had no regard for the commitments dedicated to France and the entire international community. He has also issued a warning to the Shiite group Hezbollah, which was held responsible for delaying the process of forming a new government, saying that the Iran-backed movement should not overestimate its powers. While ruling out the establishment of sanctions, the French President said he would allocate another four to six more weeks for Lebanon's political class to implement France's plans for economic and political reform.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 67], "content_span": [68, 920]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0141-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2020 protests, October protests\nOn 17 October 2020, protesters gathered in Beirut and across Lebanon to celebrate the revolution's first anniversary. Roads were blocked as well as many gatherings amid the COVID-19 pandemic. The protesters waved the Lebanese flags, as they gathered in the epicenter of last year's rallies, Martyrs\u2019 Square. Also, dozens of protesters were said to have marched past the central bank, including the parliament building, after which they gathered near the port that was destroyed in the August 4 explosion. Despite arguing to proceed with the revolutionary movement, the Lebanese protesters have demanded President Michel Aoun step aside. However, during Aoun's address to the public, he maintained that he was not going to step down, and promised to see to the creation of a new cabinet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 54], "content_span": [55, 841]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0142-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2020 protests, October protests\nOn 19 October 2020, the General Director of the General Directorate of General Security Abbas Ibrahim tested positive for COVID-19 while in the United States. The Wall Street Journal reported that he had met national security adviser Robert C. O'Brien at the White House the week before to discuss American citizens held in Syria. The General Directorate of General Security said in a tweet that he was in good health. On 23 October 2020, he returned to Beirut.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 54], "content_span": [55, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0143-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2020 protests, October protests\nOn 22 October, Hariri was appointed Lebanon's Prime Minister. His appointment came after gaining the support of the majority of members of the parliament who met with President Aoun on Thursday, Reuters reported.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 54], "content_span": [55, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0144-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2020 protests, December\nMass student protests hit Lebanon as university students were angry about tuition payments and student loan and tuition hikes. They lit fires and came in their thousands in Beirut and a sea of flags was seen. Riot police clashed with protesters demanding the end of the government. Soon, they fired tear gas and water cannon as protesters threw eggs and stones. Arrests were made and stone throwing ended. Peaceful demonstrations continued after the clashes. There are no immediate reports of casualties in the unrest so far, according to Al Jazeera.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 46], "content_span": [47, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0145-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2021 protests, January protests\nOn 25 January, following the extension of a nationwide total lockdown by two weeks by the Lebanese authorities to curb the rising number of COVID-19 cases, angry protesters took to the streets, which led to heavy clashes with security forces. In Lebanon's northern city of Tripoli, eight people were reportedly wounded during the clashes, including three members of the Internal Security Forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 54], "content_span": [55, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0146-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2021 protests, January protests\nOn 26 January, as the anti-lockdown protests entered their second night, protesters threw rocks and broken glasses at army personnel, who responded with rubber bullets and tear gas. Tripoli's main square was shut down by the demonstrators, a military vehicle was also set ablaze, as well as targeting government buildings. According to the Lebanese Red Cross, the number of wounded people in Tripoli had reached at least 45 people, during the overnight clashes between the security forces and angry protesters. On Tuesday, the daily recorded number of COVID-19 deaths in Lebanon was said to have hit a new record with the number reaching 73, according to the ABC News.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 54], "content_span": [55, 723]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0147-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2021 protests, January protests\nOn 27 January, the Lebanese caretaker Prime Minister Hassan Diab called on the protesters to engage in peaceful demonstrations and avoid the destruction of government facilities, as well as clashing with security forces. According to Al Jazeera, protesters rallied for their third consecutive night in Tripoli as it turned into riots. Police accordingly fired Live ammunition to disperse protesters. Many people were left wounded in the clashes. Reports have shown that one protester Omar Tayba, 29, was killed as a result of a bullet wound, making him the first fatality of the anti-lockdown protests.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 54], "content_span": [55, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0148-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2021 protests, January protests\nOn 28 January, following the death of one protester in the northern city of Tripoli, protesters returned to the city's main square, despite a 24-hour curfew being imposed by the Lebanese authorities in an attempt to tackle the rise in COVID-19 fatalities. So far, the number of injured people were said to have reached at least 220 people, alongside 26 police officers, according to Deutsche Welle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 54], "content_span": [55, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0149-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2021 protests, January protests\nOn 31 January, according to the United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF), at least 70 children were wounded in Lebanon's northern city of Tripoli since the beginning of anti-lockdown protests last week. The organization called on the Lebanese security forces, including the protesters, to make sure that children are protected, by preventing their participation in all acts of violence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 54], "content_span": [55, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0150-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2021 protests, March 2021\nOn 2 March 2021, the Lebanese pound hit a new record against the dollar at L.L.10.000 to one dollar. Some areas in Lebanon have been reported to be experiencing power cuts for more than 12 hours a day because of the delay in the provision of fuel shipments, which has been caused by a shortage of hard currency. During the protests, protesters burnt tires and shut down several roads. Northern Tripoli\u2019s Abdul Hamid Karami Square was also closed by protesters, including Zahle Square in central Lebanon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 48], "content_span": [49, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0151-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2021 protests, March 2021\nOn 4 March, protesters returned to the streets, criticizing their leaders for being unable to create a new government. Protesters in Furn al-Shebak and Jal el Dib blocked main roads connecting Beirut to other cities by burning tires.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 48], "content_span": [49, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0152-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2021 protests, March 2021\nOn 6 March, caretaker Prime Minister Hassan Diab threatened to stop performing his duties in an attempt to mount pressure on the Lebanese politicians to establish a new government. He also called on them to set aside their differences and create a new government, in order to prevent the country from rapidly escalating into more violence. On the same day, a small gathering of protesters were reported to have gathered outside the central bank in Beirut, requesting for their deposits to be made accessible. Subsequently, the protesters were said to have walked to the parliament building to express their agitations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 48], "content_span": [49, 667]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0153-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2021 protests, March 2021\nOn 8 March, protesters continued to burn tires to shut down main roads, managing to shut down roads from Jal el-Dib, al-Dawra, and Zouk, to Beirut. Amnesty International called on the Lebanese authorities to immediately cease charging protesters and activists with terrorism-related accusations. Furthermore, Lebanon's Attorney General Judge Ghassan Oweidat instructed the country's top security forces and officials, including the Internal Security Forces (ISF) to go after perpetrators behind illicit foreign currency speculation and alteration with the Lebanese currency.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 48], "content_span": [49, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0154-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2021 protests, March 2021\nOn Monday also, following several days of protests and road blockades in the streets of Lebanon, President Michel Aoun called on security forces to clear out the roadblocks set up by protesters. On the other hand, the Lebanese army chief General Joseph Aoun has emphasized the right to peaceful protest, as he cautioned the military personnel to avoid being dragged into the country's political stalemate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 48], "content_span": [49, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0155-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2021 protests, March 2021\nOn 10 March, following calls made by President Aoun to clear out obstructions, the Lebanese army disclosed that they had commenced the clearing out of the roadblocks which had been set up for several days by the Lebanese protesters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 48], "content_span": [49, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0156-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2021 protests, March 2021\nOn March 12, more than 1000 protesters started from the Interior Ministry in Hamra and headed towards the Parliament. This protest was considered as the largest in weeks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 48], "content_span": [49, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0157-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2021 protests, March 2021\nOn 13 March, the Lebanese currency reportedly hit a new record slide amid weeks of protests, with a black market rate of 12,500 pounds to the U.S. dollar. Following the currency's decline, stores were said to have suspended selling goods, while businesses decided to shut down their doors, according to Arab News. A small group of protesters gathered near the parliament building in the afternoon, hurling stones at security forces who responded with tear gas, in an attempt to break up the crowd. Some demonstrators also attempted to force their way in by trying to penetrate a metal gate connecting to the legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 48], "content_span": [49, 669]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0158-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2021 protests, March 2021\nAfter the anger among the Lebanese, President Michel Aoun and Prime minister-designate Saad Hariri held immediate talks in the presidential palace. After that, on March 17, the President told Hariri that he should form a government immediately and that if he's unable to do so \"he should make way for those who are\". Aoun also maintained that inaction was no longer a choice for the PM-designate Hariri, as he must choose between stepping down or forming a government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 48], "content_span": [49, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0159-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2021 protests, March 2021\nOn March 20, on the eve of Mother's Day, a group of women protested and went from Bechara Al Khoury towards Beirut and the port shouting and crying due to the crisis in the country.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 48], "content_span": [49, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0160-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2021 protests, March 2021\nOn March 22, and after several meetings between Prime Minister-designate Saad Hariri and President Aoun, Hariri said that the demands of the President were \"unacceptable\", therefore Lebanon witnessed a failure to form a new government which will worsen the crisis. According to Hariri, President Aoun presented him with a line-up granting his team a third of all cabinet seats, which would enable them to have veto power over decision making in the Lebanese government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 48], "content_span": [49, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0160-0001", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2021 protests, March 2021\nHarir was said to have been criticized by Aoun for disclosing his proposed government with the media, because the distribution of the ministries was unjust which was his reason for not agreeing to the line-up, according to Al Jazeera. After the meeting which only lasted for just 35 minutes, another date for a new meeting between Hariri and Aoun could not be confirmed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 48], "content_span": [49, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0161-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2021 protests, March 2021\nOn 23 March, central streets in Beirut were closed by protesters, following the outcome of the political meeting between the Lebanese prime minister-designate Saad Hariri and President Michel Aoun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 48], "content_span": [49, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0162-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2021 protests, March 2021\nOn March 28, the Lebanese Communist Party arranged a protest in the capital Beirut amid a worsening economic and living situation in Lebanon. Despite tight security, the protesters gathered in front of the Central Bank, then moved to the Government Palace while holding banners demanding various basic social amenities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 48], "content_span": [49, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0163-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2021 protests, March 2021\nOn March 29, the parliament approved $200 million in emergency funding to avoid the national power cut that might hit the country by the end of March. Former energy minister and member of parliament, Cesar Abi Khalil maintained that it is expected to make electricity sufficient for about two months.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 48], "content_span": [49, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0164-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2021 protests, March 2021\nOn March 30, families of students studying abroad protested against Lebanese banks and tried to raid a closed bank while staff worked inside. Their protest was because their children were expelled from their universities because the parents couldn't send them money due to the rise of the exchange rate of the dollar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 48], "content_span": [49, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0165-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2021 protests, March 2021\nSeparately, a report by Human Rights Watch (HRW) suggested that during the lockdown and worsening economy protests in Lebanon's Tripoli, demonstrators were allegedly tortured by the Lebanese military intelligence. Apart from the torture of detainees, the HRW also added that others were forcefully abducted by the military.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 48], "content_span": [49, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0166-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2021 protests, April 2021\nIn April 2021, The US undersecretary of state for political affairs, David Hale, visited Lebanon and met President Michel Aoun. After the meeting, Hale issued a warning against \u201cthose who continue to obstruct progress on the reform agenda.\u201d", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 48], "content_span": [49, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0167-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2021 protests, May 2021\nOn 14 May, Lebanese protesters reportedly gathered near the border fence with Israel in order to show support for Palestinians during its present conflict with Israel. As the angry demonstrators were trying to cross the border fence, a Lebanese protester was said to have been shot and killed as a result of shelling by Israeli security forces. According to Al-Monitor, two other Lebanese protesters were also wounded. President Michel Aoun criticized the use of force applied by the Israeli forces when they started firing at the group of protesters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 46], "content_span": [47, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0168-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2021 protests, June 2021\nOn 21 June, protesters took to the streets, following newly adopted measures to tackle fuel smuggling into Syria. The protesters burnt tires and metal bars, shutting down a highway linking Lebanon and Syria, Alarabiya news reported. Security forces were said to have stopped gasoline smugglers from driving through the legitimate crossing, which led to the blockage of the Masnaa crossing by the smugglers. In Lebanon\u2019s eastern Bekaa region, the customs authorities stated that it would impose the use of permits for vehicles going into Syria, in an attempt to curb fuel smuggling. However, the protesters blocking the highway are urging for the permit to either be binding on everyone going to Syria or canceled completely.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 47], "content_span": [48, 772]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0169-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2021 protests, June 2021\nOn 26 June, protesters clashed with security forces in Lebanon\u2019s Tripoli and other cities, as the Lebanese currency plunges to a record low. In Tripoli, several protesters were reportedly wounded during the clashes. The Lebanese army however maintained that 10 soldiers were wounded after protesters hurled stones at troops and also threw stun grenades at them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 47], "content_span": [48, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0170-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2021 protests, June 2021\nOn 28 June, several roads were shut down by the Lebanese protesters, ahead of the fuel prices hike that is expected to be announced by the energy ministry on 29 June.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 47], "content_span": [48, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0171-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2021 protests, June 2021\nOn 29 June, fuel prices were hiked by more than 35 percent by the Lebanese energy ministry, following the cutting down of subsidies last week. The delay by the Lebanese central bank in opening credit lines to fund fuel imports, was described by fuel importers as the reason behind the crisis, the Arab News added.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 47], "content_span": [48, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0172-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2021 protests, June 2021\nOn 30 June, the situation in the northern city of Tripoli worsened, with a child dying who was on oxygen, as a result of power cuts and shortage of diesel for the generators. Following the use of live ammunition, armored vehicles had to be deployed to the streets by the Lebanese Army, in order to restore calm to the city.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 47], "content_span": [48, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0173-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2021 protests, July 2021\nOn 9 July, protests were held in Lebanon\u2019s capital Beirut, as families of victims of the 2020 Beirut explosion mount pressure on parliament to punish officials. Prior to the protest, caretaker Interior Minister Mohammed Fahmi, denied a request by the judge investigating the explosion to question the head of the General Security Agency, Maj.-Gen. Abbas Ibrahim, according to the JPost. The protesters demanded the immunity of three legislators be lifted, in line with the request made by the judge looking into the blast at the Beirut port. The Lebanese army and parliamentary guards were said to have clashed with some of the families of victims who tried to force their way into the headquarters of Speaker Nabih Berri in Beirut.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 47], "content_span": [48, 780]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0174-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2021 protests, July 2021\nOn 15 July, Lebanon\u2019s Prime Minister-designate Saad Hariri, reportedly stepped aside, after a brief meeting the Lebanese President Michel Aoun at Baabda Palace, according to Al Jazeera. Hariri described his reason for stepping down due to failure to reach an agreement with Aoun after their 20-minute meeting. He also disclosed to reporters that President Aoun had rejected the cabinet selection he had submitted in less than 24 hours. Following the news of Hariri\u2019s resignation, some protesters, mostly Hariri\u2019s, were said to have shut down roads in the capital Beirut, including the burning of tires, as they denounced the worsening economic situation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 47], "content_span": [48, 702]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0175-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2021 protests, July 2021\nOn 25 July, Lebanese billionaire and former PM Najib Mikati received backing from Lebanese Sunni leaders to become Lebanon\u2019s prime minister-designate. Mikati also received support from Speaker Nabih Berri, Amal Movement, with Hezbollah\u2019s backing expected to follow.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 47], "content_span": [48, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0176-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2021 protests, July 2021\nOn 26 July, in an effort to appointing a new PM-designated, President Michel Aoun began discussions with the country\u2019s parliamentary bloc earlier in the morning, at the Baabda Palace. On Monday also, the Lebanese Tycoon Najib Mikati, was said to have met with the Lebanese President Michel Aoun, and he is also expected to gain a majority of support from the parliamentary bloc.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 47], "content_span": [48, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0177-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2021 protests, July 2021\nLater on Monday, Najib Mikati was confirmed by the Lebanese parliament as Lebanon\u2019s new prime minister-designate. During the parliamentary consultation with the Lebanese president, the two-time prime minister was said to have secured a majority of the votes from MPs. The US and France also welcomed the new appointment made by the Lebanese government, the Deutsche Welle added. Following Mikati\u2019s appointment, he urged for unity, in order to start reviving the country\u2019s crippling economy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 47], "content_span": [48, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0178-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2021 protests, August 2021\nOn 4 August, dozens of Lebanese rallied in the capital Beirut, to mark the first anniversary of the 2020 Beirut explosion. At least six people were reported to have been injured, as protesters clashed with security forces near the parliament. Just a day before the anniversary protests, Human Rights Watch (HRW), blamed the Lebanese authorities for hindering the investigation into the blast, according to the TRT World.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 49], "content_span": [50, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0179-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2021 protests, August 2021\nMeanwhile, during an international donor conference that was held on the first anniversary of the massive Beirut port explosion, French President Emmanuel Macron blamed Lebanese politicians for the economic woe in Lebanon. Macron also called for support, while pointing out that the COVID-19 pandemic has left the Lebanese people in a more dire condition, including the lack of medicines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 49], "content_span": [50, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0180-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2021 protests, August 2021\nOn 9 August, three men were killed in Lebanon, amid tensions over fuel shortages. According to a statement by the Lebanese army, one of the men was killed in northern Lebanon\u2019s Dinniyeh region during a dispute over fuel, while the two others were killed in Tripoli. In Tripoli, reports suggested that the dispute escalated to the extent of throwing a hand grenade, including the exchange of fire, Al Jazeera added.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 49], "content_span": [50, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0181-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2021 protests, August 2021\nOn 12 August, angry Lebanese protesters shut down roads across Lebanon, following the central bank\u2019s move to end fuel subsidies. One protester was seriously wounded in the southern village of Zahrani, after being run over by a motorist, according to ABC News.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 49], "content_span": [50, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0182-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2021 protests, August 2021\nOn 15 August, the Lebanese Red Cross revealed that a fuel tanker has exploded in northern Lebanon\u2019s Akkar, killing at least 20 people. At least 79 people were also wounded in the explosion which occurred early on Sunday, the Red Cross added. Reports from the National News Agency suggested that the explosion was a result of a fuel container blowing up, that was seized by the army. More than 200 people were believed to have been at the scene when the incident took place. According to Deutsche Welle, the Lebanese Health Minister Hamad Hassan has stated that the government would sponsor the medical treatment of those affected by the explosion. Also, Kuwait has offered to sponsor the treatment for the burn victims of the blast, the Kuwait Red Crescent Society (KRCS) stated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 49], "content_span": [50, 829]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0183-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2021 protests, September 2021\nOn 16 September, an arrest warrant was issued for the former public works minister Youssef Finianos, by the leading judge investigating the 2020 Beirut explosion. According to Al Jazeera, the warrant was issued after Finianos failed to show up for questioning. The leading judge Tarek Bitar also charged three former top government officials alongside Finianos, with endangerment, which saw to the deaths of over 200 people in the Beirut blast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 52], "content_span": [53, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0184-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, 2021 protests, September 2021\nMeanwhile, the EU has demanded the establishment of a resolution within the UN framework, to look into the devastating Beirut Port blast. During a vote, 571 out of 681 members of the European Parliament supported the resolution which is aimed at approving sanctions on Lebanese officials who were involved in corruption or were responsible for hindering the investigation into the blast. The EU also urged for humanitarian aid to be distributed directly to the people requiring assistance, considering the extreme mishandling of relief funds provided to Lebanon in the past.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 52], "content_span": [53, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0185-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, Killing of Alaa Abou Fakhr\nOn the evening of 12 November 2019, Alaa Abou Fakhr, a Lebanese national, was shot and killed in Khalde at the ensuing protests. Abou Fakhr's death appeared to have been unprovoked, as he was unarmed and attending the protest with his wife and child. The Lebanese Army released a statement saying that his death occurred as an accident after a soldier fired shots purely with the intent to clear a path for an army convoy and that the soldier had been referred to military court for a trial.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 49], "content_span": [50, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0185-0001", "contents": "17 October Revolution, Killing of Alaa Abou Fakhr\nHowever, during Abou Fakhr's funeral ceremony the next day, his wife, who was present with Abou Fakhr during his shooting, claimed that he was killed by Lebanese military intelligence. Abou Fakhr's death was the first to be caused by the Lebanese army. A video circulating on social media appeared to show a plainclothes man who drove a civilian automobile shooting Abou Fakhr at close range.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 49], "content_span": [50, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0186-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, Killing of Alaa Abou Fakhr\nAbou Fakhr was a member of the Municipal Committee of Choueifat as a representative of the Lebanese Progressive Socialist Party. Walid Jumblatt, the party's leader, appeared among protesters to call for calm after mounting animosity towards the Lebanese army, urging that \"the state is our only refuge or else we will descend into chaos\". Abou Fakhr's death triggered a substantial increase in protest activity, with reported clashes with army forces and additional roads being barricaded in protest. Tributes and candlelight vigils were held for Abou Fakhr across Lebanon and were attended by thousands of protesters, who came to perceive him as symbolizing a martyr for the revolutionary movement. Abou Fakhr's family received condolences from virtually every Lebanese political faction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 49], "content_span": [50, 839]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0187-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, Killing of Alaa Abou Fakhr\nOn 13 November 2019, the Lebanese Army announced that the suspected killer, First Adjutant Charbel Hjeil, had been referred to the military judiciary to await trial after the conclusion of the army's interrogation process. A massive funeral procession was held in the evening with tens of thousands of attendees, with Abou Fakhr's coffin carried throughout Beirut.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 49], "content_span": [50, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0188-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, Killing of Alaa Abou Fakhr\nOn 21 November 2019, the Lebanese Army announced that First Adjutant Charbel Hjeil was charged with the murder of Alaa Abou Fakhr. The Colonel on the scene, Nidal Daou, also received unspecified charges. Sources claimed that Daou and Abou Fakhr were acquainted prior to the murder, implying a personal motive. The investigation was then slated to continue on 25 November 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 49], "content_span": [50, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0189-0000", "contents": "17 October Revolution, Analysis and reactions\nIn contrast to the 2005 Cedar Revolution, in which support for the main sides of the political conflict were aligned with political parties and the Sunni\u2013Shiite Muslim sociological and religious divide in Lebanon, the 2015\u20132016 Lebanese protests started to include criticism of leaders within the anti-Hezbollah community. The 2019 protests bypassed this sociological divide further, as they were part of a genuine grassroots movement that has not been directed by any political party, cross-sectarian in a broader sense than those of 2015 and taking place across Lebanon, rather than only in Beirut.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 45], "content_span": [46, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016419-0189-0001", "contents": "17 October Revolution, Analysis and reactions\nThe protests are an existential threat to the Lebanese government and political elite and a revolution. The 2019 society-wide nature of the protests has its seed in the 2015\u20132016 protests. Although these protests were not conclusive and did not achieve their main goal of dismantling the political system as intended, they were beneficial on many levels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 45], "content_span": [46, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016420-0000-0000", "contents": "17 October affair\nThe 17 October affair on 17 October 1952 was a show of force event where elements of the Indonesian Army, led by Chief of Staff Abdul Haris Nasution and Armed Forces Commander Tahi Bonar Simatupang, surrounded the Merdeka Palace to demand President Sukarno disband the Provisional People's Representative Council.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016420-0001-0000", "contents": "17 October affair\nDue to tensions regarding potential army reorganization to conserve budgets, the Indonesian Army's high command came into dispute with the parliament in what it saw as excessive civilian meddling within military affairs. After a dismissal of a pro-government officer in July 1952, the parliament began demanding a significant restructuring of armed forces leadership, and after three months tensions culminated in thousands of demonstrators mobilized by the army in Jakarta. Sukarno managed to temper the demonstrators and assure the army officers, but refused to concede to any demands. Soon after the incident, a significant proportion of the army's high command was replaced, including Nasution and Simatupang.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 731]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016420-0002-0000", "contents": "17 October affair, Background\nDuring 1952, the newly independent Indonesian government faced a fiscal crisis due to a drop in government revenues and current account deficits as the economic boom due to the Korean War levelled out. Government officials under the Wilopo Cabinet began cutting down on expenses including civilian and military servicemen, which would include 60,000 soldiers being retired. Demobilization after the Indonesian National Revolution had been occurring in the past, but not many had been forcefully retired.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016420-0002-0001", "contents": "17 October affair, Background\nBeyond the demobilization, the Indonesian Army had also been undergoing a \"reorganization\" program involving many demotions or transfers of local military commanders, which was unpopular among them. This generally split the army into two factions: those who preferred reorganization and worked with the civilian administration's budget reduction programs, and the traditional military officers at risk of reorganization, including many officers trained by Japanese occupation forces prior to independence, under the PETA organization. This reorganization process had been coordinated by the Army's leadership, including Armed Forces Chief Tahi Bonar Simatupang and Army Chief of Staff Abdul Haris Nasution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 736]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016420-0003-0000", "contents": "17 October affair, Background\nFor 1952, three-quarters of the Army's budget was spent on salaries, limiting the number of purchasable equipment for renewal and even then the salary allocations were minimal. In mid-1952, the army reorganizers decided to begin a demobilization which would reduce 80,000 soldiers out of 200,000 at that time, to begin in late that year. While pensions would be provided, the plan was unpopular among many of the rank and file to be discharged, and among the traditional officers. These traditional officers had strong connections with President Sukarno's Indonesian National Party (PNI) and other opposition parties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016420-0003-0001", "contents": "17 October affair, Background\nSukarno himself had been opposed to many of the changes which occurred in the army, and had on occasion intervened on the personnel policy. Between June and July 1952, one Colonel Bambang Supeno, a distant relative of Sukarno's, began to gather support to petition for the removal of Nasution from army leadership. After a tense meeting of regional commanders and a letter from Supeno criticizing his superiors to the civilian government, he was removed from his post on 17 July. Supeno was one of the most senior army officers who had formulated an official military code of principles, and was a supporter of the \"traditional\" faction, espousing that the army should focus on local defense and the use of abundant manpower.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 755]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016420-0004-0000", "contents": "17 October affair, Background\nFollowing Supeno's dismissal, the parliament began issuing demands to restructure the Indonesian Army's leadership and the Ministry of Defense, in particular removing Simatupang and Nasution. The military leadership saw this as excessive civilian interference on defense affairs, and began holding meetings to discuss a countermove. The Wilopo Cabinet itself suffered from infighting regarding the demands, with the Indonesian Socialist Party and the Indonesian Christian Party threatening to withdraw from the government coalition should Defense Minister Hamengkubuwono IX be removed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016420-0004-0001", "contents": "17 October affair, Background\nOn 23 September, a motion of no-confidence on the defence ministry's policies by parliamentary defence section secretary Zainul Baharuddin, cosigned by the Murba Party and the Labour Party members, was submitted. On 10 October, a modified motion was submitted, in an attempt to draw the Indonesian National Party's support. Around that time, the highest-ranking army regional commanders had gathered in Jakarta for a meeting, including Maludin Simbolon, A. E. Kawilarang, and Gatot Subroto. The situation in early October was tense, with military guards posted to the parliament building. Baharuddin's motion was shot down on 15 October, and a more moderate motion that had been proposed by I. J. Kasimo of the Catholic Party two days earlier was instead approved by the government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 812]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016420-0005-0000", "contents": "17 October affair, Events\nIn the morning of 17 October 1952, thousands of demonstrators brought into Jakarta by army trucks arrived in front of the parliament building. The demonstrators demanded the dissolution of parliament, carrying placards with related messages. There were around 5,000 people by 8 AM, and they broke into the parliament building where they smashed chairs and damaged the cafeteria. The group was apparently organized by Colonel Moestopo, head of the army's dental service. The crowd moved across the city, growing in size as some bystanders joined in.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 25], "content_span": [26, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016420-0005-0001", "contents": "17 October affair, Events\nThe group collectively presented a petition to Vice President Mohammad Hatta, and in several occasions Dutch flags were taken off flagpoles and torn up. By the time they arrived in front of the Merdeka Palace, there were some 30,000 people in the crowd. Beyond the large crowd, the army also positioned several tanks and artillery pieces pointed at the presidential palace. The demonstrators remained in the front of the palace's fences. While this was ongoing, Nasution did not physically participate as he did not want to appear involved with the movement, and had instead invited UN Representative John Reid for lunch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 25], "content_span": [26, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016420-0006-0000", "contents": "17 October affair, Events\nShortly after the arrival of the crowd, President Sukarno walked out and addressed the crowd from the steps of the presidential palace, promising elections in the short term. Sukarno denied the demonstrators' request to dissolve parliament, however, stating that such actions would be dictatorial. This speech managed to largely calm down the demonstrators, and after the conclusion of his speech he received cheers and the crowd largely dispersed. Sometime past 10 AM, seventeen high-ranking officers including five of the seven army territorial commanders met the president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 25], "content_span": [26, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016420-0006-0001", "contents": "17 October affair, Events\nThe closed-door meeting lasted for an hour and a half, and also involved Hatta, Wilopo, Cabinet Secretary A.K. Pringgodigdo, and parliament speaker A. M. Tambunan. The army officers reportedly also demanded the president to dissolve parliament. According to historian Ruth McVey, the officers would have likely accepted a compromise whereas the parliament would remain but would no longer interfere with army leadership. Sukarno, however, refused to either dissolve parliament, to make public statements supporting the army, or to propose a compromise otherwise, and he sent away the officers after previously promising that he would satisfy all parties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 25], "content_span": [26, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016420-0007-0000", "contents": "17 October affair, Events\nOnce the officers had left the palace, still on 17 October, Sukarno spoke in a broadcast to appeal for calm. Telephone and telegraph connections in Jakarta was ceased that day starting on 11 AM, and a curfew was implemented, with meetings over five people being restricted. Six parliament members (including former prime minister Soekiman Wirjosandjojo) were arrested and several newspapers were banned, though after three days the bans, arrests, and other measures had been lifted and army activity in Jakarta which had increased significantly returned to normal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 25], "content_span": [26, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016420-0008-0000", "contents": "17 October affair, Impact\nThe army had failed to achieve its objective in mobilizing demonstrators to coerce Sukarno, and the army's high command would face replacements both internal and external. Three of the seven territorial commanders were removed by their own subordinates within October. In the four cities serving as headquarters to the unchanged territorial commands - Medan, Bandung, Semarang and Banjarmasin - anti-parliament demonstrations occurred after 17 October. Once the parliament had reconvened in late November, both Simatupang and Nasution were removed from their posts, with Simatupang's office being abolished and Nasution being replaced by Bambang Sugeng.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 25], "content_span": [26, 679]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016420-0008-0001", "contents": "17 October affair, Impact\nThe affair and the ensuing coups in the territorial commands deprived the army's high command of significant powers, while strengthening local officers and the overall armed forces command. Continued disputes between the army and the parliament also forced local territorial commands to seek their own sources of funding beyond the central government through deals with local businesses, and this grew to a point where this income exceeded central budgets. It also strengthened the traditionalist officers at the expense of the more modern, professional ones. Under Sugeng, the army attempted to resolve this issue of factionalism, but failed and once Sugeng resigned in 1955 Nasution returned to his post as Army Chief of Staff.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 25], "content_span": [26, 755]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016421-0000-0000", "contents": "17 Persei\n17 Persei is a single star in the northern constellation of Perseus, located about 390\u00a0light years away from the Sun. It is visible to the naked eye as a faint, orange-hued star with an apparent visual magnitude of 4.53. This object is moving further from the Earth at a heliocentric radial velocity of +13\u00a0km/s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016421-0001-0000", "contents": "17 Persei\nBased upon a stellar classification of K5+III, this is an evolved giant star that has exhausted the hydrogen at its core. It is a suspected variable star, with an amplitude of 0.012 magnitude and period 4.4 days. The star has 1.3 times the mass of the Sun and has expanded to nearly 52 times the Sun's radius. It is radiating 551 times the luminosity of the Sun from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of 4,000\u00a0K.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016422-0000-0000", "contents": "17 Pine Avenue\n17 Pine Avenue is an album by the country rock band the New Riders of the Purple Sage. It was released on March 6, 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016422-0001-0000", "contents": "17 Pine Avenue\n17 Pine Avenue is the New Riders' second studio album, and third album overall, to feature their post-2005 lineup of David Nelson on guitar, Buddy Cage on pedal steel guitar, Michael Falzarano on guitar, Ronnie Penque on bass, and Johnny Markowski on drums. As on the band's previous effort, Where I Come From, the music for seven of the twelve songs was written by Nelson, with lyrics by Robert Hunter, who wrote the lyrics for many Grateful Dead songs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016422-0002-0000", "contents": "17 Pine Avenue, Critical reception\nOn Jambands.com, Brian Robbins wrote, \"Listen: if somehow you've missed crossing paths with the New Riders of the Purple Sage since their 2005 renaissance, then you need to understand something. This is not a band of tired, tie-dyed troubadours seeing out their later years, going through the motions and rehashing their greatest hits \u2014 these crazy bastards are still full of life; full of fire; full of music.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 34], "content_span": [35, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016422-0002-0001", "contents": "17 Pine Avenue, Critical reception\n17 Pine Avenue is the latest round of proof: a killer studio album featuring a dozen cuts that show off the depth of the band's talent and their passion for what they're doing. In short, this is no oldies band, boys and girls \u2014 this is a happening thang.... Getting older? Who says? I'll have whatever they're having, barkeep.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 34], "content_span": [35, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016422-0003-0000", "contents": "17 Pine Avenue, Critical reception\nOn AcousticMusic.com, Mark S. Tucker said, \"With 27 albums and 9 compilations under their belt, you could say the New Riders of the Purple Sage have been pretty damn successful, and this latest release, 17 Pine Avenue, does nothing to tarnish that record\u2014in fact pretty much epitomizes what the ensemble has always been about\u2014being a very impressive disc that can still boast the presence of founding members David Nelson and Buddy Cage along with the same three cats who made 2009's Where I Come From a success.... Not a cut here is less than superb, and if there's any justice in the music world, releases like this will serve to reinvigorate the fading cowpunk movement 'cause this one's going to stun listeners in their tracks.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 34], "content_span": [35, 767]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016422-0004-0000", "contents": "17 Pine Avenue, Critical reception\nOn Allmusic, J. Poet wrote, \"Longtime Grateful Dead lyricist Robert Hunter contributes words to seven of the album's 12 tracks, bringing his customary psychedelic sheen to the material....  \"Fivio\" is a triumphant love song that's a reinvention of the traditional Irish tune popularized by the Clancy Brothers and features Michael Falzarano's chiming guitar and sighing pedal steel by Cage. \"Suite at the Mission\" is a cryptic meditation on life's vicissitudes full of dark humor; it's marked by more sparkling pedal steel from Cage and a world-weary vocal from Nelson. The title track is a bluesy shuffle crammed with mind-bending images that compares favorably to the Dead classic \"Truckin'\". It's one of the album's strongest songs and Nelson delivers it with a jaunty, insouciant air.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 34], "content_span": [35, 824]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016423-0000-0000", "contents": "17 Poems\n17 Poems (Swedish: 17 dikter) is a 1954 poetry collection by the Swedish writer Tomas Transtr\u00f6mer. It was Transtr\u00f6mer's debut book: he had previously only been published in journals. The book was well received in the Swedish press and praised for its formal confidence and imagination in metaphors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016423-0001-0000", "contents": "17 Poems\nSeveral of the poems in 17 poems have been set to music.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 65]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016424-0000-0000", "contents": "17 Port and Maritime Regiment RLC\n17 Port and Maritime Regiment is a regiment of the British Army's Royal Logistic Corps. The unit is the Army's only regular Port & Maritime capability, though it is twinned with 165 Port and Maritime Regiment RLC, of the Army Reserve.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016424-0001-0000", "contents": "17 Port and Maritime Regiment RLC, History\nThe regiment was first formed as 17 Port Training Regiment Royal Engineers, at the existing Marchwood Military Port (near Southampton), Hampshire in 1949. Since the Second World War, military vessels have operated in support of many major operations, such as during the Suez Crisis, conflicts in Belize and Borneo and particularly in the Falklands War, where over 75% of all stores were landed by Mexeflote Rafts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016424-0002-0000", "contents": "17 Port and Maritime Regiment RLC, History\nThe regiment initially comprised 51 and 52 Port Squadrons Royal Engineers. It was later joined by 53 Port Maintenance Squadron. On 15 July 1965, the Regiment transferred to the Royal Corps of Transport (RCT) and 17 Port Regiment Workshop REME (Royal Electrical & Mechanical Engineers) was formed at that time. The regiment was originally accommodated in a war time Nissen hut type of camp in the field that is just beyond the northern boundary of Byams House, which later became the Officers Mess. In 1993, the regiment was transferred to the Royal Logistic Corps (RLC), due to amalgamation of the RCT with four other Corps. At the time of joining into the RLC, the regiment was organised as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 743]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016424-0003-0000", "contents": "17 Port and Maritime Regiment RLC, History\nIn 2011 and 2012, the regimental headquarters and elements from the Squadrons deployed as the Theatre Logistic Regiment in Camp Bastion. Later in 2012, the regiment was required at short notice to set up and run the accommodation camp at Tobacco Docks on the river Thames in London, in support of the military personnel who were in turn supporting the 2012 London Olympics. Laster, in 2013, the Regiment deployed on a United Nations Peace-keeping tour to Cyprus (Operation TOSCA).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016424-0004-0000", "contents": "17 Port and Maritime Regiment RLC, History\nThe most recent military rail operations were in the Kosovo War, when 79 Railway Squadron RLC operated the line between Thessaloniki in Greece to Kosovo in Serbia. During Operation Telic in Iraq in 2003, Rail Troop of 79 Port Clearance Squadron RLC opened up the rail link between Basra and Baghdad, in cooperation with a Royal Engineers Specialist Team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016424-0005-0000", "contents": "17 Port and Maritime Regiment RLC, History\nUnder the Army 2020 programme, the regiment was paired with its reserve counterpart, 165th (Wessex) Port and Maritime Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016424-0006-0000", "contents": "17 Port and Maritime Regiment RLC, Operations\nThe regiment is based out of McMullen Barracks in the village of Marchwood, on the west bank of Southampton Water, on the fringe of the New Forest. The barracks sits at Marchwood Military Port, the Ministry of Defence's Sea Mounting Centre (SMC). It also operates the only military Dive Team in the RLC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 45], "content_span": [46, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016424-0007-0000", "contents": "17 Port and Maritime Regiment RLC, Ensigns of British Army vessels\nOriginally there was no British Army Ensign, the crossed swords ensign being the ensign of the Royal Army Service Corps (which was responsible for offshore military transport). When the Royal Corps of Transport (RCT) was formed in 1965, it took on this responsibility; the task of designing an Army Ensign was given to HQ Maritime Group RCT Portsmouth, who produced a Blue Ensign defaced by crossed swords superimposed with the royal crest. It was approved by the Queen and announced in Army Order 53/66, and Defence Council Instruction (General) 62/67.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 66], "content_span": [67, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016424-0007-0001", "contents": "17 Port and Maritime Regiment RLC, Ensigns of British Army vessels\nThe ensign was first flown on 17 May 1967 by Tank Landing Craft engaged in Exercise Wagon Trail. The Army Ensign was the army equivalent of the navy's White Ensign, while the crossed sword ensign was comparable to the vertical anchor Blue Ensign of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary Service. The army copied navy tradition by flying the Union Jack in the bows of ships being launched, with the Army Flag (instead of the Admiralty Flag) amidships. The last HMAVs, Arakan and Ardennes, were decommissioned in 1998, and the Army Ensign became dormant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 66], "content_span": [67, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016425-0000-0000", "contents": "17 RE\n17 RE (17 Kings) is the 2nd full-length studio album from Italian rock band Litfiba and the second part of the \"Trilogy of power\", as begun with the debut, Desaparecido.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016425-0001-0000", "contents": "17 RE, Personnel\nThis 1980s rock album\u2013related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 16], "content_span": [17, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016426-0000-0000", "contents": "17 Sagittarii\n17 Sagittarii is a binary star system in the zodiac constellation of Sagittarius, located 675\u00a0light years from the Sun. With a combined apparent visual magnitude of 6.89 it is below the normal limit of visibility to the naked eye. The system is moving closer to the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of \u221214\u00a0km/s. J. Allen Hynek (1938) found an initial spectral type of G5 + A5 for the pair. It was first resolved by Harold A. McAlister (1978), who found an angular separation of 0.260\u2033\u00b10.002\u2033 along a position angle of 133.0\u00b0\u00b11.2\u00b0", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016426-0001-0000", "contents": "17 Sagittarii\nThe magnitude 7.24 primary component is an evolved giant star with a stellar classification of G8/K0\u00a0III, indicating it has exhausted the hydrogen at its core and expanded off the main sequence. It is radiating 73 times the Sun's luminosity from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of 4,700\u00a0K. The companion is a hot A-type star of uncertain luminosity class, with a visual magnitude of 8.89.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016427-0000-0000", "contents": "17 September 2019 Afghanistan bombings\nOn 17 September 2019, two suicide bombings killed over 48 people in Charikar and Kabul, Afghanistan. The first attack occurred at a rally for president Ashraf Ghani which killed over 26 and wounded over 42. Ghani was unharmed in the incident. The second bombing occurred in Kabul near the US embassy. In this incident 22 were killed and another 38 were injured in the explosion. Children and women were among the dead and wounded in both attacks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016427-0001-0000", "contents": "17 September 2019 Afghanistan bombings, Attacks, Charikar\nThe attack took place in Charikar, at a police training ground. At the time, Afghan president Ashraf Ghani was holding a political rally at the site, attended by thousands of people. A suicide bomber riding a motorcycle drove into a crowd near a security checkpoint and detonated his explosives. 26 people and the bomber were killed, and 42 others injured. Women and children were among the victims of the attack. President Ghani was unharmed in the attack, remaining protected by a secure compound about half a mile from the site of the blast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 57], "content_span": [58, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016427-0002-0000", "contents": "17 September 2019 Afghanistan bombings, Attacks, Kabul\nA few hours after the first attack, a second suicide bombing took place in Massoud Square near the Kabul Green Zone, in an area where several government buildings, the US embassy and NATO headquarters, are located. 22 people were killed in this attack and 38 injured.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 54], "content_span": [55, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016427-0003-0000", "contents": "17 September 2019 Afghanistan bombings, Responsibility\nThe Taliban claimed responsibility for both attacks, and stated that the attacks were aimed at disrupting the Afghan presidential election, scheduled to take place on September 28.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 54], "content_span": [55, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016428-0000-0000", "contents": "17 Songs (Maria Farantouri album)\n17 Songs is a 1990 album by Maria Farantouri. The album includes 17 songs on the album in Greek, Portuguese, Spanish, including covers of Caruso (song) by Leo Brouwer and Once Upon a Summertime. The album also includes 3 songs from a 1989-1990 collaboration with Vangelis, with Greek lyrics by Michalis Bourboulis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016429-0000-0000", "contents": "17 Squadron SAAF\n17 Squadron SAAF is a squadron of the South African Air Force. It is currently a transport/utility helicopter squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016430-0000-0000", "contents": "17 State Street\n17 State Street is a 42-story office building located in the Financial District of Manhattan, overlooking State Street and Battery Park. It was designed by Roy Gee for Emery Roth and Sons for developers William Kaufman Organization, and it is most noted for its distinct curved glass facade. The building has been owned by RFR Holding since 1999 when it was acquired from Savannah Teachers Properties Inc. for $120 million.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016430-0001-0000", "contents": "17 State Street\n17 State Street was affected by Hurricane Sandy in October 2012, primarily by water damage to electrical equipment in the building's basement. For that reason, the building was closed for repairs for approximately two weeks and was one of the earliest office buildings in the Financial District to be reoccupied after the storm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016430-0002-0000", "contents": "17 State Street, Architecture\nIn 1988, architecture critic Paul Goldberger said \"this is not a great building, but it is one of the few truly happy intersections of the realities of New York commercial development and serious architectural aspirations\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 29], "content_span": [30, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016430-0003-0000", "contents": "17 State Street, Architecture\nLater, in 2008, Architecture critic Carter B. Horsley has referred to it as \u201cthe city\u2019s most beautiful curved building\u201d, competing with Jean Nouvel\u2019s faceted 100 Eleventh Avenue, Philip Johnson\u2019s Lipstick Building, and pre-war masterpieces such as 1 Wall Street Court (formerly the Cocoa Exchange) and the nearby Delmonico's Building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 29], "content_span": [30, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016431-0000-0000", "contents": "17 Themes for Ockodektet\n17 Themes for Ockodektet is a live album by The Jeff Kaiser Ockodektet, released in 2002 on pfMENTUM \u2013 CD010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016431-0001-0000", "contents": "17 Themes for Ockodektet, Credits\nAcoustic Guitar [Prepared] \u2013 Ernesto Diaz-InfanteConductor, Trumpet, Composed By, Arranged By, Recorded By, Mastered By, Design, Layout \u2013 Jeff KaiserContrabass \u2013 Jim Connolly, Scott WaltonDrums \u2013 Billy Mintz, Richie WestElectric Guitar \u2013 Tom McNalleyElectric Guitar, Electronics \u2013 G.E. StinsonEuphonium, Valve Trombone \u2013 Eric SbarOrgan, Theremin, Electronics \u2013 Wayne PeetPercussion \u2013 Brad DutzTrombone \u2013 Michael VlatkovichTrumpet \u2013 Dan Clucas, Kris TinerTuba \u2013 Mark WeaverWoodwind \u2013 Emily Hay, Eric Barber, Lynn Johnston, Vinny Golia", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016432-0000-0000", "contents": "17 Thetis\nThetis, minor planet designation 17 Thetis, is a stony asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 90 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 17 April 1852, by German astronomer Robert Luther at Bilk Observatory in D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany who deferred to Friedrich Wilhelm August Argelander the naming his first asteroid discovery after Thetis from Greek mythology.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016432-0001-0000", "contents": "17 Thetis, Description\nThe asteroid orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.1\u20132.8\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 11 months (1,419 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.13 and an inclination of 6\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 22], "content_span": [23, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016432-0002-0000", "contents": "17 Thetis, Description\nThe spectrum of this object indicates that it is an S-type asteroid with both low and high calcium forms of pyroxene on the surface, along with less than 20% olivine. The high-calcium form of pyroxene forms 40% or more of the total pyroxene present, indicating a history of igneous rock deposits. This suggests that the asteroid underwent differentiation by melting, creating a surface of basalt rock.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 22], "content_span": [23, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016432-0003-0000", "contents": "17 Thetis, Description\nThe mass of Thetis has been calculated from perturbations by 4 Vesta and 11 Parthenope. In 2007, Baer and Chesley calculated Thetis to have a mass of 1.2\u00d71018 kg with a density of 3.21 g/cm3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 22], "content_span": [23, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016432-0004-0000", "contents": "17 Thetis, Description\nOne Thetidian stellar occultation was observed from Oregon in 1999. However, the event was not timed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 22], "content_span": [23, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016432-0005-0000", "contents": "17 Thetis, Description\nThis minor planet was named after Thetis, the mother of Achilles in Greek mythology.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 22], "content_span": [23, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016433-0000-0000", "contents": "17 Vulpeculae\n17 Vulpeculae is a single, blue-white hued star in the northern constellation of Vulpecula. The distance to this star can be estimated from its annual parallax shift of 6.8168\u00b10.1430, which yields a separation of roughly 480\u00a0light years. It is moving nearer with a heliocentric radial velocity of \u22128\u00a0km/s, and will make its closest approach in around 6.1\u00a0million years at a distance of about 419\u00a0ly (128.36\u00a0pc). The star is faintly visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of 5.08.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016433-0001-0000", "contents": "17 Vulpeculae\nThis is an ordinary B-type main-sequence star with a stellar classification of B3\u00a0V. It is just 11\u00a0million years old with a high projected rotational velocity of 115\u00a0km/s. The star has an estimated 6.1 times the mass of the Sun and around 3.9 times the Sun's radius. It is radiating  573 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 15,648\u00a0K.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016434-0000-0000", "contents": "17 X Infinity\n17 X Infinity is an anthology of science fiction short stories edited by Groff Conklin. It was first published in paperback by Dell in August 1963 and reprinted in April 1969. The first British edition was issued by Mayflower-Dell in 1964 and reprinted in 1965.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016434-0001-0000", "contents": "17 X Infinity\nThe book collects seventeen novelettes and short stories, plus one poem, by various authors, together with an introduction by the editor. The stories were previously published from 1909-1962 in various science fiction and other magazines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016434-0002-0000", "contents": "17 X Infinity, Notes\nThis article about a collection of science fiction short stories published in the 1960s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 20], "content_span": [21, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016435-0000-0000", "contents": "17 cm K (E)\nThe 17\u00a0cm Kanone in Eisenbahnlafette (17\u00a0cm K (E)) was a German railroad gun used in the Second World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016435-0001-0000", "contents": "17 cm K (E), Design & History\nThis weapon was designed with the intent of replacing the 15\u00a0cm K (E) mounted on the same carriage, although only 6 were built before it was realized that both guns were too small to justify railroad mounts. The gun was mounted on a simple pivot mount on a ballrace on a well-base flatcar with four outriggers. In action the outriggers and their jacks would be dropped to stabilize the gun and absorb the firing recoil. In addition jacks locked the spring suspension, bore on the surface of the rails and screw clamps gripped the rails for more stability.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 29], "content_span": [30, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016435-0001-0001", "contents": "17 cm K (E), Design & History\nThe elderly 17 cm Schnelladekanone L/40 was used because it was available in some numbers, having been designed as the casemate gun for the  Deutschland-class predreadnought battleships. It fired a 17\u00a0cm Sprgr L/4.7 KZ mit Hb shell weighing 62.8 kilograms (138\u00a0lb). This was a standard HE shell with a nose fuze beneath a ballistic cap.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 29], "content_span": [30, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016435-0002-0000", "contents": "17 cm K (E), Design & History\nThey spent the war assigned to Artillerie-Batteries 717 and 718 (E) along the Channel coast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 29], "content_span": [30, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016436-0000-0000", "contents": "17 cm Kanone 18\nThe 17\u00a0cm Kanone 18 in M\u00f6rserlafette (English: 17\u00a0cm Cannon 18 on Heavy Howitzer Carriage), abbreviated as 17\u00a0cm K 18 in MrsLaf was a German heavy gun used during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016436-0001-0000", "contents": "17 cm Kanone 18, Design\nThe 17\u00a0cm K 18 in MrsLaf was a 172.5\u00a0mm (6.79\u00a0in) towed gun with a barrel 47 calibres long. The 17\u00a0cm K 18 in MrsLaf shared the same box trail carriage with the 21\u00a0cm M\u00f6rser 18. The carriage allowed transport of the weapon over short distances in one piece, whilst for longer distances the barrel was removed from the carriage and transported separately. A series of ramps and winches made removing the barrel a reasonably quick task for its time, but still required several hours. For all of the gun's bulk, a full 360-degree traverse could be achieved by two men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016436-0002-0000", "contents": "17 cm Kanone 18, Design, Dual-recoil mechanism\nA notable innovation by Krupp on the 21\u00a0cm M\u00f6rser 18 and the 17\u00a0cm Kanone 18 was the \"double recoil\" or dual-recoil carriage. The normal recoil forces were initially taken up by a conventional recoil mechanism close to the barrel, and then by a carriage sliding along rails set inside the travelling carriage. The dual-recoil mechanism absorbed all of the recoil energy with virtually no movement of the box trail upon firing, thus making for a very accurate weapon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 46], "content_span": [47, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016436-0003-0000", "contents": "17 cm Kanone 18, Design, Ammunition\nThe 17\u00a0cm K 18 in MrsLaf fired three types of separately loaded ammunition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 35], "content_span": [36, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016436-0004-0000", "contents": "17 cm Kanone 18, Design, Ammunition\nThe 17\u00a0cm K 18 in MrsLaf separately loaded ammunition used four charges. The gun's performance when firing the 62.8\u00a0kg (138\u00a0lb) 17cm K Gr 38 Hb long-range shell is depicted in the following table:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 35], "content_span": [36, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016436-0005-0000", "contents": "17 cm Kanone 18, History\nIn 1939 the 21\u00a0cm M\u00f6rser 18 began appearing in the Wehrmacht corps-level artillery regiments, replacing the obsolescent World War I-era 21 cm M\u00f6rser 16. The gun was able to send a 113\u00a0kg (249\u00a0lb) HE shell out to a range of 14.5\u00a0km (9\u00a0mi), but by 1941 the Wehrmacht was seeking a longer-ranged weapon and Krupp responded by producing a smaller 172.5\u00a0mm (6.79\u00a0in) caliber increased-velocity weapon utilising the same carriage, with the designation Kanone 18.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016436-0006-0000", "contents": "17 cm Kanone 18, History\nThe 17\u00a0cm K 18 in MrsLaf quickly impressed German artillery officers with its range, but the real surprise was the explosive power of the 62.8\u00a0kg (138\u00a0lb) shell, which was little different from the 113\u00a0kg (249\u00a0lb) shell of the 21\u00a0cm M\u00f6rser 18. Production commenced in 1941. In 1942 production of the 21\u00a0cm M\u00f6rser 18 was halted for almost two years so as to allow maximum production of the Kanone 18.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016436-0007-0000", "contents": "17 cm Kanone 18, Using at war\nThe 17\u00a0cm K 18 in MrsLaf was employed at the corps and army echelons in order to provide long-range counter-battery support, as well as filling the same basic heavy support role as the 21\u00a0cm M\u00f6rser 18, the pair becoming the most common weapons used by the Wehrmacht in this role. In 1944 some Allied batteries used captured 17\u00a0cm K 18 in MrsLafs when ammunition supplies for their usual guns were disrupted by the long logistical chain from Normandy to the German border.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 29], "content_span": [30, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016436-0008-0000", "contents": "17 cm Kanone 18, Using at war\nThe 17\u00a0cm K 18 in MrsLaf was considered a technically outstanding long range artillery piece for the German Army, with excellent range and a very effective shell. The gun's greatest weaknesses were that it was expensive to build and required careful maintenance. Additionally, it was quite slow to bring in and out of action, fairly difficult to maneuver and very slow to move off-road, Many were lost when their crews abandoned them when fleeing advancing Allied forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 29], "content_span": [30, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016437-0000-0000", "contents": "17 cm SK L/40 gun\nThe 17\u00a0cm SK L/40 was a Kaiserliche Marine naval gun that was used on two classes of German pre-dreadnought battleships the Braunschweig-class and the Deutschland-class as their secondary battery. Later they were adapted for land service during World War I and World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016437-0001-0000", "contents": "17 cm SK L/40 gun, Description\nThe 17\u00a0cm SK L/40 gun although designated as 17 centimeters (6.7\u00a0in), its actual caliber was 17.26 centimeters (6.80\u00a0in). It used the Krupp horizontal sliding-block, or \"wedge\", as it is sometimes referred to, in a breech loading design, rather than the interrupted screw commonly used in the heavy guns of other nations. This required that the propellant charge be loaded in a metal, (usually brass), case which provides obturation, i.e. seals the breech to prevent escape of the expanding propellant gas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 30], "content_span": [31, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016437-0002-0000", "contents": "17 cm SK L/40 gun, Description, Naval Use\nThe Braunschweig-class secondary battery consisted of fourteen 17\u00a0cm SK L/40 quick-firing guns, four of which were mounted in single turrets amidships, with the remaining ten in casemates around the superstructure. These guns had a total of 1,820 shells, for 130 rounds per gun and a rate of fire of approximately 6 per minute. To transit the Kiel Canal, the three central casemated guns had to be withdrawn into their housings, as they were unable to train fully flush with the sides of the ships. With the guns fully emplaced, the ships would have been too wide to fit in the canal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 41], "content_span": [42, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016437-0003-0000", "contents": "17 cm SK L/40 gun, Description, Naval Use\nThe Deutschland-class secondary battery consisted of fourteen 17\u00a0cm SK L/40 quick-firing guns mounted in casemates amidships. Five were emplaced in the top deck and two one deck higher in the superstructure on either side. These guns had a total of 1,820 shells, for 130 rounds per gun and a rate of fire of approximately 6 per minute. The guns had an arc of train of 160\u00b0.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 41], "content_span": [42, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016437-0004-0000", "contents": "17 cm SK L/40 gun, Description, World War I Field Gun\nWhen the pre-dreadnoughts began to be relegated to training duties in 1916. The guns were adapted for land use by mounting it on an improvised carriage, but this proved to be extremely heavy, often too heavy to be moved by horse, even after being broken down into three loads. The solution was to mount the guns, still on their carriages, on rail cars to increase their strategic mobility.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 53], "content_span": [54, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016437-0005-0000", "contents": "17 cm SK L/40 gun, Description, World War I Railway Gun\nA number of guns were used as railway guns during World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 55], "content_span": [56, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016437-0006-0000", "contents": "17 cm SK L/40 gun, Description, World War II Railway Gun\nSix guns were used as railway guns from 1938 onwards. They spent the war assigned to Artillerie-Batteries 717 and 718 (E) along the Channel coast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 56], "content_span": [57, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016437-0007-0000", "contents": "17 cm SK L/40 gun, Gallery\n17-cm guns mounted in upper turret and lower casemate on starboard side of German battleship SMS Hessen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016437-0008-0000", "contents": "17 cm SK L/40 gun, Gallery\nA 17 cm SK L/40 gun in the Atlantic Wall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 68]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016437-0009-0000", "contents": "17 cm SK L/40 gun, Gallery\nThe four guns of the Friedrichsort battery at Zeebrugge, Belgium.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 92]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016437-0010-0000", "contents": "17 cm SK L/40 gun, Gallery\nThe damaged breech of a gun of the Friedrichsort battery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 84]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016438-0000-0000", "contents": "17 cm SK L/40 i.R.L. auf Eisenbahnwagen\nThe 17\u00a0cm SK L/40 i.R.L. auf Eisenbahnwagen \"Samuel\" (SK - Schnelladekanone (quick-loading cannon), L/40 - L\u00e4nge (40 caliber barrel), i.R.L. - in R\u00e4der-Lafette (on wheeled carriage) auf Eisenbahnwagen (on railroad car)) was a German railroad gun used in World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016438-0001-0000", "contents": "17 cm SK L/40 i.R.L. auf Eisenbahnwagen, Design and history\nThese guns, the 17 cm SK L/40 gun, were designed as the secondary armament of the  Braunschweig- and  Deutschland-class pre-dreadnoughts, but they were transferred to the Army from the Navy (Kaiserliche Marine) when those ships began to be relegated to training duties in 1916. It was first adapted for land use by mounting it on an improvised carriage as the 17 cm SK L/40 i.R.L., but it proved to be extremely heavy, often too heavy to be moved by horse, even after being broken down into three loads.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 59], "content_span": [60, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016438-0002-0000", "contents": "17 cm SK L/40 i.R.L. auf Eisenbahnwagen, Design and history\nThe solution was to mount the guns, still on their carriages, on rail cars to increase their strategic mobility. The gun's firing platform (Bettungslafette) was used as a model for the mount on the rail car. A metal ring was fixed to the surface of the car on which the wheels rested. At the center of this ring was a large pivot pin from which tension rods extended to the carriage's trail which rested against a circular section of rail. The gun was traversed by means of a gear that engaged pins on the outside of the rail.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 59], "content_span": [60, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016438-0002-0001", "contents": "17 cm SK L/40 i.R.L. auf Eisenbahnwagen, Design and history\nThe trail rested on two spring-supported rollers, which would compress during firing and allow the shock of recoil to be transmitted to the floor of the car. To prevent damage to the trucks during firing cast-steel wedges were placed on the railroad ties under matching wedges on the car and the car was moved up on them. Some sources quote its maximum elevation as 47.5\u00b0, but Miller says that the sight on the gun itself was only calibrated to 45\u00b0. If more traverse was needed the gun's original firing platform was carried on a separate car and the gun could be dismounted to use it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 59], "content_span": [60, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016438-0003-0000", "contents": "17 cm SK L/40 i.R.L. auf Eisenbahnwagen, Design and history, Ammunition\nThe shells for this gun were loaded by two men using a tray. It had eyes which engaged hooks on the breech of the gun and then the shell and powder was manually rammed. It used the German naval system of ammunition, where the base charge was held in a metallic cartridge case and supplemented by another charge in a silk bag that was rammed first.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 71], "content_span": [72, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016438-0004-0000", "contents": "17 cm SK L/40 i.R.L. auf Eisenbahnwagen, Combat History\nThirty saw service on the Western Front beginning in 1917. They were organized into fifteen batteries, manned by the Army (Heer), each with two guns. Batteries 423, 462, 478, 521, 536, 551, 642, and 797 have been identified. Eight participated in the 1918 German spring offensive. Six guns were captured in Belgium and two others were captured by the French Army in October 1918. Another fourteen were found after the Armistice. Fourteen of these were destroyed in 1922 by the Military Inter-Allied Commission of Control. Around a dozen surviving guns entered service with the Belgian Army, and saw action during the German invasion in May 1940.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 55], "content_span": [56, 701]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016438-0005-0000", "contents": "17 cm SK L/40 i.R.L. auf Eisenbahnwagen, Gallery\nA 17 cm SK L/40 in action near the Marne.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016438-0006-0000", "contents": "17 cm SK L/40 i.R.L. auf Eisenbahnwagen, Gallery\nA coastal defense 17 cm SK L/40 knocked out by British monitors in Flanders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016438-0007-0000", "contents": "17 cm SK L/40 i.R.L. auf Eisenbahnwagen, Gallery\nA rear view of a damaged gun showing the traversing rail.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016438-0008-0000", "contents": "17 cm SK L/40 i.R.L. auf Eisenbahnwagen, Gallery\nA Belgian coastal defense 17 cm SK L/40 during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016439-0000-0000", "contents": "17 cm mittlerer Minenwerfer\nThe 17\u00a0cm mittlerer Minenwerfer (17\u00a0cm mMW) was a mortar used by Germany in World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016439-0001-0000", "contents": "17 cm mittlerer Minenwerfer, Development and Use\nThe weapon was developed for use by engineer troops after the Siege of Port Arthur during the Russo-Japanese War of 1905. It illustrated the usefulness of this type of weapon in destroying bunkers and field fortifications otherwise immune to normal artillery. It was a muzzle-loading, rifled mortar that had a standard hydro-spring recoil system. It fired 50 kilogram (110\u00a0lb) HE shells, which contained far more explosive filler than ordinary artillery shells of the same caliber. The low muzzle velocity allowed for thinner shell walls, hence more space for filler. Furthermore, the low velocity allowed for the use of explosives like Ammonium Nitrate-Carbon that were less shock-resistant than TNT, which was in short supply. This caused a large number of premature detonations that made crewing the minenwerfer riskier than normal artillery pieces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 48], "content_span": [49, 901]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016439-0002-0000", "contents": "17 cm mittlerer Minenwerfer, Development and Use\nA new version of the weapon, with a longer barrel, was put into production at some point during the war. It was called the 17\u00a0cm mMW n/A (neuer Art) or new pattern, while the older model was termed the a/A (alter Art) or old pattern.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 48], "content_span": [49, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016439-0003-0000", "contents": "17 cm mittlerer Minenwerfer, Development and Use\nIn action the mMW was emplaced in a pit, after its wheels were removed, not less than 1.5 meters deep to protect it and its crew. It could be towed short distances by four men or carried by 17. Despite its extremely short range, the mMW proved to be very effective at destroying bunkers and other field fortifications. Consequently, its numbers went from 116 in service when the war broke out to some 2,361 in 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 48], "content_span": [49, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016439-0004-0000", "contents": "17 cm mittlerer Minenwerfer, Photo Gallery\nThe n/A model (with long barrel), at the Australian War Memorial, Canberra", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 42], "content_span": [43, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016439-0005-0000", "contents": "17 cm mittlerer Minenwerfer, Photo Gallery\nThe 1917 n/A model Minenwerfer in the grounds of Campbeltown Heritage Centre, Scotland", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 42], "content_span": [43, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016439-0006-0000", "contents": "17 cm mittlerer Minenwerfer, Photo Gallery\nRheinmetall 17 cm - German Medium Trench Mortar -- This gun was captured by the 12th Company ( Nelson ) 2nd Canterbury Infantry Battalion on the 2 August 1918 - It was returned to NZ in 1920  and was located at the Roxburgh War Memorial when it was unveiled in 1923- Its final resting place is in the garden next to the Roxburgh Council Building", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 42], "content_span": [43, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016440-0000-0000", "contents": "17 equal temperament\nIn music, 17 tone equal temperament is the tempered scale derived by dividing the octave into 17 equal steps (equal frequency ratios). Each step represents a frequency ratio of 17\u221a2, or 70.6 cents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016440-0001-0000", "contents": "17 equal temperament\n17-ET is the tuning of the Regular diatonic tuning in which the tempered perfect fifth is equal to 705.88 cents, as shown in Figure 1 (look for the label \"17-TET\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016440-0002-0000", "contents": "17 equal temperament, History and use\nAlexander J. Ellis refers to a tuning of seventeen tones based on perfect fourths and fifths as the Arabic scale. In the thirteenth century, Middle-Eastern musician Safi al-Din Urmawi developed a theoretical system of seventeen tones to describe Arabic and Persian music, although the tones were not equally spaced. This 17-tone system remained the primary theoretical system until the development of the quarter tone scale.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 37], "content_span": [38, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016440-0003-0000", "contents": "17 equal temperament, Notation\nEasley Blackwood Jr. created a notation system where sharps and flats raised/lowered 2 steps. This yields the chromatic scale:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 30], "content_span": [31, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016440-0004-0000", "contents": "17 equal temperament, Notation\nQuarter tone sharps and flats can also be used, yielding the following chromatic scale:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 30], "content_span": [31, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016440-0005-0000", "contents": "17 equal temperament, Interval size, Relation to 34-ET\n17-ET is where every other step in the 34-ET scale is included, and the others are not accessible. Conversely 34-ET is a subdivision of 17-ET.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 54], "content_span": [55, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016441-0000-0000", "contents": "17 km\n17\u00a0km (Russian: 17 \u043a\u043c) is a rural locality (a settlement) in Semigorodneye Rural Settlement of Kharovsky District, Russia. The population was 37 as of 2002.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016441-0001-0000", "contents": "17 km, Geography\n17 km is located 107 km southeast of Kharovsk (the district's administrative centre) by road.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 16], "content_span": [17, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016442-0000-0000", "contents": "17 km, Sakhalin Oblast\n17\u00a0km (Russian: 17-\u0439 \u043a\u043c) is a rural locality (a selo) in Kelermesskoye Rural Settlement of Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk District, Sakhalin Oblast, Russia. The population was 0 as of 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016443-0000-0000", "contents": "17 let Oktyabrya\n17 let Oktyabrya (Russian: 17 \u043b\u0435\u0442 \u041e\u043a\u0442\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044f) is a rural locality (a village) in Kirovskoye Rural Settlement of Maykopsky District, Russia. The population was 191 as of 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016443-0001-0000", "contents": "17 let Oktyabrya, Geography\n17 let Oktyabrya is located 18 km north of Tulsky (the district's administrative centre) by road.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016444-0000-0000", "contents": "17 \u00e5r\n\"17 \u00e5r\" is a single by Swedish singer Veronica Maggio, from her second studio album Och vinnaren \u00e4r... The song peaked at number 19 on the Swedish Singles Chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016444-0001-0000", "contents": "17 \u00e5r, Music video\nA music video to accompany the release of \"17 \u00e5r\" was first released onto YouTube on 4 October 2008 at a total length of three minutes and fifty-six seconds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 18], "content_span": [19, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016445-0000-0000", "contents": "17-11-70\n17-11-70 (known as 11-17-70 in the United States) is the fifth official album release for Elton John and his first live album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016445-0001-0000", "contents": "17-11-70, Background\nThe recording was taken from a live radio broadcast on 17 November 1970, hence the album's title. According to John, a live album was never planned as a release. Recordings of the broadcast, however, were popular among bootleggers which, according to John's producer, Gus Dudgeon, eventually prompted the record label to release it as an album. It has been said that the release by an eastern bootlegger of the whole 60-minute air cast rather than the 48\u00a0minutes selected by Dick James Music significantly cut into the US sales of the live album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 20], "content_span": [21, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016445-0001-0001", "contents": "17-11-70, Background\nHowever, the entire concert was an 80-minute affair, and double-LPs containing the entire concert were more common than those containing only 60 minutes. Another contributing factor to the original album's soft sales could have been the glut of Elton John product on the market at the time. John also had in release 2 full studio albums (Elton John and Tumbleweed Connection) and a movie soundtrack (Friends) when the live LP was issued. Nonetheless, it became the fourth of John's records simultaneously to  land in the Top 100, making him the first act to do so since The Beatles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 20], "content_span": [21, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016445-0002-0000", "contents": "17-11-70, Background\nAccording to longtime NYC radio personality Dave Herman (who can be heard at the beginning and end of the album), Elton John cut his hand at some point during the performance, and by the end of the show, the piano keys were covered with blood.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 20], "content_span": [21, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016445-0003-0000", "contents": "17-11-70, Background\nJohn and his band performed 13 songs during the radio broadcast. The original album included only six of the songs; a seventh, \"Amoreena,\" appeared as a bonus track on the album's 1996 CD reissue. The other six performances remained until 2017 officially unreleased: \"I Need You to Turn To\", \"Your Song\", \"Country Comfort\", \"Border Song\", \"Indian Sunset\" and \"My Father's Gun\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 20], "content_span": [21, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016445-0004-0000", "contents": "17-11-70, Background\nJohn has stated in several interviews that he believes that this recording is his best live performance. He has also cited the album as a great showcase for the musicianship of drummer Nigel Olsson and bassist Dee Murray. It is also the only officially released example of what John's live band sounded like prior to the arrival of guitarist Davey Johnstone, who wouldn't be a member until the release of Honky Ch\u00e2teau in 1972.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 20], "content_span": [21, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016445-0005-0000", "contents": "17-11-70, Background\nTo commemorate the 10th Record Store Day, on 22 April 2017, John served as the first-ever worldwide Record Store Day Legend and released an expanded, double-vinyl version of the album. Retitled 17-11-70+, the release reinstates seven additional songs from the concert, making it the most complete official edition of the show available in any format. \"Amoreena,\" previously available on the 1996 CD reissue, makes its first appearance on vinyl.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 20], "content_span": [21, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016445-0006-0000", "contents": "17-11-70, Track listing\nAll songs by Elton John and Bernie Taupin, except where noted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 23], "content_span": [24, 86]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016445-0007-0000", "contents": "17-11-70, Track listing, 1995 Mercury and 1996 Rocket CD reissues\nThe 1996 Rocket Records edition changed the running order and added \"Amoreena\" as a bonus track. This version is also different from the earlier US releases in that album producer Gus Dudgeon remixed the tracks to create a notably different sound from the original US LP mixes. In addition to level changes, Dudgeon's version also added some echo and other effects not present in the earlier mixes, which has drawn mixed reactions from fans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 65], "content_span": [66, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016445-0008-0000", "contents": "17-11-70, Track listing, 2017 Record Store Day 2-LP reissue\nThe 2017 Record Store Day special reissue features the six remained-unreleased songs from the concert, plus \"Amoreena\" (featured on the 1996 CD).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 59], "content_span": [60, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016445-0009-0000", "contents": "17-11-70, Track listing, 2017 Record Store Day 2-LP reissue\nThe track listing for the first two sides is the same as the original 1970 release.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 59], "content_span": [60, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016446-0000-0000", "contents": "17-21 Emerson Place Row\n17-21 Emerson Place Row was a set of historic rowhouses located at Buffalo in Erie County, New York. It was built in 1900, by land dealer and speculator George C. Rice and demolished in the early 2000s due to neglect.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016446-0001-0000", "contents": "17-21 Emerson Place Row\nIt was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016447-0000-0000", "contents": "17-4 stainless steel\nSAE Type 630 stainless steel (more commonly known as 17-4 PH, or simply 17-4; also known as UNS 17400) is a grade of martensitic precipitation hardened stainless steel. It contains approximately 15\u201317.5% chromium and 3\u20135% nickel, as well as 3\u20135% copper. The name comes from the chemical makeup which is approximately 17% chromium and 4% nickel. SUS630 is the same as 17-4PH, and they are both refer to the same grade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016447-0001-0000", "contents": "17-4 stainless steel, Properties\n17-4 can be heat treated to high levels of strength and hardness, and features corrosion resistance and machinability comparable to austenitic 304 stainless. Being martensitic, 17-4 is magnetic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 32], "content_span": [33, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016447-0002-0000", "contents": "17-4 stainless steel, Properties\n17-4 is capable of being hardened up to approximately 44 Rc when heat treated to condition H900.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 32], "content_span": [33, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016447-0003-0000", "contents": "17-4 stainless steel, Properties\nOveraging (aging beyond the peak strength condition) improves resistance to stress corrosion cracking.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 32], "content_span": [33, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016447-0004-0000", "contents": "17-4 stainless steel, Applications\nUses for 17-4 stainless steel include components which require high hardness and/or corrosion resistance at temperatures of up to 600\u00a0\u00b0F (316\u00a0\u00b0C). Specific applications for 17-4 include the petroleum and chemical industries, as well as use in aircraft parts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 34], "content_span": [35, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016448-0000-0000", "contents": "17-Bit\n17-Bit is an indie video game developer and the creator of Skulls of the Shogun, Galak-Z: The Dimensional, and Song in the Smoke. The company was founded in 2009 by Jake Kazdal, formerly a Sega Corporation developer, who wants to make games with a 16-bit era aesthetic. It was known as Haunted Temple Studios until it changed its name to 17-Bit in May 2012 with a logo designed by Cory Schmitz. Gamasutra described the team, based in both Kyoto and Seattle, as an example of successful indie cross-platform development for its work on Skulls of the Shogun. GungHo Online Entertainment became 17-Bit's house publisher in October 2014 as the developer worked on Galak-Z. Kazdal of 17-Bit was invited to speak on creating studio culture at the 2013 Game Developers Conference.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 780]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016449-0000-0000", "contents": "17-Dimethylaminoethylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin\n17-Dimethylaminoethylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17-DMAG) is a chemical compound which is a semi-synthetic derivative of the antibiotic geldanamycin. It is being studied for the possibility of treating cancer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016450-0000-0000", "contents": "17-Mile Drive\n17-Mile Drive is a scenic road through Pebble Beach and Pacific Grove on the Monterey Peninsula in California, much of which hugs the Pacific coastline and passes famous golf courses, mansions and scenic attractions, including the Lone Cypress, Bird Rock and the 5,300-acre Del Monte Forest of Monterey Cypress trees.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016450-0001-0000", "contents": "17-Mile Drive\nThe drive serves as the main road through the gated community of Pebble Beach. Inside this community, nonresidents have to pay a toll to use the road. Like the community, the majority of 17-Mile Drive is owned and operated by the Pebble Beach Corporation. The 17-Mile Drive is a 17-mile (27\u00a0km)-long scenic loop having four primary entrances - the main highway entrance at California State Route 1, and entrances in Carmel and Pacific Grove.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016450-0002-0000", "contents": "17-Mile Drive, History\nIn 1602 the Monterey Peninsula was mapped by Spanish explorers. By 1840 the area now called Pebble Beach was a rancho left to widow Carmen Garcia Barreto Maderiaga Maria by her husband. She sold the 4000 acre property for $500 in 1846. Ownership passed several times until 1862 when the property was purchased at auction for 12 cents an acre by David Jacks. At the time, the area was called \"Stillwater Cove\". Jacks leased the land to the \"China Man Hop Company\", a small village with a population of about 30 Chinese fishermen living in shacks built upon the rocky shoreline.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016450-0003-0000", "contents": "17-Mile Drive, History\nIn 1880, Jacks sold the land to the Pacific Improvement Company (PIC), a consortium of The Big Four railroad barons: Charles Crocker, Mark Hopkins, Collis Huntington and Leland Stanford. By 1892, the PIC laid out a scenic road that they called the 17-Mile Drive, meandering along the beaches and among the forested areas between Monterey and Carmel. Within short order, the area became a tourist destination with the building of the Hotel Del Monte.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016450-0004-0000", "contents": "17-Mile Drive, History\nThe hotel was the starting and finishing point for 17-Mile Drive, (originally called the 18-mile Drive by hotel operators). The drive was offered as a pleasure excursion to hotel guests, and was intended to attract wealthy buyers of large and scenic residential plots on PIC land. Sightseers riding horses or carriages along the 17-Mile Drive sometimes stopped at Pebble Beach to pick up agate and other stones polished smooth by the waves, and they commented on a few unusual tree formations known as the Witch Tree and the Ostrich Tree\u2014the latter formed by two trees leaning on each other.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016450-0004-0001", "contents": "17-Mile Drive, History\nAt that time, the Chinese fishing community continued in existence despite mounting anti-Chinese sentiment among Monterey residents of European heritage. At roadside stands, Chinese-American girls sold shells and polished pebbles to tourists. In the 1900s, the automobile began replacing horses on 17-Mile Drive, and by 1907 there were only automobiles. The drive featured region's historical sites, forests, and on to the coastal scenic attractions in the Hotel Del Monte Park Reservation, as it was known at the time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016450-0005-0000", "contents": "17-Mile Drive, History\nDrawn by six bay horses, President Benjamin Harrison took the coach ride through the reservation in 1891. The coach was adorned with the national colors \"and the harness on the horses was lined with bunting and roses as far as possible.\" In the newspaper The Monterey Cypress, President Harrison noted \"This is a lovely spot. I only wish I could stay here a week.\" In 1887, the hotel was destroyed by fire and replaced with a new structure. The Del Monte Golf Course was added in 1897 as part of the hotel and is today the oldest operating course west of the Mississippi. In 1919, the Los Angeles Times called the 17-Mile Drive one of the \"great wonders of the world.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 691]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016450-0006-0000", "contents": "17-Mile Drive, History\nOn February 27, 1919, Samuel Finley Brown Morse formed the Del Monte Properties Company, and acquired the extensive holdings of the Pacific Improvement Company, which included the Del Monte Forest and the Hotel Del Monte. Another fire destroyed that structure and was replaced by a third hotel. This new hotel was finished in 1926 and requisitioned by the United States government as a training facility in 1942. After World War II, the Hotel del Monte building and surrounding grounds were acquired by the United States Navy for its Naval Postgraduate School and the building was renamed Herrmann Hall. The Del Monte Forest, including the famed 17-Mile Drive, remained under the ownership of Del Monte Properties Company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 745]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016450-0007-0000", "contents": "17-Mile Drive, History\nOn March 30, 1977, the Del Monte Properties Company was reincorporated as the Pebble Beach Corporation. In May 1979, 20th Century Fox, later bought by Marvin Davis, purchased the Pebble Beach Corporation. When the film company was sold to Rupert Murdoch in 1985, Davis kept several company assets not directly related to the film and TV industry, including the Pebble Beach Company. In 1990 Davis sold the company to Japanese businessman Minoru Isutani, who made it a subsidiary of the Japanese resort company Taiheiyo Club Inc. under a holding company called the Lone Cypress Company. In 1999 the Pebble Beach Company was acquired from Cypress by an investor group led by Clint Eastwood, Arnold Palmer, and Peter Ueberroth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 747]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016450-0008-0000", "contents": "17-Mile Drive, Route description\nAt the north end, a portion of the early route through Pacific Grove begins at the intersection of Del Monte Blvd and Esplanade Street. The famous portion of 17-Mile Drive then begins a few miles south of this point. The crossing of Highway 68 (Holman Highway/Sunset Drive) and 17-Mile Drive marks the entrance to Pebble Beach.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 32], "content_span": [33, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016450-0009-0000", "contents": "17-Mile Drive, Route description\nFrom the Sunset Drive/Pacific Grove gate, the drive runs inland past Spanish Bay, then adjacent to beaches and up into the coastal hills, providing scenic viewpoints. The route allows for self-directed travel and stopping, with frequent turnouts along the roadway in many locations along the route. Without stops, it takes a minimum of 20 minutes to reach Carmel. The numerous turnouts allow stopping to take pictures, or getting out to stroll along the ocean or among the trees. Visitors receive a map that points out some of the more scenic spots. In addition, a red-dashed line is marked in the center of the main road to guide visitors, and help prevent them from venturing into the adjacent neighborhood streets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 32], "content_span": [33, 750]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016450-0010-0000", "contents": "17-Mile Drive, Route description\nThe road provides vistas of golf courses including Spyglass Hill, Cypress Point and Pebble Beach. After reaching Carmel Way, and the exit to Carmel, the 17-Mile Drive then heads northeast to the Highway 68/Highway 1 interchange, where one can exit, or continue to loop along the higher vistas of 17-Mile Drive, some of which offer views from more than 600 feet above sea-level. The full loop will take you back to the Pacific Grove Gate at Sunset Drive \u2014 a distance of 17 miles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 32], "content_span": [33, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016450-0011-0000", "contents": "17-Mile Drive, Route description\nThe only services open to the public in Pebble Beach (gas stations, restrooms, restaurants) are at the Inn at Spanish Bay and at the Lodge at Pebble Beach; plenty of comfortable and scenic spots are available to picnic. Spyglass Hill and Poppy Hills golf courses also have restaurants open to the public.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 32], "content_span": [33, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016450-0012-0000", "contents": "17-Mile Drive, Route description\nTo drive the section of the road within the Pebble Beach gated community, there is an entrance fee requirement of US$10.50 (as of April 1, 2019), except for travelers on bicycles. Visitors can recoup the toll if they dine or shop within the community.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 32], "content_span": [33, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016450-0012-0001", "contents": "17-Mile Drive, Route description\nResidents are not required to pay this fee, as they pay an annual fee (noted by the \"Del Monte Forest\" placard that residents carry in their vehicle or on their license plates), nor are guests if they are granted access in advance of their visit by a resident or through hotel/restaurant reservations (the guard house can either call the resident or look at a list of names). Motorcycles are not allowed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 32], "content_span": [33, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016450-0013-0000", "contents": "17-Mile Drive, Scenic attractions\nPrimary scenic attractions include Cypress Point, Bird Rock, Point Joe, Pescadero Point, Fanshell Beach & Seal Point. The famous \"Witch Tree\" landmark, often used as scenic background in movies and television, was formerly at Pescadero Point. The tree was blown down by a storm on January 14, 1964. Pescadero Point is also the site of the Ghost Tree, a landmark Monterey Cypress tree. The tree gives its name to a dangerous extreme surfing location known to have storm waves. Currently, the surf break of Ghost Tree is off limits to surfers and watercraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 33], "content_span": [34, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016450-0014-0000", "contents": "17-Mile Drive, Scenic attractions\nChief among the scenic attractions is the Lone Cypress, a salt-pruned Monterey cypress (macrocarpa) tree which is the official symbol of Pebble Beach and a frequent fixture of television broadcasts from this area. In 1990 the Monterey Journal reported that Pebble Beach's lawyer, Kerry C. Smith, said \"The image of the tree has been trademarked by us,\" and that it intended to control any display of the cypress for commercial purposes. The company had warned photographers that \"they cannot even use existing pictures of the tree for commercial purposes.\" Other legal commentators have questioned the Pebble Beach Company's ability to invoke intellectual property laws to restrict others' use of such images.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 33], "content_span": [34, 743]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016450-0015-0000", "contents": "17-Mile Drive, Art\nVarious artists over the years have found inspiration for their paintings of flora and fauna along this famous coastal drive. For example, Arthur Hill Gilbert, one of the founding members of the Carmel Art Association, was an American Impressionist noted for his canvases depicting this scenic area, including View of 17 Mile Drive, and The Cove, Pt. Lobos, circa 1930.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 18], "content_span": [19, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016451-0000-0000", "contents": "17-Phenylandrostenol\n17-Phenylandrostenol (17-PA), or (3\u03b1,5\u03b1)-17-phenylandrost-16-en-3-ol, is a steroid drug which binds to GABAA receptors. It acts as an antagonist against the sedative effects of neuroactive steroids, but has little effect when administered by itself, and does not block the effects of benzodiazepines or barbiturates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016452-0000-0000", "contents": "17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone aldolase\nIn enzymology, a 17\u03b1-hydroxyprogesterone aldolase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016452-0001-0000", "contents": "17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone aldolase\nHence, this enzyme has one substrate, 17\u03b1-hydroxyprogesterone, and two products, androst-4-en-3,17-dione and acetaldehyde.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016452-0002-0000", "contents": "17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone aldolase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically the aldehyde-lyases, which cleave carbon-carbon bonds. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 17\u03b1-hydroxyprogesterone acetaldehyde-lyase (4-androstene-3,17-dione-forming). Other names in common use include C-17/C-20-lyase, and 17\u03b1-hydroxyprogesterone acetaldehyde-lyase. This enzyme participates in androgen and estrogen metabolism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016453-0000-0000", "contents": "17-sai\n\"17-sai\" (17\u624d (\u3058\u3085\u3046\u306a\u306a\u3055\u3044), J\u016bnana-sai, lit. \"17 Years Old\") (also known as \"Seventeen\") is the debut single by Japanese singer Saori Minami. Written by Mieko Arima and Ky\u014dhei Tsutsumi, the single was released by CBS Sony on June 1, 1971. Tsutsumi based the song on \"Rose Garden\" by Lynn Anderson when he learned it was Minami's favorite song. Arima, who was 40 years old at the time, surprised her close friends when she was able to express the feelings of a 17-year-old girl in the song's lyrics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016453-0001-0000", "contents": "17-sai\nThe jacket cover features Minami wearing a shirt that has a drawing of a crab, which symbolizes Cancer as her zodiac sign. Stickers of a crab mascot were distributed in the campaign promoting the single.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016453-0002-0000", "contents": "17-sai\nThe song peaked at No. 2 on Oricon's singles chart and was the 11th best selling single of 1971 in Japan, catapulting her into stardom as an idol. It also earned Minami numerous awards such as the Best New Artist at the 1971 Japan Music Awards and the Gold Prize at the 1971 Shinjuku Music Festival. Minami was also nominated for Best New Artist at the 13th Japan Record Awards, but lost to Rumiko Koyanagi. The song gave Minami the top spot in the red team on the 22nd K\u014dhaku Uta Gassen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016453-0003-0000", "contents": "17-sai, Track listing\nAll lyrics are written by Mieko Arima; all music is composed by Ky\u014dhei Tsutsumi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 21], "content_span": [22, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016453-0004-0000", "contents": "17-sai, Chisato Moritaka version\nA cover version of \"17-sai\" was recorded by Chisato Moritaka and released by Warner Pioneer on May 25, 1989 as her seventh single. She debuted the song during her Mite ~Special~ Live Tour earlier that year. This version is known for its Eurobeat arrangement and Moritaka's catchy dance choreography on live performances, which often featured colorful costumes with flashy petticoats. The single peaked at No. 8 on Oricon's singles chart and sold 195,000 copies, making it her first top 10 single in her career. It was also ranked at No. 43 on Oricon's 1989 year-ending chart. Moritaka's \"17-sai\" was nominated for the Grand Prix at the 22nd Japan Cable Awards, but lost to Princess Princess' \"Diamonds\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 32], "content_span": [33, 736]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016453-0005-0000", "contents": "17-sai, Chisato Moritaka version\nTwo other versions of the song appear in Moritaka's fourth album Hijitsuryokuha Sengen. The first is \"17-sai (Carnation Version)\" (17\u624d\uff08\u30ab\u30fc\u30cd\u30fc\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u30fb\u30f4\u30a1\u30fc\u30b8\u30e7\u30f3\uff09, J\u016bnana-sai (K\u0101n\u0113shon V\u0101jon)), an indie pop version arranged by Masataro Naoe of the band Carnation. The second is \"17-sai (Orange Mix)\" (17\u624d\uff08\u30aa\u30ec\u30f3\u30b8\u30fb\u30df\u30c3\u30af\u30b9\uff09, J\u016bnana-sai (Orenji Mikkusu)), which is an extended remix of the single. In addition, a different remix of \"17-sai\" is included in the 1989 greatest hits album Moritaka Land.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 32], "content_span": [33, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016453-0006-0000", "contents": "17-sai, Chisato Moritaka version\nThe music video of \"17-sai\" features Moritaka dancing in three color variants of her signature dance outfit. The white/blue outfit shown on the LaserDisc cover does not appear in the video, but was as prominent on live and TV performances as the blue/yellow version. The contents of the original LD release were compiled in the 2000 DVD Chisato Moritaka DVD Collection No. 5: Mite/The Stress/17-sai.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 32], "content_span": [33, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016453-0007-0000", "contents": "17-sai, Chisato Moritaka version\nIn the years since the release of the music video, Moritaka's \"17-sai\" costume has been replicated by other artists. In 2010, Rina Koike wore the white/blue outfit to promote her gravure book, also titled 17-sai. Erina Mano wore a variation of the white/blue costume in the music video of her 2012 single \"Doki Doki Baby\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 32], "content_span": [33, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016453-0008-0000", "contents": "17-sai, Chisato Moritaka version\nMoritaka re-recorded the song on both vocals and drums and uploaded the video on her YouTube channel on January 5, 2013. This version is also included in Moritaka's 2013 self-covers DVD album Love Vol. 3 . During her \"Premium Nights @ Cotton Club\" show on December 11, 2015, she introduced a smooth R&B arrangement of the song called \"17-sai (Slow Version)\" (17\u624d\uff08\u30b9\u30ed\u30fc\u30f4\u30a1\u30fc\u30b8\u30e7\u30f3\uff09, J\u016bnana-sai (Sur\u014d V\u0101jon)).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 32], "content_span": [33, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016453-0009-0000", "contents": "17-sai, Chisato Moritaka version, Track listing\nAll music is arranged by Hideo Sait\u014d, except where indicated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 47], "content_span": [48, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016454-0000-0000", "contents": "17-sai.\n17-sai. (17\u6b73\u3002, J\u016bnana-sai., \"17 Years Old\") is a manga with the story by Seiji Fujii and art by Y\u014dji Kamata, published in 2004\u20132005. It depicts the kidnapping and rape of a girl, based on the murder of Junko Furuta. It was published in Japan by Futabasha and serialized in Manga Action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016454-0001-0000", "contents": "17-sai.\nIt was published in Spanish in Spain by Ediciones Mangaline as 17 A\u00f1os (\"17 Years\"), in French in France by naBan Editions as 17 ans une chronique du mal (\"17 years, a chronicle of evil\"), and in Taiwan by Tong Li Publishing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016454-0002-0000", "contents": "17-sai., Plot\nA group of gang members led by Miyamoto capture Sachiko Ozawa, a high school student, in Chiba Prefecture, and after assaulting her at a hotel, confine her at a house in E-Ward, eastern Tokyo, where they commit acts of rape and torture. Her sister Miki frantically attempts to find her and takes the initiative, distributing flyers. Hiroki Marukawa, the main character and a schoolmate of Miki, is so intimidated by the other characters that he outs Sachiko when she attempts to hide, and Hiroki fails to disclose his information to Miki, despite being prompted by Miki.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 13], "content_span": [14, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016454-0002-0001", "contents": "17-sai., Plot\nDespite the hazards to her life, Miki is led to the house by gangsters, and, along with Sachiko, is rescued by police following on a tip before the gangsters attempt to kill her. Hiroki, unlike his fellow co-conspirators, is tried as a juvenile and adjudicated delinquent, being incarcerated at a reformatory, instead of being tried as an adult and going to a prison for adults. Hiroki becomes the leader of his dormitory at the reformatory. As fellow gang member Takashi Ikuno is the only murdered victim, ringleader Miyamoto avoids the death penalty. Miki does not forgive Hiroki despite his pleas, as he failed to rescue Sachiko at opportune times. Sachiko ultimately survives her torture and injuries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 13], "content_span": [14, 719]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016455-0000-0000", "contents": "17-string koto\nThe 17-string koto (Japanese: \u5341\u4e03\u7d43 or \u5341\u4e03\u5f26, Hepburn: j\u016bshichi-gen, \"seventeen strings\") is a variant of the koto (zither) with 17 strings instead of the typical 13.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016455-0001-0000", "contents": "17-string koto\nThe instrument is also known as j\u016bshichi-gens\u014d (\u5341\u4e03\u7d43\u7b8f), \"17 stringed koto\", or \"bass koto\" (although koto with a greater number of strings also exist). The j\u016bshichi-gen was invented in 1921 by Michio Miyagi, a musician who felt that the standard koto lacked the range he sought in a traditional instrument. His 17 stringed creation, sometimes described as a \"bass koto\", has a deeper sound and requires specialized plectra; traditional koto plectra are worn attached to the player's fingers, with which the strings are plucked. Though his original j\u016bshichi-gen was considerably larger than a normal koto, 17 stringed koto of a similar size to the average koto are more common today, though they do not have as deep a sound as the larger version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 759]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016455-0002-0000", "contents": "17-string koto, Construction\nThe bass koto is similarly made from Paulownia tomentosa, known as kiri wood; however, the thickness of the body is approximately twice that of a regular koto. The wood is dried and treated traditionally until it achieves the correct properties for construction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 28], "content_span": [29, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016455-0003-0000", "contents": "17-string koto, Construction\nThe strings used are typically silk threads that are yellow in colour and give the instrument a deep sound. These strings are tied at both ends of the instrument, held up by an ivory platform, before the strings are tied over small cylindrical holders with holes and tied very tightly to the downside, so that they can be moved during use, but not so much as to fall off. The bridges (j\u012b) used in the construction of the bass koto are also larger in size than the average koto; the plectra are made from a specialist ivory-like material to aid in plucking the instrument.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 28], "content_span": [29, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016455-0004-0000", "contents": "17-string koto, Advanced techniques of playing\nMusicians who play the bass koto have also invented new techniques for playing the instrument, utilising more of the left hand to produce a sound that more adequately displays the instrument's deeper sound, and allows for more pitches to be created on one string. The strings are also plucked over the cylindrical holder to create a sudden \"shrill\" sound.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 46], "content_span": [47, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016456-0000-0000", "contents": "17.5 mm film\n17.5\u00a0mm film was a film gauge for as many of eight types of motion picture film stock, generally created by splitting unperforated 35 mm film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016456-0001-0000", "contents": "17.5 mm film, History\n17.5\u00a0mm film was first documented in 1898 with the creation of the Birtac camera, and subsequently went through several different iterations up until the end of World War II, when Kodak's 16\u00a0mm film and 8\u00a0mm film largely took its place in terms of popularity. In addition to original pioneering experiments, 17.5\u00a0mm film was used during World War II to use existing 35\u00a0mm stock more economically. Afterward, this format continued to be used primarily in developing countries such as India, or for projects where usage of regular 35\u00a0mm film would have been too expensive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016456-0002-0000", "contents": "17.5 mm film, Partial list, Birtac\nThe British-American photographer and inventor Birt Acres split 35\u00a0mm film in half for his Birtac camera-projector in 1898. The film used had a single row of perforations running down the left side of the image, with two perforations per image. Historically, this is considered to be the first piece of motion picture equipment that utilized 17.5 film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 34], "content_span": [35, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016456-0003-0000", "contents": "17.5 mm film, Partial list, Biokam\nAlfred Wrench and Alfred Darling created second 17.5\u00a0mm format film in 1899 in London. The only differences between their and Acres' film was that their film had central perforations, and it could be utilized as a medium for still pictures as well. The Biokam camera, projector, and printer (all in one machine) was produced by the Warwick Trading Company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 34], "content_span": [35, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016457-0000-0000", "contents": "170\nYear 170 (CLXX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Clarus and Cornelius (or, less frequently, year 923 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 170 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016458-0000-0000", "contents": "170 (Infrastructure Support) Engineer Group\n170 (Infrastructure Support) Engineer Group is an engineering group of the British Army's Corps of Royal Engineers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016458-0001-0000", "contents": "170 (Infrastructure Support) Engineer Group\nToday the group controls all of the STREs of the army in addition to 20 Works Group (Air Support), the Royal Monmouthshire Royal Engineers, and 43 HQ and Support Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016458-0002-0000", "contents": "170 (Infrastructure Support) Engineer Group, History, Military Works Force\nIn 1978, following the 1975 Mason Review, the Military Works Force was formed at Chetwynd Barracks to control the Corps of Royal Engineers's works groups. It controlled the specialist engineering units and helped in commanding and providing those special services. The group was originally formed with the control of just two Commanders Royal Engineers (CREs) each with three Specialist Teams Royal Engineers (STREs), but this force was later expanded. At one time, the command controlled 530 STRE (Maintenance), but it is unknown when this STRE was formed, disbanded, and assigned to the group. The four CREs of the command included;", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 74], "content_span": [75, 709]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016458-0003-0000", "contents": "170 (Infrastructure Support) Engineer Group, History, 170 Engineer Group\nIn 2003, the 2003 Delivering Security in a Changing World reforms were announced. By 2005, engineer groups were regulated and renamed, one the changes being the Military Work Force being renamed as 170 (Infrastructure Support) Engineer Group and placed under the 8th Force Engineer Brigade. In addition to the changed of the group, the CRE units were re-titled as Works Groups. The name was also brought to represent the group as a military organisation rather than a civil organisation. Between 2005 and present, the group saw many units come and go, those who were included, but no longer;", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 72], "content_span": [73, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016458-0004-0000", "contents": "170 (Infrastructure Support) Engineer Group, History, 170 Engineer Group\nDuring the sub-groups' time within the engineer group, many saw themselves take on a territorial, later reserve, specialist team. Following the initial Army 2020 reforms, each works group control a reserve specialist team regularly, as opposed to randomly for deployments. Following these initial reforms, the group was due to take control of the Royal Monmouthshire Militia, but this was reverted in 2015 when the refine announced they were to move under control of Headquarters Royal Engineers, 3rd (United Kingdom) Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 72], "content_span": [73, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016458-0005-0000", "contents": "170 (Infrastructure Support) Engineer Group, History, 170 Engineer Group\nIn 2015, the Army 2020 Refine was published, as an \"updated chapter\" to the initial Army 2020 reform. Under this refine, the group HQ is to move to Gamecock Barracks. The group HQ is also due to have a decrease of 9 personnel. Following the reform, the group now has the following structure;", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 72], "content_span": [73, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016459-0000-0000", "contents": "170 (number)\n170 (one hundred [and] seventy) is the natural number following 169 and preceding 171.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016459-0001-0000", "contents": "170 (number), In mathematics\n170 is the smallest n for which \u03c6(n) and \u03c3(n) are both square (64 and 324 respectively). But 170 is never a solution for \u03c6(x), making it a nontotient. Nor is it ever a solution to x - \u03c6(x), making it a noncototient.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016459-0002-0000", "contents": "170 (number), In mathematics\n170 is a repdigit in base 4 (2222) and base 16 (AA), as well as in bases 33, 84, and 169. It is also a sphenic number.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016459-0003-0000", "contents": "170 (number), In mathematics\n170 is the largest integer for which its factorial can be stored in IEEE 754 double-precision floating-point format. This is probably why it is also the largest factorial that Google's built-in calculator will calculate, returning the answer as 170! = 7.25741562 \u00d7 10306.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016459-0004-0000", "contents": "170 (number), In mathematics\nThere are 170 different cyclic Gilbreath permutations on 12 elements, and therefore there are 170 different real periodic points of order 12 on the Mandelbrot set.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016460-0000-0000", "contents": "170 BC\nYear 170 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Mancinus and Serranus (or, less frequently, year 584 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 170 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016461-0000-0000", "contents": "170 Hz\n170\u00a0Hz is a Dutch film about the love of two deaf teenagers. Although some dialogues are in Dutch, most of it is in Dutch Sign Language and subtitled. The film was first presented on the Dutch Film Festival in September 2011, and was released theatrically on 1 March 2012. The title refers to the frequency of 170 Hertz, the highest frequency which still can be heard by main character Nick (e.g. the sound of a motor bike).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016461-0001-0000", "contents": "170 Hz, Prizes\nThe film has won the Audience Award at the Gouden Kalf Awards 2011. Furthermore, the film was nominated for the \"Best Sound Award\" and Gaite Jansen for \"best actress\" at these awards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 14], "content_span": [15, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016462-0000-0000", "contents": "170 Maria\nMaria (minor planet designation: 170 Maria) is a Main belt asteroid that was discovered by French astronomer Henri Joseph Perrotin on January 10, 1877. Its orbit was computed by Antonio Abetti, and the asteroid was named after his sister, Maria. This is the namesake of the Maria asteroid family; one of the first asteroid families to be identified by Japanese astronomer Kiyotsugu Hirayama in 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016462-0001-0000", "contents": "170 Maria\nIn the Tholen classification system, this is categorized as a stony S-type asteroid. Observations performed at the Palmer Divide Observatory in Colorado Springs, Colorado during 2007 produced a light curve with a period of 13.120 \u00b1 0.002 hours and a brightness range of 0.21 \u00b1 0.02 in magnitude. Previous measurements from 2000 gave 13.14 and 5.510 hour estimates for the period. Based upon its spectrum, it is classified as an S-type asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016462-0002-0000", "contents": "170 Maria\nAn occultation of a star by Maria was observed from Manitoba, Canada, on June 10, 1997.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016463-0000-0000", "contents": "170 Street, Edmonton\n170\u00a0Street is a major arterial road in west Edmonton, Alberta. It serves residential, commercial and industrial areas. Gervais Road / Hebert Road is a major arterial road in south St. Albert, Alberta, Canada. It serves residential and commercial areas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016463-0001-0000", "contents": "170 Street, Edmonton\nThe portion of 170\u00a0Street between Whitemud Drive and Yellowhead Trail is part of Edmonton's Inner Ring Road. As such, it is a major artery used for moving people and goods around the city.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016463-0002-0000", "contents": "170 Street, Edmonton\nWest Edmonton Mall is located on the west side of 170\u00a0Street between 87\u00a0Avenue and 90\u00a0Avenue. The Misericordia Community Hospital is located on the east side of 170 Street between 87\u00a0Avenue and 90\u00a0Avenue. A pedestrian footbridge formerly connected the hospital grounds to the mall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016463-0003-0000", "contents": "170 Street, Edmonton\nPrior to Anthony Henday Drive being extended to Yellowhead Trail, 170\u00a0Street between Whitemud Drive and Yellowhead Trail was designated as part of Highway\u00a02. In addition, prior to Highway\u00a016X being renumbered to Highway\u00a016, 170 Street between Stony Plain Road and Yellowhead Trail was designated as part of Highway\u00a016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016463-0004-0000", "contents": "170 Street, Edmonton, Neighbourhoods\nList of neighbourhoods 170 Street runs through, in order from south to north:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 36], "content_span": [37, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016464-0000-0000", "contents": "1700\n1700 (MDCC) was an exceptional common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a leap year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar, the 1700th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 700th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 100th and last year of the 17th\u00a0century, and the  1st   year of the 1700s decade. As of the start of 1700, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016464-0001-0000", "contents": "1700\nAs of March 1 (O.S. February 19), where then Julian calendar acknowledged a leap day and the Gregorian calendar did not, the Julian calendar fell one day further behind, bringing the difference to 11 days until February 28 (O.S. February 17), 1800.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016464-0002-0000", "contents": "1700\nIn Sweden, the year started in the Julian calendar and remained so until February 28. Then, by skipping the leap day, the Swedish calendar was introduced, letting February 28 be followed by March 1, giving the entire year the same pattern as a common year starting on Monday. This calendar, being ten days behind the Gregorian and one day ahead of the Julian, lasts until 1712.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016465-0000-0000", "contents": "1700 (TV series)\n1700 is an Australian music video show, airing on C31 Melbourne & Geelong Wednesday and Friday afternoons from 5pm, it previously aired weeknights from 5-6pm. Produced by SYN TV, the show features various recurring hosts introducing music videos, conducting interviews and performances from local and international artists, and is billed as \"Melbourne's only daily live, youth produced music show\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016465-0001-0000", "contents": "1700 (TV series)\nNotable former guests include SAFIA, The 1975, and You Me at Six. The programme has previously covered festivals and events such as BIGSOUND, Groovin' the Moo, and The Falls Festival.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016466-0000-0000", "contents": "1700 AM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1700 kHz: 1700 AM is a Regional broadcast frequency.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016467-0000-0000", "contents": "1700 Cascadia earthquake\nThe 1700 Cascadia earthquake occurred along the Cascadia subduction zone on January 26, 1700 with an estimated moment magnitude of 8.7\u20139.2. The megathrust earthquake involved the Juan de Fuca Plate from mid-Vancouver Island, south along the Pacific Northwest coast as far as northern California. The length of the fault rupture was about 1,000 kilometers (620 miles), with an average slip of 20 meters (66\u00a0ft).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016467-0001-0000", "contents": "1700 Cascadia earthquake\nThe earthquake caused a tsunami which struck the west coast of North America and the coast of Japan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016467-0002-0000", "contents": "1700 Cascadia earthquake, Scientific research\nThe most important clue linking the tsunami in Japan and the earthquake in the Pacific Northwest comes from studies of tree rings (dendrochronology), which show that several \"ghost forests\" of red cedar trees in Oregon and Washington, killed by lowering of coastal forests into the tidal zone by the earthquake, have outermost growth rings that formed in 1699, the last growing season before the tsunami. This includes both inland stands of trees, such as one on the Copalis River in Washington, and pockets of tree stumps that are now under the ocean surface and become exposed only at low tide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 45], "content_span": [46, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016467-0003-0000", "contents": "1700 Cascadia earthquake, Scientific research\nSediment layers in these locations demonstrate a pattern consistent with seismic and tsunami events around this time. Core samples from the ocean floor, as well as debris samples from some earthquake-induced landslides in the Pacific Northwest, also support this timing of the event. Archaeological research in the region has uncovered evidence of several coastal villages having been flooded and abandoned around 1700.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 45], "content_span": [46, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016467-0004-0000", "contents": "1700 Cascadia earthquake, Cultural research\nLocal Native American and First Nations groups residing in Cascadia used oral tradition to transmit knowledge from one generation to the next, so there is no written documentation like that of the Japanese tsunami. However, numerous oral traditions describing a great earthquake and tsunami-like flooding exist among indigenous coastal peoples from British Columbia to Northern California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 43], "content_span": [44, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016467-0004-0001", "contents": "1700 Cascadia earthquake, Cultural research\nThese do not specify an exact date, and not all earthquake stories in the region can be definitively isolated as referring to the 1700 quake in particular; however, virtually all of the native peoples in the region have at least one traditional story of an event much stronger and more destructive than any other that their community had ever experienced.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 43], "content_span": [44, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016467-0005-0000", "contents": "1700 Cascadia earthquake, Cultural research\nSome of the stories contain temporal clues \u2014 such as an estimate of how many generations had passed since the event \u2014 which can be traced back to a date range in the late 1600s or early 1700s, or which concur with the event's timing in other ways. The Huu-ay-aht legend of a large earthquake and ocean wave devastating their settlements at Pachena Bay, for instance, speaks of the event taking place on a winter evening shortly after the village's residents had gone to sleep.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 43], "content_span": [44, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016467-0005-0001", "contents": "1700 Cascadia earthquake, Cultural research\nMasit was the only community on Pachina Bay not to have been wiped out, as it sat on a mountainside approximately 75 feet (23\u00a0m) above sea level. Nobody else from Pachina Bay survived the event \u2014 Anacla aq sop, a young woman who happened to be staying at Kiix-in on the more tsunami-sheltered Barkley Sound at the time of the event, came to be known as the last living member of her community.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 43], "content_span": [44, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016467-0006-0000", "contents": "1700 Cascadia earthquake, Cultural research\nKwakwaka'wakw (Kwakiutl) stories from the north end of Vancouver Island report a night-time earthquake that caused virtually all houses in their community to collapse; Cowichan stories from Vancouver Island's inner coast speak of a nighttime earthquake, causing a landslide that buried an entire village. Makah stories from Washington speak of a great night-time earthquake, of which the only survivors were those who fled inland before the tsunami hit. The Quileute people in Washington have a story about a flood so powerful that villagers in their canoes were swept inland all the way to Hood Canal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 43], "content_span": [44, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016467-0007-0000", "contents": "1700 Cascadia earthquake, Cultural research\nEthnographic research has focused on a common regional pattern of art and mythology depicting a great battle between a thunderbird and a whale, as well as cultural signifiers such as earthquake-inspired ritual masks and dances.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 43], "content_span": [44, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016467-0008-0000", "contents": "1700 Cascadia earthquake, Future threats\nThe geological record reveals that \"great earthquakes\" (those with moment magnitude 8 or higher) occur in the Cascadia subduction zone about every 500 years on average, often accompanied by tsunamis. There is evidence of at least 13 events at intervals from about 300 to 900 years with an average of 570\u2013590 years. Previous earthquakes are estimated to have been in 1310 AD, 810 AD, 400 AD, 170 BC and 600 BC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 40], "content_span": [41, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016467-0009-0000", "contents": "1700 Cascadia earthquake, Future threats\nAs seen in the 1700 quake, the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake, and the 2011 T\u014dhoku earthquake and tsunami, subduction zone earthquakes can cause large tsunamis, and many coastal areas in the region have prepared tsunami evacuation plans in anticipation of a possible future Cascadia earthquake. However, the major nearby cities, notably Seattle, Portland, Vancouver, Victoria, and Tacoma, which are located on inland waterways rather than on the coast, would be sheltered from the full brunt of a tsunami.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 40], "content_span": [41, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016467-0009-0001", "contents": "1700 Cascadia earthquake, Future threats\nThese cities do have many vulnerable structures, especially bridges and unreinforced brick buildings; consequently, most of the damage to the cities would probably be from the earthquake itself. One expert asserts that buildings in Seattle are vastly inadequate even to withstand an event of the size of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, let alone any more powerful one.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 40], "content_span": [41, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016467-0010-0000", "contents": "1700 Cascadia earthquake, Future threats\nKenneth Murphy, who directs FEMA's Region X, the division responsible for Oregon, Washington, Idaho, and Alaska, put it quite dramatically: \"Our operating assumption is that everything west of Interstate 5 will be toast.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 40], "content_span": [41, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016467-0011-0000", "contents": "1700 Cascadia earthquake, Future threats\nRecent findings conclude that the Cascadia subduction zone is more complex and volatile than previously believed. In 2010, geologists predicted a 37% chance of an M8.2+ event within 50 years, and a 10 to 15% chance that the entire Cascadia subduction zone will rupture with an M9+ event within the same time frame. Geologists have also determined the Pacific Northwest is not prepared for such a colossal quake. The tsunami produced could reach heights of 80 to 100 feet (24 to 30\u00a0m).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 40], "content_span": [41, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016467-0012-0000", "contents": "1700 Cascadia earthquake, Future threats\nA 2004 study revealed the potential for relative mean sea level rise (caused by subsidence) along the Cascadia subduction zone. It postulated that cities on the west coast of Vancouver Island, such as Tofino and Ucluelet, are at risk for a 1\u20132\u00a0m subsidence, relative to mean sea level.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 40], "content_span": [41, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016467-0013-0000", "contents": "1700 Cascadia earthquake, Future threats\nThe confirmation of their oral traditions about a great earthquake has led many aboriginal groups in the area to initiate projects to relocate their coastal communities to higher and safer ground in preparation for the predicted next earthquake. The Huu-ay-aht people have rebuilt their administration building on a high point of land in their territory; coastal residents are immediately evacuated to this building whenever a tsunami warning is issued, as an interim measure toward eventually relocating all residents to higher ground.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 40], "content_span": [41, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016467-0013-0001", "contents": "1700 Cascadia earthquake, Future threats\nThe Quileute people secured a land grant from the federal government of the United States in 2012 to move their settlement inland, both as protection from a future tsunami threat and because of more frequent flooding on the Quillayute River. The Shoalwater Bay Indian Tribe has also set a goal of moving their community uphill and has received a FEMA PDM grant to build the first vertical evacuation tower on their coast, scheduled to be completed near the Tokeland Marina by 2022.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 40], "content_span": [41, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016467-0014-0000", "contents": "1700 Cascadia earthquake, Future threats\nSome other subduction zones have such earthquakes every 100 to 200 years; the longer interval results from slower plate motions. The rate of convergence between the Juan de Fuca Plate and the North American Plate is 60 millimetres (2.4\u00a0in) per year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 40], "content_span": [41, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016467-0015-0000", "contents": "1700 Cascadia earthquake, Evidence\nThe earthquake took place at about 21:00 Pacific Time on January 26, 1700 (NS). Although there are no written records for the region from the time, the timing of the earthquake has been inferred from Japanese records of a tsunami that does not correlate with any other Pacific Rim quake. The Japanese records exist primarily in the modern-day Iwate Prefecture, in communities such as Tsugaruishi, Miyako (Kuwagasaki) and \u014ctsuchi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 34], "content_span": [35, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016467-0016-0000", "contents": "1700 Cascadia earthquake, Bridge of the Gods - Bonneville Slide\nIt was once conjectured that it may also have been linked to the Bridge of the Gods - Bonneville Slide and the Tseax Cone eruption in British Columbia, Canada. However, recent investigations using radiocarbon dating and dendrochronology date the Bonneville landslide around 1450.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 63], "content_span": [64, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016468-0000-0000", "contents": "1700 East 56th Street\n1700 East 56th Street, also known as 1700 Building, is a 38-story luxury apartment building overlooking Lake Michigan and adjacent to Jackson Park and the Museum of Science and Industry in the Hyde Park neighborhood of Chicago in Cook County, Illinois, United States. Designed by Loewenberg Architects, its construction was completed in 1968, followed by a condominium conversion in 1994. With 369 residences, this was the largest Hyde Park condominium conversion in a decade,when a recession and soaring interest rates halted Chicago's condo conversion frenzy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016468-0001-0000", "contents": "1700 East 56th Street\nThis is the tallest building in Chicago south of 13th Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 83]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016468-0002-0000", "contents": "1700 East 56th Street\nThe condominium conversion had five different unit designs, each named after a famous Chicago architect:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016469-0000-0000", "contents": "1700 Market\n1700 Market is a high-rise building located in the Market West region of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The building stands at 430 feet (131 meters) with 32 floors, and was completed in 1968. It is currently tied with Two Logan Square as the 20th-tallest building in Philadelphia. The architect of the building was Murphy Levy Wurman. 1700 Market has the distinction of being the tallest building in Philadelphia built during the 1960s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016469-0001-0000", "contents": "1700 Market\n1700 Market is a 32-story, Class A trophy office building totaling 841,172 square feet located in the heart of Center City, Philadelphia. Sitting on 1.39 acres, the property also includes a five-story; seven hundred and thirty-five (735) space parking garage. The lower level contains retail services, building storage, and office areas. Positioned approximately two blocks from City Hall and two blocks from Rittenhouse Square, 1700 Market Street boasts the quintessential \u201cmain and main\u201d location in the City of Philadelphia. Built in 1969 by Charles Luckman & Associates, the superstructure is cast-in-place, waffle-slab construction with precast concrete panels. Precast curtain wall concrete panels contain punch-outs with anodized single-glazed tinted glazing", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 777]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016470-0000-0000", "contents": "1700 Naval Air Squadron\n1700 Naval Air Squadron of the Fleet Air Arm of the Royal Navy was formed in November 1944 at RNAS Lee-on-Solent as an amphibian bomber reconnaissance squadron. It was equipped with the Supermarine Sea Otter, and the squadron joined HMS Khedive in January 1945 bound for Sulur in India. On arrival the Sea Otters were augmented with Supermarine Walrus amphibian aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016470-0001-0000", "contents": "1700 Naval Air Squadron\nThe squadron's aircraft were distributed among the escort carriers of the Far East Fleet for air sea rescue and minesweeping duties. By April 1945 aircraft of the squadron were serving in HM Ships Stalker, Hunter, Khedive, Emperor, Ameer, Attacker and Shah. July saw operations at Car Nicobar, and off Phuket Island.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016470-0002-0000", "contents": "1700 Naval Air Squadron, Present day\nOn 31 October 2017, the Maritime Aviation Support Force (MASF) at RNAS Culdrose was recommissioned as 1700 Naval Air Squadron. The unit provides personnel and naval aviation support to operations for ships and land bases globally.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 36], "content_span": [37, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016471-0000-0000", "contents": "1700 Pacific\n1700 Pacific is a skyscraper located at 1700 Pacific Avenue in the City Center District of Dallas, Texas. The building rises 655\u00a0ft (200\u00a0m) and contains 49 floors of office space. It is currently the seventh tallest building in the city and was the second tallest in the city when it was completed in 1983, trailing only Renaissance Tower.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016471-0001-0000", "contents": "1700 Pacific\nThe land on which 1700 Pacific sits was once two triangular blocks separated by Live Oak Street. In 1977, one of the triangular blocks was purchased by Dallas Transit Board for a major transit interchange on a proposed underground transit system", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016471-0002-0000", "contents": "1700 Pacific\nThe architect for the Tower was WZMH Architects. Berkeley First City L.P. first owned the building while Jones Lang LaSalle leased the building. Now, the current owner is Olymbec, who also manages the leasing. Olymbec is responsible for renovations throughout the building in 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016471-0003-0000", "contents": "1700 Pacific\nIn 2008, Jones Lang LaSalle announced that a 25,000 square feet (2,300\u00a0m2) fitness center named \"Elevation\" would move into 1700 Pacific.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016472-0000-0000", "contents": "1700 Zvezdara\n1700 Zvezdara, provisional designation 1940 QC, is a dark asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 21 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 27 August 1940, by Serbian astronomer Petar \u0110urkovi\u0107 at Belgrade Astronomical Observatory, Serbia, and named after the Zvezdara hill in Belgrade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016472-0001-0000", "contents": "1700 Zvezdara, Orbit and classification\nThe asteroid orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.8\u20132.9\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 8 months (1,325 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.23 and an inclination of 5\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. It was first identified as 1929 PM at Johannesburg Observatory in 1929, extending the body's observation arc by 11 years prior to its official discovery observation at Belgrade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016472-0002-0000", "contents": "1700 Zvezdara, Physical characteristics\nZvezdara is characterized as an X-type asteroid in the Tholen classification.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016472-0003-0000", "contents": "1700 Zvezdara, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves\nIn September 2009, two rotational lightcurves of Zvezdara were obtained from observations, after being identified as a good candidate for photometry. They gave an identical rotation period of 9.114 hours with a brightness variation of 0.10 and 0.13 magnitude, respectively (U=3/3-).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 52], "content_span": [53, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016472-0004-0000", "contents": "1700 Zvezdara, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Zvezdara measures 20.17 and 21.71 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.045 and 0.039, respectively. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.043 and a diameter of 20.86 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.45, similar to one of the lightcurve studies that calculated a diameter of 20.89 kilometers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016472-0005-0000", "contents": "1700 Zvezdara, Naming\nThis minor planet is named after the hilly Zvezdara municipality of the city of Belgrade. It is the location of the Belgrade Observatory, founded in 1934. The Serbian word Zvezdara means \"star-house\" when literally translated. Zvezdara was one of two asteroids discovered by Petar \u0110urkovi\u0107, the other being 1605 Milankovitch. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 August 1980 (M.P.C. 5449).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016481-0000-0000", "contents": "1700 in Scotland\nEvents from the year 1700 in the Kingdom of Scotland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016483-0000-0000", "contents": "1700 in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the year 1700 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016486-0000-0000", "contents": "1700 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1700.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016488-0000-0000", "contents": "1700 in piracy\nSee also 1699 in piracy, 1701 in piracy, and Timeline of piracy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 79]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016489-0000-0000", "contents": "1700 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016489-0001-0000", "contents": "1700 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016489-0002-0000", "contents": "1700 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016490-0000-0000", "contents": "1700 in science\nThe year 1700 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016491-0000-0000", "contents": "1700 papal conclave\nThe 1700 papal conclave was convened following the death of Pope Innocent XII. It ended in the election of Giovanni Albani as Pope Clement XI. The conclave saw a rise in the dominance of the zelanti faction College of Cardinals. It remained deadlocked for a month until the death of the childless Charles II of Spain. The cardinal electors anticipated that his death without a clear heir would cause a political crisis, and moved to elect a pope that was seen as non-partisan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016491-0001-0000", "contents": "1700 papal conclave, Background\nDuring his pontificate Innocent XII worked to improve relations with Louis XIV of France. He reached a compromise with the French king by agreeing to the confirmation of all bishops that Louis had created since 1682 in return for the king's promise not to make them abide by the Declaration of the Clergy of France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016491-0002-0000", "contents": "1700 papal conclave, Background\nThe Habsburg Charles II of Spain was dying at this time and had no children. At Charles' request, Innocent advised that the throne pass to Philip of Anjou, grandson of Louis XIV of France, due to the close kinship between Louis and Charles. Philip succeeding to the Spanish throne was seen as a threat to the balance of power by other European nations, leading to the War of the Spanish Succession upon Charles' death, which took place six weeks after Innocent's own.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016491-0003-0000", "contents": "1700 papal conclave, Background\nInnocent XII's age and health had been a topic of conversation among European courts and cardinals, and when he became sick in November 1699 speculation as to the next conclave became more ernest. Despite this, France was the only great power to have a clear policy regarding the next papal conclave. Both Spain and the Holy Roman Empire were bogged down in extensive conversations in their capitals that caused a delay in their ambassadors receiving orders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016491-0004-0000", "contents": "1700 papal conclave, Conclave\nFifty-eight cardinals were present on 9 October when the conclave began. Since Charles II was dying at this time, Spain's cardinal electors were unsure of how they should vote, and they did not work closely with electors that were loyal to the Holy Roman Emperor. From the beginning, it was clear that the impending death of Charles II was likely to cause a lengthy conclave, because the next pope would be expected to respond to the anticipated political crisis in Spain following Charles' imminent death.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016491-0005-0000", "contents": "1700 papal conclave, Conclave\nOf the Fifty-eight cardinals present at the conclave, thirty-one were considered to be a part of the zelanti, with Innocent XII having created eighteen members of the College of Cardinals who were counted as part of this faction. The other two main factions were those loyal to the Holy Roman Emperor, who originally had only two cardinals, but eventually increased to four, and the French, who had five cardinals in their camp.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016491-0006-0000", "contents": "1700 papal conclave, Conclave\nGaleazzo Marescotti, a member of the zelanti, was the first serious candidate proposed two weeks in to the conclave. He was acceptable to the Spanish, but was opposed by the French because they wanted the new pope who was not strong. Bandino Panciatici was suggested by Pietro Ottoboni, but he was not supported by secular monarchs because he had supported giving benefices to nominees who were independent of the secular authorities. Giacomo Antonio Morigia was acceptable to the secular rulers, but was opposed by the zelanti for lacking governing experience in addition to not being firm or having the energy required. Following the proposal of these candidates, others came up as well, but were quickly rejected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 746]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016491-0007-0000", "contents": "1700 papal conclave, Election of Clement XI\nThe conclave remained deadlocked until the electors were informed of Charles II's death in November. The electors present understood that with Charles' death, the next pope would need to be politically impartial, so a member of the zelanti was preferred. Giovanni Albani, who had drafted the bull outlawing nepotism, soon became the leading candidate for the papacy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016491-0008-0000", "contents": "1700 papal conclave, Election of Clement XI\nThe French were initially opposed to Albani's election, but they quickly dropped their opposition to him. He was elected unanimously on 23 November 1700. He was unsure whether he should accept the papacy due to the fact that he had nephews who he suspected would be angry if he followed the bull on nepotism. He was eventually convinced to accept the papacy by theologians who told him that not accepting a unanimous election would not be following the Holy Spirit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016491-0009-0000", "contents": "1700 papal conclave, Election of Clement XI\nAlbani was created a cardinal deacon in 1690 by Alexander VIII, but he did not receive ordination to the priesthood until shortly before the conclave began. Albani was not a bishop, and had to receive episcopal consecration after his election before he could be crowned pope. Albani had been elected on the feast day of Pope Clement I, and took the name of Clement XI to honour the saint. At fifty-one, Albani was younger than any other pope who had been elected in almost two centuries. Albani was the candidate of the zelanti in this conclave, and his election represented a success for them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016492-0000-0000", "contents": "1700s (decade)\nThe 1700s decade ran from January 1, 1700, to December 31, 1709.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 79]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016492-0001-0000", "contents": "1700s (decade)\nThe decade is marked by a shift in the political structure of the Indian subcontinent, and the decline of the Mughal Empire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016493-0000-0000", "contents": "1700s BC (decade)\nThe 1700s BC was a decade lasting from January 1, 1709 BC to December 31, 1700 BC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016494-0000-0000", "contents": "1700s in Scotland\nA list of events and people in Scotland in the 1700s:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 71]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016494-0001-0000", "contents": "1700s in Scotland, Incumbents\nDuke of Rothesay, Prince and Great Steward of Scotland, etc.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016494-0002-0000", "contents": "1700s in Scotland, Incumbents\n(*Following the Act of Union of 1707, Anne became the Queen of the newly formed Kingdom of Great Britain.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016495-0000-0000", "contents": "1700s in South Africa\nThe following lists events that happened during the 1700s in South Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 96]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016496-0000-0000", "contents": "1700s in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the decade 1700\u20131709 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016497-0000-0000", "contents": "1700s in archaeology\nThe decade of the 1700s in archaeology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016498-0000-0000", "contents": "1700th Air Transport Group\nThe 1700th Air Transport Group is an inactive United States Air Force unit. Its last was assigned to the Continental Division, Military Air Transport Service, stationed at Kelly Air Force Base, Texas. It was inactivated on 1 May 1957.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016498-0001-0000", "contents": "1700th Air Transport Group, History\nEstablished at Kelly Field after World War II concurrently with the establishment of the Military Air Transport Service Continental Division Headquarters. With Material Command's large aircraft depot maintenance and supply facilities at Kelly, provided worldwide transport of supplies and equipment to all parts of the world. Operated large fleets of C-54s, C-97s and primarily C-124 Globemaster II transports, frequently forming transport squadrons then once trained and equipped would reassign them to new MATS organizations. During the 1950s, the 1700th operated most of the MATS transport aircraft as well as passenger aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 668]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016498-0002-0000", "contents": "1700th Air Transport Group, History\nInactivated in May 1957 when Air Force Logistics Command became controlling organization at Kelly AFB, and MATS realigned its organization to focus more on overseas transports and the inactivation of its Continental Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016499-0000-0000", "contents": "1700\u20131750 in Western fashion\nFashion in the period 1690\u20131740 in European and European-influenced countries is characterized by a widening silhouette for both men and women following the tall, narrow look of the 1680s and 90s. This era is defined as late Baroque/Rococo style. The new fashion trends introduced during this era had a greater impact on society, affecting not only royalty and aristocrats, but also middle and even lower classes. Clothing during this time can be characterized by soft pastels, light, airy, and asymmetrical designs, and playful styles. Wigs remained essential for men and women of substance, and were often white; natural hair was powdered to achieve the fashionable look. The costume of the eighteenth century, if lacking in the refinement and grace of earlier times, was distinctly quaint and picturesque.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 837]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016499-0001-0000", "contents": "1700\u20131750 in Western fashion\nDistinction was made in this period between full dress worn at court and for formal occasions, and undress or everyday, daytime clothes. As the decades progressed, fewer and fewer occasions called for full dress, which had all but disappeared by the end of the century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016499-0002-0000", "contents": "1700\u20131750 in Western fashion\nFashion designers became more recognizable during this period, as men and women were eager to be dressed in the latest trends and styles. Fashion magazines emerged during this era, originally aimed at educated readers, but quickly capturing the attention of lower classes with their colorful illustrations and up-to-date fashion news.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016499-0003-0000", "contents": "1700\u20131750 in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Gowns and dresses\nIn the early decades of the new century, formal dress consisted of the stiff-bodiced mantua. A closed (or \"round\") petticoat, sometimes worn with an apron, replaced the open draped mantua skirt of the previous period. This formal style then gave way to more relaxed fashions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 64], "content_span": [65, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016499-0004-0000", "contents": "1700\u20131750 in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Gowns and dresses\nThe robe \u00e0 la fran\u00e7aise or sack-back gown had a tight bodice with a low-cut square neckline, usually with large ribbon bows down the front, wide panniers, and was lavishly trimmed with all manner of lace, ribbon, and flowers. With flowing pleats from the shoulders was originally an undress fashion. At its most informal, this gown was unfitted both front and back and called a sacque. With a more relaxed style came a shift away from heavy fabrics, such as satin and velvet, to Indian cotton, silks and damasks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 64], "content_span": [65, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016499-0004-0001", "contents": "1700\u20131750 in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Gowns and dresses\nAlso, these gowns were often made in lighter pastel shades that gave off a warm, graceful and childlike appearance. Later, for formal wear, the front was fitted to the body by means of a tightly-laced underbodice, while the back fell in loose box pleats called \"Watteau pleats\" from their appearance in the paintings of Antoine Watteau.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 64], "content_span": [65, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016499-0005-0000", "contents": "1700\u20131750 in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Gowns and dresses\nThe less formal robe \u00e0 l'anglaise, Close-bodied gown or \"nightgown\" also had a pleated back, but the pleats were sewn down to fit the bodice to the body to the waist. It featured a snug bodice with a full skirt worn without panniers, usually cut a bit longer in the back to form a small train, and often some type of lace kerchief was worn around the neckline.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 64], "content_span": [65, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016499-0006-0000", "contents": "1700\u20131750 in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Gowns and dresses\nEither gown could be closed in front (a \"round gown\") or open to reveal a matching or contrasting petticoat. Open-fronted bodices could be filled in with a decorative stomacher, and toward the end of the period a lace or linen kerchief called a fichu could be worn to fill in the low neckline.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 64], "content_span": [65, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016499-0007-0000", "contents": "1700\u20131750 in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Gowns and dresses\nSleeves were bell- or trumpet-shaped, and caught up at the elbow to show the frilled or lace-trimmed sleeves of the shift (chemise) beneath. Sleeves became narrower as the period progressed, with a frill at the elbow, and elaborate separate ruffles called engageantes were tacked to the shift sleeves, in a fashion that would persist into the 1770s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 64], "content_span": [65, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016499-0008-0000", "contents": "1700\u20131750 in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Gowns and dresses\nNecklines on dresses became more open as time went on allowing for greater display of ornamentation of the neck area. A thick band of lace was often sewed onto the neckline of a gown with ribbons, flowers, and/or jewels adorning the lace. Jewelry such as strings of pearls, ribbons, or lace frills were tied high on the neck. Finally, one other large element of 18th century women's dress wear became the addition of the frilled neckband, a separate piece from the rest of the dress. This ornament was popularized sometime around 1730 .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 64], "content_span": [65, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016499-0009-0000", "contents": "1700\u20131750 in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Underwear\nThe stays of the early 18th century were long-waisting and cut with a narrow back, wide front, and shoulder straps; the most fashionable stays pulled the shoulders back until the shoulder blades almost touched. The resulting  silhouette, with shoulders thrown back, very erect posture and a high, full bosom, is characteristic of this period and no other.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 56], "content_span": [57, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016499-0010-0000", "contents": "1700\u20131750 in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Underwear\nSkirts were worn over small, domed hoops, called panniers, in the 1730s and early 1740s. Depending on the occasion, these panniers varied in size. Smaller hoops were worn in everyday settings and larger hoops for more formal occasions, which later widened to as much as three feet to either side at the French court of Marie Antoinette.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 56], "content_span": [57, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016499-0011-0000", "contents": "1700\u20131750 in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Underwear\nThe shift (chemise) or smock had full sleeves early in the period and tight, elbow-length sleeves in the 1740s as the sleeves of the gown narrowed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 56], "content_span": [57, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016499-0012-0000", "contents": "1700\u20131750 in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Underwear\nSome women wore drawers (underpants) in England. For instance, as early as 1676 inventory of Hillard Veren had \"3 pair of women drawers\". Although, they are not common in English or New England inventories during the 17th and 18th century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 56], "content_span": [57, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016499-0013-0000", "contents": "1700\u20131750 in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Underwear\nWoolen waistcoats were worn over the corset and under the gown for warmth, as were petticoats quilted with wool batting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 56], "content_span": [57, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016499-0014-0000", "contents": "1700\u20131750 in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Underwear\nFree-hanging pockets were tied around the waist and were accessed through pocket slits in the gown or petticoat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 56], "content_span": [57, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016499-0015-0000", "contents": "1700\u20131750 in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Underwear\nLoose gowns, sometimes with a wrapped or surplice front closure, were worn over the shift (chemise), petticoat and stays (corset) for at-home wear, and it was fashionable to have one's portrait painted wearing these fashions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 56], "content_span": [57, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016499-0016-0000", "contents": "1700\u20131750 in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Outerwear\nRiding habits consisted of a fitted, thigh- or knee-length coat similar to those worn by men, usually with a matching petticoat. Ladies wore masculine-inspired shirts and tricorne hats for riding and hunting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 56], "content_span": [57, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016499-0017-0000", "contents": "1700\u20131750 in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Outerwear\nWhen outdoors, ladies also wore elbow-length capes, often lined with fur for warmth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 56], "content_span": [57, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016499-0018-0000", "contents": "1700\u20131750 in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Fabrics and colors\nIn the early years of this period, pastel silk hoods and light colors became fashionable at the French court for mature women, under the influence of Madame de Maintenon. Younger women also wore light or bright colors, but the preference was for solid-colored or floral silks with ornamentation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 65], "content_span": [66, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016499-0019-0000", "contents": "1700\u20131750 in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Fabrics and colors\nGradually, trim in the form of applied lace and fabric robings (strips of ruched, gathered or pleated fabric) replaced the plain style. Ribbon bows, lacing, and rosettes became popular, as did boldly patterned fabrics. Silk gowns and stomachers were often intricately embroidered in floral and life motifs, demonstrating great attention to detail and care for an accurate portrayal of nature. A mid-century vogue for striped fabrics had the stripes running different directions on the trim and the body of the gown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 65], "content_span": [66, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016499-0020-0000", "contents": "1700\u20131750 in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Fabrics and colors\nChintz, Indian cotton fabric with block-printed imaging on a white base, was wildly fashionable. Bans against their importation to protect the British silk, linen and woolen industries did nothing to reduce their desirability. Brocaded silks and woolens had similar colorful floral patterns on light-colored grounds. Blends of wool and silk or wool and linen (linsey-woolsey) were popular. Until the 1730s, European textiles were of inferior quality that could not match the complex fashionable designs of Indian calicoes. Europe was able to produce high quality petit teints (colors that faded with light and washing), but they were unable to produce grand teints (permanent colors resistant to light and wear).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 65], "content_span": [66, 778]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016499-0021-0000", "contents": "1700\u20131750 in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Footwear and accessories\nThe shoe of the previous period with its curved heel, squarish toe, and tie over the instep gave way in the second decade of the 18th century to a shoe with a high, curved heel. Backless mules were worn indoors and out (but not on the street). Toes were now pointed. This style of shoe would remain popular well into the next period. Shoes at the time had many variations of decoration, some even included metal wrapped threads.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 71], "content_span": [72, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016499-0022-0000", "contents": "1700\u20131750 in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Footwear and accessories\nWomen, particularly in France, began wearing a boutonni\u00e8re, or a small bouquet of fresh flowers in a \"bosom bottle.\" About four inches in length, these glass or tin bottles were small enough to discreetly tuck into the bosom or hair, but also just large enough to contain water to keep the flowers from wilting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 71], "content_span": [72, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016499-0023-0000", "contents": "1700\u20131750 in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Makeup\nAn 18th-century toilette began with a heavy white foundation made from white lead, egg white, and a variety of other substances. This was overlaid with white powder (typically potato or rice powder), rouge, and deep red or cherry lip color.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 53], "content_span": [54, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016499-0024-0000", "contents": "1700\u20131750 in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Makeup\nTiny pieces of fabric, known as patches, in the shapes of dots, hearts, stars, etc. were applied to the face with adhesive. The fashion is thought to have originated as a way of disguising pox scars and other blemishes, but gradually developed coded meanings. A patch near the mouth signified flirtatiousness; one on the right cheek denoted marriage; one on the left cheek announced engagement; one at the corner of the eye signified a mistress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 53], "content_span": [54, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016499-0025-0000", "contents": "1700\u20131750 in Western fashion, Men's fashion, Suits\nThe male suit, also known as the habit \u00e0 la fran\u00e7aise, made of three parts: the justaucorps, a jacket, and breeches. The waistcoat was the most decorative piece, usually lavishly embroidered or displaying patterned fabrics. In the early 18th century the Breeches usually stopped at the knee, with white stockings worn underneath and heeled shoes, which usually had large square buckles. Coats were worn closer to the body and were not as skirt-like as during the Baroque era. They were also worn more open to showcase the elaborate waistcoats...", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016499-0025-0001", "contents": "1700\u20131750 in Western fashion, Men's fashion, Suits\nThe skirts of the coat remained wide and were stiffened by buckram, horsehair, and other means to fan out over the hips. The front edges of the coat, which previously had been cut straight, began to curve slightly towards the back to reveal more of the waistcoat  Fabrics for men were primarily silks, velvets, and brocades, with woolens used for the middle class and for sporting costumes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016499-0026-0000", "contents": "1700\u20131750 in Western fashion, Men's fashion, Suits, Coat\nWhen the coat began to be worn in the 1600s, it was cut with little shaping to the figure and hung loosely from the shoulders to just below the knee. There were long vents from waist to hem at the sides and center-back, generally edged with buttons and buttonholes. During the 1670s and 1680s, the coat became closer-fitting with a slight shaping at the waist to produce a longer, narrower, more severe line. Sleeves were worn longer and tighter but still with cuffs. The slim, straight line was emphasized by low-set vertical pockets, but in the late 1680s, these were largely replaced by horizontal pockets which were later given flaps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 56], "content_span": [57, 695]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016499-0027-0000", "contents": "1700\u20131750 in Western fashion, Men's fashion, Suits, Breeches\nKnee-breeches had a center-front opening, fastened at the waist, and were worn without other support. The legs were gathered into a band above or below the knee, closing with ties, buttons or a buckle or strap. Stockings were drawn up over the knees and covered the lower edge of the breeches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 60], "content_span": [61, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016499-0028-0000", "contents": "1700\u20131750 in Western fashion, Men's fashion, Footwear\nIn the early 18th century, men's shoes continued to have a squared toe, but the heels were not as high. From 1720-1730, the heels became even smaller, and the shoes became more comfortable, no longer containing a block toe. The shoes from the first half of the century often contained an oblong buckle usually embedded with stones.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 53], "content_span": [54, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016499-0029-0000", "contents": "1700\u20131750 in Western fashion, Men's fashion, Accessories\nUpper-class men often wore a cane as part of their outfits, suspending it by a loop from one of their waistcoat buttons to allow their hands to properly hold snuff-boxes or handkerchiefs. The cane was thus less functional and rather for the sake of fashion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 56], "content_span": [57, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016499-0030-0000", "contents": "1700\u20131750 in Western fashion, Men's fashion, Hairstyles and headgear\nWigs in a variety of styles were worn for different occasions and by different age groups.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 68], "content_span": [69, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016499-0031-0000", "contents": "1700\u20131750 in Western fashion, Men's fashion, Hairstyles and headgear\nThe large high parted wig of the 1690s remained popular from 1700 until around 1720. During this time various colors were worn, but white was becoming more popular and the curls were getting tighter. The cadogan style of men's hair developed and became popular during this period, with horizontal rolls of hair over the ears. Later, wigs or the natural hair were worn long, brushed back from the forehead and clubbed or tied back at the nape of the neck with a black ribbon. From about 1720, a bag wig gathered the back hair in a black silk bag. Black ribbons attached to the bag were brought to the front and tied in a bow in a style called a \"solitaire\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 68], "content_span": [69, 725]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016499-0032-0000", "contents": "1700\u20131750 in Western fashion, Men's fashion, Hairstyles and headgear\nWide-brimmed hats with brims turned up on three sides into tricornes were worn throughout the era. They were an essential element to the \"domino\", a stylish costume for masquerade balls, which became an increasingly popular mode of entertainment. The \"domino\" style consisted of a mask, a long cape, and a tricorne hat, all usually constructed of dark colors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 68], "content_span": [69, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016499-0033-0000", "contents": "1700\u20131750 in Western fashion, Children's fashion\nToddler boys and girls wore low-necked gowns. Leading strings\u2014narrow straps of fabric attached to the gown at the shoulder\u2014functioned as a sort of leash to keep the child from straying too far or falling as they learned to walk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016499-0034-0000", "contents": "1700\u20131750 in Western fashion, Children's fashion\nChildren older than toddlers continued to wear clothing which was in many respects simply a smaller version of adult clothing. Although it is often said that children wore miniature versions of adult clothing, this is something of a myth. Girls wore back-fastening gowns, trimmed much more simply than women's. The skirt of a girl's gown was not split down the front, as women's typically were. Girls did not wear jackets or bedgowns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016499-0034-0001", "contents": "1700\u20131750 in Western fashion, Children's fashion\nBoys wore shirts, breeches, waistcoats and coats a man would, but often wore their necks open, and the coat was fitted and trimmed differently from a man's, and boys often went bareheaded. During some decades of the 18th Century, boys' shirts and coats had different collars and cuffs than a man's. Even if the size is not apparent, it is usually possible to tell a child's garment from an adult's.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016499-0035-0000", "contents": "1700\u20131750 in Western fashion, Children's fashion\n1. A simple trimmed lace and cloth dress English/French cut. (1710)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016499-0036-0000", "contents": "1700\u20131750 in Western fashion, Children's fashion\n2. Silk dress supported by panniers. Note that there is no central parting to the dress. The low cut neckline is also less ornamented than a contemporary women's would be. (1718)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016499-0037-0000", "contents": "1700\u20131750 in Western fashion, Children's fashion\n3. A group scene of a girl and two boys. Boys were breeched at around 5-10. The girl wears a low neckline that was customary for young girls and boys. (1724)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016499-0038-0000", "contents": "1700\u20131750 in Western fashion, Children's fashion\n4. An example of an older girl not far from adulthood. The neckline is still lower than a woman's but is more ornamented than that of a child. (1727)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016499-0039-0000", "contents": "1700\u20131750 in Western fashion, Children's fashion\n5. The girl sitting holding a fan is displaying her leading strings that her mother would have used to make sure she didn't fall when learning to walk. (1730)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016499-0040-0000", "contents": "1700\u20131750 in Western fashion, Children's fashion\n6. A boy of around 10 who has been breeched and wears a Frock coat of a child's pattern. The cuffs and frills would have been less obvious on a grown man. (1738)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016499-0041-0000", "contents": "1700\u20131750 in Western fashion, Children's fashion\n7. A middle-class girl c. 1740. The simpler fabric and colours used in her dress show her not to be of noble birth but not in poverty either. Again the low neckline is typical of girls of that age. (1740)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016499-0042-0000", "contents": "1700\u20131750 in Western fashion, Children's fashion\n8. A group portrait of children in fine clothes of the period. The boy has been newly breeched while the girls have the characteristic low neckline of children. (1745)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016499-0043-0000", "contents": "1700\u20131750 in Western fashion, Satirising fashion\nJoseph Addison in 1711 devoted an issue of The Spectator to satirising fashion, by noting how the country fashions lagged behind those in London. \"As I proceeded in my journey I observed the petticoat grew scantier and scantier, and about threescore miles from London was so very unfashionable, that a woman might walk in it without any manner of inconvenience\" and so on.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016500-0000-0000", "contents": "1701\n1701 (MDCCI) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar, the 1701st year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 701st  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 1st  year of the 18th\u00a0century, and the  2nd   year of the 1700s decade. As of the start of 1701, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016500-0001-0000", "contents": "1701\nIn the Swedish calendar it was a common year starting on Tuesday, one day ahead of the Julian and ten days behind the Gregorian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016501-0000-0000", "contents": "1701 (number)\n1701 is the natural number preceding 1702 and following 1700.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 75]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016501-0001-0000", "contents": "1701 (number), In mathematics\n1701 is an odd number and a Stirling number of the second kind.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 29], "content_span": [30, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016501-0002-0000", "contents": "1701 (number), In Star Trek\nIn the Star Trek science fiction franchise, NCC-1701 is the designation for several starships named USS Enterprise. Several of these vessels are focal points in the fictional universe created by Gene Roddenberry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 27], "content_span": [28, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016502-0000-0000", "contents": "1701 AM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1701\u00a0kHz:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 72]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016503-0000-0000", "contents": "1701 English general election\nThere were two general elections held in England in 1701:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 87]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016504-0000-0000", "contents": "1701 Naval Air Squadron\n1701 Naval Air Squadron of the Fleet Air Arm of the Royal Navy was formed in February 1945 at RNAS Lee-on-Solent as an amphibian bomber reconnaissance squadron. It was equipped with the Supermarine Sea Otter, and the squadron joined HMS Begum in April 1945 bound for the Far East.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016504-0001-0000", "contents": "1701 Naval Air Squadron\nThe squadron was intended to join the newly established Mobile Naval Air Bases for Air Sea Rescue duties. B Flight joined MONAB IV (HMS Nabaron) at Ponam in the Admiralty Islands in May 1945 and embarked in HMS Reaper in October 1945. A Flight joined MONAB VI (HMS Nabstock) at  Maryborough, Queensland, Australia in June 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016505-0000-0000", "contents": "1701 Pennsylvania Avenue\n1701 Pennsylvania Avenue is a high-rise office building in Washington, D.C., United States. Construction of the building was completed in 1962. The building rises to 153 feet (47\u00a0m), with 13 floors. The architect of the recent renovation of the building was Fox Architects, Inc. The building serves as an office building for Washington. The building also hosts the embassy for the Republic of Palau.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016506-0000-0000", "contents": "1701 Taunton by-election\nThe Taunton by-election of 1701 to the Parliament of England was held on 17 March 1701 in Taunton, Somerset, following the decision of the incumbent, Henry Portman, to sit in Wells. The by-election was contested by one of Portman's friends, Sir Francis Warre, 1st Baronet, and Thomas Baker, a Taunton merchant. Warre, a Tory, was elected, although Baker petitioned the result, claiming the Mayor was corrupt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016506-0001-0000", "contents": "1701 Taunton by-election, Background\nIn the general election held in January and February 1701, Taunton returned both of its standing Members of Parliament, Henry Portman, a Tory, and Edward Clarke, a Whig. Portman had also stood, and been elected in the constituency of Wells. He chose to represent Wells, triggering a by-election in Taunton. In his history of Taunton, William Gibson suggests that he may have made the decision based upon Wells being a \"less furiously divided town for a Tory.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016506-0002-0000", "contents": "1701 Taunton by-election, Background\nSeymour suggested that his friend, Sir Francis Warre, 1st Baronet stand as the Tory candidate. Warre was one of the largest land-owners in Somerset, and had previously represented Bridgwater since 1685. He had been granted a baronetcy as a child, due to his father's support of the Royalists. Gibson claimed that he probably stood in Taunton in order to \"bolster the Tory interest in his home town.\" The Whig candidate, Thomas Baker was a prominent merchant in Taunton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016506-0003-0000", "contents": "1701 Taunton by-election, Result\nThe vote was held on Thursday 17 March 1701, and was won narrowly by Warre, who collected 297 votes. Baker, who had 256 votes, contested the election, accusing the Mayor of corruption. He claimed that the Mayor had not counted votes from qualified voters for himself, and also allowed illegal votes to be counted for Warre. The Mayor then ruled that the election would not be scrutinised, further angering Baker. A petition was put together by 63 of those whose votes had not been allowed for Baker, but it was never presented, and the matter was never heard in the House of Commons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 32], "content_span": [33, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016506-0004-0000", "contents": "1701 Taunton by-election, Aftermath\nWarre was returned in each of the following five elections, but in 1715, after being elected along with Portman, they were removed on petition. Claims of partiality on the part of the Mayor, acting as returning officer, in counting unqualified votes for the pair were upheld, and they were replaced by the Whig candidates that had stood against them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 35], "content_span": [36, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016507-0000-0000", "contents": "1701 in Canada, Historical documents\nHundreds of English fishers settled in Newfoundland squeeze out fishing ships, while New England merchants undercut English trade", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016507-0001-0000", "contents": "1701 in Canada, Historical documents\nNew York official says Five Nations resent that English colonies did not join them in recent costly war against French", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016507-0002-0000", "contents": "1701 in Canada, Historical documents\nEnglish cajole Onondaga chief sachem not to fear French, just before Five Nations and other Indigenous sign Great Peace of Montreal", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016507-0003-0000", "contents": "1701 in Canada, Historical documents\nNew York lieutenant-governor meets with Five Nations leaders to renew their Covenant Chain alliance against French", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016512-0000-0000", "contents": "1701 in Japan, Deaths\nThis year in Asia article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 86]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016515-0000-0000", "contents": "1701 in Scotland\nEvents from the year 1701 in the Kingdom of Scotland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016517-0000-0000", "contents": "1701 in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the year 1701 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016520-0000-0000", "contents": "1701 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1701.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016521-0000-0000", "contents": "1701 in music\nThe year 1701 in music involved some significant musical events and new works.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 92]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016522-0000-0000", "contents": "1701 in piracy\nSee also 1700 in piracy, other events in 1701, 1702 in piracy, and Timeline of piracy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016523-0000-0000", "contents": "1701 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016523-0001-0000", "contents": "1701 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016523-0002-0000", "contents": "1701 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016524-0000-0000", "contents": "1701 in science\nThe year 1701 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016525-0000-0000", "contents": "1701 to 1725 in sports\nThe beginning of the 18th century saw sport acquire increasing importance in the lives of people in England and Ireland. Professionalism was by then established in the major gambling sports of bare-knuckle boxing, cricket and horse racing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016526-0000-0000", "contents": "1701st Air Transport Wing\nThe 1701st Air Transport Wing is a discontinued United States Air Force unit. It was last assigned to Continental Division, Military Air Transport Service (MATS) at Great Falls Air Force Base, Montana, where it was discontinued on 1 May 1953. The wing was formed in 1948, when MATS replaced Air Transport Command and Naval Air Transport Service and reorganized its units under the wing base organization. The wing trained MATS aircrews, most notably for the Berlin Airlift. MATS training operations moved to Palm Beach Air Force Base in the early 1950s and the wing was discontinued when Great Falls was turned over to MATS' Air Resupply and Communications Service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 691]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016526-0001-0000", "contents": "1701st Air Transport Wing, History\nThe 517th Air Transport Wing was organized at Great Falls Air Force Base in June 1948, when Military Air Transport Service (MATS) replaced Air Transport Command (ATC) and Naval Air Transport Service and reorganized its Air Force elements under the wing-base organization system. The new wing assumed the personnel and equipment of the 1455th AF Base Unit (Air Transport) of ATC and continued its mission of training aircrews for airlift units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016526-0002-0000", "contents": "1701st Air Transport Wing, History\nOn 25 June 1948 Operation Vittles, the strategic airlift of supplies to Berlin's 2,000,000 inhabitants, was initiated. The 517th (later 1701st) played a critical role in assuring the success of this vital operation. Officials selected Great Falls as the only replacement aircrew training site for Berlin Airlift-bound C-54s. It formed a provisional unit, the 1435th Air Transport Group, to perform this mission, using resources from the wing's 1701st Air Transport Group. Using radio beacons, Great Falls was transformed to resemble Tempelhof Airport in Berlin, Germany. Hundreds of pilots and flight engineers many of whom were recalled to active duty, were qualified on the Douglas C-54 Skymaster aircraft and on flight procedures to and from Berlin by practicing on ground mock-ups and flying simulated airlift missions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 858]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016526-0003-0000", "contents": "1701st Air Transport Wing, History\nThe 517th Air Transport Wing was redesignated the 1701st Air Transport Wing in October 1948 to comply with Air Force policy that table of distribution units be numbered in a series of four digits assigned to their parent command. The wing's primary mission was the routing and scheduling of flights throughout the Pacific Ocean region and in support of allied forces in the Korean War. MATS reopened the C-54 Flight Training School as the 1272d Medium Transition Training Unit in May 1950, one month before the Korean War began.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016526-0003-0001", "contents": "1701st Air Transport Wing, History\nFollowing Continental Air Command's formation of corollary units in the May 1949 reserve program, the wing assumed responsibility for training reservists assigned to the 8523d Air Transport Squadron (Corollary). Corollary units were reserve units integrated with an active duty unit. They were viewed as the best method to train reservists by mixing them with an existing regular unit to perform duties alongside the regular unit. In May 1951, the 8523d mobilized for the Korean war, with its personnel used as fillers for other units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016526-0004-0000", "contents": "1701st Air Transport Wing, History\nThe wing assumed responsibility for a second flying group, the 1703d Air Transport Group. Until 1951, the 1703d flew Douglas C-74 Globemaster Is. In May 1951, it received its first Douglas C-124 Globemaster II, and began operational testing and evaluation of the C-124. The 1703d also had a squadron dedicated to the aeromedical evacuation mission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016526-0005-0000", "contents": "1701st Air Transport Wing, History\nIn January 1951, the wing assumed responsibility for a second base, Mountain Home Air Force Base, Idaho. Mountain Home was used by MATS' Air Resupply and Communications Service (ARCS) to train its units before they deployed overseas. In November 1951, ARCS formed the 1300th Air Base Wing and assumed responsibility for Mountain Home. The 1701st was inactivated and replaced by the 1300th Wing in June 1953 when MATS transferred Mountain Home to Strategic Air Command and moved its ARCS operations to Great Falls. The MATS aircrew training mission was transferred to the 1707th Air Transport Wing at Palm Beach Air Force Base, Florida, while the wing's remaining crews and aircraft were transferred to the 1501st Air Transport Group at Travis Air Force Base, California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 805]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016527-0000-0000", "contents": "1702\n1702 (MDCCII) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar, the 1702nd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 702nd  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 2nd  year of the 18th\u00a0century, and the  3rd   year of the 1700s decade. As of the start of 1702, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016527-0001-0000", "contents": "1702\nIn the Swedish calendar it was a common year starting on Wednesday, one day ahead of the Julian and ten days behind the Gregorian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016528-0000-0000", "contents": "1702 English general election\nThe 1702 English general election was the first to be held during the reign of Queen Anne, and was necessitated by the demise of William III. The new government dominated by the Tories gained ground in the election, with the Tory party winning a substantial majority over the Whigs, owing to the popularity of the new monarch and a burst of patriotism following the coronation. Despite this, the government found the new Parliament difficult to manage, as its leading figures Godolphin and Marlborough were not sympathetic to the more extreme Tories. Contests occurred in 89 constituencies in England and Wales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016528-0001-0000", "contents": "1702 English general election, Summary of the constituencies\nSee 1796 British general election for details. The constituencies used in England and Wales were the same throughout the period. In 1707 alone the 45 Scottish members were not elected from the constituencies, but were returned by co-option of a part of the membership of the last Parliament of Scotland elected before the Union.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 60], "content_span": [61, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016528-0002-0000", "contents": "1702 English general election, Summary of the constituencies\nParty strengths are an approximation, with many MPs' allegiances being unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 60], "content_span": [61, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016529-0000-0000", "contents": "1702 Naval Air Squadron\n1702 Naval Air Squadron of the Fleet Air Arm of the Royal Navy was formed in June 1945 at RNAS Lee-on-Solent as a Special Service squadron. It was equipped with the Supermarine Sea Otter, and by the end of World War II the squadron remained at Lee-on-Solent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016529-0001-0000", "contents": "1702 Naval Air Squadron\nThe squadron joined HMS Trouncer in September 1945 to search for mines in the Mediterranean.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016530-0000-0000", "contents": "1702 Scottish general election\nGeneral elections were held in Scotland in 1702 to return members to serve in the Estates of Parliament. The new government would be a minority Court party administration, led by the Duke of Queensberry as Lord High Commissioner. The election took place amidst the War of the Spanish Succession, and one of Queensberry's key main priorities was to secure Scottish funding for the war. The new parliament assembled in Edinburgh on 6 May 1703.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016530-0001-0000", "contents": "1702 Scottish general election\nQueensberry sought to build an alliance between his Court party and the Episcopalian Cavalier faction, whose parliamentary presence had been increased by the election. This alliance was in part driven by Queen Anne's own Anglicanism and Stewart heritage. For their support, the Cavaliers requested greater toleration for Episcopalians. The parliament was still predominantly Presbyterian, and neither Queensberry or his Court faction favoured toleration. Any increased support from Cavaliers as a result of a deal would likely be balanced by a loss in support from Presbyterian opponents to toleration.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016530-0002-0000", "contents": "1702 Scottish general election, Dates of election\nAt this period elections did not take place at the same time in every constituency. The returning officer in each shire or burgh fixed the precise date (see hustings for details of the conduct of the elections).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 49], "content_span": [50, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016531-0000-0000", "contents": "1702 in Canada, Historical documents\nIn several weeks of talks, Indigenous leaders and New York governor discuss alliance, trade, peace, war and French influence", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016531-0001-0000", "contents": "1702 in Canada, Historical documents\n\"All the glory of it\" - Cadillac describes rich region and progress of his promising new settlement, Detroit (Note: racial stereotypes)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016531-0002-0000", "contents": "1702 in Canada, Historical documents\nNew York official suggests missionary society send ministers to Five Nations because Jesuits have drawn so many to Montreal area", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016531-0003-0000", "contents": "1702 in Canada, Historical documents\nAs England, France, and Spain go to war, this medical guide to amputation is timely", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016531-0004-0000", "contents": "1702 in Canada, Historical documents\nThis guide to letter-writing offers timely example of letter from wounded man to his love, and her reply", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016533-0000-0000", "contents": "1702 in England\nEvents from the year 1702 in England. This year sees a change of monarch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016535-0000-0000", "contents": "1702 in Ireland\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by Monkbot (talk | contribs) at 17:45, 11 January 2021 (Task 18 (cosmetic): eval 2 templates: hyphenate params (1\u00d7);). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016536-0000-0000", "contents": "1702 in Japan\nThe following is a list of events from the year 1702 in Japan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 76]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016539-0000-0000", "contents": "1702 in Scotland\nEvents from the year 1702 in the Kingdom of Scotland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016542-0000-0000", "contents": "1702 in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the year 1702 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016543-0000-0000", "contents": "1702 in architecture\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by Camboxer (talk | contribs) at 22:02, 15 December 2019 (\u2192\u200eBuildings and structures:  inappropriate image (showing 20th cent. facade) replaced). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016545-0000-0000", "contents": "1702 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1702.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016547-0000-0000", "contents": "1702 in piracy\nSee also 1701 in piracy, other events in 1702, 1703 in piracy, and Timeline of piracy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016548-0000-0000", "contents": "1702 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016548-0001-0000", "contents": "1702 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016548-0002-0000", "contents": "1702 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016549-0000-0000", "contents": "1702 in science\nThe year 1702 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016550-0000-0000", "contents": "1703\n1703 (MDCCIII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar, the 1703rd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 703rd  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 3rd  year of the 18th\u00a0century, and the  4th   year of the 1700s decade. As of the start of 1703, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016550-0001-0000", "contents": "1703\nIn the Swedish calendar it was a common year starting on Thursday, one day ahead of the Julian and ten days behind the Gregorian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016551-0000-0000", "contents": "1703 Apennine earthquakes\nThe 1703 Apennine earthquakes were a sequence of three earthquakes of magnitude \u22656 that occurred in the central Apennines of Italy, over a period of 19 days. The epicenters were near Norcia (14 January), Montereale (16 January) and L'Aquila (2 February), showing a southwards progression over about 36\u00a0km. These events involved all of the known active faults between Norcia and L'Aquila. A total of about 10,000 people are estimated to have died as a result of these earthquakes, although because of the overlap in areas affected by the three events, casualty numbers remain highly uncertain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016551-0001-0000", "contents": "1703 Apennine earthquakes, Tectonic setting\nThe central part of the Apennines has been characterised by extensional tectonics since the Pliocene epoch (i.e. about the last 5 million years), with most of the active faults being normal in type and NW-SE trending. The extension is due to the back-arc basin in the Tyrrhenian Sea opening faster than the African Plate is colliding with the Eurasian Plate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 43], "content_span": [44, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016551-0002-0000", "contents": "1703 Apennine earthquakes, The Norcia earthquake\nThe earthquake occurred at 18:00 UTC on 14 January with an estimated magnitude of 6.7. It was caused by movement on an en echelon set of three normal faults, known as the Norcia Fault System.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 48], "content_span": [49, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016551-0003-0000", "contents": "1703 Apennine earthquakes, The Norcia earthquake, Damage\nThere was extensive damage in the area around Norcia, with Spoleto and Rieti also affected. Modern estimates give a maximum Mercalli intensity of XI (Extreme). Ground rupture was observed at several locations and these have been confirmed by modern investigations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 56], "content_span": [57, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016551-0004-0000", "contents": "1703 Apennine earthquakes, The Norcia earthquake, Casualties\nEstimates of the death toll vary from 6,240 to 9,761.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 60], "content_span": [61, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016551-0005-0000", "contents": "1703 Apennine earthquakes, The Montereale earthquake\nThe earthquake occurred at 13:30 UTC on 16 January with an estimated magnitude of 6.2. It is thought to have been caused by movement on the Montereale Fault. Damage was recorded in Montereale, Cittareale, Accumoli and Amatrice. Although of lower magnitude than the other two events, this earthquake was still felt in Rome. The estimated intensity for this event is VIII (Severe). No separate casualty figures are available for this event.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 52], "content_span": [53, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016551-0006-0000", "contents": "1703 Apennine earthquakes, The L'Aquila earthquake\nThe earthquake occurred at 11:05 UTC on 2 February with an estimated magnitude of 6.7. It was caused by movement on the Mt. Marine Fault.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 50], "content_span": [51, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016551-0007-0000", "contents": "1703 Apennine earthquakes, The L'Aquila earthquake, Damage\nMost of the buildings in L\u2019Aquila were badly damaged or completely destroyed. Damage was reported from as far away as Rome. Modern estimates give a maximum intensity of X (Extreme). The earthquake caused a huge landslide on the Mt. Marine ridge, a large slope failure near Posta and liquefaction along the Aterno River.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 58], "content_span": [59, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016551-0008-0000", "contents": "1703 Apennine earthquakes, The L'Aquila earthquake, Casualties\nEstimates of the death toll vary from 2,500 to 5,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 62], "content_span": [63, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016551-0009-0000", "contents": "1703 Apennine earthquakes, Relationship between the events\nSome seismologists interpret these events as related. It has been suggested that the Norcia earthquake led directly to the Montereale event, which had the effect of further loading the fault at Aquila, thus triggering the final event. Such sequential adjacent events are examples of Coulomb stress transfer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 58], "content_span": [59, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016552-0000-0000", "contents": "1703 Barry\n1703 Barry (prov. designation: 1930 RB) is a stony Flora asteroid, suspected tumbler and slow rotator from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 9.5 kilometer in diameter. Discovered in by Max Wolf in 1930, it was later named after Vincentian priest and astronomer Roger Barry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016552-0001-0000", "contents": "1703 Barry, Discovery\nBarry was discovered on 2 September 1930, by German astronomer Max Wolf at Heidelberg Observatory in southern Germany. In the same month, it was independently discovered by Dutch astronomer Hendrik van Gent and Soviet astronomer Evgenii Skvortsov at their observatories in Johannesburg and Crimea-Nauchnij, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 21], "content_span": [22, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016552-0002-0000", "contents": "1703 Barry, Orbit and classification\nThe relatively bright S-type asteroid is a member of the Flora family, one of the largest collisional groups in the main-belt. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.8\u20132.6\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 4 months (1,204 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.17 and an inclination of 5\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. Its observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Heidelberg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016552-0003-0000", "contents": "1703 Barry, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Vincentian priest Roger Barry (1752\u20131813), the Court Astronomer of Grand Duchy of Baden at the Mannheim Observatory in 1788. The Heidelberg Observatory is a direct successor to the old Mannheim Observatory. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 February 1976 (M.P.C. 3933).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016552-0004-0000", "contents": "1703 Barry, Physical characteristics, Slow rotator\nPhotometric observations taken in 2006 and 2011, by Adri\u00e1n Gal\u00e1d and by the Palomar Transient Factory, showed a leisurely rotation period of 105.745 and 107.1\u00b10.5 hours with a brightness variation of 0.5 and 0.46 magnitude, respectively (U=3/2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 50], "content_span": [51, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016552-0005-0000", "contents": "1703 Barry, Physical characteristics, Slow rotator\nWhile most asteroids rotate within 20 hours once around their axis, Barry belongs to the relatively small group of slow rotators with a period above 100 hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 50], "content_span": [51, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016552-0006-0000", "contents": "1703 Barry, Physical characteristics, Slow rotator\nIt may have a non-principal axis rotation. However, no follow-up measurements have since confirmed its tumbling motion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 50], "content_span": [51, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016552-0007-0000", "contents": "1703 Barry, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Barry measures between 9.21 and 9.50 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.216 and 0.330, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.280 and a diameter of 9.54 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 12.1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 57], "content_span": [58, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016553-0000-0000", "contents": "1703 Genroku earthquake\nThe 1703 Genroku earthquake (\u5143\u7984\u5927\u5730\u9707, Genroku Daijishin) occurred  at 02:00 local time on December 31 (17:00 December 30 UTC). The epicenter was near Edo, the forerunner of present-day Tokyo, in the southern part of the Kant\u014d region, Japan. An estimated 2,300 people were killed by the shaking and subsequent fires. The earthquake triggered a major tsunami which caused many casualties, giving a total death toll of at least 5,233, possibly up to 10,000. Genroku is a Japanese era spanning from 1688 through 1704.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016553-0001-0000", "contents": "1703 Genroku earthquake, Tectonic setting\nThe Kant\u014d Region lies at the complex triple junction, where the convergent boundaries between the subducting Pacific and Philippine Sea Plates and the overriding North American Plate meet. Earthquakes with epicenters in the Kanto region may occur within the Eurasian Plate, at the Eurasian Plate/Philippine Sea Plate interface, within the Philippine Sea Plate, at the Philippine Sea Plate/Pacific Plate interface or within the Pacific Plate. In addition to this set of major plates it has been suggested that there is also a separate 25\u00a0km thick, 100\u00a0km wide body, a fragment of Pacific Plate lithosphere. The 1703 earthquake is thought to have involved rupture of the interface between the Eurasian Plate and the Philippine Sea Plate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 41], "content_span": [42, 777]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016553-0002-0000", "contents": "1703 Genroku earthquake, Earthquake\nThe earthquake was associated with areas of both uplift and subsidence. On both the B\u014ds\u014d Peninsula and Miura Peninsula a clear paleo shoreline has been identified, indicating up to 5 m of uplift near Mera (about 8\u00a0km south of Tateyama)  and up to 1.2 m of uplift on Miura, increasing to the south. This distribution of uplift, coupled with modelling of the tsunami, indicate that at least two and probably three fault segments ruptured during the earthquake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016553-0003-0000", "contents": "1703 Genroku earthquake, Tsunami\nThe tsunami had run-up heights of 5 m or more over a wide area, with a maximum of 10.5 m at Wada and 10 m at both Izu \u014cshima and Ainohama.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016553-0004-0000", "contents": "1703 Genroku earthquake, Damage\nThe area of greatest damage due to the earthquake shaking was in Kanagawa Prefecture, although Shizuoka Prefecture was also affected. The earthquake caused many large fires, particularly at Odawara, increasing both the degree of damage and the number of deaths. A total of 8,007 houses were destroyed by the shaking and a further 563 houses by the fires, causing 2,291 deaths.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 31], "content_span": [32, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016553-0004-0001", "contents": "1703 Genroku earthquake, Damage\nAbout 400\u00a0km of coastline was severely affected by the tsunami, with deaths being caused from Shimoda on the east coast of the Izu Peninsula in the west to Isumi on the east side of the B\u014ds\u014d Peninsula to the east. There was also a single death on the island of Hachij\u014d-jima about 180\u00a0km south of the earthquake's epicentre, where the tsunami was 3 m high. The total number of casualties from earthquake, fires and tsunami has been reported as 5,233. Other estimates are higher, with 10,000 in total, and one source that gives 200,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 31], "content_span": [32, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016554-0000-0000", "contents": "1703 Naval Air Squadron\n1703 Naval Air Squadron of the Fleet Air Arm of the Royal Navy was formed in August 1945 at RNAS Lee-on-Solent for duties in the Pacific. It was equipped with the Supermarine Sea Otter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016554-0001-0000", "contents": "1703 Naval Air Squadron\nWorld War II ended in the same month that the squadron was formed, and it never deployed or saw action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016561-0000-0000", "contents": "1703 in Norway, Births\n29 September \u2013 Baltzer Fleischer, civil servant and county governor (died 1767).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016563-0000-0000", "contents": "1703 in Scotland\nEvents from the year 1703 in the Kingdom of Scotland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016565-0000-0000", "contents": "1703 in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the year 1703 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016566-0000-0000", "contents": "1703 in architecture\nThe year 1703 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016570-0000-0000", "contents": "1703 in piracy\nSee also 1702 in piracy, other events in 1703, 1704 in piracy, and Timeline of piracy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016570-0001-0000", "contents": "1703 in piracy, Events, Atlantic Ocean\nsee Quelch's Gold by Clifford Beal (Praeger Publishing, Westport CT, USA 2007)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 38], "content_span": [39, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016571-0000-0000", "contents": "1703 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016571-0001-0000", "contents": "1703 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016571-0002-0000", "contents": "1703 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016572-0000-0000", "contents": "1703 in science\nThe year 1703 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016573-0000-0000", "contents": "17035 Velichko\n17035 Velichko, provisional designation 1999 FC10, is a Vestian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 4.5 kilometers in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016573-0001-0000", "contents": "17035 Velichko\nIt was discovered on 22 March 1999, by LONEOS program at Lowell's Anderson Mesa Station near Flagstaff, Arizona, United States. The asteroid was named after Ukrainian astronomer Fedor Velichko.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016573-0002-0000", "contents": "17035 Velichko, Orbit and classification\nVelichko is a core member of the Vesta family, thought to have originated from the Rheasilvia crater, a large impact crater on the south-polar surface of 4\u00a0Vesta, which is the main-belt's second-most-massive asteroid after 1\u00a0Ceres.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016573-0003-0000", "contents": "17035 Velichko, Orbit and classification\nIt orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 2.1\u20132.8\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 10 months (1,395 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.15 and an inclination of 6\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016573-0004-0000", "contents": "17035 Velichko, Orbit and classification\nThe asteroid's observation arc begins 10 years prior to its official discovery observation, with its identification as 1989 TD2 at ESO's La Silla Observatory in October 1989.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016573-0005-0000", "contents": "17035 Velichko, Physical characteristics\nVelichko has been characterized as a bright  V-type asteroid by Pan-STARRS photometric survey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016573-0006-0000", "contents": "17035 Velichko, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nTwo photometric lightcurves of Velichko were obtained by French astronomer Ren\u00e9 Roy at the Blauvac Observatory (627) in France, and by astronomers at the Palomar Transient Factory in California. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 2.899 and 2.8990 hours with a brightness variation of 0.23 and 0.29 magnitude, respectively (U=2/2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 57], "content_span": [58, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016573-0007-0000", "contents": "17035 Velichko, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's space-based Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Velichko has a diameter of 4.8 kilometers and an albedo of 0.28. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a much higher albedo of 0.40, which is typical value for the bright stony surface of Vestian asteroids, and calculates a shorter diameter of 4.2 kilometers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 61], "content_span": [62, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016573-0008-0000", "contents": "17035 Velichko, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Ukrainian astronomer Fedor P. Velichko (1957\u20132013), who was a senior scientist at the Institute of Astronomy of the Ukrainian National University of Kharkiv, and director of the University's Chuguev Observing Station (131), also known as the Chuguevskaya Station. He was an expert on the photometry and polarimetry of small Solar System bodies. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 21 July 2005 (M.P.C. 54563).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016574-0000-0000", "contents": "1703d Air Transport Group\nThe 1703d Air Transport Group is an inactive United States Air Force unit. It was assigned to Military Air Transport Service (MATS) at Brookley Air Force Base, Alabama. It was inactivated on 18 June 1957. The group was formed in 1948 as the 521st Air Transport Group when MATS replaced Air Transport Command and converted its units to the Wing Base organization system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016574-0001-0000", "contents": "1703d Air Transport Group, History, Formation\nThe organization was formed at Brookley Air Force Base, Alabama in June 1948, absorbing the mission, personnel and Douglas C-74 Globemasters of the 3d Air Transport Group (Provisional). The 3d Group was organized on 7 May 1947 when Globemaster operations at their original station, Morrison Field, Florida ended. While active, it was the United States Air Force's only C-74 very heavy airlift unit, providing worldwide transport missions from Brookley until the aircraft was retired in 1955.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 45], "content_span": [46, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016574-0002-0000", "contents": "1703d Air Transport Group, History, Formation\nInitially two C-74 squadrons (17th and 19th) formed from provisional units, later redesignated 1258th and 1260th Air Transport Squadrons. The group was assigned to the Atlantic Division, Military Air Transport Service, which controlled Military Air Transport Service unis on the east coast of the United States, across the Atlantic Ocean to Europe, North Africa, the Mediterranean and the Caribbean.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 45], "content_span": [46, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016574-0003-0000", "contents": "1703d Air Transport Group, History, Berlin Airlift\nSent one C-74 (42-65414) to Frankfurt, Germany Rhein-Main Airfield on 14 August 1948 to support Berlin Airlift Operations. On 18 September, the C-74 flew a total of six round trips to Tempelhof Central Airport, Berlin. The single C-74 was instrumental in helping build Tegel Airfield in the French sector of Berlin, hauling in heavy construction equipment that had been dismantled into components. The aircraft operated as part of the airlift for six weeks, but it was simply too heavy for the Tempelhof runways. There are also stories that the Soviets complained that it might be used as a bomber because of its hoist well in the belly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 50], "content_span": [51, 688]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016574-0004-0000", "contents": "1703d Air Transport Group, History, Berlin Airlift\nSupport for the Berlin Airlift was maintained by the group by flying regularly scheduled flights between the United States and Germany. Transported C-54 engines and parts for use in the airlift. Other flights were made between Brookley and Albrook Field, Balboa, Canal Zone and from Brookley to Ramey AFB, Puerto Rico. In May, a C-74 carried 75 passengers plus a crew of 12 to England, at the time the largest military passenger load to fly the Atlantic. Six months later, on 25 November 25, C-74 414, flew the Atlantic with a record 103 people aboard to RAF Marham, England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 50], "content_span": [51, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016574-0005-0000", "contents": "1703d Air Transport Group, History, Korean War\nDuring the Korean War, the Group logged over 7000 hours in flights to Hawaii hauling troops and high priority cargo westward toward the combat area and returning eastward with wounded personnel. During the seven months between July 1950 and January 1951, the Globemasters transported 2,486 patients, 550 passengers, and 128,000 pounds of cargo from Hawaii to the U.S. while hauling just under a million pounds of cargo westward.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 46], "content_span": [47, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016574-0006-0000", "contents": "1703d Air Transport Group, History, Korean War\nActivated 1281st Air Transport Squadron in November 1951, initially equipped with C-54 Skymasters, upgraded to new C-124C Globemaster II heavy lift strategic transports in 1952.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 46], "content_span": [47, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016574-0007-0000", "contents": "1703d Air Transport Group, History, Korean War\nReorganized in July 1952, the 1258th, 1260th, 1281st ATS became 3d, 6th and 13th Air Transport Squadrons, respectively. With the small number of C-74s in service, maintenance was an increasing headache as time went on and spares became harder to obtain. In 1955, the C-74's maintenance man-hour requirements were so high that a two-hour-a-day utilization rate was requested and approved. During the Spring, a program was begun to cross-flow C-74 pilots and engineers to the C-124 in preparation for the C-74's retirement. The 6th ATS flew 45 scheduled and special trips during their last six months. Their destinations included Europe, North Africa, South America, and the Middle East carrying over six million pounds of cargo, nearly one million pounds of mail, and 1,750 passengers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 46], "content_span": [47, 831]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016574-0008-0000", "contents": "1703d Air Transport Group, History, Winding down operations\nHowever, deterioration of the C-74's components were progressing more rapidly than predicted. Plans were made for the eventual retirement of the Air Force's only fleet of Globemasters. Aircraft were withdrawn from service in late 1955, with 3d and 6th ATS being inactivated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 59], "content_span": [60, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016574-0009-0000", "contents": "1703d Air Transport Group, History, Winding down operations\nContinued operations of C-124s until 1957 when unit was inactivated when control of Brookley AFB was reassigned to Air Materiel Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 59], "content_span": [60, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016574-0010-0000", "contents": "1703d Air Transport Group, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 51], "content_span": [52, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016575-0000-0000", "contents": "1704\n1704 (MDCCIV) was a leap year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a leap year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar, the 1704th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 704th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 4th  year of the 18th\u00a0century, and the  5th   year of the 1700s decade. As of the start of 1704, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016575-0001-0000", "contents": "1704\nIn the Swedish calendar it was a leap year starting on Friday, one day ahead of the Julian and ten days behind the Gregorian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016576-0000-0000", "contents": "1704 Polish\u2013Lithuanian royal election\nIn early 1700, King of Poland, Grand Duke of Lithuania and Elector of Saxony, Augustus II the Strong began the Great Northern War by attacking Swedish Livonia. Despite Russian support, Saxon army lost several battles, and soon afterwards, forces of the Swedish Empire controlled most of the Polish\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth. In June 1703, Augustus II convened the Extraordinary Sejm in Lublin, where he faced widespread criticism. His opponent were led by Primate of Poland, Micha\u0142 Radziejowski, and sons of late King Jan III Sobieski, Jakub and Konstanty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016576-0001-0000", "contents": "1704 Polish\u2013Lithuanian royal election\nOpponents of Augustus II formed the Warsaw Confederation, and on February 16, 1704 in Warsaw, they dethroned him. In April of the same year, young Voivode of Pozna\u0144, Stanis\u0142aw Leszczy\u0144ski, met with King Charles XII of Sweden in Lidzbark Warmi\u0144ski. The Swedish monarch, aware of Leszczy\u0144ski\u2019s influences in Greater Poland, declared that he should be new King of Poland\u2013Lithuania. Leszczy\u0144ski initially pledged that he would temporarily control the crown, to hand it over to James Louis Sobieski, but never kept his promise.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016576-0002-0000", "contents": "1704 Polish\u2013Lithuanian royal election\nOn July 12, 1704, a small group of szlachta, gathered in a Swedish army camp near Warsaw, declared Leszczy\u0144ski the new King. The election was not confirmed by Primate Radziejowski, but by Bishop of Pozna\u0144 Miko\u0142aj \u015awi\u0119cicki, which was against the rules. On October 4, 1704, Leszczy\u0144ski was crowned by Archbishop of Lw\u00f3w, Konstanty J\u00f3zef Zieli\u0144ski. The coronation took place at Warsaw\u2019s St. John's Archcathedral.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016576-0003-0000", "contents": "1704 Polish\u2013Lithuanian royal election\nAugustus II, however, did not give up Polish crown and did not abdicate. In May 1704, he formed the anti-Swedish Sandomierz Confederation, called for the levee en masse, and on August 30, signed the Treaty of Narva, establishing the Polish - Russian alliance, and officially declaring war between the Commonwealth and Sweden. This decision resulted in a civil war in Poland - Lithuania, between supporters of Augustus and Leszczy\u0144ski. Initially, Augustus managed to recapture Warsaw, and win the support of most senators, during a council in Grodno. On February 13, 1706, however, Augustus lost the Battle of Fraustadt, and, facing Swedish occupation of Saxony, gave up his claim to Polish crown in the Treaty of Altranstadt (1706).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 770]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016576-0004-0000", "contents": "1704 Polish\u2013Lithuanian royal election\nAugustus retook Polish throne in 1709, after Swedish defeat in the Battle of Poltava. In revenge, Russian troops, stationed in Poland, burned and ransacked the city of Leszno, which was property of the Leszczy\u0144ski family.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016577-0000-0000", "contents": "1704 Wachmann\n1704 Wachmann, provisional designation A924 EE, is a stony asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 7 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg Observatory on 7 March 1924. It was later named after astronomer Arno Wachmann.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016577-0001-0000", "contents": "1704 Wachmann, Classification and orbit\nThe S-type asteroid orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 2.0\u20132.4\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 4 months (1,210 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.09 and an inclination of 1\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. No precoveries were taken. The asteroid's observation arc begins 3 days after its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016577-0002-0000", "contents": "1704 Wachmann, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves\nIn April 2007, a rotational lightcurve Wachmann was obtained at the U.S. Sandia View Observatory in New Mexico (H03). Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 3.314\u00b10.001 hours with a brightness variation of 0.40 magnitude (U=3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 52], "content_span": [53, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016577-0003-0000", "contents": "1704 Wachmann, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Wachmann measures 6.6 and 6.9 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo of 0.177 and 0.193, respectively, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 7.8 kilometers, based on an absolute magnitude of 12.9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016577-0004-0000", "contents": "1704 Wachmann, Naming\nThis minor planet was named for Arno Wachmann (1902\u20131990), long-time astronomer at the Bergedorf Observatory in Hamburg, discoverer of minor planets and comets, and observer of variable and binary stars. He is best known for the co-discovery of the three \"Schwassmann\u2013Wachmann\" comets, 29P, 31P and 73P. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 February 1976 (M.P.C. 3933).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016578-0000-0000", "contents": "1704 in Canada, Historical documents\nMassachusetts governor gives details of French and Indigenous attacks planned for Connecticut River and Maine and his attack on Acadia", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016578-0001-0000", "contents": "1704 in Canada, Historical documents\nAccount of a Massachusetts boy abducted by French and Indigenous raiders", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016578-0002-0000", "contents": "1704 in Canada, Historical documents\nMassachusetts correspondent on huge benefit France has from commercial ascendancy and number of seamen in its Newfoundland fishery", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016578-0003-0000", "contents": "1704 in Canada, Historical documents\nDuring war with France, defending St. John's complicated by soldier disorder and desertions and limited support from outports", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016585-0000-0000", "contents": "1704 in Scotland\nEvents from the year 1704 in the Kingdom of Scotland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016588-0000-0000", "contents": "1704 in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the year 1704 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016591-0000-0000", "contents": "1704 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1704.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016593-0000-0000", "contents": "1704 in piracy\nSee also 1703 in piracy, other events in 1704, 1705 in piracy, and Timeline of piracy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016593-0001-0000", "contents": "1704 in piracy, Events, North America\nsee Quelch's Gold by Clifford Beal (Praeger Publishing, Westport CT, USA 2007)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 37], "content_span": [38, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016594-0000-0000", "contents": "1704 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016594-0001-0000", "contents": "1704 in poetry\nWhen Bibliopolo from behind appear'dAs well describ'd by th' old Satyrick Bard,With leering Looks, Bull-fac'd , and Freckled fair,With two left Legs; and Judas-colour'd [red] Hair,With Frowzy Pores, that taint the ambient Air. Sweating and Puffing for a-while he stood. And then broke forth in this insulting Mood:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016594-0002-0000", "contents": "1704 in poetry\nWithout my Stamp in vain your Poets write. Those only purchase everliving Fame,", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 94]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016594-0003-0000", "contents": "1704 in poetry\n-- From William Shippen's, Faction Display'd, the work of a Tory poet on the powerful Whig publisher Jacob Tonson (Bibliopolo, or \"book-seller\") whose series of anthologies, known as Dryden's Miscellanies or Tonson's Miscellanies used the work of poets paid at low rates to create profitable income for Tonson and, sometimes, recognition and fame for the poets. Shippen incorporated three lines (in italics) written about Tonson by John Dryden, one of the most prominent of Tonson's low-paid poets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016594-0004-0000", "contents": "1704 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016594-0005-0000", "contents": "1704 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016595-0000-0000", "contents": "1704 in science\nThe year 1704 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016596-0000-0000", "contents": "1705\n1705 (MDCCV) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar, the 1705th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 705th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 5th  year of the 18th\u00a0century, and the  6th   year of the 1700s decade. As of the start of 1705, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016596-0001-0000", "contents": "1705\nIn the Swedish calendar it was a common year starting on Sunday, one day ahead of the Julian and ten days behind the Gregorian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016597-0000-0000", "contents": "1705 English general election\nThe 1705 English general election saw contests in 110 constituencies in England and Wales, roughly 41% of the total. The election was fiercely fought, with mob violence and cries of \"Church in Danger\" occurring in several boroughs. During the previous session of Parliament the Tories had become increasingly unpopular, and their position was therefore somewhat weakened by the election, particularly by the Tackers controversy. Due to the uncertain loyalty of a group of 'moderate' Tories led by Robert Harley, the parties were roughly balanced in the House of Commons following the election, encouraging the Whigs to demand a greater share in the government led by Marlborough", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 708]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016597-0001-0000", "contents": "1705 English general election, Summary of the constituencies\nSee 1796 British general election for details. The constituencies used in England and Wales were the same throughout the period. In 1707 alone the 45 Scottish members were not elected from the constituencies, but were returned by co-option in a part of the membership of the last Parliament of Scotland elected before the Acts of Union 1707.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 60], "content_span": [61, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016597-0002-0000", "contents": "1705 English general election, Summary of the constituencies\nParty strengths are an approximation, with many MPs' allegiances being unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 60], "content_span": [61, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016597-0003-0000", "contents": "1705 English general election, Involved Parties\nIn 1705 the House of Commons was controlled by two parties: the Tory party led by John Churchill, Duke of Marlborough, and the Whig party led by a group of leading party members known as the Whig Junto. The four members of the Whig Junto were John Somers, Charles Montagu, Thomas Wharton, and Edward Russell.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016597-0004-0000", "contents": "1705 English general election, Overview of 18th Century British Politics\nThe politics of Britain in 1705 was chaotic. The government was very decentralized and led to unrest in the general population. This led to the mob violence that occurred during this election process across the country.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 72], "content_span": [73, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016605-0000-0000", "contents": "1705 in Scotland\nEvents from the year 1705 in the Kingdom of Scotland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016608-0000-0000", "contents": "1705 in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the year 1705 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016611-0000-0000", "contents": "1705 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1705.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016613-0000-0000", "contents": "1705 in paleontology\nPaleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1705.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016614-0000-0000", "contents": "1705 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016614-0001-0000", "contents": "1705 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016614-0002-0000", "contents": "1705 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016615-0000-0000", "contents": "1705 in science\nThe year 1705 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016616-0000-0000", "contents": "1705th Air Transport Group\nThe 1705th Air Transport Group is an inactive United States Air Force unit. Its last was assigned to the Western Transport Air Force, Military Air Transport Service, stationed at McChord Air Force Base, Washington. It was inactivated on 18 June 1960. Upon inactivation, most personnel and equipment reassigned to 62d Air Transport Wing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016616-0001-0000", "contents": "1705th Air Transport Group, History\nEstablished in August 1950 by Military Air Transport Service as part of its Continental Division. Initially equipped with C-54 Skymasters providing transport of equipment and supplies to Ladd AFB and Elmendorf AFB, Alaska Territory. Was discontinued in October 1951 when McChord AFB was reassigned from Continental Air Command to Air Defense Command under the \"one base, one wing\" policy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016616-0002-0000", "contents": "1705th Air Transport Group, History\nMATS operations continued under provisional organization until 1705th Air Transport Group could be organized and activated in January 1952. Received new C-124C Globemaster II aircraft upon activation of a group, began the transition to new aircraft, becoming operational in July. Assigned to MATS Pacific Division conducting heavy global strategic airlift throughout the Pacific and South Asia, including Hawaii and Alaska. 1705th Air Traffic (later Terminal) Squadron activated on 1 February 1953 for the operation of McChord personnel aerial port and passenger terminal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016616-0003-0000", "contents": "1705th Air Transport Group, History\nReorganized in July 1955, 34th ATS inactivated due to budget restraints after transitioning to C-118 aircraft; 32d ATS operated C-124Cs, 33d ATS began MATS passenger service to aerial ports in Hawaii and Japan in 1955 using C-118 Liftmasters reassigned from inactivated 34th ATS.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016616-0004-0000", "contents": "1705th Air Transport Group, History\nInactivated in 1960 when senior Twenty-Second Air Force 62d Troop Carrier Wing was assigned to McChord from Larson AFB, Washington due to Strategic Air Command assumed control of Larson. Assets reassigned to 62d TCW.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016617-0000-0000", "contents": "1706\n1706 (MDCCVI) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar, the 1706th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 706th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 6th  year of the 18th\u00a0century, and the  7th   year of the 1700s decade. As of the start of 1706, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016617-0001-0000", "contents": "1706\nIn the Swedish calendar it was a common year starting on Monday, one day ahead of the Julian and ten days behind the Gregorian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016618-0000-0000", "contents": "1706 Establishment\nThe 1706 Establishment was the first formal set of dimensions for ships of the Royal Navy. Two previous sets of dimensions had existed before, though these were only for specific shipbuilding programs running for only a given amount of time. In contrast, the 1706 Establishment was intended to be permanent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016618-0001-0000", "contents": "1706 Establishment, Origins\nDimensions for ships had been established for the \"Thirty Ships\" building program of 1677, and while these dimensions saw use until 1695, this was merely because of the success of the 1677 ships and the lack of perceived need to change them. Dimensions were then laid down for the 1691 \"Twenty-seven Ships\" program to build seventeen eighty-gun and ten sixty-gun double-decked ships of the line, though the dimensions were abandoned before the program was complete, with the final four eighty-gun ships being constructed with three gun-decks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016618-0002-0000", "contents": "1706 Establishment, Origins\nThe origins of the formalized 1706 Establishment can be traced to February 1705, when Prince George of Denmark, the Lord High Admiral at the time, ordered the Navy Board to determine a set of dimensions for second-rate ships. Though the second-rate ships appear to have been the central focus of the Establishment, the Board was also directed to consider dimensions for ships of the third- (80 and 70 guns), fourth- (60 and 50 guns), and fifth-rate ships (40 and 30 guns).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016618-0002-0001", "contents": "1706 Establishment, Origins\nBecause of their rarity and power, first rates were not addressed by the Establishment and were given individual designs, whilst smaller vessels had a low enough cost to allow experimentation. The Navy Board used existing ships considered to be the best in their respective classes as the bases for these dimensions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016618-0003-0000", "contents": "1706 Establishment, Implementation\nThe Navy Board produced sets of dimensions for ships from forty, fifty, sixty, seventy, eighty, and ninety guns (they decided against doing so for thirty-gun ships). After a last-minute adjustment created by Admiral George Churchill, the dimensions were sent out to the dockyards together with an order that they were to be strictly adhered to, and that they should apply to rebuilds as well as new ships. The implementation of the Establishment - the first of many - began an era of notorious conservatism in naval administration. Though there would be no significant technological changes until the following century, the naval architecture of the 1706 Establishment slowly became more antiquated for the early eighteenth century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 34], "content_span": [35, 767]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016618-0004-0000", "contents": "1706 Establishment, Individual ship types, 90-gun second-rates\nSeven existing second-rates were rebuilt to the 1706 Establishment, including three whose reconstruction was ordered in 1704-1705. These first three were the Marlborough of 1706 (rebuilt from the old Saint Michael), Blenheim of 1709 (rebuilt from the old Duchess) and the Vanguard of 1710. The other four ships were the Neptune of 1710, Ossory of 1711, Sandwich of 1715 and Barfleur of 1716.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 62], "content_span": [63, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016618-0005-0000", "contents": "1706 Establishment, Individual ship types, 90-gun second-rates\nThese ships were originally armed as 96-gun ships under the 1703 Establishment of Guns. They were re-armed as 90-gun ships under the 1716 Establishment of Guns, with heavier 32-lb and 9-lb on the lower and upper decks (the middle deck 18-lb were unaltered), but with one pair of 6-lb removed from each of the partial decks above to leave:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 62], "content_span": [63, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016618-0006-0000", "contents": "1706 Establishment, Individual ship types, 80-gun third-rates\nEight of the older type of two-decker 80-gun ships were rebuilt as three-deckers under the 1706 Establishment - the Boyne and Humber launched in 1708, the Russell in 1709, the Dorsetshire in 1712, the Newark and Shrewsbury in 1713, Cambridge in 1715 and Torbay in 1719. In addition, two new ships were built to this specification as replacements for ships lost in 1707 - the Devonshire and Cumberland both being launched in 1710.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 61], "content_span": [62, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016618-0007-0000", "contents": "1706 Establishment, Individual ship types, 80-gun third-rates\nThe ships were initially armed with 80 guns as per the 1703 Establishment of Guns, as shown in the table at right. The 1716 Establishment of Guns replaced the 24-pounder guns on the lower deck by an equal number of 32-lb. It also added one pair of 6-lb to the upper deck, removing one pair of 6-lb from the quarter deck.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 61], "content_span": [62, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016618-0008-0000", "contents": "1706 Establishment, Individual ship types, 70-gun third-rates\nFollowing the loss of four 70-gun ships in a single night during the Great Storm on 27 November 1703, four replacements were ordered from the Royal Dockyards just three weeks later - the Northumberland, Resolution and Stirling Castle being launched in 1705 and the Nassau in 1707. Another four were ordered in 1705-1706, again from the Dockyards - the Elizabeth and Restoration launched in 1706, while another Resolution and Captain were launched in 1708. Subsequently, two more ships were newbuilt (the Grafton and Hampton Court, both launched in 1709) and three rebuilt from existing third-rates (the Edgar and Yarmouth in 1709, and Orford in 1713) by contract; and another five were rebuilt in the Dockyards - the Royal Oak, Expedition, Suffolk, Monmouth and Revenge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 61], "content_span": [62, 832]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016618-0009-0000", "contents": "1706 Establishment, Individual ship types, 70-gun third-rates\nThe ships were initially armed with 70 guns as per the 1703 Establishment of Guns, as shown in the table at right. Under the 1716 Establishment, a thirteenth pair of 24-lb was added on the lower deck, while the demi-culverins (9-lb) on the upper deck were upgraded to 12-lb. An extra pair of 6-lb was added to the quarter deck, while the 3-lb were removed from the roundhouse to retain the total at 70 guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 61], "content_span": [62, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016618-0010-0000", "contents": "1706 Establishment, Individual ship types, 60-gun fourth-rates\nFour 60-gun ships were newbuilt to the 1706 Establishment - the Plymouth launched in 1708, the Lion and Gloucester in 1709, and the Rippon in 1712 - while four existing 60-gun ships were rebuilt to the same specification from 1714 onwards - the  \"Lyme\", Medway, Kingston and ''Nottingham.s", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 62], "content_span": [63, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016618-0011-0000", "contents": "1706 Establishment, Individual ship types, 60-gun fourth-rates\nAs per the 1703 Establishment of Guns, the ships were initially armed with 64 guns as shown in the table at right. The 1716 Establishment of Guns replaced the 18-lb on the lower deck by 24-lb, and reduced the ships to 60 guns by removing one pair of 6-lb from the quarter deck and another pair from the forecastle to result in a composition of:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 62], "content_span": [63, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016618-0012-0000", "contents": "1706 Establishment, Individual ship types, 50-gun fourth-rates\nEleven new 50-gun ships were built to the 1706 Establishment (all as replacements for fourth-rates lost during the war years from 1703 onwards) - the Salisbury launched in 1707, the Falmouth, Ruby, Chester and Romney in 1708, the Pembroke in 1710, the Bristol, Gloucester and Ormonde in 1711, the Advice in 1712 and the Strafford in 1715. Another existing eight ships were rebuilt to the same specification - the Dragon in 1707, the Warwick and Bonaventure in 1711, the Assistance in 1713, the Worcester in 1714, and the Rochester, Panther and Dartmouth in 1716.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 62], "content_span": [63, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016618-0013-0000", "contents": "1706 Establishment, Individual ship types, 50-gun fourth-rates\nThese vessels were initially armed as 54-gun ships to the 1703 Establishment of Guns (see table to right). Under the 1716 Establishment of Guns, they were re-classed as 50-gun ships with the following armament:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 62], "content_span": [63, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016618-0014-0000", "contents": "1706 Establishment, Individual ship types, 40-gun fifth-rates\nFifteen 42-gun ships were newbuilt to the dimensions of the 1706 Establishment - the Ludlow Castle, Gosport, Portsmouth and Hastings launched in 1707, the Pearl, Mary Galley, Sapphire and Southsea Castle in 1708, the Enterprise, Adventure and Fowey in 1709, Charles Galley in 1710, Launceston in 1711, Faversham in 1712 and Lynn in 1715. Two similar ships were built on speculation by the contractor William Johnson at Blackwall and purchased by the Navy Board - the Looe in 1707 and Diamond in 1708. A further 40-gun ship was also built nominally to the same specification - the Royal Anne Galley of 1709 - but she emerged longer and leaner than the others.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 61], "content_span": [62, 720]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016618-0015-0000", "contents": "1706 Establishment, Individual ship types, 40-gun fifth-rates\nThe ships were initially armed to the 1703 Establishment of Guns (see table to right). Under the 1716 Gun Establishment, they became 40-gun ships, with an armament as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 61], "content_span": [62, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016618-0016-0000", "contents": "1706 Establishment, Individual ship types, 30-gun fifth-rates\nWhile no formal set of recommendations for 30-gun ships was produced by the Navy Board in the 1706 Establishment, a de facto set of dimensions was adopted, which were used for the construction of two new 32-gun fifth-rates (Sweepstakes in 1708 and Scarborough in 1711), while the Bedford Galley was rebuilt to slightly smaller dimensions in 1709:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 61], "content_span": [62, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016618-0017-0000", "contents": "1706 Establishment, Individual ship types, 30-gun fifth-rates\nThe 1716 Establishment of Guns altered their armament to 30 guns:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 61], "content_span": [62, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016619-0000-0000", "contents": "1706 Rittenhouse\n1706 Rittenhouse is a private residence in Rittenhouse Square, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It is known for being an expensive residential building, with many units costing over $3.9 million.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016619-0001-0000", "contents": "1706 Rittenhouse, Residents\nThe majority of the residents have a net worth of at least $10 million. The condo is home to surgeons, pediatricians, real estate magnates, CEOs, and professional athletes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016627-0000-0000", "contents": "1706 in Scotland\nEvents from the year 1706 in the Kingdom of Scotland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016630-0000-0000", "contents": "1706 in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the year 1706 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016633-0000-0000", "contents": "1706 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1706.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016635-0000-0000", "contents": "1706 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016635-0001-0000", "contents": "1706 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016635-0002-0000", "contents": "1706 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016636-0000-0000", "contents": "1706 in science\nThe year 1706 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016637-0000-0000", "contents": "1707\n1707 (MDCCVII) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar, the 1707th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 707th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 7th  year of the 18th\u00a0century, and the  8th   year of the 1700s decade. As of the start of 1707, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016637-0001-0000", "contents": "1707\nIn the Swedish calendar it was a common year starting on Tuesday, one day ahead of the Julian and ten days behind the Gregorian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016638-0000-0000", "contents": "1707 Chantal\n1707 Chantal, provisional designation 1932 RL, is a stony background asteroid  from the Florian region in the inner asteroid belt, approximately 7.5 kilometers (4.7 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 8 September 1932, by astronomer Eug\u00e8ne Delporte at the Royal Observatory of Belgium in Uccle. The S-type asteroid has a rotation period of at least 10 hours. It was named for Chantal, the niece of Belgian astronomer Georges Roland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016638-0001-0000", "contents": "1707 Chantal, Orbit and classification\nAccording to modern HCM-analyses by Nesvorn\u00fd, as well as by Milani and Kne\u017eevi\u0107, Chantal is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. In an older HCM-analysis (Zappal\u00e0 (1990\u201397), it is a member of the Flora family (402), a giant asteroid family and the largest family of stony asteroids in the main-belt. It orbits the Sun in the inner asteroid belt at a distance of 1.8\u20132.6\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 4 months (1,207 days; semi-major axis of 2.22\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.17 and an inclination of 4\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroid was first observed as A906 YJ at the Heidelberg Observatory in December 1906. The body's observation arc begins at Uccle Observatory in October 1932, or seven weeks after its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 827]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016638-0002-0000", "contents": "1707 Chantal, Naming\nThis minor planet was named by the discoverer Eug\u00e8ne Delporte after Chantal, a niece of Belgian astronomer Georges Roland (1922\u20131991) at of Uccle and co-discoverer of the Comet Arend\u2013Roland. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 8 April 1982 (M.P.C. 6832). Asteroid 1711 Sandrine was also named by the discoverer after a (grand)-niece of Roland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016638-0003-0000", "contents": "1707 Chantal, Physical characteristics\nIn the Tholen classification, Chantal is a common, stony S-type asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016638-0004-0000", "contents": "1707 Chantal, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn October 1975, a rotational lightcurve of Chantal was obtained from photometric observations by Swedish astronomer Claes-Ingvar Lagerkvist at the Uppsala Astronomical Observatory. Analysis of the fragmentary lightcurve gave a rotation period of at least 10 hours with a brightness amplitude of more than 0.2 magnitude (U=1).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 55], "content_span": [56, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016638-0005-0000", "contents": "1707 Chantal, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Chantal measures between 7.46 and 7.62 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.28 and 0.31. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for a stony asteroid of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 9.23 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.54.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016639-0000-0000", "contents": "1707 H\u014dei earthquake\nThe 1707 H\u014dei earthquake (H\u014dei jishin \u5b9d\u6c38\u5730\u9707) struck south-central Japan at 14:00 local time on 28 October. It was the largest earthquake in Japanese history until surpassed by the 2011 T\u014dhoku earthquake. It caused moderate to severe damage throughout southwestern Honshu, Shikoku and southeastern Ky\u016bsh\u016b. The earthquake, and the resulting destructive tsunami, caused more than 5,000 casualties. This event ruptured all of the segments of the Nankai megathrust simultaneously, the only earthquake known to have done this, with an estimated magnitude of 8.6 ML or 8.7 Mw. It might also have triggered the last eruption of Mount Fuji 49 days later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 665]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016639-0001-0000", "contents": "1707 H\u014dei earthquake\nH\u014dei (\u5b9d\u6c38) was the era spanning the years from March 1704 through April 1711.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016639-0002-0000", "contents": "1707 H\u014dei earthquake, Tectonic setting\nThe southern coast of Honshu runs parallel to the Nankai Trough, which marks the subduction of the Philippine Sea Plate beneath the Eurasian Plate. Movement on this convergent plate boundary leads to many earthquakes, some of them of megathrust type. The Nankai megathrust has five distinct segments (A-E) that can rupture independently. The segments have ruptured either singly or together repeatedly over the last 1,300 years. Megathrust earthquakes on this structure tend to occur in pairs, with a relatively short time gap between them: In addition to two events in 1854, a similar pair occurred in 1944 and 1946. In both instances, the northeastern segment ruptured before the southwestern segment. In the 1707 event, the earthquakes were either simultaneous, or close enough in time to not be distinguished by historical sources.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 38], "content_span": [39, 874]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016639-0003-0000", "contents": "1707 H\u014dei earthquake, Damage\nThe earthquake caused more than 5,000 casualties, destroyed 29,000 houses, and triggered at least one major landslide, the Ohya slide in Shizuoka. One of Japan's three largest, it buried a 1.8\u00a0km2 area under an estimated 120\u00a0million m3 of debris. The Nara Basin shows evidence of event-induced liquefaction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 28], "content_span": [29, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016639-0004-0000", "contents": "1707 H\u014dei earthquake, Characteristics, Earthquake\nThe magnitude of the 1707 event exceeded that of both the 1854 T\u014dkai and Nankai earthquakes, based on several observations. The uplift at Cape Muroto, K\u014dchi is estimated at 2.3 m in 1707 compared to 1.5 m in 1854, the presence of an area of seismic intensity of 6\u20137 on the JMA scale in Kawachi Plain, the degree of damage and inundations heights for the corresponding tsunami and records of tsunami at distant locations, such as Nagasaki and Jeju-do, South Korea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 49], "content_span": [50, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016639-0005-0000", "contents": "1707 H\u014dei earthquake, Characteristics, Earthquake\nThe length of the rupture has been estimated from the modelling of the observed tsunami and the location of tsunami deposits. Initial estimates of 605 km, based on four segments rupturing failed to explain tsunami deposits discovered at the western end of the trough. Including an additional area at the southwestern end, part of the so-called Hayuga-nada segment, gave a better match, with a total rupture length in the range 675\u2013700 km.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 49], "content_span": [50, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016639-0006-0000", "contents": "1707 H\u014dei earthquake, Characteristics, Tsunami\nAlong the southwestern coast of K\u014dchi, run-up heights averaged 7.7 m with up to 10 m in places; 25.7 m high at Kure, Nakatosa, K\u014dchi, and 23 m at Tanezaki.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 46], "content_span": [47, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016639-0007-0000", "contents": "1707 H\u014dei earthquake, Characteristics, Eruption of Mount Fuji\nEvidence suggests that changes in stress caused by large earthquakes may be sufficient to trigger volcanic eruptions, assuming that the magma system involved is close to a critical state. The 1707 earthquake may have triggered a shift in static stress that led to pressure changes in the magma chamber beneath Mount Fuji: the volcano erupted on 16 December 1707, 49 days after the quake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 61], "content_span": [62, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016642-0000-0000", "contents": "1707 in England\nEvents from the year 1707 in the Kingdom of England, then England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 82]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016644-0000-0000", "contents": "1707 in Great Britain\nEvents from the year 1707 in Great Britain, created on 1 May this year as a consequence of the 1706 Treaty of Union and its ratification by the 1707 Acts of Union.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016649-0000-0000", "contents": "1707 in Scotland\nEvents from the year 1707 in the Kingdom of Scotland, then Scotland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 85]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016652-0000-0000", "contents": "1707 in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the year 1707 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016655-0000-0000", "contents": "1707 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1707.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016657-0000-0000", "contents": "1707 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016657-0001-0000", "contents": "1707 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016657-0002-0000", "contents": "1707 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016658-0000-0000", "contents": "1707 in science\nThe year 1707 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016659-0000-0000", "contents": "1707-08 Iceland smallpox epidemic\nIceland experienced one of its deadliest outbreaks of smallpox beginning in 1707. The epidemic ultimately killed around 12,000 Icelanders, close to one-quarter of the island's population at the time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016659-0001-0000", "contents": "1707-08 Iceland smallpox epidemic, Iceland in 1707\nIceland in 1707 was a territory of the Kingdom of Denmark with 53,681 people according to one tally of the 1703 census. Epidemic diseases like smallpox did not naturally sustain themselves on the island due to the relatively sparse population, but frequent trade and travel with Denmark presented a vulnerability to cross-Atlantic spread of contagious diseases. Smallpox had crossed the ocean before in 1670, causing a two year epidemic, and since then a new generation of people had developed with no immunity to the disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 50], "content_span": [51, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016659-0002-0000", "contents": "1707-08 Iceland smallpox epidemic, Epidemic\nSmallpox arrived in Iceland aboard a ship from Denmark when a passenger fell sick and died with the disease. Despite being buried at sea, the index case's contaminated clothing remained and infected at least one other person on board. Ultimately, the outbreak may have killed a quarter of the population of Iceland at the time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 43], "content_span": [44, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016660-0000-0000", "contents": "1707th Air Transport Wing\nThe 1707th Air Transport Wing is a discontinued United States Air Force unit. It was last assigned to Military Air Transport Service (MATS) at Tinker Air Force Base, Oklahoma. It was discontinued on 8 January 1966, when MATS replaced its Major Command controlled (MAJCON) wings with Air Force controlled (AFCON) wings when MATS was redesignated as Military Airlift Command. The mission, personnel and equipment of the wing were transferred to the 443d Military Airlift Wing, which was simultaneously activated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016660-0001-0000", "contents": "1707th Air Transport Wing, History\nThe wing was organized as the 1707th Air Base Wing in 1951 at Palm Beach Air Force Base, Florida when Military Air Transport Service (MATS) reopened the base. Palm Beach was a joint civil-military facility with Palm Beach International Airport. The wing's 1707th Air Transport Group was its operational unit until the wing was redesignated the 1707th Air Transport Wing. The wing's first main activity was the rehabilitation of buildings to resume military operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016660-0002-0000", "contents": "1707th Air Transport Wing, History\nIn addition to operating the active Air Force portion of Palm Beach, the mission of 1707th was training USAF personnel on operation and maintenance of MATS heavy-lift transports. Known as the \"University of MATS\", training included Douglas C-124 Globemaster II, Douglas C-118 Liftmaster, Boeing C-97 Stratofreighter, and Douglas C-54 Skymaster maintenance training along with aircrew and transition pilot training. The wing later added Boeing C-135 training to its curriculum. Nearly 23,000 airmen were trained at Palm Beach Air Force Base. Until 1959 the wing also trained Grumman SA-16 Albatross crews for MATS' Air Rescue Service, and until 1962, Boeing WB-50D Superfortress crews for MATS' Air Weather Service. The United States Navy also maintained a Transport Training Unit that was attached to the wing until 1963.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 856]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016660-0003-0000", "contents": "1707th Air Transport Wing, History\nThe wing moved to Tinker Air Force Base, Oklahoma in June 1959 due to urban encroachment and local opposition to military presence at the airport. It received the first Lockheed C-141 Starlifter aircraft in 1964 and expanded its training mission to include Starlifter operation and maintenance. In addition to the training mission, the 1707th maintained a state of readiness to airlift armed forces personnel and equipment, including medical evacuation in the event of national emergencies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016660-0004-0000", "contents": "1707th Air Transport Wing, History\nIn 1961 the wing earned trophies from MATS for having the best ground and flying safety programs in MATS. Its safety record also earned it an Air Force Outstanding Unit Award that year. The wing was discontinued on 8 January 1966, and its equipment and personnel were reassigned to the 443d Military Airlift Wing, which was activated the same date.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016660-0005-0000", "contents": "1707th Air Transport Wing, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 51], "content_span": [52, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016661-0000-0000", "contents": "1708\n1708 (MDCCVIII) was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a leap year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar, the 1708th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 708th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 8th  year of the 18th\u00a0century, and the  9th   year of the 1700s decade. As of the start of 1708, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016661-0001-0000", "contents": "1708\nIn the Swedish calendar it was a leap year starting on Wednesday, one day ahead of the Julian and ten days behind the Gregorian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016662-0000-0000", "contents": "1708 British general election\nThe 1708 British general election was the first general election to be held after the Acts of Union had united the Parliaments of England and Scotland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016662-0001-0000", "contents": "1708 British general election\nThe election saw the Whigs finally gain a majority in the House of Commons, and by November the Whig-dominated parliament had succeeded in pressuring the Queen into accepting the Junto into the government for the first time since the late 1690s. The Whigs were unable to take full control of the government, however, owing to the continued presence of the moderate Tory Godolphin in the cabinet and the opposition of the Queen. Contests were held in 95 of the 269 English and Welsh constituencies and 28 of the 45 Scottish constituencies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016662-0002-0000", "contents": "1708 British general election, Summary of the constituencies\nSee 1796 British general election for details. The constituencies used were the same throughout the existence of the Parliament of Great Britain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 60], "content_span": [61, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016662-0003-0000", "contents": "1708 British general election, Dates of election\nThe first general election held since the Union took place between 30 April 1708 and 7 July 1708. At this period elections did not take place at the same time in every constituency. The returning officer in each county or borough fixed the precise date (see hustings for details of the conduct of the elections).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 48], "content_span": [49, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016663-0000-0000", "contents": "1708 P\u00f3lit\n1708 P\u00f3lit, provisional designation 1929 XA, is a very dark asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 29 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 30 November 1929, by Spanish astronomer of Catalan origin Josep Comas i Sol\u00e0 at the Fabra Observatory in Barcelona, and was later named after Catalan astronomer Isidre P\u00f2lit i Boixareu.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016663-0001-0000", "contents": "1708 P\u00f3lit, Orbit and classification\nP\u00f3lit orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.0\u20133.8\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 12 months (1,814 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.31 and an inclination of 6\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. A first precovery was taken at Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, extending the body's observation arc by 3 days prior to its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016663-0002-0000", "contents": "1708 P\u00f3lit, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, P\u00f3lit measures between 27.46 and 33.44 kilometers in diameter and its surface has a low albedo between 0.035 and 0.042.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 57], "content_span": [58, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016663-0003-0000", "contents": "1708 P\u00f3lit, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link agrees with the results obtained by IRAS, that is, an albedo of 0.0392 and a diameter of 29.30 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.8.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 57], "content_span": [58, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016663-0004-0000", "contents": "1708 P\u00f3lit, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves\nBetween 2005 and 2014, a large number of rotational lightcurves of P\u00f3lit were obtained from photometric observations by American astronomer Maurice Clark at the Preston Gott and McDonald Observatories. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 7.5080 to 7.5085 hours with a brightness variation between 0.40 and 0.50 magnitude (U=3/3-). Clark also derived a spin axis of (2.1\u00b0, 47.5\u00b0) in ecliptic coordinates (\u03bb,\u2009\u03b2) (Q=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 49], "content_span": [50, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016663-0005-0000", "contents": "1708 P\u00f3lit, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves\nIn addition, astronomer Raymond Poncy measured a period of 7.520 hours with an amplitude of 0.30 magnitude (U=3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 49], "content_span": [50, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016663-0006-0000", "contents": "1708 P\u00f3lit, Naming\nThis minor planet was named in memory of the Fabra Observatory's second director of the astronomical section, Isidre P\u00f2lit i Boixareu (1880\u20131958), who was an assiduous observer of minor planets and comets. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 June 1980 (M.P.C. 5357).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016664-0000-0000", "contents": "1708 in Canada, Historical documents\n\"Canada Survey'd, or the French Dominions upon the Continent of America briefly considered in their situation, strength, trade and number\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016664-0001-0000", "contents": "1708 in Canada, Historical documents\nTwo descriptions of the capture of St. John's, Newfoundland by the French", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016664-0002-0000", "contents": "1708 in Canada, Historical documents\n\"This nott more than 3 minutes after ye first musquetts firing\" - Fall of Fort William at St. John's to French, Canadian and Indigenous force", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016673-0000-0000", "contents": "1708 in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the year 1708 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016674-0000-0000", "contents": "1708 in architecture\nThe year 1708 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016676-0000-0000", "contents": "1708 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1708.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016677-0000-0000", "contents": "1708 in music\nThe year 1708 in music involved some significant musical events and new works.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 92]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016678-0000-0000", "contents": "1708 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016678-0001-0000", "contents": "1708 in poetry\nAnd for his Favour humbly made their Court. The little Wits attended at his GateAnd Men of Title did his Levee wait;For he, as Sovereign by Prerogative,Old Members did exclude, and new receive. He judg'd who most were for the Order fit,", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016678-0002-0000", "contents": "1708 in poetry\n-- From Richard Blackmore's The Kit-Kats. A Poem, Chapter 6, published this year and referring to the Kit-Kat Club in which the influential publisher Jacob Tonson was a prominent member. Tonson was influential in getting recognition for many poets in his series of anthologies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016678-0003-0000", "contents": "1708 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016678-0004-0000", "contents": "1708 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016679-0000-0000", "contents": "1708 in science\nThe year 1708 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016680-0000-0000", "contents": "1709\n1709 (MDCCIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar, the 1709th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 709th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 9th  year of the 18th\u00a0century, and the  10th  and last year of the 1700s decade. As of the start of 1709, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016680-0001-0000", "contents": "1709\nIn the Swedish calendar it was a common year starting on Friday, one day ahead of the Julian and ten days behind the Gregorian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016681-0000-0000", "contents": "1709 Ukraina\n1709 Ukraina, provisional designation 1925 QA, is a stony asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 9 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 16 August 1925, by Soviet astronomer Grigory Shajn at Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula. It was named in honor of Ukraine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016681-0001-0000", "contents": "1709 Ukraina, Orbit and classification\nUkraina orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.9\u20132.9\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 8 months (1,340 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.21 and an inclination of 8\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016681-0002-0000", "contents": "1709 Ukraina, Orbit and classification\nThe body's observation arc begins at Heidelberg, five days after its official discovery observation at Simeiz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016681-0003-0000", "contents": "1709 Ukraina, Physical characteristics\nThe S-type asteroid has an albedo of about 0.2 and a rotation period of 7.3 hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016681-0004-0000", "contents": "1709 Ukraina, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the country Ukraine, then the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic (1922\u20131991). The name was proposed by the Institute of Theoretical Astronomy in Leningrad, what is now St. Petersburg. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 June 1967 (M.P.C. 2740).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016682-0000-0000", "contents": "1709 in Canada, Historical documents\nIntendant's ordinance proclaims Panis and Blacks who have been purchased are property to be known as slaves (Note: \"savages\" used)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016682-0001-0000", "contents": "1709 in Canada, Historical documents\n\"Inhabitants remaining[...]are in a very bad condition\" - Report to Queen Anne of aftermath of French attack on St. John's, Newfoundland", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016682-0002-0000", "contents": "1709 in Canada, Historical documents\n\"Rotten and decay'd\" - Indigenous spies sent by New York government report Canadian fortifications (except at Quebec City) are poor", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016682-0003-0000", "contents": "1709 in Canada, Historical documents\n\"So great a plague to all Plantations in America\" - New Englanders eager to attack Port Royal and its \"nest of spoilers and robbers\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016682-0004-0000", "contents": "1709 in Canada, Historical documents\nInhabitants of Buoys Island (off Ferryland, Newfoundland) get evacuation offer but stay to meet possible third French attack", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016691-0000-0000", "contents": "1709 in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the year 1709 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016694-0000-0000", "contents": "1709 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1709.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016696-0000-0000", "contents": "1709 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016696-0001-0000", "contents": "1709 in poetry, Works published, Alexander Pope's career launched in Poetical Miscellanies\nOn May 2, Alexander Pope's career as a poet was launched with the publication of the anthology Poetical Miscellanies, The Sixth Part, edited by John Dryden. The publisher, Jacob Tonson, had solicited poems from Pope for the volume three years before; but publication was delayed and finally occurred three weeks before Pope's 21st birthday. Pope did not visit London at the time of publication, instead travelling there in June. Tonson was a hard bargainer, and paid Pope 13 guineas, for the young man's verses (about two pence per line). Pope would eventually become a hard bargainer himself in dealing with publishers, and although he became good friends with Tonson, he hardly ever wrote for him again.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 90], "content_span": [91, 796]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016696-0002-0000", "contents": "1709 in poetry, Works published, Alexander Pope's career launched in Poetical Miscellanies\nPope's January and May; Or, The Merchant's Tale, a story about a young wife and the old husband she cuckolds (on pages 172\u2013224) retold part of Geoffrey Chaucer's Canterbury Tales (lines 817-720 of Pope's version):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 90], "content_span": [91, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016696-0003-0000", "contents": "1709 in poetry, Works published, Alexander Pope's career launched in Poetical Miscellanies\nThe poet also contributed a translation, The Episode of Sarpedon, Translated from the Twelfth and Sixteenth Books of Homer's Iliads (pages 301\u2013323). John Denham, a poet of Dryden's generation, had written the best-known translation of Sarpedon's speech. According to the 20th-century critic and Pope biographer Maynard Mack, Pope's version shined in comparison, and when both versions were weighed together, \"the coffee-house critics must have sensed [...] that a new star of some magnitude was rising in their sky\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 90], "content_span": [91, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016696-0004-0000", "contents": "1709 in poetry, Works published, Alexander Pope's career launched in Poetical Miscellanies\nBut the four Pastorals (pages 721\u2013751) which concluded the volume, would have been the works on which Pope pinned most of his hopes for recognition, according to Mack, because the genre was what Virgil and various Renaissance critics deemed a proper first test for an aspiring poet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 90], "content_span": [91, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016696-0005-0000", "contents": "1709 in poetry, Works published, Alexander Pope's career launched in Poetical Miscellanies\nOn May 17, Pope's friend, Wycherley, wrote to him that \"all the best Judges [...] like your part of the Book so well, that the rest is lik'd the worse\". Pope wrote back three days later, referring to Tonson's low payments but valuable publicizing (by including him in what the title page of the anthology called \"Eminent hands\"):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 90], "content_span": [91, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016696-0006-0000", "contents": "1709 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016696-0007-0000", "contents": "1709 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016697-0000-0000", "contents": "1709 in science\nThe year 1709 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016698-0000-0000", "contents": "170P/Christensen\n170P/Christensen is a periodic comet in the Solar System. It came to perihelion in September 2014 at about apparent magnitude 18.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016699-0000-0000", "contents": "170s\nThe 170s decade ran from January 1, 170, to December 31, 179.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 66]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016700-0000-0000", "contents": "170s BC\nThis article concerns the period 179 BC \u2013 170 BC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 57]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016701-0000-0000", "contents": "170th (2/1st North Lancashire) Brigade\n170th (2/1st North Lancashire) Brigade was a 2nd-Line infantry formation of the British Territorial Force raised during the First World War that served on the Western Front. The brigade's number was also used for deception purposes during the Second World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016701-0001-0000", "contents": "170th (2/1st North Lancashire) Brigade, Origin\nOn 31 August 1914, the War Office authorised the formation of a reserve or 2nd-Line unit for each Territorial Force (TF) unit that was proceeding on overseas service. The 2nd/1st North Lancashire Brigade came into existence in November 1914, composed of 2nd-Line duplicates of the battalions of the peacetime North Lancashire Brigade that were due to be sent overseas. The brigade was part of 2nd West Lancashire Division. In August 1915 these formations were assigned numbers, becoming 170th (2nd/1st North Lancashire) Brigade and 57th (2nd West Lancashire) Division respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 46], "content_span": [47, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016701-0002-0000", "contents": "170th (2/1st North Lancashire) Brigade, Order of battle\nThe following units served in the brigade during the war:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 55], "content_span": [56, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016701-0003-0000", "contents": "170th (2/1st North Lancashire) Brigade, History\nThe formations and units of 57th Division concentrated around Canterbury in early 1915 as part of Second Army, Central Force. Training was hampered by lack of equipment: the infantry trained on obsolete .256-inch Japanese rifles until .303-inch service rifles (many in poor condition) arrived in November 1915. In July 1916, 57th Division was transferred to the Emergency Reserves in the Aldershot area where it continued training. 170 Brigade moved to Blackdown Camp in October.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016701-0004-0000", "contents": "170th (2/1st North Lancashire) Brigade, History\nOn 5 January 1917 the division was ready for overseas service, and between 7 and 22 February its units and formations crossed to France and disembarked at Le Havre. On 25 February it took over a section of the Front Line under the command of II ANZAC Corps. 170 Brigade served on the Western Front for the rest of the war, taking part in the following operations:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016701-0005-0000", "contents": "170th (2/1st North Lancashire) Brigade, History\nOn 1 November 1918 170 Bde went into billets at Lille, and was still resting when the Armistice with Germany was signed. For the rest of 1918 its units were involved in clearing and evacuating stores from the Arras area. Demobilisation began in January 1919 and units were steadily reduced to cadres. The last cadres of 57th Division left France in July 1919, completing the disbandment of 170 Bde.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016701-0006-0000", "contents": "170th (2/1st North Lancashire) Brigade, Second World War\n170 Brigade was never reformed, but the number was used for deception purposes during the Second World War. 30th Battalion, Royal Northumberland Fusiliers, a line of communication unit serving in 42nd Brigade in North Africa and composed mainly of men below Medical Category 'A', was redesignated  '170th Infantry Brigade'  and acted as if it were a full brigade from November 1943 until April 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 56], "content_span": [57, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016702-0000-0000", "contents": "170th Battalion (Mississauga Horse), CEF\nThe 170th (Mississauga Horse) Battalion, CEF, was an infantry unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War. Based in Toronto, Ontario, the unit began recruiting during the winter of 1915/16 in that city. Many of the recruits came from the 9th Mississauga Horse militia regiment. After sailing to England in October 1916, the battalion was absorbed into the 169th Battalion, CEF, on December 8, 1916.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016702-0001-0000", "contents": "170th Battalion (Mississauga Horse), CEF\nLieutenant-Colonel Le Grand Reed was the only officer commanding of the 170th (Mississauga Horse) Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016702-0002-0000", "contents": "170th Battalion (Mississauga Horse), CEF\nThe battalion is perpetuated by The Royal Regiment of Canada.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016703-0000-0000", "contents": "170th Division (People's Republic of China)\nThe 170th Division((Chinese: \u7b2c170\u5e08) was created on April 1949 under the Regulation of the Redesignations of All Organizations and Units of the Army, issued by Central Military Commission on November 1, 1948, basing on the 4th Training and Consolidation Division of Northeastern Military Region. The division was put under control of Liaoxi Military District.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016703-0001-0000", "contents": "170th Division (People's Republic of China)\nThe division was basically a second-line unit and never went into battle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016703-0002-0000", "contents": "170th Division (People's Republic of China)\nIn July 1950 the division was disbanded and absorbed into the Air Force and border troops.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016704-0000-0000", "contents": "170th Fighter Squadron\nThe 170th Fighter Squadron (170 FS) is an inactive unit of the Air National Guard. It was last assigned to the 183rd Fighter Wing located of the Illinois Air National Guard at Capital Airport Air National Guard Station, Springfield, Illinois. The 170th last flew the Block 30 General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon. It was inactivated on 30 September 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016704-0001-0000", "contents": "170th Fighter Squadron, History, World War II\nThe squadron was activated at Dale Mabry Field, Florida as one of the original squadrons of the 338th Fighter Group. The squadron was initially equipped with Bell P-39 Airacobras. It operated as a replacement training unit. Replacement training units were oversized units which trained aircrews prior to their deployment to combat theaters. In 1943, the 338th Group and its squadrons standardized training with the Republic P-47 Thunderbolts, although the squadron also operated a few Curtiss P-40 Warhawks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016704-0002-0000", "contents": "170th Fighter Squadron, History, World War II\nHowever, the Army Air Forces found that standard military units, based on relatively inflexible tables of organization, were proving poorly adapted to the training mission. Accordingly, it adopted a more functional system in which each base was organized into a separate numbered unit, while the groups and squadrons acting as RTUs were disbanded or inactivated. This resulted in the 305th, along with other units at Dale Mabry, being disbanded in the spring of 1944 and its personnel and aircraft were transferred to the 335th Army Air Force Base Unit (Replacement Training Unit Fighter).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016704-0003-0000", "contents": "170th Fighter Squadron, History, Illinois Air National Guard\nThe 305th Fighter Squadron was reconstituted and redesignated as the 170th Fighter Squadron on 24 May 1946 and allotted to the National Guard. In September 1948 the squadron was organized at Capital Airport, Springfield, Illinois and extended federal recognition. The squadron was equipped with the North American F-51D Mustang and was assigned to the 128th Fighter Group of the Wisconsin Air National Guard. In November 1950, the 126th Composite Wing was organized in the Illinois Air National Guard when the National Guard adopted the wing base organization system and the squadron was assigned to its 126th Composite Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 60], "content_span": [61, 687]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016704-0004-0000", "contents": "170th Fighter Squadron, History, Illinois Air National Guard, Korean War mobilization\nOn 1 March 1951 the 170th was called to active duty due to the Korean War. It moved to Bergstrom Air Force Base, Texas where it was redesignated the 170th Fighter-bomber Squadron and was assigned to the federalized 131st Fighter-Bomber Group. In addition to the 170th, the 131st Group was assigned the 110th Fighter-Bomber Squadron of the Missouri Air National Guard and the 192d Fighter-Bomber Squadron of the Nevada Air National Guard. At Bergstrom, its mission was to replace the 27th Fighter-Escort Group which deployed to Japan as part of Strategic Air Command's commitment to the Korean War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 85], "content_span": [86, 683]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016704-0005-0000", "contents": "170th Fighter Squadron, History, Illinois Air National Guard, Korean War mobilization\nIn November the 131st and its squadrons were transferred to Tactical Air Command and moved to George Air Force Base, California. At George, the unit was scheduled to be re-equipped with Republic F-84D Thunderjets for deployment to Japan, however the F-84s were instead sent to France and the squadron remained in California with Mustangs for the remainder of its federal service. The 170th was released from active duty and returned to Illinois state control on 1 December 1952 and its personnel, equipment and mission at George were transferred to the active duty 435th Fighter-Bomber Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 85], "content_span": [86, 681]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016704-0006-0000", "contents": "170th Fighter Squadron, History, Illinois Air National Guard, Cold War\nAfter returning to Springfield, the 170th was equipped with the North American F-86E Sabre. However, only about a half-dozen Sabres were received before the squadron began receiving Republic F-84F Thunderstreaks. The first F-84F arrived in February 1955. The squadron's mission was changed to what was termed a \"Special Delivery\" squadron, and the 170th began training on the tactical delivery of nuclear weapons, being renamed the 170th Tactical Fighter Squadron in 1958.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 70], "content_span": [71, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016704-0007-0000", "contents": "170th Fighter Squadron, History, Illinois Air National Guard, Cold War\nOn 1 October 1961, as a result of the 1961 Berlin Crisis, the 170th was again federalized and assigned to the 131st Tactical Fighter Group. The 170th remained at Springfield, while elements of the 131st deployed to Toul-Rosi\u00e8res Air Base, France to form the 7131st Tactical Fighter Wing. The 131st Tactical Fighter Wing, was composed of three federalized National Guard squadrons and their supporting squadrons. However, only its 110th Tactical Fighter Squadron deployed as a unit to France. The 170th rotated personnel to Toul during their period of activation, however aircraft and personnel deployed to Toul were maintained at a level equivalent to a single squadron at any one time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 70], "content_span": [71, 757]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016704-0008-0000", "contents": "170th Fighter Squadron, History, Illinois Air National Guard, Cold War\nWhile in France, the Guardsmen trained with elements of the United States Seventh Army and maintained a 24-hour alert status. The 7131st exchanged air and ground crews with the Royal Danish Air Force's 730th Tactical Fighter Squadron at Skydstrup Air Station, Denmark during May 1962. As the Berlin situation subsided, all activated ANG units were ordered to be returned to the United States and released from active duty, while the 7131st Wing was discontinued in France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 70], "content_span": [71, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016704-0009-0000", "contents": "170th Fighter Squadron, History, Illinois Air National Guard, Cold War\nThe 170th reformed in Illinois in the fall of 1962, retaining its F-84F Thunderstreaks. On 15 October 1962, the 170th Tactical Fighter Squadron was authorized to expand, and the 183rd Tactical Fighter Group was established. The 170th became the new group's flying squadron. Other units assigned into the group were the 183rd Material Squadron, 183rd Combat Support Squadron and the 183rd USAF Dispensary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 70], "content_span": [71, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016704-0010-0000", "contents": "170th Fighter Squadron, History, Illinois Air National Guard, Cold War\nThe squadron continued to fly the F-84F aircraft throughout the 1960s. The squadron did not see service during the Vietnam War, although, between 1968 and 1971, many of its personnel were activated as individuals and some saw service in Southeast Asia. All F-84Fs were grounded in November 1971, after a 170th pilot was killed when his plane lost a wing during exercises at the Hardwood Gunnery range in Findley, Wisconsin. The accident was caused by the \"milkbone\" bolt in the wing, weakened by years of flying, failing in-flight. Inspections of other F-84Fs found the same issue affected many other aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 70], "content_span": [71, 681]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016704-0010-0001", "contents": "170th Fighter Squadron, History, Illinois Air National Guard, Cold War\nThe problem was deemed too widespread to justify the costly repair of the aircraft, and the Air Force decided to retire the Guard's fleet of F-84Fs and replace them with more modern aircraft. All F-84s were retired to the Aerospace Maintenance and Regeneration Center (AMARC) at Davis-Monthan Air Force Base. The 170th flew the Thunderstreak for more than a decade and a half, longer than any other squadron in the active force or the Air National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 70], "content_span": [71, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016704-0011-0000", "contents": "170th Fighter Squadron, History, Illinois Air National Guard, Cold War\nIn 1972, the squadron was the first Air National Guard unit to receive the McDonnell F-4C Phantom II. Most of its aircraft were planes returning combat from Southeast Asia. Along with the F-4C, a flight of RF-4C Phantom II Reconnaissance aircraft were received. In 1981, the F-4Cs were exchanged for the F-4D.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 70], "content_span": [71, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016704-0012-0000", "contents": "170th Fighter Squadron, History, Illinois Air National Guard, Post Cold War era\nThe 170th saw its first General Dynamics F-16A Fighting Falcon on 7 June 1989 when two landed at Capital Airport to replace the squadron's aging F-4D Phantom IIs. By 5 May 1990 the 170th was operational with the F-16A/B. Its mission was fighter attack and the squadron flew the \"Block 15\" for this mission. On 15 March 1992 the squadron changed designation from the 170th Tactical Fighter Squadron to the 170th Fighter Squadron. Three years later, it would be reassigned to the 183rd Operations Group when its parent became the 183rd Fighter Wing under the Air Force Objective Wing reorganization plan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 79], "content_span": [80, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016704-0013-0000", "contents": "170th Fighter Squadron, History, Illinois Air National Guard, Post Cold War era\nDuring early 1994 the 170th started to exchange its block 15 F-16A/B for block 30 F-16C/D Fighting Falcons with larger air inlets. Most of the block 15s were retired to AMARC. During the 1990s, the unit conducted numerous overseas deployments, including six to Southwest Asia, two to Denmark, one to Panama, one to Cura\u00e7ao, and one to Thailand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 79], "content_span": [80, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016704-0014-0000", "contents": "170th Fighter Squadron, History, Illinois Air National Guard, Global War on Terrorism\nAfter the 9/11 attacks, the 170th increased its capability by obtaining AN/AAQ-28(V) LITENING targeting pods in October 2001. Training with the new pod started immediately to get ready for a scheduled deployment in March 2002 for Operation Enduring Freedom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 85], "content_span": [86, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016704-0015-0000", "contents": "170th Fighter Squadron, History, Illinois Air National Guard, Global War on Terrorism\nStarting in January 2002 the 170th deployed for two weeks to Tucson Air National Guard Base, Arizona for final training with the LITENING pod. The March 2002 deployment was to be with two other units but this changed due to their Operation Noble Eagle air defense commitments. As a result, the 170th deployed by itself as the 170th Expeditionary Fighter Squadron. The 170th Expeditionary Squadron replaced the 18th Squadron. Besides its duties over Afghanistan, the 170th Expeditionary Squadron performed air interdiction missions over Iraq in support of Operation Southern Watch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 85], "content_span": [86, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016704-0016-0000", "contents": "170th Fighter Squadron, History, Illinois Air National Guard, Global War on Terrorism\nIn the very early morning on 17 April 2002 while on deployment in Afghanistan a pilot in a two-ship formation from the 170th mistakenly bombed a Canadian force which was practicing live firing of its weapons near Kandahar, Afghanistan. Four soldiers were killed and eight were injured. This tragedy resulted in non-judicial punishment for one of the pilots involved after their return to Springfield.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 85], "content_span": [86, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016704-0017-0000", "contents": "170th Fighter Squadron, History, Illinois Air National Guard, Global War on Terrorism\nAfter more than two of overseas deployments the 170th participated in Operation Iraqi Freedom in October 2004.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 85], "content_span": [86, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016704-0018-0000", "contents": "170th Fighter Squadron, History, Illinois Air National Guard, BRAC 2005 and Inactivation\nThe BRAC 2005 committee report recommended the retirement of the Block 30 F-16s and the inactivation of the 170th Fighter Squadron. The BRAC commission recommended the facilities and skills of personnel assigned be realigned into a Centralized Intermediate Repair Facility. Despite a court challenge by the Governor of Illinois, the US District Judge ruled that there was not enough evidence to support the claim that the state would suffer major harm by the closure of the unit. The last F-16 departed on 23 September 2008, marking the end of the flying mission for the 183rd Fighter Wing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 88], "content_span": [89, 679]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016704-0019-0000", "contents": "170th Fighter Squadron, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 48], "content_span": [49, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016705-0000-0000", "contents": "170th Group\nThe 170th Group is a unit of the Nebraska Air National Guard, stationed at Offutt Air Force Base, Nebraska. If activated to federal service, the group would be gained by the United States Air Force Air Combat Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016705-0001-0000", "contents": "170th Group\nThe group was originally activated in the New Jersey Air National Guard as the 170th Air Transport Group, a strategic airlift unit in 1964. It served in various airlift roles until 1977 when it was redesignated the 170th Air Refueling Group and performed the air refueling mission until it was inactivated in 1993 when the Air National Guard adopted the Air Force's Objective wing organization.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016705-0002-0000", "contents": "170th Group, Mission\nThe 170th Group (170 GP) grew out of Detachment 1 of Headquarters Nebraska Air National Guard, which was established in June 2002. It gathers members of the Nebraska Air National Guard stationed at Offutt Air Force Base into a single administrative unit as part of the \"Future Total Force Initiative.\" Through this initiative, Guard instructor aircrew integrate with the 338th Combat Training Squadron (338 CTS) to provide initial qualification, requalification and upgrade training to active duty USAF and Air National Guard aircrew members in the RC-135 RIVET JOINT, COMBAT SENT and COBRA BALL aircraft and the E-4B NIGHTWATCH aircraft. These instructors are assigned to the 238th Combat Training Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 729]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016705-0003-0000", "contents": "170th Group, Mission\nLikewise, Guardsmen integrate into the 55th Operations Support Squadron (55 OSS) to support the global operations of the 55th Wing (55 WG), providing training and operational support to the active duty wing's global command and control and intelligence missions. Areas supported include requirements, weapons and tactics, intelligence, base operations, weather, and aviation resource management. These Guardsment form the 170th Operations Support Squadron (170 OSS). Overall, the 170th Group is authorized 80 personnel, including 35 full-time and 45 traditional Guardsmen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016705-0004-0000", "contents": "170th Group, Mission\nThe 170th was reactivated in a ceremony on 6 July 2007 at Offutt Air Force Base.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016705-0005-0000", "contents": "170th Group, History\nThe group was first activated at Newark Municipal Airport on 18 January 1964 as the 170th Air Transport Group to provide a headquarters for the 150th Air Transport Squadron and its supporting units. The group initially operated Lockheed C-121 Constellation long-distance transports, primarily for passenger movements to Europe. Eighteen months after its formation, the group moved to McGuire Air Force Base.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016705-0006-0000", "contents": "170th Group, History\nThe 170th also flew to the Caribbean and, during the Vietnam War, to Japan, Thailand, South Vietnam, Australia and the Philippines. In 1966, when Military Airlift Command replaced Military Air Transport Service, the group became the 170th Military Airlift Group. From 1969 the group focused on airlifting patients, and became the 170th Aeromedical Airlift Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016705-0007-0000", "contents": "170th Group, History\nThe Constellations were retired in 1973, and were replaced with De Haviland Canada C-7 Caribou light transports, which were returning from service in the Vietnam War. The C-7s were used for carrying small payloads in forward areas with unimproved airstrips.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016705-0008-0000", "contents": "170th Group, History\nIn 1977 the 170th received Boeing KC-135 Stratotankers and became the 150th Air Refueling Squadron. On 1 October 1993, the 170th Air Refueling Group was combined with the 108th Air Refueling Wing at McGuire when the New Jersey Air National Guard implemented the Air Force's Objective Wing organization, which called for all units on a base to be assigned to a single wing. The group was inactivated while its 150th Air Refueling Squadron was assigned to the 108th Operations Group as its second KC-135 squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016705-0009-0000", "contents": "170th Group, History\nIn 2007, the group was activated as the 170th Group at Offutt Air Force Base, Nebraska to unify Air National Guard support for the 55th Wing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016705-0010-0000", "contents": "170th Group, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016706-0000-0000", "contents": "170th Infantry Brigade (United States)\nThe 170th Infantry Brigade was an infantry formation of the United States Army. From 2009 to 2012, as part of its third period of existence, it was based at Baumholder in the Federal Republic of Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016706-0001-0000", "contents": "170th Infantry Brigade (United States), World War I\nThe 170th Infantry Brigade was first activated 25 August 1917 at Camp Custer, Michigan. Commanded initially by Julius Penn, it was one of two brigades of the 85th Infantry Division, National Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 51], "content_span": [52, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016706-0002-0000", "contents": "170th Infantry Brigade (United States), World War I\nAfter a year of training the division left the U.S. for England. When the American Expeditionary Force North Russia was formed to be sent to Arkhangelsk, Russia, the 339th Infantry Regiment provided the infantry component, with support units also taken from the 85th Division sent along as well. While there, the 339th saw combat against the Bolsheviks. The 340th Infantry Regiment and the remainder of the Brigade was stationed in Lorraine, on the Western Front in France where the 85th served as a depot division and did not participate in any combat operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 51], "content_span": [52, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016706-0003-0000", "contents": "170th Infantry Brigade (United States), World War Two\nThe brigade, along with its parent unit the 85th Infantry Division, was reestablished as part of the Organized Reserves in 1921. However, the 85th Infantry Division was reactivated on 15 May 1942, it was as a triangular division with direct control of the 337th, 338th, and 339th Infantry Regiments. Thus the brigade was converted to serve as the 85th Reconnaissance Troop and served as the eyes and ears of the 85th Infantry Division throughout World War Two.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 53], "content_span": [54, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016706-0004-0000", "contents": "170th Infantry Brigade (United States), Interwar to 1970\nWith the reestablishment of brigades in the TOE of divisions in the 1960s following the short-lived experiment with pentomic organization, the 2nd Brigade, 24th Infantry Division was in 1963 assigned the heritage of the 170th Infantry Brigade. The 24th Division was inactivated in 1970, then reactivated from 1975 to 1996. When the 24th was reactivated again in 1999 it was as a headquarters unit only with separate National Guard brigades attached and no organic brigades of its own. It was inactivated again on 1 August 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 56], "content_span": [57, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016706-0005-0000", "contents": "170th Infantry Brigade (United States), From 2009-2012\nThe  of the United States Army was reestablished 15 July 2009 at U.S. Army Garrison Baumholder in Germany as part of the Grow the Army Plan. The 170th Infantry Brigade was formed by reflagging the 2nd Brigade, 1st Armored Division. The soldiers and equipment will remain in place but the 2d Brigade flag will transfer to Ft. Bliss, Texas, joining other elements of the 1st Armored Division. The 170th Infantry Brigade is organized as an enlarged hybrid of the Army XXI Heavy Division Infantry Brigade and modular brigade designs, as it incorporates both organic artillery and engineer battalions together with three infantry and armor units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 54], "content_span": [55, 696]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016706-0006-0000", "contents": "170th Infantry Brigade (United States), From 2009-2012, Afghanistan\nIn late 2010 part of the unit deployed to Northern Afghanistan (RC-N)to take part in a NATO training mission in conjunction with the ANA and ANP.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 67], "content_span": [68, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016706-0007-0000", "contents": "170th Infantry Brigade (United States), From 2009-2012, Afghanistan\nIn early 2011, the 170th IBCT deployed in support of Operation Enduring Freedom 11\u201312 to Regional Command North. During the brigade's deployment, it partnered with the 303rd Afghan Uniformed Police and the Afghan Border Police's 5th Zone. Key highlights of the deployment include the handover of security responsibilities for Mazar E Sharif from the International Security Assistance Force to the Government of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan by the Germans. The brigade also deployed two of its battalions for separate missions in support of other regional commands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 67], "content_span": [68, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016706-0007-0001", "contents": "170th Infantry Brigade (United States), From 2009-2012, Afghanistan\nThe 3d Battalion, 4th Infantry Regiment deployed in November 2010 to Regional Command Capital where it initially assumed part of the NTMA training mission in and around Kabul. It later transitioned to a security force mission across Afghanistan, ensuring various NTMA elements and VIPs were able to accomplish their tasks in a secure environment. The brigade's 4th Battalion, 70th Armor Regiment deployed to Regional Command South where it operated under Combined Team Uruzgan, partnered with the Australian Army. The brigade is redeployed back to Baumholder, Germany in early 2012. A total of eight brigade soldiers died during the deployment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 67], "content_span": [68, 712]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016706-0008-0000", "contents": "170th Infantry Brigade (United States), From 2009-2012, Afghanistan\nThe 170th Infantry Brigade included the following subordinate units in 2011:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 67], "content_span": [68, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016706-0009-0000", "contents": "170th Infantry Brigade (United States), From 2009-2012, Afghanistan\nIn February 2012, Military.com announced that the brigade would be inactivated by the summer of 2012. Over the course of the year, 4,000 of the brigade's 4,500 soldiers were reassigned. On 9 October 2012, the 170th Infantry Brigade was inactivated in Germany, with the remaining 500 soldiers present for the event.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 67], "content_span": [68, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016707-0000-0000", "contents": "170th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)\nThe 170th Infantry Division (German: 170. Infanterie-Division) was a German division in World War II. It fought on the Eastern Front for much of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016707-0001-0000", "contents": "170th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), Operational history\nThe German plan and force:The occupation of Denmark had been put into the hands of the XXI corps (General of the Infantry Nikolaus von Falkenhorst), which consisted of the 170th. Infantry Division and 198th. Infantry Division. For the occupation of Jutland the following forces were ready: The 170th. Infantry Division under Major general Witte (391th, 399th, 401th Infantry Regiments and the 240th. Artillery Regiment), along with other units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 56], "content_span": [57, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016708-0000-0000", "contents": "170th Infantry Regiment (Imperial Japanese Army)\nThe 170th Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment in the Imperial Japanese Army. The regiment was attached to the 21st Army until 1940. The regiment participated during the Second Sino-Japanese War and World War II. In 1941, it formed the basis of the 21st Independent Mixed Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016709-0000-0000", "contents": "170th New York Infantry Regiment\nThe 170th New York Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016709-0001-0000", "contents": "170th New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 170th New York Infantry was organized at New York City, New York, and mustered in October 7, 1862, at Staten Island under the command of Colonel Peter McDermott.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016709-0002-0000", "contents": "170th New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to District of Newport News, Virginia, Department of Virginia, to December, 1862 Corcoran's Brigade, Division at Suffolk, Virginia, VII Corps, Department of Virginia, to April 1863. 3rd Brigade, 1st Division, VII Corps, to July 1863. Corcoran's Brigade, King's Division, XXII Corps, Department of Washington, to November 1863. 1st Brigade, Corcoran's Division, XXII Corps, to December 1863. 2nd Brigade, Tyler's Division, XXII Corps, to May 1864. 4th Brigade, 2nd Division, II Corps, Army of the Potomac, to June 1864. 2nd Brigade, 2nd Division, II Corps, to July 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016709-0003-0000", "contents": "170th New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 170th New York Infantry mustered out of service July 19, 1865, at Raleigh, North Carolina.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016709-0004-0000", "contents": "170th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nLeft New York for Washington, D.C., October 16, 1862; then moved to Newport News, Va. Duty at Newport News, Va., until December 1862, and at Suffolk, Va., until May 1863. Action at Deserted House January 30, 1863. Siege of Suffolk April 12-May 4. Edenton Road April 15. Attack on Suffolk April 24. Providence Church Road, Nansemond River, May 3. Siege of Suffolk raised May 4. Operations on Seaboard & Roanoke Railroad May 12\u201326. Blackwater May 12. Holland House, Carrsville, May 15\u201316. Carrsville May 18. Dix's Peninsula Campaign June 24-July 7. Moved to Washington, D.C., July 12.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016709-0004-0001", "contents": "170th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nDuty in and about that city and guard duty on the Orange & Alexandria Railroad until May 1864. Ordered to join the Army of the Potomac in the field. Rapidan Campaign May 17-June 15. Spotsylvania Court House May 17\u201321. North Anna River May 23\u201326. On line of the Pamunkey May 26\u201328. Totopotomoy May 28\u201331. Cold Harbor June 1\u201312. Before Petersburg June 16\u201318. Siege of Petersburg June 16, 1864, to April 2, 1865. Jerusalem Plank Road, Weldon Railroad, June 22\u201323, 1864. Demonstration on north side of the James July 27\u201329. Deep Bottom July 27\u201328. Demonstration north of the James August 13\u201320.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016709-0004-0002", "contents": "170th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nStrawberry Plains, Deep Bottom, August 14\u201318. Ream's Station August 25. Boydton Plank Road, Hatcher's Run, October 27\u201328. Dabney's Mills, Hatcher's Run, February 5\u20137, 1865. Watkins' House March 25. Appomattox Campaign March 28-April 9. Boydton and White Oak Roads March 30\u201331. Crow's House March 31. Fall of Petersburg April 2. Pursuit of Lee April 3\u20139. Sailor's Creek April 6. High Bridge, Farmville, April 7. Appomattox Court House April 9. Surrender of Lee and his army. At Burkesville until May 2. March to Washington, D. C., May 2\u201312. Grand Review of the Armies May 23. Duty at Washington, D.C., until July.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016709-0005-0000", "contents": "170th New York Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 227 men during service; 10 officers and 119 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 2 officers and 96 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016710-0000-0000", "contents": "170th New York State Legislature\nThe 170th New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 5, 1955, to March 23, 1956, during the first and second years of W. Averell Harriman's governorship, in Albany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016710-0001-0000", "contents": "170th New York State Legislature, Background\nUnder the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1938, re-apportioned in 1953, 58 Senators and 150 assemblymen were elected in single-seat districts for two-year terms. The senatorial districts consisted either of one or more entire counties; or a contiguous area within a single county. The counties which were divided into more than one senatorial district were Kings (nine districts), New York (six),  Queens (five), Bronx (four), Erie (three), Nassau (three), Westchester (three), Monroe (two) and Onondaga (two). The Assembly districts consisted either of a single entire county (except Hamilton Co.), or of contiguous area within one county.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 696]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016710-0002-0000", "contents": "170th New York State Legislature, Background\nAt this time there were two major political parties: the Republican Party and the Democratic Party. The Liberal Party, the American Labor Party, the Socialist Workers Party, and the Socialist Labor Party (running under the name of \"Industrial Government Party\") also nominated tickets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016710-0003-0000", "contents": "170th New York State Legislature, Elections\nThe New York state election, 1954, was held on November 2. Ambassador W. Averell Harriman was elected Governor, and D.A. of Bronx County George B. DeLuca was elected Lieutenant Governor, both Democrats with Liberal endorsement. The elections of the other six statewide elective offices resulted in a Democratic State Comptroller with Liberal endorsement, a Republican Attorney General, a Democratic Chief Judge with Liberal and Republican endorsement, a Democratic Court of Appeals judge with Liberal and Republican endorsement, a Democratic Court of Appeals judge with Liberal endorsement, and a Republican Court of Appeals judge with Democratic endorsement. The approximate party strength at this election, as expressed by the vote for Governor/Lieutenant Governor, was: Republicans 2,550,000; Democrats 2,297,000; Liberals 264,000; American Labor 47,000; Socialist Workers 2,600; and Industrial Government 1,700.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 959]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016710-0004-0000", "contents": "170th New York State Legislature, Elections\nFive of the seven women members of the previous legislature\u2014Assemblywomen Mary A. Gillen (Dem. ), of Brooklyn; Janet Hill Gordon (Rep.), a lawyer of Norwich; Frances K. Marlatt (Rep.), a lawyer of Mount Vernon; Genesta M. Strong (Rep.), of Plandome Heights; and Mildred F. Taylor (Rep.), a coal dealer of Lyons\u2014were re-elected. Bessie A. Buchanan (Dem. ), a retired musical actress and dancer of Harlem, was also elected to the Assembly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016710-0005-0000", "contents": "170th New York State Legislature, Elections\nThe New York state election, 1955, was held on November 8. No statewide elective offices were up for election. Three vacancies in the State Senate and three vacancies in the Assembly were filled.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016710-0006-0000", "contents": "170th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for the first regular session (the 178th) at the State Capitol in Albany on January 5, 1955; and adjourned on April 2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016710-0007-0000", "contents": "170th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nWalter J. Mahoney (Rep.) was re-elected Temporary President of the State Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016710-0008-0000", "contents": "170th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for the second regular session (the 179th) at the State Capitol in Albany on January 4, 1956; and adjourned on March 23.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016710-0009-0000", "contents": "170th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Senators\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature. Searles G. Shultz changed from the Assembly to the Senate at the beginning of this Legislature. Assemblyman Frank J. Pino was elected to fill a vacancy in the Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 56], "content_span": [57, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016710-0010-0000", "contents": "170th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Senators\nNote: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words \"...the Committee on (the)...\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 56], "content_span": [57, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016710-0011-0000", "contents": "170th New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Assemblymen\nNote: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words \"...the Committee on (the)...\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 61], "content_span": [62, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016711-0000-0000", "contents": "170th Ohio Infantry Regiment\nThe 170th Ohio Infantry Regiment, sometimes 170th Ohio Volunteer Infantry (or 170th OVI) was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016711-0001-0000", "contents": "170th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 170th Ohio Infantry was organized in Bellaire, Ohio, and mustered in May 13, 1864, for 100 days service under the command of Colonel Miles J. Saunders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016711-0002-0000", "contents": "170th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment left Ohio for Washington, D.C., May 17 and was attached to 2nd Brigade, Haskins' Division, XXII Corps, to July 1864, and assigned to garrison duty at Fort Simmons, Fort Bayard, Fort Mansfield, Fort Gaines, and Battery Vermont in the defenses of Washington, until July 4. Moved to Sandy Hook, Maryland, July 4, and served duty in the defenses of Maryland Heights until July 15. Attached to Reserve Division, Department of West Virginia. Operations in the Shenandoah Valley July 15-August 24. Expedition to Snicker's Ford July 17\u201318. Rocky Ford July 18. Second Battle of Kernstown, July 24. Martinsburg July 25. Moved to Frederick, Maryland, July 30; then guarded supply trains to Harpers Ferry, serving there until August 24.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 775]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016711-0003-0000", "contents": "170th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 170th Ohio Infantry mustered out of service September 10, 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016711-0004-0000", "contents": "170th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Ohio National Guard\nOver 35,000 Ohio National Guardsmen were federalized and organized into regiments for 100 days service in May 1864. Shipped to the Eastern Theater, they were designed to be placed in \"safe\" rear areas to protect railroads and supply points, thereby freeing regular troops for Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant\u2019s push on the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia. As events transpired, many units found themselves in combat, stationed in the path of Confederate Gen. Jubal Early\u2019s veteran Army of the Valley during its famed Valley Campaigns of 1864. Ohio Guard units met the battle-tested foe head on and helped blunt the Confederate offensive thereby saving Washington, D.C. from capture. Ohio National Guard units participated in the battles of Monacacy, Fort Stevens, Harpers Ferry, and in the siege of Petersburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 49], "content_span": [50, 863]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016711-0005-0000", "contents": "170th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost 24 men during service; 4 killed or mortally wounded, 1 officer and 19 enlisted men due to disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016712-0000-0000", "contents": "170th Rifle Division (Soviet Union)\nThe 170th Rifle Division was raised in 1939 as a standard Red Army rifle (infantry) division, as part of the prewar buildup of the Army. During July and August 1941, it gave very effective service in the battles around Velikiye Luki until it was so severely depleted that it had to be disbanded. A new 170th was formed between December 1941 and January 1942. From this point the division had a distinguished but relatively uncomplicated combat path, fighting in the central part of the Soviet-German front. It was given credit for the liberation of Rechytsa in late 1943, and ended the war in the conquest of East Prussia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016712-0001-0000", "contents": "170th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), 1st Formation\nThe division was first organized at Sterlitamak in the Ural Military District in September 1939, based on a cadre from the 98th Rifle Division, as part of the major pre-World War II mobilization of the Red Army. The division was mostly composed of Bashkir soldiers and was commanded by Kombrig Tikhon Silkin. Division headquarters and most units were based at Sterlitamak. The 422nd Rifle and 512th Howitzer Regiments were at Belebey, and the 717th Rifle Regiment was at Davlekanovo. The 294th Light Artillery Regiment was based at Miass.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 50], "content_span": [51, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016712-0002-0000", "contents": "170th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), 1st Formation\nOn June 22, 1941, its main order of battle was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 50], "content_span": [51, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016712-0003-0000", "contents": "170th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Battle of Smolensk\nAs Operation Barbarossa began, the 170th was moving west from the Urals as part of 22nd Army's 62nd Rifle Corps, to take up positions in the vicinity of Polotsk and Vitebsk. The division defended Sebezh on the Latvian border. At the beginning of July, retreating Soviet troops came to Sebezh. On 3 July, German bombers destroyed the town. The 391st and 717th Rifle Regiment moved to the Kuznetsovka railway station, while the 422nd Rifle Regiment stayed in place. For two days, the division attempted to hold back advancing German troops.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 55], "content_span": [56, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016712-0003-0001", "contents": "170th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Battle of Smolensk\nOn 11 July, the division retreated to positions around Zamo\u015b\u0107 station. On 13 July, the division was ordered to attack. The division was initially successful, pushing back German troops to Kuznetsovka station. However, the division was then forced to retreat back to Idritsa due to German superiority in both numbers and firepower. Around this time, Major General Silkin went missing and was presumed killed. Colonel Nikolai Laksin took command of the division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 55], "content_span": [56, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016712-0004-0000", "contents": "170th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Battle of Smolensk\nAfter taking Nevel on July 15, the German LVII Motorized Corps was ordered to capture Velikiye Luki. This isolated thrust by one panzer and one motorized division took the city on July 19, but Soviet counterattacks against the supply corridor, in part by the 170th from the west, forced the German forces to give up the city and retreat. On 20 July, the division became part of the 51st Rifle Corps and moved to positions northwest of Nevel. The division was ordered to counterattack, but met strong resistance and was stopped in the area of Hamchino.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 55], "content_span": [56, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016712-0004-0001", "contents": "170th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Battle of Smolensk\nThe division was surrounded on part of the Leningrad Highway, known as the Nevel Pocket. The division attempted to break out at Begunovo and Zabolote. The division was forced to destroy equipment and suffered heavy losses in the encirclement. On 23 July, the remnants of the division reached the area of Lake Urai and took up defensive positions. The division was again forced to retreat and on 26 July moved to the Dokuhino area, where it absorbed the remnants of the 98th and 112th Rifle Divisions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 55], "content_span": [56, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016712-0004-0002", "contents": "170th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Battle of Smolensk\nOn 28 August the division was reported as having just 300 men with \"...no equipment, headquarters or staff\". It was transferred to 24th Army in Reserve Front for rebuilding in September, but was far from complete when the Germans launched Operation Typhoon. It was surrounded with its army north of Spas-Demensk by 1 October, and was disbanded on 4 October, due to a shortage of equipment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 55], "content_span": [56, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016712-0005-0000", "contents": "170th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), 2nd Formation\nA new 170th Rifle Division was formed at Molotov, once again in the Ural Military District, based on the 439th Rifle Division which was already forming up when re-designated. The order of battle remained mostly the same, with the following additions:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 50], "content_span": [51, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016712-0006-0000", "contents": "170th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), 2nd Formation\nThe howitzer regiment had been removed, and the standard artillery regiment retained the number of the original light regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 50], "content_span": [51, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016712-0007-0000", "contents": "170th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), 2nd Formation\nIn February 1942, the division was deployed to the west, into the 58th Army of the Reserve of the Supreme High Command, and in April it deployed to the front lines in the 34th Army of Northwestern Front. The 170th took part in the fighting around the Demyansk Pocket during the rest of 1942, either under command of the 34th or the 11th Army. In January 1943, it was reassigned to the 27th Army, and in March was once again in the Reserve of the Supreme High Command for rebuilding and a redeployment to the south.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 50], "content_span": [51, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016712-0008-0000", "contents": "170th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), 2nd Formation\nBy the beginning of June, the 170th was assigned to the Central Front in the Kursk salient. The division joined the 48th Army, and remained there for the duration, with the exception of a few months in early 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 50], "content_span": [51, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016712-0009-0000", "contents": "170th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Advance\nIn January, 1944, the division became part of the 42nd Rifle Corps, where it would remain for the duration. Belorussian Front was renamed 1st Belorussian in February. During the Soviet summer offensive, Operation Bagration, the 42nd Corps was concentrated north of Rogachev to assist its partner 29th Rifle Corps and units of the 3rd Army to break through the positions of the German 134th and 296th Infantry Divisions. By late on June 24 this had been achieved, with the Germans overwhelmed and the 9th Tank Corps exploiting to the rear. With the defenses of Army Group Center shattered, the division trekked westward towards Poland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 679]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016712-0010-0000", "contents": "170th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Advance\n48th Army was transferred to 2nd Belorussian Front in the late autumn of 1944. During the Vistula-Oder Offensive the 170th pushed on through northern Poland before the army was once again transferred to 3rd Belorussian Front. The division fought in the East Prussian Offensive, and ended the war near Elbing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016712-0011-0000", "contents": "170th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Advance\nFive men of the division were named as Heroes of the Soviet Union, two of them posthumously. At the end of the war the men and women of the division carried the full title 170th Rifle, Rechytsa, Order of the Red Banner, Order of Suvorov Division. (Russian: 170-\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0420\u0435\u0447\u0438\u0446\u043a\u0430\u044f \u041a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0451\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0440\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0421\u0443\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u0438\u044f.) The division was part of the 42nd Rifle Corps, 48th Army of the 3rd Belorussian Front in May 1945. The division was disbanded near M\u00fchlhausen in July 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016713-0000-0000", "contents": "170th Street station (IND Concourse Line)\n170th Street is a local station on the IND Concourse Line of the New York City Subway, located at the Grand Concourse between East 170th and 171st Streets in the Highbridge neighborhood of the Bronx. It is served by the D train at all times except rush hours in the peak direction and the B train during rush hours. The station opened in 1933, along with the rest of the Concourse Line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016713-0001-0000", "contents": "170th Street station (IND Concourse Line), History\nThis station was built as part of the IND Concourse Line, which was one of the original lines of the city-owned Independent Subway System (IND). The route of the Concourse Line was approved to Bedford Park Boulevard on June 12, 1925 by the New York City Board of Transportation. Construction of the line began in July 1928. The station opened on July 1, 1933, along with the rest of the Concourse subway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 50], "content_span": [51, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016713-0002-0000", "contents": "170th Street station (IND Concourse Line), Station layout\nThis underground station has three tracks and two side platforms. The center express track is used by the D train during rush hours in the peak direction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 57], "content_span": [58, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016713-0003-0000", "contents": "170th Street station (IND Concourse Line), Station layout\nBoth platforms have an orange trim line on a black border and name tablets reading \"170TH ST.\" in white sans-serif lettering on a black background. Small \"170\" and directional tile captions in white lettering on a black background run below the trim line and name tablets. Orange-yellow I-beam columns run along both platforms and the full-time mezzanine at regular intervals with alternating ones having the standard black station name plate with white lettering.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 57], "content_span": [58, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016713-0004-0000", "contents": "170th Street station (IND Concourse Line), Station layout\nSouth of this station, a fourth track to the west of the line begins at a bumper block. It merges with the southbound local track just before approaching 167th Street and is used for train storage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 57], "content_span": [58, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016713-0005-0000", "contents": "170th Street station (IND Concourse Line), Station layout, Exits\nThe full-time mezzanine is at the north end of the station. Two staircases from each platform go up to a waiting area/crossover, where a turnstile bank provides access to and from the station. Outside fare control, there is a token booth and two staircases going up to either northern corners of East 171st Street and Grand Concourse.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 64], "content_span": [65, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016713-0006-0000", "contents": "170th Street station (IND Concourse Line), Station layout, Exits\nEach platform has a same-level un-staffed fare control area at their south ends. On the Manhattan-bound side, a set of regular and High Entry/Exit Turnstiles lead to a mezzanine area, where two staircases go up to either western corners of East 170th Street and Grand Concourse. The fare control area on the Norwood-bound side is exit only, containing two high turnstiles and one staircase going up to the southwest corner of East 170th Street and Grand Concourse.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 64], "content_span": [65, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016713-0007-0000", "contents": "170th Street station (IND Concourse Line), Station layout, Exits\nBelow this station is a tunnel carrying East 170th Street underneath the Grand Concourse. On both sides of the platforms at the southern end, there were staircases that led down to the East 170th Street underpass; they were closed off to the public for security reasons in 1992.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 64], "content_span": [65, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016714-0000-0000", "contents": "170th Street station (IRT Jerome Avenue Line)\n170th Street is a local station on the IRT Jerome Avenue Line of the New York City Subway. Located at the intersection of 170th Street and Jerome Avenue in the Bronx, it is served by the 4 train at all times. This station was constructed by the Interborough Rapid Transit Company as part of the Dual Contracts and opened in 1917.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016714-0001-0000", "contents": "170th Street station (IRT Jerome Avenue Line), History, Construction and opening\nThe Dual Contracts, which were signed on March 19, 1913, were contracts for the construction and/or rehabilitation and operation of rapid transit lines in the City of New York. The contracts were \"dual\" in that they were signed between the City and two separate private companies (the Interborough Rapid Transit Company and the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company), all working together to make the construction of the Dual Contracts possible. The Dual Contracts promised the construction of several lines in the Bronx. As part of Contract 3, the IRT agreed to build an elevated line along Jerome Avenue in the Bronx.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 80], "content_span": [81, 693]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016714-0002-0000", "contents": "170th Street station (IRT Jerome Avenue Line), History, Construction and opening\n170th Street station opened as part of the initial section of the line to Kingsbridge Road on June 2, 1917. Service was initially operated as a shuttle between Kingsbridge Road and 149th Street. Through service to the IRT Lexington Avenue Line began on July 17, 1918. The line was completed with a final extension to Woodlawn on April 15, 1918. This section was initially served by shuttle service, with passengers transferring at 167th Street. The construction of the line encouraged development along Jerome Avenue, and led to the growth of the surrounding communities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 80], "content_span": [81, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016714-0003-0000", "contents": "170th Street station (IRT Jerome Avenue Line), History, Station renovations\nOn July 5, 2004, this station, 176th Street, and Fordham Road closed for four months so they could be renovated. As part of the project, new canopy roofs, walls, lighting, staircases, floors, and a public address system would be installed at each station.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 75], "content_span": [76, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016714-0004-0000", "contents": "170th Street station (IRT Jerome Avenue Line), History, Station renovations\nAs part of the 2015\u20132019 Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA) Capital Program, elevators are being installed at the original entrance between the street and the mezzanine, as well as between the mezzanine and the platforms. The installations would make the station fully compliant with accessibility guidelines under the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990. Construction began in July 2020 and is expected to be completed by January 2022.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 75], "content_span": [76, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016714-0005-0000", "contents": "170th Street station (IRT Jerome Avenue Line), Station layout\nThis elevated station has three tracks and two side platforms. The 4 stops here at all times.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 61], "content_span": [62, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016714-0006-0000", "contents": "170th Street station (IRT Jerome Avenue Line), Station layout\nBoth platforms have beige windscreens, mesh fences, and red canopies with green frames and support columns in the center, and white steel waist-level fences at either ends with white lampposts at regular intervals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 61], "content_span": [62, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016714-0007-0000", "contents": "170th Street station (IRT Jerome Avenue Line), Station layout\nThe 2005 artwork here is called Views from Above by Dina Bursztyn. It features stained glass windows on the platform windscreens and station house based on Bursztyn's experience on riding elevated trains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 61], "content_span": [62, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016714-0008-0000", "contents": "170th Street station (IRT Jerome Avenue Line), Station layout, Exits\nThe station's main entrance/exit is an elevated station house beneath the tracks. Inside the fare control area, it has two staircases to each platform at the center and a waiting area that allows a free transfer between directions. Outside fare control, it has a turnstile bank, a token booth, and three street stairs going down to either side of Jerome Avenue between 170th Street and Elliot Place, two to the east side and one to the west.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 68], "content_span": [69, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016714-0009-0000", "contents": "170th Street station (IRT Jerome Avenue Line), Station layout, Exits\nEach platform has a secondary fare control area leading to either northern corner of 170th Street and Jerome Avenue, with one staircase from the southbound platform going to the northwestern corner, and the other from the northbound platform going to the northeastern corner. The staircase from the southbound platform opened in January 2021, while the staircase from the northbound platform opened in April 2021.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 68], "content_span": [69, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016715-0000-0000", "contents": "170th Tunnelling Company\nThe 170th Tunnelling Company was one of the tunnelling companies of the Royal Engineers created by the British Army during World War I. The tunnelling units were occupied in offensive and defensive mining involving the placing and maintaining of mines under enemy lines, as well as other underground work such as the construction of deep dugouts for troop accommodation, the digging of subways, saps (a narrow trench dug to approach enemy trenches), cable trenches and underground chambers for signals and medical services.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016715-0001-0000", "contents": "170th Tunnelling Company, Background\nBy January 1915 it had become evident to the BEF at the Western Front that the Germans were mining to a planned system. As the British had failed to develop suitable counter-tactics or underground listening devices before the war, field marshals French and Kitchener agreed to investigate the suitability of forming British mining units. Following consultations between the Engineer-in-Chief of the BEF, Brigadier George Fowke, and the mining specialist John Norton-Griffiths, the War Office formally approved the tunnelling company scheme on 19 February 1915.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016715-0002-0000", "contents": "170th Tunnelling Company, Background\nNorton-Griffiths ensured that tunnelling companies numbers 170 to 177 were ready for deployment in mid-February 1915. In the spring of that year, there was constant underground fighting in the Ypres Salient at Hooge, Hill 60, Railway Wood, Sanctuary Wood, St Eloi and The Bluff which required the deployment of new drafts of tunnellers for several months after the formation of the first eight companies. The lack of suitably experienced men led to some tunnelling companies starting work later than others.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016715-0002-0001", "contents": "170th Tunnelling Company, Background\nThe number of units available to the BEF was also restricted by the need to provide effective counter-measures to the German mining activities. To make the tunnels safer and quicker to deploy, the British Army enlisted experienced coal miners, many outside their nominal recruitment policy. The first nine companies, numbers 170 to 178, were each commanded by a regular Royal Engineers officer. These companies each comprised 5 officers and 269 sappers; they were aided by additional infantrymen who were temporarily attached to the tunnellers as required, which almost doubled their numbers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016715-0002-0002", "contents": "170th Tunnelling Company, Background\nThe success of the first tunnelling companies formed under Norton-Griffiths' command led to mining being made a separate branch of the Engineer-in-Chief's office under Major-General S.R. Rice, and the appointment of an 'Inspector of Mines' at the GHQ Saint-Omer office of the Engineer-in-Chief. A second group of tunnelling companies were formed from Welsh miners from the 1st and 3rd Battalions of the Monmouthshire Regiment, who were attached to the 1st Northumberland Field Company of the Royal Engineers, which was a Territorial unit. The formation of twelve new tunnelling companies, between July and October 1915, helped to bring more men into action in other parts of the Western Front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 730]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016715-0003-0000", "contents": "170th Tunnelling Company, Background\nMost tunnelling companies were formed under Norton-Griffiths' leadership during 1915, and one more was added in 1916. On 10 September 1915, the British government sent an appeal to Canada, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand to raise tunnelling companies in the Dominions of the British Empire. On 17 September, New Zealand became the first Dominion to agree the formation of a tunnelling unit. The New Zealand Tunnelling Company arrived at Plymouth on 3 February 1916 and was deployed to the Western Front in northern France. A Canadian unit was formed from men on the battlefield, plus two other companies trained in Canada and then shipped to France. Three Australian tunnelling companies were formed by March 1916, resulting in 30 tunnelling companies of the Royal Engineers being available by the summer of 1916.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 858]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016715-0004-0000", "contents": "170th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Formation\n170th Tunnelling Company was formed in February 1915, and initially attached to the 11th Field Company of Royal Engineers. The nucleus of 170th Tunnelling Company consisted of civilian sewer-workers from Manchester who had been employed in John Norton-Griffiths' business and were specialists in clay-kicking, as well as former miners who had been withdrawn from a number of regular infantry units, particularly the 8th Battalion of the South Wales Borderers, the 11th Battalion of the Welsh Regiment and the 8th Battalion of the South Staffordshire Regiment. 170th Tunnelling Company thus included a significant number of miners from South Wales, as did the 184th, 171st, 172nd, 253rd and 254th Tunnelling Company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 49], "content_span": [50, 765]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016715-0005-0000", "contents": "170th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Givenchy 1915\nImmediately after its formation, 170th Tunnelling Company was rushed to Givenchy for operations to counter enemy mining activity in that sector. The unit was relieved by 176th Tunnelling Company in June 1915.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 53], "content_span": [54, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016715-0006-0000", "contents": "170th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Cuinchy 1915\n170th Tunnelling Company was next deployed under the command of 2nd Division on operations near Cuinchy and against the German position known as Brick stacks near La Bass\u00e9e Canal in the vicinity of Cuinchy in summer 1915. 176th Tunnelling Company was also deployed under the command of 2nd Division near Cuinchy at that time, as was the 173rd Tunnelling Company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 52], "content_span": [53, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016715-0007-0000", "contents": "170th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Hohenzollern Redoubt\nIn the opening of the Battle of Loos (25 September \u2013 14 October 1915), the unit blew two mines at the Hohenzollern Redoubt. 170th Tunnelling Company remained in this very active area for a considerable time, until 251st Tunnelling Company took over in October 1915. The Hohenzollern Redoubt near Loos-en-Gohelle in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region of France was the site of intense and sustained fighting between German and Allied forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 60], "content_span": [61, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016715-0007-0001", "contents": "170th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Hohenzollern Redoubt\nAfter an earlier British attack in October 1915, extensive tunnelling had been conducted by the Germans during the winter of 1915\u20131916; due to the nature of the clay covering and chalk below ground, mine explosions threw up high lips around mine craters, which became good observation points. It had been calculated that the German mining effort was six weeks more advanced than the British effort. 170th Tunnelling Company began work for a mining attack on the Hohenzollern Redoubt on 14 December 1915. By the end of the month, it was in the process of sinking six shafts. Two sections of 180th Tunnelling Company were then attached to 170th Tunnelling Company, and the miners began another three shafts. Mining was carried out in the clay layer to distract the Germans from other mine workings in the chalk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 60], "content_span": [61, 870]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016715-0008-0000", "contents": "170th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Hohenzollern Redoubt\nThe British tunneling effort over the winter gradually overtook the German mining operation and a plan was made to destroy the German galleries. By late February 1916, 170th Tunnelling Company had driven deep galleries through the chalk between 49\u201361 metres (161\u2013200\u00a0ft) to within 9.1 metres (30\u00a0ft) of the German front-line trenches, where four mines were placed underneath the shallower galleries dug by the Germans. An infantry attack was prepared by the 12th Division for 2 March.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 60], "content_span": [61, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016715-0008-0001", "contents": "170th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Hohenzollern Redoubt\nThe four mines would counter the German advantage in observation from Fosse 8 and possibly lead to the destruction of the German gallery system. Chamber A was loaded with 7,000 pounds (3,200\u00a0kg) of ammonal, Chamber B with 3,000 pounds (1,400\u00a0kg) of blastine and 4,000 pounds (1,800\u00a0kg) of ammonal and Chamber C with a charge of 10,550 pounds (4,790\u00a0kg).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 60], "content_span": [61, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016715-0008-0002", "contents": "170th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Hohenzollern Redoubt\n170th Tunnelling Company produced a forecast of the effect of the mines, in which mines A and B were predicted to make craters 100 feet (30\u00a0m) wide, 35 feet (11\u00a0m) deep and that Crater C to be 130 feet (40\u00a0m) wide and 35 feet (11\u00a0m) deep. The fourth, smaller mine had been planted under the side of Crater 2. At 5:45 p.m., the mines were sprung, which made crater lips from which the German trenches could be seen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 60], "content_span": [61, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016715-0008-0003", "contents": "170th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Hohenzollern Redoubt\nThe explosion of the four mines (the largest yet sprung by the British) on 2 March was followed up by an attack of the British infantry. The new craters, A, B and C, older craters 1\u20135 and Triangle Crater were occupied and 170th Tunnelling Company destroyed German mine entrances found in the Triangle Crater. German counter-attacks retook Triangle Crater on 4 March and from 7\u201314 March skirmishing took place during heavy snowstorms and bitter cold. 170th Tunnelling Company eventually got into the German gallery system from a British tunnel and were able to demolish the system on 12 March, which relieved the threat of another German mine attack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 60], "content_span": [61, 710]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016715-0009-0000", "contents": "170th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Hohenzollern Redoubt\nOn 18 March, five German mines detonated short of the British lines at 6:15 p.m., after which the Germans pushed back the British to the old front line. A counter-attack was organised, and the craters re-captured. The Germans retired and drove new galleries through the clay layer on top of the chalk, which could be dug more quietly and contributed to the surprise of the German mine explosions. By the time that the crater fighting died down, both sides held the near sides of the craters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 60], "content_span": [61, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016715-0009-0001", "contents": "170th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Hohenzollern Redoubt\nThe British exploded another mine on 19 March and the Germans two mines in the Quarries on 24 March. British mines were blown on 26 and 27 March, 5, 13, 20, 21 and 22 April; German mines were exploded on 31 March, 2, 8, 11, 12 and 23 April. Each explosion was followed by infantry attacks and consolidation of the mine lips.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 60], "content_span": [61, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016715-0010-0000", "contents": "170th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Hohenzollern Redoubt\nFrom May 1916 until the end of the war, 170th Tunnelling Company was assigned to Reserve (later Fifth) Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 60], "content_span": [61, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016715-0011-0000", "contents": "170th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Bethune 1918\nIn April 1918, troops of 170th Tunnelling Company fought a large fire in B\u00e9thune.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 52], "content_span": [53, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016716-0000-0000", "contents": "170th meridian east\nThe meridian 170\u00b0 east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, New Zealand, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016716-0001-0000", "contents": "170th meridian east\nThe 170th meridian east forms a great circle with the 10th meridian west.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016716-0002-0000", "contents": "170th meridian east, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 170th meridian east passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016717-0000-0000", "contents": "170th meridian west\nThe meridian 170\u00b0 west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016717-0001-0000", "contents": "170th meridian west\nThe 170th meridian west forms a great circle with the 10th meridian east.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016717-0002-0000", "contents": "170th meridian west, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 170th meridian west passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016718-0000-0000", "contents": "170\u2013176 John Street\n170\u2013176 John Street is a commercial building erected in 1840 facing Burling Slip (now filled in) on John Street along the East River in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan. It is one of possibly two surviving granite Greek Revival buildings in all of New York City.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016718-0001-0000", "contents": "170\u2013176 John Street\nIt was originally known as the Hickson W. Field building; later, it was used as a ship chandlery and known as the Baker, Carver & Morrell Building. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1971.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016718-0002-0000", "contents": "170\u2013176 John Street\nIn 1982, the architects Buttrick White & Burtis added a floor to the building, and converted it to residential use.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016719-0000-0000", "contents": "171\nYear 171 (CLXXI) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Severus and Herennianus (or, less frequently, year 924 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 171 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016720-0000-0000", "contents": "171 (number)\n171 (one hundred [and] seventy-one) is the natural number following 170 and preceding 172.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016720-0001-0000", "contents": "171 (number), In mathematics\n171 is an odd number, a composite number, and a deficient number. It is also a triangular number, a tridecagonal number and a 58-gonal number.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016720-0002-0000", "contents": "171 (number), In mathematics\n171 is a Harshad number, a palindromic number, and an undulating number. 171 is a repdigit in base 7 (333).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016721-0000-0000", "contents": "171 17th Street\n171 17th Street is a skyscraper located in the Midtown district of Atlanta, Georgia, United States, within the Atlantic Station mixed-use development. It has 22 stories of office space and was completed in 2004, when it was called the Southtrust Tower. 171 17th Street was the first skyscraper in Atlanta west of the Downtown Connector and north of 14th Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016721-0001-0000", "contents": "171 17th Street, Overview\nOriginally intended to be the Atlanta headquarters for SouthTrust, shortly after its completion it became Wachovia's property following the 2004 merger of SouthTrust and Wachovia. When Wachovia merged with Wells Fargo in 2009, the Wachovia marquee atop the building was replaced with the Wells Fargo logo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 25], "content_span": [26, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016721-0002-0000", "contents": "171 17th Street, Overview\nDeveloped by AIG Global Real Estate, 171 17th Street was awarded the silver certificate in the U.S. Green Building Council's Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Core and Shell Development program. 171 17th Street became the first-ever LEED Silver-Core and Shell certified high-rise office building, and the first high-rise office building in Georgia to receive any LEED certification.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 25], "content_span": [26, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016722-0000-0000", "contents": "171 AM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 171 kHz:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016723-0000-0000", "contents": "171 BC\nYear 171 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Crassus and Longinus (or, less frequently, year 583 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 171 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016724-0000-0000", "contents": "171 Edward Street, Brisbane\nThe 171 Edward Street is a future residential skyscraper to be located at 171 Edward Street on the corner with Elizabeth Street in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. The tower will rise to 265m (274m AHD) which is currently the maximum height allowed in Brisbane central business district.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016724-0001-0000", "contents": "171 Edward Street, Brisbane\nThe 81-storey tower will include 642 apartments; 313 one bedroom, 219 two-bedroom, 110 three-bedroom apartments. Recreation area with pool, gym and games room will be located on levels 4 and 5. Retail space is planned for the ground and mezzanine levels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016724-0002-0000", "contents": "171 Edward Street, Brisbane\nDevelopment application, lodged with the Brisbane City Council in December 2015, was approved in May 2016. As of 2019, approval expires in June 2020, Aria's commercial manager Michael Zaicek told Commercial Real Estate that they \u201chave no intentions for a residential development in the near future\u201d", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016725-0000-0000", "contents": "171 G. Puppis\n171 Puppis (171 Pup) is a triple star system in the constellation of Puppis \u2013 the stern of Argo Navis \u2013 of apparent magnitude +5.38. Lacking a Bayer designation, it is instead known by its Gould designation. Based upon parallax measurements, the system is 49.6 light years away from the Solar System.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016725-0001-0000", "contents": "171 G. Puppis\nThe inner pair form a spectroscopic binary with an orbital period of around 10 years. In 2011, they had an angular separation of 309.8\u00b11.6\u00a0mas along a position angle of 72.1\u00b0. There is a common proper motion companion, Van Biesbroeck 3 or WD 0743-340, at an angular separation of 869.65\u2033 along a position angle of 2.81\u00b0 from the inner pair. This is a white dwarf star with a classification of DC11.0 and a temperature of 4,600\u00a0K, making it one of the coolest white dwarfs known.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016726-0000-0000", "contents": "171 La Trobe Street\n171 La Trobe Street is a building in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, by architect Nonda Katsalidis. 171 La Trobe Street is a 13-storey structure glazed with a green glass exterior and designs overhanging the building on each side.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016726-0001-0000", "contents": "171 La Trobe Street, History\nThe building was planned in the aftermath of the early 1990s recession in Australia, by the Cleeve Fowles Partnership which helped trigger a commercial building boom in the 90s. The building was designed by Nonda Katsalidis and his project team (Nick Orfanidis, Kerry Hayton, Ric Wood, Rob Wiggnall and Anthony Tosariero). 171 La Trobe Street was successfully completed in 1991 at A$12 million.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016726-0002-0000", "contents": "171 La Trobe Street, Physical aspects\n171 La Trobe Street occupies four squares on the corner of Russell Street and La Trobe Street. The building rises uniformly with 10 storeys of office floors from a catenary canopy over a tavern at the ground level, with a pair of double-storey penthouses on the top. The residential usage of the building is differentiated from its office counterpart by accentuation of masses protruding from the apartments on the exterior. Other distinctive features of 171 La Trobe Street include vertical shafts composed by green-glazed glass, horizontal curtain walling, vertical fins and black cladded shear wall. Stone paneling is used to form a steep contrast with the clear green glass that clads most of the main structure of the building. In the foyer, Austral black granite formally clads most of the walls, mainly for hidden storage installed behind and the exterior of the lift.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 37], "content_span": [38, 913]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016726-0003-0000", "contents": "171 La Trobe Street, Functional aspects\nRendering an office floor area of 414 square meters, the location of the building at a street corner allows configuration of offices, board rooms, workstations and ancillary facilities to access panoramic view and natural light. A portion of the office space has been partitioned to a floor area of 225sqm with a mezzanine of 70sqm. Other features include handicap-friendly conveniences, three lifts and basement carparks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 39], "content_span": [40, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016726-0004-0000", "contents": "171 La Trobe Street, Key influences and design approaches\nKatsalidis wrote in his book titled \"Three Residential Houses\" that \"The instinct of the eagle to the nest high explains the skywards urge that leads to the building these houses on top of a city building\". Katsalidis believes that primitive arrangements of simple and few materials are capable of eliciting a stronger and more compiling response than over-sophisticated buildings with complex features. The construction of the penthouses at the top of 171 La Trobe Street is an illustration of his urge to harmonise the privacy of residential dwellings with the hustle and bustle of a vibrant metropolitan. Katsalidis described this concept of modern living in an elevated environment as \"floating swiftly above the city in a rather remote and self-confident manner.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 57], "content_span": [58, 826]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016726-0005-0000", "contents": "171 La Trobe Street, Key influences and design approaches\nKatsalidis incorporates nature through the creation of roof top gardens and pools. The sensitivity to respect nature in its full form is essential to comfortable and habitable living. \"The physical territory may have shrunk to this patch on top of a city building\", but the spirit has its boundaries extend limitless to horizon beyond. \"Views that extend to a distant horizon, with Mount Macedon in one direction and the blue expanse of the bay in the other\", delineate the full extent of this human domain we live in.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 57], "content_span": [58, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016726-0006-0000", "contents": "171 La Trobe Street, Key influences and design approaches\nThe main body of the building is divided into two distinct vertical components, a feature common in Katsalidis\u2019 designs;one having rectangular windows with glazed green stone surface, and the other, a glazed green glass curtain wall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 57], "content_span": [58, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016726-0007-0000", "contents": "171 La Trobe Street, Key influences and design approaches\nKatsalidis\u2019 ideas are represented through the experience of senses; i.e. based on how we interact with light, texture, density, volume and spatial qualities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 57], "content_span": [58, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016726-0008-0000", "contents": "171 La Trobe Street, Key influences and design approaches\nThe building is substantially shaped by climatic considerations with the intention to expose the interiors towards the sky and nature. With the building situated to face the sun, translucent glass screens allow natural sunlight to perforate the whole building. High ceilings and long windows further allow natural light to easily penetrate thereby providing long hours of daylight and heat. In addition, the wind factor is regulated by filtering metal louver blades.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 57], "content_span": [58, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016726-0009-0000", "contents": "171 La Trobe Street, Awards\nIn 1992, Katsalidis-designed building won the RAIA Victorian Chapter Merit Award.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 27], "content_span": [28, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016727-0000-0000", "contents": "171 Ophelia\nOphelia (minor planet designation: 171 Ophelia) is a large, dark Themistian asteroid that was discovered by French astronomer Alphonse Borrelly on 13 January 1877, and named after Ophelia in Shakespeare's Hamlet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016727-0001-0000", "contents": "171 Ophelia\nThis asteroid is a member of the Themis family of asteroids that share similar orbital elements. It probably has a primitive composition, similar to that of the carbonaceous chondrite meteorites.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016727-0002-0000", "contents": "171 Ophelia\nA 1979 study of the Algol-like light curve produced by this asteroid concluded that it was possible to model the brightness variation by assuming a binary system with a circular orbit, a period of 13.146 hours, and an inclination of 15\u00b0 to the line of sight from the Earth. Photometric observations of this asteroid at the Leura Observatory in Leura, Australia during 2006 gave a rotation period of 6.6666 \u00b1 0.0002 hours and a brightness variation of 0.50 \u00b1 0.02 in magnitude. This is in agreement with previous studies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016727-0003-0000", "contents": "171 Ophelia\nOphelia is also the name of a moon of Uranus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 57]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016728-0000-0000", "contents": "1710\n1710 (MDCCX) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar, the 1710th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 710th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 10th  year of the 18th\u00a0century, and the  1st   year of the 1710s decade. As of the start of 1710, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016728-0001-0000", "contents": "1710\nIn the Swedish calendar it was a common year starting on Saturday, one day ahead of the Julian and ten days behind the Gregorian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016729-0000-0000", "contents": "1710 AM\nWhile 1710\u00a0kHz appears on many radios, it is outside the AM broadcast band and is unavailable for licensed radio operation. This is because aeronautical radio navigation may use 1708\u00a0kHz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016729-0001-0000", "contents": "1710 AM\nTravelers' information station  is the lone station licensed on 1710; it is licensed to the government of Hudson County, New Jersey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016729-0002-0000", "contents": "1710 AM\nThere may be other radio stations that also use this frequency for tourist information, traffic, LPAM, unlicensed pirate radio stations, or temporarily for special events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016730-0000-0000", "contents": "1710 British general election\nThe 1710 British general election produced a landslide victory for the Tories. The election came in the wake of the prosecution of Henry Sacheverell, which had led to the collapse of the previous government led by Godolphin and the Whig Junto.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016730-0001-0000", "contents": "1710 British general election\nIn November 1709 the clergyman Henry Sacheverell had delivered a sermon fiercely criticising the government's policy of toleration for Protestant dissenters and attacking the personal conduct of the ministers. The government had Sacheverell impeached, and he was narrowly found guilty but received only a light sentence, making the government appear weak and vindictive. The trial enraged a large section of the population, and riots in London led to attacks on dissenting places of worship and cries of \"Church in Danger\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016730-0002-0000", "contents": "1710 British general election\nThe government's unpopularity was further increased by its enthusiasm for the war with France, as peace talks with the French king Louis XIV had broken down over the government's insistence that the Bourbons hand over the Spanish throne to the Habsburgs. The Tories' policy of pursuing peace appealed to a country worn out by constant war. Queen Anne, disliking the Junto and sensing that the government could not survive long, gradually replaced it with a Tory ministry throughout the summer of 1710.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016730-0003-0000", "contents": "1710 British general election\nThe election was bitterly contested in almost all the counties and \"open\" boroughs, even when a poll was not held. Contests occurred in 131 constituencies in England and Wales; approximately half of all English and Welsh constituencies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016730-0004-0000", "contents": "1710 British general election\nThe overwhelming Tory victory surprised few, and following the election most remaining Whigs resigned from office. The new government was led by the moderate Tory Robert Harley who was unpopular among the more partisan Tories. Harley's ministry faced increasing pressure from the extremists whose position in Parliament had been enormously strengthened by the result.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016730-0005-0000", "contents": "1710 British general election, Summary of the constituencies\nSee 1796 British general election for details. The constituencies used were the same throughout the existence of the Parliament of Great Britain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 60], "content_span": [61, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016730-0006-0000", "contents": "1710 British general election, Dates of election\nThe general election was held between 2 October 1710 and 16 November 1710. At this period elections did not take place at the same time in every constituency. The returning officer in each county or parliamentary borough fixed the precise date (see hustings for details of the conduct of the elections).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 48], "content_span": [49, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016731-0000-0000", "contents": "1710 Gothard\n1710 Gothard, provisional designation 1941 UF, is a stony asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 9 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 20 October 1941, by Hungarian astronomer Gy\u00f6rgy Kulin at the Konkoly Observatory in Budapest, Hungary. It was later named after Hungarian amateur astronomer Jen\u0151 Gothard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016731-0001-0000", "contents": "1710 Gothard, Orbit and classification\nThe S-type asteroid orbits the Sun at a distance of 1.7\u20132.9\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 6 months (1,292 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.27 and an inclination of 8\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. Gothard's observation arc begins 14 years after its official discovery observation, when it was identified as 1955 TT at Uccle Observatory in 1955.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016731-0002-0000", "contents": "1710 Gothard, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn October 2001 and October 2008, two rotational light-curves of Gothard were obtained by French amateur astronomers Laurent Bernasconi and Ren\u00e9 Roy, giving a concurring rotation period of 4.94 hours with a brightness variation of 0.31 and 0.32 in magnitude, respectively (U=3/3-).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 55], "content_span": [56, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016731-0003-0000", "contents": "1710 Gothard, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Gothard measures 9.84 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo of 0.087, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 5.66 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 13.6.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016731-0004-0000", "contents": "1710 Gothard, Naming\nThis minor planet was named in memory of Hungarian amateur astronomer Jen\u0151 Gothard (1857\u20131909), who discovered the central star in the Ring Nebula (M57). The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 February 1980 (M.P.C. 5183).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016732-0000-0000", "contents": "1710 Naval Air Squadron\n1710 Naval Air Squadron is a support organisation based in HM Naval Base Portsmouth that is tasked with the recovery, repair, modification and scientific support of UK military aviation. It was formed on 27 May 2010 by combining the existing  Mobile Aircraft Repair Transport and Salvage Unit (MARTSU), Mobile Aircraft Support Unit (MASU), Naval Aircraft Materials Laboratory (NAML) and other smaller units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016732-0001-0000", "contents": "1710 Naval Air Squadron\nThe squadron is currently organised into three sections. The first has thirteen teams that repair and recover British military helicopters and unmanned air systems worldwide. The second, Service Modification, designs, manufactures and fits urgent operational and safety modifications to front line helicopters. The third, Materials and Monitoring, providestechnical and scientific support to British military and commercial aviation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016733-0000-0000", "contents": "1710 in Canada, Historical documents\nSquadron of Royal Navy ships and transports with 2,000 troops takes Port Royal from French garrison", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016733-0001-0000", "contents": "1710 in Canada, Historical documents\nSpeaking to Queen Anne in London, Mohican and Kanien\u2019k\u00e9h\u00e0:ka chiefs request conquest of Canada for their better hunting and trade", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016733-0002-0000", "contents": "1710 in Canada, Historical documents\nHaudenosaunee \"inconstant in their Tempers, crafty, timorous, but quick of Apprehension, and very ingenious in their Way\" (Note: stereotypes)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016733-0003-0000", "contents": "1710 in Canada, Historical documents\nGovernor Dudley says taking Canada and Nova Scotia will capture naval stores trade entirely and safeguard inland settlement", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016733-0004-0000", "contents": "1710 in Canada, Historical documents\nArgument for autumn offensive against Canada includes benefits of fairer winds and higher (but still ice-free) water", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016733-0005-0000", "contents": "1710 in Canada, Historical documents\nDetailed list of armaments and personnel in Canada from Riviere du Loup to Cataraqui on Lake Ontario", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016733-0006-0000", "contents": "1710 in Canada, Historical documents\n\"A malignant fever[...]was very general both in Quebec and in the surrounding country [and] carried off a vast number of persons\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016733-0007-0000", "contents": "1710 in Canada, Historical documents\nFrance has encroached on Newfoundland trade to point that \"their riches and naval power[... ]make all Europe stand in fear of them\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016733-0008-0000", "contents": "1710 in Canada, Historical documents\nNewfoundlanders' work in fishery and demand for goods is strong, but conditions \"very deplorable\" from lack of protection from French", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016733-0009-0000", "contents": "1710 in Canada, Historical documents\nGeography of Ferryland, Newfoundland makes it excellent prospect for fortification to protect \"every ship, stage, house and storehouse\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016733-0010-0000", "contents": "1710 in Canada, Historical documents\nMayors of English towns report how many ships will go to Newfoundland this year, and how much Royal Navy protection will be needed", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016738-0000-0000", "contents": "1710 in Ireland\nThe following is a list of events which took place in Ireland in 1710.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 86]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016744-0000-0000", "contents": "1710 in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the year 1710 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016747-0000-0000", "contents": "1710 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1710.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016748-0000-0000", "contents": "1710 in music\nThe year 1710 in music involved some significant musical events and new works.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 92]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016749-0000-0000", "contents": "1710 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016749-0001-0000", "contents": "1710 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016749-0002-0000", "contents": "1710 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016750-0000-0000", "contents": "1710 in science\nThe year 1710 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016751-0000-0000", "contents": "17102 Begzhigitova\n17102 Begzhigitova, provisional designation 1999 JB41, is a stony Florian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 3 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 10 May 1999, by astronomers of the Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research at the Lincoln Laboratory's Experimental Test Site in Socorro, New Mexico, United States. The asteroid was named after Akmaral Begzhigitova, an ISEF awardee of 2003.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016751-0001-0000", "contents": "17102 Begzhigitova, Orbit and classification\nBegzhigitova is a member of the Flora family (402), a giant asteroid family and the largest family of stony asteroids in the main belt. It orbits the Sun in the inner asteroid belt at a distance of 1.9\u20132.5\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 4 months (1,211 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.15 and an inclination of 4\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016751-0002-0000", "contents": "17102 Begzhigitova, Orbit and classification\nThe body's observation arc begins with its first identification as 1990 TD3 at Palomar Observatory in October 1990, almost 9 years prior to its official discovery observation at Socorro.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016751-0003-0000", "contents": "17102 Begzhigitova, Physical characteristics\nBegzhigitova is an assumed common S-type asteroid, in agreement with the overall spectral type of the Flora family.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016751-0004-0000", "contents": "17102 Begzhigitova, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn February 2008, a rotational lightcurve of Begzhigitova at an apparent magnitude of only 17 was obtained from photometric observations at Modra Observatory in the Czech Republic. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 5.341 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.3 magnitude (U=2). However a longer period can not be ruled out.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 61], "content_span": [62, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016751-0005-0000", "contents": "17102 Begzhigitova, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Begzhigitova measures 2.218 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.393.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 65], "content_span": [66, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016751-0006-0000", "contents": "17102 Begzhigitova, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.24 \u2013 derived from 8\u00a0Flora, the parent body of the Flora family \u2013 and calculates a diameter of 2.97 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 14.8.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 65], "content_span": [66, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016751-0007-0000", "contents": "17102 Begzhigitova, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Akmaral Begzhigitova (born 1985), an Intel International Science and Engineering Fair (ISEF) awardee in 2003. The Ceres Connection program names minor planets in honor of students in fifth through twelfth grades and their teachers. She was awarded 4th place for her mathematics team project. At the time, Begzhigitova attended the Institute of Mathematics, Almaty, Kazakhstan. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 14 June 2004 (M.P.C. 52172).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 26], "content_span": [27, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016752-0000-0000", "contents": "1710s\nThe 1710s decade ran from January 1, 1710, to December 31, 1719.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016752-0001-0000", "contents": "1710s, Events, 1715\nFor dates within Great Britain and the British Empire, as well as in the Russian Empire, the \"old style\" Julian calendar was used in 1715, and can be converted to the \"new style\" Gregorian calendar (adopted in the British Empire in 1752 and in Russia in 1923) by adding 11 days.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 19], "content_span": [20, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016753-0000-0000", "contents": "1710s BC\nThe 1710s BC was a decade lasting from January 1, 1719 BC to December 31, 1710 BC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 91]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016754-0000-0000", "contents": "1710s in Scotland\nThe 1710s (pronounced \"seventeen-tens\") was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1, 1710, and ended on December 31st 1719.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016754-0001-0000", "contents": "1710s in Scotland, Incumbents\nDuke of Rothesay, Prince and Great Steward of Scotland, etc.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016754-0002-0000", "contents": "1710s in Scotland, Events, 1714\nAugust 1 \u2013 George Ludwig, Elector of Hanover, succeeds his distant relative Queen Anne as King George I of Great Britain. This event becomes the catalyst to the Jacobite risings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 31], "content_span": [32, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016754-0003-0000", "contents": "1710s in Scotland, Events, 1719\nJune 10 \u2013 Battle of Glen Shiel, in which the Jacobites rebel with Spanish support in an effort to gain the throne for James Stuart, results in defeat for the Old Pretender again.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 31], "content_span": [32, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016755-0000-0000", "contents": "1710s in South Africa\nThe following lists events that happened during the 1710s in South Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 96]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016756-0000-0000", "contents": "1710s in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the decade 1710 - 1719 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016757-0000-0000", "contents": "1710s in archaeology\nThe decade of the 1710s in archaeology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016758-0000-0000", "contents": "1711\n1711 (MDCCXI) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar, the 1711th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 711th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 11th  year of the 18th\u00a0century, and the  2nd   year of the 1710s decade. As of the start of 1711, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016758-0001-0000", "contents": "1711\nIn the Swedish calendar it was a common year starting on Sunday, one day ahead of the Julian and ten days behind the Gregorian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016759-0000-0000", "contents": "1711 Imperial election\nThe imperial election of 1711 was an imperial election held to select the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. It took place on October 12.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016759-0001-0000", "contents": "1711 Imperial election, Background\nOn December 17, 1692, Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor created the Electorate of Brunswick-L\u00fcneburg and the Lutheran Ernest Augustus, Elector of Brunswick-L\u00fcneburg, prince of Calenberg, duke of Brunswick-L\u00fcneburg and prince-bishop of Osnabr\u00fcck its prince-elector. The Imperial Diet did not immediately ratify his choice. Ernest Augustus would die on January 23, 1698 and be succeeded by his son who later became George I of Great Britain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016759-0002-0000", "contents": "1711 Imperial election, Background\nIn 1697, Augustus II the Strong, elector of Saxony, converted from Lutheranism to Catholicism as a prerequisite in his campaign to be elected king of the Polish\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth. However, Lutheranism remained the state church of Saxony.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016759-0003-0000", "contents": "1711 Imperial election, Background, War of the Spanish Succession\nOn October 3, 1700, weeks before his death, the childless and severely disabled Charles II of Spain named the French prince Philippe, Duke of Anjou, his sister's grandson and the grandson of King Louis XIV of France, heir to the entire Spanish Empire. The possession by the House of Bourbon of the French and Spanish thrones threatened the balance of power in Europe. England, Austria and the Dutch Republic, fearing this threat, resurrected the Grand Alliance in support of the claim of Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor, then a young man of fifteen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 65], "content_span": [66, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016759-0003-0001", "contents": "1711 Imperial election, Background, War of the Spanish Succession\nLeopold had married another sister of Charles II in 1666, and in 1685 their daughter surrendered her right to the Spanish throne to Charles VI, Leopold's son from a later marriage. The first hostilities of the War of the Spanish Succession broke out in June 1701. The Grand Alliance declared war on France in May 1702.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 65], "content_span": [66, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016759-0004-0000", "contents": "1711 Imperial election, Background, War of the Spanish Succession\nThat same year, Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria, the elector of Bavaria, and his brother Joseph Clemens of Bavaria, the elector of Cologne, joined France in support of Philip's claim to the Spanish succession. They were quickly forced into flight and were deprived of their electorates by the Imperial Diet in 1706.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 65], "content_span": [66, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016759-0005-0000", "contents": "1711 Imperial election, Background, War of the Spanish Succession\nIn 1708, to compensate for the absence of the electors of Bavaria and Cologne, the Imperial Diet ratified the admission of Brunswick-L\u00fcneburg to the Electoral College and called for the king of Bohemia to join the proceedings, from which he and his predecessors had abstained in the elections of 1653, 1658 and 1690.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 65], "content_span": [66, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016759-0006-0000", "contents": "1711 Imperial election, Background, Election of 1711\nJoseph I, Holy Roman Emperor died of smallpox on April 17, 1711. The prince-electors called to elect his successor were:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 52], "content_span": [53, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016759-0007-0000", "contents": "1711 Imperial election, Background, Election of 1711\nOf these, the electors of Brandenburg and Brunswick-L\u00fcneburg were the sole Protestants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 52], "content_span": [53, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016759-0008-0000", "contents": "1711 Imperial election, Elected\nCharles VI was elected Holy Roman Emperor. He was crowned in Frankfurt on December 22.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016760-0000-0000", "contents": "1711 Karamanli coup\nThe 1711 Karamanli coup, a popular revolt at the end of a period of civil war in Tripolitania led by the Turkish officer Ahmed Karamanli against the ruling Tripolitanian bey, in which Karamanli seized control of Tripoli and installed himself as the head of the Karamanli dynasty, which ruled over Tripolitania, Cyrenaica, and Fezzan for 124 years as a semi-autonomous Ottoman province, until 1835.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016761-0000-0000", "contents": "1711 Sandrine\n1711 Sandrine, provisional designation 1935 BB, is a stony Eoan asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 23 kilometers in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016761-0001-0000", "contents": "1711 Sandrine\nThis asteroid was discovered on 29 January 1935, by Belgian astronomer Eug\u00e8ne Delporte at the Royal Observatory of Belgium in Uccle. It was named after the grand-niece of astronomer Georges Roland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016761-0002-0000", "contents": "1711 Sandrine, Classification and orbit\nSandrine  is a member of the Eos family (606), the largest asteroid family in the outer main belt consisting of nearly 10,000 asteroids. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.7\u20133.4\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 3 months (1,910 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.12 and an inclination of 11\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation. Its first observation at Heidelberg in 1909, when it was identified as A909 DJ, has been discarded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016761-0003-0000", "contents": "1711 Sandrine, Physical characteristics\nIn the Tholen classification, Sandrine is characterized as a common S-type asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016761-0004-0000", "contents": "1711 Sandrine, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Sandrine measures 22.93 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo of 0.133. It has an absolute magnitude of 11.01.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016761-0005-0000", "contents": "1711 Sandrine, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves\nAs of 2017, Sandrine's rotation period and shape remain unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 52], "content_span": [53, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016761-0006-0000", "contents": "1711 Sandrine, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Sandrine, a grand-niece of Georges Roland, astronomer at Uccle and co-discoverer of Comet Arend\u2013Roland. Delporte also named 1707\u00a0Chantal and 1848\u00a0Delvaux after family members of his collaborator. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 8 April 1982 (M.P.C. 6832).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016768-0000-0000", "contents": "1711 in Russia, Deaths\nThis article related to a particular year is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016768-0001-0000", "contents": "1711 in Russia, Deaths\nThis Russian history\u2013related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 98]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016771-0000-0000", "contents": "1711 in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the year 1711 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016774-0000-0000", "contents": "1711 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1711.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016776-0000-0000", "contents": "1711 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016776-0001-0000", "contents": "1711 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016776-0002-0000", "contents": "1711 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016777-0000-0000", "contents": "1711 in science\nThe year 1711 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016778-0000-0000", "contents": "17119 Alexisrodrz\n17119 Alexisrodrz, provisional designation 1999 JP59, is a stony background asteroid from the central region of the asteroid belt, approximately 4 kilometers in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016778-0001-0000", "contents": "17119 Alexisrodrz\nIt was discovered on 10 May 1999, by the LINEAR team at the Lincoln Laboratory's Experimental Test Site in Socorro, New Mexico, United States. The asteroid was later named for Alexis Rodriguez, a 2003-awardee of the Intel International Science and Engineering Fair.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016778-0002-0000", "contents": "17119 Alexisrodrz, Orbit and classification\nAlexisrodrz orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.5\u20132.8\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 3 months (1,565 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.06 and an inclination of 6\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016778-0003-0000", "contents": "17119 Alexisrodrz, Orbit and classification\nThe asteroid's observation arc begins 7 years prior to its official discovery observation, with a precovery taken at Steward Observatory (Kitt Peak) in November 1992.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016778-0004-0000", "contents": "17119 Alexisrodrz, Physical characteristics\nAlexisrodrz has been characterized as a LS-subtype by Pan-STARRS' large-scale survey. This subtype is a transitional group from the common stony S-type to the rare and reddish L-type asteroids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016778-0005-0000", "contents": "17119 Alexisrodrz, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's space-based Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Alexisrodrz measures 3.9 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.18, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.10 \u2013 a compromise value between the stony (0.20) and carbonaceous (0.057) asteroids found in the 2.6 to 2.7\u00a0AU region of the asteroid belt \u2013 and calculates a diameter of 4.6 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 14.82.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 64], "content_span": [65, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016778-0006-0000", "contents": "17119 Alexisrodrz, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn January 2011, and September 2013, two rotational lightcurves of Alexisrodrz were obtained from photometric observations made by astronomers at the Palomar Transient Factory in California. Lightcurve analysis gave a concurring rotation period of 17.7838 and 17.7935 hours with a brightness variation of 0.48 and 0.60 magnitude, respectively (U=2/2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 60], "content_span": [61, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016778-0007-0000", "contents": "17119 Alexisrodrz, Naming\nThis minor planet was named for the 3rd-place winner of the 2003 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair, Alexis Rodriguez (born 1986). At the time, he attended the Puerto Rican Aurea E. Quiles Claudio High School in Guanica. The approved naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 14 June 2004 (M.P.C. 52172).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 25], "content_span": [26, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016779-0000-0000", "contents": "1712\n1712 (MDCCXII) was a leap year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a leap year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar, the 1712th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 712th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 12th  year of the 18th\u00a0century, and the  3rd   year of the 1710s decade. As of the start of 1712, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016779-0001-0000", "contents": "1712\nIn the Swedish calendar it began as a leap year starting on Monday and remained so until Thursday, February 29. By adding a second leap day (Friday, February 30) Sweden reverted to the Julian calendar and the rest of the year (from Saturday, March 1) was in sync with the Julian calendar. Sweden finally made the switch from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar in 1753. This year has 367 days.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016780-0000-0000", "contents": "1712 Angola\n1712 Angola, provisional designation 1935 KC, is a dark asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 66 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 28 May 1935, by English-born South African astronomer Cyril Jackson at Johannesburg Observatory in South Africa. It is named after the Republic of Angola.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016780-0001-0000", "contents": "1712 Angola, Orbit\nAngola orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.7\u20133.6\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 8 months (2,058 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.15 and an inclination of 19\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. Angola was first identified as 1929 GC at Johannesburg in 1929, extending the body's observation arc by 6 years prior to its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 18], "content_span": [19, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016780-0002-0000", "contents": "1712 Angola, Lightcurve\nIn July 2003, French amateur astronomer Ren\u00e9 Roy obtained a rotational lightcurve of Angola. It gave a well-defined rotation period of 11.5274 hours with a brightness variation of 0.38 magnitude (U=3). Photometric observations by ESO's CCD-specialist Cyril Cavadore gave an identical period of 11.53 hours with an insufficient amplitude of 0.02 magnitude (U=1).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016780-0003-0000", "contents": "1712 Angola, Spectra, diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Angola measures between 59.48 and 70.07 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.029 and 0.060. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0458 and a diameter of 59.31 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.1. The carbonaceous C-type asteroid is also classified a dark P type by WISE.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 41], "content_span": [42, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016780-0004-0000", "contents": "1712 Angola, Naming\nThis minor planet is named for Angola, the state on the southwestern coast of Africa. The approved naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 February 1980 (M.P.C. 5183).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016781-0000-0000", "contents": "1712 Overture and Other Musical Assaults\n1712 Overture and Other Musical Assaults is a classical music album released in 1989 by Telarc Records. The album contains works by P. D. Q. Bach, the alter ego of Professor Peter Schickele (as well as tracks credited to Schickele himself). It is scored for \"really big orchestra and some not-quite so big ensembles, plus unique on-location introductions, spoken on the very historical spots where the actual history happened\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016781-0001-0000", "contents": "1712 Overture and Other Musical Assaults, Track listing\n\"Warning! The balloons on track 2, the special sound effects on track 6, and the foghorn on track 14 index 6, are recorded at a realistically high level. Damage could result to speakers or other components if this program is played back at excessively high levels.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 55], "content_span": [56, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016792-0000-0000", "contents": "1712 in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the year 1712 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016795-0000-0000", "contents": "1712 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1712.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016797-0000-0000", "contents": "1712 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016797-0001-0000", "contents": "1712 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016797-0002-0000", "contents": "1712 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016798-0000-0000", "contents": "1712 in science\nThe year 1712 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016799-0000-0000", "contents": "1713\n1713 (MDCCXIII) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar, the 1713th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 713th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 13th  year of the 18th\u00a0century, and the  4th   year of the 1710s decade. As of the start of 1713, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016800-0000-0000", "contents": "1713 Bancilhon\n1713 Bancilhon, provisional designation 1951 SC, is an asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 5.7 kilometers in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016800-0001-0000", "contents": "1713 Bancilhon\nIt was discovered on 27 September 1951, by French astronomer Louis Boyer at Algiers Observatory in Algeria, North Africa, and named after French astronomer Odette Bancilhon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016800-0002-0000", "contents": "1713 Bancilhon, Orbit and classification\nBancilhon orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.8\u20132.6\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 4 months (1,215 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.18 and an inclination of 4\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. It was first identified as 1931 RW at Lowell Observatory in 1931, extending the body's observation arc by 20 years prior to its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016800-0003-0000", "contents": "1713 Bancilhon, Physical characteristics\nAccording to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Bancilhon measures 5.716 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.259, which is rather typical for asteroids with stony composition. It has an absolute magnitude of 13.3. As of 2017, Bancilhon's spectral type, rotation period and shape remain unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016800-0004-0000", "contents": "1713 Bancilhon, Naming\nThis minor planet was named for French astronomer Odette Bancilhon, Boyer's colleague and wife of astronomer Alfred Schmitt. Odette Bancilhon herself discovered the minor planet 1333 Cevenola at Algiers Observatory in 1934. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 August 1978 (M.P.C. 4419).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016801-0000-0000", "contents": "1713 British general election\nThe 1713 British general election produced further gains for the governing Tory party. Since 1710 Robert Harley had led a government appointed after the downfall of the Whig Junto, attempting to pursue a moderate and non-controversial policy, but had increasingly struggled to deal with the extreme Tory backbenchers who were frustrated by the lack of support for anti-dissenter legislation. The government remained popular with the electorate, however, having helped to end the War of the Spanish Succession and agreeing on the Treaty of Utrecht. The Tories consequently made further gains against the Whigs, making Harley's job even more difficult. Contests were held in 94 constituencies in England and Wales, some 35 per cent of the total, reflecting a decline in partisan tension and the Whigs' belief that they were unlikely to win anyway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 875]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016801-0001-0000", "contents": "1713 British general election, Summary of the constituencies\nSee 1796 British general election for details. The constituencies used were the same throughout the existence of the Parliament of Great Britain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 60], "content_span": [61, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016801-0002-0000", "contents": "1713 British general election, Dates of election\nThe general election was held between 22 August 1713 and 12 November 1713. At this period elections did not take place at the same time in every constituency. The returning officer in each county or parliamentary borough fixed the precise date (see hustings for details of the conduct of the elections).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 48], "content_span": [49, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016802-0000-0000", "contents": "1713 Irish general election\nThe Irish general election, 1713 returned members to serve in the House of Commons. The election took place during a high-point for party politics in Ireland, and saw heavy losses for the Tories and the emergence of a Whiggish majority in the commons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016802-0001-0000", "contents": "1713 Irish general election, Election\nSince 1703 Irish politics had taken on a far more confrontational hue, with clear party dividing lines being drawn alone Tory-Whig lines, mirroring the division in England (and later Great Britain). Simultaneously Irish politics, like British politics, had come to focus on questions of religion, with the ruling Anglican elite fearing subversion from both the majority Catholic population, and the growing, and equally hostile, Presbyterian population in Ulster.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016802-0002-0000", "contents": "1713 Irish general election, Election\nIrish Whigs advocated protestant unity, seeing Catholics as the greatest threat, and thereby advocated further penal laws. In contrast the Tories regarded Ireland's Catholics as a spent force, and focused their efforts on dealing with Ireland's growing Presbyterian population. The Tories therefore advocated retaining the Sacramental Test clause of the 1704 Popery Act, which excluded from public office those who refused to receive the sacrament in the manners according to the established church, which in Ireland's case was the Anglican Church of Ireland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016802-0003-0000", "contents": "1713 Irish general election, Election\nWhilst the Tories could rely on support for their views on the Test clause, they were vulnerable on issues relating to succession. Irish public opinion, fearful of a return of the Jacobites, rallied behind the Whigs, ushering in a pro-Hanoverian and anti-ministerial majority in the commons. The Irish Whigs used the popular cry \"No peace without Spain\" as an electoral slogan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016802-0004-0000", "contents": "1713 Irish general election, Election\nThe voting for the Dublin City constituency was hotly disputed, leading to the Dublin election riot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016802-0005-0000", "contents": "1713 Irish general election, Dates of Election\nAt this period elections did not take place at the same time in every constituency. The returning officer in each county or parliamentary borough fixed the precise date (see hustings for details of the conduct of the elections).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 46], "content_span": [47, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016803-0000-0000", "contents": "1713 in Canada, Deaths\nThere were no relevant deaths during this year in Canada.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 80]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016811-0000-0000", "contents": "1713 in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the year 1713 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016814-0000-0000", "contents": "1713 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1713.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016816-0000-0000", "contents": "1713 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016816-0001-0000", "contents": "1713 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016816-0002-0000", "contents": "1713 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016817-0000-0000", "contents": "1713 in science\nThe year 1713 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016818-0000-0000", "contents": "1714\n1714 (MDCCXIV) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar, the 1714th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 714th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 14th  year of the 18th\u00a0century, and the  5th   year of the 1710s decade. As of the start of 1714, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016819-0000-0000", "contents": "1714 Sy\n1714 Sy, provisional designation 1951 OA, is a stony asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 13 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 25 July 1951, by French astronomer Louis Boyer at Algiers Observatory in Algeria, North Africa, and named after French astronomer and orbit computer Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Sy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016819-0001-0000", "contents": "1714 Sy, Orbit\nSy orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.2\u20133.0\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 1 month (1,503 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.15 and an inclination of 8\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 14], "content_span": [15, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016819-0002-0000", "contents": "1714 Sy, Orbit\nIt was first identified as 1949 YM at Goethe Link Observatory in 1948, extending the body's observation arc by 3 years prior to its official discovery observation at Algiers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 14], "content_span": [15, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016819-0003-0000", "contents": "1714 Sy, Physical characteristics\nPanSTARRS' large-scale survey characterized Sy as a L-type asteroid, a rare subtype which falls into the broader complex of stony S-type asteroids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 33], "content_span": [34, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016819-0004-0000", "contents": "1714 Sy, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Sy measures 13.998 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo of 0.157, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 12.39 kilometers with on an absolute magnitude of 11.9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 54], "content_span": [55, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016819-0005-0000", "contents": "1714 Sy, Physical characteristics, Photometry\nIn March 2012, photometric observations at the Oakley Southern Sky Observatory (E09), Australia, included this asteroid as a target. Due to rain and cloud coverage, no lightcurve could be constructed, and therefore no rotation period could be derived. However the 86 photometric data points allowed to find a maximum brightness variation of 0.95 magnitude (U=none). A high brightness amplitude of 0.95 is a strong indicator, that the body has a non-spheroidal shape. As of 2017, Sy's rotation period still remains unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 45], "content_span": [46, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016819-0006-0000", "contents": "1714 Sy, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Sy, who worked as a human orbit computer and as an assistant astronomer at Algiers and Paris Observatory, respectively. At Algiers Observatory, he observed asteroids and comets and was the first to discoverer a numbered minor planet, 858\u00a0El Djeza\u00efr, in 1916. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 August 1978 (M.P.C. 4419).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 15], "content_span": [16, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016823-0000-0000", "contents": "1714 in Great Britain\nEvents from the year 1714 in Great Britain. This marks the beginning of the Georgian era.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016826-0000-0000", "contents": "1714 in Russia\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by BHGbot (talk | contribs) at 14:42, 18 June 2020 (WP:BHGbot 6 (List 5): fixed sort key; WP:GENFIXES). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016829-0000-0000", "contents": "1714 in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the year 1714 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016834-0000-0000", "contents": "1714 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016834-0001-0000", "contents": "1714 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016834-0002-0000", "contents": "1714 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016835-0000-0000", "contents": "1714 in science\nThe year 1714 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016836-0000-0000", "contents": "1715\n1715 (MDCCXV) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar, the 1715th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 715th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 15th  year of the 18th\u00a0century, and the  6th   year of the 1710s decade. As of the start of 1715, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016836-0001-0000", "contents": "1715, Events\nFor dates within Great Britain and the British Empire, as well as in the Russian Empire, the \"old style\" Julian calendar was used in 1715, and can be converted to the \"new style\" Gregorian calendar (adopted in the British Empire in 1752 and in Russia in 1923) by adding 11 days.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 12], "content_span": [13, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016837-0000-0000", "contents": "1715 British general election\nThe 1715 British general election returned members to serve in the House of Commons of the 5th Parliament of Great Britain to be held, after the 1707 merger of the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland. In October 1714, soon after George I had arrived in London after ascending to the throne, he dismissed the Tory cabinet and replaced it with one almost entirely composed of Whigs, as they were responsible for securing his succession.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016837-0000-0001", "contents": "1715 British general election\nThe election of 1715 saw the Whigs win an overwhelming majority in the House of Commons, and afterwards virtually all Tories in central or local government were purged, leading to a period of Whig ascendancy lasting almost fifty years during which Tories were almost entirely excluded from office. The Whigs then moved to impeach Robert Harley, the former Tory first minister. After he was imprisoned in the Tower of London for two years, the case ultimately ended with his acquittal in 1717.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016837-0001-0000", "contents": "1715 British general election, Constituencies\nSee 1796 British general election for details. The constituencies used were the same throughout the existence of the Parliament of Great Britain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 45], "content_span": [46, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016837-0002-0000", "contents": "1715 British general election, Dates of the election\nThe general election was held between 22 January 1715 and 9 March 1715. At this period elections did not take place at the same time in every constituency. The returning officer in each county or parliamentary borough fixed the precise date (see hustings for details of the conduct of the elections).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 52], "content_span": [53, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016838-0000-0000", "contents": "1715 England riots\nIn the spring and summer of 1715 a series of riots occurred in England in which High Church mobs attacked over forty Dissenting meeting-houses. The rioters also protested against the first Hanoverian king of Britain, George I and his new Whig government (the Whigs were associated with the Dissenters). The riots occurred on symbolic days: 28 May was George I's birthday, 29 May was the anniversary of Charles II's Restoration and 10 June was the birthday of the Jacobite Pretender, James Francis Edward Stuart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016838-0001-0000", "contents": "1715 England riots, Background\nUpon the death in August 1714 of the last Stuart monarch, Queen Anne, Georg Ludwig, Elector of Hanover, ascended the throne in accordance with the terms of the Act of Settlement 1701 that excluded Anne's half-brother James Francis Edward Stuart. After his arrival in Britain in September, George promptly dismissed the Tories from office and appointed a Whig-dominated government. His coronation in October led to rioting in over twenty towns in England. The 1715 general election was also accompanied by riots and resulted in a Whig majority in the House of Commons and the proscription of the Tories from office, with some former Tory ministers being impeached by the new government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 716]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016838-0002-0000", "contents": "1715 England riots, Background\nAccording to Nicholas Rogers, the High Church clergy of the Church of England played a role in fomenting discontent: they were \"by reputation the progenitors of mob violence\" and after George's accession the \"high-flying clergy strove desperately to revive the flagging fortunes of their party, mobilising their congregations in defence of the Anglican inheritance and warning them of the dangers of Whig rule\". The Whig writer Daniel Defoe complained that the pulpit had become \"a Trumpet of Sedition\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016838-0003-0000", "contents": "1715 England riots, Riots\nThe anniversary of Queen Anne's accession day and William III's death, 8 March, was met in London with bell-ringing, flag-waving and closed shops. On 23 April, the anniversary of Anne's coronation, a mob met at Snow Hill and made a bonfire under a banner depicting Anne and emblazoned with the words: \u201cImitate her who was so Just and Good, / Both in her Actions and her Royal Word\u201d (the latter may have hinted at her supposed promise to restore James Stuart to the throne).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 25], "content_span": [26, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016838-0003-0001", "contents": "1715 England riots, Riots\nNear St Andrew's, Holborn, the mob burned a picture of William III and broke windows which were not illuminated in celebration. Referring to the 1710 Sacheverell riots, they also proposed \"to sing the Second Part of the Sacheverell-Tune by pulling down [Dissenting] Meeting Houses\" but they were persuaded not to do so.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 25], "content_span": [26, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016838-0004-0000", "contents": "1715 England riots, Riots\nThe first riots happened in London during the impeachment trials of Tory politicians. On 29 April the birthday of the Tory peer the Duke of Ormonde was riotously celebrated in Drury Lane and west London.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 25], "content_span": [26, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016838-0005-0000", "contents": "1715 England riots, Riots\nOn George I's birthday, 28 May, there occurred large demonstrations in Smithfield, Cheapside and Highgate, where the Dissenting chapel was attacked. In Smithfield, according to Abel Boyer, \"a large mob burnt Cromwell (some say Hoadly) in effigy\". In Cheapside the rioters shouted \u201cNo Hanoverian, No Presbiterian government\u201d. The next day was Restoration Day and the mob shouted: \u201cA Restoration, a Stewart, High Church and Ormonde\u201d, \u201cA Stewart, a second Restoration\u201d and \u201cNo King George, King James the third\u201d. When a coachman called for King James he \"was hollowed through the Mob\" and supporters of the Whigs had their windows broken.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 25], "content_span": [26, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016838-0005-0001", "contents": "1715 England riots, Riots\nIn Queen Street a battle occurred between the rioters and the trained bands. At the London Stock Exchange the crowd shouted \u201cHigh Church and the Duke of Ormonde\u201d. Stock jobbing was seen as the parasitical and immoral growth from Whig principles. When one passer-by shouted \u201cLong live King George\u201d he was beaten up by the mob.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 25], "content_span": [26, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016838-0006-0000", "contents": "1715 England riots, Riots\nIn Oxford on 28 May a rumour spread that Queen Anne, Lord Bolingbroke, Ormonde and Henry Sacheverell were to be burned in effigy. In response, undergraduates and townsfolk attacked those celebrating George's birthday and broke into the Presbyterian meeting-house and made a bonfire of its pulpit, pews and window, with an effigy of its minister. The mob chanted \u201cAn Ormond, an Ormond, a Bolingbroke, down with the Roundheads, no Constitutioners [members of the Whig Constitutional Club], no Hanover; a new Restoration\u201d. The next day a Quaker and Baptist meeting place was also attacked.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 25], "content_span": [26, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016838-0007-0000", "contents": "1715 England riots, Riots\nOn 10 June Anglican churches in Clerkenwell and St Dunstan-in-the-West rang their bells to celebrate James Stuart's birthday, a Dissenting meeting place in Blackfriars was gutted by the mob, and James's declaration was nailed to the door of the former Dissenting chapel in Lincoln's Inn Fields (which had been destroyed five years previously during the Sacheverell riots). Similar disturbances on James's birthday occurred at Cambridge, Leeds and several Somersetshire villages; in Norton St Philip near Bath James was proclaimed king. At Frome the mob was reluctantly persuaded not to destroy the local Dissenting chapel. At Marlborough, Wiltshire the mob broke into the church and rang the bells, despite objections from the parson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 25], "content_span": [26, 760]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016838-0008-0000", "contents": "1715 England riots, Riots\nIn the Midlands in late June and early August, similar riots against Dissenters took place, starting in Wolverhampton during St. Peter's fair and ending at Kingswinford in Worcestershire on 1 August. In Wolverhampton a buckle maker was heard shouting \u201cGod damn King George, and the Duke of Marlborough\u201d and a suspected spy was forced by the mob to get on his knees and bless King James III.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 25], "content_span": [26, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016838-0008-0001", "contents": "1715 England riots, Riots\nRobert Holland of Bilston urged the mob: \u201cNow boys goe on we will have no King but James the third & he will be here in a month and wee will drive the old Rogue into his Country again to sow Turnipps\u201d. Similar expressions of loyalty to James were heard in Walsall and Leek.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 25], "content_span": [26, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016838-0009-0000", "contents": "1715 England riots, Riots\nIn Warrington on 10 June bells were rung and the mob shouted \u201cDown with the Rump\u201d. However they were prevented from attacking a Dissenting meeting house. In Leeds a bonfire was made and a man was later indicted for threatening a Dissenting meeting place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 25], "content_span": [26, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016838-0010-0000", "contents": "1715 England riots, Riots\nIn Manchester in early May James Stuart had been proclaimed James III. Between 28 May and 23 June there was a spate of rioting, with the Dissenting chapel in Cross Street ransacked and destroyed between 1 June and 30 July. The historian Paul Monod said \"[t]his methodical destruction must have passed on to Dissenters the chilling message that the Manchester Jacobite crowd wanted their presence totally extinguished. ... It was a violent call for a return to the [religious] uniformity of Charles II's reign\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 25], "content_span": [26, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016838-0010-0001", "contents": "1715 England riots, Riots\nLord Cobham's dragoons eventually restored order but the rioting had by then spread to Monton and Houghton, where Dissenting chapels were attacked on 13 June. A week later the Dissenting chapels in Blackley, Greenacres, Failsworth and Standing were attacked and by 25 June the Dissenting chapels in Pilkington and Wigan had been attacked.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 25], "content_span": [26, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016838-0011-0000", "contents": "1715 England riots, Riots\nIn the West Midlands and Lancashire over thirty Dissenting chapels were attacked. In Shrewsbury during the riots a paper was posted:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 25], "content_span": [26, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016838-0012-0000", "contents": "1715 England riots, Riots\nWe Gentlemen of the Loyal Mob of Shrewsbury, do issue out this Proclamation to all Dissenters from the Church of England, of what Kind or Denomination soever, whether Independent, Baptists or Quakers: If you, or any of you, do encourage or suffer any of that damnable Faction called Presbyterians, to assemble themselves amongst you, in any of your Conventicles, at the time of Divine Worship, you may expect to meet with the same that they have been treated with. Given under our Hands and Seals the 11th Day of July 1715. God save the King.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 25], "content_span": [26, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016838-0013-0000", "contents": "1715 England riots, Riots\nPaul Monod has said that the hostility shown towards the Dissenters, especially Presbyterians, was astonishing and that \"[p]opular Tory rage...centred on religious rather than secular objects \u2013 in particular, on the hated meeting-houses\". He argues that plebeian English people were attached to the Church of England because it embodied a myth of unity and they feared Hanoverian\u2013Whig rule would return England to the rule of Puritans between 1649\u20131660, when the Church of England had been abolished.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 25], "content_span": [26, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016838-0014-0000", "contents": "1715 England riots, Aftermath\nAround 500 people were arrested for rioting in Shropshire, Staffordshire and Worcestershire with around 2,000 people taking part in the riots in these counties with several hundred more in Birmingham.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 29], "content_span": [30, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016838-0015-0000", "contents": "1715 England riots, Aftermath\nIn response to these riots, the new Whig majority passed the Riot Act to put down disturbances. This law strengthened magistrates powers and allowed Justices of the Peace to disperse demonstrations without fear of prosecution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 29], "content_span": [30, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016838-0016-0000", "contents": "1715 England riots, Aftermath\nIn September and early October the government arrested the leading Tories in fear of a Jacobite rising. The Jacobite rising of 1715 resulted in failure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 29], "content_span": [30, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016839-0000-0000", "contents": "1715 Treasure Fleet\nThe 1715 Treasure Fleet was a Spanish treasure fleet returning from the New World to Spain. At two in the morning on Wednesday, July 31, 1715, seven days after departing from Havana, Cuba, under the command of Juan Esteban de Ubilla, eleven of the twelve ships of this fleet were lost in a hurricane near present-day Vero Beach, Florida. Because the fleet was carrying silver, it is also known as the 1715 Plate Fleet (plata being the Spanish word for silver). Some artifacts and even coins still wash up on Florida beaches from time to time. According to Cuban records around 1,500 sailors perished while a small number survived on lifeboats. Many ships, including pirates, took part in the initial salvage. Initially a privateer, Henry Jennings, was first accused of piracy for attacking such salvage ships and claiming their salvages.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 857]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016839-0001-0000", "contents": "1715 Treasure Fleet, Exhibits and preserves\nTreasure hunter Kip Wagner's team built an exhibit held at National Geographic \"Explorers Hall\" in Washington, D.C. that was featured in the January 1965 issue of National Geographic. This was the beginning of a fine collection of 1715 plate fleet treasure that brought hundreds of visitors from around the world. Wagner published his book Pieces of Eight (Recovering The Riches Of A Lost Spanish Fleet) in 1966. This is a detailed account of the finding and exploration of many of these shipwrecks along the Florida \"Treasure Coast.\" An exhibit was set up with a grand opening on May 1, 1967, at the First National Bank of Satellite Beach, Florida.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 693]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016839-0002-0000", "contents": "1715 Treasure Fleet, Exhibits and preserves\nIn 1987, another ship in the fleet, the Urca de Lima, became the first shipwreck in the Florida Underwater Archaeological Preserves.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016839-0003-0000", "contents": "1715 Treasure Fleet, Exhibits and preserves\nMel Fisher's company, Mel Fisher's Treasures, sold the rights to the 1715 Fleet shipwreck to Queens Jewels, LLC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016839-0004-0000", "contents": "1715 Treasure Fleet, Exhibits and preserves\nIn 2015, 1715 Fleet - Queens Jewels, LLC and their founder Brent Brisben discovered $4.5 million in gold coins off the coast of Florida; the coins come from the 1715 Fleet shipwreck.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016839-0005-0000", "contents": "1715 Treasure Fleet, List of identified ships\nRita, renamed Margarita, was a new ship that joined the 1715 fleet shortly before departure. This is from the original documents at the National Archive of Cuba", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016839-0006-0000", "contents": "1715 Treasure Fleet, In popular culture\nIn the 2008 movie Fool's Gold, the protagonists are searching for the location of one of the sunken ships of the treasure fleet (along with its treasure).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 39], "content_span": [40, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016839-0007-0000", "contents": "1715 Treasure Fleet, In popular culture\nThe treasure fleet was used as the backdrop for a scene in the video game Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag. The main character, Edward Kenway, is aboard one of the ships in the fleet as a prisoner, and manages to escape with the help of his future quartermaster, Ad\u00e9wal\u00e9, recruiting other captive pirates as a crew. The pirates eventually manage to escape the fleet and the hurricane by stealing the twelfth ship, the brig El Dorado, which Edward keeps and renames the Jackdaw, becoming the player's ship for the rest of the game. Edward later makes reference to the event when Blackbeard inquires as to how he got the Jackdaw, and the latter then suggests visiting the site to salvage some of the lost treasure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 39], "content_span": [40, 751]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016839-0008-0000", "contents": "1715 Treasure Fleet, In popular culture\nIn the 1977 movie The Deep \"David Sanders (Nick Nolte) and his British girlfriend Gail Berke (Jacqueline Bisset) recover a number of artifacts (from a diving expedition off the coast of Bermuda), including an ampule of amber-colored liquid and a medallion bearing the image of a woman and the letters 'S.C.O.P.N' (an abbreviation of the Latin 'Santa Clara Ora Pro Nobis' that translates to English as 'Santa Clara Pray For Us') and a date, 1714.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 39], "content_span": [40, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016839-0008-0001", "contents": "1715 Treasure Fleet, In popular culture\nSt. David's Lighthouse keeper and treasure-hunter Romer Treece (Robert Shaw), believes the medallion had come from the wreckage of the surviving twelfth ship [of the 1715 Treasure Fleet], thought to be a French tobacco ship that was being protected by the 1715 fleet and named Grifon (spelt \"El Grif\u00f3n\" in Peter Benchley's novel The Deep). The ship was thought to be returning to Havana, Cuba for repairs but instead sank off the coast of Bermuda.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 39], "content_span": [40, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016839-0009-0000", "contents": "1715 Treasure Fleet, In popular culture\nThe plot of the Starz show Black Sails revolves heavily around the 1715 Treasure Fleet in its first season. The largest of the ships, the Urca de Lima, is wrecked during the hurricane off the coast of Florida, carrying five million Spanish dollars' worth in gold, silver and other precious materials, pursued by Captain Flint and his crew. The treasure, colloquially referred to as \"the Urca gold\", is an important plot device throughout the series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 39], "content_span": [40, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016849-0000-0000", "contents": "1715 in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the year 1715 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016852-0000-0000", "contents": "1715 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1715.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016854-0000-0000", "contents": "1715 in piracy\nSee also 1714 in piracy, other events in 1715, 1716 in piracy, and Timeline of piracy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016855-0000-0000", "contents": "1715 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016855-0001-0000", "contents": "1715 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016855-0002-0000", "contents": "1715 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016856-0000-0000", "contents": "1715 in science\nThe year 1715 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016857-0000-0000", "contents": "1716\n1716 (MDCCXVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a leap year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar, the 1716th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 716th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 16th  year of the 18th\u00a0century, and the  7th   year of the 1710s decade. As of the start of 1716, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016866-0000-0000", "contents": "1716 in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the year 1716 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016867-0000-0000", "contents": "1716 in architecture\nThe year 1716 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016869-0000-0000", "contents": "1716 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1716.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016871-0000-0000", "contents": "1716 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016871-0001-0000", "contents": "1716 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016871-0002-0000", "contents": "1716 in poetry, Deaths\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016872-0000-0000", "contents": "1716 in science\nThe year 1716 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016873-0000-0000", "contents": "17163 Vasifedoseev\n17163 Vasifedoseev, provisional designation 1999 LT19, is a stony Koronian asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 4 kilometers in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016873-0001-0000", "contents": "17163 Vasifedoseev\nThe asteroid was discovered on 9 June 1999, by the Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research team at Lincoln Laboratory's ETS in Socorro, New Mexico, United States. It was named for Vasiliy Fedoseev, an awardee of the ISEF contest in 2003.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016873-0002-0000", "contents": "17163 Vasifedoseev, Orbit and classification\nVasifedoseev is a member of the Koronis family, a family of  stony asteroids in the outer main-belt. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.7\u20133.1\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 11 months (1,807 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.08 and an inclination of 1\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The first precovery was obtained at ESO's La Silla Observatory in 1990, extending the asteroid's observation arc by 9 years prior to its discovery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016873-0003-0000", "contents": "17163 Vasifedoseev, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nA rotational lightcurve of Vasifedoseev was obtained from photometric observations by the wide-field survey at the Palomar Transient Factory in September 2010. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 4.1124 hours with a brightness variation of 0.23 magnitude (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 61], "content_span": [62, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016873-0004-0000", "contents": "17163 Vasifedoseev, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's space-based Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Vasifedoseev measures 4.9 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.17, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.24 and calculates a diameter of 3.7 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 14.34.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 65], "content_span": [66, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016873-0005-0000", "contents": "17163 Vasifedoseev, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Russian Vasiliy G. Fedoseev (born 1986) an awardee of the Intel International Science and Engineering Fair (ISEF) in 2003. At the time, he attended the Lyceum of Information Technologies Moscow, Russia. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 14 June 2004 (M.P.C. 52172).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 26], "content_span": [27, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016874-0000-0000", "contents": "1717\n1717 (MDCCXVII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar, the 1717th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 717th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 17th  year of the 18th\u00a0century, and the  8th   year of the 1710s decade. As of the start of 1717, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016875-0000-0000", "contents": "1717 Arlon\n1717 Arlon, provisional designation 1954 AC, is a binary Florian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 8.5 kilometers in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016875-0001-0000", "contents": "1717 Arlon\nIt was discovered on 8 January 1954, by Belgian astronomer Sylvain Arend at the Royal Observatory of Belgium in Uccle, Belgium, and later named for the Belgian town and provincial capital, Arlon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016875-0002-0000", "contents": "1717 Arlon, Classification and orbit\nArlon is a member of the Flora family, a collisional family of S-type asteroids asteroids, and one of the largest populations of the main-belt. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.9\u20132.5\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 3 months (1,188 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.13 and an inclination of 6\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. First identified as A915 CC at Simeiz Observatory in 1915, Arlon's first used observation was taken at Lowell Observatory in 1930, when it was identified as 1930 YU, extending the body's observation arc by 24 years prior to its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016875-0003-0000", "contents": "1717 Arlon, Binary system, Primary\nA large number of rotational lightcurves of Arlon were obtained from photometric observations, giving a well-defined rotation period between 5.1477 and 5.1496 hours with a small brightness variation of 0.10 magnitude or less (also see infobox).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 34], "content_span": [35, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016875-0004-0000", "contents": "1717 Arlon, Binary system, Secondary\nDuring one of these photometric observations in 2006, the binary nature of Arlon was revealed. The discovered asteroid moon orbits its primary once every 18.2 hours, at a distance of 16 kilometers. The moon itself measures approximately 4 kilometers in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016875-0005-0000", "contents": "1717 Arlon, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Arlon measures between 8.48 and 9.15 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.167 and 0.315. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link agrees with the revised WISE-results by Pravec, adopting an albedo of 0.225 and a diameter of 9.15 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 12.43.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 31], "content_span": [32, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016875-0006-0000", "contents": "1717 Arlon, Naming\nThis minor planet was named for the Belgian town, municipality and provincial capital, Arlon. It is located on a hill above the source of the Semois river. In ancient times, Arlon was known as Orolaunum by the Romans and served as a station on the Antoninian way linking the cities Trier with Reims. The approved naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 22 September 1983 (M.P.C. 8150).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016876-0000-0000", "contents": "1717 Broadway\n1717 Broadway is a skyscraper in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City. At 750 feet (230\u00a0m) high, it is the tallest hotel in North America. The building contains two hotels, the Courtyard New York Manhattan/Central Park below the 35th floor and the Residence Inn New York Manhattan/Central Park on floors 35 and higher, with a total of 639 rooms. The glass-clad building is on the northwest corner of 54th Street and Broadway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016877-0000-0000", "contents": "1717 East Ninth Building\n1717 East Ninth Building, also known as the East Ohio Building, is a skyscraper in Downtown Cleveland, the U.S. state of Ohio's emerging Nine-Twelve District. Completed in 1959, it was one of the first modernist high-rises in Cleveland, along with the Illuminating Building. It is currently the 24th-tallest building in Cleveland, at 275 feet (84 meters).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016877-0001-0000", "contents": "1717 East Ninth Building, History\nIt was designed by Emery Roth and Sons of New York City. Tishman Properties also of New York City was the developer. Ground was broken in March 1958 and in April 1959 it opened to the public. There is a 600-car parking garage attached to the tower. It was built on the site of the old Greyhound bus station, after Greyhound built a new bus terminal on Superior Avenue a few blocks away from the East Ohio Building in 1948.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016877-0002-0000", "contents": "1717 East Ninth Building, History\nEast Ohio Gas, Cleveland's natural gas supplier, occupied the tower until its merger with Richmond, Virginia-based Dominion Resources. On the lobby level, East Ohio had a customer pay center and exhibits of the benefits of natural gas appliances. In addition, they had a meter showing how much natural gas was supplied to Cleveland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016877-0003-0000", "contents": "1717 East Ninth Building, History\nOn November 22, 2006, the largely vacant building was bought by New York City-based Sovereign Partners, LLC for around $12 million. The buying group planned on making certain improvements to the building, the details were announced in early 2007. It was named to the National Register of Historic Places on January 23, 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016877-0004-0000", "contents": "1717 East Ninth Building, Conversion to apartments\nPlans announced March 22, 2012 indicate that the tower will be converted to 223 apartments, eliminating a huge vacancy in the central business district and meeting strong demand for new living space. It will then become the tallest fully residential building in Cleveland, Ohio.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 50], "content_span": [51, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016877-0005-0000", "contents": "1717 East Ninth Building, Conversion to apartments\nThe K & D Group of Willoughby, Ohio recently signed a contract to buy the 21-story building. Apartments will fill that void by early 2014, if K & D succeeds in securing tax credits and other financing for its $65 million project.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 50], "content_span": [51, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016877-0006-0000", "contents": "1717 East Ninth Building, Conversion to apartments\nK & D said it would open the first of 223 apartments in the downtown building in July 2014 and should finish the $65 million conversion by August 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 50], "content_span": [51, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016878-0000-0000", "contents": "1717 Guatemala earthquake\nThe 1717 Guatemala earthquake struck colonial Guatemala on September 29 with an estimated moment magnitude of 7.4, and a Mercalli intensity of approximately IX (Violent). The earthquake essentially destroyed much of the architecture of Antigua Guatemala, which was the colonial capital of Central America at the time. Over 3,000 buildings were ruined including many temples and churches. Such was the effect of the disaster that the authorities considered moving the headquarters to a settlement which was less prone to natural disasters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016878-0001-0000", "contents": "1717 Guatemala earthquake\nLater earthquakes meant that after the 1773 earthquake the town had been moved three times. In 1776, after the Santa Marta earthquakes, the Spanish Crown finally ordered the capital to be moved to a safer location, in the Spanish: Valle de la Ermita (Valley of the Shrine), where Guatemala City, the modern capital of Guatemala, now stands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016879-0000-0000", "contents": "1717 Omani invasion of Bahrain\n1717 Omani invasion of Bahrain was the invasion of Bahrain in 1717 by the Sultanate of Oman, bringing an end to the 115-year rule by the eroding Safavid dynasty. Following the Afghan invasion of Iran at the beginning of the 18th century which weakened the Safavids, the Omani forces were able to undermine Safavid rule in Bahrain and culminated in the victory for the Yaruba dynasty rulers of Oman.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016879-0001-0000", "contents": "1717 Omani invasion of Bahrain\nBahraini theologian, Sheikh Yusuf Al Bahrani, provides his personal account of the invasion in his biographical dictionary of Shia scholars, Lu\u2019lu\u2019at al-Ba\u1e25rayn (The Pearl of Bahrain):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016879-0002-0000", "contents": "1717 Omani invasion of Bahrain\nThe earth shook and everything came to a standstill while preparations were made to do battle with these vile men [the Kh\u0101rijite Omani invasion force]. The first year they came to seize it they returned disappointed, for they were unable to do so. Nor were they able to succeed the second time a year later, despite the help they received from all of the Bedouin and outlaws. The third time, however, they were able to surround Bahrain by controlling the sea, for Bahrain is an island. In this way they eventually weakened its inhabitants and then took it by force. It was a horrific battle and a terrible catastrophe, for all the killing, plunder, pillage, and bloodshed that took place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 719]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016879-0003-0000", "contents": "1717 Omani invasion of Bahrain\nAfter the Kh\u0101rijites had conquered it and granted the inhabitants safe passage, the people\u2014especially the notables\u2014fled to al-Qa\u1e6d\u012bf and other regions. Among them was my father\u2014God have mercy upon him\u2014accompanied by his dependents [i.e., wives] and children, who traveled with them to al-Qa\u1e6d\u012bf. But he left me in Bahrain in the house we owned in al-Sh\u0101kh\u016bra because some chests filled with bundles of our possessions, including books, gold coins, and clothes, were hidden there.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016879-0003-0001", "contents": "1717 Omani invasion of Bahrain\nHe had taken a large portion of our possessions up to the fortress in which everyone had planned to [take refuge] when we were besieged, but he had left some behind in the house, stored in hiding places. Everything in the fortress was lost after the Kh\u0101rijites took it by force, and we all left the fortress with nothing but the clothes on our backs. So when my father left for al-Qa\u1e6d\u012bf, I remained in Bahrain; he had ordered me to gather whatever books remained in the fortress and save them from the hands of the Kh\u0101rijites. I did manage to save a number of books that I found there along with some that were left in the house, which I sent to him a few at a time. These years passed in an utter lack of prosperity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 748]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016879-0004-0000", "contents": "1717 Omani invasion of Bahrain\nI then traveled to al-Qa\u1e6d\u012bf to visit my father and stayed there two or three months, but my father grew fed up with sitting in al-Qa\u1e6d\u012bf because of the large number of dependents he had with him, the miserable conditions, and his lack of money, so he grew determined to return to Bahrain even though it was in the hands of the Kh\u0101rijites. Fate, however, intervened between him and his plans, for the Persian army, along with a large number of Bedouins, arrived at that time to liberate Bahrain from the hands of the Kh\u0101rijites. We followed the events closely and waited to see the outcome of these disasters; eventually the wheel of fortune turned against the Persians, they were all killed, and Bahrain was burned. Our house in the village [of al-Sh\u0101kh\u016bra] was among those burned.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 811]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016879-0005-0000", "contents": "1717 Omani invasion of Bahrain\n... During this time, I was traveling back and forth to Bahrain in order to take care of the date palms we owned there and gather the harvest, then returning to al-Qa\u1e6d\u012bf to study. [ This continued] until Bahrain was taken from the hands of the Kh\u0101rijites by treaty, after a great sum had been paid to their commander, because of the Persian king's weakness and impotence, and his empire's decline through bad administration.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016879-0006-0000", "contents": "1717 Omani invasion of Bahrain\nHowever, when the Omanis later relinquished control it did not bring peace to Bahrain; the political weakness of Persia meant that the islands were soon invaded by Huwala, who Al Bahrani says 'ruined' Bahrain. Almost constant warfare between various Sunni naval powers, the Omanis and then the Persians under Nadir Shah and Karim Khan Zand laid waste to much of Bahrain, while the high taxes imposed by the Omanis drove out the pearl merchants and the pearl divers. Danish German Arabist Carsten Niebuhr found in 1763 that Bahrain's 360 towns and villages had through warfare and economic distress been reduced to only 60.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016879-0007-0000", "contents": "1717 Omani invasion of Bahrain\nFrom 1783 Bahrain was ruled by a succession of sheikhs from the House of Al-Khalifa. They continue to rule Bahrain to this day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016880-0000-0000", "contents": "1717 Oxford University by-election\nThe 1717 Oxford University by-election was a by-election in the university constituency of Oxford University in the Parliament of Great Britain following the death of William Whitelock.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016880-0001-0000", "contents": "1717 Oxford University by-election, Result\nThe by-election had only one candidate meaning George Clarke was elected unopposed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 42], "content_span": [43, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016890-0000-0000", "contents": "1717 in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the year 1717 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016893-0000-0000", "contents": "1717 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1717.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016895-0000-0000", "contents": "1717 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016895-0001-0000", "contents": "1717 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016895-0002-0000", "contents": "1717 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016896-0000-0000", "contents": "1717 in science\nThe year 1717 in science and technology involved few significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016897-0000-0000", "contents": "1718\n1718 (MDCCXVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar, the 1718th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 718th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 18th  year of the 18th\u00a0century, and the  9th   year of the 1710s decade. As of the start of 1718, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016898-0000-0000", "contents": "1718 Tongwei\u2013Gansu earthquake\nThe 1718 Tongwei\u2013Gansu earthquake occurred on June 19, 1718 in Tongwei County, Gansu Province, Qing dynasty, present-day China. The estimated surface wave magnitude Ms\u202f 7.5 earthquake was assigned a maximum Modified Mercalli intensity of X (Extreme), causing tremendous damage and killing 73,000 people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016898-0001-0000", "contents": "1718 Tongwei\u2013Gansu earthquake, Tectonic setting\nThe active plate tectonics of Gansu Province located on the Tibetan Plateau is dominated by the north\u2013south continental collision of the Indian Plate and Eurasian Plate. As the Indian Plate collides along a convergent plate boundary known as the Main Himalayan Thrust, it being of continental crust does not subduct, rather, it plows into the Eurasian Plate. This process severely deforms the Eurasian Plate, uplifting the crust, forming the Tibetan Plateau. The force of the Indian Plate converging pushes the Tibetan Plateau east, towards the Sichuan Basin, forming another zone of collision.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016898-0001-0001", "contents": "1718 Tongwei\u2013Gansu earthquake, Tectonic setting\nThis collision and resulting crustal deformation of the Eurasian Plate is accommodated by the Xianshuihe fault system, Haiyuan Fault, Kunlun Fault, Altyn Tagh fault, and Longmenshan Fault. The pesence of active faults in Sichuan makes the region vulnerable to damaging earthquakes. The very deadly 2008 Sichuan earthquake occurred due to a thrust fault rupture on the Longmenshan Fault. The 1920 Haiyuan and 1927 Gulang earthquakes occurred due to ruptures along the Haiyuan Fault.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016898-0002-0000", "contents": "1718 Tongwei\u2013Gansu earthquake, Earthquake\nThe West Qinling Fault in the Tibetan plateau; an active left-lateral strike-slip fault has been proposed as the source of the earthquake although there is no seismological evidence to proof this. In the past 300 years since the event, the fault has not produced any major earthquakes. Another proposed source is the adjacent Tongwei thrust fault although little is known about its associated seismological activity. No surface ruptures from the earthquake has been documented, suggesting it may be a buried rupture earthquake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 41], "content_span": [42, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016898-0003-0000", "contents": "1718 Tongwei\u2013Gansu earthquake, Effects\nAll structures including government offices, schools, temples, and homes in Nanxiang were destroyed. It was reported that the only surviving struture was a portion of the brick city wall at the northeast of the city. Over 40,000 people were killed in the city. Another 30,000 people died in Yongning when massive landslides buried many homes in the area. Ground effects were severe; large fissures appeared, and the landscape was deformed. A large landslide completely buried the Yongning Ancient Town during the quake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016898-0004-0000", "contents": "1718 Tongwei\u2013Gansu earthquake, Effects\nSeveral mountain peaks including one at Jingning County detached and fell, damming a river, killing several thousand. In Zhuanglang County, a large hill suffered a landslide, resulting in thousands of deaths. Many gate towers, pavilions, and battlements in Qin'an County were destroyed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016898-0005-0000", "contents": "1718 Tongwei\u2013Gansu earthquake, Effects\nIn Tianshui, the earthquake collapsed Confucian Temples and homes. Ground fissures and landslides killed some residents. Smaller fatality figures were reported across Gansu Province. The earthquake also affected Shaanxi and Henan provinces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016898-0006-0000", "contents": "1718 Tongwei\u2013Gansu earthquake, Effects, Landslides\nThe earthquake gained notable scientific attention due to the triggerering of over 300 large landslides. Most of the slides consisted of several meters of loess and mudstone deposits along steep mountainsides near the Wei River. Three of the largest landslides in Pan'an, Tianshui, Gangu County, had a combined volume of 6.06 \u00d7 108 m3. Locating the distribution of landslides using Google Earth found a dense concentration of occurrence along the Tongwei Fault.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016908-0000-0000", "contents": "1718 in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the year 1718 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016911-0000-0000", "contents": "1718 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1718.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016913-0000-0000", "contents": "1718 in piracy\nSee also 1717 in piracy, 1719 in piracy, and Timeline of piracy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 79]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016914-0000-0000", "contents": "1718 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016914-0001-0000", "contents": "1718 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016914-0002-0000", "contents": "1718 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016915-0000-0000", "contents": "1718 in science\nThis is a list of significant events that occurred in the year 1718 in science.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016916-0000-0000", "contents": "1719\n1719 (MDCCXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar, the 1719th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 719th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 19th  year of the 18th\u00a0century, and the  10th  and last year of the 1710s decade. As of the start of 1719, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016917-0000-0000", "contents": "1719 Establishment\nThe 1719 Establishment was a set of mandatory requirements governing the construction of all Royal Navy warships capable of carrying more than 20 naval long guns. It was designed to bring economies of scale through uniform vessel design, and ensure a degree of certainty about vessel capability once at sea, and was applied to all vessels from the first-rate to the fifth-rate. Once in effect, it superseded the 1706 Establishment, which had specified major dimensions for ships of the second-rate, third-rate and fourth-rate only.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016917-0001-0000", "contents": "1719 Establishment\nThe new Establishment in 1719 was not simply limited to specifying the overall dimensions of each type of warship, but now set out in great detail other factors used in constructing the ship, down to the thickness of timbers (\"scantlings\") used in construction and planking.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016917-0002-0000", "contents": "1719 Establishment\nThe Establishment adopted in 1719 was subject to substantial revisions in both 1733 and 1741, although on neither occasion was the 1719 Establishment replaced. A new Establishment was finally adopted in 1745.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016917-0003-0000", "contents": "1719 Establishment\nBefore the 1745 centralised all design work in the office of the Surveyor of the Navy, the design of every vessel was the responsibility of the Master Shipwright in the dockyard in which that vessel was built; thus ships built to one Establishment has to conform to the dimensions and other measurements specified by that Establishment, but were to varying designs and therefore did not constitute a \"class\" in the modern use of the term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016917-0003-0001", "contents": "1719 Establishment\nThe exception to this was when ships were built under contract by commercial shipbuilders, for which a common design was prepared by the Surveyor and copies sent to the shipbuilder for execution; this only applied to some of the two-decker ships and smaller vessels (all three-deckers were built or rebuilt in the Royal Dockyards), and was almost exclusively a wartime occurrence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016917-0004-0000", "contents": "1719 Establishment, Background\nWhen the 1706 Establishment had been introduced, British naval architecture had entered a period of highly conservative stagnation. The Establishments were intended to create standardisation throughout the fleet, in part to reduce the cost of maintaining Britain's large navy. The side effect was to almost completely eliminate any design innovation until the abolition of the Establishments in the early 1750s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016917-0005-0000", "contents": "1719 Establishment, Background\nWhen King George I ascended the throne in 1714, thus beginning the Hanoverian dynasty in Great Britain, the main institutions of the Royal Navy \u2013 the Board of Admiralty and the Navy Board \u2013 underwent the typical reorganisations associated with a change of r\u00e9gime. While the Admiralty became a much more political body, the Navy Board became populated by men who had learnt their trade during the formative years of the Establishment system. A very significant factor in the formation of the 1719 Establishment and its subsequent longevity is that the period of 1714\u20131739 was the most peaceful of the 18th Century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016917-0006-0000", "contents": "1719 Establishment, Background\nA further contributory factor was the introduction of a new Establishment of Guns in 1716. Previously, gun establishments had catered for each ship, as there were often differences between ships of the same nominal size that would affect the armament they could carry. The 1716 gun establishment was intended to overturn that situation, so that all ships of a particular type (for example, 70 gun ships) would carry the same armament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016917-0006-0001", "contents": "1719 Establishment, Background\nThe Navy Board highlighted the fact that there were still several ships in service that were physically incapable of carrying the prescribed armament, either due to the number and disposition of gunports, or to sturdiness of build. Essentially, however, the Navy Board resolved to undertake the task of having all ships rebuilt to common designs to facilitate the new gun establishment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016917-0007-0000", "contents": "1719 Establishment, 1719 arrangements\nThe new Establishment of dimensions, finalised in December 1719, was significantly more detailed than its predecessor. The 1706 Establishment had sought to constrain only the basic dimensions (gundeck length, keel length, breadth, and depth in the hold), whereas the 1719 Establishment detailed everything from the keel length to the thickness of planks on each deck. The new Establishment was also expanded in scope to include first rates, the dimensions for which were to be based upon HMS\u00a0Royal Sovereign. In the other direction the new Establishment expanded down to include the sixth rates and the smaller (30-gun) fifth rates, so that all ships with 20 guns or more were covered. The dimensions for other ship types were adjusted according to experience with ships built to the 1706 Establishment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 37], "content_span": [38, 841]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016917-0008-0000", "contents": "1719 Establishment, 1733 proposals and revisions\nOver time, as British shipbuilding remained stagnant, Britain's foreign maritime rivals, most notably France, continued developing their own ships so that eventually the Navy Board was forced to take note. British ships by comparison with their foreign counterparts were usually significantly smaller \u2013 a practice that had come about through a combination of various factors differentiating the role of the Royal Navy from that of the continental navies, but a major factor was the need for a sizeable fleet, and the associated requirement to keep costs as low as practicable. However, by 1729 concerns were being expressed that the ships being built to the 1719 Establishment may be too small, and so a new ship, HMS\u00a0Centurion, and HMS\u00a0Rippon which was due for rebuilding, were built with slightly altered dimensions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 48], "content_span": [49, 867]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016917-0009-0000", "contents": "1719 Establishment, 1733 proposals and revisions\nIn 1732 the Admiralty decided to ask the Master Shipwrights in each of the Royal dockyards to report to them on how best they thought the ships could be improved. The responses, when they finally arrived, were conservative, offering only minor adjustments to certain dimensions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 48], "content_span": [49, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016917-0009-0001", "contents": "1719 Establishment, 1733 proposals and revisions\nThere was little agreement between the changes proposed, and no further progress was made until May 1733 when Sir Jacob Ackworth of the Navy Board \u2013 the Surveyor of the Navy at the time \u2013 proposed to the Admiralty some changes to the dimensions of the 50-gun and 60-gun ships, most notably an increase in breadth. The Admiralty accepted these proposals, and the ones that followed in later months for the other types, and these new dimensions became the effective new Establishment, though they never technically superseded the 1719 dimensions; there was no 1733 Establishment. Indications are that the Admiralty desired more far-reaching reforms than what was actually implemented, but due in part to the absence of anyone with practical shipbuilding knowledge on the Board, the Board of Admiralty lacked the ability to realise them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 48], "content_span": [49, 883]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016917-0010-0000", "contents": "1719 Establishment, 1741 proposals and revisions\nThe true state of British ship design became apparent with the start of the War of Jenkins' Ear. The capture of the Spanish 70-gun ship Princessa in April 1740 by three British 70-gun ships (HMS\u00a0Kent, HMS\u00a0Lennox and HMS\u00a0Orford) took six hours of fighting despite one of Princessa's topmasts being missing. Her greater size (much closer to that of a British 90-gun ship than a 70) gave her stability that the British ships lacked, and her build quality allowed her to withstand the pounding from the three British ships for a long time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 48], "content_span": [49, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016917-0010-0001", "contents": "1719 Establishment, 1741 proposals and revisions\nBy way of response to the now apparent individual inferiority of British ships over their opponents, a previously abandoned update to the gun establishment was called upon to increase the firepower of the ships. With heavier guns came the need for larger ships to carry them, and so Sir Jacob made a new set of proposals for increased dimensions\u2014slightly less conservative this time around. Additionally, the new gun establishment made some changes to the types of ships that would be on the navy list in future. The 70-gun ships would become 64-gunners, albeit with heavier guns as compensation, and the 60-gun ships were to become 58-gun ships, again with heavier guns. No first rates were built to the dimensions of the 1741 proposals, but one ship of 74 guns and two of 66 were constructed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 48], "content_span": [49, 843]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016917-0011-0000", "contents": "1719 Establishment, 1741 proposals and revisions\nAn additional side effect of the war was the collapse of the system of rebuilding. Until the outbreak of the war, it had been the practice to rebuild ships periodically, to maintain the size of the fleet without alarming parliament with requests for new ships. In reality, many of these rebuilds amounted to just that, with little or no timber from the original ship surviving into her rebuilt form. In some cases, ships would be dismantled years before they actually underwent the rebuilding process, but remained on the active list for the entire time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 48], "content_span": [49, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016917-0011-0001", "contents": "1719 Establishment, 1741 proposals and revisions\nRebuilding a ship was a lengthy process, more time consuming and more expensive than building a completely new one. The pressures of the war meant that for drydocks to be taken up for long periods of time whilst a ship was surveyed to determine what timber was reusable in the new ship, and what could find a use elsewhere in the dockyard, disassembled and then rebuilt was counter-productive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 48], "content_span": [49, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016917-0011-0002", "contents": "1719 Establishment, 1741 proposals and revisions\nShips intended to be sent to the West Indies for service in the war required the use of drydocks to have their hulls appropriately sheathed to combat such problems as shipworm, and other uses of the drydocks for servicing the fleet meant that rebuilds were given a low priority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 48], "content_span": [49, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016917-0011-0003", "contents": "1719 Establishment, 1741 proposals and revisions\nIt was at this time that the British practise of converting old ships to hulks for expanded storage space in harbours began, as instead of wasting effort and dockyard space on breaking up an old vessel that was still perfectly capable of floating, they were converted to serve the dockyards in this new capacity. Few rebuilds were started after 1739, and none at all were begun after 1742, although any that had been started were allowed to complete.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 48], "content_span": [49, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016917-0012-0000", "contents": "1719 Establishment, Individual ship types\nA different set of Establishment dimensions was defined for each size of ship, other than the smallest (i.e. the unrated) vessels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 41], "content_span": [42, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016917-0013-0000", "contents": "1719 Establishment, Individual ship types, First rates of 100 guns\nThe 1719 Establishment for first rates took as its model the highly successful Royal Sovereign as rebuilt in 1704 (the subsequent Royal William and Britannia rebuildings had been to the same design dimensions and set of scantlings when they were launched in 1719). Thus all three of these rebuildings should be taken as being \"to the 1719 Establishment\" even though they actually predated that standard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 66], "content_span": [67, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016917-0014-0000", "contents": "1719 Establishment, Individual ship types, First rates of 100 guns\nWhile no other first rates were built or rebuilt during the years between 1719 and 1733, the Royal Sovereign underwent a further rebuilding between 1723 and 1729.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 66], "content_span": [67, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016917-0015-0000", "contents": "1719 Establishment, Individual ship types, First rates of 100 guns\nThe 1733 revision made no changes to the tonnage, length or breadth of the first rate, and only increased the depth in hold by 6\u00a0inches. The 1741 revision substantively increased the dimensions to:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 66], "content_span": [67, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016917-0016-0000", "contents": "1719 Establishment, Individual ship types, First rates of 100 guns\nOnly one first rate was built to the 1733 dimensions. The Victory was nominally a rebuilding of its predecessor of 1695, but this was strictly a legal fiction, as the old ship had been completely taken to pieces in 1721, and the new ship was not commenced until 1733. Following this ship, no first rate at all was built to the 1741 dimensions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 66], "content_span": [67, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016917-0017-0000", "contents": "1719 Establishment, Individual ship types, Second rates of 90 guns\nThe 1719 Establishment revised the dimensions of these ships from the 1706 Establishment dimensions to those shown in the adjacent table. Five Second Rates were rebuilt from existing ships to this Establishment specification \u2013 the Prince George in 1719\u20131723, the Union in 1718\u20131726, the Namur in 1723\u20131729, the Neptune in 1725\u20131730, and the Marlborough in 1725\u20131732. Two more were ordered to be rebuilt to this Establishment, but were actually completed to the revised 1733 dimensions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 66], "content_span": [67, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016917-0018-0000", "contents": "1719 Establishment, Individual ship types, Second rates of 90 guns\nTwo second rates were rebuilt to the 1733 dimensions, although initially ordered to the original 1719 Establishment. The Duke was rebuilt in 1734\u20131739 and the St George in 1739\u20131740. Again, two more were ordered to be rebuilt to these dimensions, but were actually completed to the revised 1741 dimensions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 66], "content_span": [67, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016917-0019-0000", "contents": "1719 Establishment, Individual ship types, Second rates of 90 guns\nTwo second rates were rebuilt to the 1741 dimensions, although initially ordered to the 1733 figures. The Ramillies was rebuilt in 1743\u20131749 and the Prince in 1743\u20131750.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 66], "content_span": [67, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016917-0020-0000", "contents": "1719 Establishment, Individual ship types, Third rates of 80 guns\nThe 1719 Establishment revised the dimensions of these ships (the smallest class of three-decker warships) as shown in the adjacent table. Seven 80-gun ships were rebuilt to this specification before 1733 \u2013 the Lancaster in 1719\u20131722, Norfolk in 1718\u20131728, Cornwall in 1723\u20131726, Princess Caroline in 1724\u20131731, Humber in 1723\u20131726, Somerset in 1722(? )-1731 and Russell in 1729\u20131735. An eighth ship \u2013 the Cumberland \u2013 was completed to the 1733 dimensions. The Humber was renamed Princess Amelia in 1727 and was cut down a deck into a 66-gun ship in 1747\u20131748.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 65], "content_span": [66, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016917-0021-0000", "contents": "1719 Establishment, Individual ship types, Third rates of 80 guns\nTwo 80-gun ships were rebuilt to these dimensions \u2013 the Boyne in 1736\u20131739 and Cumberland in 1734\u20131739. The Cumberland was cut down a deck into a 66-gun ship in 1747\u20131748.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 65], "content_span": [66, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016917-0022-0000", "contents": "1719 Establishment, Individual ship types, Third rates of 80 guns\nOne ship (Culloden) was built to the 1741 dimensions for 80-gun ships, but during construction was cut down a deck and completed in 1747 as a 74-gun two-decker ship with the following armament:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 65], "content_span": [66, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016917-0023-0000", "contents": "1719 Establishment, Individual ship types, Third rates of 80 guns\nTwo ships (Devonshire and Lancaster) were built to the 1741 dimensions for 80-gun ships, but during construction were each cut down a deck and completed as 66-gun two-decker ships, each with the following armament:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 65], "content_span": [66, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016917-0024-0000", "contents": "1719 Establishment, Individual ship types, Third rates of 70 (later 64) guns\nThe 1719 Establishment revised the dimensions of these ships as shown in the adjacent table. Eight 70-gun ships were rebuilt in 1717\u20131730 to these specifications \u2013 the Edinburgh, Northumberland, Captain, Stirling Castle, Lenox, Kent, Grafton and Ipswich \u2013 while four more were newbuilt, all at Deptford Dockyard \u2013 Burford, Berwick, Buckingham, Prince of Orange (the last originally to have been named Bredah).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 76], "content_span": [77, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016917-0025-0000", "contents": "1719 Establishment, Individual ship types, Third rates of 70 (later 64) guns\nAnother twelve 70-gun ships were built or rebuilt to the 1733 dimensions \u2013 the Elizabeth, Suffolk, Essex, Prince Frederick, Nassau, Bedford, Royal Oak, Revenge, Stirling Castle, Captain, Monmouth and Berwick.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 76], "content_span": [77, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016917-0026-0000", "contents": "1719 Establishment, Individual ship types, Third rates of 70 (later 64) guns\nThe 1743 Establishment of Guns altered these ships from 70-gun to 64-gun, but with more powerful ordnance as set out in the table.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 76], "content_span": [77, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016917-0027-0000", "contents": "1719 Establishment, Individual ship types, Fourth rates of 60 (later 58) guns\nThe 1719 Establishment revised the dimensions of these ships as shown in the adjacent table. Three 60-gun ships were rebuilt to this specification during the early 1720s \u2013 the Plymouth, Canterbury and Windsor \u2013 while the Dreadnought underwent a major repair amounting to a rebuild and a fifth ship \u2013 the Sunderland \u2013 was replaced by new construction. In the late 1720s, six new 60-gun ships were rebuilt to replace obsolete 50-gun ships \u2013 the Deptford, Pembroke, Tilbury, Warwick, Swallow and Centurion (the last-named to a somewhat broader specification), while the 60-gun Dunkirk was likewise rebuilt. A slightly lengthened ship \u2013 the Rippon \u2013 was built in 1730\u20131735.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 77], "content_span": [78, 747]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016917-0028-0000", "contents": "1719 Establishment, Individual ship types, Fourth rates of 60 (later 58) guns\nEleven vessels were initially built to this specification, including six built as replacements for obsolete 50-gun ships. These were the Weymouth, Worcester, Strafford, Superb, Jersey, Augusta, Dragon, Lion, Kingston, Rupert and Princess Mary. After 1739 another four were built \u2013 the Nottingham and Exeter in the Royal Dockyards and the Medway and Dreadnought by contract.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 77], "content_span": [78, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016917-0029-0000", "contents": "1719 Establishment, Individual ship types, Fourth rates of 60 (later 58) guns\nSix ships were ordered to this specification \u2013 the Canterbury, Sunderland, Tilbury, Princess Louisa, Defiance and Eagle. A seventh \u2013 Windsor \u2013 was built to a somewhat enlarged design.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 77], "content_span": [78, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016917-0030-0000", "contents": "1719 Establishment, Individual ship types, Fourth rates of 60 (later 58) guns\nThe 1743 Establishment of Guns replaced the 26 9-pounder guns on the upper deck by 24 12-pounder guns, reducing the vessel to a 58-gun ship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 77], "content_span": [78, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016917-0031-0000", "contents": "1719 Establishment, Individual ship types, Fourth rates of 50 guns\nThe 1716 Establishment of Guns for the smaller fourth rates had replaced the 12-pounder guns on their lower deck by 18-pounders, and the 6-pounders on their upper decks by 9-pounders; at the same time, it removed four of the smaller (6-pounder) guns from the quarterdeck, turning them from 54 to 50 guns. The 1719 Establishment revised the dimensions of these ships as shown in the adjacent table.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 66], "content_span": [67, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016917-0032-0000", "contents": "1719 Establishment, Individual ship types, Fourth rates of 50 guns\nFourteen vessels were rebuilt to this specification between 1718 and 1732 \u2013 the Falkland, Chatham, Colchester, Leopard, Portland, Lichfield, Argyll, Assistance, Romney, Oxford, Greenwich, Falmouth, Salisbury and Newcastle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 66], "content_span": [67, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016917-0033-0000", "contents": "1719 Establishment, Individual ship types, Fourth rates of 50 guns\nEight ships were rebuilt to this specification in the Royal Dockyards \u2013 the Gloucester, Severn, Saint Albans, Woolwich, Dartmouth, Guernsey, Antelope and Preston. Subsequently, four further vessels were newbuilt by commercial contract \u2013 the Hampshire, Leopard, Sutherland and Nonsuch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 66], "content_span": [67, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016917-0034-0000", "contents": "1719 Establishment, Individual ship types, Fourth rates of 50 guns\nFourteen vessels were newbuilt by contract to a common design by the Surveyor's Office \u2013 the Harwich, Colchester, Falkland, Chester, Winchester, Portland, Maidstone, Gloucester, Norwich, Ruby, Advice, Salisbury. Lichfield and a second Colchester (after the first was lost in 1744). A fifteenth vessel \u2013 Panther \u2013 was built to a local design at Plymouth Dockyard, and two others were also dockyard-built at Woolwich and Deptford to a lengthened design \u2013 the Bristol and Rochester.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 66], "content_span": [67, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016917-0035-0000", "contents": "1719 Establishment, Individual ship types, Fifth rates of 40 guns\nThe 1716 Establishment of Guns for the larger fifth rates had removed the four smaller guns from the quarterdeck and instead added a tenth pair of guns on the lower deck, turning them from 42 to 40 guns. However the lower deck guns were now 12-pounders instead of the former 9-pounders. Thirteen vessels were rebuilt to this specification \u2013 the Hector, Anglesea, Diamond, Mary Galley, Ludlow Castle, Pearl, Kinsale, Lark, Adventure, Roebuck, Torrington, Princess Louisa and Southsea Castle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 65], "content_span": [66, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016917-0036-0000", "contents": "1719 Establishment, Individual ship types, Fifth rates of 40 guns\nThe 1733 revision made no change to the gundeck length of the 40-gun fifth rate, and actually reduced the keel length by 17\u00a0inches. It substantially increased the beam by 26\u00a0inches and the depth in hold by 6\u00a0inches as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 65], "content_span": [66, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016917-0037-0000", "contents": "1719 Establishment, Individual ship types, Fifth rates of 40 guns\nA prototype to this specification \u2013 the Eltham \u2013 was rebuilt in 1734\u20131736 at Deptford. Thirteen more ships were ordered from commercial contractors from 1739 onwards \u2013 the Dover, Folkestone, Faversham, Lynn, Gosport, Sapphire, Hastings, Liverpool, Kinsale, Adventure, Diamond, Launceston and Looe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 65], "content_span": [66, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016917-0038-0000", "contents": "1719 Establishment, Individual ship types, Fifth rates of 40 guns\nBy the late 1730s it was evident to Admiralty that the 44-gun fifth rates were inferior vessels; too small to stand in the line of battle but too large and slow for general cruising. To address some these defects the 1741 revision further increased the standard dimensions, to:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 65], "content_span": [66, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016917-0039-0000", "contents": "1719 Establishment, Individual ship types, Fifth rates of 40 guns\nThirteen ships were built to these specifications, again all by contract \u2013 the Anglesea, Torrington, Hector, Roebuck, Lark, Pearl, Mary Galley, Ludlow Castle, Fowey, Looe, Poole, Southsea Castle and Chesterfield. Three further ships followed a slightly amended design, with the depth in hold increased by a further 5\u00a0inches \u2013 the Prince Edward, another Anglesea and Thetis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 65], "content_span": [66, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016917-0040-0000", "contents": "1719 Establishment, Individual ship types, Fifth rates of 30 guns\nThe 1719 Establishment made provision for a 30-gun fifth rate with a gundeck length of 114 feet, carrying (under the provisions of the 1716 Establishment of Guns) an armament of eight 9-pounders on the lower deck, twenty 6-pounders on the upper deck, and two 4-pounders on the quarterdeck, but no 30-gun ships were built to this Establishment and this obsolete type was soon to disappear.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 65], "content_span": [66, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016917-0041-0000", "contents": "1719 Establishment, Individual ship types, Sixth rates of 20 guns\nThe 1719 Establishment for sixth rates took as its model the highly successful Dursley Galley built in 1719. It revised the dimensions of these ships from the 1706 Establishment dimensions to those shown in the adjacent table.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 65], "content_span": [66, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016917-0041-0001", "contents": "1719 Establishment, Individual ship types, Sixth rates of 20 guns\nThree sixth rates were newbuilt \u2013 the Greyhound and Blandford as replacements in 1720 for lost vessels, and the Rye as replacement in 1727 for a discarded ship \u2013 and seventeen others were rebuilt from existing ships to this Establishment specification \u2013 the Lyme and Shoreham in 1720, Scarborough in 1722, Lowestoffe in 1723, Garland, Seaford and Rose in 1724, Deal Castle, Fox, Gibraltar, Bideford, Seahorse, Squirrel, Aldborough, Flamborough and Experiment in 1727, and Phoenix in 1728. Two further 20-gun ships were rebuilt at Deptford to a slightly enlarged specification in 1732 \u2013 the Sheerness and Dolphin \u2013 with the beam increased to 30\u00a0ft 5in.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 65], "content_span": [66, 717]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016917-0042-0000", "contents": "1719 Establishment, Individual ship types, Sixth rates of 20 guns\nThe 1733 revision made no change to the gundeck length of the 20-gun sixth rate, and actually reduced the keel length by 9\u00a0inches. It substantially increased the beam by 26\u00a0inches from the 1719 dimensions and the depth in hold by 3\u00a0inches as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 65], "content_span": [66, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016917-0043-0000", "contents": "1719 Establishment, Individual ship types, Sixth rates of 20 guns\nTwo 20-gun ships were rebuilt at Deptford to the 1733 dimensions \u2013 the Tartar in 1734 and the Kennington in 1736. In 1739\u20131740 another fourteen were ordered to be newbuilt by commercial contractors to a common design \u2013 the Fox, Winchelsea, Lyme, Rye, Experiment, Lively, Port Mahon, Scarborough, Success, Rose, Bideford, Bridgewater, Seaford and Solebay. Two further vessels to a slightly enlarged design \u2013 the Greyhound and Blandford \u2013 were also built by contract in 1741.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 65], "content_span": [66, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016917-0044-0000", "contents": "1719 Establishment, Individual ship types, Sixth rates of 20 guns\nFifteen ships were built, all by contract, to a common design and to these specifications \u2013 the Lowestoffe, Aldborough, Alderney, Phoenix, Sheerness, Wager, Shoreham, Bridgewater, Glasgow, Triton, Mercury, Surprise, Siren, Fox and Rye. Again, two further vessels \u2013 Centaur and Deal Castle \u2013 were built to a slightly different design (without lower deck gun ports) while still meeting the same 1741 Establishment criteria, while a single vessel \u2013 the Garland \u2013 was built in 1745\u20131748 at Sheerness Dockyard to a somewhat longer design.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 65], "content_span": [66, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016918-0000-0000", "contents": "1719 Jens\n1719 Jens (prov. designation: 1950 DP) is a background asteroid from the central region of the asteroid belt, approximately 19 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 17 February 1950, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg Observatory in southern Germany. It was named after a grandson of the discoverer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016918-0001-0000", "contents": "1719 Jens, Orbit and classification\nJens orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.1\u20133.2\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 4 months (1,581 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.22 and an inclination of 14\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. First identified as A922 SC at Simeiz Observatory in 1922, Jens's first used observation was taken at Turku in 1948, extending the body's observation arc by 2 years prior to its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 35], "content_span": [36, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016918-0002-0000", "contents": "1719 Jens, Orbit and classification\nIn 2010, Jens was passing in front of the Tadpole Nebula (see image obtained by WISE).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 35], "content_span": [36, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016918-0003-0000", "contents": "1719 Jens, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves\nIn September 2000, American astronomer Brian Warner obtained two rotational lightcurves, giving a rotation period of 5.867 and 5.87 hours with a brightness variation of 0.50 and 0.55 magnitude, respectively (U=3/3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 48], "content_span": [49, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016918-0004-0000", "contents": "1719 Jens, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves\nIn February 2006, photometric observations by French amateur astronomer Laurent Bernasconi gave a concurring period of 5.873 hours with an amplitude of 0.55 magnitude (U=3). This well-defined period was further confirmed by a modeled light-curve using data from the Lowell Photometric Database, giving a period of 5.87016 hours (U=n.a. ).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 48], "content_span": [49, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016918-0005-0000", "contents": "1719 Jens, Physical characteristics, Spectral type\nIt is classified as S- and C-type asteroid by the LCDB and Pan-STARRS, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 50], "content_span": [51, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016918-0006-0000", "contents": "1719 Jens, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Jens measures between 18.93 and 21.61 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.085 and 0.149. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.1048 and calculates a diameter of 18.76 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.7.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 56], "content_span": [57, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016918-0007-0000", "contents": "1719 Jens, Naming\nThis minor planet was named by the discoverer for his grandson. Karl Reinmuth also named the consecutively numbered asteroid, 1720 Niels, after one of his grandsons. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 February 1976 (M.P.C. 3933).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 17], "content_span": [18, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016927-0000-0000", "contents": "1719 in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the year 1719 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016928-0000-0000", "contents": "1719 in architecture\nThe year 1719 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016930-0000-0000", "contents": "1719 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1719.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016931-0000-0000", "contents": "1719 in music\nThis article lists the most significant events and works of the year 1719 in music.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016932-0000-0000", "contents": "1719 in piracy\nSee also 1718 in piracy, 1720 in piracy, 1719 and Timeline of piracy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 84]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016933-0000-0000", "contents": "1719 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016933-0001-0000", "contents": "1719 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016933-0002-0000", "contents": "1719 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016934-0000-0000", "contents": "1719 in science\nThe year 1719 in science and technology involved some significant events some of which are enumerated here.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016935-0000-0000", "contents": "17198 Gorjup\n17198 Gorjup, provisional designation 2000 AA31, is a stony Flora asteroid and asteroid pair from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 2.7 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 3 January 2000, by the Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research team at the Lincoln Laboratory Experimental Test Site in Socorro, New Mexico, United States. The asteroid was named for Slovenian Niko Gorjup, a 2003 awardee of the ISEF contest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016935-0001-0000", "contents": "17198 Gorjup, Orbit and classification\nGorjup is a member of the Flora family, one of the largest families of stony asteroids. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 2.0\u20132.5\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 5 months (1,257 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.10 and an inclination of 3\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016935-0002-0000", "contents": "17198 Gorjup, Orbit and classification\nThe asteroid was first identified as 1990 EH6 at ESO's La Silla Observatory in March 1990, extending the body's observation arc by almost 10 years prior to its official discovery observation at Socorro.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016935-0003-0000", "contents": "17198 Gorjup, Physical characteristics, Diameter estimate\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.24 \u2013 derived from 8\u00a0Flora the family's largest member and namesake \u2013 and calculates a diameter of 2.71 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 15.0.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 57], "content_span": [58, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016935-0004-0000", "contents": "17198 Gorjup, Physical characteristics, Asteroid pair\nGorjup is a paired asteroid with (229056) 2004 FC126. It is thought that asteroid pairs are formed by a single parent body, that broke up into a proto-binary system due to its rotation. Soon after, such systems disrupt under their own internal dynamics into pairs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 53], "content_span": [54, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016935-0005-0000", "contents": "17198 Gorjup, Physical characteristics, Lightcurve\nA rotational lightcurve of Gorjup was obtained from photometric observations made by Czech astronomer Petr Pravec at Ond\u0159ejov Observatory in August 2008. The lightcurve gave a well-defined rotation period of 3.2430 hours with a brightness variation of 0.12 magnitude (U=3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 50], "content_span": [51, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016935-0006-0000", "contents": "17198 Gorjup, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Slovenian Niko Gorjup (born 1984) an awardee in the Intel International Science and Engineering Fair (ISEF) in 2003. At the time, he attended the Solski Center Nova Gorica, Gimnazija, Nova Gorica, Slovenia. The approved naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 14 June 2004 (M.P.C. 52173).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016936-0000-0000", "contents": "171P/Spahr\n171P/Spahr is a periodic comet in the Solar System. 171P/Spahr  was recovered on 20\u201324 October 2011 at apparent magnitude 20.6 using the 2.0-metre (79\u00a0in) Faulkes Telescope South. 171P/Spahr is peaked at about magnitude 18 in 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016936-0001-0000", "contents": "171P/Spahr\nDuring the 1999 passage the comet brightened to about magnitude 13.5.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 80]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016936-0002-0000", "contents": "171P/Spahr\nAt perihelion on January 13, 2019 when the comet was 1AU from Earth, the 3-sigma uncertainty in the comet's Earth distance was \u00b1500\u00a0km.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016937-0000-0000", "contents": "171st (2/1st Liverpool) Brigade\n171st (2/1st Liverpool) Brigade was a 2nd-Line infantry formation of the British Territorial Force raised during the First World War that served on the Western Front. The brigade's number was also used for deception purposes during the Second World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016937-0001-0000", "contents": "171st (2/1st Liverpool) Brigade, Origin\nOn 31 August 1914 the War Office authorised the formation of a reserve or 2nd-Line unit for each Territorial Force (TF) unit that was proceeding on overseas service. The 2nd/1st Liverpool Brigade came into existence in November 1914, composed of 2nd-Line duplicates of the battalions of the peacetime Liverpool Brigade that were due to be sent overseas. The brigade was part of 2nd West Lancashire Division. In August 1915 these formations were assigned numbers, becoming 171st (2nd/1st Liverpool) Brigade and 57th (2nd West Lancashire) Division respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 39], "content_span": [40, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016937-0002-0000", "contents": "171st (2/1st Liverpool) Brigade, Order of battle\nThe following units served in the brigade during the war:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 48], "content_span": [49, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016937-0003-0000", "contents": "171st (2/1st Liverpool) Brigade, History\nThe formations and units of 57th Division concentrated around Canterbury in early 1915 as part of Second Army, Central Force. Training was hampered by lack of equipment: the infantry trained on obsolete .256-inch Japanese rifles until .303-inch service rifles (many in poor condition) arrived in November 1915. In July 1916, 57th Division was transferred to the Emergency Reserves in the Aldershot area where it continued training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016937-0004-0000", "contents": "171st (2/1st Liverpool) Brigade, History\nOn 5 January 1917 the division was ready for overseas service, and between 7 and 22 February its units and formations crossed to France and disembarked at Le Havre. On 25 February it took over a section of the Front Line under the command of II ANZAC Corps. 171 Brigade served on the Western Front for the rest of the war, taking part in the following operations:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016937-0005-0000", "contents": "171st (2/1st Liverpool) Brigade, History\nOn 1 November 1918 171 Brigade went into billets at Lille, and was still resting when the Armistice of 11 November 1918 was signed. For the rest of 1918 its units were involved in clearing and evacuating stores from the Arras area. Demobilisation began in January 1919 and units were steadily reduced to cadres. The last cadres of 57th Division left France in July 1919, completing the disbandment of 171 Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016937-0006-0000", "contents": "171st (2/1st Liverpool) Brigade, Second World War\n171 Brigade was never reformed, but the number was used for deception purposes during the Second World War. 31st Battalion Suffolk Regiment, a line of communication unit serving in 42nd Brigade in North Africa and composed mainly of men below Medical Category 'A', was redesignated  '171st Infantry Brigade'  and acted as if it were a full brigade from November 1943 until June 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016938-0000-0000", "contents": "171st Air Refueling Squadron\nThe 171st Air Refueling Squadron (171 ARS) is a unit of the Michigan Air National Guard's 127th Wing (127 WG) located at Selfridge Air National Guard Base, Michigan. The 171st is equipped with the KC-135T Stratotanker.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016938-0001-0000", "contents": "171st Air Refueling Squadron, History, World War II\nEstablished in early 1943 as a P-47 Thunderbolt fighter squadron, the 374th Fighter Squadron trained under I Fighter Command in the mid-Atlantic states. Also flew air-defense missions as part of the Philadelphia Fighter Wing. Deployed to the European Theater of Operations (ETO) as part of the 361st Fighter Group, being assigned to VIII Fighter Command in England, November 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 51], "content_span": [52, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016938-0002-0000", "contents": "171st Air Refueling Squadron, History, World War II\nThe unit served primarily as an escort organization, covering the penetration, attack, and withdrawal of B-17/B-24 bomber formations that the USAAF sent against targets on the Continent. The squadron also engaged in counter-air patrols, fighter sweeps, and strafing and dive-bombing missions. Attacked such targets as airdromes, marshalling yards, missile sites, industrial areas, ordnance depots, oil refineries, trains, and highways. During its operations, the unit participated in the assault against the Luftwaffe and aircraft industry during the Big Week, 20\u201325 February 1944, and the attack on transportation facilities prior to the Normandy invasion and support of the invasion forces thereafter, including the Saint-L\u00f4 breakthrough in July.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 51], "content_span": [52, 800]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016938-0003-0000", "contents": "171st Air Refueling Squadron, History, World War II\nThe squadron supported the airborne attack on the Netherlands in September 1944 and deployed to Chievres Airdrome, (ALG A-84), Belgium between February and April 1945 flying tactical ground support missions during the airborne assault across the Rhine. The unit returned to Little Walden and flew its last combat mission on 20 April 1945. Demobilized during the summer of 1945 in England, inactivated in the United States as a paper unit in October.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 51], "content_span": [52, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016938-0004-0000", "contents": "171st Air Refueling Squadron, History, Michigan Air National Guard\nThe wartime 374th Fighter Squadron was re-designated as the 171st Fighter Squadron, and was allotted to the Michigan Air National Guard, on 24 May 1946. It was organized at Wayne County Airport, Michigan, and was extended federal recognition on 25 April 1948. The 171st Fighter Squadron was entitled to the history, honors, and colors of the 374th. The squadron was equipped with F-47D Thunderbolts and was assigned to the Michigan ANG 127th Fighter Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 66], "content_span": [67, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016938-0005-0000", "contents": "171st Air Refueling Squadron, History, Michigan Air National Guard\nThe unit was ordered into active service on 1 February 1951, as a result of the Korean War and assigned to Air Training Command. In March 1951 being assigned F-51 Mustangs, F-80 Shooting Stars and F-84 Thunderjets while serving as a training organization.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 66], "content_span": [67, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016938-0006-0000", "contents": "171st Air Refueling Squadron, History, Michigan Air National Guard\nThe unit was relieved from active duty in November 1952, was redesignated as a Fighter-Bomber squadron. Mission aircraft were F-51H, F-86E and F-89C. Redesignated at Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron in 1958. The squadron flew RF-84F's. Moving to Selfridge Air National Guard Base in 1971 and upgrading to the newer RF-101 Voodoo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 66], "content_span": [67, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016938-0007-0000", "contents": "171st Air Refueling Squadron, History, Michigan Air National Guard\nBecame an Aerospace Defense Command (ADCOM) Fighter-Interceptor squadron in 1973, equipped with F-106 Delta Dart interceptors. Performed air defense duties of the Great Lakes and Detroit area until 1978 when ADCOM was merged into Tactical Air Command. Continued air defense mission for ADTAC component of TAC with F-4 Phantom IIs, transferring to First Air Force when ADTAC was replaced in 1985. Upgraded to F-16A Fighting Falcons in 1990.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 66], "content_span": [67, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016938-0008-0000", "contents": "171st Air Refueling Squadron, History, Michigan Air National Guard\nRealigned into an airlift squadron in 1993, equipped with C-130 Hercules Tactical Airlifters. Flew the C-130 until September 2007 when it was realigned as an Air Refueling Squadron, being equipped with the KC-135T Stratotanker.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 66], "content_span": [67, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016939-0000-0000", "contents": "171st Air Refueling Wing\nThe 171st Air Refueling Wing (171 ARW) is a unit of the Pennsylvania Air National Guard, located at Pittsburgh International Airport in Coraopolis, Pennsylvania. If activated to federal service, the Wing is gained by the United States Air Force Air Mobility Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016939-0001-0000", "contents": "171st Air Refueling Wing, Overview\nThe 171st Air Refueling Wing is an aerial refueling organization which provides in-flight refueling of fighters, bombers and other aircraft using the KC-135T Stratotanker. The 171 ARW presently has 16 aircraft assigned.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 34], "content_span": [35, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016939-0002-0000", "contents": "171st Air Refueling Wing, Units\nThe 171st Air Refueling Wing consists of the following units:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 31], "content_span": [32, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016939-0003-0000", "contents": "171st Air Refueling Wing, History, Aeromedical Airlift\nOn 1 February 1961, the Pennsylvania Air National Guard 147th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron was authorized to expand to a group level, and the 171st Air Transport Group was established by the National Guard Bureau. The 147th being transferred from the 112th Fighter-Interceptor Group and re-designated as the 147th Aeromedical Transport Squadron. The 147th ATS became the 171st ATG's flying squadron. The 147th ATS was converted to twin engine C-119J Flying Boxcar aircraft and began training for its new mission. Other squadrons assigned into the group were the 171st Headquarters, 171st Material Squadron (Maintenance), 171st Combat Support Squadron, and the 171st USAF Dispensary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 54], "content_span": [55, 737]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016939-0004-0000", "contents": "171st Air Refueling Wing, History, Aeromedical Airlift\nAfter two years with the C-119J, the 147th converted to the C-121G Super Constellation. With the Super Constellation the primary mission of the 147th was to perform military airlift, with a secondary mission of aeromedical evacuation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 54], "content_span": [55, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016939-0005-0000", "contents": "171st Air Refueling Wing, History, Aeromedical Airlift\nIn 1968, the unit was re-designated as the 171st Aeromedical Airlift Group, the first of its kind in the Air National Guard (ANG). Later that year, the 171st was called to active duty to augment the airlift capability of the 375th Aeromedical Airlift Wing, Scott AFB, Illinois. Equipped with C-131 Samaritan aircraft its mission was to move patients from rough combat airfield casualty staging bases and military installations in South Vietnam to destination treatment hospitals. The Group flew 35% of these missions, flying 510 sorties and airlifting 11,947 patients. The unit was finally released from active duty in December 1968 and returned to Pennsylvania Commonwealth control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 54], "content_span": [55, 738]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016939-0006-0000", "contents": "171st Air Refueling Wing, History, Air refueling\nConforming to the new policy of the Department of Defense, the Air National Guard began to play an even greater role in fulfilling total U.S. force requirements. An extensive reorganization of the National Guard system was accomplished. As a result of these actions, the 171st Aeromedical Airlift Group was re-designated as the 171st Air Refueling Wing (ARW) in October 1972, transitioning from the C-121G to the KC-97L Stratotanker.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 48], "content_span": [49, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016939-0007-0000", "contents": "171st Air Refueling Wing, History, Air refueling\nOn 1 July 1976, the Wing received notice of reassignment to the Strategic Air Command (SAC). A year later, the Wing transitioned to the KC-135A Stratotanker, a four-engine jet aircraft. This was a significant upgrade, increasing the Wings air refueling capacity and expanding its global mission capability.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 48], "content_span": [49, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016939-0008-0000", "contents": "171st Air Refueling Wing, History, Air refueling\nIn 1982, the ANG increased its mission capability through an interim program by retrofitting commercial Boeing 707 engines to their tankers re-designating the aircraft to the KC-135E.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 48], "content_span": [49, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016939-0009-0000", "contents": "171st Air Refueling Wing, History, Air refueling\nMembers of the 171 ARW volunteered for duty in Saudi Arabia in order to participate in air refueling missions for Operation Desert Shield. These operations were upgraded to a full federal activation in December 1990 through May 1991. During this period over 300 members of the unit were deployed throughout the world in numerous functions supporting both Desert Shield and combat operations during Operation Desert Storm. During this period the 171st ARW refueled nearly 3,000 allied aircraft while stationed near the Iraqi border in support of air combat missions against Iraqi forces. Maintaining a remarkable 100% mission effectiveness rate, the 171st flew 556 combat missions and offloaded 4.6 million gallons of fuel during the 1991 Gulf War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 48], "content_span": [49, 796]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016939-0010-0000", "contents": "171st Air Refueling Wing, History, Post Cold War era\nStrategic Air Command was inactivated in June 1992 and the 112th ARG became a part of the Air Combat Command (ACC). On 1 October 1993, with both the 112th Air Refueling Group and the 171st Air Refueling Wing at Pittsburgh, the two tanker units were consolidated with the 146th Air Refueling Squadron being reassigned to the 171st Operations Group and once again reuniting with the 147th under the same group. The 112th Air Refueling Group was inactivated. With the consolidation, The 171st ARW consisted of 16 aircraft assigned to two squadrons, making it one of only three Super Tanker Wings within the Air National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 52], "content_span": [53, 676]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016939-0011-0000", "contents": "171st Air Refueling Wing, History, Post Cold War era\nIn May 1999, the 171st activated over 500 members and fourteen aircraft to Budapest, Hungary and Frankfurt, Germany, in support of Operation Allied Force deterring ethnic aggression in Yugoslavia. The 147th became part of the 171st Expeditionary Operations Group that flew 411 sorties and refueled 2,157 receivers. All members returned home by the beginning of July 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 52], "content_span": [53, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016939-0012-0000", "contents": "171st Air Refueling Wing, History, Post Cold War era\nIn November 2000, the 171st deployed 228 personnel to Istres AB, France in support of Operation Joint Forge, a NATO-led stabilization mission in Bosnia-Herzegovina. During this deployment, the crews flew 51 sorties in seven of our KC-135s, and offloaded 1.4 million pounds of fuel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 52], "content_span": [53, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016939-0013-0000", "contents": "171st Air Refueling Wing, History, Global War on Terrorism\nThe 171st found itself among the first units called to duty almost immediately after the 9/11 terrorist attacks in New York City, Washington D.C. and in its own backyard in southwestern Pennsylvania on 11 September 2001 with the hijacking and crash of United Airlines Flight 93. At the time, almost all of the Wing's aircraft were in a stand-down mode, while nearly all of its assigned aircraft were being converted to with the new Pacer-Crag cockpit and navigation upgrade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 58], "content_span": [59, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016939-0014-0000", "contents": "171st Air Refueling Wing, History, Global War on Terrorism\nWithin minutes of the first aircraft crashes, the 171st Air Refueling Wing was airborne with its only flyable KC-135E. Its mission was to provide aerial refueling to the fuel-thirsty jet fighter aircraft that were providing Combat Air Patrols (CAPs) over the skies of the eastern United States as part of Operation Noble Eagle (ONE). On the ground back in Pittsburgh, the maintainers and aircrews made more aircraft airworthy and then keeping them flying. Almost seamlessly, the 171st went into a wartime footing. Within 24 hours after the first attacks, the 171st was flying round-the-clock CAPs support sorties with eight Fully Mission Capable KC-135s. Before the continuous CAP missions were ended in early 2002, more than 13,000 combat missions were flown over U.S. soil.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 58], "content_span": [59, 834]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016939-0015-0000", "contents": "171st Air Refueling Wing, History, Global War on Terrorism\nDuring the first decade of the 2000s, the 171st was engaged in combat operations in supporting Operation Enduring Freedom, Operation Noble Eagle, Operation Iraqi Freedom, deployed to Guam, participated in the Hurricane Katrina Relief Effort, supported numerous Raven assignments, supported our AEF cycles and other missions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 58], "content_span": [59, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016939-0016-0000", "contents": "171st Air Refueling Wing, History, Global War on Terrorism\nIn an effort to support the international response to the unrest in Libya and enforcement of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973 of a no-fly zone over Libya, the 313th Air Expeditionary Wing, with the 171st as the lead unit, was stood up in March 2011 by a blend of active duty, guard and reserve airmen. A total of 1500 sorties, 11000 flying hours, and 70 million pounds of fuel transferred aircraft from more than ten countries was accomplished by this citizen-airmen volunteer militia force. Initially, the operation for the no-fly zone was called Operation Odyssey Dawn. As it transitioned to a full-fledged, NATO-led effort, it became Operation Unified Protector. OUP officially ended 31 Oct. 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 58], "content_span": [59, 774]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016939-0017-0000", "contents": "171st Air Refueling Wing, History, Global War on Terrorism\nThe wing had a consistent, non-stop presence of aircraft maintenance personnel deployed to the middle east in order to support the on going operations there. In 2018, personnel from the 171st Maintenance group deployed to Kandahar Air base, Afghanistan. This was a significant shift in the operational stance of the wing, as this was the first time tankers had been stationed inside the combat zone since the Vietnam War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 58], "content_span": [59, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016940-0000-0000", "contents": "171st Aviation Regiment (United States)\nThe 171st Aviation Regiment is an aviation regiment of the U.S. Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016940-0001-0000", "contents": "171st Aviation Regiment (United States)\nThe regiment was constituted 8 June 1995 as the 171st Aviation, a parent regiment under the United States Army Regimental System and allotted to the Army National Guard of Georgia and Florida. It was organized on 1 September 1996, to consist of the 1st Battalion with headquarters at Winder, Georgia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016940-0002-0000", "contents": "171st Aviation Regiment (United States)\nOn 3 March 2001, a Short C-23B+ Sherpa (Shorts 360), 93-1336, of Det. 1, H Company, 171st Aviation Regiment, Florida Army National Guard, based at Lakeland Linder International Airport, crashed during heavy rainstorms around 1100 hrs. in Unadilla, Georgia. All 21 people on board were killed. The aircraft was en route from Hurlburt Field, Florida to NAS Oceana, Virginia with a Virginia Beach-based USAF RED HORSE engineer detachment on board who had been training at Hurlburt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016941-0000-0000", "contents": "171st Aviation Squadron (Australia)\nThe 171st Aviation Squadron (171 Avn Sqn) is an Australian Army helicopter squadron equipped with S70A Black Hawk helicopters and provides support to the Special Operations Command. The squadron is based at Luscombe Airfield, Holsworthy Barracks, Sydney and forms part of the 6th Aviation Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016941-0001-0000", "contents": "171st Aviation Squadron (Australia), Overview\nThe squadron primarily supports the Tactical Assault Group, troop lift support is also provided to other Special Forces based at Holsworthy and Perth, and to other east coast and southern Australian based units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 45], "content_span": [46, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016941-0002-0000", "contents": "171st Aviation Squadron (Australia), Overview\nIn March 1997, the Board of Inquiry into the Black Hawk Training Accident in June 1996 recommended that dedicated Army aviation assets be allocated in support of the counter terrorist and special operations capability and that the units be collocated during training, planning and the conduct of operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 45], "content_span": [46, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016941-0003-0000", "contents": "171st Aviation Squadron (Australia), History\nThe 171st Aviation Squadron traces its lineage back to the 161st Reconnaissance Flight which was formed in June 1965 based at RAAF Base Amberley. The Flight was part of the 16th Army Light Aircraft Squadron which in 1967 became the 1st Aviation Regiment. The Flight served in Vietnam from 1965 to 1971 and during this period was renamed the 161st (Independent) Reconnaissance Flight. On return from Vietnam, the Flight was based at Oakey. On 31 January 1974, the Flight was re-designated as the \"171st Operational Support Squadron\" following a restructure of the 1st Aviation Regiment using the number from the disbanded 171st Air Cavalry Flight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 691]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016941-0004-0000", "contents": "171st Aviation Squadron (Australia), History\nOn 19 December 2002, the Prime Minister announced the creation of the Special Operations Command and that the government would accelerate the purchase of the MRH-90 Taipan helicopters to enable a squadron of helicopters to be based in Sydney as a potent addition to the Tactical Assault Group East.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016941-0005-0000", "contents": "171st Aviation Squadron (Australia), History\nOn 28 November 2004, 'A' Squadron of the 5th Aviation Regiment based at RAAF Base Townsville swapped designations with the 171st Operational Support Squadron. The squadron was equipped with the Sikorsky S-70A Black Hawk with the role of providing support to the Special Operations Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016941-0006-0000", "contents": "171st Aviation Squadron (Australia), History\nThe squadron separated from the 1st Aviation Regiment and was placed under the command of the 16th Aviation Brigade as an independent squadron and was re-designated as the \"171st Aviation Squadron\". The squadron was commanded by a lieutenant colonel in addition to the conventional squadron commander of Major rank.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016941-0007-0000", "contents": "171st Aviation Squadron (Australia), History\nIn July 2005, Holsworthy Barracks was selected as the location in Sydney to relocate the squadron. In December 2006, the squadron relocated to temporary facilities at Luscombe Airfield with the redevelopment of the airfield expected to be completed by late 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016941-0008-0000", "contents": "171st Aviation Squadron (Australia), History\nThe squadron was involved in operations in East Timor as part of Operation Astute. On 29 November 2006, a Squadron Black Hawk helicopter crashed during Operation Quickstep while attached to HMAS Kanimbla off the coast of Fiji. The helicopter's pilot, Captain Mark Bingley, and Trooper Joshua Porter from the Special Air Service Regiment were killed in the crash.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016941-0009-0000", "contents": "171st Aviation Squadron (Australia), History\nIn March 2008, the squadron became part of the newly raised 6th Aviation Regiment following implementation of a recommendation from the Board of Inquiry into the Crash of Black Hawk 221 to raise a regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016941-0010-0000", "contents": "171st Aviation Squadron (Australia), Current aircraft\nThe squadron is equipped with S-70A-9 Black Hawks and was planned to transition to the MRH 90 Taipan, an Australian variant of the NHI NH90, with the withdrawal of the Black Hawk from service by December 2013. However, the MRH 90 Program encountered significant problems, and in particular, the NH90 had not been operated in a dedicated special operations role, delaying the withdrawal in order to develop a special operations capable MRH90. The Chief of Army extended the service of 20 Black Hawks to 2022 with 18 based at Holsworthy and two retained at the Oakey Army Aviation Centre in Queensland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 53], "content_span": [54, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016941-0011-0000", "contents": "171st Aviation Squadron (Australia), Current aircraft\nIn February 2019, under Plan Palisade the first two of 12 MRH90 helicopters were delivered to the 6th Aviation Regiment. This required developing a Fast Roping and Rappelling Extraction System (FRRES) and a gun mount for the cabin door. The Taipan Gun Mount can fit either a M134D minigun or MAG 58 machine gun and when not in use can be moved into a outward stowed position to provide clearance to enable fast roping and rappelling.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 53], "content_span": [54, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016941-0012-0000", "contents": "171st Aviation Squadron (Australia), Current aircraft\nThe Army is acquiring up to 18 light helicopters under Project Land 2097 Phase 4 for the 6th Aviation Regiment to operate in dense urban environments with deliveries expected to commence in 2022-2023.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 53], "content_span": [54, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016942-0000-0000", "contents": "171st Battalion (Quebec Rifles), CEF\nThe 171st (Quebec Rifles) Battalion, CEF was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War. Based in Quebec City, Quebec, the unit began recruiting during the winter of 1915/16. After sailing to England in November 1916, the battalion was absorbed by the 148th Battalion, CEF,  5th Pioneers, and the 20th Reserve Battalion in December 1916. The 171st (Quebec Rifles) Battalion, CEF had one Officer Commanding: Lieut-Col. Sir Wm. Price.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016943-0000-0000", "contents": "171st Division (People's Republic of China)\nThe 171st Division((Chinese: \u7b2c171\u5e08) was created on April 1949 under the Regulation of the Redesignations of All Organizations and Units of the Army, issued by Central Military Commission on November 1, 1948, basing on the 6th Training and Consolidation Division of Northeastern Military Region. The division was put under control of Liaodong Military District.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016943-0001-0000", "contents": "171st Division (People's Republic of China)\nThe division was basically a second-line unit and never went into battle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016943-0002-0000", "contents": "171st Division (People's Republic of China)\nIn July 1950 511th Regiment was absorbed into 39th Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016943-0003-0000", "contents": "171st Division (People's Republic of China)\nIn August 1950 the rest of the division was disbanded and absorbed into the Air Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016944-0000-0000", "contents": "171st Field Artillery Regiment\nThe 171st Field Artillery Regiment is a military unit created from part of the \"B\" Battery of the 1st Battalion of the 45th infantry division of the United States Army. It was raised in 1963 and is now based at Weatherford, Oklahoma forming part of the 45th Fires Brigade  of the Oklahoma Army National Guard. Remaining representatives have been engaged in US anti-terrorism campaigns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016944-0001-0000", "contents": "171st Field Artillery Regiment, History\nThe unit was raised on 1 April 1963, at the Oklahoma Army National Guard. Under the combat arms regimental system, it first formed a parent regiment from existing units to create its 1st Battalion as a unit of the 45th Infantry Division. On 1 February 1968, the unit was re-organised and on 1 May 1972 re-designated as the 171st. On 1 June 1989, the 171st was withdrawn from the combat arms regimental system and reorganized under the United States Army regimental system. On 1 December 1991, C Battery was allotted from the 1st Battalion to the Texas Army National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016944-0001-0001", "contents": "171st Field Artillery Regiment, History\nOn 3 September 2002, the 171st was ordered into federal service at home stations. One year later, it reverted to state control. On 1 October 2005 the unit was re-designated the \"171st Field Artillery Regiment\". On 1 September 2008 the unit was re-organised as B Battery and on 25 February 2012 it was recognised at Altus. On 1 July 2010 the unit re-located to Weatherford.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016944-0002-0000", "contents": "171st Field Artillery Regiment, Unit insignia\nThe unit's insignia was approved on 10 May 1972. It is a gold coloured metal and enamel device, 1 3/8\u00a0inches (3.49\u00a0cm) in height. It consists of a coat of arms with a shield, crest and motto. Three arrows symbolize the unit's three assault landings at Sicily, Naples-Foggia and Southern France. The arrows with the buckskin shield also symbolize Oklahoma's Indian heritage, (a depiction of a buckskin shield is found on the state flag of Oklahoma).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 45], "content_span": [46, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016944-0002-0001", "contents": "171st Field Artillery Regiment, Unit insignia\nThe sunburst design, a favorite Indian symbol, alludes to the unit's mission to provide general target acquisition, survey and meteorological support to the artillery with a corps. The sixteen stylized rays symbolize the sixteen battle honors of some elements of the organization. The fleur-de-lis represents the unit's service in Europe, World War II. The taeguk alludes to the organization's participation in the Korean War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 45], "content_span": [46, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016945-0000-0000", "contents": "171st Infantry Brigade (United States)\nThe 171st Infantry Brigade was an infantry brigade of the United States Army based at Fort Jackson, South Carolina. With a long history of serving, the brigade saw action during both World War I and World War II before it was inactivated in 1946. During the Cold War (in 1963) the brigade was once again activated for a period of ten years until again inactivated in 1972. In 2007 the brigade was reactivated as a training support unit and inactivated on 10 June 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016945-0001-0000", "contents": "171st Infantry Brigade (United States), History, World War I\nConstituted 5 August 1917 in the National Army as Headquarters, 171st Infantry Brigade, and assigned to the 86th Division. Organized 3 September 1917 at Camp Grant in Rockford, Illinois. Demobilized in January 1919 at Camp Grant, Illinois. Reconstituted 24 June 1921 in the Organized Reserves as Headquarters and headquarters Company, 171st Infantry Brigade, and assigned to the 86th Division. organized in July 1922 at Chicago, Illinois. Redesignated 23 March 1925 as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 171st Brigade. Redesignated 24 August 1936 as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 171st Infantry Brigade. Composition 1917-1936", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 60], "content_span": [61, 699]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016945-0002-0000", "contents": "171st Infantry Brigade (United States), History, World War II\nConverted and redesignated 31 March 1942 as the 86th Reconnaissance Troop (less 3d Platoon), 86th Division (Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 172d Infantry Brigade, concurrently converted and redesignated as the 3d Platoon, 86th Reconnaissance Troop, 86th Division). Troop ordered into active military service 15 December 1942 and reorganized at Camp Howze, Texas, as the 86th Cavalry Reconnaissance Troop, an element of the 86th Infantry Division. Reorganized and redesignated 5 August 1943 as the 86th Reconnaissance Troop, Mechanized. Reorganized and redesignated 10 October 1945 as the 86th Mechanized Reconnaissance Troop. Inactivated 30 December 1946 in the Philippine Islands. (Organized Reserves redesignated 25 March 1948 as the Organized Reserve Corps; redesignated 9 July 1952 as the Army Reserve.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 61], "content_span": [62, 876]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016945-0003-0000", "contents": "171st Infantry Brigade (United States), History, Cold War\nConverted and redesignated (less 3d Platoon) 20 May 1963 as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 171st Infantry Brigade, and relieved from assignment to the 86th Infantry Division; concurrently withdrawn from the Army Reserve and allotted to the Regular Army (3d Platoon, 86th Reconnaissance Troop \u2013 hereafter separate lineage). Brigade activated 1 July 1963 at Fort Wainwright in Fairbanks, Alaska. Inactivated 13 November 1972 in Alaska.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 57], "content_span": [58, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016945-0004-0000", "contents": "171st Infantry Brigade (United States), History, Cold War\nWhile in Alaska included elements of the 40th Armor Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 57], "content_span": [58, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016945-0005-0000", "contents": "171st Infantry Brigade (United States), History, Cold War\nIn 1964-1966 the 171st Infantry Brigade (Mechanized) included A Co, 40th Armor, 4th battalion, 9th inf: 1st battalion, 47th Infantry 15th field artillery, 171st transportation, (helicopters) and 171st support battalion. In 1966 the 4th battalion, 9th infantry deployed to Vietnam. The 559th Engineer Company (Combat) was also a part of the 171st Infantry Brigade (M). In 1968 the 559th was commanded by Major William D. Anderson, who, after being assigned to South Vietnam was succeeded by the most capable Captain Peter V. B. Marshalk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 57], "content_span": [58, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016945-0006-0000", "contents": "171st Infantry Brigade (United States), History, Cold War\nAlthough the 171st Infantry is now located in Fort Jackson, SC, the patch depicts the a sword with mountains of the Alaskan range and the Northern Lights. A similar patch of the 172nd Inf Brigade depicts the sword, mountains, and the constellation \"Big Dipper.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 57], "content_span": [58, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016945-0007-0000", "contents": "171st Infantry Brigade (United States), History, Cold War\nThe 171st Infantry Brigade was assigned to Fort Wainwright AK, near Fairbanks. Its primary mission was to defend Eielson AFB. The 172nd Inf Brigade was near Anchorage, AK and its primary mission was to defend Elmendorf AFB. Both brigades trained to fight under arctic conditions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 57], "content_span": [58, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016945-0008-0000", "contents": "171st Infantry Brigade (United States), History, Post Cold War\nOn 16 March 2007, the 171st Infantry Brigade was reactivated at Fort Jackson, South Carolina with the mission to support training resulting in the transformation of civilians into American soldiers. On 10 June 2016, as part of the overall drawdown of the Army, the brigade was inactivated in a ceremony at Fort Jackson, with subordinate units being inactivated or reassigned to other commands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 62], "content_span": [63, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016946-0000-0000", "contents": "171st New York State Legislature\nThe 171st New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 9, 1957, to March 26, 1958, during the third and fourth years of W. Averell Harriman's governorship, in Albany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016946-0001-0000", "contents": "171st New York State Legislature, Background\nUnder the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1938, re-apportioned in 1953, 58 Senators and 150 assemblymen were elected in single-seat districts for two-year terms. The senatorial districts consisted either of one or more entire counties; or a contiguous area within a single county. The counties which were divided into more than one senatorial district were Kings (nine districts), New York (six),  Queens (five), Bronx (four), Erie (three), Nassau (three), Westchester (three), Monroe (two) and Onondaga (two). The Assembly districts consisted either of a single entire county (except Hamilton Co.), or of contiguous area within one county.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 696]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016946-0002-0000", "contents": "171st New York State Legislature, Background\nAt this time there were two major political parties: the Republican Party and the Democratic Party. The Liberal Party also nominated tickets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016946-0003-0000", "contents": "171st New York State Legislature, Elections\nThe 1956 New York state election, was held on November 6. The only statewide elective office up for election was a U.S. Senator from New York. The Republican Attorney General Jacob K. Javits defeated the Democratic/Liberal Mayor of New York Robert F. Wagner Jr.. The approximate party strength at this election, as expressed by the vote for U.S. Senator, was: Republicans 3,724,000; Democrats 2,965,000; and Liberals 301,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016946-0004-0000", "contents": "171st New York State Legislature, Elections\nFive of the six women members of the previous legislature\u2014Assemblywomen Bessie A. Buchanan (Dem. ), a retired musical actress and dancer of Harlem; Janet Hill Gordon (Rep.), a lawyer of Norwich; Frances K. Marlatt (Rep.), a lawyer of Mount Vernon; Genesta M. Strong (Rep.), of Plandome Heights; and Mildred F. Taylor (Rep.), a coal dealer of Lyons\u2014were re-elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016946-0005-0000", "contents": "171st New York State Legislature, Elections\nThe New York state election, 1957, was held on November 5. No statewide elective offices were up for election. Three vacancies in the State Senate and three vacancies in the Assembly were filled.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016946-0006-0000", "contents": "171st New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for the first regular session (the 180th) at the State Capitol in Albany on January 9, 1957; and adjourned on March 30.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016946-0007-0000", "contents": "171st New York State Legislature, Sessions\nWalter J. Mahoney (Rep.) was re-elected Temporary President of the State Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016946-0008-0000", "contents": "171st New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for a special session at the State Capitol in Albany on June 10, 1957; and adjourned on June 13. This session was called, among other things, to consider legislation concerning worker benefits and telephone rates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016946-0009-0000", "contents": "171st New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for the second regular session (the 181st) at the State Capitol in Albany on January 8, 1958; and adjourned on March 26.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016946-0010-0000", "contents": "171st New York State Legislature, State Senate, Senators\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature. Elisha T. Barrett and Thomas A. Duffy changed from the Assembly to the Senate at the beginning of this Legislature. Assemblymen John H. Farrell and A. Gould Hatch were elected to fill vacancies in the Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 56], "content_span": [57, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016946-0011-0000", "contents": "171st New York State Legislature, State Senate, Senators\nNote: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words \"...the Committee on (the)...\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 56], "content_span": [57, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016946-0012-0000", "contents": "171st New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Assemblymen\nNote: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words \"...the Committee on (the)...\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 61], "content_span": [62, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016947-0000-0000", "contents": "171st Ohio Infantry Regiment\nThe 171st Ohio Infantry Regiment, sometimes 171st Ohio Volunteer Infantry (or 171st OVI) was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016947-0001-0000", "contents": "171st Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 171st Ohio Infantry was organized in Sandusky, Ohio, and mustered in May 7, 1864, for 100 days service under the command of Colonel Joel F. Asper.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016947-0002-0000", "contents": "171st Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment served guard and fatigue duty at Johnson's Island until June 8. Moved to Covington, Kentucky, then to Cynthiana, Kentucky. Attached to General Hobson's Command, District of Kentucky, Department of the Ohio. Action at Kellar's Bridge, near Cynthiana, June 11. At Cynthiana, June 12. After putting up strong resistance at John Hunt Morgan, the regiment was captured, robbed, and paroled June 13 and ordered to Camp Dennison near Cincinnati, Ohio. Served duty there and at Johnson's Island, until August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016947-0003-0000", "contents": "171st Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 171st Ohio Infantry mustered out of service August 20, 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016947-0004-0000", "contents": "171st Ohio Infantry Regiment, Ohio National Guard\nOver 35,000 Ohio National Guardsmen were federalized and organized into regiments for 100 days service in May 1864. Shipped to the Eastern Theater, they were designed to be placed in \"safe\" rear areas to protect railroads and supply points, thereby freeing regular troops for Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant\u2019s push on the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia. As events transpired, many units found themselves in combat, stationed in the path of Confederate Gen. Jubal Early\u2019s veteran Army of the Valley during its famed Valley Campaigns of 1864. Ohio Guard units met the battle-tested foe head on and helped blunt the Confederate offensive thereby saving Washington, D.C. from capture. Ohio National Guard units participated in the battles of Monacacy, Fort Stevens, Harpers Ferry, and in the siege of Petersburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 49], "content_span": [50, 863]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016947-0005-0000", "contents": "171st Ohio Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost 32 enlisted men during service; 17 men killed or mortally wounded, 15 men due to disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016948-0000-0000", "contents": "171st Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery\n171st Siege Battery was a unit of Britain's Royal Garrison Artillery (RGA) formed during World War I. It served on both the Western Front, including the Battles of Arras and Passchendaele, and the Italian Front, where it participated in the repulse of the Austrian Summer Offensive of 1918 and the crushing victory at Vittorio Veneto.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016948-0001-0000", "contents": "171st Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Mobilisation and training\n171st Siege Battery was formed at Pembroke Dock in West Wales on 13 June 1916 under Army Council Instruction 1239 of 21 June, which laid down that it was to follow the establishment for 'New Army' (Kitchener's Army) units, with a cadre drawn from the Pembroke Royal Garrison Artillery, a Territorial Force (TF) unit forming part of the Pembroke Dock garrison. The cadre was to consist of three officers and 78 men (the wartime establishment of an RGA Company of the TF), the rest of the men would be Regulars and New Army recruits", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 72], "content_span": [73, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016948-0002-0000", "contents": "171st Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front\nThe battery went out to the Western Front on 16 September 1916 equipped with four 6-inch 26 cwt howitzers and joined 49th Heavy Artillery Group (HAG) in Second Army on 22 September, switching on 4 October to 43rd HAG, which joined Fifth Army shortly afterwards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 60], "content_span": [61, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016948-0003-0000", "contents": "171st Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front\nFifth Army was engaged in the final weeks of the Battle of the Somme, then in a number of small actions in early 1917 as the German Army retired to the Hindenburg Line (Operation Alberich). During the Arras Offensive of April\u2013May 1917 Fifth Army fought in attack and defence around Bullecourt and Lagnicourt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 60], "content_span": [61, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016948-0003-0001", "contents": "171st Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front\nThe last of this series of actions (the Second Battle of Bullecourt) was preceded by effective counter-battery (CB) fire from the heavy guns, but after the first day (3 May) the German guns driven out of their positions began to take a toll on the infantry from new positions that could not be located and neutralised quickly enough. A hurriedly arranged attack on 13 May had no real fireplan and failed, but Bullecourt was finally taken on 17 May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 60], "content_span": [61, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016948-0004-0000", "contents": "171st Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front\n171st Siege Bty was joined by a section from 368th Siege Bty on 29 June 1917, and brought up to the strength to man six 6-inch howitzers, but it seems that the additional guns never joined. The battery joined 40th HAG on 7 July 1917. The heavy guns of Fifth Army were engaged in a long artillery duel with the Germans throughout July in preparation for the Third Ypres Offensive, but 40th HAG was transferred to Third Army on 1 August after the first day of the attack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 60], "content_span": [61, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016948-0005-0000", "contents": "171st Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front\nThe battery was assigned to XVII Corps' Heavy Artillery on 4 August, then to 21st HAG on 11 August, to 27th HAG on 21 August and back to 21st HAG on 21 September, but Third Army was not engaged in any major actions during this period.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 60], "content_span": [61, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016948-0006-0000", "contents": "171st Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front\nOn 7 October the battery transferred to 70th HAG, then with Fifth Army, shortly afterwards changing to Second Army, both of which were then engaged in the Third Ypres Offensive. Second Army had taken over direction of the faltering offensive and fought a series of successful battles employing massive weight of artillery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 60], "content_span": [61, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016948-0006-0001", "contents": "171st Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front\nBut as the offensive continued with the Battle of Poelcappelle and First and Second Battles of Passchendaele, the tables were turned: British batteries were clearly observable from the Passchendaele Ridge and were subjected to counter-battery (CB) fire, while their own guns sank into the mud and became difficult to move and fire. To be able to supply them with ammunition the heavy guns had to stay strung out one behind the other along the few available roads, making them an easy target.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 60], "content_span": [61, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016948-0007-0000", "contents": "171st Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Italian Front\nFollowing the disastrous Battle of Caporetto on the Italian Front, Second Army HQ and several of its sub-formations were sent to reinforce the Italian Army;  171st Siege Bty was selected as part of these reinforcements. It left by rail with 15th HAG on 15 December and detrained in Italy three days later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 60], "content_span": [61, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016948-0008-0000", "contents": "171st Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Italian Front\nBy 6 January 1918, 15th HAG had moved up to support the First Italian Army in the north, but was not involved in any important operations during the winter. 171st Siege Bty was transferred to the command of 94th HAG (under Italian command) on 12 January 1918, and back to 15th HAG on 30 March 1918. In February 1918 the HAGs became permanent RGA brigades:  in addition to 171st, 15th Bde RGA now consisted of one heavy battery (155th) and one other 6-inch howitzer siege battery (197th).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 60], "content_span": [61, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016948-0009-0000", "contents": "171st Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Italian Front\nA planned Allied offensive meant the repositioning of most of the British troops in Italy, and left 15th HAG spread out between the Brenta river and the Asiago Plateau where it had been since 6 January. However, it was then brought under the command of XIV British Corps in April and the rest of the British heavy artillery concentrated with it. Finding level sites for the howitzers was difficult in the wooded mountainous terrain, as was ammunition supply and command control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 60], "content_span": [61, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016948-0009-0001", "contents": "171st Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Italian Front\nHowever, the planned Allied offensive was postponed when it became clear that the Austrians were planning their own offensive astride the Brenta. The howitzers were quietly moved into position on the nights of 11/12 and 14/15 June, and were ready when the Austrian bombardment began at dawn on 15 June (the Second Battle of the Piave River). Despite some initial Austrian gains, 48th (South Midland) Division held its main positions. 15th Heavy Artillery Group was assigned to CB fire and the heavy howitzers systematically destroyed the Austrian guns on the Asiago, notwithstanding poor visibility early on (Royal Air Force observation aircraft were able to direct the fire later). The Austrian offensive failed all along the front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 60], "content_span": [61, 794]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016948-0010-0000", "contents": "171st Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Italian Front\nPreparations then began for the final battle on the Italian Front, the stunning success of the Battle of Vittorio Veneto. The British troops in the Asiago sector were relieved and moved to join the British-commanded Tenth Italian Army near Treviso. The heavy guns were moved silently into position and did not open fire during the preliminary attacks on 23 October. The main British assault crossed the River Piave on 27 October, with the heavy guns engaging all known Austrian gun positions and providing a protective barrage on either flank.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 60], "content_span": [61, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016948-0010-0001", "contents": "171st Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Italian Front\nA bridge was ready by 29 October and the heavy guns crossed the river. By 1 November the Austrian army had collapsed and the pursuing British troops had left their heavy guns far in the rear. Austrian signed the Armistice of Villa Giusti on 3 November, ending the war in Italy. 171st Siege Battery was disbanded in 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 60], "content_span": [61, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016949-0000-0000", "contents": "171st Tunnelling Company\nThe 171st Tunnelling Company was one of the tunnelling companies of the Royal Engineers created by the British Army during World War I. The tunnelling units were occupied in offensive and defensive mining involving the placing and maintaining of mines under enemy lines, as well as other underground work such as the construction of deep dugouts for troop accommodation, the digging of subways, saps (a narrow trench dug to approach enemy trenches), cable trenches and underground chambers for signals and medical services.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016949-0001-0000", "contents": "171st Tunnelling Company, Background\nBy January 1915 it had become evident to the BEF at the Western Front that the Germans were mining to a planned system. As the British had failed to develop suitable counter-tactics or underground listening devices before the war, field marshals French and Kitchener agreed to investigate the suitability of forming British mining units. Following consultations between the Engineer-in-Chief of the BEF, Brigadier George Fowke, and the mining specialist John Norton-Griffiths, the War Office formally approved the tunnelling company scheme on 19 February 1915.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016949-0002-0000", "contents": "171st Tunnelling Company, Background\nNorton-Griffiths ensured that tunnelling companies numbers 170 to 177 were ready for deployment in mid-February 1915. In the spring of that year, there was constant underground fighting in the Ypres Salient at Hooge, Hill 60, Railway Wood, Sanctuary Wood, St Eloi and The Bluff which required the deployment of new drafts of tunnellers for several months after the formation of the first eight companies. The lack of suitably experienced men led to some tunnelling companies starting work later than others.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016949-0002-0001", "contents": "171st Tunnelling Company, Background\nThe number of units available to the BEF was also restricted by the need to provide effective counter-measures to the German mining activities. To make the tunnels safer and quicker to deploy, the British Army enlisted experienced coal miners, many outside their nominal recruitment policy. The first nine companies, numbers 170 to 178, were each commanded by a regular Royal Engineers officer. These companies each comprised 5 officers and 269 sappers; they were aided by additional infantrymen who were temporarily attached to the tunnellers as required, which almost doubled their numbers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016949-0002-0002", "contents": "171st Tunnelling Company, Background\nThe success of the first tunnelling companies formed under Norton-Griffiths' command led to mining being made a separate branch of the Engineer-in-Chief's office under Major-General S.R. Rice, and the appointment of an 'Inspector of Mines' at the GHQ Saint-Omer office of the Engineer-in-Chief. A second group of tunnelling companies were formed from Welsh miners from the 1st and 3rd Battalions of the Monmouthshire Regiment, who were attached to the 1st Northumberland Field Company of the Royal Engineers, which was a Territorial unit. The formation of twelve new tunnelling companies, between July and October 1915, helped to bring more men into action in other parts of the Western Front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 730]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016949-0003-0000", "contents": "171st Tunnelling Company, Background\nMost tunnelling companies were formed under Norton-Griffiths' leadership during 1915, and one more was added in 1916. On 10 September 1915, the British government sent an appeal to Canada, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand to raise tunnelling companies in the Dominions of the British Empire. On 17 September, New Zealand became the first Dominion to agree the formation of a tunnelling unit. The New Zealand Tunnelling Company arrived at Plymouth on 3 February 1916 and was deployed to the Western Front in northern France. A Canadian unit was formed from men on the battlefield, plus two other companies trained in Canada and then shipped to France. Three Australian tunnelling companies were formed by March 1916, resulting in 30 tunnelling companies of the Royal Engineers being available by the summer of 1916.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 858]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016949-0004-0000", "contents": "171st Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Formation\n171st Tunnelling Company was formed between February and March 1915 of a small number of specially enlisted miners, with troops selected from the Monmouthshire Siege Company of Royal Engineers. 171st Tunnelling Company thus included a significant number of miners from South Wales, as did the 184th, 170th, 172nd, 253rd and 254th Tunnelling Company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 49], "content_span": [50, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016949-0005-0000", "contents": "171st Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Formation\nFrom its formation until the end of the war the company served under Second Army in the Ypres Salient.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 49], "content_span": [50, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016949-0006-0000", "contents": "171st Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Hill 60/Messines\n171st Tunnelling Company was first employed in March 1915 in the Hill 60/Bluff areas at Ypres. The Germans held the top of Hill 60 from 16 December 1914 to 17 April 1915, when it was captured briefly by the British 5th Division after the explosion of five mines under the German lines by the Royal Engineers. The early underground war in the area had involved both the 171st and 172nd Tunnelling Company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 56], "content_span": [57, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016949-0007-0000", "contents": "171st Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Hill 60/Messines\nIn July 1915, 171st Tunnelling Company moved to Ploegsteert and commenced mining operations near St Yves at the southern end of the Messines ridge. The four deep mines at St Yves, charged with a combined load of 146,000 pounds (66,000\u00a0kg) of ammonal, formed part of the mine galleries that were dug by the British 171st, 175th, 250th, 1st Canadian, 3rd Canadian and 1st Australian Tunnelling companies as part of the prelude to the Battle of Messines (7\u201314 June 1917), while the British 183rd, 2nd Canadian and 2nd Australian Tunnelling companies built underground shelters in the Second Army area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 56], "content_span": [57, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016949-0008-0000", "contents": "171st Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Hill 60/Messines\nIn December 1915, 171st Tunnelling Company began work on the deep mine at Trench 127 at St Yves. The mine consisted of two chambers (Trench 127 Left, Right) with a shared gallery. The name indicates the British lines where the initial shaft was dug, not where the mine was placed under the German positions. The shaft was completed to a depth of 25 metres (82\u00a0ft) within four weeks, however after driving a 310 metres (1,020\u00a0ft) gallery the Royal Engineers faced a sudden inrush of quicksand and a concrete dam had to be constructed. A new attempt was made, and by April 1916 the Trench 127 mine was ready, with the ammonal charges over 400 metres (1,300\u00a0ft) away from the initial shaft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 56], "content_span": [57, 744]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016949-0009-0000", "contents": "171st Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Hill 60/Messines\nAt the end of January 1916, 171st Tunnelling Company began mining operations at La Petite Douve Farm. The farm, located next to the road from Messines to Ploegsteert Wood, was enclosed by a German trench system known as ULNA. Also at this point was a junction on the narrow gauge railway system which ran from the forward areas of Messines to the rear areas around Nieuwkerke. This operation was characterized by setbacks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 56], "content_span": [57, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016949-0009-0001", "contents": "171st Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Hill 60/Messines\nDifficult geology lead to two mines being abandoned before completion, and after a charge of 23,000 kilograms (50,000\u00a0lb) of ammonal had been put in place beneath the farm, the gallery was discovered by a German counter-mining operation on 24 August 1916. Three days later the German miners blew a heavy charge, which shattered about 120 metres (400\u00a0ft) of the main gallery and killed four men engaged in repairs. This camouflet wrecked the British gallery completely and forced the Royal Engineers to abandon the tunnel, which then quickly flooded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 56], "content_span": [57, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016949-0010-0000", "contents": "171st Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Hill 60/Messines\nAt the end of February 1916, 171st Tunnelling Company began work on the deep mine at Trench 122 at St Yves. The mine consisted of two chambers (Trench 122 Left, Right) with a shared gallery. The name indicates the British lines where the initial shaft was dug, due west of where the crater is today. The area was dominated by a complex of German trenches and by mid-May first charge of 9,100 kilograms (20,000\u00a0lb) of ammonal was in place at Trench 122 Left. Another shaft (Trench 122 Right) was started part way along the original tunnel and after another 200 metres (660\u00a0ft), a charge of 40,000 lbs of ammonal was placed by the Royal Engineers beneath the ruins of Factory Farm which sat on the German front line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 56], "content_span": [57, 771]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016949-0011-0000", "contents": "171st Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Hill 60/Messines\nIn April 1916, 171st Tunnelling Company moved to the Spanbroekmolen/Douve sector facing the Messines ridge. At Spanbroekmolen, 171st Tunnelling Company took over from 3rd Canadian Tunnelling Company and extended the work to the German lines, driving the tunnel forward by 523 metres (1,717\u00a0ft) in seven months until it was beneath the powerful German position. At the end of June 1916 the charge of 41,000 kilograms (91,000\u00a0lb) of ammonal in 1,820 waterproof tins was complete, the largest yet laid by the British.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 56], "content_span": [57, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016949-0011-0001", "contents": "171st Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Hill 60/Messines\nWith the mine complete, the British selected two additional objectives to be attacked near Spanbroekmolen, Rag Point and Hop Point, which were 820 metres (2,700\u00a0ft) and 1,100 metres (3,500\u00a0ft) from the main tunnel. A branch was started and inclined down to 37 metres (120\u00a0ft) depth. By mid-February 1917 the branch had been driven 350 metres (1,140\u00a0ft) and passed the German lines. At that point, the German counter mining activities damaged 150 metres (500\u00a0ft) of the branch gallery and some of the main tunnel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 56], "content_span": [57, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016949-0011-0002", "contents": "171st Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Hill 60/Messines\nThe British decided to abandon the branch gallery because aggressive counter-mining would alert the Germans to the presence of a deep-mining scheme. On 3 March the Germans blew the main tunnel with a heavy charge laid from their Ewald shaft, leaving it beyond repair and resulting in it being cut off for three months. The British started a new gallery alongside the old main tunnel which after 357 metres (1,172\u00a0ft) cut into the original workings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 56], "content_span": [57, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016949-0011-0003", "contents": "171st Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Hill 60/Messines\nMining was greatly hampered by the influx of gas, several miners being overcome by the fumes, but eventually \u2013 and only a few hours before the appointed time of detonation at 3:10\u00a0a.m. on 7 June 1917 \u2013 the ammonal charge was ready again and secured by 120 metres (400\u00a0ft) of tamping with sandbags and a primer charge of 450 kilograms (1,000\u00a0lb) of dynamite. The Spanbroekmolen mine exploded 15 seconds late, killing a number of British soldiers from the 36th (Ulster) Division, some of whom are buried at Lone Tree Cemetery nearby.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 56], "content_span": [57, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016949-0012-0000", "contents": "171st Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Hill 60/Messines\nWhile employed at Spanbroekmolen, 171st Tunnelling Company also took over work on the nearby deep mines at Kruisstraat. Work there was begun by 250th Tunnelling Company in December 1915, passed to 182nd Tunnelling Company, then to 3rd Canadian Tunnelling Company and 175th Tunnelling Company, which took charge in April 1916. When the gallery reached 320 metres (1,051\u00a0ft) it was handed over to 171st Tunnelling Company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 56], "content_span": [57, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016949-0012-0001", "contents": "171st Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Hill 60/Messines\nAt 489 metres (1,605\u00a0ft) a charge of 14,000 kilograms (30,000\u00a0lb) of ammonal was laid and at the end of a small branch of 166 feet (51\u00a0m) to the right a second charge of 14,000 kilograms (30,000\u00a0lb) was placed under the German front line. This completed the original plan, but it was decided to extend the mining to a position under the German third line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 56], "content_span": [57, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016949-0012-0002", "contents": "171st Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Hill 60/Messines\nDespite meeting clay and being inundated with water underground which necessitated the digging of a sump, they managed to complete a gallery stretching almost half a mile from the shaft in just two months, and a further charge of 14,000 kilograms (30,000\u00a0lb) of ammonal was placed. This tunnel was the longest of any of the Messines mines. In February 1917, German countermeasures necessitated some repair to one of the chambers and the opportunity was taken to place a further charge of 8,800 kilograms (19,500\u00a0lb) marking a total of four mines, all of which were ready by 9 May 1917.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 56], "content_span": [57, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016949-0013-0000", "contents": "171st Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Hill 60/Messines\nAt the end of January 1917, the 171st Tunnelling Company began work on the deep mine at Ontario Farm. The ground at the site selected for this mine proved very difficult as much of it was sandy clay. The miners began to dig at Boyle's Farm which is just on the southern side of the main road (Mesenstraat/Nieuwkerkestraat) passing by. The shaft went down 30 metres (98\u00a0ft) and pumps were installed to bring air down and water out of the mine. After tunnelling forward, the miners broke into blue clay, extending the depth to some 40 metres (130\u00a0ft).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 56], "content_span": [57, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016949-0013-0001", "contents": "171st Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Hill 60/Messines\nAfter driving the gallery almost 200 metres (660\u00a0ft) forward, the flooding was so bad that a dam had to be constructed and a new gallery started. Despite these obstacles, the tunnellers arrived under Ontario Farm at the end of May 1917 and installed the 27,000 kilograms (60,000\u00a0lb) ammonal charge with a day to spare. When it was detonated on 7 June 1915, the mine did not produce a crater but left a shallow indentation in the soft clay; the shock wave did great damage to the German position. The explosion caught two battalions of the 17th Bavarian Infantry Regiment during a relief, half of which were \"as good as annihilated\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 56], "content_span": [57, 689]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016949-0014-0000", "contents": "171st Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Hill 60/Messines\nThe mines at Messines were detonated on 7 June 1917, creating 19 large craters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 56], "content_span": [57, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016949-0015-0000", "contents": "171st Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Vampire dugout\nThe 171st Tunnelling Company stayed in the Ypres Salient and moved near the village of Zonnebeke, where it constructed the Vampire dugout (known locally as the Vampyr dugout). Vampire was built to house a brigade headquarters of up to 50 men and one senior commanding officer. Located close to Polygon Wood, it was named after the supply soldiers whose mission was to come out at night to re-supply troops in the front line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 54], "content_span": [55, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016949-0016-0000", "contents": "171st Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Vampire dugout\nAt the end of the Third Battle of Ypres/Battle of Passchendaele (31 July\u201310 November 1917), having retaken Passchendaele ridge, the British were left with little natural shelter from the former woods and farms. The artillery of both sides had literally flattened the landscape. Needing shelter for their troops, the Allied High Command in January 1918 moved 25,000 specialist tunnellers and 50,000 attached infantry who had been preparing and taking part in the Battle of Messines north in the Ypres Salient.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 54], "content_span": [55, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016949-0016-0001", "contents": "171st Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Vampire dugout\nThere they dug almost 200 independent and connected structures at depths of 30 metres (98\u00a0ft) into the blue clay, which could accommodate from 50 men, to the largest at Wieltje and Hill 63 which could house 2,000. The level of the activity can be gauged by the fact that by March 1918, more people lived underground in the Ypres area than reside above ground in the town today. Connected by corridors measuring 6.5 feet (2.0\u00a0m) high by 4 feet (1.2\u00a0m) wide, they were fitted with water pumps to deal with the high groundwater table.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 54], "content_span": [55, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016949-0017-0000", "contents": "171st Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Vampire dugout\nCreated 14 metres (46\u00a0ft) below Flanders by the 171st Tunnelling Company, and dug over a period of four months, the engineers used I beams and reclaimed railway line in a D-type sett structure. This was then further reinforced, using stepped wooden horizontal beams. The Vampire dugout became operational from early April 1918, first housing the 100th Brigade of the British 33rd Division, then the 16th King's Royal Rifle Corps and then the 9th Battalion Highland Light Infantry Regiment. After only a few weeks, the dugout was lost when the Germans undertook the Battle of the Lys in April 1918. It was recaptured in September 1918, when its last occupants became the 2nd Battalion of the Worcestershire Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 54], "content_span": [55, 770]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016949-0018-0000", "contents": "171st Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Zonnebeke church dugout\nIn March 1918, the 171st Tunnelling Company constructed a deep dugout in the centre of Zonnebeke, located directly beneath the ruins of the parish church. This dugout was only discovered after the Second World War during archaeological excavations of the Augustinian abbey. Today the outline of this dugout is marked in an archaeological garden within the church grounds, and a model of the church dugout can be seen at the \"Memorial Museum Passchendaele 1917\" in Zonnebeke.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 63], "content_span": [64, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016949-0019-0000", "contents": "171st Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Spring Offensive\nShortly after the completion of the Vampire dugout, 171st and several other tunnelling companies (173rd, 183rd, 184th, 255th, 258th and 3rd Australian) were forced to move from their camps at Boeschepe in April 1918, when the enemy broke through the Lys positions during the German spring offensive. These units were then put on duties that included digging and wiring trenches over a long distance from Reningelst to near Saint-Omer. The operation to construct these fortifications between Reningelst and Saint-Omer was carried out jointly by the British 171st, 173rd, 183rd, 184th, 255th, 258th, 3rd Canadian and 3rd Australian Tunnelling Companies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 56], "content_span": [57, 708]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016950-0000-0000", "contents": "171st meridian east\nThe meridian 171\u00b0 east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, New Zealand, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016950-0001-0000", "contents": "171st meridian east\nThe 171st meridian east forms a great circle with the 9th meridian west.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 92]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016950-0002-0000", "contents": "171st meridian east, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 171st meridian east passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016951-0000-0000", "contents": "171st meridian west\nThe meridian 171\u00b0 west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016951-0001-0000", "contents": "171st meridian west\nThe 171st meridian west forms a great circle with the 9th meridian east.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 92]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016951-0002-0000", "contents": "171st meridian west, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 171st meridian west passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016952-0000-0000", "contents": "172\nYear 172 (CLXXII) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Scipio and Maximus (or, less frequently, year 925 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 172 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016953-0000-0000", "contents": "172 (number)\n172 (one hundred [and] seventy-two) is the natural number following 171 and preceding 173.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016953-0001-0000", "contents": "172 (number), In mathematics\n172 is an even number, a composite number and a deficient number. It is also a 30-gonal number.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016953-0002-0000", "contents": "172 (number), In mathematics\n172 is a noncototient integer, as well as the sum of Euler's totient function \u03c6(x) over the first twenty-three integers. 172 is also a member of the Lazy Caterer's Sequence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016953-0003-0000", "contents": "172 (number), In mathematics\n172 is a repdigit in base 6 (444), as well as in bases 42, 85, and 171.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016954-0000-0000", "contents": "172 BC\nYear 172 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Laenas and Ligus (or, less frequently, year 582 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 172 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016955-0000-0000", "contents": "172 Baucis\nBaucis (minor planet designation: 172 Baucis) is a large main belt asteroid that was discovered by French astronomer Alphonse Borrelly on February 5, 1877, and named after a fictional character in the Greek legend of Baucis and Philemon. The adjectival form of the name is Baucidian. It is classified as an S-type asteroid based upon its spectrum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016955-0001-0000", "contents": "172 Baucis\nPhotometric observations of this asteroid from the southern hemisphere during 2003 gave a light curve that indicated a slow synodic rotation period of 27.417 \u00b1 0.013 hours and a brightness variation of 0.25 in magnitude.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016955-0002-0000", "contents": "172 Baucis\nPolarimetric study of this asteroid reveals anomalous properties that suggests the regolith consists of a mixture of low and high albedo material. This may have been caused by fragmentation of an asteroid substrate with the spectral properties of CO3/CV3 carbonaceous chondrites.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016956-0000-0000", "contents": "172 High Street, Elstow\n172 High Street is a thatched house dating back to the seventeenth century and a Grade II listed building in Elstow, Bedfordshire, England. It became a listed building on 13 July, 1964. The building was originally grade I listed but downgraded to grade II in 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016957-0000-0000", "contents": "172 and 174 Baker Street\n172 and 174 Baker Street is a grade II listed house in Enfield, London. Number 172 is a former shop and part of the brick built house while number 174 comprises the rest of the house. The shop was used by the National Deposit Friendly Society and had a door facing the street until recent times. The weatherboarding is modern.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016958-0000-0000", "contents": "1720\n1720 (MDCCXX) was a leap year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a leap year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar, the 1720th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 720th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 20th  year of the 18th\u00a0century, and the  1st   year of the 1720s decade. As of the start of 1720, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016959-0000-0000", "contents": "1720 Niels\n1720 Niels, provisional designation 1935 CQ, is a stony asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 6.4 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 7 February 1935, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg Observatory in southern Germany, and named after a grandson of the discoverer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016959-0001-0000", "contents": "1720 Niels, Orbit and classification\nNiels orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 2.0\u20132.4\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 3 months (1,182 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.10 and an inclination of 1\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. First observed at Heidelberg in 1927, Niels' observation arc begins with its official discovery observation in 1935.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016959-0002-0000", "contents": "1720 Niels, Physical characteristics\nPan-STARRS classifies this stony asteroid as a LS-type, an intermediate to the rare L-type asteroids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016959-0003-0000", "contents": "1720 Niels, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nA rotational lightcurve of Niels was obtained by astronomer Maurice Clark in December 2005. It gave it a rotation period of 9.976 hours with a brightness variation of 0.15 magnitude (U=1). In November 2008, photometric observations by amateur astronomer Pierre Antonini gave another period of 19.2 hours with an amplitude of 0.01 (U=1-). As of 2017, a secure period for Niels has not yet been obtained.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 53], "content_span": [54, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016959-0004-0000", "contents": "1720 Niels, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Niels measures 6.394 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo of 0.227, superseding a preliminary result that gave a slightly larger diameter and lower albedo. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 8.18 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.8.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 57], "content_span": [58, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016959-0005-0000", "contents": "1720 Niels, Naming\nThe minor planet was named by the discoverer after his grandson, Niels. Reinmuth also named 1719 Jens after one of his grandsons. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 February 1976 (M.P.C. 3933).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016960-0000-0000", "contents": "1720 in Canada, Historical documents\n\"A Hundred Pieces of Cannon fired together\" - Ship crossing Grand Banks draws St. Elmo's Fire before fierce lightning storm", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016960-0001-0000", "contents": "1720 in Canada, Historical documents\nSt. John's merchants include \"litle pedlers\" who reduce indebted planters \"to a servant, and soon after to slavery for life\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016960-0002-0000", "contents": "1720 in Canada, Historical documents\nExtensive piracy is committed in Newfoundland's Trepassey and St. Mary's harbours because road for sending help still not built", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016960-0003-0000", "contents": "1720 in Canada, Historical documents\nNewfoundlander William Keen requests full judicial authority to address \"evills and outrages dayly committed in this place\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016960-0004-0000", "contents": "1720 in Canada, Historical documents\nNova Scotia governor urges Acadians to take oath of allegiance to King, who has preserved their civil and religious rights", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016960-0005-0000", "contents": "1720 in Canada, Historical documents\nAcadians residing in Nova Scotia appeal to \u00cele-Royale (Cape Breton Island) leader for advice and assistance", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016960-0006-0000", "contents": "1720 in Canada, Historical documents\n\"Demands we cannot agree to\" - Acadians tell Governor Philipps they cannot take oath because they fear \"savages\" will retaliate", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016960-0007-0000", "contents": "1720 in Canada, Historical documents\nNova Scotia described in its mineral and agricultural potential, its settlements and people (Note: \"savage\" and other racial stereotypes)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016969-0000-0000", "contents": "1720 in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the year 1720 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016972-0000-0000", "contents": "1720 in literature\nThis article is a summary of the major literary events and publications of 1720.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016973-0000-0000", "contents": "1720 in music\nThis article lists the most significant events and works of the year 1720 in music.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016974-0000-0000", "contents": "1720 in piracy\nSee also 1719 in piracy, 1721 in piracy and Timeline of piracy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 78]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016975-0000-0000", "contents": "1720 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016975-0001-0000", "contents": "1720 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016975-0002-0000", "contents": "1720 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016976-0000-0000", "contents": "1720 in science\nThe year 1720 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016977-0000-0000", "contents": "1720s\nThe 1720s decade ran from January 1, 1720, to December 31, 1729.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016978-0000-0000", "contents": "1720s BC\nThe 1720s BC was a decade lasting from January 1, 1729 BC to December 31, 1720 BC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 91]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016979-0000-0000", "contents": "1720s in South Africa\nThe following lists events that happened during the 1720s in South Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 96]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016980-0000-0000", "contents": "1720s in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the decade 1720 - 1729 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016981-0000-0000", "contents": "1720s in archaeology\nThe decade of the 1720s in archaeology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016982-0000-0000", "contents": "1720s in rail transport\nThis article lists events relating to rail transport that occurred during the 1720s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016983-0000-0000", "contents": "1721\n1721 (MDCCXXI) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar, the 1721st year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 721st  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 21st  year of the 18th\u00a0century, and the  2nd   year of the 1720s decade. As of the start of 1721, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016984-0000-0000", "contents": "1721 Boston smallpox outbreak\nIn 1721, Boston experienced its worst outbreak of smallpox (also known as variola). 5,759 people out of around 10,600 in Boston were infected and 844 were recorded to have died between April 1721 and February 1722. The outbreak motivated Puritan minister Cotton Mather and physician Zabdiel Boylston to variolate hundreds of Bostonians as part of the Thirteen Colonies' earliest experiment with public inoculation. Their efforts would inspire further research for immunizing people from smallpox, placing the Massachusetts Bay Colony at the epicenter of the Colonies' first inoculation debate and changing Western society's medical treatment of the disease. The outbreak also altered social and religious public discourse about disease, as Boston's newspapers published various pamphlets opposing and supporting the inoculation efforts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 866]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016984-0001-0000", "contents": "1721 Boston smallpox outbreak, Smallpox in Boston\nOn 22 April 1721 the British passenger ship HMS\u00a0Seahorse arrived at Boston from Barbados, after one stop at Tortuga, with a crew of sailors who'd just survived smallpox. Customs' quarantine hospital at Spectacle Island was tasked with containing individuals who had contagious diseases, with a case of smallpox contained successfully the previous fall. But one of Seahorse's sailors fell ill in Boston Harbor a day after arrival, and exposed other sailors to variola. Boston's water bailiff inspected Seahorse and discovered another two or three cases of smallpox in various stages before ordering the ship to leave the harbor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 49], "content_span": [50, 677]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016984-0001-0001", "contents": "1721 Boston smallpox outbreak, Smallpox in Boston\nDespite the sailor being hurriedly quarantined in the lodging house where he fell ill, nine other sailors at Boston Harbor exposed to him came down with smallpox in early May. The sailors were quarantined on Spectacle Island's very-rudimentary hospital but staff and customs were unable to contain the virus. On 26 May Cotton Mather wrote in his diary: \"The grievous calamity of the small pox has now entered the town.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 49], "content_span": [50, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016984-0002-0000", "contents": "1721 Boston smallpox outbreak, Smallpox in Boston\nBoston's last smallpox outbreak had been in 1703, and a new generation of non-immune children and young adults was vulnerable. By June the town was faced with a major public health crisis and the religious public became increasingly worried that they were the subjects of divine punishment. Around 900 people fled Boston into the countryside, likely spreading the virus. The General Court, colonial Massachusetts' legislating body, moved from Boston to Cambridge at summer's end, but smallpox cases began appearing in Cambridge in August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 49], "content_span": [50, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016984-0002-0001", "contents": "1721 Boston smallpox outbreak, Smallpox in Boston\nJames Franklin's The New England Courant was founded in August amid the outbreak and the issue of smallpox and preservation from it became front page news. The Courant was ordered in early October by the town council to publish a house-by-house count on those affected so far by smallpox: 2,757 cases, 1,499 recoveries and 203 deaths were counted. The outbreak peaked in October when 411 people died in that month alone. Judge Samuel Sewall recorded in his diary the deaths of his friends and neighbors like one Madam Checkly on 18 October.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 49], "content_span": [50, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016984-0002-0002", "contents": "1721 Boston smallpox outbreak, Smallpox in Boston\nThanksgiving sermons were also affected by the outbreak, and on 26 October most congregations held a single sermon at 11 in the morning out of fear of smallpox spreading during gatherings. The next day Judge Sewell attended the funeral of local child Edward Rawson before attending the burial of one of Sewell's own tenants, while a local college student and \"many others\" were buried that Friday night. 8% of Boston's population would die during the epidemic, and hundreds of other Bostonians would recover with severe scarring or disabilities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 49], "content_span": [50, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016984-0003-0000", "contents": "1721 Boston smallpox outbreak, Smallpox in Boston, Public inoculation campaign\nCotton Mather sent letters to Boston's 14 other physicians regarding the outbreak imploring them to wage a medical campaign against smallpox by inoculating their own patients or volunteers. Mather had been interested in inoculation since 1715 when a slave named Onesimus informed Mather about a procedure in Africa which made him immune to smallpox for life. The scars were commonly found on enslaved people kidnapped from Africa, and valued by slave traders. Mather read physician Emmanuel Timoni's description of a similar procedure witnessed while serving Great Britain's ambassador in Turkey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 78], "content_span": [79, 675]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016984-0003-0001", "contents": "1721 Boston smallpox outbreak, Smallpox in Boston, Public inoculation campaign\nThe procedure Timoni called inoculation involved drying pus from a smallpox patient and rubbing or scraping it into a healthy person's skin, giving them a mild case of pox that conferred lifetime immunity. Mather wanted to prove variolation was a relatively very safe and effective procedure to protect people against smallpox. Most physicians, however, feared the possibility of smallpox fatally spreading and the social implications of deliberately infecting others.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 78], "content_span": [79, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016984-0004-0000", "contents": "1721 Boston smallpox outbreak, Smallpox in Boston, Public inoculation campaign\nZabdiel Boylston of Harvard University was the only doctor who positively responded to Mather, beginning America's first public campaign of inoculation. On 26 June 1721, Boylston first inoculated his six-year-old son Thomas, and then his 36-year-old slave and the slave's two-year-old son. To the doctor's relief, all survived relatively mild cases of smallpox without disability or disfigurement. Boylston then felt confident enough about the procedure's safety, and over a period of five months during the outbreak inoculated 247 people in and around Boston (with 6 fatalities). Among them was Cotton Mather's son Samuel, whose chambermaid contracted smallpox at Harvard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 78], "content_span": [79, 752]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016984-0004-0001", "contents": "1721 Boston smallpox outbreak, Smallpox in Boston, Public inoculation campaign\nOn the 25 November 1721, Boylston inoculated 15 individuals at Harvard: thirteen students, professor Edward Wiglesworth, and tutor William Welsted. They all survived, leaving the university's student body and faculty fascinated by the procedure. Cotton Mather writes in a letter detailing Dr. Boylston's work in Boston: \"The experiment has now been made on several hundreds of persons, upon both male and female, upon both old and young, upon both strong and weak, upon both white and black.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 78], "content_span": [79, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016984-0005-0000", "contents": "1721 Boston smallpox outbreak, Smallpox in Boston, Public inoculation campaign\nBoylston was unable to continue his inoculation campaign beyond November due to opposition from Boston's Selectmen restricting him, as well as occasional violence from the public. But a tutor at Harvard inspired by his research, Thomas Robie, continued vaccinating patients at Spectacle Island. One of his patients was another tutor, Nicholas Sevier, who returned to Harvard sixteen days after he was inoculated to report on the success of his procedure. Harvard's academic community became more accepting of inoculation after the successful experiments of Boylston and Nicholas Sevier.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 78], "content_span": [79, 665]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016984-0006-0000", "contents": "1721 Boston smallpox outbreak, Inoculation controversy and violence\nCotton Mather believed inoculation was a divine gift to protect people from smallpox and Boylston felt duty-bound as a physician to protect his children and others from smallpox. Many contemporary Bostonians, however, were terrified of smallpox spreading from inoculated patients  and outraged at the idea of deliberately infecting people. Inoculation also evoked anger from dubious physicians. One such physician, William Douglass, was a vehement inoculation opponent who published anti-inoculation pamphlets in response to Mather's experiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 67], "content_span": [68, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016984-0006-0001", "contents": "1721 Boston smallpox outbreak, Inoculation controversy and violence\nOne pamphlet published in The New England Courant read \"Some have been carrying about instruments of inoculation, and bottles of poisonous humor, to infect all who were willing to submit to it. Can any man infect a family in the morning, and pray to God in the evening that the distemper will not spread?\" Douglass believed only accredited medical professionals like himself should conduct such dangerous procedures, while he personally opposed inoculation. Boylston was ridiculed and satirized in the newspapers, portrayed as a quack by Douglass and other physicians.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 67], "content_span": [68, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016984-0007-0000", "contents": "1721 Boston smallpox outbreak, Inoculation controversy and violence\nVariolation still did present a risk of death for 2% of those having the procedure. This was fertile ground for criticism. Furious rumors swirled around inoculation as The New England Courant published Douglass and Dalhonde's sensationalist articles against inoculation. One article by Douglass darkly joked about using inoculations against surrounding Native American communities. Dr. Boylston became notorious and the colonial government remained deeply skeptical of his and Mather's experiment. The Boston City Council summoned him in early August to explain his procedures, and the Council condemned inoculation and ordered him to desist immediately.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 67], "content_span": [68, 722]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016984-0007-0001", "contents": "1721 Boston smallpox outbreak, Inoculation controversy and violence\nDespite the opposition, Boylston garnered support of local learned men like Cotton's father Increase Mather and four other \"inoculation ministers\" by the names of Benjamin Coleman, Thomas Prince, John Webb, and William Cooper. Inoculations resumed two days later. Dr. Boylston was assaulted in the streets for this and eventually threatened to the point he secretly hid in his house for two weeks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 67], "content_span": [68, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016984-0008-0000", "contents": "1721 Boston smallpox outbreak, Inoculation controversy and violence\nCotton Mather was also terrorized by an angry public as rumors spread wildly about inoculations. Mobs eventually began forcing the variolated into isolation at Spectacle Island's quarantine house. Cotton Mather inoculated his nephew, Reverend Walter, and offered to let him stay at Mather's home while he recovered from smallpox, but a fearful mob became aware and attacked and threw a crude bomb directly into the room where Walter was staying.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 67], "content_span": [68, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016984-0008-0001", "contents": "1721 Boston smallpox outbreak, Inoculation controversy and violence\nThe device failed to explode, but a note tied to it read \"Cotton Mather, I was once of your meeting, but the cursed lye you told of - you know who, made me leave you, you dog, and damn you, I will inoculate you with this, with a pox on you!\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 67], "content_span": [68, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016984-0009-0000", "contents": "1721 Boston smallpox outbreak, Inoculation controversy and violence\nA prominent member of Boston's clergy to oppose inoculation was John Williams. Williams criticized variolation as sinful and \"not in the Rules of Natural Physick.\" Cotton Mather countered that to reject inoculation would be a violation of the Bible's 6th Commandment since many people would die.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 67], "content_span": [68, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016984-0010-0000", "contents": "1721 Boston smallpox outbreak, Social and scientific impact\nThe outbreak was the first time in American medicine where the press was used to inform (or alarm) the general public about a health crisis. The New England Courant, under the leadership of its new editor 16 year-old Benjamin Franklin, continued to publish satirical articles about the Mathers and inoculation in the months following the epidemic. Boylston wrote an account of his experiences with inoculation in An Historical Account of the Small Pox Inoculated in New England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 59], "content_span": [60, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016984-0010-0001", "contents": "1721 Boston smallpox outbreak, Social and scientific impact\nMost of Boston's clergy seemed to have supported inoculation, and some wrote an op-ed opposing Williams and Douglass's criticism: \"tho [Dr. Boylston] has not had... an Academic Education, and congruently not the Letters of some Physicians in town, yet he ought by no means be called Illiterate, Ignorant, etc. Would the town bear that Dr. Cutter or Dr. Davis be so treated?\" Minister Benjamin Coleman, believing in inoculation, collected inoculation stories from slaves similar to Onesimus's account and published \"Some observations on the new method of receiving the small pox by ingrafting or inoculation\" in opposition to Douglass.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 59], "content_span": [60, 694]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016984-0011-0000", "contents": "1721 Boston smallpox outbreak, Social and scientific impact\nBoston's smallpox outbreak of 1721 is unique for motivating America's first public inoculation campaign, and the controversy that surrounded it. On the 22 February 1722 it was officially announced that no new cases of smallpox were appearing in Boston and the disease was in decline. In the outbreak's aftermath, with over 800 Bostonians dead and many more disfigured from smallpox, Boylston's 247 inoculated patients had a 2% death rate versus the 15% of people who died if they got smallpox naturally.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 59], "content_span": [60, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016984-0011-0001", "contents": "1721 Boston smallpox outbreak, Social and scientific impact\nBoylston's successful experiments on students and faculty at Harvard led to early acceptance in Boston's powerful academic community for the procedure. After Mather and Boylston's highly-publicized experiments with inoculation, and Lady Mary Wortley Montagu's similar experiments during a simultaneous outbreak in London, variolation would become a widespread and well-researched technique in the West decades before Edward Jenner's discovery of vaccination with cowpox. In 1723, Boylston traveled to England and received honors by King George. In London he published an account of his work, An Historical Account of the Smallpox Inoculated in New England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 59], "content_span": [60, 716]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016985-0000-0000", "contents": "1721 Tabriz earthquake\nThe 1721 Tabriz earthquake occurred on April 26, with an epicenter near the city of Tabriz, Iran. It leveled some three-quarters of the city, including many prominent mosques and schools in the city, and resulted in the deaths of tens of thousands of people. The total number of casualties caused by the earthquake is between 8,000 and 250,000; it was most likely approximately 80,000. At the time that it occurred, the earthquake was popularly interpreted as an omen of misfortune, or a demonstration of godly wrath.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016985-0000-0001", "contents": "1721 Tabriz earthquake\nThe destruction that the earthquake caused was a significant factor in the successful Ottoman takeover of Tabriz in 1725, as well as contributing to Tabriz's economic difficulties during that period. It also caused the destruction of some of the city's significant historical monuments. Accounts of the earthquake are often confused with descriptions of the 1727 Tabriz earthquake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016986-0000-0000", "contents": "1721 Wells\n1721 Wells, provisional designation 1953 TD3, is a dark asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 44 kilometers in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016986-0001-0000", "contents": "1721 Wells\nIt was discovered on 3 October 1953, by IU's Indiana Asteroid Program at Goethe Link Observatory near Brooklyn, Indiana, United States. It was named after UI's president and chancellor Herman B Wells.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016986-0002-0000", "contents": "1721 Wells, Orbit and classification\nWells orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 3.0\u20133.3\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 7 months (2,043 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.05 and an inclination of 16\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016986-0003-0000", "contents": "1721 Wells, Orbit and classification\nFirst identified as A905 CG at Heidelberg in 1905, Well's first used observation was taken at Turku in 1944, extending the asteroid's observation arc by 9 years prior to its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016986-0004-0000", "contents": "1721 Wells, Physical characteristics\nAccording to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Wells measures 43.576 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.045. It has an absolute magnitude of 10.9. As of 2017, Well's spectral type, rotation period and shape remain unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016986-0005-0000", "contents": "1721 Wells, Naming\nThis minor planet was named in honor of Herman B Wells (1902\u20132000), chancellor and president and of Indiana University, who has transformed Indiana University from a provincial college into a world-renowned institution of higher learning. During this time, Wells also fostered higher education nationally and internationally. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 15 June 1973 (M.P.C. 3508).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016987-0000-0000", "contents": "1721 in Canada, Historical documents\nFrench governor and intendant want Indigenous allies to resist British, possibly with their direct support (Note: \"savages\" used)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016987-0001-0000", "contents": "1721 in Canada, Historical documents\nSisters of the Congregation in Montreal \"are poor[... ]and poorly nourished, although indefatigable\" in serving at H\u00f4tel-Dieu", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016987-0002-0000", "contents": "1721 in Canada, Historical documents\nCouncil of Marine informed of Montreal fire losses, including 138 houses and \"more than one million to the merchants and bourgeois\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016987-0003-0000", "contents": "1721 in Canada, Historical documents\nIntendant of Canada encourages alliance of Indigenous people and Acadians to drive British from Nova Scotia", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016987-0004-0000", "contents": "1721 in Canada, Historical documents\nCall to move Newfoundlanders off island after William Keen and other residents have enough of murder and other \"great disorders\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016987-0005-0000", "contents": "1721 in Canada, Historical documents\n\"Dayly Cry here is for Justice\" - Nova Scotia Governor and Council authorize themselves to be court of justice meeting quarterly", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016987-0006-0000", "contents": "1721 in Canada, Historical documents\nRecommendation to expel French inhabitants of Nova Scotia, who refuse to give allegiance to Crown and divert trade to French ports", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016987-0007-0000", "contents": "1721 in Canada, Historical documents\n\"Promising beginnings\" - New York gratifies Five Nations with deal for Lake Ontario trading post plus proof of French lies to them", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016987-0008-0000", "contents": "1721 in Canada, Historical documents\nIllustration: Five Nations \"Indian sachems\" meeting with N.Y. Gov. Burnet give him beaver for his new wife (Note: racial stereotypes)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016987-0009-0000", "contents": "1721 in Canada, Historical documents\nWith French favouring might over treaty right, Britain must make itself \"considerable\" in American colonies and build frontier forts", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016987-0010-0000", "contents": "1721 in Canada, Historical documents\nDetailed description of French routes from Montreal to their settlements on Mississippi River", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016987-0011-0000", "contents": "1721 in Canada, Historical documents\nNames and numbers of Indigenous allies of French detailed and compared with far fewer British allies", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016987-0012-0000", "contents": "1721 in Canada, Historical documents\nAs France has done, Britain should reinforce its bonds with Indigenous peoples through gifts, marriage, religion, trade and treaties", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00016998-0000-0000", "contents": "1721 in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the year 1721 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017001-0000-0000", "contents": "1721 in literature\nThis article is a summary of the major literary events and publications of 1721.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017003-0000-0000", "contents": "1721 in piracy\nSee also 1720 in piracy, other events in 1721, 1722 in piracy and Timeline of piracy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017004-0000-0000", "contents": "1721 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017004-0001-0000", "contents": "1721 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017004-0002-0000", "contents": "1721 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017005-0000-0000", "contents": "1721 in science\nThe year 1721 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017006-0000-0000", "contents": "1721 papal conclave\nThe 1721 papal conclave, convoked after the death of Pope Clement XI, elected Cardinal Michelangelo de' Conti, who took the name of Innocent XIII.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017006-0001-0000", "contents": "1721 papal conclave, Divisions in the College of Cardinals\nThe College of Cardinals was divided into four factions, two political and two curial. The Imperial faction, the strongest faction in the Sacred College, was headed by Imperial minister Althan; its strength was estimated between twenty and twenty five votes. They represented the interests of Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 58], "content_span": [59, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017006-0002-0000", "contents": "1721 papal conclave, Divisions in the College of Cardinals\nThe Bourbon faction, the group of cardinals who defended the interests of the two Catholic powers ruled by Bourbon kings \u2013 France and Spain \u2013 included eleven or twelve cardinals. They represented the interests of Louis XV of France and Philip V of Spain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 58], "content_span": [59, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017006-0003-0000", "contents": "1721 papal conclave, Divisions in the College of Cardinals\nThe Clementine party formed the third faction; Annibale Albani, Cardinal-nephew of Clement XI, was leader of the group of cardinals created by his uncle. Their number was estimated between eight and fifteen. Finally, the Zelanti formed the party of cardinals who opposed the secular influences on the Church. Their leader was Cardinal Fabroni. Its strength was estimated between six and twelve.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 58], "content_span": [59, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017006-0004-0000", "contents": "1721 papal conclave, Divisions in the College of Cardinals\nIt was generally expected that the two curial factions, the Clementine and the Zelanti, would join their forces in the conclave.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 58], "content_span": [59, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017006-0005-0000", "contents": "1721 papal conclave, Papabili\nAs many as thirty cardinals were considered papabili, but among them Francesco Pignatelli was regarded as the general favourite. He was supported by Austria and had also many adherents among the Zelanti. Annibale Albani officially supported the candidate of Austria, but actually wanted to elect Fabrizio Paolucci, secretary of state of his uncle. Other candidates with serious chances for the election were Corsini, Tanara, Conti, Pamphili, Barbarigo and Gozzadini.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017006-0006-0000", "contents": "1721 papal conclave, Excommunicated cardinals\nAt the time of death of Pope Clement XI two cardinals, Giulio Alberoni and Louis Antoine de Noailles, were excommunicated. It was decided, however, that they should be invited to the conclave. Cardinal Noailles excused himself because of advanced age and poor health.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017006-0007-0000", "contents": "1721 papal conclave, Excommunicated cardinals\nAnother problem concerned Cardinal Vice-Chancellor Ottoboni: he was not yet ordained. But eventually he was also allowed to participate in the conclave.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017006-0008-0000", "contents": "1721 papal conclave, Conclave\nOnly twenty-seven cardinals entered the conclave on March 31. By April 9 the number of electors reached only forty. Two last cardinals, Thomas Philip Wallrad de H\u00e9nin-Li\u00e9tard d'Alsace and Damian Hugo Philipp von Sch\u00f6nborn, arrived only on May 7.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017006-0009-0000", "contents": "1721 papal conclave, Conclave\nCardinal Annibale Albani, taking advantage of the small number of electors (mostly curial cardinals created by his uncle), tried to achieve a quick election of his candidate, Fabrizio Paolucci. In the first scrutiny conducted on April 1 in the morning Paolucci received eight votes in the ballot and two additional in the accessus. In the second scrutiny in the evening of the same day Paolucci was only three votes short of being elected. But at that time Cardinal Althan (the only Crown-Cardinal present in the early ballots) in the name of Emperor Charles VI pronounced the official exclusion against Paolucci.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017006-0010-0000", "contents": "1721 papal conclave, Conclave\nThe Imperial veto was very successful. On April 2 in the morning not a single vote fell to the Cardinal Secretary of State. On that same day the French Cardinal Rohan entered the conclave. He thanked Althan for his action against Paolucci.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017006-0011-0000", "contents": "1721 papal conclave, Conclave\nDuring April several candidates were proposed \u2013 Spada, Gozzadini, Cornaro, Caracciolo \u2013 but none of them had been able to secure significant support. On April 20 Cardinal Cienfuegos arrived with the fresh instructions of the Imperial Court. At the end of this month it became clear that the best chances for the election was Cardinal Conti, proposed by the French faction. On April 25 Conti obtained seven votes. The Imperial faction, however, still awaited the arrival of their main candidate Pignatelli, and had instructions to vote for Conti only in the last instance. But when Pignatelli eventually joined the electors on May 1, Spain officially excluded his candidature. The collapse of Pignatelli was decisive: the Imperial faction, admitting the impossibility of electing his candidate, agreed to vote for Conti. In the subsequent days the curial factions also promised their support for Conti.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 931]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017006-0012-0000", "contents": "1721 papal conclave, Election of Pope Innocent XIII\nOn May 8 in the morning, in the seventy-fifth ballot, Cardinal Michelangelo de' Conti was elected pope, receiving fifty-four votes out of fifty-five. The only vote against was his own, which he gave to Sebastiano Antonio Tanara, Dean of the College of Cardinals. He accepted his election and took the name of Innocent XIII, in honour of Pope Innocent III, also of the Conti family. A bit later Protodeacon Benedetto Pamphili announced his election to the people of Rome with the ancient formula Habemus Papam, and on May 18 he solemnly crowned him on the steps of the patriarchal Vatican Basilica.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 51], "content_span": [52, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017007-0000-0000", "contents": "1722\n1722 (MDCCXXII) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar, the 1722nd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 722nd  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 22nd  year of the 18th\u00a0century, and the  3rd   year of the 1720s decade. As of the start of 1722, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017008-0000-0000", "contents": "1722 Algarve earthquake\nThe 1722 Algarve earthquake occurred on 27 December 1722. It was felt throughout the Portuguese region of Algarve and destroyed a large area in southern Portugal generating a local tsunami that flooded the shallow areas of Tavira. It is unclear whether its source was located onshore or offshore and, in any case, what was the tectonic source responsible for the event.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017008-0000-0001", "contents": "1722 Algarve earthquake\nSome scientific research work has concluded that the 27 December 1722 Algarve earthquake and tsunami was probably generated offshore, close to 37\u00b001\u2032N, 7\u00b049\u2032W. The 1722 earthquake was 33 years before the great earthquake of 1755 which remains a major event in Portuguese history, mainly due to its effects on Lisbon which was wiped out by structural collapse, fire and then the flooding from a tsunami that raced up the Tagus River. Most of the documentation of the 1722 Algarve seismic event was sent to Lisbon for archiving and became lost after the fire that followed the 1755 earthquake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017008-0000-0002", "contents": "1722 Algarve earthquake\nBut the few existing written records of the 1722 earthquake describe a destructive series of events affecting several Algarvean localities with earth tremors so strong that they made the bells ring out in Tavira, Faro and Loul\u00e9. In Tavira a caravel moored on the river Gil\u00e3o was left high and dry before the tsunami hit with the dumbfounded crew able to walk to shore.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017008-0000-0003", "contents": "1722 Algarve earthquake\nThe intensity is estimated to have registered 7.8 degrees on the Richter scale which triggers general panic: collapse, destruction with serious damage to many buildings, general damage to foundations, fractures in the ground, and the formation of springs and mudslides. The earthquake of 1722 was probably caused by a diapirism where dense rock from deeper levels under high pressure pierced shallower materials. As a result, buildings in Albufeira, Faro, Lagoa and Loul\u00e9 were also destroyed. In the 2010s, studies of seismic risk estimated there would be around 12,000 deaths if an earthquake equal to that of 1722 occurred then.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017009-0000-0000", "contents": "1722 British general election\nThe 1722 British general election elected members to serve in the House of Commons of the 6th Parliament of Great Britain. This was the fifth such election since the merger of the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland in 1707. Thanks to the Septennial Act of 1715, which swept away the maximum three-year life of a parliament created by the Meeting of Parliament Act 1694, it followed some seven years after the previous election, that of 1715.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017009-0001-0000", "contents": "1722 British general election\nThe election was fiercely fought, with contests taking place in more than half of the constituencies, which was unusual for the time. Despite the level of public involvement, however, with the Whigs having consolidated their control over virtually every branch of government, Walpole's party commanded almost a monopoly of electoral patronage, and was therefore able to increase its majority in Parliament even as its popular support fell.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017009-0002-0000", "contents": "1722 British general election\nIn the midst of the election, word came from France of a Jacobite plot aimed at an imminent coup d'\u00e9tat. Led by Francis Atterbury, Bishop of Rochester, Lord North and Grey, and other Tory opponents of Walpole, this was later known as the \"Atterbury Plot\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017009-0003-0000", "contents": "1722 British general election\nPreviously election results had broadly reflected the opinion of at least the minority of adult males who had the vote, although the system had always been subject to the influence of corruption and patronage. However, now that one-party government had been established, those influences could be used systematically to ensure the governing party's victory. This election set the pattern for much of the rest of the eighteenth century; as partisan feeling began to decline during the years of the Whig oligarchy, the rigging of elections became ever easier, so that British governments could almost always guarantee victory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017009-0004-0000", "contents": "1722 British general election, Summary of the constituencies\nSee 1796 British general election for details. The constituencies used were the same throughout the existence of the Parliament of Great Britain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 60], "content_span": [61, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017009-0005-0000", "contents": "1722 British general election, Dates of election\nThe general election was held between 19 March 1722 and 9 May 1722. At this period elections did not take place at the same time in every constituency. The returning officer in each county or parliamentary borough fixed the precise date (see hustings for details of the conduct of the elections).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 48], "content_span": [49, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017010-0000-0000", "contents": "1722 Goffin\n1722 Goffin, provisional designation 1938 EG, is a stony asteroid from the central region of the asteroid belt, approximately 10.3 kilometers in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017010-0001-0000", "contents": "1722 Goffin\nIt was discovered on 23 February 1938, by Belgian astronomer Eug\u00e8ne Delporte at the Royal Observatory of Belgium in Uccle, Belgium. It was later named after Belgian amateur astronomer Edwin Goffin, following a suggestion by Jean Meeus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017010-0002-0000", "contents": "1722 Goffin, Orbit and classification\nMinor planet 1722 Goffin orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.4\u20132.6\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 12 months (1,456 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.05 and an inclination of 5\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins 6 days after its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017010-0003-0000", "contents": "1722 Goffin, Physical characteristics\nIt is an assumed S-type asteroid, one of the most common spectral types.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017010-0004-0000", "contents": "1722 Goffin, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves\n(1722)'s first rotational lightcurve was obtained by American astronomer Richard P. Binzel at UT Austin in October 1984. It gave a rotation period of 31 hours and an brightness variation of 0.63 magnitude (U=2), while Czech astronomers Petr Pravec and Adri\u00e1n Gal\u00e1d at Ond\u0159ejov Observatory derived a period of 28.8 hours with and amplitude of 0.6 magnitude using Binzel's photmetric observations (U=n.a. ).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 50], "content_span": [51, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017010-0005-0000", "contents": "1722 Goffin, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Goffin measures 10.29 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.224 (using the 2014-published revised near-infrared albedo fits), superseding a preliminary published diameter of 10.446 kilometers. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link takes Petr Pravec's 2012-revised WISE data, that gave an albedo of 0.2175 and a diameter of 10.442 kilometers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017010-0006-0000", "contents": "1722 Goffin, Naming\nThis minor planet was named in honor of the Belgian amateur astronomer Edwin Goffin (b. 1950), who has made extensive computations involving minor-planet orbits, and whose initials are indicated by the body's provisional designation, 1938 EG. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 8 April 1982 (M.P.C. 6832).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017011-0000-0000", "contents": "1722 in Canada, Historical documents\n\"[T]o gain the Indians[... ]is to sell them no rum, nor to chett them in[...]trade, and to lett them know [we] will be their master.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017011-0001-0000", "contents": "1722 in Canada, Historical documents\nHaudenosaunee urge French not to regarrison their village near Montreal because soldiers make women unsafe and youth disruptive", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017011-0002-0000", "contents": "1722 in Canada, Historical documents\nAbenaki at Nanrantsouak defer to Jesuit missionary in religion, council and relations with New Englanders (Note: \"savages\" used)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017011-0003-0000", "contents": "1722 in Canada, Historical documents\nPassenger reports capture with others on sloop from Annapolis Royal by French-allied Indigenous men at Passamaquoddy", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017011-0004-0000", "contents": "1722 in Canada, Historical documents\nGov. Shute declares war on \"our Eastern Indians\" who kill settlers, as Gov. Vaudreuil admits supporting attacks on vessels", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017011-0005-0000", "contents": "1722 in Canada, Historical documents\nNew York requests garrisons on Indigenous land to extend frontier to Great Lakes for trade strategy spanning Mississippi to St. Lawrence", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017011-0006-0000", "contents": "1722 in Canada, Historical documents\nNew York's expanding influence on Lake Ontario approved of, though building Niagara fort needs \"consent of the Indian Proprietors\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017011-0007-0000", "contents": "1722 in Canada, Historical documents\nThough \"flourishing state of\" Canso fishery would draw settlers, survey delay prevents Nova Scotia governor from granting land", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017011-0008-0000", "contents": "1722 in Canada, Historical documents\nSeveral forts needed for security of Nova Scotia, most immediately at Canso, where French dispute British \"sole right\" to fishery", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017011-0009-0000", "contents": "1722 in Canada, Historical documents\nNova Scotia leaders report attacks on British ships and residents, with hostage-taking by both sides", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017011-0010-0000", "contents": "1722 in Canada, Historical documents\nNew York Assembly strengthens law against \"the selling of Indian goods to the French,\" which does most to increase French power", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017011-0011-0000", "contents": "1722 in Canada, Historical documents\nCommodore in Newfoundland must intervene when New Englanders \"entice and carry away handycraftmen, seamen and fishermen\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017011-0012-0000", "contents": "1722 in Canada, Historical documents\n\"[O]ther men[...]run away with my works\" - Mariner complains about someone preempting him with Nova Scotia map based on his data", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017020-0000-0000", "contents": "1722 in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the year 1722 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017023-0000-0000", "contents": "1722 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1722.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017025-0000-0000", "contents": "1722 in piracy\nSee also 1721 in piracy, 1723 in piracy and Timeline of piracy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 78]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017025-0001-0000", "contents": "1722 in piracy, Deaths\nFebruary 10 - Bartholomew Roberts, who reportedly robbed 470 vessels in his career, killed in action off Cape L\u00f3pez.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017026-0000-0000", "contents": "1722 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017026-0001-0000", "contents": "1722 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017026-0002-0000", "contents": "1722 in poetry, Deaths\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017027-0000-0000", "contents": "1722 in science\nThe year 1722 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017028-0000-0000", "contents": "1723\n1723 (MDCCXXIII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar, the 1723rd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 723rd  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 23rd  year of the 18th\u00a0century, and the  4th   year of the 1720s decade. As of the start of 1723, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017029-0000-0000", "contents": "1723 in Canada, Historical documents\nIndigenous peoples previously unknown in New York come from as far away as Michilimackinac and Miami lands to trade", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017029-0001-0000", "contents": "1723 in Canada, Historical documents\nFive Nations (now Six with acceptance of Tuscarora) receive scores of \"far Indians\" from Michilimackinac to be seventh nation", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017029-0002-0000", "contents": "1723 in Canada, Historical documents\nAbenaki tell priest to \"conquer\" himself to learn their ways, as they did \"to believe that which we do not see\" (Note: \"savage\" used)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017029-0003-0000", "contents": "1723 in Canada, Historical documents\n\"Englishmen!\" - Note left for enemy at Nanrantsouak assures them of Abenaki revenge that will not \"end but with the world\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017029-0004-0000", "contents": "1723 in Canada, Historical documents\nMassachusetts fights \"wrangling warr\" with Indigenous people while supplying them \"powder and shot[...], to murther ourselves\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017029-0005-0000", "contents": "1723 in Canada, Historical documents\nGovernors of Massachusetts and Canada exchange series of letters arguing which is right in New England's war with Abenaki", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017029-0006-0000", "contents": "1723 in Canada, Historical documents\n\"Insolent letter\" of governor of Canada warns Massachusetts that French will enter war unless \"Bounds of the Indians Land\" are settled", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017029-0007-0000", "contents": "1723 in Canada, Historical documents\nNew York Council approves treaty whereby Five Nations will assist Massachusetts in war with \"Eastern Indians\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017029-0008-0000", "contents": "1723 in Canada, Historical documents\nGovernor Dummer welcomes leaders of Haudenosaunee and other nations to Boston pursuant to their treaty with Massachusetts", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017029-0009-0000", "contents": "1723 in Canada, Historical documents\nNew York governor says French risk losing influence with Five Nations who are helping Massachusetts fight French-allied \"Algonkins\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017029-0010-0000", "contents": "1723 in Canada, Historical documents\n\"Those cruel Monsters\" - Newspaper reports of Indigenous men attacking settlers at Northfield and Rutland", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017029-0011-0000", "contents": "1723 in Canada, Historical documents\n\"Cagnowago\" men \"are very sorry and ashamed\" for taking part in raid on Northfield, Massachusetts", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017029-0012-0000", "contents": "1723 in Canada, Historical documents\n\"We shall generally observe that the politest Indians were farther remov'd from both the Poles\" (Note: \"brutal\" and other racial stereotypes)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017029-0013-0000", "contents": "1723 in Canada, Historical documents\nNaval timber of future New Brunswick cheaper than New England's, and Canso can become \"most considerable[... ]port in America\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017029-0014-0000", "contents": "1723 in Canada, Historical documents\nPirates have taken upwards of 20 French vessels near \u00cele Royale, including 22-gun warship, and similar number on Grand Banks", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017029-0015-0000", "contents": "1723 in Canada, Historical documents\nWith loss of Placentia, French government encourages \u00cele-Royale (Cape Breton Island) with duty exemption on fish and fish oil", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017029-0016-0000", "contents": "1723 in Canada, Historical documents\nQuoting John Locke's essay on civil government, St. John's residents \"embody ourselves into a community for[...]mutual preservation\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017029-0017-0000", "contents": "1723 in Canada, Historical documents\n\"Very great help to the trade\" - Salmon fishery set up \"on Great and Little Salmonier, Corret and Bisca Bay Rivers,\" Newfoundland", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017029-0018-0000", "contents": "1723 in Canada, Historical documents\n\"Highly injur'd\" - Merchants complain about overbearing Newfoundland garrison officers fishing and trading to foreign parts", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017029-0019-0000", "contents": "1723 in Canada, Historical documents\nNewfoundland survey answers include: more liquor sold on Sunday, and servants and New England merchants are paid in fish", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017029-0020-0000", "contents": "1723 in Canada, Historical documents\nIllustration: Highly imaginative depiction of Indigenous people carrying coffin in grand procession", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017038-0000-0000", "contents": "1723 in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the year 1723 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017041-0000-0000", "contents": "1723 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1723.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017043-0000-0000", "contents": "1723 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017043-0001-0000", "contents": "1723 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017043-0002-0000", "contents": "1723 in poetry, Deaths\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017044-0000-0000", "contents": "1723 in science\nThe year 1723 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017045-0000-0000", "contents": "1724\n1724 (MDCCXXIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a leap year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar, the 1724th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 724th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 24th  year of the 18th\u00a0century, and the  5th   year of the 1720s decade. As of the start of 1724, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017046-0000-0000", "contents": "1724 Chester Courthouse\nThe Chester Courthouse is a historic courthouse in Chester, Pennsylvania that served as the Chester County courthouse from 1724 to 1789, the Delaware County courthouse from 1789 to 1850 and the City Hall for the city of Chester. It was built in 1724 and is the oldest public building still standing in the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017046-0001-0000", "contents": "1724 Chester Courthouse, Description\nThe German Colonial-style courthouse is 2\u00bd stories high with no basement and 2-foot-thick walls. The south and east facades of the building are hewn stone, with the other two built of rubble stone. The Quaker influence on the building can be seen in the two front doors, one for men and the other for women.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 36], "content_span": [37, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017046-0002-0000", "contents": "1724 Chester Courthouse, Description\nThe interior measures 31 by 36 feet (9.4 by 11.0\u00a0m). The first level has a stone-floored court room divided by a low wooden railing designed to separate the judges and lawyers from court observers. There are no fireplaces on the first floor, but both the jury room and petit jury room on the second floor have fireplaces. The second floor is accessed by a stairwell in the northwest corner of the building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 36], "content_span": [37, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017046-0003-0000", "contents": "1724 Chester Courthouse, Description\nThe cupola on the courthouse contained a bell that was cast in London and added in 1729. The bell was removed for many years but returned during a 1920 restoration. A three-sided bay with large multi-paneled windows was added in 1744.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 36], "content_span": [37, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017046-0004-0000", "contents": "1724 Chester Courthouse, History\nThe Chester courthouse was built in 1724 and was the fourth courthouse built in Chester.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017046-0005-0000", "contents": "1724 Chester Courthouse, History\nIn 1789, the Chester County seat was moved to West Chester, Pennsylvania, and the Chester Courthouse served as the Delaware County courthouse. In 1850 the Delaware County seat was moved to Media, Pennsylvania, and the Chester Courthouse served as City Hall for the city of Chester.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017046-0006-0000", "contents": "1724 Chester Courthouse, History\nThe courthouse was used by the Delaware County Historical Society until 1966 when structural deficiencies forced them to relocate. Owned by the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, in July 2021 the Delaware County Council entered into a 99-year lease for the Courthouse at a cost of $1 per year. Unable to afford the maintenance of the building, the Commission sought to find a way to \"offload\" it. The Council in conjunction with the Delaware County Historical Commission will manage the building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017046-0007-0000", "contents": "1724 Chester Courthouse, History\nThe court room was the oldest active court in use in the United States until 1967. Every year, one trial was held in the court room to maintain that status.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017046-0008-0000", "contents": "1724 Chester Courthouse, History\nEach year in May, during the celebration of Law Day, a special ceremony is held at the Chester Courthouse. Students from the Chester-Upland School District present a mock trial before Judges of the Pennsylvania Court of Common Pleas and the Magisterial District Courts to commemorate the significance of the courthouse and its importance to American jurisprudence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017047-0000-0000", "contents": "1724 Taunton by-election\nThe Taunton by-election of 1724 to the Parliament of Great Britain was held on 18 January 1724 in Taunton, Somerset, following the death of the incumbent, John Trenchard. The by-election was contested by Abraham Elton, George Deane, William Molyneux and Griffith Pugh. Elton, a Whig who had been a late entrant to the election won, and despite a petition from Deane, was returned as the Member of Parliament for Taunton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017047-0001-0000", "contents": "1724 Taunton by-election, Background\nDuring the 1722 British general election, two Whigs were elected for the Parliamentary constituency of Taunton, John Trenchard and James Smith. Their Tory opponent petitioned Parliament against their return, but the petition was rejected. Trenchard died on 16 December 1723, leaving a vacancy. George Deane, who had been one of the losing Tories in 1722, stood once again, and was joined by William Molyneux, a secretary to the Prince of Wales and Griffith Pugh, of Covent Garden. Then, two days before the election, Abraham Elton revealed himself as a candidate for the Whiggish interest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017047-0002-0000", "contents": "1724 Taunton by-election, Result\nThe election was held on 18 January 1724. Two separate returns were made; the mayor declared Elton to have been elected, but the \"constables and bailiffs, and several of the inhabitants\" suggested that Deane had won. The High Sheriff of Somerset, Walter Robinson, accepted the decision of the mayor, who acted as the returning officer for elections, and Elton was duly elected as the second member for Taunton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 32], "content_span": [33, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017047-0003-0000", "contents": "1724 Taunton by-election, Aftermath\nDeane lodged a petition against the result, which was heard by a committee, and dismissed by a vote of 151 to 104, therefore upholding the election of Elton to parliament. Elton only served Taunton until the general election, in 1727, when he contested the seat vacated by his father in Bristol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 35], "content_span": [36, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017048-0000-0000", "contents": "1724 Vladimir\n1724 Vladimir, provisional designation 1932 DC, is a rare-type asteroid from the central region of the asteroid belt, approximately 35 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 28 February 1932, by Belgian astronomer Eug\u00e8ne Delporte at the Royal Observatory of Belgium in Uccle, Belgium. The asteroid was later named by astronomer Milorad Proti\u0107 after his grandson, Vladimir.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017048-0001-0000", "contents": "1724 Vladimir, Orbit and classification\nVladimir orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.6\u20132.9\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 6 months (1,632 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.06 and an inclination of 12\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Uccle in 1928.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017048-0002-0000", "contents": "1724 Vladimir, Physical characteristics\nThe asteroid has a rare B- and FBCU spectral type in the SMASS and Tholen taxonomy, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017048-0003-0000", "contents": "1724 Vladimir, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves\nTwo rotational lightcurve of Vladimir were obtained by Serbian astronomer Vladimir Benishek at the Belgrade Observatory in April 2008, and August 2015. Analysis of the bimodal lightcurve gave a rotation period of 12.57 and 12.582\thours with a relatively low brightness variation of 0.14 and 0.24 magnitude, respectively (U=2/2+).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 52], "content_span": [53, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017048-0004-0000", "contents": "1724 Vladimir, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves\nIn December 2010, and January 2012, photometric observations in the R-band at the Palomar Transient Factory in California gave a period of 12.574 and 12.557 hours with an amplitude of 0.23 and 0.22, respectively (U=2/2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 52], "content_span": [53, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017048-0005-0000", "contents": "1724 Vladimir, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Vladimir measures between 28.40 and 42.505 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has a low albedo between 0.0295 and 0.037.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017048-0006-0000", "contents": "1724 Vladimir, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the results obtained by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, that is, an albedo of 0.0441 and a diameter of 34.79 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 11.30.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017048-0007-0000", "contents": "1724 Vladimir, Naming\nThis minor planet was named by Serbian astronomer Milorad Proti\u0107, who rediscovered the body in 1952, and made its permanent numbering possible (also see Lost minor planet). Proti\u0107 named it after his grandson, Vladimir. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 April 1980 (M.P.C. 5281).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017049-0000-0000", "contents": "1724 in Canada, Historical documents\nNew York benefits politically and in trade from its law prohibiting sale to French of any goods wanted by Indigenous people", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017049-0001-0000", "contents": "1724 in Canada, Historical documents\nNew York should not send forces to \"farther country of Indians\" as it might provoke French, and trade has increased by \"gentle means\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017049-0002-0000", "contents": "1724 in Canada, Historical documents\nBritish merchants say New York law against trading with French has reduced supply of furs imported and manufactures exported", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017049-0003-0000", "contents": "1724 in Canada, Historical documents\nSix Nations ask \"Eastern Indians\" to end war against New England, but they answer \"evasively\" and Six Nations decline fighting them", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017049-0004-0000", "contents": "1724 in Canada, Historical documents\n\"Greatest slaughter we have made upon them\" - New Hampshire leader reports killing of 100 men, women and children at Nanrantsouak", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017049-0005-0000", "contents": "1724 in Canada, Historical documents\n\"Victim of his own love and[...]zeal to maintain the Faith\" - Death of Fr. S\u00e9bastien Rasles at Nanrantsouak (Note: \"savage\" used)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017049-0006-0000", "contents": "1724 in Canada, Historical documents\nLt . Gov. Dummer of Massachusetts gets Nova Scotia Council to list terms it wants in treaty to end war with Indigenous people", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017049-0007-0000", "contents": "1724 in Canada, Historical documents\nGov. Philipps says Nova Scotia \"upon so precarious a footing\" that it can't be settled \"till such time as fortresses shall be built\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017049-0008-0000", "contents": "1724 in Canada, Historical documents\n\"Indian Prisoners here were treated with all Humanity,\" but Nova Scotia Council would kill one Indigenous hostage to repay recent attacks", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017049-0009-0000", "contents": "1724 in Canada, Historical documents\nWitnesses testify that scores of Indigenous men, some from Saint John River, decided to come from Minas to attack Annapolis Royal", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017049-0010-0000", "contents": "1724 in Canada, Historical documents\nAcadian deputies \"prevaricate\" when questioned about Annapolis attack, but Council too weak to risk uprising if they are punished", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017049-0011-0000", "contents": "1724 in Canada, Historical documents\nTo encourage compliance, Nova Scotia Council allows Catholic priest to move into province because he asked permission", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017049-0012-0000", "contents": "1724 in Canada, Historical documents\nCanso fishers suspect \"a neighbouring Coloney\" wants to end their exemption from duty on fish to preempt or ruin them", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017049-0013-0000", "contents": "1724 in Canada, Historical documents\nWhen Indigenous people gather \"oker,\" Newfoundland settler kills one and wants \"to keep the country allways clear of the Indians\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017054-0000-0000", "contents": "1724 in Norway, Deaths\nThis year in Norway article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017059-0000-0000", "contents": "1724 in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the year 1724 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017060-0000-0000", "contents": "1724 in architecture\nThe year 1724 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017062-0000-0000", "contents": "1724 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1724.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017063-0000-0000", "contents": "1724 in music\nThe year 1724 in music involved some significant musical events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 78]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017064-0000-0000", "contents": "1724 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017064-0001-0000", "contents": "1724 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017064-0002-0000", "contents": "1724 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017065-0000-0000", "contents": "1724 in science\nThe year 1724 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017066-0000-0000", "contents": "1724 papal conclave\nThe 1724 papal conclave was called upon the death of Pope Innocent XIII. It began on 20 March 1724 and ended on 28 May that year with the election of Vincenzo Maria Orsini, a Dominican friar, as Pope Benedict XIII. The conclave was made of largely the same electors that had elected Innocent in 1721 and the same factions dominated it. Multiple attempts were made to elect candidates that would be acceptable to the various Catholic monarchies at the time, but none were successful until May. Benedict resisted his own election for two days before being convinced to accept it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017066-0001-0000", "contents": "1724 papal conclave, Background\nThe papal conclave that had elected Innocent XIII in 1721 was dominated by cardinals appointed by Clement XI, who had been Pope for 21 years and appointed over 70 cardinals during that time. The conclave that elected Innocent was marked by a new alliance between the French and Spanish cardinals due to a change in the Spanish dynasty following the War of the Spanish Succession that resulted in Philip V, a Bourbon and the grandson of Louis XIV of France, ascending to what had previously been a Habsburg throne.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017066-0001-0001", "contents": "1724 papal conclave, Background\nInnocent was elected unanimously with the prospect that he might cooperate with both Bourbon France and the Hapsburg Holy Roman Emperor. Innocent had been in poor health for the year before his death on 7 March 1724 and preparations for the conclave to elect his successor had begun before his death.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017066-0002-0000", "contents": "1724 papal conclave, Conclave\nDuring his pontificate Innocent XIII had only created three new cardinals. When he died the composition of the College of Cardinals and its factions were similar to the one that had elected him. The conclave began on 20 March 1724 with only 33 cardinal electors present, but eventually 53 total cardinals took part in the election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017066-0003-0000", "contents": "1724 papal conclave, Conclave\nAt the start of the conclave, electors from the zelanti faction attempted to elect Giuseppe Renato Imperiali, but this was not possible because of his unpopularity with both France and Spain. Following this attempt cardinals representing the Bourbons insisted that no serious attempt to elect a new pope take place until all cardinals who were traveling had arrived, and until the electors had received instructions from the various Catholic monarchs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017066-0004-0000", "contents": "1724 papal conclave, Conclave\nAnnibale Albani, the brother of Clement XI, tried to elect Fabrizio Paolucci as Pope, having supported him previously in 1721. The Hapsburg emperor,  Charles VI, was opposed to Paolucci because he was sympathetic to the Bourbons, and a papal veto from Charles arrived from Vienna before Paolucci could be elected. Several of the electors continued to vote for Paolucci after he was excluded in protest of the veto. Representatives of England attempted to influence the conclave in order to reduce the honours that had been given in Rome to members of the House of Stuart, but their influence was limited because Giulio Alberoni, who had agreed to help them, did not have significant influence at the conclave.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 739]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017066-0005-0000", "contents": "1724 papal conclave, Conclave\nCharles VI had instructed his representative to the papal court Maximilian Ulrich von Kaunitz to work closely with \u00c1lvaro Cienfuegos to elect a candidate that he favoured. Cuenfuego's instructions were that cardinals Pamfili, Vallemani, Spada, Piazza, Corradini, Caracciolo, Tanara, Orsini, Ruffo, Colonna, Davia, Boncompagni, Pico, and Pignatelli would be acceptable to the emperor, and that cardinals Paolucci, Olivieri, Bussi, Sagripanti, and Origo were to be excluded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017066-0006-0000", "contents": "1724 papal conclave, Conclave\nCienfuegos led electors that were part of the imperial party in an attempt to elect Giulio Piazza. Piazza was almost elected on May 13, but was short by four votes. The electors were confident that they would be able to elect him, because more cardinals were arriving to participate in the conclave, and it became public in Rome that Piazza was likely to be the new pope. Albani did not support this because he had not been a part of the negotiations despite being the original elector to suggest Piazza, and undermined his election by proposing Vincenzo Orsini as an alternate candidate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017066-0007-0000", "contents": "1724 papal conclave, Election of Benedict XIII\nOn 28 May the conclave unanimously elected Orsini as Pope. He had not been seen as a serious candidate in past conclaves because he did not have political experience. Orsini was 75 at the time, and it took the cardinals two days to convince him to accept his election. He was recorded to have spent the night before his election sleepless and in tears. Even when the cardinals had taken him into the Sistine Chapel for the formal vote to elect him pope after they had been convinced he would accept, he was still unwilling to accept his own election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 46], "content_span": [47, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017066-0007-0001", "contents": "1724 papal conclave, Election of Benedict XIII\nUltimately, he only accepted it after being convinced of it by Agust\u00edn Pipia the Master of the Dominican Order, of which he was a member. Upon accepting his election, he attempted to take the name Benedict XIV, which would have recognized Antipope Benedict XIII, the last Avignon Pope during the Western Schism. Lawyers from the Roman Curia eventually persuaded Orisini to take the name Benedict XIII.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 46], "content_span": [47, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017066-0008-0000", "contents": "1724 papal conclave, Election of Benedict XIII\nOrisini's election was notable at the time because it was unusual for the cardinals to elect friars, since they were seen by some as too rigid. Members of religious orders at the time were often respected by the cardinals, but rarely elected, with Benedict XIII being only the fourth since the Council of Trent. Unlike the other mendicants elected to the papacy in this period, he was of noble birth, being the eldest son of the Duke of Gravina, but had forfeited his rights to his father's title in order to enter the Dominicans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 46], "content_span": [47, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017067-0000-0000", "contents": "17246 Christophedumas\n17246 Christophedumas, provisional designation 2000 GL74, is a stony Koronian asteroid and binary system from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 4.6 kilometers in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017067-0001-0000", "contents": "17246 Christophedumas\nIt was discovered on 5 April 2000, by the LINEAR program at Lincoln Laboratory's Experimental Test Site near Socorro, New Mexico, United States. It was named after planetary scientist Christophe Dumas. The asteroid's minor-planet moon was discovered in 2004.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017067-0002-0000", "contents": "17246 Christophedumas, Orbit and classification\nChristophedumas is a member of the Koronis family, which is named after 158\u00a0Koronis. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.8\u20132.9\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 9 months (1,748 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.02 and an inclination of 2\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroid's observation arc begins 29 years prior to its official discovery observation, with a precovery taken at Palomar Observatory in April 1971.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 47], "content_span": [48, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017067-0003-0000", "contents": "17246 Christophedumas, Orbit and classification, Close approach with Juno\nOn 9 January 2129, Christophedumas will come within 3,639,998 kilometers of 3 Juno, one of the largest asteroids in the main-belt, and will pass it with a relative velocity of 6.597\u00a0km/s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 73], "content_span": [74, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017067-0004-0000", "contents": "17246 Christophedumas, Physical characteristics\nChristophedumas is a presumed stony S-type asteroid. With an albedo of 0.21, it is more reflective than most asteroids in the outer main-belt. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts an albedo of 0.21 and calculates a diameter of 4.81 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 13.9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 47], "content_span": [48, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017067-0005-0000", "contents": "17246 Christophedumas, Physical characteristics\nIn December 2007, a rotational lightcurve of Christophedumas was obtained from photometric observations by Israeli astronomer David Polishook and colleagues. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 10 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.15 magnitude (U=n.a.). The team of astronomers also ruled out that Christophedumas might be an Escaping Ejecta Binary (EEB), that are thought to be created by fragments ejected from a disruptive impact event.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 47], "content_span": [48, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017067-0006-0000", "contents": "17246 Christophedumas, Moon\nIn 2004, a minor-planet moon, designated S/2004 (17246) 1, was discovered orbiting its primary, making Christophedumas a binary asteroid. With a secondary-to-primary mean-diameter ratio of 0.22, the moon measures approximately 1 kilometer in diameter, based on a diameter of 4.5 kilometers for its primary. While its rotation period and orbital eccentricity is not yet known, it is known that the moon completes one orbit every 90 days (2034 hours) with a semi-major axis of 228 kilometers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 27], "content_span": [28, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017067-0007-0000", "contents": "17246 Christophedumas, Moon\nFrom the surface of Christophedumas, the moon would have an apparent diameter of about 0.668\u00b0, slightly larger than the Moon appears from Earth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 27], "content_span": [28, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017067-0008-0000", "contents": "17246 Christophedumas, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after planetary scientist Christophe Dumas (born 1968), an observer of Solar System objects and expert in using adaptive optics. Dumas is a co-discoverer of the first asteroid moon imaged from Earth. The approved naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 June 2016 (M.P.C. 100606).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 29], "content_span": [30, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017068-0000-0000", "contents": "1725\n1725 (MDCCXXV) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar, the 1725th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 725th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 25th  year of the 18th\u00a0century, and the  6th   year of the 1720s decade. As of the start of 1725, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017069-0000-0000", "contents": "1725 in Canada, Historical documents\n\"No method can be so effectual\" - Another call for Six Nations to come into war on side of Massachusetts against Indigenous people", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017069-0001-0000", "contents": "1725 in Canada, Historical documents\nMassachusetts leader's update on war alleges Father Rasles refused \"to give or take quarter\" before his death", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017069-0002-0000", "contents": "1725 in Canada, Historical documents\nLong letter of Fr. Rasles mentions champions, fires, scalps, wounded, plunder, ransom, and \"a very great inclination for peace at Boston\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017069-0003-0000", "contents": "1725 in Canada, Historical documents\nLong letter of Gov. Vaudreuil mentions injustice, unreasonableness, pretension, confusion and trouble, sacrifice, threatenings, and cruelty", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017069-0004-0000", "contents": "1725 in Canada, Historical documents\nMurderous kidnappers take New England women and children to Canada", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017069-0005-0000", "contents": "1725 in Canada, Historical documents\n\u00cele-Royale governor tells Nova Scotia councillors that Penobscot and Saint John River Indigenous people are \"inured to war\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017069-0006-0000", "contents": "1725 in Canada, Historical documents\nIndigenous people in Nova Scotia \"have shewed some inclinations of peace,\" but lieutenant governor wants to avoid separate peace", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017069-0007-0000", "contents": "1725 in Canada, Historical documents\nNova Scotia commissioner to Boston peace talks with Indigenous people is directed to encourage their intermarriage with British", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017069-0008-0000", "contents": "1725 in Canada, Historical documents\nPromising peace, four Indigenous delegates sign treaty stating British \"jurisdiction and dominion\" over Nova Scotia", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017069-0009-0000", "contents": "1725 in Canada, Historical documents\nNew France laments loss of naval ship with all hands, death of Gov. Vaudreuil, and \"much regretted\" departure of Intendant B\u00e9gon", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017069-0010-0000", "contents": "1725 in Canada, Historical documents\nNova Scotia is \"most commodious Colony for the fishing trade,\" with \"greatest salmon fishery in the world\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017069-0011-0000", "contents": "1725 in Canada, Historical documents\nSummary of Nova Scotia events includes inhabitants in 1725 taking oath \"to the Government\" (by extortion, they say later)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017069-0012-0000", "contents": "1725 in Canada, Historical documents\n\u00cele-Royale governor assures Nova Scotia lieutenant governor that no one supplies arms to Indigenous people (Note: \"savage\" used)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017069-0013-0000", "contents": "1725 in Canada, Historical documents\nLt . Gov. Armstrong reports evidence of clandestine trade and secret introduction of \"Missionary Priest\" from \u00cele-Royale", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017069-0014-0000", "contents": "1725 in Canada, Historical documents\nArmstrong to assemble force (including Indigenous from New England) \"to humble the vilanous french inhabitants as well as Indians\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017069-0015-0000", "contents": "1725 in Canada, Historical documents\nBook on war with \"Eastern Indians\" offers \"a Narrative of Tragical Incursions perpetrated by Bloody Pagans[...]\" (Note: racial stereotypes)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017069-0016-0000", "contents": "1725 in Canada, Historical documents\nScores of Newfoundland taverns serve fishers on credit to point latter \"have nothing left to carry them home\" at season's end", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017069-0017-0000", "contents": "1725 in Canada, Historical documents\nNewfoundlander's complaint of Placentia commander's assault on himself, wife and daughter, plus extortion (with supporting depositions)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017069-0018-0000", "contents": "1725 in Canada, Historical documents\nScheme to put 100 blockhouses at back of colonies from Nova Scotia to South Carolina to prevent Indigenous attack", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017079-0000-0000", "contents": "1725 in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the year 1725 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017082-0000-0000", "contents": "1725 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1725.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017084-0000-0000", "contents": "1725 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017084-0001-0000", "contents": "1725 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017084-0002-0000", "contents": "1725 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017085-0000-0000", "contents": "1725 in science\nThe year 1725 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017086-0000-0000", "contents": "1726\n1726 (MDCCXXVI) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar, the 1726th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 726th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 26th  year of the 18th\u00a0century, and the  7th   year of the 1720s decade. As of the start of 1726, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017087-0000-0000", "contents": "1726 Hoffmeister\n1726 Hoffmeister, provisional designation 1933 OE, is a carbonaceous asteroid and namesake of the Hoffmeister family from the central region of the asteroid belt, approximately 23 kilometers in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017087-0001-0000", "contents": "1726 Hoffmeister\nIt was discovered on 24 July 1933, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg Observatory in southwest Germany, and named after astronomer Cuno Hoffmeister.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017087-0002-0000", "contents": "1726 Hoffmeister, Orbit and classification\nHoffmeister is the namesake and lowest-numbered member of the very compact Hoffmeister family (519), which, based upon its low albedo, was most likely formed from the breakup of a 50\u2013100\u00a0kilometer-sized, carbon-rich parent body within the past several hundred million years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017087-0003-0000", "contents": "1726 Hoffmeister, Orbit and classification\nIt orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.7\u20132.9\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 8 months (1,700 days; semi-major axis of 2.79\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.04 and an inclination of 3\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. It was first identified as 1924 UA at the Yerkes Observatory in 1924, extending the asteroid's observation arc by 9 years prior to its official discovery observation at Heidelberg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017087-0004-0000", "contents": "1726 Hoffmeister, Physical characteristics\nIn the SMASS classification, Hoffmeister is characterized as a Cb-type, a subtype of the carbonaceous C-complex.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017087-0005-0000", "contents": "1726 Hoffmeister, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Hoffmeister measures between 22.03 and 25.67 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has a low albedo between 0.03 and 0.05. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for carbonaceous asteroids of 0.057 and calculates a diameter of 17.4 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 12.53.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 63], "content_span": [64, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017087-0006-0000", "contents": "1726 Hoffmeister, Physical characteristics, Rotational lightcurve\nIn December 2009, a rotational lightcurve of Hoffmeister was obtained from photometric observations by astronomers at the Palomar Transient Factory in California. It gave a rotation period of 11.7058\u00b10.0056 hours with a brightness variation of 0.40 magnitude (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 65], "content_span": [66, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017087-0007-0000", "contents": "1726 Hoffmeister, Naming\nThis minor planet was named in memory of German astronomer Cuno Hoffmeister (1892\u20131968), who founded the Sonneberg Observatory in 1925, and became one of its directors (see 1039 Sonneberga). Hoffmeister discovered thousands of variable stars, co-discovered comet C/1959 O1, thoroughly investigated a large number of meteors, and discovered 5 minor planets: 2183 Neufang, 3203 Huth, 3674 Erbisb\u00fchl, 4183 Cuno (which was later named after him) and 4724 Brocken. The lunar crater Hoffmeister was also named in his honor. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 February 1976 (M.P.C. 3933).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 24], "content_span": [25, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017088-0000-0000", "contents": "1726 in Canada, Historical documents\nGovernor, intendant and bishop of Quebec are to cooperate (each within his bounds) to implant religion and aid trade (Note: \"savage\" used)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017088-0001-0000", "contents": "1726 in Canada, Historical documents\nLt . Gov. Dummer reports 1725 \"Treaty of Pacification with[... ]all the Tribes of Indians[...]engaged in the late warr with this Government\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017088-0002-0000", "contents": "1726 in Canada, Historical documents\nPenobscot spokesman Loron tells Dummer that \"Canada Indians\" (Nanrantsouak and others) want to treat with New England at Montreal", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017088-0003-0000", "contents": "1726 in Canada, Historical documents\nLoron mentions proposal to have English withdraw from some sites, but Dummer rejects it along with Montreal meeting", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017088-0004-0000", "contents": "1726 in Canada, Historical documents\nPenobscot tell Dummer they have no memory of selling land he claims by deed and right, which he says can be settled in court", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017088-0005-0000", "contents": "1726 in Canada, Historical documents\nAfter signing treaty ratification, Penobscot agree to protect frontier settlers and to ratify treaty at Annapolis Royal", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017088-0006-0000", "contents": "1726 in Canada, Historical documents\nDummer hopes Indigenous people \"may in a short time be intirely drawne from their dependance on the French\" for presents", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017088-0007-0000", "contents": "1726 in Canada, Historical documents\nChiefs and representatives of \"St. Johns, Cape Sable\" and other nations ratify treaty of 1725 at Annapolis Royal", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017088-0008-0000", "contents": "1726 in Canada, Historical documents\nTreaty is signed by Indigenous people on flag bastion at Annapolis Royal after hearing it read in English and French", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017088-0009-0000", "contents": "1726 in Canada, Historical documents\nLt . Gov. (of Annapolis) Doucett says Indigenous people signing \"seem to be quite tired of the warr and are extreamly well pleas'd\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017088-0010-0000", "contents": "1726 in Canada, Historical documents\nLt . Gov. (of Nova Scotia) Armstrong reports Acadians will avoid swearing allegiance by leaving, perhaps for St. John's Island", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017088-0011-0000", "contents": "1726 in Canada, Historical documents\nAcadian Deputies sign oath only after clause added in margin of document \"Whereby they might not be Obliged to Carry Arms\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017088-0012-0000", "contents": "1726 in Canada, Historical documents\n\"Dread of the pirates is always a great interruption to the Fishery\" - Admiralty asked for warship to cruise Nova Scotia's Atlantic coast", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017088-0013-0000", "contents": "1726 in Canada, Historical documents\nNova Scotia reports extensive trade by New Englanders and province's French with \u00cele-Royale, \"as if they were still Proprietors\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017088-0014-0000", "contents": "1726 in Canada, Historical documents\nCrown urged to select 200,000 acres of Nova Scotia forest (for naval use), so British settlers can then come in and outnumber Acadians", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017088-0015-0000", "contents": "1726 in Canada, Historical documents\nLt . Gov. Armstrong reports accomplishments and challenges, ranging from peace to defence to food provisions (Note: \"savages\" used)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017088-0016-0000", "contents": "1726 in Canada, Historical documents\nArmstrong enlarges on defence issues following report that \"Canada Indians\" are coming to \"commence a new warr\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017088-0017-0000", "contents": "1726 in Canada, Historical documents\nNova Scotia Council orders man to maintain child he fathered after midwife says mother \"in her most Violent Pains\" swore it was him", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017088-0018-0000", "contents": "1726 in Canada, Historical documents\nIn Newfoundland, \"there are no persons to administer justice during the winter season, except at Placentia and Canso\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017088-0019-0000", "contents": "1726 in Canada, Historical documents\nEnglish town with fishing interest in north and northwest Newfoundland wants survey of its \"dangerous and utterly unknown\" waters", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017088-0020-0000", "contents": "1726 in Canada, Historical documents\nTrade council wants Newfoundland survey \"as it will greatly increase the cod fishery [and encourage and establish] the salmon fishery\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017088-0021-0000", "contents": "1726 in Canada, Historical documents\n\"I hope more effectual tho' less severe\" - New York governor reports replacing prohibition on trade with Canada with increased duty", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017088-0022-0000", "contents": "1726 in Canada, Historical documents\nNew York's issues with French fort at Niagara reveal complex relations with Canada and sometimes divided Six Nations", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017088-0023-0000", "contents": "1726 in Canada, Historical documents\nFrench fort at Niagara violates treaty, says New York governor to Commander in Chief in Canada, who denies it is British land", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017088-0024-0000", "contents": "1726 in Canada, Historical documents\n\"Two French-men and three Indians[... ]from the Eastward\" sentenced to death for piracy in Boston special admiralty court", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017088-0025-0000", "contents": "1726 in Canada, Historical documents\nMaine soldier is only man able to interpret for \"Cape-Sable Indians\" accused of piracy (and found guilty)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017093-0000-0000", "contents": "1726 in Norway, Deaths\nThis year in Norway article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017097-0000-0000", "contents": "1726 in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the year 1726 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017100-0000-0000", "contents": "1726 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1726.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017102-0000-0000", "contents": "1726 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017102-0001-0000", "contents": "1726 in poetry, Works published, United Kingdom, \"Namby\u2013Pamby\" first appears\nHenry Carey's poem, Namby Pamby: or, a panegyrick on the new versification address'd to A----- P----, published this year (some sources give the publication year as 1725), satirizes the poetry of Ambrose Philips, with the name a play on the first three letters of \"Ambrose\". Carey and others, including John Gay, Alexander Pope and Jonathan Swift, used the term as a disparaging nickname for Philips, but this year Carey was the first to put it into print. Carey's poem, a reaction against the style of Philips' To the Honourable Miss Carteret of 1725, mimicked the cloying, overly sentimental reduplication in some verse Phillips had written for children or as elegies of dead children, such as these opening lines from Miss Charlotte Pulteney, in Her Mother\u2019s Arms:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 76], "content_span": [77, 844]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017102-0002-0000", "contents": "1726 in poetry, Works published, United Kingdom, \"Namby\u2013Pamby\" first appears\nIn The Dunciad (1733), Pope would also make fun of Philips: \"Beneath his reign, shall [...] Namby Pamby be prefer'd for Wit!\" Pope despised Philips for both political and professional reasons, in part because Whig critics such as Joseph Addison had compared Philips' rustic verse favorably to that of Pope, a Tory. Within a generation, \"Namby Pamby\" began to broaden its meaning, so that in William Ayres' Memoirs of the life and writings of Alexander Pope of 1745, Jonathan Swift was said to be referring to the \"Namby Pamby Stile\" of writing. By 1774, the meaning had broadened further, covering anything ineffectual or weak, so that The Westmoreland Magazine could refer to \"A namby-pamby Duke\". The hyphenated phrase now covers anything ineffectual or affectedly sentimental.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 76], "content_span": [77, 856]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017102-0003-0000", "contents": "1726 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017102-0004-0000", "contents": "1726 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017103-0000-0000", "contents": "1726 in science\nThe year 1726 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017104-0000-0000", "contents": "1726 to 1730 in sports\nEvents in world sport through the years 1726 to 1730.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 76]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017105-0000-0000", "contents": "1727\n1727 (MDCCXXVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar, the 1727th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 727th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 27th  year of the 18th\u00a0century, and the  8th   year of the 1720s decade. As of the start of 1727, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017106-0000-0000", "contents": "1727 British general election\nThe 1727 British general election returned members to serve in the House of Commons of the 7th Parliament of Great Britain to be summoned, after the merger of the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland in 1707. The election was triggered by the death of King George I; at the time, it was the convention to hold new elections following the succession of a new monarch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017106-0000-0001", "contents": "1727 British general election\nThe Tories, led in the House of Commons by William Wyndham, and under the direction of Bolingbroke, who had returned to the country in 1723 after being pardoned for his role in the Jacobite rising of 1715, lost further ground to the Whigs, rendering them ineffectual and largely irrelevant to practical politics. A group known as the Patriot Whigs, led by William Pulteney, who were disenchanted with Walpole's government and believed he was betraying Whig principles, had been formed prior to the election. Bolingbroke and Pulteney had not expected the next election to occur until 1729, and were consequently caught unprepared and failed to make any gains against the government party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 717]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017106-0001-0000", "contents": "1727 British general election, Summary of the constituencies\nSee 1796 British general election for details. The constituencies used were the same throughout the existence of the Parliament of Great Britain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 60], "content_span": [61, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017106-0002-0000", "contents": "1727 British general election, Dates of election\nThe general election was held between 14 August 1727 and 17 October 1727.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 48], "content_span": [49, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017106-0003-0000", "contents": "1727 British general election, Dates of election\nAt this period, elections did not take place at the same time in every constituency. The returning officer in each county or parliamentary borough fixed the precise date (see hustings for details of the conduct of the elections).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 48], "content_span": [49, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017107-0000-0000", "contents": "1727 Mette\n1727 Mette, provisional designation 1965 BA, is a binary Hungaria asteroid and Mars-crosser from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 9 kilometers in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017107-0001-0000", "contents": "1727 Mette\nIt was discovered on 25 January 1965, by English astronomer David Andrews at Boyden Observatory near Bloemfontein in Free State, South Africa . It was named after the discoverer's wife Mette Andrews.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017107-0002-0000", "contents": "1727 Mette, Classification and orbit\nThe S-type asteroid is a member of the Hungaria family, which form the innermost dense concentration of asteroids in the Solar System. It is also a Mars-crossing asteroid, a dynamically unstable group between the main belt and the near-Earth populations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017107-0003-0000", "contents": "1727 Mette, Classification and orbit\nIt orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.7\u20132.0\u00a0AU once every 2 years and 6 months (922 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.10 and an inclination of 23\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. Being a Mars-crosser, Mette will make a relatively close approach to Mars on April 15, 2023, when it will pass near the Red Planet at a distance of less than 0.08\u00a0AU (12,000,000\u00a0km). It was first identified as 1955 DC at Goethe Link Observatory in 1955, extending the body's observation arc by 10 years prior to its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017107-0004-0000", "contents": "1727 Mette, Physical parameters\nA large number of rotational lightcurves of Mette were obtained from photometric observations. They gave a rotation period of approximately 2.981 hours (best rated results) with a brightness variation between 0.22 and 0.38 magnitude, indicating a moderately elongated body (U=3/3/3). The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 8.97 kilometers, while observations with the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer gave a diameter of 5.44 kilometers and an albedo of 0.544.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 31], "content_span": [32, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017107-0005-0000", "contents": "1727 Mette, Naming\nThis minor planet was named by the discoverer after his wife, Mette Andrews for her comprehension of his nocturnal working hours and absence from home. The approved naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 February 1980 (M.P.C. 5183).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017107-0006-0000", "contents": "1727 Mette, Moon\nIn 2013, a satellite orbiting the asteroid was discovered. The moon measures about 2 kilometers in diameter and orbits Mette once every 20 hours and 59 minutes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017107-0007-0000", "contents": "1727 Mette, Moon\nThere are several hundreds of asteroids known to have satellites (also see Category:Binary asteroids).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017108-0000-0000", "contents": "1727 Tabriz earthquake\nThe 1727 Tabriz earthquake occurred on 18 November with an epicenter near Tabriz in northwest Iran. The maximum felt intensity was VIII (Severe) on the Mercalli intensity scale, and there were an estimated 77,000 deaths. The only record for this earthquake comes from an account written in 1821 and it is very likely that the information for this earthquake refers instead to the 1721 Tabriz earthquake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017109-0000-0000", "contents": "1727 in Canada, Historical documents\nNova Scotia councillor is present as Nanrantsouak and other nations ratify peace treaty and discuss issues with New England leaders", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017109-0001-0000", "contents": "1727 in Canada, Historical documents\nRatification article obliges all parties, settler and Indigenous, to send fighters for united response to attack on any party", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017109-0002-0000", "contents": "1727 in Canada, Historical documents\nNova Scotia Council reviews letter from Councillor Mascarene on ratification, including \"mutual assistance\" article", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017109-0003-0000", "contents": "1727 in Canada, Historical documents\nLt . Gov. Dummer will invoke mutual assistance to get Penobscot to pursue Cape Sable Indigenous people who attacked boats", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017109-0004-0000", "contents": "1727 in Canada, Historical documents\nDummer and Nanrantsouak chief sachem discuss return of British settlers taken by Indigenous people", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017109-0005-0000", "contents": "1727 in Canada, Historical documents\nIndigenous people note price increase for goods they want and decrease for beaver, and Dummer explains \"the Nature of Markets\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017109-0006-0000", "contents": "1727 in Canada, Historical documents\nReport that \"Cape Sable Indians\" killed all aboard vessel, danced on shore around their scalps and took some to Louisbourg", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017109-0007-0000", "contents": "1727 in Canada, Historical documents\n\"Antimonarchical\" Bostonians with Acadians undermine Nova Scotia government and incite Indigenous attack (Note: \"savages\" used)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017109-0008-0000", "contents": "1727 in Canada, Historical documents\nNova Scotia Council decides French \"up the Bay\" of Fundy refusing to swear allegiance will not be dealing with \"our English Traders\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017109-0009-0000", "contents": "1727 in Canada, Historical documents\nAcadian Deputies insist that oath have clauses allowing free exercise of religion, exemption from military, and property rights", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017109-0010-0000", "contents": "1727 in Canada, Historical documents\nFor refusing unconditional oath to King George II, Acadian Deputies are imprisoned and inhabitants prohibited from fishing", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017109-0011-0000", "contents": "1727 in Canada, Historical documents\nQuestioning Indigenous men from local regions about reported murder, Council invokes their treaty obligation to make amends", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017109-0012-0000", "contents": "1727 in Canada, Historical documents\nNova Scotia governor calls for troops at Minas and Chignecto, for Canso fort, and setting up military recruits as settlers after four-year tour", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017109-0013-0000", "contents": "1727 in Canada, Historical documents\nDetailed proposal to grant poor people 50 acres, craftsmen 100 acres and \"substantial inhabitants\" 1,000 in Nova Scotia (Note: \"savage\" used)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017109-0014-0000", "contents": "1727 in Canada, Historical documents\nMuch Nova Scotia fish (and most from Canso) sold in \u00cele-Royale, which is also \"constantly supply'd from Boston with all sorts of commodities\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017109-0015-0000", "contents": "1727 in Canada, Historical documents\nMerchants complain about high-handed Placentia commander taking best fishing places, overcharging for goods and abusing people", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017109-0016-0000", "contents": "1727 in Canada, Historical documents\nNewfoundlanders spend winter cutting boards, making oars, building and repairing boats, and repairing structures, while others hunt", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017109-0017-0000", "contents": "1727 in Canada, Historical documents\nNewfoundland shore fish preferable to Grand Banks fish because latter are \"in bulk before[... ]wash'd out, and is broke [before] spread\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017109-0018-0000", "contents": "1727 in Canada, Historical documents\nBritish have right to oppose French at Niagara because Six Nations in \"entire subjection to H.M. did surrender all their lands to him\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017109-0019-0000", "contents": "1727 in Canada, Historical documents\nNew York is building \"stone house of strength\" at Oswego, \"lying most conveniently to receive all the far Indians who come to trade with us\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017109-0020-0000", "contents": "1727 in Canada, Historical documents\nN.Y. General Assembly praises governor's \"zeal for[... ]securing the Six Nations in the British interest\" by building Oswego trading house", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017109-0021-0000", "contents": "1727 in Canada, Historical documents\nVery few \"Adirondacks\" remain after Six Nations victories, and are not \"of any consequence, either in Peace or War\" (Note: racial stereotypes", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017109-0022-0000", "contents": "1727 in Canada, Historical documents\nMontreal priest admonishes apostasy of woman gone to New England, citing Catholic doctrine and censuring Protestantism", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017109-0023-0000", "contents": "1727 in Canada, Historical documents\nDevonshire man seeks New England posting as \"reward for[...]taking seven sail of sloops etc. manned by Indians who attacked\" Canso fishery", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017109-0024-0000", "contents": "1727 in Canada, Historical documents\n\"Melancholy, distressful, horrid\" - Few survive 12 days at sea in boat without drinking water before reaching Newfoundland", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017109-0025-0000", "contents": "1727 in Canada, Historical documents\nUnusually, this news (that French army will put Louis XV's father-in-law on Polish throne) comes to New York by way of \u00cele-Royale and Canso", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017112-0000-0000", "contents": "1727 in Great Britain\nEvents from the year 1727 in Great Britain. This year sees a change of monarch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017118-0000-0000", "contents": "1727 in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the year 1727 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017121-0000-0000", "contents": "1727 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1727.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017123-0000-0000", "contents": "1727 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017123-0001-0000", "contents": "1727 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017123-0002-0000", "contents": "1727 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017124-0000-0000", "contents": "1727 in science\nThe year 1727 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017125-0000-0000", "contents": "1728\n1728 (MDCCXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a leap year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar, the 1728th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 728th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 28th  year of the 18th\u00a0century, and the  9th   year of the 1720s decade. As of the start of 1728, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017126-0000-0000", "contents": "1728 (number)\n1728 is the natural number following 1727 and preceding 1729. 1728 is a dozen gross, one great gross (or grand gross, or, in Germanic, Mass).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017126-0001-0000", "contents": "1728 (number), In mathematics\n1728 is the cube of 12 and, as such, is important in the duodecimal number system, in which it is represented as \"1000\". It is the number of cubic inches in a cubic foot. 1728 occurs in the algebraic formula for the j-invariant of an elliptic curve. As a consequence, it is sometimes called a Zagier as a pun on the Gross\u2013Zagier theorem. The number 1728 is one less than the Hardy\u2013Ramanujan number 1729.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 29], "content_span": [30, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017126-0002-0000", "contents": "1728 (number), In mathematics\n1728 is also the number of directed open knight's tours on a 5 \u00d7 5 chessboard. (sequence  in the OEIS).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 29], "content_span": [30, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017126-0003-0000", "contents": "1728 (number), In mathematics\n1728 is also the number of daily chants of the Hare Krishna (mantra)  by a Hare Krishna devotee. The number comes from 16 rounds on a 108 japamala bead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 29], "content_span": [30, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017127-0000-0000", "contents": "1728 Goethe Link\n1728 Goethe Link, provisional designation 1964 TO, is a stony asteroid and relatively slow rotator from the central region of the asteroid belt, approximately 16 kilometers in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017127-0001-0000", "contents": "1728 Goethe Link\nIt was discovered on 12 October 1964, by Indiana University during its Indiana Asteroid Program at Goethe Link Observatory in Brooklyn, Indiana, United States. It was named after American philanthropist and founder of the discovering observatory Goethe Link.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017127-0002-0000", "contents": "1728 Goethe Link, Orbit and classification\nGoethe Link orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.3\u20132.8\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 1 month (1,499 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.09 and an inclination of 7\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. Goethe Link was first identified as 1943 OA at Heidelberg Observatory in 1943, extending the body's observation arc by 21 years prior to its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017127-0003-0000", "contents": "1728 Goethe Link, Physical characteristics\nGoethe Link has been characterized as a common S-type asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017127-0004-0000", "contents": "1728 Goethe Link, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn October 2005, a rotational lightcurve of Goethe Link was obtained by French amateur astronomer Laurent Bernasconi. It gave a long rotation period of 81 hours with a brightness variation of 0.39 magnitude (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 59], "content_span": [60, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017127-0005-0000", "contents": "1728 Goethe Link, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out the Japanese Akari satellite and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Goethe Link measures 14.58 and 18.18 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo of 0.194 and 0.251, respectively. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 15.60 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 11.4.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 63], "content_span": [64, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017127-0006-0000", "contents": "1728 Goethe Link, Naming\nThis minor planet was named in honor of Indianapolis surgeon and philanthropist Dr Goethe Link. He was an enthusiastic amateur astronomer and generous supporter of astronomy, who built the Goethe Link Observatory in the late 1930s and donated it to Indiana University in 1948. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 15 July 1968 (M.P.C. 2882).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 24], "content_span": [25, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017128-0000-0000", "contents": "1728 in Canada, Historical documents\nNova Scotia governor petitions King for measures to address long-standing problems of defence, communication and control", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017128-0001-0000", "contents": "1728 in Canada, Historical documents\nSurveyor of His Majesty's Woods instructed to mark out at least 200,000 acres of forest in Nova Scotia for Royal Navy use", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017128-0002-0000", "contents": "1728 in Canada, Historical documents\n\"Uninhabited (except by a few Indians)\" - Petition to settle colonial grey zone (now in Maine) between British and French claims", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017128-0003-0000", "contents": "1728 in Canada, Historical documents\n\"Deep Bays, large Coves and Rivers, and most excellent Harbours\" - Guide to sailing charted Newfoundland coasts", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017136-0000-0000", "contents": "1728 in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the year 1728 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017139-0000-0000", "contents": "1728 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1728.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017141-0000-0000", "contents": "1728 in paleontology\nPaleontology, palaeontology or pal\u00e6ontology (from Greek: paleo, \"ancient\"; ontos, \"being\"; and logos, \"knowledge\") is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because mankind has encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1728.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017142-0000-0000", "contents": "1728 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017142-0001-0000", "contents": "1728 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017142-0002-0000", "contents": "1728 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017143-0000-0000", "contents": "1728 in science\nThe year 1728 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017144-0000-0000", "contents": "1728 map of Copenhagen\nThis 1728 map of Copenhagen shows the overall layout of Copenhagen, Denmark, as well as the location of important buildings and other features, as it appeared Anno 1728, immediately before the Copenhagen Fire of 1728. The map shown here  was published by Oluf Nielsen in 1884 but relies on a map published J. F. Arnoldt in January 1728. The original map can be seen here.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017144-0001-0000", "contents": "1728 map of Copenhagen, The map\nNorth: North is to the left while east is at the top.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 85]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017145-0000-0000", "contents": "1729\n1729 (MDCCXXIX) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar, the 1729th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 729th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 29th  year of the 18th\u00a0century, and the  10th  and last year of the 1720s decade. As of the start of 1729, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017146-0000-0000", "contents": "1729 (number)\n1729 is the natural number following 1728 and preceding 1730. It is a taxicab number, and is variously known as Ramanujan's number and the Ramanujan-Hardy number, after an anecdote of the British mathematician G. H. Hardy when he visited Indian mathematician Srinivasa Ramanujan in hospital. He related their conversation:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017146-0001-0000", "contents": "1729 (number)\nI remember once going to see him when he was ill at Putney. I had ridden in taxi cab number 1729 and remarked that the number seemed to me rather a dull one, and that I hoped it was not an unfavourable omen. \"No,\" he replied, \"it is a very interesting number; it is the smallest number expressible as the sum of two cubes in two different ways.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017146-0002-0000", "contents": "1729 (number)\nThe quotation is sometimes expressed using the term \"positive cubes\", since allowing negative perfect cubes (the cube of a negative integer) gives the smallest solution as 91 (which is a divisor of 1729):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017146-0003-0000", "contents": "1729 (number)\nNumbers that are the smallest number that can be expressed as the sum of two cubes in n distinct ways have been dubbed \"taxicab numbers\". The number was also found in one of Ramanujan's notebooks dated years before the incident, and was noted by Fr\u00e9nicle de Bessy in 1657. A commemorative plaque now appears at the site of the Ramanujan-Hardy incident, at 2 Colinette Road in Putney.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017146-0004-0000", "contents": "1729 (number)\nThe same expression defines 1729 as the first in the sequence of \"Fermat near misses\" (sequence  in the OEIS) defined, in reference to Fermat's Last Theorem, as numbers of the form 1\u00a0+\u00a0z3 which are also expressible as the sum of two other cubes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017146-0005-0000", "contents": "1729 (number), Other properties\n1729 is also the third Carmichael number, the first Chernick\u2013Carmichael number (sequence  in the OEIS), and the first absolute Euler pseudoprime. It is also a sphenic number.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 31], "content_span": [32, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017146-0006-0000", "contents": "1729 (number), Other properties\n1729 is also the third Zeisel number. It is a centered cube number, as well as a dodecagonal number, a 24-gonal and 84-gonal number.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 31], "content_span": [32, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017146-0007-0000", "contents": "1729 (number), Other properties\nInvestigating pairs of distinct integer-valued quadratic forms that represent every integer the same number of times, Schiemann found that such quadratic forms must be in four or more variables, and the least possible discriminant of a four-variable pair is 1729.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 31], "content_span": [32, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017146-0008-0000", "contents": "1729 (number), Other properties\n1729 is the lowest number which can be represented by a Loeschian quadratic form a\u00b2 + ab + b\u00b2 in four different ways with a and b positive integers. The integer pairs (a,b) are (25,23), (32,15), (37,8) and (40,3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 31], "content_span": [32, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017146-0009-0000", "contents": "1729 (number), Other properties\n1729 is the dimension of the Fourier transform on which the fastest known algorithm for multiplying two numbers is based. This is an example of a galactic algorithm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 31], "content_span": [32, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017147-0000-0000", "contents": "1729 Bahamian general election\nGeneral elections were held in the Bahamas in September 1729, the first elections in the territory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017147-0001-0000", "contents": "1729 Bahamian general election, Background\nIn August 1729, new Governor Woodes Rogers was instructed by King George II to create a 24-member General Assembly for the Bahamas. Rogers issued a proclamation on 8 September, ordering eligible voters to meet at polling places during the next two weeks. The reforms had been planned by the previous Governor George Phenney and authorised in July 1728.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017147-0002-0000", "contents": "1729 Bahamian general election, Electoral system\nThe General Assembly had 24 members elected from five constituencies; eight representatives were elected in Nassau, whilst Eastern District, Western District, Eleuthera and Harbour Island all had four representatives. Voting was restricted to around 250 white men aged over 21, and the elections took place between 12 and 20 September. In Nassau the elections were held at the house of Samuel Lawford, in the Eastern District they took place at Samuel Frith's house, and in Western District they took place at the house of John Watkins.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 48], "content_span": [49, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017147-0003-0000", "contents": "1729 Bahamian general election, Aftermath\nThe General Assembly met for the first time on 29 September at the house of Samuel Lawford. John Colebrooke was elected as its first speaker. It was dissolved on 7 December 1730 by the Governor after it voted against continuing to pay his \u00a3200 salary and also voted out the Speaker, who was sympathetic to the Governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 41], "content_span": [42, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017148-0000-0000", "contents": "1729 Beryl\n1729 Beryl, provisional designation 1963 SL, is a stony background asteroid from the Florian region in the inner asteroid belt, approximately 9 kilometers (5.6 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 19 September 1963, by astronomers at Indiana University during the Indiana Asteroid Program at Goethe Link Observatory in Indiana, United States. The S-type asteroid has a rotation period of 4.9 hours. It was named for Beryl H. Potter, a long-time research assistant of the discovering program.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017148-0001-0000", "contents": "1729 Beryl, Orbit and classification\nBeryl is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population when applying the hierarchical clustering method to its proper orbital elements. Based on osculating Keplerian orbital elements, the asteroid has also been classified as a member of the Flora family (402), a giant asteroid family and the largest family of stony asteroids in the main-belt. It orbits the Sun in the inner asteroid belt at a distance of 2.0\u20132.5\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 4 months (1,216 days; semi-major axis of 2.23\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.10 and an inclination of 2\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017148-0002-0000", "contents": "1729 Beryl, Orbit and classification\nThe asteroid was first observed as 1933 ST at Simeiz Observatory in September 1933. The body's observation arc begins with its observation as 1942 EW at Turku Observatory in March 1942, or more than 21 years prior to its official discovery observation at Goethe Link.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017148-0003-0000", "contents": "1729 Beryl, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Beryl H. Potter (1900\u20131985), research assistant at the Indiana University, who participated in the program of minor planet observations from 1949 to 1966. During this period, she analysed nearly 6,300 photographic plates, measuring the positions of minor planets and reporting lost asteroids to the International Astronomical Union, which were then published in the Minor Planet Circulars. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 15 July 1968 (M.P.C. 2883).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017148-0004-0000", "contents": "1729 Beryl, Physical characteristics\nIn the SMASS classification, Beryl is a common, stony S-type asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017148-0005-0000", "contents": "1729 Beryl, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn May 2009, a rotational lightcurve of Beryl was obtained from photometric observations by Julian Oey at the Leura (E17) and Kingsgrove (E19) observatories in Australia. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 4.8888\u00b10.0003 hours and a brightness variation of 0.20 magnitude (U=3). In addition, a nearly identical period of 4.889\u00b10.0014 hours with an amplitude of 0.14 was determined in the R-band by astronomers at the Palomar Transient Factory in October 2010 (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 53], "content_span": [54, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017148-0006-0000", "contents": "1729 Beryl, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Beryl measures 9.04 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.246. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.24 \u2013 derived from 8\u00a0Flora, the namesake of the Flora Family \u2013 and calculates a diameter of 8.58 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.5.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 57], "content_span": [58, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017149-0000-0000", "contents": "1729 in Canada, Historical documents\nNew York governor says Six Nations want garrison at Oswego trading house and will assist against \"any Power that dares to Attack it\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017149-0001-0000", "contents": "1729 in Canada, Historical documents\nN.Y. governor says Oswego trading house will protect Indigenous fur suppliers from \"the wonted abuses of the Handlers or Traders\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017149-0002-0000", "contents": "1729 in Canada, Historical documents\nTen New York acts about trade with Indigenous people (1720-1729) repealed because \"the execution of them are grievous and oppressive\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017149-0003-0000", "contents": "1729 in Canada, Historical documents\nIrish and New England families want to settle east of Kennebec River boundary of Nova Scotia, but not in French-dominated N.S.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017149-0004-0000", "contents": "1729 in Canada, Historical documents\nHow valid are French claims from Kennebeck to Canso (though \"reconquered\" by British) in current settlement plans? (Note: \"savages\" used)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017149-0005-0000", "contents": "1729 in Canada, Historical documents\nKeep Massachusetts government out of new Maine settlement because \"incensed Indians\" were cheated of land by \"fraudelent practices\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017149-0006-0000", "contents": "1729 in Canada, Historical documents\nFrench say \"live well with the English\" to Penobscot, who okay Pemaquid settlement, but label any move past Saint George River unfriendly", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017149-0007-0000", "contents": "1729 in Canada, Historical documents\nPenobscot and Nanrantsouak welcome Pemaquid settlement, even if none of them \"had a right to sell any, for it all belonged to the King\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017149-0008-0000", "contents": "1729 in Canada, Historical documents\nNova Scotia proper, and not part east of Kennebeck, should be promoted to settlers, with incentives for men to marry Indigenous women", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017149-0009-0000", "contents": "1729 in Canada, Historical documents\nGerman Palatines and others should settle in new province (to be called Georgia) east of Kennebeck, and also in Nova Scotia proper", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017149-0010-0000", "contents": "1729 in Canada, Historical documents\n\"For security against the Frenchified Indians,\" Nova Scotia Palatines should be in villages 3 miles apart with 60 families each", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017149-0011-0000", "contents": "1729 in Canada, Historical documents\nSurveyor of His Majesty's Woods says \"Indians\" will be dangerous and Bay of Fundy Acadians obstructive when he works in Nova Scotia", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017149-0012-0000", "contents": "1729 in Canada, Historical documents\nMindful of \"safety and welfare\" of Nova Scotia, governor glad to find Annapolis River Acadians are all willing to sign oath to King", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017149-0013-0000", "contents": "1729 in Canada, Historical documents\nInsubordination and arrogance of two government officials add to \"great disorder\" in Nova Scotia, says Lt. Governor Lawrence Armstrong", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017149-0014-0000", "contents": "1729 in Canada, Historical documents\nCanso fishery survey finds all fishers are in schooners based in New England and catch fish as far as 120 miles out on banks", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017149-0015-0000", "contents": "1729 in Canada, Historical documents\nOn \u00cele-Royale (Cape Breton Island), Louisbourg has 1,500 people, 7 companies of soldiers \"strongly fortify'd,\" and \"Irish Papists\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017149-0016-0000", "contents": "1729 in Canada, Historical documents\nPrivy Council orders that governors be instructed not to confiscate whale products of Nova Scotia and other fisheries", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017149-0017-0000", "contents": "1729 in Canada, Historical documents\nNew Seal of Nova Scotia depicts land, fishing and fur trading, with motto \"Terrae Marisque Opes\" (Wealth of Land and Sea)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017149-0018-0000", "contents": "1729 in Canada, Historical documents\nNewfoundland fur trade lost because \"by their constant cruel usage to the Indians wherever they meet them, all traffick [is] cutt off\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017149-0019-0000", "contents": "1729 in Canada, Historical documents\nNew England merchants in Newfoundland sometimes are paid in fish, taking worst sort to ship for \"negroes\" in West Indies", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017149-0020-0000", "contents": "1729 in Canada, Historical documents\nExtending too much credit to Newfoundland fishers \"is certainly the occasion of all the faults, disputes and disorders that happen\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017149-0021-0000", "contents": "1729 in Canada, Historical documents\n\"Long committed and often repeated\" - Infractions in Newfoundland come of Admirals' irresponsible, self-serving and selective enforcement", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017149-0022-0000", "contents": "1729 in Canada, Historical documents\nNewfoundland's \"proper remedies\" include trial of tyrannical Placentia governor and increasing Commodore's military and judicial powers", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017149-0023-0000", "contents": "1729 in Canada, Historical documents\nNew Newfoundland governor instructed to stop (with few exceptions) direct imports from other colonies and European countries", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017149-0024-0000", "contents": "1729 in Canada, Historical documents\n\"The inhabitants seem pleas'd\" - Governor Osborn appoints three justices of the peace and several constables in St. John's and region", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017149-0025-0000", "contents": "1729 in Canada, Historical documents\nPoole merchants complain of ships from outside England fishing in Newfoundland in contravention of statute", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017149-0026-0000", "contents": "1729 in Canada, Historical documents\n\"With confounded Rum they ever stink\" - Navy chaplain calls \"most\" Newfoundlanders \"sottish,\" \"frightful\" and \"in a willing Banishment\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017158-0000-0000", "contents": "1729 in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the year 1729 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017161-0000-0000", "contents": "1729 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1729.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017163-0000-0000", "contents": "1729 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017163-0001-0000", "contents": "1729 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017163-0002-0000", "contents": "1729 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017164-0000-0000", "contents": "1729 in science\nThe year 1729 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017166-0000-0000", "contents": "172d Air Support Squadron\nThe 172d Attack Squadron is a unit of the Michigan Air National Guard 110th Airlift Wing located at Kellogg Air National Guard Base, Battle Creek, Michigan. The 172d is equipped with the MQ-9 Reaper drone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017166-0001-0000", "contents": "172d Air Support Squadron\nThe squadron was first organized during World War II as the 375th Fighter Squadron. It saw combat in the European Theater of Operations as an element of VII Fighter Command before returning to the United States, where it was inactivated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017166-0002-0000", "contents": "172d Air Support Squadron\nIn May 1946, the squadron was allotted to the National Guard as the 172d Fighter Squadron. During the Korean War, the squadron was called into federal service and acted in an air defense role until being returned to the Michigan Air National Guard in 1952. It had various flying missions, including fighter, reconnaissance and airlift until 2013, when it was converted to a support unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017166-0003-0000", "contents": "172d Air Support Squadron, History, World War II\nThe squadron was first activated at Richmond Army Air Base as the 375th Fighter Squadron and equipped with Republic P-47 Thunderbolts. The squadron trained under I Fighter Command in the mid-Atlantic states. It also flew air defense missions as part of the Philadelphia Fighter Wing. The squadron deployed to the European Theater of Operations, where it became part of VIII Fighter Command in England during November 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 48], "content_span": [49, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017166-0004-0000", "contents": "172d Air Support Squadron, History, World War II\nThe unit served primarily as an escort organization, covering the penetration, attack, and withdrawal of Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress and Consolidated B-24 Liberator bomber formations that Eighth Air Force sent against targets on the European continent. The squadron also engaged in counter-air patrols, fighter sweeps, and strafing and dive bombing missions. It attacked such targets as airfields, marshalling yards, V-1 flying bomb and V-2 rocket launch sites, industrial areas, ordnance depots, oil refineries, trains, and highways.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 48], "content_span": [49, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017166-0004-0001", "contents": "172d Air Support Squadron, History, World War II\nDuring its operations, the unit participated in the assault against the Luftwaffe and the German aircraft industry during Big Week, from 20 to 25 February 1944, and the attack on transportation facilities prior to Operation Overlord, the Normandy invasion. Following the invasion it supported ground forces thereafter, including providing cover during Operation Cobra, the Saint-L\u00f4 breakout in July.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 48], "content_span": [49, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017166-0005-0000", "contents": "172d Air Support Squadron, History, World War II\nThe squadron supported the airborne attack on the Netherlands in September 1944, and deployed to Chievres Airdrome, Belgium between February and April 1945, flying tactical ground support missions during the airborne assault across the Rhine. The unit returned to RAF Little Walden and flew its last combat mission on 20 April 1945. The squadron returned to the United States and was inactivated at Camp Kilmer, part of the New York Port of Embarkation, in October.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 48], "content_span": [49, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017166-0006-0000", "contents": "172d Air Support Squadron, History, Michigan Air National Guard\nIn May 1946, the squadron was allotted to the National Guard as the 172d Fighter Squadron. It was organized and equipped with North American P-51D Mustangs at Kellogg Field, Battle Creek, Michigan in 1947. This was the same year the United States Air Force became an independent branch of the armed forces and the 172d received its federal recognition as an Air National Guard squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 63], "content_span": [64, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017166-0007-0000", "contents": "172d Air Support Squadron, History, Michigan Air National Guard, Activation during the Korean War\nIn February 1951 the squadron was called to active duty for the Korean War and assigned to Air Defense Command (ADC). Upon activation it was redesignated the 172d Fighter-Interceptor Squadron and moved to Selfridge Air Force Base, Michigan, where it was assigned to the 128th Fighter-Interceptor Wing, then to the 56th Fighter-Interceptor Group. However, ADC experienced difficulty under the existing wing base organizational structure in deploying its fighter squadrons to best advantage. As a result, in February 1952 the squadron was reassigned to the 4708th Defense Wing, a regional organization. The squadron was released from active service and returned to the Michigan Air National Guard on 1 November 1952 and its mission, personnel and F-51 Mustangs were transferred to the 431st Fighter-Interceptor Squadron, which activated the same day at Selfridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 97], "content_span": [98, 959]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017166-0008-0000", "contents": "172d Air Support Squadron, History, Michigan Air National Guard, Return to National Guard service\nThe 172d Fighter-Interceptor Squadron flew the F-51 Mustang until 1954. The 172d transitioned into the North American F-86 Sabre and became the 172d Fighter-Bomber Squadron. The Unit flew this aircraft only until 1955 before transitioned into the more sophisticated two seat Northrop F-89 Scorpion and returned to the interceptor. In 1956, the squadron became part of the newly created 110th Fighter Group. The Unit flew the F-89 Scorpion until 1958. That year the 172d Squadron traded its F-89s for a new mission and a new aircraft, the Martin RB-57A Canberra. With the assumption of the reconnaissance mission the squadron became the 172d Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 97], "content_span": [98, 772]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017166-0009-0000", "contents": "172d Air Support Squadron, History, Michigan Air National Guard, Return to National Guard service\nThe 172d flew RB-57A's until 1971. In 1971, the unit's mission changed again to forward air control, with the transition to the Cessna O-2 Skymaster, which it flew until 1980 when it transitioned to the Cessna OA-37 Dragonfly. The 172d was the last Air Force or Air National Guard unit to fly the Dragonfly. The dedicated forward air control mission lasted until the 172d transitioned to the Fairchild Republic A-10 Thunderbolt II, or Warthog, in 1991 and was returned to its first name as a National Guard unit, the 172d Fighter Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 97], "content_span": [98, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017166-0010-0000", "contents": "172d Air Support Squadron, History, Michigan Air National Guard, Return to National Guard service\nThe squadron served in several United Nations operations and contingencies throughout the world. From Bosnia, to Kosovo, to Alaska and most recently Iraq and Afghanistan, in support of Operations Iraqi Freedom and Enduring Freedom. In 2009, the squadron was realigned from a fighter squadron to become the 172d Airlift Squadron flying the Learjet C-21. On 12 July 2013, the last C-21 departed, and the unit became a support unit as the 172d Air Support Squadron as Battle Creek was named as the location of a control center for drone aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 97], "content_span": [98, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017166-0011-0000", "contents": "172d Air Support Squadron, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 51], "content_span": [52, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017167-0000-0000", "contents": "172nd (2/1st South Lancashire) Brigade\n172nd (2/1st South Lancashire) Brigade was a 2nd-Line infantry formation of the British Territorial Force raised during the First World War that served on the Western Front. The brigade's number was also used for deception purposes during the Second World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017167-0001-0000", "contents": "172nd (2/1st South Lancashire) Brigade, Origin\nOn 31 August 1914 the War Office authorised the formation of a reserve or 2nd-Line unit for each Territorial Force (TF) unit that was proceeding on overseas service. The 2nd/1st South Lancashirel Brigade came into existence in November 1914, composed of 2nd-Line duplicates of the battalions of the peacetime South Lancashire Brigade that were due to be sent overseas. The brigade was part of 2nd West Lancashire Division. In August 1915 these formations were assigned numbers, becoming 172nd (2nd/1st South Lancashire) Brigade and 57th (2nd West Lancashire) Division respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 46], "content_span": [47, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017167-0002-0000", "contents": "172nd (2/1st South Lancashire) Brigade, Order of battle\nThe following units served in the brigade during the war:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 55], "content_span": [56, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017167-0003-0000", "contents": "172nd (2/1st South Lancashire) Brigade, History\nThe formations and units of 57th Division concentrated around Canterbury in early 1915 as part of Second Army, Central Force. Training was hampered by lack of equipment: the infantry trained on obsolete .256-inch Japanese rifles until .303-inch service rifles (many in poor condition) arrived in November 1915. In July 1916, 57th Division was transferred to the Emergency Reserves in the Aldershot area where it continued training. 172 Brigade was initially at Mytchett and later at Blackdown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017167-0004-0000", "contents": "172nd (2/1st South Lancashire) Brigade, History\nOn 5 January 1917 the division was ready for overseas service, and between 7 and 22 February its units and formations crossed to France and disembarked at Le Havre. On 25 February it took over a section of the Front Line under the command of II ANZAC Corps. 172 Brigade served on the Western Front for the rest of the war, taking part in the following operations:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017167-0005-0000", "contents": "172nd (2/1st South Lancashire) Brigade, History\nOn 1 November 1918 172 Bde went into billets at Lille, and was still resting when the Armistice with Germany was signed. For the rest of 1918 its units were involved in clearing and evacuating stores from the Arras area. Demobilisation began in January 1919 and units were steadily reduced to cadres. The last cadres of 57th Division left France in July 1919, completing the disbandment of 172 Bde.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017167-0006-0000", "contents": "172nd (2/1st South Lancashire) Brigade, Second World War\n172 Brigade was never reformed, but the number was used for deception purposes during the Second World War. During November and December 1943, 30th Battalion Green Howards, a line of communication unit serving in 42nd Brigade in North Africa and composed mainly of men below Medical Category 'A', was redesignated '172nd Infantry Brigade' and acted as if it were a full brigade. It was succeeded in this role by 30th Battalion Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire Regiment from December 1943 until June 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 56], "content_span": [57, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017168-0000-0000", "contents": "172nd Airlift Wing\nThe 172nd Airlift Wing is a unit of the Mississippi Air National Guard, stationed at Allen C. Thompson Field Air National Guard Base, Mississippi. If activated to federal service, the Wing is gained by the United States Air Force Air Mobility Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017168-0001-0000", "contents": "172nd Airlift Wing, Mission\nMedia related to 172d Airlift Wing (Mississippi Air National Guard) at Wikimedia Commons", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017168-0002-0000", "contents": "172nd Airlift Wing, Mission\nThe 172nd Airlift Wing operates the Boeing C-17 Globemaster III, and has participated in an all-volunteer partial activation since 2005, flying weekly missions to return wounded patients of the military safely back to the United States. Also, the 172nd Airlift Wing provides the State of Mississippi support in the event of national emergency, maintains peace and order, and supports civil defense and pre-attack planning.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017168-0003-0000", "contents": "172nd Airlift Wing, History\nIn December 1963, the Mississippi 183rd Air Transport Squadron was authorized to expand into a group which would include the 183rd and supporting organizations, and the 172nd Air Transport Group was established. The 183rd became the new group's flying squadron. The support units assigned into the group were the 183rd Material Squadron, 183rd Air Base Squadron, and the 183rd USAF Dispensary. Flying Lockheed C-121 Constellations at the time of its activation, the group soon converted to Douglas C-124C Globemaster II heavy intercontinental airlift aircraft in 1966 which meant supplies and equipment could be carried around the world along with the personnel the Constellations could carry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 721]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017168-0004-0000", "contents": "172nd Airlift Wing, History\nThe C-124 was being retired in the early 1970s and the 172nd airlift mission was changed to theater support, as it equipped with Lockheed C-130E Hercules aircraft in May 1972. It upgraded to new C-130H aircraft in 1980 and continued to fly tactical airlift missions until the mid-1980s. On 12 July 1986 the group returned to the strategic airlift role when the first Lockheed C-141B Starlifter to be released from active-duty Air Force control was assigned. With a total of eight aircraft, the unit began its new mission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017168-0005-0000", "contents": "172nd Airlift Wing, History\nIn March 1988 the 172nd took part in the airlift of approximately 3200 troops and almost 1000 tons of cargo on an exercise to Palmerola Air Base, Honduras. The 172nd was the only Air National Guard unit that participated in this airlift to Honduras. On 6 December 1988 the Soviet Republic of Armenia suffered a powerful earthquake. The first Air Guard aircraft to fly to Armenia was a C-141B from the 172nd.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017168-0005-0001", "contents": "172nd Airlift Wing, History\nBefore relief missions ended, the 172nd flew six missions with its own planes and crew and furnished a crew to fly a United States Air Force C-141 whose crew could not continue because they had reached the maximum number flying hours to continue safe operations. In September 1989 a devastating hurricane struck the tiny island of St. Croix, leaving the island crippled. The 172nd flew eleven emergency relief missions, hauling 465 tons of cargo and 472 passengers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017168-0006-0000", "contents": "172nd Airlift Wing, History\nFrom 20 December 1989 to 12 January 1990 the 172nd flew 21 sorties in support of Operation Just Cause, the incursion into Panama to replace Manuel Noriega as ruler. Cargo transported during the operation amounted to 403.6 tons and 1,274 passengers were airlifted. On 7 August 1990 the 172nd's support of Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm began when aircrew members started flying voluntary missions. Approximately 98 aircrew members flew these missions before 24 August 1990, when the 183rd Military Airlift Squadron was activated. The 183rd was one of the first two reserve and guard units to be activated. By May 1991 the 148 members of the 183rd had flown 2,880 sorties which transported 15,837 passengers and 25,949.2 tons of cargo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 772]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017168-0007-0000", "contents": "172nd Airlift Wing, History\nIn 2000, the C-141C with electronic \"glass cockpit\" was phased into service with the group. In October 2000 after the USS Cole bombing in Aden, seventeen members of the 172nd deployed to Ramstein Air Base Germany. Members of the 183rd Aeromedical Evacuation and 183rd Airlift Squadrons picked up four sailors from Ramstein and flew them home to Norfolk Naval Station. In February 2003 the 172nd retired its last C-141C Starlifter in preparation for the arrival of the wing's first Boeing C-17 Globemaster III.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017168-0008-0000", "contents": "172nd Airlift Wing, History\nOn 17 December 2003, Lt. Gen. Daniel James III, Director, Air National Guard, handed off the \"keys\" to the first Globemaster III to Maj. Gen. James H. Lipscomb III, adjutant general of the Mississippi National Guard. The plane was the first Globemaster III assigned to the Air National Guard and was named the \"Spirit of the Minutemen\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017168-0009-0000", "contents": "172nd Airlift Wing, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017169-0000-0000", "contents": "172nd Battalion (Rocky Mountain Rangers), CEF\nThe 172nd (Rocky Mountain Rangers) Battalion, CEF was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War. Based in Kamloops, British Columbia, the unit began recruiting during the winter of 1915/16 in Kamloops and district. After sailing to England in October 1916, the battalion was absorbed into the 24th Reserve Battalion on January 1, 1917. The 172nd (Rocky Mountain Rangers) Battalion, CEF had one Officer Commanding: Lieut-Col. J. R. Vicars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017169-0001-0000", "contents": "172nd Battalion (Rocky Mountain Rangers), CEF, Motto\nThe motto of the Rocky Mountain Ranges was in the Chinook Jargon, a trade language that was popular with settler populations in early British Columbia. Meaning \"stand guard\", or \"watch well\", it was Kloshe Nanitch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 52], "content_span": [53, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017170-0000-0000", "contents": "172nd Division (People's Republic of China)\nThe 172nd Division (Chinese: \u7b2c172\u5e08) was created in February 1949 under the Regulation of the Redesignations of All Organizations and Units of the Army, issued by Central Military Commission on November 1, 1948, basing on the 28th Brigade of Tongbai Military District. Its history could be traced to Independent Brigade of Jinan Military District formed in December 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017170-0001-0000", "contents": "172nd Division (People's Republic of China)\nThe division was composed of 514th, 515th and 516th Infantry Regiments. As a part of 58th Corps, during the Chinese Civil War the division took part in the creation of Tongbai base area and Xiangfan Campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017170-0002-0000", "contents": "172nd Division (People's Republic of China)\nIn June 1949 the division was renamed as 4th Independent Division of Hubei Military District(Chinese: \u6e56\u5317\u519b\u533a\u72ec\u7acb\u7b2c4\u5e08).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017170-0003-0000", "contents": "172nd Division (People's Republic of China)\nIn February 1950 the division was inactivated. Its headquarters merged with Engineer Command, Fourth Field Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017171-0000-0000", "contents": "172nd Infantry Brigade (United States)\nThe 172nd Infantry Brigade was a light infantry brigade of the United States Army stationed at Fort Wainwright, Alaska and later moved its headquarters to at Grafenw\u00f6hr, Germany. An active duty separate brigade, it was part of V Corps and was one of five active-duty, separate, brigade combat teams in the U.S. Army before its most recent inactivation on 31 May 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017171-0001-0000", "contents": "172nd Infantry Brigade (United States)\nFirst activated in 1917, the brigade was deployed to France during World War I and used to reinforce front-line units. The brigade's actions in France during that time are not completely clear. It would later be converted to a reconnaissance unit that was deployed during World War II and saw several months of combat in the European Theater. The brigade has multiple tours of duty in Operation Iraqi Freedom from 2005 until 2006 and from 2008 until 2010 and in Operation Enduring Freedom from 2011 until 2012. Its infamous 16-month deployment was one of the longest deployments for a unit serving in the OIF campaign. Most recently the brigade served a 12-month tour in Afghanistan from 2011 until 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 743]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017171-0002-0000", "contents": "172nd Infantry Brigade (United States)\nThe unit has been activated and inactivated numerous times, and has also seen several redesignations. The 172nd was one of the first brigade combat teams before it was deactivated in 2006. Reactivated in 2008 from another reflagged unit, it immediately prepared for another tour of duty in Iraq. Following a series of budget cuts and force structure reductions, the unit formally inactivated on 31 May 2013 in Grafenw\u00f6hr, Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017171-0003-0000", "contents": "172nd Infantry Brigade (United States), Organization\nThe brigade was a separate unit and did not report to a higher division-level headquarters, but instead reported directly to the V Corps of United States Army Europe. The Headquarters and Headquarters Company of the unit was located at Grafenw\u00f6hr, Germany. The Unit also contained the 1st Battalion, 2d Infantry, the 2nd Battalion, 28th Infantry, the 1st Battalion, 77th Field Artillery, the 9th Engineer Battalion, the 3rd Battalion, 66th Armor, and the 172nd Forward Support Battalion. In addition, the brigade contained three independent companies; 504th Military Intelligence Company, and Echo Troop, 5th Cavalry Regiment, the 57th Signal Company. All of these subordinate units were last located in Grafenw\u00f6hr.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 52], "content_span": [53, 768]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017171-0004-0000", "contents": "172nd Infantry Brigade (United States), History, World War I\nThe 172nd Infantry Brigade (Separate), officially titled the \"172d Infantry Brigade\", was first constituted on 5 August 1917 in the National Army as the 172nd Infantry Brigade. It was organized on the 25th of that month at Camp Grant, in Rockford, Illinois and assigned to the 86th Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 60], "content_span": [61, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017171-0004-0001", "contents": "172nd Infantry Brigade (United States), History, World War I\nThe brigade was assigned to the 86th Division and deployed to Europe for duty during World War I. It arrived in Bordeaux, France, in September 1918 The combat record of the unit during its World War I service is not clear, but it is known that the 86th Division was depleted when much of its force was used to reinforce other units already on the front lines. Thus, the brigade received a World War I campaign streamer without an inscription, as it was not known to have fought in any engagements. After a cease-fire was signed in 1918, the Brigade returned to the United States. It was demobilized in January 1919 at Camp Grant, and the camp itself was abandoned in 1921.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 60], "content_span": [61, 733]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017171-0005-0000", "contents": "172nd Infantry Brigade (United States), History, World War I\nOn 24 June 1921 the unit was reconstituted in the Organized Reserves as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 172nd Infantry Brigade, and again assigned to the 86th Division. It was organized in January 1922 at Springfield, Illinois and went through several redesignations, including Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 172nd Brigade, on 23 March 1925 and Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 172nd Infantry Brigade on 24 August 1936.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 60], "content_span": [61, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017171-0006-0000", "contents": "172nd Infantry Brigade (United States), History, World War II\nThe Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 172nd Infantry Brigade, was converted and redesignated the 3rd Platoon, 86th Reconnaissance Troop, and assigned to the 86th Infantry Division on 31 March 1942, while the Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 171st Infantry Brigade, became the remainder of the 86th Reconnaissance Troop. On 15 December 1942 the troop was mobilized and reorganized at Camp Howze, in Gainesville, Texas, as the 86th Cavalry Reconnaissance Troop, only to be reorganized and redesignated again on 5 August 1943 as the 86th Reconnaissance Troop, Mechanized. For the majority of the US involvement in World War II it remained stateside, participating in the Third Army #5 Louisiana Maneuvers in 1943, among other exercises, until finally staging at Camp Myles Standish, at Boston, Massachusetts on 5 February 1945 and shipping out from Boston on 19 February 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 61], "content_span": [62, 946]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017171-0007-0000", "contents": "172nd Infantry Brigade (United States), History, World War II\nThe 86th Reconnaissance Troop arrived in France on 1 March 1945, acclimated and trained, and then moved to K\u00f6ln, Germany, and participated in the relief of the 8th Infantry Division in defensive positions near Weiden which is now part of Lindenthal on 28\u201329 March 1945. During its few months of combat duty in Europe, the troop participated in amphibious assaults across was Danube, Bigge, Altmuhl, Isar, Inn, Mittel-Isar and Salzach rivers in Germany and Austria. It was assigned to First, Third, Seventh, and Fifteenth US Armies. The unit was at Salzburg on 7 May 1945 (V-E Day).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 61], "content_span": [62, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017171-0007-0001", "contents": "172nd Infantry Brigade (United States), History, World War II\nIt was then sent back stateside to prepare for operation in the Pacific. Arriving back in New York City on 17 June 1945, the unit proceeded to Camp Gruber in Braggs, Oklahoma before staging at Camp Stoneman in Pittsburg, California on 14 August 1945. The unit shipped out from San Francisco on 21 August 1945 and arrived in the Philippines on 7 September 1945, five days after the Japanese surrender.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 61], "content_span": [62, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017171-0008-0000", "contents": "172nd Infantry Brigade (United States), History, The Cold War\nOn 10 October 1945 the 86th Reconnaissance Troop (Mechanized) was again redesignated the 86th Mechanized Reconnaissance Troop before finally being inactivated on 30 December 1946 while still stationed in the Philippines. However, the 86th Mechanized Reconnaissance Troop was reactivated again on 9 July 1952 as part of the Army Reserve. It continued serving within the Army Reserve for some years. Activation of the brigade with its new structure took place on 1 July 1963 at Fort Richardson, Alaska.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 61], "content_span": [62, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017171-0009-0000", "contents": "172nd Infantry Brigade (United States), History, The Cold War\nThe Army set up an experimental Airborne unit with the designation of Company F (Airborne), 4th Battle Group, 23d Infantry in 1962 at Fort Richardson. The company commander was Captain Lawrence. When Army combat forces were reorganized from the Pentomic division battle groups to brigades with subordinate battalions, the group became the 4th Battalion, 23d Infantry and its Airborne component was Company C. The unit was used to determine how best to use Airborne soldiers in Arctic conditions throughout the vast area of Alaska.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 61], "content_span": [62, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017171-0010-0000", "contents": "172nd Infantry Brigade (United States), History, The Cold War\nThe new structure included one Light Infantry Battalion; one Mechanized Infantry Battalion; and one Tank Company. Its shoulder sleeve insignia was authorized for use on 28 August 1963 and its distinctive unit insignia was authorized on 8 June 1966. The Brigade was reorganized from Mechanized Infantry to Light Infantry on 30 June 1969, with a reduction to two mechanized infantry battalions. In 1974 the 172nd Infantry Brigade was reorganized again to include three light infantry battalions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 61], "content_span": [62, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017171-0011-0000", "contents": "172nd Infantry Brigade (United States), History, The Cold War\nUS Army Alaska was known as USARAL through the 60s and 70s, whereas after the activation of the 6th Infantry Division it was known as USARAK. The two Arctic brigades, the 171st (4-9th Infantry, 1-47th Infantry [which was subsequently deactivated], and other components at Fort Wainwright) and the 172d (4-23d Infantry, 1-60th Infantry, 1-37th Artillery, 561st Combat Engineer Company, and other components at Fort Richardson) were consolidated in 1973 with the drawdown after Viet Nam. There was an administrative split between the \"LIB\" (Light Infantry Brigade) and the \"Brigade Alaska\", with the 1-43d Air Defense, 222d Aviation, 56th MP Company, 23d Construction Engineer Company, Northern Warfare Training Center- then at Fort Greely,' being assigned.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 61], "content_span": [62, 817]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017171-0012-0000", "contents": "172nd Infantry Brigade (United States), History, The Cold War\nThe brigade was again inactivated on 15 April 1986 at Fort Richardson, Alaska, being reflagged as part of the newly reformed 6th Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 61], "content_span": [62, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017171-0013-0000", "contents": "172nd Infantry Brigade (United States), History, Transformation\nIn the late 1990s, Army leaders including General Eric Shinseki began shifting the Army force toward brigade centered operations. All separate brigades had been deactivated in the 1990s as part of the US Army's drawdown following the end of the Cold War. These inactivations, along with the subsequent reorganization of US Army divisions, saw several divisional brigades stationed in bases that were far from the division's headquarters and support units. These brigades had difficulty operating without support from higher headquarters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 63], "content_span": [64, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017171-0013-0001", "contents": "172nd Infantry Brigade (United States), History, Transformation\nLight infantry is a designation applied to certain types of foot soldiers (infantry) throughout history, typically having air assault and airborne qualified members with lighter equipment or armament or a more mobile or fluid function than other types of infantry, such as heavy infantry or line infantry. Historically, light infantry often fought as skirmishers, reconnaissance, hidden shock and awe attacks, basically guerilla warfare\u2014soldiers who fight in a loose formation ahead of the main army to harass, delay and generally \"soften up\" an enemy before the main battle. Today, the term \"light infantry\" generally refers to units (including commandos and airborne units) that specifically emphasize speed and mobility over armor and firepower, to units that historically held a skirmishing role.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 63], "content_span": [64, 864]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017171-0014-0000", "contents": "172nd Infantry Brigade (United States), History, Transformation\nIt was Shinseki's idea to reactivate a few separate light infantry brigades and assign them their own support and sustainment units, which would allow them to function independently of division-level headquarters. These formations were termed \"Brigade Combat Teams\". Such units could be stationed in bases far from major commands, not requiring division-level unit support, an advantage in places like Alaska and Europe, where stationing entire divisions was unnecessary or impractical. The first of the separate brigades was to be the 172d Infantry Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 63], "content_span": [64, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017171-0014-0001", "contents": "172nd Infantry Brigade (United States), History, Transformation\nOn 17 April 1998, the U.S. Army reactivated the 172d Infantry Brigade (Separate) by reflagging the 1st Brigade, 6th Infantry Division headquartered at Fort Wainwright, Alaska. Two years later, the 173d Airborne Brigade was reactivated on 12 June 2000 at Caserma Ederle in Vicenza, Italy. The 172d light infantry was assigned the 1st Battalion (Airborne), 501st Infantry, an airborne infantry battalion, one of only three existing outside of the 82nd Airborne Division. (The other two battalions were part of the 173d Airborne Brigade based in Italy.) The 172d Infantry Brigade was designed as a \"Pacific theater contingency brigade.\" Located in Alaska, the 172d would be able to deploy to any contingencies in Alaska, Europe (over the north pole) or the Pacific.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 63], "content_span": [64, 826]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017171-0015-0000", "contents": "172nd Infantry Brigade (United States), History, Transformation\nIn July 2001 the US Army announced that the 172d Infantry Brigade was to become one of the Army's new Interim Brigade Combat Teams, later to be known as Stryker Brigade Combat Teams (SBCTs). Changes to the brigade included the addition of some 300 Stryker vehicles, and several Unmanned Aerial Vehicles. The transformation was intended to increase the brigade's mobility in operations as well as reduce its logistical footprint. The project entailed around $1.2\u00a0billion in construction costs for training facilities, motor pools, and other buildings. This transformation was completed when the unit was formally redesignated on 16 October 2003.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 63], "content_span": [64, 708]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017171-0015-0001", "contents": "172nd Infantry Brigade (United States), History, Transformation\nAfter the transformation was complete, the 172d became the third Stryker brigade in the US Army, with a force of 3,500 soldiers. In 2005, the new Brigade Commander, Colonel Mike Shields, changed the motto of the infantry brigade from \"Snow Hawks\" to \"Arctic Wolves\". In early 2005, the brigade was alerted that it would be deployed to Operation Iraqi Freedom for the first time. To prepare, it participated in several large exercises at the Joint Readiness Training Center at Fort Polk, Louisiana. The 220th Military Police Brigade, a reserve unit, provided additional soldiers to assist the brigade in the exercises during their final preparations for deployment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 63], "content_span": [64, 728]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017171-0016-0000", "contents": "172nd Infantry Brigade (United States), History, Operation Iraqi Freedom\nIn August 2005, the 172nd Stryker Brigade Combat Team deployed to Iraq in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom. The unit deployed to Mosul, Iraq. 4-14 CAV and a Stryker infantry company (A/4-23 IN and later, B/2-1 IN) were attached to 2nd Marine Expeditionary Force, and stationed at COP Rawah; away from the rest of the BDE. Duties of the unit during deployment included numerous patrol operations, searches for weapons caches, and counterinsurgency operations. Its tour was to have ended on 27 July 2006, but the U.S. Army unexpectedly extended the deployment until the end of November 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 72], "content_span": [73, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017171-0016-0001", "contents": "172nd Infantry Brigade (United States), History, Operation Iraqi Freedom\nDuring the extension, the unit was sent to Baghdad to quell growing sectarian violence concerns. The infamous extension of the deployment had happened after some of the units of the Brigade were already touched down at their home base of Fort Wainwright, AK, forcing them to fly back to staging areas in Iraq. The extension occurred after the unit's regular 12-month tour was complete, making the deployment last for a total of 16 months. As a result of the unit's action in Iraq, the brigade was awarded the Valorous Unit Award.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 72], "content_span": [73, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017171-0017-0000", "contents": "172nd Infantry Brigade (United States), History, Operation Iraqi Freedom\nDuring this action, 26 soldiers of the brigade were killed in action, and another 350 were wounded. Ten additional soldiers in units attached to the brigade were killed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 72], "content_span": [73, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017171-0018-0000", "contents": "172nd Infantry Brigade (United States), History, Inactivation 2006\nHaving returned from its extended tour in Baghdad, Iraq, the 172nd Stryker Brigade Combat Team was officially deactivated and the 1st Stryker Brigade Combat Team, 25th Infantry Division was activated in its place on 14 December 2006. The brigade's six battalions and four separate companies were likewise reflagged as part of the change. The reflagged units were:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 66], "content_span": [67, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017171-0019-0000", "contents": "172nd Infantry Brigade (United States), History, Reactivation in Germany\nAs part of the Grow the Army Plan announced 19 December 2007, the Army will activate and retain two Infantry Brigades in Germany until 2012 and 2013. On 6 March 2008, it was announced that the 172nd Infantry Brigade would be activated as the first of these brigades, with the other being the 170th Infantry Brigade. On 17 March, the 172nd Infantry Brigade was formally activated in Schweinfurt, Germany by reflagging the 1st Infantry Division's 2nd (Dagger) Brigade, which relocated to Ft. Riley, KS. Colonel Jeffrey Sinclair was commanding the brigade at the time. The 172nd Infantry Brigade relocated to Grafenw\u00f6hr, Germany. The 172nd Infantry Brigade was activated with the following unit redesignations:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 72], "content_span": [73, 780]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017171-0020-0000", "contents": "172nd Infantry Brigade (United States), History, Reactivation in Germany\nWhen the brigade converts to a modular design, the Brigade Special Troops Battalion will be given organic, unnumbered signal, engineer and military intelligence companies along with a chemical and military police platoons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 72], "content_span": [73, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017171-0021-0000", "contents": "172nd Infantry Brigade (United States), History, Reactivation in Germany\nAfter its activation, the brigade began moving its components from Schweinfurt to Grafenw\u00f6hr, Germany, as part of the Grow the Army plan. Simultaneously, the brigade converted to a modular structure to become a Brigade Combat Team upon completion. In May 2008, the brigade was alerted that it would be returning to Iraq in the fall of that year. The deployment was set to last 12 months, and was set to start after the unit's 12-month out-of-action cycle ended in November 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 72], "content_span": [73, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017171-0021-0001", "contents": "172nd Infantry Brigade (United States), History, Reactivation in Germany\nThis would be the brigade's third tour to Iraq, as it completed a tour of duty in Iraq shortly before being redesignated from the 2nd Brigade, 1st Infantry Division. The brigade began training for its deployment to the country as soon as it received orders for deployment. German military officers trained with the brigade during this preparation. The soldiers of the brigade were part of a 40,000-soldier troop rotation into Iraq and Afghanistan, intended to maintain previous troop levels in both countries until late 2009. In fall of 2008, the brigade completed its transition to a brigade combat team, and was redesignated as the 172nd Infantry Brigade Combat Team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 72], "content_span": [73, 742]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017171-0022-0000", "contents": "172nd Infantry Brigade (United States), History, Reactivation in Germany\nIn late October 2008 the brigade began moving equipment and vehicles by train from Germany in preparation for their tour in Iraq. 385 containers full of gear, as well as 75 M1A1 Abrams Tanks, M2 Bradley Infantry Fighting Vehicles, and HMMWVs were sent by train on 28 October. the brigade picked up additional MRAP and uparmored HMMWVs in Kuwait. The brigade deployed into theater by December 2008, replacing the 4th Brigade Combat Team, 3rd Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 72], "content_span": [73, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017171-0023-0000", "contents": "172nd Infantry Brigade (United States), History, Reactivation in Germany\nA proposal was made to relocate the unit to White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico in 2012 as the 7th Brigade Combat Team, 1st Armored Division, pending discussions to leave two heavy brigades in Europe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 72], "content_span": [73, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017171-0024-0000", "contents": "172nd Infantry Brigade (United States), History, Operation Enduring Freedom\nThe 172 IBCT deployed to Afghanistan in the summer of 2011. The brigade left behind its \"heavy\" vehicles, Bradley fighting vehicles and Abrams tanks, for MRAPs. Soldiers would spend some of their time during the deployment patrolling on foot, as their normal heavy tracked vehicles are incompatible with rugged terrain of Afghanistan. . During this deployment the Brigade was responsible for Paktika province along the Pakistani border. One of the more controversial aspects of the deployment was the formation of the first US/Afghan Joint firing base with Afghan National Army Artillery firing in support of U.S. forces in the Urgun district.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 75], "content_span": [76, 719]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017171-0025-0000", "contents": "172nd Infantry Brigade (United States), History, Operation Enduring Freedom\nFollowing a number of budget cuts and force structure reductions, the brigade deactivated in Germany on 31 May 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 75], "content_span": [76, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017172-0000-0000", "contents": "172nd Infantry Regiment (United States)\nThe 3rd Battalion, 172nd Infantry Regiment (Mountain), also known as the \"Mountain Battalion\", is a Vermont Army National Guard light infantry battalion which specializes in mountainous and cold weather operations. The unit falls under the command of the Vermont Army National Guard's 86th Infantry Brigade Combat Team (Mountain).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017172-0001-0000", "contents": "172nd Infantry Regiment (United States)\nBefore the creation of the 86th IBCT (MTN) in 2008, 3-172 IN (MTN) was recognized as the only conventional unit in the United States Army trained and equipped for mountain operations. 3-172 IN (MTN) draws strong heritage from the original 10th Mountain Division (Alpine) of World War II fame both in the type of training they conduct and in the specialized equipment the unit maintains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017172-0002-0000", "contents": "172nd Infantry Regiment (United States), Mountain Battalion History\nThe initial assignment of the '172nd' designation to a unit of the Vermont National Guard by the War Department can be traced to 1 October 1921, when the 1st Infantry of Vermont was redesignated the 172nd Infantry and assigned to the 43rd Division. The regiment served with the 86th Infantry Brigade of the 43rd Division from 1922 to 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 67], "content_span": [68, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017172-0003-0000", "contents": "172nd Infantry Regiment (United States), Mountain Battalion History\nThe regiment was commanded by Reginald W. Buzzell when it was inducted into federal service on 24 February 1941. It was subsequently organized as a Regimental Combat Team for service in the Pacific. The new RCT comprised the 172d Infantry Regiment, the 103d Field Artillery Battalion and elements of Ordnance, Engineer, Medical and Signal units. The 172nd RCT almost saw disaster at Espiritu Santo, New Hebrides on 26 October 1942, when its troop transport, the liner SS President Coolidge, struck two U.S. mines in the harbor. The captain, realizing that the ship was lost, attempted to run it aground so that the troops could disembark. The ship sank, but the regiment got ashore with few casualties, to fight in the New Georgia Campaign, including during the Drive on Munda Point.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 67], "content_span": [68, 851]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017172-0004-0000", "contents": "172nd Infantry Regiment (United States), Mountain Battalion History\nIt was released from federal service on 1 November 1945 at Camp Stoneman, California. It was reorganized and federally recognised in October 1946; called into federal service in September 1950 and released in June 1954.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 67], "content_span": [68, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017172-0005-0000", "contents": "172nd Infantry Regiment (United States), Mountain Battalion History\nOn 1 June 1959 the regiment was reorganized (less elements) as a parent regiment under the Combat Arms Regimental System to consist of the 1st Battle Group, an element of the 43rd Infantry Division. Meanwhile, the detached elements were consolidated with the 124th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion and converted and redesignated as the 172nd Armor, also a parent regiment under CARS. The 172nd Armor was to consist of the 1st Medium Tank Battalion and the 2nd Reconnaissance Squadron, both part of the 43rd Infantry Division. The regiments were reorganized in 1963, 1964 (when the 172nd Infantry and 172nd Armor were merged) and 1968, when the 172nd Armor was reorganised in February to comprise the 1st and 2nd Battalions, elements of the 50th Armored Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 67], "content_span": [68, 830]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017172-0006-0000", "contents": "172nd Infantry Regiment (United States), Mountain Battalion History\nThe 172d Infantry (Regiment) (Mountain) was constituted 1 September 1982 in the Vermont Army National Guard as the 72d Infantry, a parent regiment under the Combat Arms Regimental System, and organized to consist of Company A. Located in Vermont, Company A's mission was to conduct limited offensive and defensive operations and to provide support expertise to combat units engaged in mountain and winter operations. It was also tasked to provide special reconnaissance for combat units operating in these environments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 67], "content_span": [68, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017172-0007-0000", "contents": "172nd Infantry Regiment (United States), Mountain Battalion History\nRedesignated 1 April 1983 as the 172d Infantry. Reorganized 1 December 1983 to consist of Company A and the 3d Battalion. Reorganized 1 October 1984 in the Maine, New Hampshire, New York, and Vermont Army National Guard to consist of the 3d Battalion, 172nd Infantry Regiment (Mountain). Withdrawn 1 May 1989 from the Combat Arms Regimental System and reorganized under the United States Army Regimental System with headquarters at Jericho, Vermont. Reorganized 1 September 1992 in the Maine, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 67], "content_span": [68, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017172-0008-0000", "contents": "172nd Infantry Regiment (United States), Mountain Battalion History\nThe Mountain Battalion Headquarters, HHC, and Company A are located in the Green Mountains of Vermont. The Battalion is co-located with the Army's Mountain Warfare School. In addition to HHC and A.Co, B.Co and C.Co are located in Maine and New Hampshire respectively. D.Co and E.Co (FSC) are located in Vermont.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 67], "content_span": [68, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017172-0009-0000", "contents": "172nd Infantry Regiment (United States), Mountain Battalion History\nIn 2000 the Mountain Battalion developed a training relationship with the 1st Battalion (Airborne), 508th Infantry of the US Army's Southern European Task Force in Vincenza, Italy. The Mountain Men of the 172d have deployed numerous times to Europe and trained side by side with the paratroopers of SETAF and the US Army's Combined Maneuver Training Center in Hohenfels, Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 67], "content_span": [68, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017172-0010-0000", "contents": "172nd Infantry Regiment (United States), Mountain Battalion History\nFollowing combat deployments to Afghanistan (Battalion HQ), Kuwait (HHC), and Iraq (A, B, C Companies) during the War on Terrorism, the Battalion was assigned to the newly formed 86th Infantry Brigade Combat Team (Mountain), in October, 2006. The battalion was then deployed to Eastern Afghanistan in 2010 as Task Force Avalanche. After returning from Afghanistan in 2010 the battalion was awarded the Valorous Unit Award.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 67], "content_span": [68, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017172-0011-0000", "contents": "172nd Infantry Regiment (United States), Mountain Battalion History\nThe battalion is the only organization in the US Army specifically organized, trained, equipped, and tasked to close with and destroy the enemy in a total mountain environment. Approximately 50% of the soldiers in the battalion are coded with the Special Qualification Identifier (SQI) \"E\" Military Mountaineer, which is awarded to soldiers who graduate the Military Mountaineer Basic Course at the Army Mountain Warfare School, located in Jericho, Vermont. No other unit has the capability to conduct combat operations in such extreme environments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 67], "content_span": [68, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017172-0012-0000", "contents": "172nd Infantry Regiment (United States), Mountain Battalion History\nThe Mountain Infantrymen of this battalion follow a long heritage of citizen soldiers and warriors, who have served the country for almost 400 years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 67], "content_span": [68, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017172-0013-0000", "contents": "172nd Infantry Regiment (United States), 3-172 IN (MTN) Shoulder Sleeve Insignia History\nFrom the unit's inception in 1982, until the formation of the 86th IBCT in 2007, the battalion wore the First Army insignia with \"Mountain\" Tab as its SSI. This was originally only temporarily authorized, but as time passed no further provision of SSI for the organization was made. This is a debated and controversial unit insignia as it is almost completely unknown amongst the senior leadership of the United States Army. Many soldiers incorrectly believe that the 10th Mountain Division and the 86th IBCT are the only units ever authorized to wear a Mountain Tab.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 88], "content_span": [89, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017172-0014-0000", "contents": "172nd Infantry Regiment (United States), 3-172 IN (MTN) Shoulder Sleeve Insignia History\nThere are numerous veterans of OIF and OEF who are authorized to wear the First Army insignia with \"Mountain\" Tab as a \"combat patch\" (SSI-FWTSI). The only known proof of authorization for wear of the First Army insignia with Mountain Tab for members of 3-172 IN (MTN) hangs framed in the unit's home Armory in Jericho, VT.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 88], "content_span": [89, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017172-0015-0000", "contents": "172nd Infantry Regiment (United States), 3-172 IN (MTN) Shoulder Sleeve Insignia History\nNote: Department of the Army policy states that tabs such Mountain and Airborne are integral parts of the shoulder sleeve insignia, and all soldiers within a unit wear the same SSI. Subordinate units within a command are not authorized to add Mountain or Airborne Tabs if their units happen to be Mountain or Airborne within larger non-Airborne or non-Mountain commands. This practice, however unauthorized, has gone on for decades, particularly with small Airborne units within non-Airborne commands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 88], "content_span": [89, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017172-0015-0001", "contents": "172nd Infantry Regiment (United States), 3-172 IN (MTN) Shoulder Sleeve Insignia History\nAdditionally, although US Army units, such as the 4th Infantry Division, being stationed at Fort Carson, CO the \"Mountain Post\" has requested to be authorized to add the Mountain Tab over their SSIs, the Department of the Army has denied all such requests. The Mountain Tab is part of a shoulder sleeve insignia, not an individual or unit qualification award or recognition for combat service in mountains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 88], "content_span": [89, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017172-0016-0000", "contents": "172nd Infantry Regiment (United States), The Mountain Creed\nMotivation, drive, determination and honor are the hallmark of the Mountain Soldier. My uniform's appearance and respect for those appointed over me shall set the standard for others to follow.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 59], "content_span": [60, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017172-0017-0000", "contents": "172nd Infantry Regiment (United States), The Mountain Creed\nOurs is not an impossible mission. To meet the enemy on the field of battle requires that I be proficient in my job, Mountain skills, and the tactics required to operate in an alpine environment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 59], "content_span": [60, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017172-0018-0000", "contents": "172nd Infantry Regiment (United States), The Mountain Creed\nUltimately mine is a mission of peace. However, if called upon, I will, without hesitation, respond to my country's call. Through personal sacrifice, I will gallantly defend my country and its allies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 59], "content_span": [60, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017172-0019-0000", "contents": "172nd Infantry Regiment (United States), The Mountain Creed\nNever shall I quit until my objective is achieved. Failure to complete my mission, whether in peace or war will invariably cause the unit as a whole to fail.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 59], "content_span": [60, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017172-0020-0000", "contents": "172nd Infantry Regiment (United States), The Mountain Creed\nTraining is essential to my survival and to that of my brother Mountain Soldiers. Without the knowledge training provides I will surely fail. Whether training with allies or at the lowest level I will continuously challenge myself to attain the highest standards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 59], "content_span": [60, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017172-0021-0000", "contents": "172nd Infantry Regiment (United States), The Mountain Creed\nAlways will I keep my equipment and myself ready for whatever task I may be given. The sheer nature of my unit's mission requires that I maintain my equipment and master its capabilities and employment. My brother Soldiers and Countrymen count on my ability to shoot better, climb higher, ski farther, and fight with more cunning and aggression than any enemy I may face.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 59], "content_span": [60, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017172-0022-0000", "contents": "172nd Infantry Regiment (United States), The Mountain Creed\nInitiative is the force that will allow me to prevail on the field of battle. I will do more than is required of myself to further my unit's mission and ensure its total victory in combat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 59], "content_span": [60, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017172-0023-0000", "contents": "172nd Infantry Regiment (United States), The Mountain Creed\nNever will I leave a fallen Soldier on the field of battle. I will courageously continue to fight until the enemy is vanquished and the last round expended and all the members of my unit are accounted for. I will conduct myself with honor, pride, and an esprit de corps second to none, whether in peace or wartime whether at home or abroad, for my mission is to...ASCEND TO VICTORY!", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 59], "content_span": [60, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017172-0024-0000", "contents": "172nd Infantry Regiment (United States), Distinctive Unit Insignia\nA Silver color metal and enamel device 1 1/8 inches (2.86\u00a0cm) in height consisting of a shield blazoned as follows:  Per fess dancetty of four Azure and Argent issuant in base a mount Vert and overall in bend a ski pole crossed by an ice axe in bend sinister, in pale overall a sword point up of the second. Attached below and to the sides a green motto scroll bearing the words \"ASCEND TO VICTORY\" in Silver letters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017172-0025-0000", "contents": "172nd Infantry Regiment (United States), Distinctive Unit Insignia\nBlue and white are the colors associated with Infantry. The indented partition line denotes the four states represented in the regiment, and with the ice axe and ski pole, also refers to the (Mountain) designation of the regiment. The upright sword denotes the unit's basic Infantry mission and the green mountain in base alludes to the headquarters, State of Vermont, which means \"green mountain.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017172-0026-0000", "contents": "172nd Infantry Regiment (United States), Distinctive Unit Insignia\nThe distinctive unit insignia was approved on 16 March 1987.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017172-0027-0000", "contents": "172nd Infantry Regiment (United States), Coat Of Arms, Blazon\nPer fess dancetty of four Azure and Argent issuant in base a mount Vert and overall in bend a ski pole crossed by an ice axe in bend sinister, in pale overall a sword point up of the second.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017172-0028-0000", "contents": "172nd Infantry Regiment (United States), Coat Of Arms, Blazon\nThat for the regiments and separate battalions of the New Hampshire Army National Guard:  On a wreath of the colors Argent and Azure two pine branches saltirewise Proper crossed behind a bundle of five arrows palewise Argent bound together by a ribbon Gules the ends entwining the branches. That for the regiments and separate battalions of the New York Army National Guard:  On a wreath of the colors Argent and Azure the full-rigged ship \"Half Moon\" all Proper.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017172-0028-0001", "contents": "172nd Infantry Regiment (United States), Coat Of Arms, Blazon\nThat for the regiments and separate battalions of the Vermont Army National Guard:  On a wreath of the colors Argent and Azure a buck's head erased within a garland of pine branches, all Proper. That for the regiments and separate battalions of the Maine Army National Guard:  On a wreath of the colors Argent and Azure a pine tree Proper. Motto ASCEND TO VICTORY.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017172-0029-0000", "contents": "172nd Infantry Regiment (United States), Coat Of Arms, Blazon\nBlue and white are the colors associated with Infantry. The indented partition line denotes the four states represented in the regiment, and with the ice axe and ski pole, also refers to the (Mountain) designation of the regiment. The upright sword denotes the unit's basic Infantry mission and the green mountain in base alludes to the headquarters, State of Vermont, which means \"green mountain.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017172-0030-0000", "contents": "172nd Infantry Regiment (United States), Coat Of Arms, Blazon\nThe crests are those of the New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Vermont and Maine Army National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017172-0031-0000", "contents": "172nd Infantry Regiment (United States), Coat Of Arms, Blazon\nThe coat of arms was approved on 16 March 1987.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017173-0000-0000", "contents": "172nd New York State Legislature\nThe 172nd New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 7, 1959, to April 1, 1960, during the first and second years of Nelson Rockefeller's governorship, in Albany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017173-0001-0000", "contents": "172nd New York State Legislature, Background\nUnder the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1938, re-apportioned in 1953, 58 Senators and 150 assemblymen were elected in single-seat districts for two-year terms. The senatorial districts consisted either of one or more entire counties; or a contiguous area within a single county. The counties which were divided into more than one senatorial district were Kings (nine districts), New York (six),  Queens (five), Bronx (four), Erie (three), Nassau (three), Westchester (three), Monroe (two) and Onondaga (two). The Assembly districts consisted either of a single entire county (except Hamilton Co.), or of contiguous area within one county.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 696]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017173-0002-0000", "contents": "172nd New York State Legislature, Background\nAt this time there were two major political parties: the Republican Party and the Democratic Party. The Liberal Party and the Independent-Socialist Party also nominated tickets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017173-0003-0000", "contents": "172nd New York State Legislature, Elections\nThe 1958 New York state election, was held on November 4. Nelson Rockefeller was elected Governor, and Assemblyman Malcolm Wilson was elected Lieutenant Governor, both Republicans, defeating the incumbent Democrats W. Averell Harriman and George B. DeLuca. The elections of the other four statewide elective offices resulted in a Democratic State Comptroller with Liberal endorsement, a Republican Attorney General, a Democratic Court of Appeals judge with Liberal and Republican endorsement, and a Republican U.S. Senator. The approximate party strength at this election, as expressed by the vote for Governor/Lieutenant Governor, was: Republicans 3,127,000; Democrats 2,270,000; Liberals 284,000; and Independent-Socialists 32,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 777]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017173-0004-0000", "contents": "172nd New York State Legislature, Elections\nAssemblywoman Janet Hill Gordon (Rep.), a lawyer of Norwich, was elected to the State Senate. The other four women members of the previous legislature\u2014Assemblywomen Bessie A. Buchanan (Dem. ), a retired musical actress and dancer of Harlem;\u00a0; Frances K. Marlatt (Rep.), a lawyer of Mount Vernon; Genesta M. Strong (Rep.), of Plandome Heights; and Mildred F. Taylor (Rep.), a coal dealer of Lyons\u2014were re-elected. Aileen B. Ryan (Dem. ), of the Bronx; and Dorothy Bell Lawrence (Rep.), of Manhattan, both former school teachers, were also elected to the Assembly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017173-0005-0000", "contents": "172nd New York State Legislature, Elections\nThe 1959 New York state election, was held on November 3. The only statewide elective office up for election was Chief Judge of the New York Court of Appeals. The senior associate judge, Charles S. Desmond, a Democrat, was elected with Republican and Liberal endorsement. Three vacancies in the State Senate and eight vacancies in the Assembly were filled. Assemblywoman Genesta M. Strong (Rep.) was elected to the State Senate, but did not take her seat in 1960.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017173-0006-0000", "contents": "172nd New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for the first regular session (the 182nd) at the State Capitol in Albany on January 7, 1959; and adjourned on March 25.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017173-0007-0000", "contents": "172nd New York State Legislature, Sessions\nOswald D. Heck (Rep.) was re-elected Speaker. Heck died on May 21, 1959.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017173-0008-0000", "contents": "172nd New York State Legislature, Sessions\nWalter J. Mahoney (Rep.) was re-elected Temporary President of the State Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017173-0009-0000", "contents": "172nd New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for a special session at the State Capitol in Albany on July 1, 1959. Majority Leader Joseph F. Carlino (Rep.) was elected Speaker of the Assembly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017173-0010-0000", "contents": "172nd New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for the second regular session (the 183rd) at the State Capitol in Albany on January 6, 1960; and adjourned in the early morning of April 1, 1960.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017173-0011-0000", "contents": "172nd New York State Legislature, State Senate, Senators\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature. Frank Composto, D. Clinton Dominick III, Lawrence M. Rulison and Janet Hill Gordon changed from the Assembly to the Senate at the beginning of this Legislature. Assembly members Genesta M. Strong and Hunter Meighan were elected to fill vacancies in the Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 56], "content_span": [57, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017173-0012-0000", "contents": "172nd New York State Legislature, State Senate, Senators\nNote: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words \"...the Committee on (the)...\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 56], "content_span": [57, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017173-0013-0000", "contents": "172nd New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Assemblymen\nNote: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words \"...the Committee on (the)...\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 61], "content_span": [62, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017174-0000-0000", "contents": "172nd Ohio Infantry Regiment\nThe 172nd Ohio Infantry Regiment, sometimes 172nd Ohio Volunteer Infantry (or 172nd OVI) was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017174-0001-0000", "contents": "172nd Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 172nd Ohio Infantry was organized in Cambridge, Ohio, and mustered in May 14, 1864, at Columbus, Ohio, for 100 days service under the command of Colonel John Ferguson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017174-0002-0000", "contents": "172nd Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment spent its entire enlistment engaged in guard government stores at Gallipolis, Ohio.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017174-0003-0000", "contents": "172nd Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 172nd Ohio Infantry mustered out of service September 3, 1864, at Gallipolis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017174-0004-0000", "contents": "172nd Ohio Infantry Regiment, Ohio National Guard\nOver 35,000 Ohio National Guardsmen were federalized and organized into regiments for 100 days service in May 1864. Shipped to the Eastern Theater, they were designed to be placed in \"safe\" rear areas to protect railroads and supply points, thereby freeing regular troops for Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant\u2019s push on the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia. As events transpired, many units found themselves in combat, stationed in the path of Confederate Gen. Jubal Early\u2019s veteran Army of the Valley during its famed Valley Campaigns of 1864. Ohio Guard units met the battle-tested foe head on and helped blunt the Confederate offensive thereby saving Washington, D.C. from capture. Ohio National Guard units participated in the battles of Monacacy, Fort Stevens, Harpers Ferry, and in the siege of Petersburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 49], "content_span": [50, 863]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017174-0005-0000", "contents": "172nd Ohio Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost 12 enlisted men during service, all due to disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017175-0000-0000", "contents": "172nd Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment\nThe 172nd Pennsylvania Infantry was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017175-0001-0000", "contents": "172nd Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Formation\nWhen Pennsylvania did not meet President Lincoln's August 1862 request for 300,000 nine-month volunteers, the Commonwealth drafted (under the Federal Militia Act of 1862) fifteen regiments between mid-October and early December 1862, totaling 15,000 men. All fifteen regiments were mustered out of service by mid-August 1863. Few saw any combat action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 47], "content_span": [48, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017175-0002-0000", "contents": "172nd Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Formation\nThe 172nd Pennsylvania Infantry was organized at Harrisburg, Pennsylvania (Camp Curtin). The regiment\u2019s soldiers were selected principally from Snyder and Northumberland Counties, with detachments from Clearfield, Elk, McKean, Union, Montour, and Butler Counties. In all, 1,332 men were mustered into the regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 47], "content_span": [48, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017175-0003-0000", "contents": "172nd Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment mustered in for nine months service between October 27 and November 29, 1862, under the command of Colonel Charles Kleckner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017175-0004-0000", "contents": "172nd Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Service\nOn the day after their arrival at Yorktown in December 1862 with three other drafted regiments from Pennsylvania, Maj. Gen. Erasmus D. Keyes, IV Corps commander, wrote that he found the regiments to be \u201cperfectly green\u201d and that \u201cnone of them are in a condition to meet the enemy.\u201d  Thus he assigned the 172nd to the heavy guns at Yorktown and until April 1863 they remained unassigned to any brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017175-0005-0000", "contents": "172nd Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Service\nIn June 1863, the men of the 172nd offered to re-enlist for six months at the end of their term of service. The War Department originally intended to accept their offer but upon learning that it was contingent upon serving in the Department of the Susquehanna in Pennsylvania, declined, and the regiment mustered out as scheduled on August 1, 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017175-0006-0000", "contents": "172nd Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost 13 enlisted men to disease. In addition to those who died, some soldiers were discharged from the regiment due to illness and other reasons and some deserted. The strength of the regiment was reported as 671 men on July 16, 1863, after they joined XI Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017175-0007-0000", "contents": "172nd Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Commanders\nThe regiment was formed under Colonel Charles Kleckner, Lt. Colonel Thaddeus G. Bogle, and Major M. T. Heintzelman. On December 10, 1862, Lt. Colonel Bogle was discharged and replaced by Lt. Colonel James A. Johnson. The regiment mustered out on August 1, 1863, under Colonel Kleckner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017175-0008-0000", "contents": "172nd Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Commanders\nBefore serving in the 172nd, Col. Kleckner served as a private in Company K of the 6th Pennsylvania Infantry (in 1861) and then as a first lieutenant in Company D of the 48th Pennsylvania Infantry (in 1861-62). Afterwards he served as a lieutenant colonel in the 184th Pennsylvania Infantry (in 1864-65). After the war, he was elected to the Pennsylvania House of Representatives as a Republican, in 1868 and 1869.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017176-0000-0000", "contents": "172nd Rifle Division\nThe 172nd Rifle Division (Russian: 172-\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u0438\u044f) was an infantry division of the Red Army during World War II, formed thrice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017176-0001-0000", "contents": "172nd Rifle Division, First formation\nOn 22 June 1941 it was part of the 61st Rifle Corps of the 20th Army in the Reserve of the Supreme High Command. By 10 July the division transferred to the 13th Army of the Western Front with the corps. It was officially disbanded on 19 September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 37], "content_span": [38, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017176-0002-0000", "contents": "172nd Rifle Division, Second formation\nIt was formed on 10 October 1941 from the 3rd Crimean Motorized Division as part of the 51st Army. By 1 November it transferred to the Coastal Army. It was officially disbanded on 25 June 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 38], "content_span": [39, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017176-0003-0000", "contents": "172nd Rifle Division, Third formation\nThe division was reformed again on 9 September in the area of the Dorokhovo railway station, part of the Moscow Defense Zone, under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Alexander Kostitsyn. The latter transferred to command the 183rd Rifle Division on 30 September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 37], "content_span": [38, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017176-0004-0000", "contents": "172nd Rifle Division, Third formation\nAt the end of the war, it was part of the 102nd Rifle Corps of the 13th Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 37], "content_span": [38, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017176-0005-0000", "contents": "172nd Rifle Division, Third formation\nIn mid-1945 it was withdrawn to Korosten in the Carpathian Military District with the army's 27th Rifle Corps. The division was disbanded in 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 37], "content_span": [38, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017176-0006-0000", "contents": "172nd Rifle Division, Commanders\nThe division's first formation was commanded by the following officers:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 32], "content_span": [33, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017176-0007-0000", "contents": "172nd Rifle Division, Commanders\nThe division's second formation was commanded by the following officer:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 32], "content_span": [33, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017176-0008-0000", "contents": "172nd Rifle Division, Commanders\nThe division's third formation was commanded by the following officers:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 32], "content_span": [33, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017177-0000-0000", "contents": "172nd Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery\nThe 172nd Siege Battery was a unit of Britain's Royal Garrison Artillery (RGA) raised during  World War I. It manned heavy howitzers on the Western Front and Italian Front from 1916 to 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017177-0001-0000", "contents": "172nd Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Mobilisation\nOn the outbreak of war in August 1914, units of the part-time Territorial Force (TF) were invited to volunteer for Overseas Service and most of the Glamorgan Royal Garrison Artillery did so. This unit had mobilised as part of No 26 Coastal Fire Command, responsible for the defence of Swansea, Cardiff and Barry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 59], "content_span": [60, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017177-0002-0000", "contents": "172nd Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Mobilisation\nBy October 1914, the campaign on the Western Front was bogging down into trench warfare and there was an urgent need for batteries of siege artillery to be sent to France. The WO decided that the TF coastal gunners were well enough trained to take over many of the duties in the coastal defences, releasing Regular RGA gunners for service in the field, Soon the TF RGA companies that had volunteered for overseas service were also supplying trained gunners to RGA units serving overseas and providing cadres to form complete new units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 59], "content_span": [60, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017177-0003-0000", "contents": "172nd Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Mobilisation\n172nd Siege Battery, RGA, was raised at Cardiff with three officers and 78 other ranks from the Glamorgan RGA under Army Council Instruction 1239 of 21 June 1916. It went out to the Western Front on 12 September 1916, manning four BL 6-inch 26 cwt howitzers, initially under the command of 50th (South African) Heavy Artillery Group (HAG)  in Third Army. It then changed command rapidly: to 19th HAG on 4 October, to 8th HAG on 18 October, then to 47th HAG on 24 November and back to 8th HAG on 8 January 1917, all with Third Army, whose front was quiet during this period.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 59], "content_span": [60, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017177-0004-0000", "contents": "172nd Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, War Service, Arras\nOn 24 March 1917 the battery transferred to the command of 46th HAG and then to 35th HAG on 3 April as Third Army prepared for the opening of its Arras Offensive. A larger force of guns than ever before had been assembled for this battle, and 35th HAG was assigned with seven other HAGs to VII Corps. The battle opened on 9 April and was widely successful, the counter-battery (CB) fire of the heavy howitzers having been effective. But following up the success was difficult. Batteries had to move up to get back into range (No man's land in VII Corps' sector had been 2,000 yards (1,800\u00a0m) wide) and the Germans re-positioned their guns, so the effectiveness of the prepared CB fire was lost. The offensive quickly bogged down.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 65], "content_span": [66, 795]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017177-0005-0000", "contents": "172nd Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, War Service, Ypres\nAfter the Arras offensive ended in May 1917, 172nd Siege Bty was rested from 28 May to 10 June. It then rejoined Third Army, serving with 39th and 8th HAGs. Third Army's front was quiet during the summer of 1917, but on 9 July the battery moved to 24th HAG (alongside 121st Siege Bty, also raised by the Glamorgan RGA). 24th HAG was attached to the French army, but it joined Fifth Army on 1 August, just after the start of the Third Ypres Offensive. Fifth Army's guns were suffering badly from German CB fire, and the offensive bogged down. A second push on 16 August (the Battle of Langemarck) suffered from rushed artillery planning and was unsuccessful.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 65], "content_span": [66, 723]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017177-0006-0000", "contents": "172nd Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, War Service, Ypres\n172nd Siege Bty received reinforcements on 26 August when it was joined by a section from 415th Siege Bty, just arrived from Home. This allowed the battery to be brought up to a strength of six 6-inch howitzers. On 16 September 24th HAG was transferred to Second Army when that formation took over control of  the faltering offensive: the Battles of the Menin Road, Polygon Wood and Broodseinde were highly successful because of the weight of artillery brought to bear on German positions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 65], "content_span": [66, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017177-0006-0001", "contents": "172nd Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, War Service, Ypres\nBut as the offensive continued with the Battle of Poelcappelle and First and Second Battles of Passchendaele, the tables were turned: British batteries were clearly observable from the Passchendaele Ridge and suffered badly from CB fire, while their own guns sank into the mud and became difficult to aim and fire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 65], "content_span": [66, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017177-0007-0000", "contents": "172nd Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, War Service, Italy\nAfter the disastrous Battle of Caporetto on the Italian Front, Second Army HQ and several of its sub-formations were sent to reinforce the Italian Army. 24th Bde RGA left with XIV Corps on 17 November 1917, arriving on 25 November. Its guns went into action on the Montello Hill, supporting the Italian army holding the line of the River Piave, which had been critically short of heavy artillery. The situation was stabilised by the end of the year, but XIV Corps and 24th HAG remained in Italy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 65], "content_span": [66, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017177-0008-0000", "contents": "172nd Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, War Service, Italy\nApart from some CB shoots, there was little activity through the winter months. In February 1918 the HAGs became permanent RGA brigades: 24th Bde consisted of one heavy battery (1/1st Warwickshire Bty) and three other 6-inch howitzer siege batteries (105th, 229th and 247th) in addition to the 172nd.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 65], "content_span": [66, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017177-0009-0000", "contents": "172nd Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, War Service, Italy\nAt the end of March 1918, 105th Siege Bty moved to a position south of the Asiago plateau supporting VIII Italian Corps. The gunsites were in wooded mountainous terrain and the guns had to be manhandled into position. They carried out trench bombardment while awaiting the next Austrian offensive (the Second Battle of the Piave River). This finally came on 15 June. Despite some initial Austrian gains, 48th (South Midland) Division held its main positions. The British heavy howitzers systematically destroyed the Austrian guns on the Asiago, notwithstanding poor visibility early on (Royal Air Force observation aircraft were able to direct the fire later) and the Austrian offensive failed all along the front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 65], "content_span": [66, 780]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017177-0010-0000", "contents": "172nd Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, War Service, Italy\nPreparations then began for the final battle on the Italian Front, the stunning success of the Battle of Vittorio Veneto. The British were relieved in the Asiago sector and moved to join the British-commanded Tenth Italian Army near Treviso. 24th HAG supported a number of British and French raids during September and October, then on 23 October the preliminary attacks began, supported by 24th HAG's howitzers. The main British assault crossed the River Piave on 27 October, with the heavy guns engaging all known Austrian gun positions and providing a protective barrage on either flank.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 65], "content_span": [66, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017177-0010-0001", "contents": "172nd Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, War Service, Italy\nA bridge was ready by 29 October and the heavy guns crossed the river. By 1 November the Austrian army had collapsed and the pursuing British troops had left their heavy guns far in the rear. Austrian signed the Armistice of Villa Giusti on 3 November, ending the war in Italy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 65], "content_span": [66, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017177-0011-0000", "contents": "172nd Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, War Service, Italy\nAfter the Armistice, 24th HAG was involved in securing prisoners and captured artillery. Demobilisation of the batteries in Italy began at Christmas 1918 and they were disbanded by the end of March 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 65], "content_span": [66, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017178-0000-0000", "contents": "172nd Tunnelling Company\nThe 172nd Tunnelling Company was one of the tunnelling companies of the Royal Engineers created by the British Army during World War I. The tunnelling units were occupied in offensive and defensive mining involving the placing and maintaining of mines under enemy lines, as well as other underground work such as the construction of deep dugouts for troop accommodation, the digging of subways, saps (a narrow trench dug to approach enemy trenches), cable trenches and  underground chambers for signals and medical services.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017178-0001-0000", "contents": "172nd Tunnelling Company, Background\nBy January 1915 it had become evident to the BEF at the Western Front that the Germans were mining to a planned system. As the British had failed to develop suitable counter-tactics or underground  listening devices before the war, field marshals French and Kitchener agreed to investigate the suitability of forming  British mining units. Following consultations between the Engineer-in-Chief of the BEF, Brigadier George Fowke, and the mining specialist John Norton-Griffiths, the War Office formally approved the tunnelling company scheme on 19 February 1915.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017178-0002-0000", "contents": "172nd Tunnelling Company, Background\nNorton-Griffiths ensured that tunnelling companies numbers 170 to 177 were ready for deployment in mid-February 1915. In the spring of that year, there was constant underground fighting in the Ypres Salient at Hooge, Hill 60, Railway Wood, Sanctuary Wood, St Eloi and The Bluff which required the deployment of new drafts of tunnellers for several months after the formation of the first eight companies. The lack of suitably experienced men led to some tunnelling companies starting work later than others.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017178-0002-0001", "contents": "172nd Tunnelling Company, Background\nThe number of units available to the BEF was also restricted by the need to provide effective counter-measures to the German mining activities. To make the tunnels safer and quicker to deploy, the British Army enlisted experienced coal miners, many outside their nominal recruitment policy. The first nine companies, numbers 170 to 178, were each commanded by a regular Royal Engineers officer. These companies each comprised 5 officers and 269 sappers; they were aided by additional infantrymen who were temporarily attached to the tunnellers as required, which almost doubled their numbers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017178-0002-0002", "contents": "172nd Tunnelling Company, Background\nThe success of the first tunnelling companies formed under Norton-Griffiths' command led to mining being made a separate branch of the  Engineer-in-Chief's office under Major-General S.R. Rice, and the appointment of an 'Inspector of Mines' at the GHQ Saint-Omer office of the Engineer-in-Chief. A second group of tunnelling companies were formed from Welsh miners from the 1st and 3rd Battalions of the Monmouthshire Regiment, who were attached to the 1st Northumberland Field Company of the Royal Engineers, which was a Territorial unit. The formation of twelve new tunnelling companies, between July and October 1915, helped to bring more men into action in other parts of the Western Front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 731]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017178-0003-0000", "contents": "172nd Tunnelling Company, Background\nMost tunnelling companies were formed under Norton-Griffiths' leadership during 1915, and one more was added in 1916. On 10 September 1915, the British government sent an appeal to Canada, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand to raise tunnelling companies in the Dominions of the British Empire. On 17 September, New Zealand became the first Dominion to agree the formation of a tunnelling unit. The New Zealand Tunnelling Company arrived at Plymouth on 3 February 1916 and was deployed to the Western Front in northern France. A Canadian unit was formed from men on the battlefield, plus two other companies trained in Canada and then shipped to France. Three Australian tunnelling companies were formed by March 1916, resulting in 30 tunnelling companies of the Royal Engineers being available by the summer of 1916.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 858]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017178-0004-0000", "contents": "172nd Tunnelling Company, Unit history\n172nd Tunnelling Company included a significant number of miners from South Wales, as did the 184th, 170th, 171st, 253rd and 254th Tunnelling Company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 38], "content_span": [39, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017178-0005-0000", "contents": "172nd Tunnelling Company, Unit history\nFrom its formation in April 1915 until the end of the war the company served under First Army south of the Ypres Salient.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 38], "content_span": [39, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017178-0006-0000", "contents": "172nd Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Ypres Salient\nFollowing its formation, 172nd Tunnelling Company was first employed in the area of St Eloi and The Bluff at Ypres, added to which the 172nd Tunnelling Company was also active at Hill 60.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 53], "content_span": [54, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017178-0007-0000", "contents": "172nd Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Ypres Salient\nThe Germans held the top of  Hill 60 from 16 December 1914 to 17 April 1915, when it was captured briefly by the British 5th Division after the explosion of five mines under the German lines by the Royal Engineers. The early underground war in the area had involved both the 171st and 172nd Tunnelling Company. In July 1915,  175th Tunnelling Company was extended to Hill 60, and 172nd Tunnelling Company focused on The Bluff instead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 53], "content_span": [54, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017178-0008-0000", "contents": "172nd Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Ypres Salient\nThe Bluff, located halfway in between Voormezele and Hollebeke, is an artificial ridge in the landscape created by spoil from failed attempts to dig a canal. With the additional height in an otherwise relatively flat landscape, The Bluff was an important military objective. German forces took The Bluff in February 1916. In addition to The Bluff, 172nd Tunnelling Company was also responsible for mining at St Eloi south of Ypres.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 53], "content_span": [54, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017178-0009-0000", "contents": "172nd Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Ypres Salient\nAt St Eloi, military mining began in early 1915. The Germans had built an extensive system of defensive tunnels and were actively mining at the intermediate levels. In March 1915, they fired mines under the elevated area known as The Mound just south-east of St Eloi and in the ensuing fighting (the Action of St Eloi, 14\u201315 March 1915) the British infantry suffered some 500 casualties. A month later, on 14 April 1915, the Germans fired another mine producing a crater over 20 metres (66\u00a0ft) in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 53], "content_span": [54, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017178-0009-0001", "contents": "172nd Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Ypres Salient\nAfter these experiences, the British started an extensive programme of defensive mining at St Eloi to protect the British trenches from future German mines, but also included offensive elements by placing large attack mines beneath the German trenches. Much of this work was done by the 177th Tunnelling Company and the 172nd Tunnelling Company, the latter commanded in early 1915 by Captain William Henry Johnston VC. Johnston left 172nd Tunnelling Company in early May, when he was succeeded as officer commanding by William Clay Hepburn, a Territorial Army Captain in the Monmouthshire Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 53], "content_span": [54, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017178-0009-0002", "contents": "172nd Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Ypres Salient\nHepburn was a mining engineer and colliery agent in civilian life, and the first non-regular Royal Engineer officer to command a Tunnelling Company. The officer in charge of 172nd Tunnelling Company's offensive mining activities at St Eloi was Lieutenant Horace Hickling, who would go on to command 183rd Tunnelling Company on the Somme in 1916, supported by  Lieutenant Frederick Mulqueen, who would go on to command 182nd Tunnelling Company at Vimy in 1917.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 53], "content_span": [54, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017178-0009-0003", "contents": "172nd Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Ypres Salient\nThe geology of the Ypres Salient featured a characteristic layer of sandy clay, which put very heavy pressures of water and wet sand on the underground works and made deep mining extremely difficult. In autumn of 1915, 172nd Tunnelling Company managed to sink shafts through the sandy clay at a depth of 7.0 metres (23\u00a0ft) down to dry blue clay at a depth of 13 metres (43\u00a0ft), which was ideal for tunneling,  from where they continued to drive galleries towards the German lines at a depth of 18 metres (60\u00a0ft). This constituted a major achievement in mining technique and gave the Royal Engineers a significant advantage over their German counterparts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 53], "content_span": [54, 708]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017178-0010-0000", "contents": "172nd Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Ypres Salient\nMeanwhile, at The Bluff, mining was continued by the 172nd Tunnelling Company and in November 1915, John Norton-Griffiths proposed to sink 20 or 30 shafts, about 46\u201364 metres (50\u201370\u00a0yd) apart, into the blue clay from St Eloi to The Bluff. On 21 January 1916, German miners blew several large charges at The Bluff, which caused 172nd Tunnelling Company to halt its work on the shallow galleries in St Eloi in order to complete the deep mines as soon as possible. On 14 February, the German infantry succeeded in capturing The Bluff from the British and advanced towards St Eloi, raising fears that the British deep mines might be captured before they could be fired.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 53], "content_span": [54, 719]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017178-0011-0000", "contents": "172nd Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Ypres Salient\nThe British decided to use the deep mines created by 172nd Tunnelling Company at St Eloi in a local operation (the Battle of St Eloi Craters, 27 March \u2013 16 April 1916) and six charges were prepared. There were four central mines, of which two were laid from shaft D and two from shaft H. The largest, code-named D1, contained 14,000 kilograms (31,000\u00a0lb) of ammonal and was placed beneath The Mound, while the mines code-named D2, H1 and H4 were charged with between 5,400 kilograms (12,000\u00a0lb) and 6,800 kilograms (15,000\u00a0lb).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 53], "content_span": [54, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017178-0011-0001", "contents": "172nd Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Ypres Salient\nThe two flanking mines, code-named I and  F, were significantly smaller charges laid short of the German front line. For most of the time, the British preparations were severely obstructed by highly efficient German counter-mining. When the mines were fired at 4.15 a.m. on 27 March 1916, D1 and D2 were detonated first, followed by H1 and H4, then I and finally F. To witnesses it \"appeared as if a long village was being lifted through flames into the air\" and \"there was an earth shake but no roar of explosion\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 53], "content_span": [54, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017178-0011-0002", "contents": "172nd Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Ypres Salient\nThe detonation obliterated The Mound and killed or buried some 300 men of the 18th Reserve J\u00e4ger Battalion; two miles away, at Hill 60, the trenches rocked and heaved. The Royal Northumberland Fusiliers attacked and held the D1, D2 and F craters, but efforts to dig communications trenches to their positions failed under the heavy German fire, the muddy ground and debris thrown up by the explosions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 53], "content_span": [54, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017178-0011-0003", "contents": "172nd Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Ypres Salient\nBritish attempts to gain a line beyond the craters were unsuccessful for a week but eventually took the four central craters in the early morning of 3 April, shortly before the 3rd Division was relieved by the 2nd Canadian Division. A German counter-attack during the night of 5 April captured the craters, and the Canadians were ordered to withdraw. The operation had been a failure and the advantage of the mines had been lost; the problem lay in the problem of integrating mines into the attack and the Allied inability to hold crater positions after they had been captured. It also demonstrated that holding a crater against concentrated fire and determined German counterattack was extremely difficult.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 53], "content_span": [54, 761]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017178-0012-0000", "contents": "172nd Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Ypres Salient\nIn March 1916, 172nd Tunnelling Company handed its work at St Eloi over to 1st Canadian Tunnelling Company. It then relieved 181st Tunnelling Company in the Rue du Bois area, but soon moved back to The Bluff.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 53], "content_span": [54, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017178-0013-0000", "contents": "172nd Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Vimy sector\nIn April 1916, the 172nd Tunnelling Company was relieved at The Bluff by 2nd Canadian Tunnelling Company and moved to Neuville-Saint-Vaast near Vimy in northern France, where it was deployed alongside 176th Tunnelling Company, which had moved to Neuville-Saint-Vaast in April 1916 and remained there for a considerable time. The front sectors at Vimy and Arras, where extremely heavy fighting between the French and the Germans had taken place during 1915, were taken over by the British in March 1916. Vimy, in particular, was an area of busy underground activity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 51], "content_span": [52, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017178-0013-0001", "contents": "172nd Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Vimy sector\nFrom spring 1916, the British had deployed five tunnelling companies along the Vimy Ridge, and  during the first two months of their tenure in the area, 70 mines were fired, mostly by the Germans. Between October 1915 and April 1917 an estimated 150 French, British and German charges were fired in this 7 kilometres (4.3\u00a0mi) sector of the Western Front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 51], "content_span": [52, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017178-0014-0000", "contents": "172nd Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Vimy sector\nNeuville-Saint-Vaast was close to the German \"Labyrinth\" stronghold between Arras and Vimy and not far from Notre Dame de Lorette. British tunnellers progressively took over work on the shafts in the area  from the French between February and May 1916. As part of this process, the New Zealand Tunnelling Company took over a sector between Roclincourt and \u00c9curie from the French 7/1 compagnie d'ing\u00e9nieurs territoriaux during March 1916. On 29 March 1916, the New Zealanders exchanged position with the 185th Tunnelling Company and moved to Roclincourt-Chantecler, a kilometre south of their old sector.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 51], "content_span": [52, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017178-0014-0001", "contents": "172nd Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Vimy sector\n172nd Tunnelling Company seems to have shared the Neuville-Saint-Vaast sector with the 176th and 185th Tunnelling Company until it was relieved there in May 1916 by the 2nd Australian Tunnelling Company. Also in May 1916, a German infantry attack, which forced the British back 640 metres (700\u00a0yd), was aimed at neutralising British mining activity by capturing the shaft entrances. From June 1916, however, the Germans withdrew many miners to work on the Hindenburg Line and also for work in coal mines in Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 51], "content_span": [52, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017178-0014-0002", "contents": "172nd Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Vimy sector\nIn the second half of 1916 the British constructed strong defensive underground positions, and from August 1916, the  Royal Engineers developed a mining scheme to support a large-scale infantry attack on the Vimy Ridge proposed for autumn 1916, although this was subsequently postponed. After September 1916, when the Royal Engineers had completed their network of defensive galleries along most of the front line, offensive mining largely ceased although activities continued until 1917. The British gallery network beneath Vimy Ridge eventually grew to a length of 12 kilometres (7.5\u00a0mi).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 51], "content_span": [52, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017178-0015-0000", "contents": "172nd Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Vimy sector\n172nd Tunnelling Company stayed near Vimy and remained active in the area in preparation for the Battle of Vimy Ridge (9\u201312 April 1917), together with 175th and 182nd Tunnelling Companies. 184th Tunnelling Company and 255th Tunnelling Company also served a tenure at Vimy. The Canadian Corps was posted to the northern part of Vimy Ridge in October 1916 and preparations for an attack were revived in February 1917. Prior to the Battle of Vimy Ridge, the British tunnelling companies secretly laid a series of explosive charges under German positions in an effort to destroy surface fortifications before the assault.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 51], "content_span": [52, 669]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017178-0015-0001", "contents": "172nd Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Vimy sector\nThe original plan had called for 17 mines and 9 Wombat charges to support the infantry attack, of which 13 (possibly 14) mines and 8 Wombat charges were eventually laid. At the same time, 19 crater groups existed along this section of the Western Front, each with several large craters. In order to assess the consequences of infantry having to advance across cratered ground after a mining attack, officers from the Canadian Corps visited La Boisselle and Fricourt where the mines on the first day of the Somme had been blown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 51], "content_span": [52, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017178-0015-0002", "contents": "172nd Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Vimy sector\nTheir reports and the experience of the Canadians at St Eloi in April 1916 \u2013 where mines had so altered and damaged the landscape as to render occupation of the mine craters by the infantry all but impossible \u2013, led to the decision to remove offensive mining from the central sector allocated to the Canadian Corps at Vimy Ridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 51], "content_span": [52, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017178-0015-0003", "contents": "172nd Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Vimy sector\nFurther British mines in the area were vetoed following the blowing by the Germans on 23 March 1917 of nine craters along no man's land as it was probable that the Germans were aiming to restrict an Allied attack to predictable points. The three mines already laid by 172nd Tunnelling Company were also dropped from the British plans. They were left in place after the assault and were only removed in the 1990s. Another mine, prepared by 176th Tunnelling Company against the German strongpoint known as the Pimple, was not completed in time for the attack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 51], "content_span": [52, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017178-0015-0004", "contents": "172nd Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Vimy sector\nThe gallery had been pushed silently through the clay, avoiding the sandy and chalky layers of the Vimy Ridge, but by 9 April 1917 was still 21 metres (70\u00a0ft) short of its target. In the end, two mines were blown before the attack, while three mines and two Wombat charges were fired to support the attack, including those forming a northern flank.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 51], "content_span": [52, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017178-0016-0000", "contents": "172nd Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Vimy sector\nIn early 1918 half of 252nd Tunnelling Company, arriving in the Vimy Ridge sector from Beaumont-Hamel, was attached to 172nd Tunnelling Company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 51], "content_span": [52, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017178-0017-0000", "contents": "172nd Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Somme sector\nMarch 1918 saw 172nd Tunnelling Company working on a new defensive line on the Somme, near Bray-Saint-Christophe. It fought as emergency infantry near Villecholles, where it carried out a fighting retreat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 52], "content_span": [53, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017178-0018-0000", "contents": "172nd Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Amiens 1918\nIn April 1918, troops of 172nd Tunnelling Company fought a large fire in Amiens.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 51], "content_span": [52, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017178-0019-0000", "contents": "172nd Tunnelling Company, Memorial\nOn a small square in the centre of Sint-Elooi stands the 'Monument to the St Eloi Tunnellers' which was unveiled on 11 November 2001. The brick plinth bears transparent plaques with details of the mining activities by 172nd Tunnelling Company and an extract from the poem  by the war poet T.E. Hulme (1883\u20131917). There is a flagpole with the British flag next to it, and in 2003 an artillery gun was added to the memorial.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 34], "content_span": [35, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017179-0000-0000", "contents": "172nd meridian east\nThe meridian 172\u00b0 east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, New Zealand, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017179-0001-0000", "contents": "172nd meridian east\nThe 172nd meridian east forms a great circle with the 8th meridian west.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 92]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017179-0002-0000", "contents": "172nd meridian east, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 172nd meridian east passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017180-0000-0000", "contents": "172nd meridian west\nThe meridian 172\u00b0 west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017180-0001-0000", "contents": "172nd meridian west\nThe 172nd meridian west forms a great circle with the 8th meridian east.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 92]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017180-0002-0000", "contents": "172nd meridian west, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 172nd meridian west passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017181-0000-0000", "contents": "173\nYear 173 (CLXXIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Severus and Pompeianus (or, less frequently, year 926 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 173 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017182-0000-0000", "contents": "173 (number)\n173 (one hundred [and] seventy-three) is the natural number following 172 and preceding 174.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017183-0000-0000", "contents": "173 BC\nYear 173 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Albinus and Laenas (or, less frequently, year 581 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 173 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017184-0000-0000", "contents": "173 Hours in Captivity\n173 Hours In Captivity: The Hijacking of IC 814 is a 2000 book (ISBN\u00a081-7223-394-9) written by Neelesh Misra, a New Delhi-based correspondent of the Associated Press. The book is about the hijacking of Indian Airlines Flight 814 on its journey from Kathmandu to New Delhi on Christmas Eve, December 24, 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017184-0001-0000", "contents": "173 Hours in Captivity, Introduction\nThe sequence of events outside the plane (IC 814) is a well-documented and familiar story. The book presents the events inside the plane. During their 173 hours of captivity, the passengers and the crew lived and re-lived, experienced and re-experienced many uncomfortable emotions. The book recaptures the sequences which happened inside the Airbus A300.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017184-0002-0000", "contents": "173 Hours in Captivity, Inside the Airbus A300\nSome of the incidents aboard the Airbus that are detailed in the book include:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 46], "content_span": [47, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017184-0003-0000", "contents": "173 Hours in Captivity, Blackmail\nThis blackmail by the gang of five paid off and the passengers and the crew were flown back from Kandahar, Afghanistan to New Delhi - the price of their freedom being setting free few terrorists who were held under the custody of the Government of India.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017184-0004-0000", "contents": "173 Hours in Captivity, Aftermath\nThe book hints that India was left alone following the hijacking of IC 814 because they negotiated with the terrorists, thus appeasing them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017185-0000-0000", "contents": "173 Ino\nIno, minor planet designation: 173 Ino, is a large asteroid and the parent body of the Ino family, located in the central regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 150 kilometers (93 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 1 August 1877, by French astronomer Alphonse Borrelly at Marseille Observatory in southern France, and named after the queen Ino from Greek mythology. The dark Xk-type asteroid has a rotation period of 6.15 hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017185-0001-0000", "contents": "173 Ino, Orbit and classification\nIno is the parent body and namesake of the Ino family (522), an asteroid family in the intermediate main belt with nearly 500 known members. The adjectival form of the asteroid name is \"Inoan\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 33], "content_span": [34, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017185-0002-0000", "contents": "173 Ino, Orbit and classification\nIt orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.2\u20133.3\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 6 months (1,659 days; semi-major axis of 2.74\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.21 and an inclination of 14\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at D\u00fcsseldorf-Bilk Observatory in January 1879, five months after its official discovery observation at Marseilles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 33], "content_span": [34, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017185-0003-0000", "contents": "173 Ino, Physical characteristics\nIn the Tholen classification, Ino is a common carbonaceous C-type, while in the SMASS classification it is a Xk-subtype that transitions between the X-type and uncommon K-type asteroids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 33], "content_span": [34, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017185-0004-0000", "contents": "173 Ino, Physical characteristics\nMultiple photometric studies of this asteroid were performed between 1978 and 2002. The combined data gave an irregular, asymmetrical light curve with a period of 6.163 \u00b1 0.005 hours and a brightness variation of 0.10\u20130.15 in magnitude. The asteroid is rotating in a retrograde direction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 33], "content_span": [34, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017186-0000-0000", "contents": "173 and 176 Perry Street\n173 and 176 Perry Street are a pair of high-rise residential buildings facing West Street in West Village, Manhattan, New York City. It was designed by Richard Meier & Partners, and are the first project undertaken by Meier in Manhattan, although they stand a short walk away from his 1970 renovation of the Westbeth Artists Community. Construction of the buildings began in 1997 and was completed in 2002.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017186-0001-0000", "contents": "173 and 176 Perry Street\nReporter Penelope Green of The New York Times referred to Meier's paired towers as \"beauty queens\". The third building in the assemblage, 165 Charles Street, to the south of the original two, was completed in 2004 and was also designed by Meier.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017187-0000-0000", "contents": "173, High Street, Berkhamsted\n173, High Street, Berkhamsted, is a medieval building in Hertfordshire, England. It is considered to be the oldest extant jettied timber framed building in Great Britain, dated by dendrochronology of structural timbers to between 1277 and 1297. At the time of the building's construction, the town of Berkhamsted was a relatively large, flourishing wool trading market town that benefitted from having an important royal castle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017187-0001-0000", "contents": "173, High Street, Berkhamsted, History\nThe building was given a Victorian facade and was used as a pharmacy in the nineteenth century. Its historical significance was not recognised until 2001 when it was Grade II* listed after the medieval timber framing was exposed during renovation work. It is currently used as an estate agent's.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017187-0002-0000", "contents": "173, High Street, Berkhamsted, History\nThe building received two grants from English Heritage, one for investigations and one for conservation work. Dr Simon Thurley, Chief Executive of English Heritage, said \"This is an amazing discovery. It gives an extraordinary insight into how Berkhamsted High Street would have looked in medieval times.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017187-0003-0000", "contents": "173, High Street, Berkhamsted, History\nInitially, the investigations suggested that it had always been a shop, as there was evidence for the existence of a jeweller or goldsmith's shop with a workshop behind. This generated headlines to the effect that the country's \"oldest shop\" had been discovered. The age of the building would make it a contender for the title, but there is doubt about how long it served as a shop. It is now believed to have originally been a jettied service wing to a larger aisled hall house, which has since disappeared.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017188-0000-0000", "contents": "1730\n1730 (MDCCXXX) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar, the 1730th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 730th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 30th  year of the 18th\u00a0century, and the  1st   year of the 1730s decade. As of the start of 1730, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017189-0000-0000", "contents": "1730 Valpara\u00edso earthquake\nThe 1730 Valpara\u00edso earthquake occurred at 04:45 local time (08:45 UTC) on July 8. It had an estimated magnitude of 9.1\u20139.3 and triggered a major tsunami with an estimated magnitude of Mt\u202f=8.75, that inundated the lower parts of Valpara\u00edso. The earthquake caused severe damage from La Serena to Chillan, while the tsunami affected more than 1,000\u00a0km (620\u00a0mi) of Chile's coastline.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017189-0001-0000", "contents": "1730 Valpara\u00edso earthquake, Tectonic setting\nThe earthquake took place along the boundary between the Nazca and South American tectonic plates, at a location where they converge at a rate of seventy millimeters a year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017189-0002-0000", "contents": "1730 Valpara\u00edso earthquake, Tectonic setting\nChile has been at a convergent plate boundary that generates megathrust earthquakes since the Paleozoic (500 million years ago). In historical times the Chilean coast has suffered many megathrust earthquakes along this plate boundary, including the strongest earthquake ever measured. Most recently, the boundary ruptured in 2010 in central Chile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017189-0003-0000", "contents": "1730 Valpara\u00edso earthquake, Damage\nThe earthquake caused severe damage over a wide area, Valpara\u00edso, Coquimbo, Illapel, Petorca and Tiltil were all affected. The parish church in La Serena was destroyed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 34], "content_span": [35, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017189-0004-0000", "contents": "1730 Valpara\u00edso earthquake, Damage\nOnly a few deaths were recorded due to the earthquake, reportedly because a strong foreshock had caused people to leave their homes. The same is also true for the following tsunami with the inhabitants running to higher ground after seeing the water recede, so that only a few were killed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 34], "content_span": [35, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017189-0005-0000", "contents": "1730 Valpara\u00edso earthquake, Characteristics, Earthquake\nAt about 01:00 local time in Santiago, there was a strong earthquake, followed by several smaller tremors. The main shock occurred at 4:45 local time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 55], "content_span": [56, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017189-0006-0000", "contents": "1730 Valpara\u00edso earthquake, Characteristics, Earthquake\nA 350\u2013550\u00a0km (220\u2013340\u00a0mi) long rupture has been estimated for this event, from the extent of severe damage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 55], "content_span": [56, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017189-0007-0000", "contents": "1730 Valpara\u00edso earthquake, Characteristics, Tsunami\nThe tsunami occurred immediately after the mainshock, with a maximum run-up height recorded at Concepci\u00f3n of 16 m. It was also observed at Callao, Peru and in Honshu, Japan where fields were flooded in Rikuzen and the Oshika Peninsula.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 52], "content_span": [53, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017190-0000-0000", "contents": "1730 in Canada, Historical documents\nJesuit's long report on Saguenay region, it's geography and Mistassini Cree, and Innu (Montagnais) near Tadoussac (Note: \"savages\" used)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017190-0001-0000", "contents": "1730 in Canada, Historical documents\nNew York governor seeks way to subsidize Oswego garrison and trade (key to Six Nations support) with tax acceptable to Assembly and Crown", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017190-0002-0000", "contents": "1730 in Canada, Historical documents\n\"That they might live and settle among them\" - French and Meskwaki (Fox) in Seneca territory concern New York Indian commissioners", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017190-0003-0000", "contents": "1730 in Canada, Historical documents\nN.Y. legislators on backfired past attempt to squeeze French out of Indigenous trade, and effect of current trouble from Oswego traders", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017190-0004-0000", "contents": "1730 in Canada, Historical documents\nFrench send \"a thousand sail of ships annually\" to fish off Newfoundland and had 220,000 quintals of cod for Marseille market in 1730", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017190-0005-0000", "contents": "1730 in Canada, Historical documents\nLegal advice that Newfoundland justices' powers don't include judging property cases, and taxation must have consent of some popular assembly", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017190-0006-0000", "contents": "1730 in Canada, Historical documents\n\"Hundreds of these poor creatures are beging [sic] up and down\" - Servants' wages are withheld at end of fishing season, leaving them destitute", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017190-0007-0000", "contents": "1730 in Canada, Historical documents\nFishing admirals hold themselves superior to justices of the peace and Governor Osborn, whose authority is \"only from the Privy Council\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017190-0008-0000", "contents": "1730 in Canada, Historical documents\n\"So avers to all Government\" - Fishing captains and traders won't support civil authority, even at tax rate of \"one farthing in the pound\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017190-0009-0000", "contents": "1730 in Canada, Historical documents\nNewfoundlanders ask protection from price gouging by \"masters of shipps,\" and that their flax and hemp \"be sent home freight free\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017190-0010-0000", "contents": "1730 in Canada, Historical documents\nHistory of 1720s fighting between Saint George River settlers and \"French Indians\" to keep former's land out of \"the hands of the Indians\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017190-0011-0000", "contents": "1730 in Canada, Historical documents\nSurveyor of His Majesty's Woods told to, \"by the most gentle usage,\" deter Penobscot from hindering settlement beyond Saint George River", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017190-0012-0000", "contents": "1730 in Canada, Historical documents\nIn face of aggressiveness from Massachusetts, David Dunbar reaches out to Penobscot and their Canada-educated, mixed-race comrade", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017190-0013-0000", "contents": "1730 in Canada, Historical documents\nGov. Belcher objects to Dunbar's settlements between Sagadahoc (Kennebec) River and Gulf of St. Lawrence, which Massachusetts claims", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017190-0014-0000", "contents": "1730 in Canada, Historical documents\nNova Scotia governor offers Dunbar his limited advice on Penobscot (Note: \"animals\" and \"savages\" used)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017190-0015-0000", "contents": "1730 in Canada, Historical documents\nDunbar relates complaints of Minas region merchants required to discount wares they supply to Annapolis Royal garrison", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017190-0016-0000", "contents": "1730 in Canada, Historical documents\nSure that his own settlements will take years to actualize, Gov. Philipps envies way new \"Province of Maine\" governor attracts settlers", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017190-0017-0000", "contents": "1730 in Canada, Historical documents\nDavid Dunbar criticized for settlement names like \"Province of Georgia\" (it's Nova Scotia land) and \"Fredericksburg\" (which isn't English)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017190-0018-0000", "contents": "1730 in Canada, Historical documents\nFidelity oath (in French) signed by Annapolis Acadians, plus their address welcoming governor's written assurance of religious rights", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017190-0019-0000", "contents": "1730 in Canada, Historical documents\n1755 Acadian petition includes 1730 fidelity oath (in English) and testimony that Gov. Philipps promised them neutrality at that time", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017190-0020-0000", "contents": "1730 in Canada, Historical documents\nWith brief French lesson, Trade Board says oath given to Annapolis Acadians doesn't actually require their fidelity to His Majesty", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017190-0021-0000", "contents": "1730 in Canada, Historical documents\n\"Good management, plain reasoning and presents\" - Philipps reports that Indigenous and French have submitted to British governance", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017190-0022-0000", "contents": "1730 in Canada, Historical documents\nOath of allegiance signed by 591 of \"the French inhabitants of Nova Scotia\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017190-0023-0000", "contents": "1730 in Canada, Historical documents\nPhilipps again appeals for adequate defence of Canso, pointing out its \u00a330-40,000 value in duties and its 6-7 hours march from French forces", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017190-0024-0000", "contents": "1730 in Canada, Historical documents\nPhilipps told issuing settler-requested \u00a32,000 in paper money impossible \"till you shall have an Assembly,\" and then with \"very great caution\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017190-0025-0000", "contents": "1730 in Canada, Historical documents\nDavid Dunbar worried about working in Nova Scotia, where people are afraid to travel and \"are even insulted in their garrisons\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017190-0026-0000", "contents": "1730 in Canada, Historical documents\nPhilipps to assist in settling Irish and Palatines in defensible townships between Penobscot and St. Croix rivers (Note: \"savage\" used)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017190-0027-0000", "contents": "1730 in Canada, Historical documents\nFine and prison sentence set for \"wild fellows who catch the horses in the fields and race them to the great detriment of the beasts\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017190-0028-0000", "contents": "1730 in Canada, Historical documents\nHudson's Bay Company employee reports on wild rice, good grass for hay, and thriving fruit trees (!) in Moose River country", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017190-0029-0000", "contents": "1730 in Canada, Historical documents\nGovernors instructed not to seize whale products or discourage that fishery but \"to encourage the same to the utmost of their power\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017199-0000-0000", "contents": "1730 in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the year 1730 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017202-0000-0000", "contents": "1730 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1730.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017204-0000-0000", "contents": "1730 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017204-0001-0000", "contents": "1730 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017204-0002-0000", "contents": "1730 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017205-0000-0000", "contents": "1730 in science\nThe year 1730 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017207-0000-0000", "contents": "1730 papal conclave\nThe 1730 papal conclave elected Pope Clement XII as the successor to Pope Benedict XIII.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017207-0001-0000", "contents": "1730 papal conclave, Background\nPope Benedict XIII died on February 21, 1730 at the age of eighty-one. The conclave which followed is considered to be the longest and most corrupt of the 18th century. The conclave opened on March 5 with thirty cardinals, but the numbers increased as more began to arrive. None of the Portuguese Cardinals were in attendance, apparently due to friction between Rome and Lisbon. There were fifty-six cardinals present. At some point in the four-month long ordeal, at least half had been proposed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017207-0002-0000", "contents": "1730 papal conclave, Factions\nOne voting bloc was made up of twelve cardinals who had been appointed by Benedict XIII, but this group had no clear leader. A second group was made up of cardinals appointed by Pope Alexander VIII. Politically, they were allied with the French party, which represented the interests of Louis XV.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017207-0003-0000", "contents": "1730 papal conclave, Factions\nThe Imperial party were all subjects of the Austrian Emperor. This group included Cardinal Gianantonio Davia, a former papal nuncio to Vienna under salary from the imperial court. The Spanish party suffered from internal dissension, but was broadly allied with the Emperor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017207-0004-0000", "contents": "1730 papal conclave, Factions\nThere were also a Savoyard contingent representing Victor Amadeus II of Savoy, King of Sardinia; and the Zelanti, who opposed all secular interference. In addition, the Florentine House of Medici was using financial enticements to forward their candidate, Lorenzo Corsini.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017207-0005-0000", "contents": "1730 papal conclave, Factions\nNone of the factions were sufficiently large enough to bring a successful vote for their respective candidates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017207-0006-0000", "contents": "1730 papal conclave, Political influence\nFrom about 1600 to the early 20th century, certain Catholic monarchs claimed the jus exclusivae (right of exclusion), i.e. to veto a candidate for the papacy, exercised through a crown-cardinal. By an informal convention, each state claiming the veto was allowed to exercise the right once per conclave. Therefore, a crown-cardinal did not announce the veto until the last moment when the candidate in question seemed likely to get elected. This conclave saw a good deal of maneuvering by the various parties to induce another to exercise the veto prematurely. At one point, in lieu of a veto, the Spanish party threatened to exit the conclave if a particular opposition candidate was likely to be chosen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 40], "content_span": [41, 746]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017207-0007-0000", "contents": "1730 papal conclave, Political influence\nCardinal Cornelio Bentivoglio presented the veto of King Philip V of Spain against the election of Cardinal Giuseppe Renato Imperiali. During the conclave of 1700 Imperiali was part of a group of cardinals who were trying to resist the pressure applied by foreign governments aiming to influence papal elections. In 1720 he had attempted to influence the Republic of Genoa to arrest Cardinal Giulio Alberoni, an erstwhile court favorite made a duke and grandee of Spain. However, the veto had been signed by the Spanish Secretary of State rather than the King and was subject to a challenge. Matters dragged on while a messenger was sent to Madrid to obtain verification.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 40], "content_span": [41, 712]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017207-0008-0000", "contents": "1730 papal conclave, Political influence\nThe Emperor had sent notification of his opposition to Cardinal Pietro Marcellino Corradini, who appeared to be leading with thirty votes. Corradini had opposed the Emperor's attempts at interference in the Papal States, and his attempt to name Hugh Francis Fustenberg bishop of Hildesheim.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 40], "content_span": [41, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017207-0009-0000", "contents": "1730 papal conclave, Political influence\nBy the middle of May there was a series of earthquakes in Italy. The tension was high, both inside and outside the Conclave, as many interpreted the earthquakes as evidence of God's displeasure at the failure of the Cardinals to elect a Pope.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 40], "content_span": [41, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017207-0010-0000", "contents": "1730 papal conclave, Results\nEventually Cardinal Cienfuegos persuaded the Germans to accept Corsini as an alternative to Corradini. The Spanish and French factions agreed. After months of contention, on July 12, 1730 Corsini was chosen and took the name of his patron, Clement XI. He was seventy-eight years of age at the time of his election and would rule for nearly ten years. One of Clement's first actions was to create a commission to investigate charges of embezzlement by various officials under his predecessor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017208-0000-0000", "contents": "1730s\nThe 1730s decade ran from January 1, 1730, to December 31, 1739.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017209-0000-0000", "contents": "1730s BC\nThe 1730s BC was a decade lasting from January 1, 1739 BC to December 31, 1730 BC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 91]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017210-0000-0000", "contents": "1730s in South Africa\nThe following lists events that happened during the 1730s in South Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 96]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017211-0000-0000", "contents": "1730s in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the decade 1730 - 1739 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017212-0000-0000", "contents": "1730s in archaeology\nThe decade of the 1730s in archaeology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017213-0000-0000", "contents": "1730s in rail transport\nThis article lists events relating to rail transport that occurred during the 1730s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017214-0000-0000", "contents": "1731\n1731 (MDCCXXXI) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar, the 1731st year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 731st  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 31st  year of the 18th\u00a0century, and the  2nd   year of the 1730s decade. As of the start of 1731, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017215-0000-0000", "contents": "1731 Smuts\n1731 Smuts, provisional designation 1948 PH, is a carbonaceous asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 54 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 9 August 1948, by South African astronomer Ernest Johnson at Johannesburg Observatory in South Africa, who named it after Field marshal Jan Smuts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017215-0001-0000", "contents": "1731 Smuts, Classification and orbit\nSmuts orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.8\u20133.6\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 8 months (2,060 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.13 and an inclination of 6\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. First identified as 1926 TF in Heidelberg, Smuts's first used observation was taken one month later in November 1926, extending the body's observation arc by 22 years prior to its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017215-0002-0000", "contents": "1731 Smuts, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn March 2008, a rotational lightcurve of Smuts was obtained from photometric observations by French amateur astronomer Ren\u00e9 Roy. It gave a rotation period of 12.5 hours with a brightness variation of 0.8 magnitude (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 53], "content_span": [54, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017215-0003-0000", "contents": "1731 Smuts, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Smuts measures between 54.71 and 57.49 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.053 and 0.059. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0385 and a diameter of 53.83 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.5.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 57], "content_span": [58, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017215-0004-0000", "contents": "1731 Smuts, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after prominent South African and British Commonwealth statesman, Field Marshal and philosopher, Jan Smuts (1870\u20131950), under whom the discoverer of the asteroid fought in both World Wars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017215-0005-0000", "contents": "1731 Smuts, Naming\nSmuts captured German South-West Africa in World War I and 0.0385 the only man to sign both of the peace treaties ending the First and Second World Wars. He served as prime minister of South Africa from 1919 until 1924 and again from 1939 until 1948. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 February 1976 (M.P.C. 3933).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017216-0000-0000", "contents": "1731 in Canada, Historical documents\nPennsylvania lieutenant governor forwards 1718 study of French trade routes and \"their Indians\" and means to \"prevent the designs of the French\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017216-0001-0000", "contents": "1731 in Canada, Historical documents\nPennsylvania lieutenant governor says his province and New York worry French are co-opting their frontiers and Indigenous people on them", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017216-0002-0000", "contents": "1731 in Canada, Historical documents\nNew York vulnerable to French, who have fort at Crown Point, priests, and \"people that runn amongst the Indians and are much like them\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017216-0003-0000", "contents": "1731 in Canada, Historical documents\nNew Hampshire survey finds \"no Indians\" in N.H. and some in eastern Massachusetts, and \"extreamly numerous\" French in Canada and Cape Breton", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017216-0004-0000", "contents": "1731 in Canada, Historical documents\nHow Newfoundland fits into trade network of Middle Atlantic colonies, Indigenous people, Britain, Spain, Portugal and West Indies", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017216-0005-0000", "contents": "1731 in Canada, Historical documents\nBoard of Trade advised that Newfoundland justice of the peace and fishing admiral have distinctly different powers, with former superior to latter", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017216-0006-0000", "contents": "1731 in Canada, Historical documents\n\"The ignorant people are possess'd\" - Clout of fishing admirals and others makes enforcement formidable for Newfoundland governor and justices", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017216-0007-0000", "contents": "1731 in Canada, Historical documents\n\"The fear we are in\" - Newfoundland justices of the peace characterize Irish Catholics and transported felons as especially dangerous", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017216-0008-0000", "contents": "1731 in Canada, Historical documents\nNova Scotia has few English (besides military), no Blacks and about 800 Acadian families, who \"are increas'd near one half\" in 10 years", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017216-0009-0000", "contents": "1731 in Canada, Historical documents\nTo avoid settlement delay, Nova Scotia leadership suggests simultaneous survey of forests reserved for Navy and land to be open to settlers", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017216-0010-0000", "contents": "1731 in Canada, Historical documents\nNova Scotia acknowledges dependence on French currency and Boston paper money, and limited food resources with settlers expected", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017216-0011-0000", "contents": "1731 in Canada, Historical documents\nNova Scotians claiming land that is unworked must show why it should not be disposed of for benefit of Crown and \"fresh settlers\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017216-0012-0000", "contents": "1731 in Canada, Historical documents\n\"Ungovernable people\" - Lieutenant governor distrusts holders of old French land grants, and thinks Acadian justices would inform on rest of Acadians", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017216-0013-0000", "contents": "1731 in Canada, Historical documents\nNova Scotia Council agrees unanimously that Boston company should be allowed to mine coal at site near Cape Chignecto", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017216-0014-0000", "contents": "1731 in Canada, Historical documents\nPreponderant New England property owners prevent proper settlement in Canso, and thus schooners prevail over in-shore fishing", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017216-0015-0000", "contents": "1731 in Canada, Historical documents\nCanso fishery also varies from Newfoundland's because no inhabitants are involved (except in salt curing) and no servants nor soldiers fish", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017216-0016-0000", "contents": "1731 in Canada, Historical documents\nPrompted by 1731 Nova Scotia letter, Board of Trade notes \"complaints of the very bad manner in which the Canso fish is cured\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017216-0017-0000", "contents": "1731 in Canada, Historical documents\nArmstrong informs Council of his instructions \"forbiding laying any Duty on Negroes or ffelons [sic] imported into this province", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017216-0018-0000", "contents": "1731 in Canada, Historical documents\nSurveyor of His Majesty's Woods in Maine finds \"gentry\" have \"stragling manner of settlement\" that provokes \"insults of the Indians\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017216-0019-0000", "contents": "1731 in Canada, Historical documents\nDunbar warns \"Indian deeds\" imply \"ye Indians have a right to dispose of all ye rest of ye lands\" (while they say lands are inalienable)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017216-0020-0000", "contents": "1731 in Canada, Historical documents\nDecision coming on Massachusetts claim to Nova Scotia land west of Penobscot River, but Dunbar should still add settlements east of there", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017216-0021-0000", "contents": "1731 in Canada, Historical documents\nTract of land between Kennebec and St. Croix rivers determined to be under government of Massachusetts, and settler land claims there valid", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017224-0000-0000", "contents": "1731 in Sweden\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by BHGbot (talk | contribs) at 15:09, 18 June 2020 (WP:BHGbot 6 (List 5): fixed sort key; WP:GENFIXES). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017225-0000-0000", "contents": "1731 in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the year 1731 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017228-0000-0000", "contents": "1731 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1731.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017229-0000-0000", "contents": "1731 in music\nThis is a list of notable events in music that took place in the year 1731.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017230-0000-0000", "contents": "1731 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017230-0001-0000", "contents": "1731 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017230-0002-0000", "contents": "1731 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017231-0000-0000", "contents": "1731 in science\nThe year 1731 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017232-0000-0000", "contents": "1731 to 1735 in sports\nEvents in world sport through the years 1731 to 1735.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 76]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017233-0000-0000", "contents": "17314 Aisakos\n17314 Aisakos /\u02c8e\u026as\u0259k\u0259s/ is a Jupiter trojan from the Trojan camp, approximately 36 kilometers (22 miles) in diameter. It was discovered at the Palomar Observatory during the first Palomar\u2013Leiden Trojan survey in 1971. The dark Jovian asteroid has a rotation period of 9.7 hours. It was named after the Trojan prince Aesacus from Greek mythology.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017233-0001-0000", "contents": "17314 Aisakos, Discovery\nAisakos was discovered on 25 March 1971, by Dutch astronomer couple Ingrid and Cornelis van Houten at Leiden, on photographic plates taken by Dutch\u2013American astronomer Tom Gehrels at Palomar Observatory in the Palomar Mountain Range, southeast of Los Angeles. The body's observation arc begins with a precovery taken at Palomar in November 1954, more than 16 years prior to its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 24], "content_span": [25, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017233-0002-0000", "contents": "17314 Aisakos, Discovery, Palomar\u2013Leiden Trojan survey\nThe survey designation \"T-1\" stands for the first Palomar\u2013Leiden Trojan survey, named after the fruitful collaboration of the Palomar and Leiden Observatory in the 1960s and 1970s. Gehrels used Palomar's Samuel Oschin telescope (also known as the 48-inch Schmidt Telescope), and shipped the photographic plates to Ingrid and Cornelis van Houten at Leiden Observatory where astrometry was carried out. The trio are credited with the discovery of several thousand asteroids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 54], "content_span": [55, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017233-0003-0000", "contents": "17314 Aisakos, Naming\nThis minor planet was named from Greek mythology after the Trojan prince Aesacus (Aisakos), son of King Priam and his first wife Arisbe. As had been his maternal grandfather Merops, he was a seer and foresaw the downfall of Troy, brought upon by Hecuba's future son, Paris. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 9 March 2001 (M.P.C. 42365).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017233-0004-0000", "contents": "17314 Aisakos, Orbit and classification\nAisakos is a Jupiter trojan in a 1:1 orbital resonance with Jupiter. It is located in the trailering Trojan camp at the Gas Giant's L5 Lagrangian point, 60\u00b0 behind its orbit (see Trojans in astronomy). It is also a non-family asteroid in the Jovian background population. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 4.8\u20135.6\u00a0AU once every 11 years and 9 months (4,288 days; semi-major axis of 5.17\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.07 and an inclination of 11\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017233-0005-0000", "contents": "17314 Aisakos, Physical characteristics\nAisakos is an assumed C-type asteroid, while most larger Jupiter trojans are D-types.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017233-0006-0000", "contents": "17314 Aisakos, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn October 2014, a rotational lightcurve of Aisakos was obtained from photometric observations over three consecutive nights by Robert Stephens at the Center for Solar System Studies in Landers, California. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 9.67\u00b10.02 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.34 magnitude (U=3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 56], "content_span": [57, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017233-0007-0000", "contents": "17314 Aisakos, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Aisakos measures 35.76 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.072, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for a carbonaceous asteroid of 0.057 and calculates a diameter of 36.78 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017233-0008-0000", "contents": "17314 Aisakos, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nNote: missing data was completed with figures from the JPL SBDB () and from the LCDB () for the WISE/NEOWISE and SIMPS catalogs, respectively. These figures are given in italics. Also, listing is incomplete above #100.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017234-0000-0000", "contents": "1732\n1732 (MDCCXXXII) was a leap year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a leap year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar, the 1732nd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 732nd  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 32nd  year of the 18th\u00a0century, and the  3rd   year of the 1730s decade. As of the start of 1732, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017235-0000-0000", "contents": "1732 Heike\n1732 Heike, provisional designation 1943 EY, is a stony Eoan asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 24 kilometers in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017235-0001-0000", "contents": "1732 Heike\nIt was discovered on 9 March 1943, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg Observatory in southern Germany, and named after Heike Neckel, the granddaughter of astronomer Alfred Bohrmann.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017235-0002-0000", "contents": "1732 Heike, Classification and orbit\nThe S-type asteroid is a member of the Eos family. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.7\u20133.3\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 3 months (1,911 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.11 and an inclination of 11\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. Heike was first identified as A906 FA at Heidelberg Observatory in 1906. The body's first used observation was also taken at Heidelberg in 1924, when it was identified as 1924 PB, extending the body's observation arc by 19 years prior to its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017235-0003-0000", "contents": "1732 Heike, Rotation period\nIn October 2010, a rotational lightcurve of Heike was obtained from photometric observations at the Truman Observatory. It gave a well-defined rotation period of 4.742 hours with a brightness variation of 0.32 magnitude (U=3), superseding a previous period of 3.90 hours (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 27], "content_span": [28, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017235-0004-0000", "contents": "1732 Heike, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, the asteroid measures between 20.50 and 24.31 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.110 and 0.201. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.132 and a diameter of 24.17 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 10.9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 31], "content_span": [32, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017235-0005-0000", "contents": "1732 Heike, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Heike Neckel, granddaughter of German astronomer Alfred Bohrmann (1904\u20132000), who was a colleague of the discoverer at Heidelberg. The asteroid 1635 Bohrmann bears his name. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 February 1976 (M.P.C. 3933).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017236-0000-0000", "contents": "1732 H\u00f8tten\n1732 H\u00f8tten (international title: Bloody Angels) is a 1998 Norwegian thriller film directed by Karin Julsrud, starring Reidar S\u00f8rensen, Stig Henrik Hoff and Lailia Goody. The film was Julsrud's directorial d\u00e9but", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017236-0001-0000", "contents": "1732 H\u00f8tten, Plot\nIn the small village of H\u00f8tten, six months after the rape and murder of a 13-year-old girl, one of the suspects is found dead. Nicholas Ramm (Reidar S\u00f8rensen) has to investigate the crime.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017236-0002-0000", "contents": "1732 H\u00f8tten, Reception\nReviewers were split on 1732 H\u00f8tten, but generally not very positive. In a review for Norwegian newspaper Verdens Gang, Jon Sel\u00e5s gave the movie a dice throw of one and called it a \"speculative, purposeless and ice-cold miss\". Eirik W. Alver of Dagbladet was slightly more satisfied with the film, giving it three points. Though he was not bored by the movie, he found the characters and the environment caricatured.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017237-0000-0000", "contents": "1732 Irpinia earthquake\nThe 1732 Irpinia earthquake was a seismic event with a magnitude of 6.6 that affected Irpinia and part of Sannio. It occurred on 29 November 1732 at 8:40 AM local time (UTC+1). The epicenter was located in the Campanian Apennines, in the area of the Ufita Valley, which is part of the modern-day Province of Avellino. Around twenty populated areas were destroyed entirely or in part and tens of others were significantly damaged. The number of deaths was estimated to be 1,940. Damage from the earthquake was classified as \"severe\" (indicating damage between $5 and US$24 million), and the number of homes destroyed as classified as \"many\" (indicating between 101 and 1,000 homes). The earthquake had a rating on the modified Mercalli intensity scale of X (extreme).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 790]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017237-0001-0000", "contents": "1732 Irpinia earthquake\nAmong the most devastated communities were Mirabella Eclano (which was razed to the ground), Carife, Grottaminarda, and Ariano Irpino. Damage was serious in the provincial capital of Avellino, while in Benevento, there were mainly partial collapses of buildings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017238-0000-0000", "contents": "1732 Montreal earthquake\nThe 1732 Montreal earthquake was a 5.8 mbLg magnitude earthquake that struck New France at 11:00\u00a0a.m. on September 16, 1732. The shaking associated with this earthquake shook the city of Montreal with significant damage, including destroyed chimneys, cracked walls and 300 damaged houses, as well as 185 buildings destroyed by fire following the earthquake, representing approximately 30% of the houses in the city at the time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017238-0000-0001", "contents": "1732 Montreal earthquake\nA girl was reported killed from the seismic activity, although Gabriel Leblanc found present information could not substantiate the claim, especially since, if the death was true, it should have been mentioned in the description of the natural disaster by Sister Cuillerier, a staff member of the H\u00f4tel-Dieu Hospital, but was not. The 1732 Montreal earthquake is one of the major earthquakes that occurred in the Western Quebec Seismic Zone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017239-0000-0000", "contents": "1732 in Canada, Historical documents\nFrenchman says Louisbourg inhabitants mostly fish cod and do little farming because they get \"all Necessaries in Exchange for their Fish\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017239-0001-0000", "contents": "1732 in Canada, Historical documents\nBoard of Trade wants Nova Scotia governor to forward old French documents concerning Acadia that he has or can obtain", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017239-0002-0000", "contents": "1732 in Canada, Historical documents\nNova Scotia lieutenant governor calls for creation of assembly, \"for without some statutes this Province can never be rightly setled\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017239-0003-0000", "contents": "1732 in Canada, Historical documents\nDemocratic reforms to include election and fiscal support of Acadian deputies by divisions of \"familys\" (rather than Nova Scotia governor)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017239-0004-0000", "contents": "1732 in Canada, Historical documents\nRepairs needed to Annapolis Royal fort involve foundations, barracks, ramparts, riverside bastion, glacis and palisade", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017239-0005-0000", "contents": "1732 in Canada, Historical documents\nCouncillor Mascarene to deal with Massachusetts government in ways that don't make Nova Scotia \"in the least Subordinate\" to it", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017239-0006-0000", "contents": "1732 in Canada, Historical documents\nCanso sees mostly New England and Nova Scotia fishers sailing sloops and schooners, and English ships bringing food and lading fish", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017239-0007-0000", "contents": "1732 in Canada, Historical documents\nForeign markets are getting fish of lower quality because Canso shoremen don't cure fish well and ship masters accept half-cured fish", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017239-0008-0000", "contents": "1732 in Canada, Historical documents\nThree Canso justices of the peace and 77 merchants complain that local military damage fishery and obstruct authority", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017239-0009-0000", "contents": "1732 in Canada, Historical documents\nBoard of Trade \"wishes\" any justices of the peace for French areas of Nova Scotia be Englishmen, as all JPs must take \"the regular oaths\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017239-0010-0000", "contents": "1732 in Canada, Historical documents\nNova Scotia Council rejects Bishop of Quebec's jurisdiction over province and banishes priest who implemented it", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017239-0011-0000", "contents": "1732 in Canada, Historical documents\n\u00cele-Royale governor St. Ovide writes Lt. Gov. Armstrong to introduce two missionaries \"whom you ask for and the Bishop of Quebec has sent\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017239-0012-0000", "contents": "1732 in Canada, Historical documents\nLt . Gov. Armstrong surveys multiple French threat in Minas and Chignecto, Louisbourg, \"Cape Gaspy\" and \"Island of St. John\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017239-0013-0000", "contents": "1732 in Canada, Historical documents\nArmstrong refuses to let Catholic church in Annapolis Royal move back upriver, as massacre \"by the Indians\" led to move to A.R.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017239-0014-0000", "contents": "1732 in Canada, Historical documents\n\u00cele-Royale has great fishery (\"no less than 7,000 fishermen\") and Louisbourg fortifications (including 122 great guns over harbour)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017239-0015-0000", "contents": "1732 in Canada, Historical documents\nSix French warships (one with 60 guns) at Louisbourg \"are gone to carry Jews to settle the Island of St John's in the Gut of Canso\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017239-0016-0000", "contents": "1732 in Canada, Historical documents\nArmstrong writes Massachusetts governor about French sway over \"most powerful\" Indigenous people in Nova Scotia, asking for his help", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017239-0017-0000", "contents": "1732 in Canada, Historical documents\nArmstrong reminded to grant land to settlers in tandem with Surveyor of His Majesty's Woods reserving forest acreage for naval use", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017239-0018-0000", "contents": "1732 in Canada, Historical documents\nRequest for grant of land along Minas Channel in today's Cumberland County, N.S. to settle 200 Protestants over 10 years, rent-free", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017239-0019-0000", "contents": "1732 in Canada, Historical documents\nNova Scotia Council settles land dispute by applying French custom giving family members first right of refusal in land sale", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017239-0020-0000", "contents": "1732 in Canada, Historical documents\nNova Scotia challenged by Indigenous people who say British conquered Annapolis only and that rent is due from Chignecto colliery", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017239-0021-0000", "contents": "1732 in Canada, Historical documents\nFrom Maine, David Dunbar reports Indigenous people complain of not receiving presents and that he has asked Armstrong for reinforcements", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017239-0022-0000", "contents": "1732 in Canada, Historical documents\nDunbar details French impact in Maine, including Canadian settlement and Governor General Beauharnois commissioning Penobscot chief", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017239-0023-0000", "contents": "1732 in Canada, Historical documents\nPrivy Council orders Dunbar to \"quitt the possession\" of land between Penobscot and St. Croix rivers and end settlement effort", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017239-0024-0000", "contents": "1732 in Canada, Historical documents\nAmendment to fishing admiral act needed to allow Newfoundland governor to curb abuses, including conflict of interest, fraud and robbery", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017239-0025-0000", "contents": "1732 in Canada, Historical documents\nNewfoundlanders \"generally subsist on salt provisions\" from Ireland and American bread, flour, and cattle (plus few of their own breed)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017239-0026-0000", "contents": "1732 in Canada, Historical documents\nFogo, Twillingate, Bonavista, and Trinity Bay people take seals in nets \u2014 and furriers have \"distroyed Indians\" and vice versa", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017239-0027-0000", "contents": "1732 in Canada, Historical documents\n\"Five flakes are generaly esteemed a boat's room, extending from the sea backward 230 ft.;\" registering them would prevent disputes", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017239-0028-0000", "contents": "1732 in Canada, Historical documents\n\"A due subjection\" to Commission of the Peace \"has not been had\" and several in places without prisons \"dispise\" justices' authority", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017239-0029-0000", "contents": "1732 in Canada, Historical documents\nPoole, England wants same duty-free status for Newfoundland whale products that is given to such from Davis Strait and region", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017239-0030-0000", "contents": "1732 in Canada, Historical documents\nMassachusetts governor Belcher mentions \"French Mohawks\" visiting him with \"their Motion of coming to settle in this Province\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017239-0031-0000", "contents": "1732 in Canada, Historical documents\nFort built at Crown Point by French among \"artful and illicit means\" they have used to encroach on New York's trade and security", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017239-0032-0000", "contents": "1732 in Canada, Historical documents\nFrench to Shawnee: \"The french, ye English, ye five nations, ye Delawares and you[...]are all now In peace and unity Like Brothers\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017239-0033-0000", "contents": "1732 in Canada, Historical documents\nConvicted of murdering her newborn, woman in Quebec City is sentenced to public penance and hanging, with her body \"disposed of as refuse\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017248-0000-0000", "contents": "1732 in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the year 1732 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017251-0000-0000", "contents": "1732 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1732.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017252-0000-0000", "contents": "1732 in music\nThis is a list of notable events in music that took place in the year 1732.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017253-0000-0000", "contents": "1732 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017253-0001-0000", "contents": "1732 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017253-0002-0000", "contents": "1732 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017254-0000-0000", "contents": "1732 in science\nThe year 1732 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017255-0000-0000", "contents": "1733\n1733 (MDCCXXXIII) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar, the 1733rd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 733rd  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 33rd  year of the 18th\u00a0century, and the  4th   year of the 1730s decade. As of the start of 1733, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017256-0000-0000", "contents": "1733 Polish\u2013Lithuanian royal election\nOn February 1, 1733, the King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania Augustus II the Strong died in Warsaw, leaving the Polish\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth without a monarch. Another royal election was necessary. This time, the Polish \u2013 Lithuanian nobility firmly opposed a foreign candidate, such as Portuguese Duke Infante Manuel, Count of Ourem, who was supported by the Russian Empire and the Habsburg Empire (see Treaty of the Three Black Eagles).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017256-0001-0000", "contents": "1733 Polish\u2013Lithuanian royal election\nDuring the Convocation Sejm (June 1733), the Primate of Poland, interrex Teodor Potocki suggested that no foreign candidacy should even be considered in the election. This motion was accepted by two most powerful magnate families: the Potocki family and the Czartoryski family. Furthermore, the conservative Roman Catholic nobility banned Protestants from all public offices. In the light of these events, former King Stanis\u0142aw I Leszczy\u0144ski emerged as the most obvious candidate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017256-0001-0001", "contents": "1733 Polish\u2013Lithuanian royal election\nLeszczy\u0144ski himself was not well-remembered in the Commonwealth, as during his reign (1704\u20131709) he was a puppet of the Swedish Empire, and left the Commonwealth after the Battle of Poltava. In 1725, his daughter Marie married Louis XV of France, and became Queen consort of France and Navarre. As a result of this marriage, Leszczy\u0144ski\u2019s popularity among the Polish nobility was widespread, as there were hopes that his election would elevate the international position of Poland, and end internal arguments within the Commonwealth. At the same time, courts in Vienna, St. Petersburg and Berlin opposed the pro-French Leszczy\u0144ski, fearing that it would strengthen the Kingdom of France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 725]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017256-0002-0000", "contents": "1733 Polish\u2013Lithuanian royal election\nIn July 1733, Leszczy\u0144ski appeared in Versailles, and soon afterwards, France assembled a naval force, which was to transport the Pole from Brest to Gda\u0144sk. These preparations, however, were a ruse of Cardinal Andre-Hercule de Fleury, who did not want to risk a conflict with England. Therefore, Leszczy\u0144ski, disguised as a merchant named Ernest Bromback, accompanied by French Army officer Dandelot, reached Poland by land, after a trip through Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017256-0003-0000", "contents": "1733 Polish\u2013Lithuanian royal election\nOn September 12, 1733, the nobility, gathered in Wola near Warsaw, elected Leszczy\u0144ski new king of Poland. In the popular vote, he received the support of 13,500 electors. This news was received in Paris with joy, but soon after the election, the new king had to flee to Gda\u0144sk, where he awaited French military assistance. Leszczy\u0144ski feared a 30,000 strong Russian army, which entered the Commonwealth in early August. The Russians organized a separate royal election (October 5), with only 1,000 electors, who voted for Augustus III, the son of Augustus II the Strong. These events marked the beginning of a major European conflict, known as War of the Polish Succession.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 712]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017256-0004-0000", "contents": "1733 Polish\u2013Lithuanian royal election\nA civil war also broke out in the Commonwealth. Russian army captured Krak\u00f3w, where Augustus III was crowned on January 17, 1734. Eventually, Russian and Saxon armies defeated the supporters of Leszczy\u0144ski (see Siege of Danzig (1734)), and in 1736, the Pacification Sejm confirmed the accession of Augustus III to the Polish throne.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017257-0000-0000", "contents": "1733 in Canada, Historical documents\nHudson's Bay Company chief factor roams to expand trade, \"to the Hazard of my Life,\" doubling number of skins from \"Northern Indians\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017257-0001-0000", "contents": "1733 in Canada, Historical documents\nHBC will sell for 1 beaver skin: 12 needles, 12 buttons, 6 thimbles, 2 scrapers, 1 lb. thread, or 3/4 lb. coloured beads", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017257-0002-0000", "contents": "1733 in Canada, Historical documents\nHBC mason rises above others' incompetence at Churchill River construction site, and sketches winter fishing, hunting and timber work", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017257-0003-0000", "contents": "1733 in Canada, Historical documents\nExtensive summary of century of English and French claims to Acadia supports French descendant's right to her property in Nova Scotia", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017257-0004-0000", "contents": "1733 in Canada, Historical documents\nFrench threat in Nova Scotia shows need for Palatines, Newfoundland \"straglers,\" and soldiers with wives to help \"peopling the countrey\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017257-0005-0000", "contents": "1733 in Canada, Historical documents\nLt . Gov. Armstrong orders troops to Minas and boat from Boston to prevent remote Nova Scotia becoming \"more independent of the English\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017257-0006-0000", "contents": "1733 in Canada, Historical documents\nArmstrong plans to employ surveyor \"to make out a plan of the woods and lands in the Bay of Fundy\" and elsewhere in Nova Scotia", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017257-0007-0000", "contents": "1733 in Canada, Historical documents\nReceiving ordnance at Annapolis, Armstrong calls for some at Canso, and also effort to undercut traders' prices to please Indigenous people", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017257-0008-0000", "contents": "1733 in Canada, Historical documents\n\"Cope[...]Agreed to the Justness of their Demand\" - Nova Scotia Council decides in favour of workers' wage demand from colliery management", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017257-0009-0000", "contents": "1733 in Canada, Historical documents\nLt . Gov. Armstrong orders Nova Scotia Council members to address chair at their meetings, and not \"Reproach and Reprimand one another\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017257-0010-0000", "contents": "1733 in Canada, Historical documents\n\"Redress\" - New York governor Cosby rectifies fraud Corporation of Albany used to cheat Kanien\u2019k\u00e9h\u00e0:ka of 1,000 acres of their land", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017257-0011-0000", "contents": "1733 in Canada, Historical documents\nCosby explains how expanding settlement of northern New York requires \"forts in places more advanced towards Canada\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017257-0012-0000", "contents": "1733 in Canada, Historical documents\nCosby recounts answering request from \u00cele-Royale for emergency food supplies and comments on precarious condition of Louisbourg", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017257-0013-0000", "contents": "1733 in Canada, Historical documents\nIn Newfoundland, \"the New England traders do still continue to carry away numbers of fishermen and seamen\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017257-0014-0000", "contents": "1733 in Canada, Historical documents\n\"Generally trusted on the credit of their masters,[... ]many [fishers run debts too high to pay and] endeavour to get to New England\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017257-0015-0000", "contents": "1733 in Canada, Historical documents\n\u00a3500 sterling is penalty for any \"ships belonging and bound to New England[... ]to carry any men more than their ship's company\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017257-0016-0000", "contents": "1733 in Canada, Historical documents\nThere is winter \"furring trade\" in Trinity Bay and north of Cape Bonavista, \"but I don't learn that they have any traffick with the Indians\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017257-0017-0000", "contents": "1733 in Canada, Historical documents\nContract between missionary priest and blacksmith who will work in the Wendat (Huron) village at Detroit (Note: \"savages\" used)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017265-0000-0000", "contents": "1733 in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the year 1733 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017268-0000-0000", "contents": "1733 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1733.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017269-0000-0000", "contents": "1733 in music\nThis is a list of notable events in music that took place in the year 1733.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017270-0000-0000", "contents": "1733 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017270-0001-0000", "contents": "1733 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017270-0002-0000", "contents": "1733 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017271-0000-0000", "contents": "1733 in science\nThe year 1733 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017272-0000-0000", "contents": "1733 slave insurrection on St. John\nThe 1733 slave insurrection on St. John (Sankt Jan) in the Danish West Indies (now St. John, United States Virgin Islands) started on November 23, 1733, when 150 African slaves from Akwamu, in present-day Ghana, revolted against the owners and managers of the island's plantations. Lasting several months into August 1734, the slave rebellion was one of the earliest and longest slave revolts in the Americas. The Akwamu slaves captured the fort in Coral Bay and took control of most of the island. They intended to resume crop production under their own control and use Africans of other tribes as slave labor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017272-0001-0000", "contents": "1733 slave insurrection on St. John\nPlanters regained control by the end of May 1734, after the Akwamu were defeated by several hundred better-armed French and Swiss troops sent in April from Martinique, a French colony. Colony militia continued to hunt down maroons and finally declared the rebellion at an end in late August 1734.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017272-0002-0000", "contents": "1733 slave insurrection on St. John, Background, Slave trade\nWhen the Spanish first occupied the West Indies, they used the indigenous people as slave labor but most died as a result of infectious disease, overwork, and war. In the late 17th century, various other European powers competed for control over the island after the Spanish had abandoned control. The Danes claimed Saint John in 1718 as a result of a period of negotiation, but numerous Dutch planters stayed on the island. While some plantations had been started, there was not an adequate supply of laborers among the settlers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 60], "content_span": [61, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017272-0002-0001", "contents": "1733 slave insurrection on St. John, Background, Slave trade\nYoung Danish people could not be persuaded to emigrate to the West Indies in great enough number to provide a reliable source of labor. Attempts to use indentured servants from Danish prisons as plantation workers were not successful. Failure to  procure plantation labor from other sources made importing slaves from Africa the main supply of labor on the Danish West Indies islands. Danish ships carried about 85,000 African slaves to the New World from 1660 to 1806.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 60], "content_span": [61, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017272-0003-0000", "contents": "1733 slave insurrection on St. John, Background, Slave trade\nThe Danes embarked in the African slave trade in 1657. By the beginning of the 18th century, the Danish West India and Guinea Company had consolidated their slave operation to the vicinity of Accra (now in Ghana) on the Guinea coast. The Akwamu had conquered the Accra and established dominance on trading routes into the interior. They became the dominant tribe of Akan people in the district of Accra and were known for being \"heavy-handed in dealing with the tribes they had conquered\", taking captives and selling them as slaves, and keeping numerous women as concubines in various villages.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 60], "content_span": [61, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017272-0003-0001", "contents": "1733 slave insurrection on St. John, Background, Slave trade\nAfter the Akwamu king died, rival tribes in the area attacked the weakened Akwamu nation, and by 1730 they defeated the people. In retaliation for years of oppression, their enemies sold many Akwamu people into slavery to the Danes; they were transported to plantations in the West Indies, including estates on St. John.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 60], "content_span": [61, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017272-0004-0000", "contents": "1733 slave insurrection on St. John, Background, Slave trade\nAt the time of the 1733 slave rebellion on St. John, hundreds of Akwamu people were among the slave population on St. John. Approximately 150 Akwamu were involved in the insurrection; other African ethnic groups did not support it, and some were loyal to planters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 60], "content_span": [61, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017272-0005-0000", "contents": "1733 slave insurrection on St. John, Background, Danish occupation of St. John\nIn 1718 the Danish claimed the island of St. John to develop sugar plantations and crops such as indigo and cotton; there was an especially great demand for sugar and prices were high in Europe. Dutch planters were still important on the island. By mid-1733, planters had developed 109 plantations, and slaveholders owned more than 1,000 African slaves on St. John. One-fifth of the plantations were then devoted to sugar; by the end of the century, most would be, and the total slave population would be 2500.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 78], "content_span": [79, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017272-0005-0001", "contents": "1733 slave insurrection on St. John, Background, Danish occupation of St. John\nIn 1733 the population of African slaves on St. John was more than five times as large as that of the European inhabitants: 1087 slaves and 206 whites. Many of St. John's plantations were owned by people residing on St. Thomas. These absentee landowners hired overseers to manage their lands and slaves on St. John. Under these conditions, overseer cruelty flourished. The Danish West India Company provided only six soldiers for the defense of St. John, which supplemented the local white militia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 78], "content_span": [79, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017272-0006-0000", "contents": "1733 slave insurrection on St. John, Background, Marooning\nIn 1733, in response to harsh living conditions from drought, a severe hurricane, and crop failure from insect infestation, many slaves in the West Indies, including on St. John, left their plantations to maroon, hiding in the woods. In October 1733, slaves from the Suhm estate on the eastern part of St. John, and from the Company estate and other plantations around the Coral Bay area absconded. The colonial legislature passed the Slave Code of 1733 to try to enforce obedience from slaves. Penalties for disobedience were severe public punishment, including whipping, amputation of limbs, or death by hanging. A large section of the code was intended to prevent slaves from escaping and stop them from conspiring to set up independent communities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 58], "content_span": [59, 811]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017272-0007-0000", "contents": "1733 slave insurrection on St. John, Slave revolt\nIn their homeland many of the Akwamu had been nobles, wealthy merchants or other powerful members of their society. These high ranking Akwamu developed plans to instigate an insurrection, take control of St. John and rule it. They planned to continue the production of sugar and other crops by using Africans of other tribes as slave laborers. An Akwamu chief, King June, a field slave and foreman on the S\u00f8dtmann estate, led the rebellion. Other leaders were Kanta, King Bolombo, Prince Aquashie, and Breffu. According to a report by French planter Pierre Pannet, the rebel leaders met regularly at night for some time to develop the plan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 49], "content_span": [50, 690]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017272-0008-0000", "contents": "1733 slave insurrection on St. John, Slave revolt, Events on November 23, 1733\nThe 1733 slave insurrection started with open acts of rebellion by slaves on November 23, 1733, at the Coral Bay plantation owned by Magistrate Johannes S\u00f8dtmann. An hour later, other slaves were admitted into the fort at Coral Bay to deliver wood, a regular event. They had hidden knives in the lots, which they used to kill most of the soldiers at the fort. Soldier John Gabriel escaped to St. Thomas and alerted Danish officials to the revolt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 78], "content_span": [79, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017272-0008-0001", "contents": "1733 slave insurrection on St. John, Slave revolt, Events on November 23, 1733\nA group of rebels under the leadership of King June stayed at the fort to maintain control; another group took control of the estates in the Coral Bay area after hearing the signal shots from the fort's cannon. The slaves killed many of the whites on these plantations. The rebel slaves moved along to the north shore of the island. In each area, they avoided widespread destruction of property since they intended to take over the estates and resume crop production for their own benefit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 78], "content_span": [79, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017272-0009-0000", "contents": "1733 slave insurrection on St. John, Slave revolt, Accounts of the rebel attacks\nAfter gaining control of the Suhm, S\u00f8dtmann, and Company estates, the rebels spread out over the rest of the island. The Akwamu attacked the Cinnamon Bay Plantation located on the central north shore. Landowners John and Lieven Jansen and a group of loyal slaves resisted the attack, holding off the advancing rebels with gunfire. The Jansens were able to retreat to their waiting boat and escape to Durloe's Plantation. The loyal Jansen slaves also escaped. The rebels looted the Jansen plantation and moved on to confront whites taking refuge at Durloe's plantation. Defenders repelled the slaves' attack at Durloe's, and many planters and their families escaped to St. Thomas, an estimated 5\u20139 miles (8.0\u201314.5\u00a0km) by sea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 80], "content_span": [81, 805]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017272-0010-0000", "contents": "1733 slave insurrection on St. John, Slave revolt, End of the rebellion and the aftermath\nDanish officials appealed for help to French colonists at Martinique, located 324 miles (521\u00a0km) away. Two French ships arrived from there at St. John on April 23, 1734, carrying several hundred French and Swiss troops to try to take control from the rebels. With their firepower and troops, by May 27  they had restored planters' rule of the island. The French ships returned to Martinique on June 1, leaving the local militia to track down the remaining rebels, which they did over the next three months.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 89], "content_span": [90, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017272-0011-0000", "contents": "1733 slave insurrection on St. John, Slave revolt, End of the rebellion and the aftermath\nThe slave insurrection was considered ended on August 25, 1734 when Sergeant \u00d8ttingen captured the remaining maroon rebels. The loss of life and property from the insurrection caused many St. John landowners to move to St. Croix, a nearby island bought by the Danish from the French in 1733. Four ships carried planters and their families from Charlotte Amalie in August. While they found St. Croix to be a richer land, they had to have their slaves clear jungle before being able to live there readily.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 89], "content_span": [90, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017272-0012-0000", "contents": "1733 slave insurrection on St. John, Slave revolt, End of the rebellion and the aftermath\nFranz Claasen, a loyal slave of the van Stell family, was deeded the Mary Point Estate for alerting the family to the rebellion and assisting in their escape to St. Thomas. Franz Claasen's land deed was recorded August 20, 1738, by Jacob van Stell, making Claasen the first 'Free Colored' landowner on St. John.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 89], "content_span": [90, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017272-0013-0000", "contents": "1733 slave insurrection on St. John, Slave revolt, End of the rebellion and the aftermath\nDenmark ended the African slave trade in the Danish West Indies on January 1, 1803, but slavery continued on the islands. When the British government abolished slavery in the British West Indies in 1833, slaves on St. John began escaping to nearby Tortola and other British West Indian islands, where they were given refuge by the local inhabitants. On May 24, 1840, eleven slaves from St. John stole a boat and escaped to Tortola during the night.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 89], "content_span": [90, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017272-0013-0001", "contents": "1733 slave insurrection on St. John, Slave revolt, End of the rebellion and the aftermath\nThe eight men (Charles Bryan, James Jacob, Adam [alias Cato], Big David, Henry Law, Paulus, John Curay), and three women (Kitty, Polly, and Katurah) were from the Annaberg plantation and ten Leinster Bay estates. Brother Schmitz, the local Moravian missionary, was sent to Tortola by the St. John police to persuade the slaves to return. After meeting with British officials in Tortola and the runaway slaves, Schmitz returned to St. John to relay the slaves' resolve to stay away because of abusive treatment by the overseers on the plantations. After planters replaced those overseers, Charles Bryan, his wife Katurah, and James Jacobs returned to work at Leinster Bay. Kitty, Paulus, David, and Adam moved to St. Thomas. Henry Law, Petrus, and Polly stayed on Tortola. John Curry relocated to Trinidad. None of the runaway slaves were punished.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 89], "content_span": [90, 937]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017272-0014-0000", "contents": "1733 slave insurrection on St. John, Slave revolt, End of the rebellion and the aftermath\nSlaves and free blacks petitioned the colonial government and Denmark to abolish slavery. On July 3, 1848, 114 years after the slave insurrection, enslaved Afro-Caribbeans of St. Croix held a non-violent, mass demonstration seeking abolition of slavery. The Governor-General Peter von Scholten declared emancipation throughout the Danish West Indies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 89], "content_span": [90, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017273-0000-0000", "contents": "1734\n1734 (MDCCXXXIV) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar, the 1734th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 734th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 34th  year of the 18th\u00a0century, and the  5th   year of the 1730s decade. As of the start of 1734, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017274-0000-0000", "contents": "1734 British general election\nThe 1734 British general election returned members to serve in the House of Commons of the 8th Parliament of Great Britain to be summoned, after the merger of the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland in 1707. Robert Walpole's increasingly unpopular Whig government lost ground to the Tories and the opposition Whigs, but still had a secure majority in the House of Commons. The Patriot Whigs were joined in opposition by a group of Whig members led by Lord Cobham known as the Cobhamites, or 'Cobham's Cubs'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017274-0001-0000", "contents": "1734 British general election, Summary of the constituencies\nSee 1796 British general election for details. The constituencies used were the same throughout the existence of the Parliament of Great Britain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 60], "content_span": [61, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017274-0002-0000", "contents": "1734 British general election, Dates of election\nThe general election was held between 22 April 1734 and 6 June 1734.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 48], "content_span": [49, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017274-0003-0000", "contents": "1734 British general election, Dates of election\nAt this period elections did not take place at the same time in every constituency. The returning officer in each county or parliamentary borough fixed the precise date (see hustings for details of the conduct of the elections).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 48], "content_span": [49, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017275-0000-0000", "contents": "1734 Tradition\nThe 1734 Tradition is a form of traditional witchcraft founded by the American Joseph Bearwalker Wilson in 1973, after developing it since 1964. It is largely based upon the teachings he received from an English traditional witch named Robert Cochrane, the founder of Cochrane's Craft, and from Ruth Wynn-Owen, whom he called the matriarch of Y Plant Bran (\"the child of Bran\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017276-0000-0000", "contents": "1734 Zhongolovich\n1734 Zhongolovich, provisional designation 1928 TJ, is a carbonaceous Dorian asteroid from the central region of the asteroid belt, approximately 28 kilometers in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017276-0001-0000", "contents": "1734 Zhongolovich\nIt was discovered on 11 October 1928, by Russian astronomer Grigory Neujmin at Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula. It was later named after Russian astronomer and geodesist Ivan Zhongolovich.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017276-0002-0000", "contents": "1734 Zhongolovich, Orbit and classification\nZhongolovich is presumably the largest member of the Dora family (FIN: 512), a well-established central asteroid family of more than 1,200 carbonaceous asteroids, named after 668\u00a0Dora. The Dora family is alternatively known as the \"Zhongolovich family\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017276-0003-0000", "contents": "1734 Zhongolovich, Orbit and classification\nZhongolovich orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.1\u20133.4\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 8 months (1,690 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.23 and an inclination of 8\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins 9 years after its official discovery observation at Simeiz, with its identification 1937 RO made at Johannesburg Observatory in September 1937.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017276-0004-0000", "contents": "1734 Zhongolovich, Physical characteristics\nIn the SMASS classification, Zhongolovich is characterized as a Ch-subtype, a carbonaceous C-type asteroid which shows evidence of hydrated minerals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017276-0005-0000", "contents": "1734 Zhongolovich, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn August 2011, a rotational lightcurve of Zhongolovich was obtained from photometric observations by French amateur astronomer Pierre Antonini. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 7.171 hours with a brightness variation of 0.21 magnitude (U=3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 60], "content_span": [61, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017276-0006-0000", "contents": "1734 Zhongolovich, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Zhongolovich measures between 25.62 and 33.04 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between and 0.031 and 0.051.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 64], "content_span": [65, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017276-0007-0000", "contents": "1734 Zhongolovich, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link agrees with the results obtained by IRAS, that is, an albedo of 0.0456 and a diameter of 28.47 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 11.7.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 64], "content_span": [65, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017276-0008-0000", "contents": "1734 Zhongolovich, Naming\nThis minor planet is named in honor of Russian astronomer and geodesist Ivan Danilovich Zhongolovich, who was the head of the Special Ephemeris Department at the Institute of Theoretical Astronomy (ITA) in St Petersburg. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 February 1976 (M.P.C. 3933).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 25], "content_span": [26, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017277-0000-0000", "contents": "1734 in Canada, Historical documents\nReport of governor and intendant of Canada on Montreal fire for which enslaved Black woman \"Ang\u00e9lique\" was convicted and hanged", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017277-0001-0000", "contents": "1734 in Canada, Historical documents\nJesuit priest describes fellow passengers on 80-day voyage to Canada, including louse-covered soldiers and transported criminals", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017277-0002-0000", "contents": "1734 in Canada, Historical documents\nPhoto: Mauvide-Genest Manor on St. Lawrence River, built ca. 1734", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017277-0003-0000", "contents": "1734 in Canada, Historical documents\nNova Scotia governor pronounces Acadians \"proud, lazy, obstinate and untractable people, unskillful in the methods of Agriculture,\" etc.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017277-0004-0000", "contents": "1734 in Canada, Historical documents\nPossible war with France leaves N.S. exposed to \u00cele-Royale, Canada, Indigenous people and even oath-taking Acadians (Note: \"savages\" used)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017277-0005-0000", "contents": "1734 in Canada, Historical documents\nReacting to Indigenous people's complaints about lack of gifts, Gov. Philipps argues at length that they are not deserved", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017277-0006-0000", "contents": "1734 in Canada, Historical documents\nNova Scotia Council decides it's good policy to accept oath of allegiance from \"an half Indian\" who is \"an Active man amongst the Indians\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017277-0007-0000", "contents": "1734 in Canada, Historical documents\nNova Scotia lieutenant governor says Annapolis River highlands are \"of a thin sandy soil\" and not worth \"inclosing\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017277-0008-0000", "contents": "1734 in Canada, Historical documents\nPreviously resisted by landowners in its path, order reissued for construction of road from Annapolis Royal to Minas", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017277-0009-0000", "contents": "1734 in Canada, Historical documents\nFrench deputies are to watch for \"frauds\" that are of \"great prejudice of His Majesty's customs\" at Saint John River and elsewhere", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017277-0010-0000", "contents": "1734 in Canada, Historical documents\nCouncil sentences man to fifty lashes with cat o' nine tails for stealing \u00a33 note, and orders him to return money", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017277-0011-0000", "contents": "1734 in Canada, Historical documents\nWoman sentenced to ducking after she falsely charges murder against another woman, who gets sentence reduced to apology at church door", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017277-0012-0000", "contents": "1734 in Canada, Historical documents\nBowling green opposite Fort Anne to be reserved for garrison officers and \"all Other Gentlemen who may please to Contribute\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017277-0013-0000", "contents": "1734 in Canada, Historical documents\nRegarding suspension of Council member, Lt. Gov. Armstrong is advised \"not to be too nice or extreme in the infancy of a Colony\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017277-0014-0000", "contents": "1734 in Canada, Historical documents\nNewfoundland defences are so weak that \"a sloop of ten gunns and fifty men may take any harbour in the land,\" and 20 soldiers take St. John's", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017277-0015-0000", "contents": "1734 in Canada, Historical documents\nNewfoundland survey answers are much like last year's (when stated at all), except facts about Port aux Basques and its dangerous coast", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017277-0016-0000", "contents": "1734 in Canada, Historical documents\nWilliam Taverner points out illegal fish, game and fur activity in Port aux Basques area by \u00cele-Royale debtors, thieves and Indigenous people", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017277-0017-0000", "contents": "1734 in Canada, Historical documents\nCapt. Taverner warns that Innu (Montagnais) cross in boats to northwestern Newfoundland from New France every winter to take furs", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017277-0018-0000", "contents": "1734 in Canada, Historical documents\n\"Alarmed with the Movements of the French and Indians on the Frontiers,\" New York Assembly appropriates money for fortifications", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017277-0019-0000", "contents": "1734 in Canada, Historical documents\nKanien\u2019k\u00e9h\u00e0:ka sachems remind New York governor that Albany tried to steal their land, and want him to accept that land in trust", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017277-0020-0000", "contents": "1734 in Canada, Historical documents\nGovernor Cosby reports trusteeship of Kanien\u2019k\u00e9h\u00e0:ka land, asserting deal's importance to Covenant Chain alliance with Six Nations", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017277-0021-0000", "contents": "1734 in Canada, Historical documents\nPetitioners want to settle Mohawk River tract that is \"uninhabited, except by natives who are inconsiderable in number\" and \"friendly\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017277-0022-0000", "contents": "1734 in Canada, Historical documents\nGov. Cosby recommends sending smiths to maintain Six Nations' arms, as French do that and also provide lead, gunpowder and brandy", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017277-0023-0000", "contents": "1734 in Canada, Historical documents\nVirginia lieutenant governor wants settlement beyond mountains to thwart French incursions and, with control of Great Lakes, to split New France", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017277-0024-0000", "contents": "1734 in Canada, Historical documents\nNew Hampshire seeks relief from debt of \"long and destructive Indian warr\" and its \"expeditions against the French at Nova Scotia and Canada\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017277-0025-0000", "contents": "1734 in Canada, Historical documents\nLegal advice: reject petition similar to those of Cabot and Raleigh \"for propagating the Christian religion by very unchristian methods\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017277-0026-0000", "contents": "1734 in Canada, Historical documents\nLinkage: ship arrives in Boston from Annapolis Royal where sloop from Louisbourg had news via ship from France of great battle on Rhine River", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017286-0000-0000", "contents": "1734 in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the year 1734 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017288-0000-0000", "contents": "1734 in literature\nThis article is a summary of the major literary events and publications of 1734.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017289-0000-0000", "contents": "1734 in music\nThis is a list of notable events in music that took place in the year 1734.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017290-0000-0000", "contents": "1734 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017290-0001-0000", "contents": "1734 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017290-0002-0000", "contents": "1734 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017291-0000-0000", "contents": "1734 in science\nThe year 1734 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017292-0000-0000", "contents": "1735\n1735 (MDCCXXXV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar, the 1735th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 735th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 35th  year of the 18th\u00a0century, and the  6th   year of the 1730s decade. As of the start of 1735, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017293-0000-0000", "contents": "1735 British Virgin Islands Assembly elections\nAssembly elections were held in the British Virgin Islands in 1735.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017293-0001-0000", "contents": "1735 British Virgin Islands Assembly elections, Background\nIn early 1735 Governor William Matthew established a Council and Assembly for both Tortola and Virgin Gorda. Although the six-member Councils were appointed by the Governor, the nine-member Assemblies were elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 58], "content_span": [59, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017293-0002-0000", "contents": "1735 British Virgin Islands Assembly elections, Electoral system\nTortola was divided into three three-member constituencies; Fat Hog Bay, Road and Saka Bay. Virgin Gorda had two constituencies, with Valley electing six members and North and South Sound electing three. Voters were generally the residents rather than the freeholders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 64], "content_span": [65, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017293-0003-0000", "contents": "1735 British Virgin Islands Assembly elections, Aftermath\nFollowing the elections, it became apparent that Governor Matthew had misinterpreted his commission. As a result, the creation of the Assemblies was illegal. Matthew was reprimanded by the Lords of Trade and the Assemblies were subsequently disbanded, although the Councils continued to meet. Elections were not held again until 1773.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 57], "content_span": [58, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017294-0000-0000", "contents": "1735 ITA\n1735 ITA (prov. designation: 1948 RJ1) is a carbonaceous asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 62 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 10 September 1948, by Soviet\u2013Russian astronomer Pelageya Shajn at the Simeiz Observatory located on the Crimean peninsula. It was named for the Institute for Theoretical Astronomy (ITA) in what is now Saint Petersburg, Russia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017294-0001-0000", "contents": "1735 ITA, Classification and orbit\nITA orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.7\u20133.5\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 7 months (2,030 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.13 and an inclination of 16\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 34], "content_span": [35, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017294-0002-0000", "contents": "1735 ITA, Classification and orbit\nIt was first identified as A907 GC at Heidelberg Observatory in 1907, extending the body's observation arc by 41 years prior to its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 34], "content_span": [35, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017294-0003-0000", "contents": "1735 ITA, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves\nIn November 2004, a rotational lightcurve was obtained by French amateur astronomer Ren\u00e9 Roy, gave a rotation period of 12.599 hours with a brightness variation of 0.27 magnitude (U=3-). In March 2007, astronomers Laurent Brunetto and Jean-Gabriel Bosch derived a concurring period of 12.6 hours with and amplitude of 0.40 magnitude (U=2-) A 2016-published light-curve from the Lowell Photometric Database gave a period of 12.6103 hours (U=n.a. ).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 47], "content_span": [48, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017294-0004-0000", "contents": "1735 ITA, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, ITA measures between 61.87 and 66.09 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.051 and 0.079. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0461 and a diameter of 61.93 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 10.0.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 55], "content_span": [56, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017294-0005-0000", "contents": "1735 ITA, Naming\nThis minor planet was named in 1979, on the occasion of the 60th anniversary of the founding of the USSR Academy of Sciences' Institute for Theoretical Astronomy (ITA), in what was then Leningrad. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 June 1980 (M.P.C. 5357).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 16], "content_span": [17, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017304-0000-0000", "contents": "1735 in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the year 1735 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017307-0000-0000", "contents": "1735 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1735.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017308-0000-0000", "contents": "1735 in music\nThis is a list of notable events in music that took place in the year 1735.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017309-0000-0000", "contents": "1735 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017309-0001-0000", "contents": "1735 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017309-0002-0000", "contents": "1735 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017310-0000-0000", "contents": "1735 in science\nThe year 1735 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017311-0000-0000", "contents": "1736\n1736 (MDCCXXXVI) was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a leap year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar, the 1736th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 736th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 36th  year of the 18th\u00a0century, and the  7th   year of the 1730s decade. As of the start of 1736, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017312-0000-0000", "contents": "1736 Floirac\n1736 Floirac, provisional designation 1967 RA, is a stony Florian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 8.7 kilometer in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017312-0001-0000", "contents": "1736 Floirac\nIt was discovered on 6 September 1967, by French astronomer Guy Souli\u00e9 at Bordeaux Observatory in southwestern France, who named it after the French town of Floirac.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017312-0002-0000", "contents": "1736 Floirac, Classification and orbit\nFloirac is a member of the Flora family. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 1.9\u20132.6\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 4 months (1,215 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.17 and an inclination of 5\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017312-0003-0000", "contents": "1736 Floirac, Classification and orbit\nFirst observed as A914 WD at Simeiz Observatory in 1914, the body's observation arc begins with its 1927-identification as 1927 RB at Heidelberg Observatory, approximately 40 years prior to its official discovery observation at Bordeaux.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017312-0004-0000", "contents": "1736 Floirac, Physical characteristics\nThis asteroid has been characterized as a stony S-type asteroid by PanSTARRS' photometric survey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017312-0005-0000", "contents": "1736 Floirac, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves\nIn October 2007, a rotational lightcurve of Floirac was obtained from photometric observations by astronomer Petr Pravec and collaborating colleges. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 6.775 hours with a low brightness variation of 0.08 magnitude (U=3). An alternative period solution of 12.28 hours (\u0394mag 0.25) was found by French amateur astronomer Laurent Bernasconi in June 2006 (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 51], "content_span": [52, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017312-0006-0000", "contents": "1736 Floirac, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Floirac measures between 8.617 and 10.08 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.252 and 0.302.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017312-0007-0000", "contents": "1736 Floirac, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link takes an albedo of 0.2711 and a diameter of 8.73 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 12.4, based on Petr Pravec's revised WISE-data.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017312-0008-0000", "contents": "1736 Floirac, Naming\nThis minor planet was named by the discoverer for Floirac, a French town in the D\u00e9partement Gironde, near Bordeaux, where the discovering observatory is located. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 15 July 1968 (M.P.C. 2883).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017313-0000-0000", "contents": "1736 in Canada, Historical documents\n\"Cape Breton will remain a Thorn in our Sides\" - With Cape Breton's troops and Acadians' numbers, French frustrate British in Nova Scotia", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017313-0001-0000", "contents": "1736 in Canada, Historical documents\nTwo priests who reject Council orders in \"a most Insolent, Audacious & Disrespectfull manner\" are ordered to leave Nova Scotia", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017313-0002-0000", "contents": "1736 in Canada, Historical documents\nDoors of \"Mass house\" up Annapolis River to \"be Closly Naild Up\" as Council deals with another priest's alleged defiance", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017313-0003-0000", "contents": "1736 in Canada, Historical documents\n\"A. does not know what to do\" - Lt. Gov. Lawrence Armstrong frustrated that Acadians and \u00cele-Royale governor resist banishment of two priests", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017313-0004-0000", "contents": "1736 in Canada, Historical documents\nArmstrong invokes treaty with Indigenous people near Cape Sable to get their help in case of murder and robbery aboard ship \"Baltimore\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017313-0005-0000", "contents": "1736 in Canada, Historical documents\nArmstrong summarizes evidence to date in curious case of supposed lone survivor left from ship \"Baltimore,\" forced by bad weather into port", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017313-0006-0000", "contents": "1736 in Canada, Historical documents\nArmstrong updates Board of Trade on Baltimore case, suspecting lone witness is lying and that convicts on-board killed crew", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017313-0007-0000", "contents": "1736 in Canada, Historical documents\nWhen petitioned about plan to reroute rivulet landowners fear will harm them, Council advises community consultation and its own visit to site", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017313-0008-0000", "contents": "1736 in Canada, Historical documents\nNova Scotia government to be set up with governor, council, courts and (with \"competent number of Freemen, planters and inhabitants\") assembly", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017313-0009-0000", "contents": "1736 in Canada, Historical documents\nFewer French in Port-aux-Basques than thought, capital-crime witnesses still evade trip to England, and JPs are better lawmen than admirals", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017313-0010-0000", "contents": "1736 in Canada, Historical documents\nPriest gives general absolution to crew of French ship in fierce November storm, run aground off Anticosti Island (they get to shore)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017313-0011-0000", "contents": "1736 in Canada, Historical documents\nMap: Cape Sable to Strait of Belle Isle and Gasp\u00e9 to Grand Banks", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017313-0012-0000", "contents": "1736 in Canada, Historical documents\nGeorge Clarke says New York can be bulwark against French by settling Kanien\u2019k\u00e9h\u00e0:ka country with thousands of European Protestants", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017313-0013-0000", "contents": "1736 in Canada, Historical documents\nClarke recommends Assembly fund new fort at \"upper End of the Mohauks Country\" to \"cover\" it and provide protective link to Oswego", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017313-0014-0000", "contents": "1736 in Canada, Historical documents\nPenobscot, denying French influence, insist Massachusetts governor must prevent settlement up Saint George River to preserve peace", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017313-0015-0000", "contents": "1736 in Canada, Historical documents\nDetailed proposal for sending two sloops from Churchill to search for passage west out of Hudson Bay and record tides, soundings etc.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017313-0016-0000", "contents": "1736 in Canada, Historical documents\nHudson's Bay Company orders ships north along Bay's western shore to establish trade and record details of land and waters", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017313-0017-0000", "contents": "1736 in Canada, Historical documents\nFrench have no claim to Canada because merely asking Indigenous people for permission to settle gives foreigners right of dominion", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017313-0018-0000", "contents": "1736 in Canada, Historical documents\nAt Lake of the Woods, Jesuit priest describes \"this wretched country\" and \"morally degraded\" Cree (Note: racial stereotypes)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017322-0000-0000", "contents": "1736 in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the year 1736 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017324-0000-0000", "contents": "1736 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1736.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017325-0000-0000", "contents": "1736 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017325-0001-0000", "contents": "1736 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017325-0002-0000", "contents": "1736 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017326-0000-0000", "contents": "1736 in science\nThe year 1736 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017327-0000-0000", "contents": "1736 to 1740 in sports\nEvents in world sport through the years 1736 to 1740.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 76]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017328-0000-0000", "contents": "1737\n1737 (MDCCXXXVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar, the 1737th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 737th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 37th  year of the 18th\u00a0century, and the  8th   year of the 1730s decade. As of the start of 1737, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017329-0000-0000", "contents": "1737 Calcutta cyclone\nThe 1737 Calcutta cyclone, also known as the Hooghly River cyclone of 1737 and the Great Bengal cyclone of 1737, was the 1st super cyclone on record in North Indian Ocean regarded one of the worst natural disaster in India . It hit the coast near Kolkata on the morning of 11 October 1737 and presumably killed over 300,000 people inland and sea, and caused widespread catastrophic damage. The cyclone hit land over the Ganges River Delta, just southwest of Calcutta. Most deaths resulted from storm the surge and happened on the sea: many ships sank in the Bay of Bengal and an unknown number of livestock and wild animals were killed from the effects of the cyclone. The damage was described as \"extensive\" but numerical statistics are unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 768]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017329-0001-0000", "contents": "1737 Calcutta cyclone, Meteorological history\nBased on inland observations that the cyclone's tidal effects were felt as far as 130 kilometers inland south-southwest of Calcutta, the storm likely formed near the coast of Burma, supported by observations of ships passing in the area. The cyclone presumably moved northwest before turning northward, paralleling the coast of Calcutta between October 10 and 11. The storm then began to slow down before turning north-northeastwards, making landfall over the Ganges River Delta, just south of Calcutta. It slowed down while crossing the West Bengal, entering modern-day Bangladesh on or by October 13 before being last noted that day, far to the north of Dacca.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 45], "content_span": [46, 708]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017329-0002-0000", "contents": "1737 Calcutta cyclone, Meteorological history, The track\n. India Meteorological Department researchers conducted a study about the storm's track, finding similar storms that passed on or near Calcutta to cause similar damage and the same date when they passed. The 1864 Calcutta cyclone is an example they used, as the storm also had caused similar aftermath to the area nearly 127 years before. The full brunt of the 1864 storm was felt at Calcutta from 10:00 pm to 4:00 am (IST) on October 4 and 5 (14:30 pm to 20:30 pm, UTC).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 56], "content_span": [57, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017329-0002-0001", "contents": "1737 Calcutta cyclone, Meteorological history, The track\nMeanwhile, the storm started to brush the coast of the area on \"the night of October 11 and 12\", presumably between the same time as the 1864 storm but using the date of the 1737 storm. Researchers then adjusted the landfall time of the 1737 storm to match the time where the residents inland experienced the storm's fury.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 56], "content_span": [57, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017329-0003-0000", "contents": "1737 Calcutta cyclone, Impact\nThe cyclone is regarded as one of India's worst natural disasters since reliable statistics began to be recorded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 29], "content_span": [30, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017329-0004-0000", "contents": "1737 Calcutta cyclone, Impact\nRain accumulation on the Ganges was estimated at 381 mm (15 in) over six hours. In his official report, Thomas Joshua Moore, the British East India Company duties collector, said that almost all the thatched buildings had been destroyed by the storm and flood. An estimated 3,000 inhabitants of the town have been killed. An earthquake and a storm surge, destroying some 20,000 ships in the harbor and killing some 300,000 people, were reported by other merchant ships.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 29], "content_span": [30, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017329-0005-0000", "contents": "1737 Calcutta cyclone, Impact\nGolgotta, a port by the Americans in Calcutta, reported significant destruction. Houses near or on the harbor were destroyed and the local St. Anne's Church sustained substantial damage and subsequently collapsed. Over 20,000 ships, barks, sloops, boats, canoes and other marine infrastructures were destroyed and washed out, respectively. Many cattle, tigers, and rhinoceroses were drowned in a storm surge with an estimated height of 10\u201313 meters (or 30\u201340 feet) from the storm and the \"earthquake\". Many crocodiles were also stifled by the strong river currents, and birds were plunged into the river by the winds, drowning them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 29], "content_span": [30, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017329-0005-0001", "contents": "1737 Calcutta cyclone, Impact\nTwo 500-ton ships were thrown by large waves into a populated village, which further broke into pieces. Many people and cattle were killed. Two more ships of 60 tons were wrecked and found over the high grounds, destroying large trees. Eight out of nine ships were lost in the Ganges River and most of their crews drowned in the high seas. Three out of four Dutch ships also sank in the Ganges River and Bay of Bengal, respectively. The spire of the Gvoindaram temple was also destroyed by the cyclone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 29], "content_span": [30, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017329-0006-0000", "contents": "1737 Calcutta cyclone, Impact\nThe damages were described as \"extensive\", but no numerical data was recorded. Deaths were estimated at 300,000 individuals according to some books; however, Calcutta's population of Calcutta was less than 20,000 based on estimates and counting of 10,000 to 12,000 between 1705 and 1720, respectively. Although there would appear to be little evidence for the widely reported figure of 300,000 deaths or for an earthquake at all, this number shows up recurrently in popular literature. At the same time, the figure of 3,000 is only an estimation of the number of deaths inside the city itself.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 29], "content_span": [30, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017329-0007-0000", "contents": "1737 Calcutta cyclone, Impact\nIn the aftermath of Cyclone Amphan on Kolkata, many people, including Chief Minister of West Bengal Mamata Banerjee compared the catastrophe of the storm to this cyclone due to its similar effects and impact.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 29], "content_span": [30, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017330-0000-0000", "contents": "1737 English cricket season\nThe 1737 English cricket season was the 41st cricket season since the earliest recorded eleven-aside match was played. Details have survived of seven significant matches. Frederick, Prince of Wales had become one of the sport's main patrons by this year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017330-0001-0000", "contents": "1737 English cricket season, Recorded matches\nRecords have survived of seven matches. London Cricket Club played in five of these, with the two other matches featuring combined London and Surrey sides. Kent sides were the opponents in three matches, whilst sides from Surrey and Essex as well as from Chertsey Cricket Club are also known to have played matches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 45], "content_span": [46, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017330-0002-0000", "contents": "1737 English cricket season, Recorded matches\nTwo unnamed players, one from Wandsworth and one from Mitcham, described as \"two of the most celebrated sportsmen in the game\", played a single-wicket match on Kennington Common in August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 45], "content_span": [46, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017330-0003-0000", "contents": "1737 English cricket season, First mentions\nA match at Ilford is the first match known to have definitely taken place in Essex. One played in July between Stansted and Hertford is the earliest known match to take place in Hertfordshire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 43], "content_span": [44, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017331-0000-0000", "contents": "1737 Kamchatka earthquake\nThe 1737 Kamchatka earthquake occurred on October 17 or 16 near the southern tip of present-day Russia's Kamchatka peninsula. The shock was felt at approximately 03:00  local time or 16:00 UTC by residents on the peninsula and Kuril Islands. The earthquake struck at a shallow depth of roughly 40\u00a0km (25 miles) benath the peninsula. Studies of the earthquake has placed the moment magnitude (Mw\u202f) of this earthquake at 9.0 to 9.3 and 8.3 to 8.5 on the surface wave magnitude. The tsunamis generated by this earthquake is thought to be the most destructive and largest ever sourced from the region, alongslide the 1952 earthquake. It is thought to be similar in size or possibly larger than the 1952 earthquake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 736]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017331-0001-0000", "contents": "1737 Kamchatka earthquake, Earthquake\nThe earthquake was associated with thrust faulting on the subduction zone which is marked by the Kuril-Kamchatka Trench. Calculation of the earthquake magnitude using tsunami data yielded a moment magnitude of 9.3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017331-0002-0000", "contents": "1737 Kamchatka earthquake, Earthquake, Descriptions\nStepan Krasheninnikov, a Russian explorer, reported the effects of the earthquake in his 1755 publication Description of Kamchatka Land. According to him, the earthquake lasted 15 minutes and was extremely violent. Many homes, constructed of wood and skin, belonging to the natives were totally obliterated. Many aftershocks were felt even when the tsunami struck. Aftershocks continued until spring of 1738.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 51], "content_span": [52, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017331-0003-0000", "contents": "1737 Kamchatka earthquake, Earthquake, Descriptions\nCo-seismic deformation along the coasts were so drastic that natives could not recognize the region or locate their settlements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 51], "content_span": [52, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017331-0004-0000", "contents": "1737 Kamchatka earthquake, Earthquake, Descriptions\nAlong the Okhotsk Sea coast of Kamchatka, the earthquake and its effects were not noticeable.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 51], "content_span": [52, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017331-0005-0000", "contents": "1737 Kamchatka earthquake, Tsunami\nOn the northern Kuril Islands, the tsunami had an estimated height of 20 meters, and 30 meters in the Avacha Bay. A maximum tsunami amplitude of 12 to 16 meters was estimated on Amchitka based on evaluating the height where driftwood were found on the island. When Georg Wilhelm Steller, a German scientist and explorer visited the region in 1740, he noted the bones of marine mammals and driftwood discovered significantlly higher than the shoreline. Trees were also found deposited on a ridge with a height of 230 feet or 70 meters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017331-0005-0001", "contents": "1737 Kamchatka earthquake, Tsunami\nKrasheninnikov's book mentioned a tsunami measuring three sazhen or 6.3 meters inundating the coast. Another wave measuring 30 sazhen or 63 meters swept through the entire coast, killing many natives and destroying their settlements. The force of the tsunami was so powerful that it stripped away dirt and sand, revealing the basement rocks of the Second Kuril Strait.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017332-0000-0000", "contents": "1737 Severny\n1737 Severny, provisional designation 1966 TJ, is a stony Eoan asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 21 kilometers in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017332-0001-0000", "contents": "1737 Severny\nIt was discovered on 13 October 1966, by Russian astronomer Lyudmila Chernykh at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory in Nauchnyj, on the Crimean peninsula, who named after Soviet astronomer Andrei Severny.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017332-0002-0000", "contents": "1737 Severny, Classification and orbit\nSeverny is a member of the Eos family. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.9\u20133.2\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 3 months (1,908 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.05 and an inclination of 9\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. First identified as 1942 CA at Turku, the asteroid's first used observation was made at Heidelberg Observatory in 1950, extending Severny's observation arc by 16 years prior to its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017332-0003-0000", "contents": "1737 Severny, Physical characteristics\nSeverny has been characterized as a common stony S-type asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017332-0004-0000", "contents": "1737 Severny, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves\nA rotational lightcurve of Severny was obtained by French amateur astronomer Laurent Bernasconi in March 2005. It gave a rotation period of 14.11 hours with a brightness variation of 0.14 magnitude (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 51], "content_span": [52, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017332-0005-0000", "contents": "1737 Severny, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves\nIn September 2013, photometric observations in the R-band at the Palomar Transient Factory, California, gave a shorter period of 9.2481 hours with an amplitude of 0.17 magnitude (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 51], "content_span": [52, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017332-0006-0000", "contents": "1737 Severny, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Severny measures between 21.33 and 24.83 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.136 and 0.181.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017332-0007-0000", "contents": "1737 Severny, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for Eoan asteroids of 0.14 and calculates a diameter of 21.40 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 11.1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017332-0008-0000", "contents": "1737 Severny, Naming\nThis minor planet was named by the discoverer in honor of Soviet astronomer Andrei Severny (1913\u20131987), who was the Director of the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory and known for his work on solar flares and astronomical observations from artificial satellites. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 October 1969 (M.P.C. 2971).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017333-0000-0000", "contents": "1737 Valdivia earthquake\nThe 1737 Valdivia earthquake struck south-central Chile on December 24. Together with earthquakes in 1575 and 1837 the earthquake is among the historical predecessors to the great 1960 earthquake. While the overlap in affected areas is significant relative to the 1837 earthquake the 1737 earthquake may have occurred slightly more to the north.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017333-0001-0000", "contents": "1737 Valdivia earthquake\nThe earthquake was felt in Concepci\u00f3n but most damage occurred in the towns of Valdivia and Castro, Chilo\u00e9 Archipelago. In both of these locations churches were destroyed by the earthquake. In addition the Valdivian Fort System and the Royal Storehouse of Valdivia took heavy damage. Landslides occurred next to Villarrica, Calafqu\u00e9n, and Ri\u00f1ihue lakes. Over all this indicates the rupture zone was about 640 km long, with most damage being concentrated in the middle section (Valdivia).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017333-0002-0000", "contents": "1737 Valdivia earthquake\nThere is no evidence the earthquake would have produced a tsunami.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 91]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017334-0000-0000", "contents": "1737 in Canada, Historical documents\nWays French try to surpass British include linking Canada and Louisiana through wheat- and lead-rich Great Lakes province called \"Hanois(e)\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017334-0001-0000", "contents": "1737 in Canada, Historical documents\nIntendant says Canadians \"have a too-high opinion of Themselves [to achieve] the success they are capable of in the arts, Agriculture and Commerce\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017334-0002-0000", "contents": "1737 in Canada, Historical documents\nFrench priest gets tough with shipwreck victims, calling their despair criminal in eyes of God, to whom they should offer their pain", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017334-0003-0000", "contents": "1737 in Canada, Historical documents\nShipwrecked priest learns respect for Indigenous people \"whom a false prejudice makes us suppose incapable of thinking or reasoning\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017334-0004-0000", "contents": "1737 in Canada, Historical documents\nShip carrying sugar from Jamaica to London loses 17 drowned plus one of three who made it to shore after it wrecks on Sable Island", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017334-0005-0000", "contents": "1737 in Canada, Historical documents\nMinas Indigenous people are accused of forcing sloop captain and crew to give up trade cargo worth \u00a31,546 New England currency", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017334-0006-0000", "contents": "1737 in Canada, Historical documents\nPre -teen servant confesses to intentionally burning his master's house, and Council delays judgment pending legal advice from Boston", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017334-0007-0000", "contents": "1737 in Canada, Historical documents\nBoard of Trade submits proposal for settlement of Nova Scotia under trustee-appointed council until assembly and government can be established", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017334-0008-0000", "contents": "1737 in Canada, Historical documents\nUnemployed London carpenters and other artisans request free passage to and 200-acre grants in 14-miles-square township in Nova Scotia", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017334-0009-0000", "contents": "1737 in Canada, Historical documents\nKing's rent collector must: take in quit-rents, fines and arrearages; note all sales, exchanges and wills; and \"take a Particular Account\" of strangers", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017334-0010-0000", "contents": "1737 in Canada, Historical documents\nIn Nova Scotia, \"all discoverers of mines or minerals [will have] an equal share with those who own and work them\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017334-0011-0000", "contents": "1737 in Canada, Historical documents\nNoting his seizure of smugglers' ship in Newfoundland, Navy captain hopes new admiralty court there will end such long-practised trade", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017334-0012-0000", "contents": "1737 in Canada, Historical documents\nMission society has missionaries at Trinity Bay, Newf. and Albany, N.Y. (\"to the Mohawk-Indians\") and schoolmasters at Annapolis Royal and Canso", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017334-0013-0000", "contents": "1737 in Canada, Historical documents\nTrinity Bay can't support its missionary after \"catching little Fish for two or three Voyages, and selling at a bad Market\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017334-0014-0000", "contents": "1737 in Canada, Historical documents\nMassachusetts governor gives brief details of military assets in Canada, and warns of danger to trade and Indigenous relations", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017334-0015-0000", "contents": "1737 in Canada, Historical documents\nGov. Belcher reports good results from talks and local contacts with Penobscot, citing benefit of \"honestly and justly\" observing treaties", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017334-0016-0000", "contents": "1737 in Canada, Historical documents\nNew York lieutenant governor will meet Six Nations to renew treaties and \"keep them from\" allowing French fort in Seneca country", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017334-0017-0000", "contents": "1737 in Canada, Historical documents\nN.Y. lieutenant governor reports complaint from Gov. Beauharnois and query to Oswego officer about shooting at French canoe passing by", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017334-0018-0000", "contents": "1737 in Canada, Historical documents\nArthur Dobbs calls Hudson's Bay Company's 1736 bid to find Northwest Passage \"idle or faulty,\" and company \"unwilling to make the Attempt\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017338-0000-0000", "contents": "1737 in Ireland\nThis article lists events from the year 1737 in Ireland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 72]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017343-0000-0000", "contents": "1737 in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the year 1737 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017346-0000-0000", "contents": "1737 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1737.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017347-0000-0000", "contents": "1737 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017347-0001-0000", "contents": "1737 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017347-0002-0000", "contents": "1737 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017348-0000-0000", "contents": "1737 in science\nThe year 1737 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017349-0000-0000", "contents": "1738\n1738 (MDCCXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar, the 1738th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 738th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 38th  year of the 18th\u00a0century, and the  9th   year of the 1730s decade. As of the start of 1738, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017350-0000-0000", "contents": "1738 English cricket season\nThe 1738 English cricket season was the 42nd cricket season since the earliest recorded eleven-aside match was played. Details have survived of five top-level matches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017350-0001-0000", "contents": "1738 English cricket season, Recorded matches\nRecords have survived of five significant matches, all of which involved London Cricket Club in some form. In three of these matches the opposition was Chislehurst Cricket Club, with Mitcham Cricket Club also playing a match against London. A London and Surrey side played a Kent side in the remaining match.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 45], "content_span": [46, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017350-0002-0000", "contents": "1738 English cricket season, Recorded matches\nTwo other matches are known to have taken place between Chislehurst and Horsmonden and an advertisement in the Sherborne Mercury is the earliest reference to cricket in Dorset.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 45], "content_span": [46, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017351-0000-0000", "contents": "1738 Vrancea earthquake\nThe 1738 Vrancea earthquake occurred on 11 June\u00a0[O.S. 31 May]\u00a01738, during the third rule of Constantin Mavrocordat. The seism aroused great panic and is mentioned in several sources. It occurred in the lower lithospheric block, at a depth of 130\u00a0km. Its effects were violent on large areas, the hardest hit being Bucharest, where several houses and churches collapsed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017351-0001-0000", "contents": "1738 Vrancea earthquake\nThe Romanian territories were not the only affected. In Ni\u0161, a Serbian city where the Ottoman army was quartered, the fortresses on the Danube partially collapsed, and in the Nikopol on Danube four mosques collapsed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017351-0002-0000", "contents": "1738 Vrancea earthquake\nAt an estimated magnitude of 7.7 on the Richter scale, the earthquake of 1738 is one of the strongest in the Romanian history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017351-0003-0000", "contents": "1738 Vrancea earthquake, Foreshock\nAccording to the catalog of Cornelius Radu, several foreshocks of magnitude 5\u20136 occurred starting with March 1738. In a chronicle is mentioned a \"large\" foreshock on 8 May 1738. It occurred at \"5 o'clock\", but its magnitude is not known.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017351-0004-0000", "contents": "1738 Vrancea earthquake, Damage\nThe earthquake was felt especially in Bucharest, Ia\u0219i, Foc\u0219ani, Buz\u0103u and Sf\u00e2ntu Gheorghe. In Ia\u0219i, 11 monasteries, 15 houses, 15 towers and a church steeple collapsed. In the Carpathians, several rockslides occurred, a large one in the Buz\u0103u River Valley. Significant damage was reported in citadels like Rupea, \u0218chei and Prejmer, where walls and defending towers were destroyed or severely damaged. The seismic wave also affected the Neam\u021b Citadel, where its thick walls collapsed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 31], "content_span": [32, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017351-0005-0000", "contents": "1738 Vrancea earthquake, Damage\nIn the chronicle of Constantin Dapontes is mentioned that the walls of Princely Palace in Bucharest were cracked. In a book of hours appears that on 31 May the earth was shaken, and even \"split and came out water with smell of gunpowder and brimstone\". In the same book of hours is mentioned that many arches and walls of monasteries and houses in Bucharest were cracked, while \"outside\" churches and arches have collapsed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 31], "content_span": [32, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017351-0005-0001", "contents": "1738 Vrancea earthquake, Damage\nA Slavo-Romanian psalter gives information about the intensity of the earthquake: \"the earth trembled in the month of May, on 31, midday, very strong, and went to the east and again turned backward. And the trees were shaking, like the wind, and has destroyed homes and the earth made great noise\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 31], "content_span": [32, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017351-0006-0000", "contents": "1738 Vrancea earthquake, Damage\nIn From yesterday Bucharest (Romanian: Din Bucure\u0219tii de ieri), George Potra reminds that the calamity \"began with a great roaring\". Many houses and churches were damaged and a \"deep fracture\" was open near Bucharest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 31], "content_span": [32, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017351-0007-0000", "contents": "1738 Vrancea earthquake, Damage\nAcademician Gr. \u0218tef\u0103nescu wrote in a study published in 1901 that, during the earthquake in 1738, church bells began to ring themselves.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 31], "content_span": [32, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017352-0000-0000", "contents": "1738 in Canada, Historical documents\nNew York lieutenant governor warns against new French settlement and treaty with Senecas for fort that will end trade at Oswego", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017352-0001-0000", "contents": "1738 in Canada, Historical documents\nRegarding greater settlement of Nova Scotia, Council gives reasons it has not been possible (and it is not because they are military men)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017352-0002-0000", "contents": "1738 in Canada, Historical documents\nSettlers with cattle have arrived on Sable Island, and will \"Succour, Help and Releive[sic]\" any shipwreck victims tossed up there", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017352-0003-0000", "contents": "1738 in Canada, Historical documents\nTired of \"meeting daily and almost constantly\" to address litigious people's \"frivolous and undigested Complaints,\" Council sets sittings", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017352-0004-0000", "contents": "1738 in Canada, Historical documents\nLieutenant governor Armstrong tells official to act with \"Lenity, Good humour and[...]live as Peaceably and Quietly with all men as possible\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017352-0005-0000", "contents": "1738 in Canada, Historical documents\nMany of 8,000 men in Newfoundland fishery are \"fresh land-men\" who through hard work and weather \"become pretty good sailors\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017352-0006-0000", "contents": "1738 in Canada, Historical documents\nNewfoundland will begin prosecuting capital offences, sparing testifiers expensive trip to British court and loss of year's fishing", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017352-0007-0000", "contents": "1738 in Canada, Historical documents\nNewfoundland governor reports opposition to Irish Catholic immigrants for criminality and danger they pose to Protestants in any war", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017352-0008-0000", "contents": "1738 in Canada, Historical documents\nCree promise La V\u00e9rendrye they will not trade at York Factory, and he builds fort at portage on which people \"go to the English\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017352-0009-0000", "contents": "1738 in Canada, Historical documents\nProgram of events celebrating Pierre Gaultier de la V\u00e9rendrye's 1738 arrival in what is now Winnipeg", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017352-0010-0000", "contents": "1738 in Canada, Historical documents\nChief factor at Churchill reports that many \"Northern Indians\" were \"put to such Streights in the Winter\" that many \"perished with Hunger\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017352-0011-0000", "contents": "1738 in Canada, Historical documents\nCorrespondents discuss apparent but not yet accepted need to find Northwest Passage, and ways to increase enthusiasm for it", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017360-0000-0000", "contents": "1738 in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the year 1738 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017362-0000-0000", "contents": "1738 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1738.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017363-0000-0000", "contents": "1738 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017363-0001-0000", "contents": "1738 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017363-0002-0000", "contents": "1738 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017364-0000-0000", "contents": "1738 in science\nThe year 1738 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017365-0000-0000", "contents": "1738\u20131739 North Carolina smallpox epidemic\nBetween 1738 and 1739, a smallpox epidemic broke out among the Cherokee who resided in the Province of North Carolina, as well as in the Province of South Carolina. The epidemic was most damaging in Eastern North Carolina. The epidemic decimated the Cherokee and Catawba peoples, causing the deaths of about half of each tribe's population. Many other Native tribes were decimated as well. Smaller numbers of European settlers and Africans also died during the epidemic. The depopulation after the epidemic caused the Cherokee to abandon many villages, particularly in Georgia along the Chattooga, Tugaloo, and Chattahoochee rivers. The Cherokee did not begin to recover from their population loss until the end of the 1700s. An estimated 7,700\u201311,700 died during the epidemic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 820]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017365-0001-0000", "contents": "1738\u20131739 North Carolina smallpox epidemic\nThe 1738\u20131739 epidemic was the first known occasion where doctors utilized widespread inoculation as a smallpox preventative. The epidemic was first brought to Charleston, South Carolina by sea. From there, the epidemic spread throughout North and South Carolina. James Kilpatrick was the main person responsible for inoculations in Charleston, inoculating between 800 and 1,000 people, of whom only eight died. The Irish-born historian James Adair claimed that smallpox was introduced by \"Guinea-men\", enslaved people from West Africa. The epidemic was probably spread to the Cherokee by white traders in the summer of 1739.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 668]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017365-0001-0001", "contents": "1738\u20131739 North Carolina smallpox epidemic\nThe virus may also have come from Spanish Florida. 900 Cherokees had joined the British to fight the Spanish in Florida in 1739, and may have brought smallpox back with them. Cherokee \"religious physicians\" blamed the plague on \"adulterous intercourse\" among young married people, while Cherokee chiefs alleged that their people had been poisoned by infected rum brought by white traders. Thousands of Cherokee died from the epidemic. It was reported that upon seeing themselves become infected and disfigured, some Cherokee resorted to suicide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017365-0001-0002", "contents": "1738\u20131739 North Carolina smallpox epidemic\nAdair claimed that Cherokee people shot themselves, cut their own throats, stabbed themselves with knives or sharp-pointed canes, or burned themselves alive. Cherokee healers attempted to use traditional medicine against the epidemic. Cherokee healers would \"sweat\" their patients and then dunk them into a cold river, but many Cherokee died from the shock. This caused some of the Cherokee healers to abandon their spiritual beliefs in despair. As the Cherokee began to abandon traditional spiritual beliefs because of their ineffectiveness against smallpox, this left an opening for Christian missionaries who were working to proselytize among the Cherokee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 702]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017365-0002-0000", "contents": "1738\u20131739 North Carolina smallpox epidemic\nThe epidemic was so damaging to the Waxhaw people that they abandoned their historic homelands in 1740 that were located in what is now Union County, North Carolina. The remnants of the Waxhaw people joined with the Catawba. The lands of the Waxhaw were subsequently occupied by English, German, Scottish, and Welsh immigrants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017366-0000-0000", "contents": "1739\n1739 (MDCCXXXIX) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar, the 1739th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 739th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 39th  year of the 18th\u00a0century, and the  10th  and last year of the 1730s decade. As of the start of 1739, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017367-0000-0000", "contents": "1739 English cricket season\nThe 1739 English cricket season was the 43rd cricket season since the earliest recorded eleven-aside match was played. Details have survived of seven matches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017367-0001-0000", "contents": "1739 English cricket season\nThe season was the first time that a Rest of England side played, formed specifically to take on Kent which appears to have had the game's strongest county team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017367-0002-0000", "contents": "1739 English cricket season, Other events\nGenerally agreed to be the \"first modern representation of cricket\", a series of engravings, The Game of Cricket, was made by Hubert-Fran\u00e7ois Gravelot. The six engravings show groups of children paying cricket, with a wicket of the \"low stool\" shape, probably 2-foot (0.61\u00a0m) wide by 1-foot (0.30\u00a0m) tall, with two stumps and a single bail. The engravings were used on porcelain. Gravelot helped to establish the French Rococo style in English publishing and was one of the most celebrated illustrators of the time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 41], "content_span": [42, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017367-0003-0000", "contents": "1739 English cricket season, Other events\n1739 was the last year in which cricket was played on Lamb's Conduit Field. Thomas Coram's Foundling Hospital was established there in 1739.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 41], "content_span": [42, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017368-0000-0000", "contents": "1739 Meyermann\n1739 Meyermann, provisional designation 1939 PF, is a stony Florian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 7.5 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg Observatory on 15 August 1939. It was later named in memory of astronomer Bruno Meyermann.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017368-0001-0000", "contents": "1739 Meyermann, Orbit and classification\nMeyermann is a member of the Flora family, a large group of S-type asteroids in the inner main-belt. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.0\u20132.5\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 5 months (1,242 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.12 and an inclination of 3\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. Meyermann was first identified as 1929 TB1 at Lowell Observatory in 1929, extending the body's observation arc by 10 years prior to its official discovery observation at Heidelberg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017368-0002-0000", "contents": "1739 Meyermann, Orbit and classification, Rotation period\nTwo rotational lightcurves of Meyermann were obtained from photometric observations taken by Czech astronomer Petr Pravec at Ond\u0159ejov Observatory in 2007 and 2014. They gave a rotation period of 2.8212 and 2.8219 hours with a brightness variation of 0.12 and 0.17 magnitude, respectively (U=3/3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 57], "content_span": [58, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017368-0003-0000", "contents": "1739 Meyermann, Orbit and classification, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the refitted 2014-results from the survey carried out by the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its NEOWISE missions, Meyermann measures 7.858 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo of 0.254. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.24 \u2013 derived from 8\u00a0Flora, the largest member and namesake of its family \u2013 and calculates a diameter of 7.47 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.8.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 61], "content_span": [62, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017368-0004-0000", "contents": "1739 Meyermann, Naming\nThis minor planet was named in memory of Bruno Meyermann (1876\u20131963), a classical astronomer and academic teacher at G\u00f6ttingen Observatory in Lower Saxony, Germany. His fields of interest included polar motion and relativistic effects. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 18 April 1977 (M.P.C. 4155).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017369-0000-0000", "contents": "1739 Yinchuan\u2013Pingluo earthquake\nThe 1739 Yinchuan\u2013Pingluo earthquake (simplified Chinese: \u94f6\u5ddd-\u5e73\u7f57\u5730\u9707; traditional Chinese: \u9280\u5ddd-\u5e73\u7f85\u5730\u9707; pinyin: Y\u00ednchu\u0101n-p\u00edng lu\u00f3 d\u00eczh\u00e8n) rocked the northern Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region on January 3 with an epicenter in the prefecture-level city Shizuishan. The estimated magnitude 8.0 earthquake had a maximum intensity of XI on the Mercalli intensity scale, and killed about 50,000 residents and officials. It was widely felt, as far in Shanxi, Shaanxi and Hebei provinces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017369-0001-0000", "contents": "1739 Yinchuan\u2013Pingluo earthquake\nAftershocks persisted for more than two years with the largest being a 5.5 on February 13 the same year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017369-0002-0000", "contents": "1739 Yinchuan\u2013Pingluo earthquake, Tectonic setting\nAlthough northern China is nowhere near the boundaries of tectonic plates, the region is straddled with faults and there are ongoing deformation. Ningxia lies in a complex transition zone of compression at the northeastern Tibetan Plateau to extension, horst and graben features in the Ordos Plateau. To the south, the massive strike-slip Haiyuan Fault comes in and becomes a group of reverse faults.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017369-0003-0000", "contents": "1739 Yinchuan\u2013Pingluo earthquake, Tectonic setting\nThe Yinchuan graben is a 50\u00a0km by 160\u00a0km block of crust at the northern tip of Ningxia, bounded by several north\u2013south striking normal faults. Two of these faults are the Helanshan Piedmont Fault Zone (East Helanshan  Fault) to the western boundary of the graben, and the Huang He (Yellow River) Fault to the east. Their slip rate is between 2 and 3\u00a0mm/yr. The East Helanshan Fault is the root fault of two more blind faults; the Luhuatai and Yinchuan-Pingluo faults form within the block.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017369-0003-0001", "contents": "1739 Yinchuan\u2013Pingluo earthquake, Tectonic setting\nSeismic imaging shows that the East Helanshan Fault converge with the Huanghe Fault at a depth of 30\u00a0km. The East Helanshan and Yinchuan\u2013Pingluo joins to become one fault at a depth of 30\u00a0km. The Helanshan Mountains separated the western side of the graben from the Alxa Desert while the Ordos Plateau is to the east. The extension rate of the Yinchuan graben is believed to be 2.9 \u00b1 1\u00a0mm/yr. The graben has accumulated up to 7\u00a0km of sediments from the late Eocene.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017369-0004-0000", "contents": "1739 Yinchuan\u2013Pingluo earthquake, Tectonic setting\nAt its southern tip, the Sanguankou and Niushoushan faults, together with other northwest\u2013southeast trending faults, form the south boundary of the block. At the north end of the block, the Zhengyiguan Fault, a dextral strike-slip fault runs through the Helanshan Mountains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017369-0005-0000", "contents": "1739 Yinchuan\u2013Pingluo earthquake, Tectonic setting\nTwo inferred earthquakes of Mw\u202f6.5 occurred in the area in 1143 and 1477, and an Mw\u202f 6.0 in 1921 would be the most recent major activity in the graben. The average recurrence interval for large earthquakes like that of 1739 in the region is about 1,500 to 2,000 years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017369-0006-0000", "contents": "1739 Yinchuan\u2013Pingluo earthquake, Earthquake\nThe magnitude 8.0 earthquake may have been the largest intraplate earthquake with normal focal mechanism, although research uncovered that the likely magnitude was Mw\u202f7.1 to 7.8. Continental intraplate normal earthquake with magnitudes larger than Mw\u202f7.0. The source fault was determined to be the East Helanshan Fault which ruptured for an estimated 88\u00a0km. An estimated maximum slip has been suggested at 10 to 13\u00a0km. Fault scarps known as the Suyukou scarps were discovered along the trace of the East Helanshan Fault preserved in alluvial fans for 16.5\u00a0km.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017369-0006-0001", "contents": "1739 Yinchuan\u2013Pingluo earthquake, Earthquake\nSome of these were as high as 11 meters, but they were not from one single event; multiple earlier earthquakes were identified from the scarp. The maximum height of the scarp created by the earthquake was 5.1 meters, with an average of 3.0 meters. Another set of scarps known as the Hongguozigou scarps 65\u00a0km away from the Suyukou scarp was traced for 3.5\u00a0km. It was a near vertical wall 2.7 meters high, and has a dextral offset of 3 meters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017369-0007-0000", "contents": "1739 Yinchuan\u2013Pingluo earthquake, Earthquake\nHowever, another research placed the source fault as the Huanghe Fault. This fault is mostly buried under sediments, and is on opposite sides of the graben, parallel to the East Helanshan Fault. It is more than 120\u00a0km long, much of the fault scarps have eroded away, and is buried under several meters of sediments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017369-0008-0000", "contents": "1739 Yinchuan\u2013Pingluo earthquake, Earthquake\nStrong shaking from the earthquake was inferred to be along the trace of the Yinchuan\u2013Pingluo and Huanghe faults, where buildings in the area were almost totally destroyed, while along the East Helanshan and Luhuatai faults, many buildings were still standing with slight damage. The Shuang Towers, 15 stories high, and build near the Suyukou scarps did not collapse during the quake of 1739, but towers in Yinchuan City, closer to the Huanghe Fault were totally destroyed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017369-0008-0001", "contents": "1739 Yinchuan\u2013Pingluo earthquake, Earthquake\nThese damage patterns has been inferred that the strongest shaking intensities were on the eastern side if the graben, where the Huanghe and Yinchuan\u2013Pingluo faults are close to the surface. It was previously thought that The Great Wall which runs through Ningxia was offset by a surface rupture was instead built on a pre-existing fault scarp of the Helanshan Piedmont Fault Zone, not formed by the earthquake of 1739. The fault scarp was dated at 2370 and 2060 BP; much older than the wall itself which was built in the early 16th century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017369-0009-0000", "contents": "1739 Yinchuan\u2013Pingluo earthquake, Effects\nThe strongest shaking from the earthquake were in Yinchuan and Pingluo, where maximum intensity of XII was determined on the Chinese seismic intensity scale, and XI on the Mercalli intensity scale. In this region of intensity, the earthquake collapsed most houses, temples, offices, and a city wall 10 meters tall and 6 meters wide. Ground fissures up to an meter wide, and 100 meters long, and great subsidence were accounted in historical records.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017369-0010-0000", "contents": "1739 Yinchuan\u2013Pingluo earthquake, Effects\nYinchuan saw the deaths of over 15,300 people that day. The city was completely levelled, and blazing fires burned all the way through the night as many canals were destroyed, shutting off the flow of water. The ground opened for more than 100 meters, where sand and black water erupted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017370-0000-0000", "contents": "1739 in Canada, Historical documents\nAfter trouble trading with French, Joseph La France canoes from Sault Ste. Marie to York Factory with scores of beaver pelts", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017370-0001-0000", "contents": "1739 in Canada, Historical documents\nJ.P. Aulneau's mother learns that Sioux who killed him have been defeated so often that they have sued for peace (Note: \"savages\" used)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017370-0002-0000", "contents": "1739 in Canada, Historical documents\nLengthy rationale for greater settlement of Nova Scotia comprises fishery, naval stores, agriculture and French threat", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017370-0003-0000", "contents": "1739 in Canada, Historical documents\nSpain having committed \"depredations\" and \"many cruelties and barbarities\" to British without compensation, letters of marque are to be issued", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017370-0004-0000", "contents": "1739 in Canada, Historical documents\nOf more than \u00a3250,000 owed Britain by Spain for ships illegally taken, \u00a38,000 is for five ships from Newfoundland (perhaps among others)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017370-0005-0000", "contents": "1739 in Canada, Historical documents\nGovernors of Nova Scotia, Newfoundland and 13 other colonies (plus leader of Georgia) notified of King's declaration of war against Spain", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017370-0006-0000", "contents": "1739 in Canada, Historical documents\nNova Scotia governor details province's military assets, which are much weaker than on neighbouring \u00cele-Royale (and Acadie and Canada)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017370-0007-0000", "contents": "1739 in Canada, Historical documents\nPresident of N.S. Council says Annapolis Royal vulnerable to French capture because fort weak and troops mostly raw and undisciplined", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017370-0008-0000", "contents": "1739 in Canada, Historical documents\nBoard of Trade member offers plan of forces to use for Spanish Caribbean expedition, including \"old soldiers\" from Nova Scotia regiment", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017370-0009-0000", "contents": "1739 in Canada, Historical documents\nCanso's 9 or 10 resident families build/maintain stages for and give support to 70 summer visitors from New England (Piscataway to Falmouth)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017370-0010-0000", "contents": "1739 in Canada, Historical documents\nFrench fishery off Nova Scotia described in great detail, including use of province's Atlantic shore (prohibited to British fishers)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017370-0011-0000", "contents": "1739 in Canada, Historical documents\nNova Scotia lieutenant governor Lawrence Armstrong commits suicide after \"a long time frequently Afflicted with Melancholy fitts\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017370-0012-0000", "contents": "1739 in Canada, Historical documents\nLt . Gov. Clarke of New York says people fear war with Spain will bring in France, and urges defence build-up and presents for Six Nations", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017370-0013-0000", "contents": "1739 in Canada, Historical documents\n\"A rupture with France is mentioned in the newspapers as a thing we are to expect\" - N.Y. Assembly votes money for extensive defence works", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017370-0014-0000", "contents": "1739 in Canada, Historical documents\nClarke says that though French claim all land in Great Lakes watershed, boundary through Lakes is more than they can expect", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017370-0015-0000", "contents": "1739 in Canada, Historical documents\nClarke says \"peopling\" of country north of Saratoga with recently arrived British families will strengthen frontier and trade", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017370-0016-0000", "contents": "1739 in Canada, Historical documents\nClarke warns of need to resist French settlement of property between Crown Point and Albany long since purchased from Indigenous people", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017370-0017-0000", "contents": "1739 in Canada, Historical documents\nGovernor of Canada insists on claim to Great Lakes watershed, but gifts local claim near Crown Point to \"Mohawks and his own Indians\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017370-0018-0000", "contents": "1739 in Canada, Historical documents\nNew Hampshire lieutenant governor warns of province's \"very defenceless condition,\" including fort that can't even keep cattle out", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017370-0019-0000", "contents": "1739 in Canada, Historical documents\nArthur Dobbs thinks discovery of Northwest Passage might make possible intercepting Spain's Acapulco ships from California to Panama", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017380-0000-0000", "contents": "1739 in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the year 1739 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017382-0000-0000", "contents": "1739 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1739.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017383-0000-0000", "contents": "1739 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017383-0001-0000", "contents": "1739 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017383-0002-0000", "contents": "1739 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017384-0000-0000", "contents": "1739 in science\nThe year 1739 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017385-0000-0000", "contents": "173P/Mueller\n173P/Mueller, also known as Mueller 5, is a periodic comet in the Solar System.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 92]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017386-0000-0000", "contents": "173d Air Refueling Squadron\nThe 173d Air Refueling Squadron (173d ARS) is a unit of the Nebraska Air National Guard 155th Air Refueling Wing. It is assigned to Lincoln Air National Guard Base, Nebraska and is equipped with the Boeing KC-135 Stratotanker.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017386-0001-0000", "contents": "173d Air Refueling Squadron, History, World War II\nThe 401st Fighter Squadron was established on 22 July 1943 at Westover Field, Massachusetts and equipped with P-47 Thunderbolts. Deployed to the European Theater of Operations (ETO) and assigned to Ninth Air Force in England, it engaged in combat operations until May 1945. It returned to the United States during September\u2013November 1945, and was inactivated on 7 November 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 50], "content_span": [51, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017386-0002-0000", "contents": "173d Air Refueling Squadron, History, Nebraska Air National Guard\nThe unit was allotted to the National Guard on 24 May 1946 and redesignated the 173rd Fighter Squadron, and was further allotted to the Nebraska Air National Guard. It was organized and federally recognized as a P-51D Mustang squadron in July 1946. It was the second Air National Guard unit established, and assigned to the Iowa ANG 132d Fighter Group. It was posted to Lincoln Airport (later Lincoln Air Force Base), a former Second Air Force training field during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 65], "content_span": [66, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017386-0002-0001", "contents": "173d Air Refueling Squadron, History, Nebraska Air National Guard\nWith the long runways of the airport, the unit upgraded to Lockheed P-80A Shooting Star jet aircraft in early 1948. In 1950 the unit became the first Air National Guard organization to win the Winston P. Wilson Trophy as the outstanding jet fighter unit. It was the first of five Wilson trophies to be awarded to the Nebraska organization.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 65], "content_span": [66, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017386-0003-0000", "contents": "173d Air Refueling Squadron, History, Nebraska Air National Guard\nActivated to federal service during the Korean War, the unit was sent to Dow AFB, Maine. Used by TAC to train replacement pilots in F-51D Mustang ground support operations, it also deployed unit members to Japan and Korea to fly combat missions. The 132d was moved to Alexandria AFB, Louisiana in May 1952 again with F-51s replacing the federalized Oklahoma ANG 137th Fighter-Bomber Wing which was deployed to France. The unit performed training as a tactical fighter unit until relieved from active service and returned to Nebraska ANG jurisdiction in January 1953.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 65], "content_span": [66, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017386-0004-0000", "contents": "173d Air Refueling Squadron, History, Nebraska Air National Guard\nUpon returning to Lincoln, the squadron was forced to share facilities with the new Strategic Air Command provisional 4120th Air Base Group and extensive construction enlarging the airport to support SAC bombers as Lincoln Air Force Base. In late 1953, the unit re-equipped with more-advanced F-80C Shooting Star jets and the 173d was re-designated as a Fighter-Interceptor squadron, with the Air Defense Command (ADC) becoming the gaining organization. Its new mission was the air defense of Nebraska and specifically the air defense of the new SAC facility, which was programmed to receive the Air Forces new B-47 Stratojet intercontinental jet bomber in 1954.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 65], "content_span": [66, 728]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017386-0005-0000", "contents": "173d Air Refueling Squadron, History, Nebraska Air National Guard\nIn 1955 the 173d was authorized new facilities. A new site was located south of the commercial air terminal adjoining the Air Force base and the unit moved to its new facilities in the fall of 1956. Two years later, the unit moved into a vacated Naval Air Reserve hangar and turned its \"old\" hangar over to the Nebraska Army National Guard. Since that time, additional facilities were built on the 166 acres (0.67 km2) of the Lincoln Air National Guard Base. Army aviation and other Army units remain tenants today.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 65], "content_span": [66, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017386-0006-0000", "contents": "173d Air Refueling Squadron, History, Nebraska Air National Guard\nThe 173d transitioned to North American F-86D Sabre interceptors in 1957, and upgraded to the modified F-86L in 1959 which could be computer controlled by the ground-based SAGE guidance system to intercept target unknown aircraft. In 1960, ADC decided to expand the organization to a group level, activating the 155th Fighter-Interceptor Group at Lincoln AFB on 1 July; with jurisdiction of the 173d being transferred from the Iowa ANG 132d Fighter Group to the new 155th FIG.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 65], "content_span": [66, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017386-0007-0000", "contents": "173d Air Refueling Squadron, History, Nebraska Air National Guard\nThe unit remained under ADC until 1964 with the planned retirement of the B-47. The unit then received Republic RF-84F Thunderflash photo-reconnaissance aircraft and became a Tactical Air Command reconnaissance squadron. In January 1965 SAC's 307th Bomb Wing began phasing down at Lincoln AFB and the base was closed on 6 June 1966; returning it to its original role of a municipal airport with a collocated Air National Guard Base.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 65], "content_span": [66, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017386-0008-0000", "contents": "173d Air Refueling Squadron, History, Nebraska Air National Guard\nThe 173d continued to operate as a tactical reconnaissance squadron until 1993, being upgraded to the RF-4C Phantom II in 1972. With the retirement of the Phantom in the early 1990s and the end of the Cold War, the unit was re-aligned into the 173d Air Refueling Squadron, flying Boeing KC-135R Stratotankers and being activated to federal service under the Air Mobility Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 65], "content_span": [66, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017387-0000-0000", "contents": "173rd (3/1st London) Brigade\nThe 173rd (3/1st London) Brigade was a formation of the  British Army's Territorial Force that was raised in 1915. It was assigned to the 58th (2/1st London) Division and served on the Western Front during World War I. Its number was used for a deception formation during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017387-0001-0000", "contents": "173rd (3/1st London) Brigade, Origin\nWhen the Territorial Force (TF) was created in 1908, the 1st London Brigade in 1st London Division comprised the first four battalions of the new London Regiment, each of which had previously been a Volunteer battalion of the Royal Fusiliers (the City of London Regiment). After World War I broke out in 1914, the 1st London Brigade was the first complete TF formation to go overseas on service, relieving the Regular Army garrison of Malta.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 36], "content_span": [37, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017387-0001-0001", "contents": "173rd (3/1st London) Brigade, Origin\nEach battalion left behind a cadre of officers and men (mainly those who were unfit or who had not volunteered for overseas service) to begin the task of raising a 2nd Line battalion from the mass of volunteers who were coming forward. These units were distinguished from the 1st line by a '2/' prefix, so that the 2/1st London Brigade was created in the 2/1st London Division, consisting of the 2/1st, 2/2nd etc battalions of the London Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 36], "content_span": [37, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017387-0001-0002", "contents": "173rd (3/1st London) Brigade, Origin\nInitially, the 2nd Line was regarded as a reserve for the TF overseas, but its units were soon being prepared for overseas service themselves, and a 3rd Line was organised to train drafts for the first two. As early as December 1914, the 2/1st London Brigade sailed to relieve the 1/1st Brigade in Malta, and was replaced in the 2/1st London Division by the 3/1st London Brigade. Unusually, therefore, the eventual reserve units of the first four battalions of the London Regiment were numbered as the 4th Line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 36], "content_span": [37, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017387-0002-0000", "contents": "173rd (3/1st London) Brigade, Origin, Initial Order of Battle\nThe 3/1st London Brigade came into existence at Tadworth in Surrey in April 1915 and its first commander, Colonel H. Cholmondeley, CB, (London Rifle Brigade) was appointed on 10 May. Cholmondeley had commanded the Mounted Infantry of the City Imperial Volunteers during the Second Boer War, had commanded a Prisoner of war camp at Lancaster, Lancashire after the outbreak of war in 1914, and had just raised the 3/5th Bn London Regiment (London Rifle Brigade). The 3/1st London Bde's component battalions had already been raised:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 61], "content_span": [62, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017387-0003-0000", "contents": "173rd (3/1st London) Brigade, Origin, Initial Order of Battle\nWithin the division, the brigade was informally known as the 'Fusilier Brigade'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 61], "content_span": [62, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017387-0004-0000", "contents": "173rd (3/1st London) Brigade, Origin, 29th Battalion, London Regiment\nIn June 1915, a reorganisation saw the men of the 3/1st London Brigade who were unfit for overseas service separated out into a composite battalion, the 100th Provisional Battalion. This was stationed at Aldeburgh, guarding the East Coast as part of 6th Provisional Brigade. In August, all the men of the Provisional Battalion were returned to their units except those who had not volunteered for overseas service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 69], "content_span": [70, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017387-0004-0001", "contents": "173rd (3/1st London) Brigade, Origin, 29th Battalion, London Regiment\nThese Home Service men continued serving in home defence until 1916, when the Military Service Act swept away the Home/Overseas service distinction and the provisional battalions took on the dual role of home defence and physical conditioning to render men fit for drafting overseas. The 100th Provisional Battalion officially became the 29th (City of London) Bn, London Regiment (TF) on 1 January 1917. The battalion never served overseas, and was demobilised early in 1919. After the conflict it was mentioned on both the Royal Fusiliers War Memorial and London Troops Memorial, whilst its World War One casualties are listed by name in the roll of honour at the Royal Fusiliers Chapel in St Sepulchre-without-Newgate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 69], "content_span": [70, 790]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017387-0005-0000", "contents": "173rd (3/1st London) Brigade, Training\nThe 3/1st London Brigade moved to Bury St Edmunds at the end of May, and was soon recruited back to full strength after the departure of the Provisional Battalion. The camp at Tattenham Corner, where 3/2nd Bn had been raised, became the Brigade School of Instruction for training officers of these new units. At the end of June, the brigade moved into billets in Ipswich, where the 2/1st London Division was being concentrated. In August 1915 the division was redesignated the 58th (2/1st London) Division, and the 3/1st London Brigade became the 173rd (3/1st London) Brigade alongside the 174th (2/2nd London) and 175th (2/3rd London) Brigades.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 38], "content_span": [39, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017387-0006-0000", "contents": "173rd (3/1st London) Brigade, Training\nAlthough the role of draft-finding for the battalions overseas was now taken over by the brigade's 4th Line battalions, training was disrupted by these frequent moves and by the men being in billets until June 1916 when they moved into Blackrock Camp outside Ipswich. The only weapons available for training were .256-in Japanese Ariska rifles. The battalions absorbed large drafts of recruits under the Derby scheme in February 1916.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 38], "content_span": [39, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017387-0007-0000", "contents": "173rd (3/1st London) Brigade, Training\nIn June 1916, the 2/1st Brigade, having seen active service at Gallipoli and against the Senussi rebels, was sent to France where it was broken up and the men drafted to the 1st Line battalions serving on the Western Front with the 56th (1/1st London) Division. As a result, the 3rd Line battalions of the 173rd Bde were renumbered as 2nd Line units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 38], "content_span": [39, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017387-0008-0000", "contents": "173rd (3/1st London) Brigade, Training\nAt the time of the renumbering, the 58th Division was carrying out coast defence duties in East Anglia, but on 10 July 1916 it concentrated at Sutton Veny for battle training on Salisbury Plain. The men finally received Lee Enfield service rifles in place of the Japanese weapons. On 20 January 1917, embarkation of 58th Division for France began at Southampton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 38], "content_span": [39, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017387-0009-0000", "contents": "173rd (3/1st London) Brigade, Western Front, Order of Battle\nDuring its service on the Western Front, the brigade had the following composition:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 60], "content_span": [61, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017387-0010-0000", "contents": "173rd (3/1st London) Brigade, Western Front, Trench warfare\nAfter concentrating around Lucheux, the brigade went into the line for the first time, at Ransart, south of Arras. This was considered a quiet sector, and the brigade was attached to 146th (1st West Riding) Brigade of the 49th (West Riding) Infantry Division for an introduction to trench warfare. From February to April, the 58th Division followed up the German retreat to the Hindenburg Line and was then put to work to repair the roads and railways destroyed by the retreating enemy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 59], "content_span": [60, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017387-0011-0000", "contents": "173rd (3/1st London) Brigade, Western Front, Bullecourt\nUnder heavy shellfire during the night of 13/14 May, 173rd Bde relieved the 15th Australian Brigade, which had been attacking at the Second Battle of Bullecourt. 2/3rd and 2/4th Battalions formed the front line, with two companies of 2/2nd Bn in support. A serious counter-attack against the brigade's position on 15 May was broken up by shell and small arms fire; a lodgement in 2/3rd Bn's line was driven out with the help of A Company of the 2/2nd. After two days in the line, suffering heavy casualties under bombardment, 2/3rd and 2/4th Bns had to be withdrawn and replaced by the rest of the brigade. 173rd Brigade was relieved by 175th Bde on 21 May. On 15 June the brigade carried out a carefully rehearsed attack to take the last portion of the Hindenburg Line at Bullecourt. The attackers were disposed as:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 55], "content_span": [56, 872]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017387-0012-0000", "contents": "173rd (3/1st London) Brigade, Western Front, Bullecourt\nThe attack went in with an extraordinary weight of artillery support: the divisional artilleries of 58th and two other divisions, the corps artillery, and the three brigade machine-gun companies of 58th Division. Zero hour was at 02.50, and tapes and duckboard trench bridges were laid after dark on 14 June to help the troops maintain direction in the maze of trenches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 55], "content_span": [56, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017387-0012-0001", "contents": "173rd (3/1st London) Brigade, Western Front, Bullecourt\nWhen the barrage opened at 02.50 the troops followed it closely and reached their first objective with little loss but the German pillboxes (Mannschafts-Eisenbeton-Unterst\u00e4nde Mebus) caused difficulties, while on the left the attackers had overrun their objective and pushed too far forwards into their standing barrage. The brigade attacked again the following night to complete the work, using more companies but the preparations were disrupted by four German counter-attacks starting at 22.30. Eventually the attack began at 03.10 on 16 June, with 2/1st on the right, 2/2nd in the centre and 2/4th on the left.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 55], "content_span": [56, 669]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017387-0012-0002", "contents": "173rd (3/1st London) Brigade, Western Front, Bullecourt\nThe attack succeeded in establishing itself in the Hindenburg Support Line. Here they were again counter-attacked and messages sent back for artillery support failed to get through; by the end of the day the brigade was back at the Hindenburg Front Line, where it held on until relieved by 174th Bde at 02.30 on 17 June. Casualties for the two days amounted to 49 officers and 955 other ranks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 55], "content_span": [56, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017387-0013-0000", "contents": "173rd (3/1st London) Brigade, Western Front, Ypres\nAfter a period of further training, labouring and trench holding near Arras and then at Havrincourt the 58th Division moved to the Ypres Salient in late August 1917. 173rd Brigade took over the division's frontage on 11/12 September. In preparation for the attack of 20 September (the Battle of the Menin Road Ridge), a series of trench raids was undertaken.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017387-0013-0001", "contents": "173rd (3/1st London) Brigade, Western Front, Ypres\nOn 14 September, A Company of 2/1st Bn raided the strongly fortified area round 'Winnipeg Crossroads': the raid was a failure, with over three quarters of the attackers posted missing, and drew a quick counter-attack from the enemy, which was also repulsed. During the exchange of shellfire on 19 September, 173rd Bde's commander, Brig-Gen Bernard Freyberg, was wounded on his way up to his battle HQ, though he continued to command the brigade from a stretcher until evacuated after the following morning's attack, when he was temporarily replaced by Lt-Col Dann of the 2/4th Bn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017387-0014-0000", "contents": "173rd (3/1st London) Brigade, Western Front, Ypres\n173rd Brigade's attack was carried out by 2/4th Bn, advancing in four company columns, each 100 strong, against Winnipeg Crossroads. The rest of the brigade was not involved in the attack, except for C Company of 2/3rd Bn making a mock attack as a diversion. Assembling the attackers in the thick mud and darkness caused problems, but the assault went in at 05.40 behind an intense creeping barrage. Only at Schuler Farm, where the supporting tanks were bogged down and the attacking platoon was almost wiped out, did the attack fail.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017387-0014-0001", "contents": "173rd (3/1st London) Brigade, Western Front, Ypres\nThe battalion was on its other objectives within half an hour, but casualties from shellfire had been severe, and a company of 2/3rd Bn was sent to thicken up the line. Similarly, British shellfire broke up a German counter-attack, and Schuler Farm was evacuated, so that the planned follow-up attack by 2/3rd Bn became unnecessary. 2/2nd Battalion took over the line, consolidated, and brought in wounded until the brigade was relieved during the night of 20/21 September. Although 58th Division participated in the Battle of Polygon Wood (26 September), 173rd Bde was not engaged (though 2/2nd Bn helped 175th Bde with a mock attack as a diversion), and afterwards the 58th went into reserve.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 745]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017387-0015-0000", "contents": "173rd (3/1st London) Brigade, Western Front, Ypres\nThe division returned to the line for the Second Battle of Passchendaele (26 October). As it arrived, the weather broke, the brigade came under heavy shellfire as it assembled in the Poelcapelle area, and was forced to jump off from a line of flooded craters and struggle forward behind an inadequate barrage that advanced too quickly. The attack was led by 2/2nd and 2/3rd Bns of 173rd Bde with 2/1st Bn in support. 2/2nd", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017387-0015-0001", "contents": "173rd (3/1st London) Brigade, Western Front, Ypres\nBattalion took some pillboxes at Cameron House but was partially forced back by a counter-attack; 2/3rd Bn became mired in mud attempting to take Spider crossroads and were driven back to their start line, losing their CO. 2/4th Battalion was detailed to leap-frog through and take 173rd Bde's second objective, but the exhausted men, with hardly a rifle able to fire because of the mud, only took one post, at Tracas Farm, before being pushed back to their start line. The battalion suffered so many casualties that it had to be reorganised as a single company. 173rd Brigade was relieved by 174th Bde, which continued attacking on 30 October. After the failure of the battle, 58th Division continued to hold the line at Polecapelle through the winter months.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 811]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017387-0016-0000", "contents": "173rd (3/1st London) Brigade, Western Front, Reorganisation\n58th Division was transferred to the south in January 1918. Here it spent time digging defences, converting former French positions into the newly devised defences in depth. The BEF was suffering a manpower shortage, and its brigades were reduced from a four-battalion to a three-battalion establishment. In 173rd Bde this resulted in 2/1st Bn being broken up on 31 January and its men drafted to the other battalions of the brigade and to 1/4th Bn in 56th Division. At the same time 1/3rd Bn was transferred in from 56th Division to be amalgamated with 2/3rd Bn, and thereafter became simply 3rd Bn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 59], "content_span": [60, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017387-0017-0000", "contents": "173rd (3/1st London) Brigade, Western Front, Spring Offensive\nWhen the German spring offensive opened on 21 March 1918, 58th Division was positioned astride the River Oise with 173rd Bde north of the river at La F\u00e8re. It was covering a wide frontage of about 5000 yards with 2/2nd Londons in the Forward Zone in a series of four company outposts on the line of the St. Quentin Canal, and 2/4th Londons behind them in the Battle Zone, where each company was in a 'defended locality' with a central keep and outlying redoubts. The wide spaces between outposts and defended localities were covered by the brigade machine gun company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 61], "content_span": [62, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017387-0017-0001", "contents": "173rd (3/1st London) Brigade, Western Front, Spring Offensive\nGeneral Oskar von Hutier directed four German divisions under Von Gayl against this front. 173rd Brigade's Signal HQ was knocked out early in the bombardment and no orders went out, but 2/4th Bn deployed to their positions on their own initiative. The whole position was shrouded in mist, aiding the German infiltration tactics. They crossed the canal by plank bridges and cleared the Forward Zone by midday, virtually wiping out 2/2nd Bn except A Company at Travercy, then 2/4th Bn in the Battle Zone were engaged as the mist lifted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 61], "content_span": [62, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017387-0017-0002", "contents": "173rd (3/1st London) Brigade, Western Front, Spring Offensive\nThis battalion held on until nightfall, supported by detachments of 3rd Bn from reserve and the divisional pioneers of 1/4th Bn Suffolk Regiment. Most of C Company 2/4th Bn at the Triangle locality, supported by a single 18-pounder field gun, were eventually captured, but by midnight the rest of the battalion had withdrawn in good order across the Crozat Canal. Only the cut-off A Company 2/2nd Bn held out, until forced to surrender at 01.00 on 23 March.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 61], "content_span": [62, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017387-0018-0000", "contents": "173rd (3/1st London) Brigade, Western Front, Spring Offensive\nWhile the 8th Londons of 174th Bde held the canal, the three companies of 2/4th Bn dug in on the Vouel Line behind them. The German attack was renewed in the afternoon of 22 March, but the canal was held until nightfall, the only attacks on the Vouel Line coming from German artillery ranged in by spotter aircraft. The following day, the Vouel Line (now the British front line) became crowded with French troops from a failed counter-attack on the canal, while the left flank was 'in the air' after the retreat of 18th (Eastern) Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 61], "content_span": [62, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017387-0018-0001", "contents": "173rd (3/1st London) Brigade, Western Front, Spring Offensive\nThe position became untenable at mid-day, and 2/4th Bn and the French troops had to make a fighting withdrawal to the partly dug Green Line about 1500 yards back. With continued pressure on the open left flank, 173rd Bde was forced to withdraw again, beyond Viry-Noureuil. By now the fighting strength of 2/4th Londons was about 120 men, who came under the command of 8th Londons. However, the battalion's second-in-command, Major Grover, led up a scratch force of 280 clerks, cooks and drivers from the brigade's rear areas. By nightfall, 'Grover's Force' blocked the way to Chauny on the St Quentin Canal, with the combined 2/4th and 8th Londons to his left and the 18th Entrenching Battalion (formed from disbanded battalions of 18th Division) to his right astride the canal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 61], "content_span": [62, 840]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017387-0019-0000", "contents": "173rd (3/1st London) Brigade, Western Front, Spring Offensive\nThe mixed force under 173rd Bde held out on the fourth day of the battle until the afternoon, when they made a planned withdrawal, and by 16.30 had retired across the Oise to join the rest of 58th Division. Here a composite 'Fusilier Battalion' was formed under Lt-Col Dann of the 2/4th, with a company drawn from each of the 2/2nd, 3rd, 2/4th and 8th Londons, which held the river crossings until relieved on the night of 25/26 March. Out of the line, Grover's Force and the Fusilier Battalion were reorganised, so that the Fusilier Battalion now represented the whole of 173rd Bde, to which the 12th Londons (175th Bde) and the 18th Entrenching Bn were attached.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 61], "content_span": [62, 726]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017387-0020-0000", "contents": "173rd (3/1st London) Brigade, Western Front, Villers Bretonneux\n58th Division was relieved by the French on 2/3 April and was moved by rail to cover Villers-Bretonneux against the continuing German advance. The battalions were replenished with drafts, 2/2nd Bn receiving three companies of the disbanded 12th Bn Middlesex Regiment from 18th Entrenching Bn, and 2/4th Bn two companies from 16th Entrenching Bn (mostly from the disbanded 6th King's Own Yorkshire Light Infantry from the 14th (Light) Division), Many of these drafts were very young recruits sent out from England. After a period working on defences, sometimes under fire, the brigade went back into the front line on 17\u201318 April.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 63], "content_span": [64, 693]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017387-0021-0000", "contents": "173rd (3/1st London) Brigade, Western Front, Villers Bretonneux\nThe battered 173rd Bde was not involved with the rest of the division in the First Battle of Villers-Bretonneux, but was holding the division's front line (3rd Bn right, 2/2nd Bn centre and 2/4th Bn left) when the German Second Army launched the Second Battle of Villers-Bretonneux on 24 April. The German barrage fell at 04.00, including a high proportion of gas shells, and caused serious casualties to the defending companies. The attack came at different times.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 63], "content_span": [64, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017387-0021-0001", "contents": "173rd (3/1st London) Brigade, Western Front, Villers Bretonneux\nAt Hangard Wood in the centre, 2/2nd Bn was attacked at about 06.00, and the SOS rockets calling for artillery support could not be seen due to the mist. When a message got through to the British guns their fire fell short, on the defenders. Nevertheless, the three front line companies held their position. 2/4th", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 63], "content_span": [64, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017387-0021-0002", "contents": "173rd (3/1st London) Brigade, Western Front, Villers Bretonneux\nBattalion on the left was attacked out of the mist by six German A7V tanks and fell back, uncovering the flank of 2/2nd Bn. C Company of 2/2nd was sent up as reinforcements, carrying extra ammunition, but the infiltrating German infantry had almost cut off D Company and were working round behind 2/2nd Bn's HQ. However, the 2/4th quickly realised that the tanks were manoeuvring ineffectually, so they rallied at the company HQ line and then fell back slowly. They inflicted heavy casualties on the three following waves of German infantry, finally halting them at the Cachy Switch trench.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 63], "content_span": [64, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017387-0021-0003", "contents": "173rd (3/1st London) Brigade, Western Front, Villers Bretonneux\n2/4th Bn's support company was almost cut off but also fought its way back to the Switch. An 18-pounder gun was manhandled to 2/4th Bn's HQ, where it drove back the remaining German tanks. 3rd Bn continued to hold its position. Once the mist cleared a second German attack was broken up by artillery fire. Further to the left, Villers-Bretonneux had been captured but a counter-attack the same night regained the ruins and most of the lost ground.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 63], "content_span": [64, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017387-0022-0000", "contents": "173rd (3/1st London) Brigade, Western Front, Villers Bretonneux\nThe brigade spent the summer of 1918 working on the defences in front of Amiens. Although its battalions received some drafts of recruits from home they were never made up to full strength. During spells in the line the battalions carried out a number of patrols into No man's land to train the young soldiers. At this period the 1918 flu pandemic caused more casualties than the Germans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 63], "content_span": [64, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017387-0023-0000", "contents": "173rd (3/1st London) Brigade, Western Front, Chipilly\nFor the opening attack of the Hundred Days Offensive (the Battle of Amiens) on 8 August 1918, 174th Bde was given the initial objective of capturing Malard Wood, after which 173rd Bde would pass through to take the vital Chipilly Ridge overlooking a bend in the River Somme and flanking the battlefield. 173rd Brigade moved off in 'artillery formation' through the German barrage that fell behind 174th Bde, with 3rd Bn on the right, 2/4th Bn on the left, and 2/2nd Bn in reserve. During this advance the battalion HQ staff of 2/4th Bn were wounded by shellfire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 53], "content_span": [54, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017387-0023-0001", "contents": "173rd (3/1st London) Brigade, Western Front, Chipilly\nIn the morning mist this battalion drifted to the left of its intended line of advance, followed by 2/2nd Bn. They also had to deal with isolated pockets of resistance, and their supporting tanks got lost in the mist. At 08.30, as the leading companies reached the far edge of Malard Wood, the mist began to clear and they were brought to a halt by machine gun fire across the gully in front of the wood. The CO of 2/2nd Bn, Lt-Col Miller, began to reorganise the mixed-up battalions and completed the clearance of Malard Wood.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 53], "content_span": [54, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017387-0023-0002", "contents": "173rd (3/1st London) Brigade, Western Front, Chipilly\nAircraft erroneously reported British troops on Chipilly Ridge, so when 2/2nd began the second phase of the attack at 15.00 no artillery fire was brought onto the ridge. Without artillery support the attackers could only reach the lower slopes of Chipilly Ridge. 2/2nd Londons were forced back to Malard Wood, where the brigade dug in. Casualties in this debacle had been very heavy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 53], "content_span": [54, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017387-0024-0000", "contents": "173rd (3/1st London) Brigade, Western Front, Chipilly\nThe failure to take Chipilly Ridge resulted in heavy casualties to the troops to the left of 58th Division who were overlooked by this feature. The division therefore made a second attack on 9 August. Orders arrived late and 173rd Bde attacked from an assembly trench that turned out to be no more than a string of shell-holes, and behind a misdirected barrage. The attacking troops were controlled by Lt-Col Miller of 2/3nd Bn, who disposed them with 3nd Bn on the right, 2/4th in the centre and 2/2nd on the left, with 2/10th Londons (from 175th Bde) in reserve.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 53], "content_span": [54, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017387-0024-0001", "contents": "173rd (3/1st London) Brigade, Western Front, Chipilly\nSupporting troops of the 131st US Infantry were rushed up on the left but were not yet in line when the creeping barrage began, so 173rd Bde was enfiladed from Chipilly village. Under heavy fire and taking serious casualties, the 2/4th dug in under the shelter of the Chipilly gully. Before nightfall, the 2/10th Londons and 131st US Infantry managed to clear Chipilly village and 173rd Bde finally dislodged the defenders from the ridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 53], "content_span": [54, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017387-0025-0000", "contents": "173rd (3/1st London) Brigade, Western Front, Chipilly\nThe battalions had lost heavily over the two-day battle, and at one point 2/4th Bn had five acting COs in 12 hours. Between 10 and 22 August they were brought up to strength with large drafts from various London battalions and some seasoned soldiers from 14th (Light) Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 53], "content_span": [54, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017387-0026-0000", "contents": "173rd (3/1st London) Brigade, Western Front, Bapaume\nThe Second Battle of Bapaume opened on 22 August and was continued with a night attack on 23/24 August, in which 173rd Bde supported 175th Bde and 47th Division. A dawn attack on 25 August found the German positions empty, and 2/4th Londons was sent forward with a Troop of the Northumberland Hussars and sections of the Royal Field Artillery and Machine Gun Corps as an advanced guard to re-establish contact with the enemy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 52], "content_span": [53, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017387-0026-0001", "contents": "173rd (3/1st London) Brigade, Western Front, Bapaume\nIn these unusual conditions of open warfare, the battalion marched in column up a road until the cavalry contacted the enemy at Billon Wood, when the companies deployed and attacked, supported by 2/2nd and 3rd Bns. Despite intense shelling, the brigade was established on the far side of the wood by the end of the day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 52], "content_span": [53, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017387-0027-0000", "contents": "173rd (3/1st London) Brigade, Western Front, Bapaume\nThe Brigade entered Maricourt the following day, but with its flanks 'in the air' it fell back to a line just short of the village. The attack was renewed on 27 August, with 2/4th Bn in support of 3rd Londons. The defence was sporadic, and the two battalions passed through the village, which 2/2nd Bn mopped up in the afternoon. The following day 2.2nd Bn led the attack with 3rd Bn in support, taking Clapham Farm by afternoon. The brigade was then rested until 1 September, when at short notice a dawn attack was made towards Bouchavesnes. 3rd Londons on the left and 2/4th on the right followed the creeping barrage, overcame some resistance at the edge of the village, and was on its final objective by 10.45. 58th Division was then relieved in the line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 52], "content_span": [53, 812]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017387-0028-0000", "contents": "173rd (3/1st London) Brigade, Western Front, \u00c9pehy\nAfter a period in reserve, the 58th Division returned to the offensive, and on 7 September 173rd Bde was brought up by buses into divisional reserve. After an unsuccessful attack by 174th Bde the very weak 173rd Bde took over the attack on 10 September, towards the villages round \u00c9pehy on the last ridge before the Canal du Nord, forming the Hindenburg outpost positions. 2/2nd Bn led with the 2/4th in close support towards P\u00e9zi\u00e8res while 3rd Bn went for \u00c9pehy. 2/4th Londons were then to turn south and pop up between the two leading battalions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017387-0028-0001", "contents": "173rd (3/1st London) Brigade, Western Front, \u00c9pehy\nThe brigade went forward behind creeping barrage at 05.15, in bad weather. The two villages were taken, but considerable opposition was met from the German Alpine Corps, and the attack lost cohesion in the ruined streets. The barrage had not dealt with machine gun nests and the brigade (now only about 900 strong) was too weak to mop them up unaided. 2/2nd Londons found themselves surrounded and had to fight their way back. A second attempt was made at 13.00 to establish a line between the two villages, using infiltration tactics and the brigade's light Stokes mortars, but with no better success.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017387-0029-0000", "contents": "173rd (3/1st London) Brigade, Western Front, Reorganisation\nDespite the successes of the Hundred Days Offensive, the BEF's manpower crisis was now severe, and on 12 September 1918 the remnant of the 2/4th Bn was amalgamated into 2/2nd Bn and its place in the brigade filled by 2/24th Bn (Queen's), which had been brought back to the Western Front from the 60th (2/2nd London) Division in Palestine and had been attached to 66th (2nd East Lancashire) Division since July.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 59], "content_span": [60, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017387-0030-0000", "contents": "173rd (3/1st London) Brigade, Western Front, Reorganisation\nThe \u00c9pehy position was now to be taken by deliberate assault (the Battle of \u00c9pehy). 173rd Brigade renewed the division's attack on P\u00e9zi\u00e8res, A, B, and D Companies of 2/2nd Bn and two tanks being detailed to take the first two objectives, with 2/24th Bn in close support for mopping up and 3rd Bn to take a small area on the right. The attack was scheduled for 16 September but postponed until the 18th. There was no preliminary bombardment, but the creeping barrage began with three minutes on the start line and then lifted 100 yards every four minutes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 59], "content_span": [60, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017387-0030-0001", "contents": "173rd (3/1st London) Brigade, Western Front, Reorganisation\nThe pre-dawn attack in drizzle went well, despite the Alpine troops' resistance, and within an hour 2/2nd Bn had reached the railway embankment beyond P\u00e9zi\u00e8res (the first objective). At 07.00 the whole battalion moved on towards is second objective, which it took by 09.10, but 2/24th was held up by a number of strongpoints. These were cleared up by 2/2nd and 3rd Bns at 21.00, but the Germans in Poplar Trench held out until mid-morning the following day. 173rd Brigade was relieved on 20 September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 59], "content_span": [60, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017387-0031-0000", "contents": "173rd (3/1st London) Brigade, Western Front, Pursuit to the Scheldt\n58th Division returned to the line north of the Scarpe between Lens and Loos on 30 September. On 2 October it was found that the Germans had withdrawn on this front during the night and 173rd Bde was pushed forward through the day. After midnight it pushed on again until its patrols found the new German defences at the Oppy\u2013Mericourt\u2013Pont \u00e1 Vendin Line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 67], "content_span": [68, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017387-0032-0000", "contents": "173rd (3/1st London) Brigade, Western Front, Pursuit to the Scheldt\nThe Germans withdrew further to the Drocourt\u2013Queant Switch Line on 9 October, but the village of Noyelles still held out, until 173rd Bde helped 37th Bde to capture it. On 11 October, the brigade received its orders late, but advanced about a mile with the support of the divisional artillery to take Harnes Fosses (coal-mines) without opposition. The following day 173rd and 175th Bdes took Harnes and the Annay Switch line, and on 13 October pushed on through Annay and advanced to within a thousand yards of the Haute De\u00fble canal. Patrols that night found the canal strongly held.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 67], "content_span": [68, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017387-0033-0000", "contents": "173rd (3/1st London) Brigade, Western Front, Pursuit to the Scheldt\nThe German withdrawal continued on 15 October and 2/2nd Londons established footbridges over the canal. 173rd Brigade was then in divisional reserve while the pursuit continued. By 20 October, German resistance was slight; the brigade's advance was only held up by fire from a small village to its flank. The following day it pushed on to the Scheldt and established posts in the villages overlooking the river. During the night the 504th Field Company, Royal Engineers, built a footbridge over a destroyed road bridge, but patrols were unable to cross until the morning, when a few of 2/24th", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 67], "content_span": [68, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017387-0033-0001", "contents": "173rd (3/1st London) Brigade, Western Front, Pursuit to the Scheldt\nLondons got across supported by a field battery and machine guns. They were driven back. Next, 504th Fd Co made a raft of barrels and floorboards taken from the local brewery and two companies of 2/2nd Londons tried and failed to get across. Shelling drove the brigade's support battalion back out of its position. However, Brig-Gen Corkran had gathered valuable information about the terrain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 67], "content_span": [68, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017387-0034-0000", "contents": "173rd (3/1st London) Brigade, Western Front, Pursuit to the Scheldt\n58th Division then thinned out its outposts along the river, leaving 174th Bde, plus one battalion from 173rd, in position. On 8 November, the enemy began to pull back from the Scheldt and 2/2nd Londons crossed with 174th Bde. The advance then continued until 11 November, when the Armistice with Germany came into force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 67], "content_span": [68, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017387-0035-0000", "contents": "173rd (3/1st London) Brigade, Disbandment\nAfter the Armistice, 58th Division remained in the P\u00e9ruwelz area of Belgium. Education and training courses were carried out for men preparing for demobilisation, and skilled tradesmen and miners were the first to be sent home. 2/2nd Londons were disbanded on 26 February. At the beginning of March 1919 the dwindling division concentrated round Leuze, and on 12 March the three brigade HQs were disbanded and amalgamated into a single 58th Division Group HQ.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 41], "content_span": [42, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017387-0036-0000", "contents": "173rd (3/1st London) Brigade, World War II\nSecond Line TF units and formations were not reformed after the war. However, the 58th Division and the 173rd Brigade were used during World War II for 'phantom formations' as part of Operation Fortitude. They were chosen on the basis of Ultra reports that showed the Germans believed a 58th Infantry Division existed in the vicinity of Windsor. This misidentification was then supported by simulated radio traffic and by fictitious reports from double agents working for the British Security Service, MI5.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 42], "content_span": [43, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017387-0037-0000", "contents": "173rd (3/1st London) Brigade, World War II\nAs part of Fourth Army's II Corps, the 'division' took the role of a mountain trained assault formation in 'Fortitude North' (HQ: Aberlour) and the role of follow up unit in 'Fortitude South' (HQ: Gravesend). It was disposed of by announcing that the division had moved to Hertfordshire and been disbanded in April 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 42], "content_span": [43, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017387-0038-0000", "contents": "173rd (3/1st London) Brigade, World War II\nThe formation's insignia, a stag's face full on a black square was chosen to support the division's fictional back-story, that it had been formed in the Scottish Highlands around cadres from combat experienced Highland regiments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 42], "content_span": [43, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017387-0039-0000", "contents": "173rd (3/1st London) Brigade, Memorial\nThe 58th Divisional Memorial, depicting a wounded horse sculpted by Henri Gauquie, is at Chipilly. It was paid for from the profits of the divisional entertainment canteen and barber shop, the remainder funding a Territorial charity that still exists today.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 38], "content_span": [39, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017387-0040-0000", "contents": "173rd (3/1st London) Brigade, Commanders\nThe following officers commanded the 173rd (3/1st London) Brigade during its existence:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017388-0000-0000", "contents": "173rd Airborne Brigade\nThe 173rd Airborne Brigade (\"Sky Soldiers\") is an airborne infantry brigade combat team (IBCT) of the United States Army based in Vicenza, Italy. It is the United States European Command's conventional airborne strategic response force for Europe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017388-0001-0000", "contents": "173rd Airborne Brigade\nActivated in 1915, as the 173rd Infantry Brigade, the unit saw service in World War II but is best known for its actions during the Vietnam War. The brigade was the first major United States Army ground formation deployed in Vietnam, serving there from 1965 to 1971 and losing 1,533 soldiers. Noted for its roles in Operation Hump and Operation Junction City, the 173rd is best known for the Battle of Dak To, where it suffered heavy casualties in close combat with North Vietnamese forces. Brigade members received over 7,700 decorations, including more than 6,000 Purple Hearts. The brigade returned to the United States in 1972, where the 1st and 2nd Battalion, 503rd Infantry, were absorbed into the 3rd Brigade, 101st Airborne Division (Airmobile), and the 3rd Battalion, 319th Field Artillery was reassigned to Division Artillery in the 101st. The remaining units of the 173rd were inactivated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 923]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017388-0002-0000", "contents": "173rd Airborne Brigade\nSince its reactivation in 2000, the brigade served five tours in the Middle East in support of the War on Terror. The 173rd participated in the initial invasion of Iraq during Operation Iraqi Freedom in 2003, and had four tours in Afghanistan in support of Operation Enduring Freedom in 2005\u201306, 2007\u201308, 2009\u201310, and 2012\u201313. The brigade returned most recently from a deployment stretching from late 2013 to late 2014. 2/503rd 2014- 2015The 173rd Airborne Brigade has received 21 campaign streamers and several unit awards, including the Presidential Unit Citation for its actions during the Battle of Dak To during the Vietnam War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017388-0003-0000", "contents": "173rd Airborne Brigade, Organization\nThe 173rd Airborne Brigade serves as the conventional airborne strategic response force for Europe. It was a subordinate unit of the U.S. Army's V\u00a0Corps and after June 2013, subordinate to US Army Europe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017388-0004-0000", "contents": "173rd Airborne Brigade, Organization\nThe 173rd Airborne Brigade currently consists of 3,300 soldiers in seven subordinate battalions as well as a headquarters company:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017388-0005-0000", "contents": "173rd Airborne Brigade, Organization\nAll of these units are airborne qualified, making the 173rd Airborne Brigade the only separate airborne IBCT in the United States Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017388-0006-0000", "contents": "173rd Airborne Brigade, Organization\nIn August 2016 the 1st Battalion (Airborne), 143rd Infantry Regiment became part of the brigade under the Army's Associated Unit Pilot Program.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017388-0007-0000", "contents": "173rd Airborne Brigade, History, World Wars\nThe 173rd Infantry Brigade was constituted on 5 August 1917 as an infantry brigade and organized on 25 August at Camp Pike, Arkansas, as an element of the 87th Division along with the 174th Infantry Brigade. The brigade deployed to France along with the rest of the division in September 1918, but it did not participate in any campaigns and never saw combat, instead being utilized as a pool of laborers and reinforcements for frontline units. Four months later, the brigade returned to the United States, and was demobilized with the rest of the division in January 1919 at Camp Dix, New Jersey. Commanders during the war included:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 43], "content_span": [44, 677]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017388-0008-0000", "contents": "173rd Airborne Brigade, History, World Wars\nOn 24 June 1921, the unit was reconstituted as the Headquarters and Headquarters Company (HHC), 173rd Infantry Brigade, and was assigned to the Organized Reserve Corps and the 87th Division at Shreveport, Louisiana. It was reorganized in December 1921 at Mobile, Alabama, redesignated on 23 March 1925 as the HHC 173rd Brigade, and redesignated as HHC 173rd Infantry Brigade on 24 August 1936.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 43], "content_span": [44, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017388-0009-0000", "contents": "173rd Airborne Brigade, History, World Wars\nDuring World War II, brigades were eliminated from divisions. Consequently, the HHC 173rd Infantry Brigade was designated as the 87th Reconnaissance Troop in February 1942 and activated on 15 December 1942. Though the brigade in name did not exist during the war, the redesignation meant that it carried the lineage of the 87th Reconnaissance Troop, and when the brigade was reactivated, it would include the troop's lineage and campaign streamers. The troop entered combat in 1944 and fought in three European campaigns; central Europe, the Rhineland and Ardennes-Alsace operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 43], "content_span": [44, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017388-0009-0001", "contents": "173rd Airborne Brigade, History, World Wars\nThe maneuver battalions of the Vietnam era 173rd trace their lineage to the 503rd Parachute Infantry Regiment, which successfully assaulted the fortress island of Corregidor in the Philippines by parachute and waterborne operations, thereby earning the nickname \"The Rock\". After the war, the troop reverted to reserve status and was posted at Birmingham, Alabama from 1947 until 1951. On 1 December 1951, the troop was inactivated and released from its assignment to the 87th Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 43], "content_span": [44, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017388-0010-0000", "contents": "173rd Airborne Brigade, History, Re-creation as airborne brigade\nFrom 1961 to 1963, the Army began reorganizing its force so that each division would have a similar structure, which would vary depending on the type of division it was. This move was called the Reorganization Objective Army Division (ROAD) plan. The plan eliminated regiments but reintroduced brigades to the Army's structure, allowing three brigades to a division. The reorganization also allowed for the use of \"separate\" brigades which had no division headquarters and could be used for missions that did not require an entire division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 64], "content_span": [65, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017388-0010-0001", "contents": "173rd Airborne Brigade, History, Re-creation as airborne brigade\nThe 173rd Brigade was selected to become a separate brigade and a special airborne task force, which could deploy rapidly and act independently. It was then designed uniquely from other separate brigades. The 173rd was the only separate brigade to have support formations permanently assigned to it, though other separate brigades would receive support elements of their own a year later. The brigade was also the only separate brigade to receive its own tank company, in the form of Company D, 16th Armor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 64], "content_span": [65, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017388-0010-0002", "contents": "173rd Airborne Brigade, History, Re-creation as airborne brigade\nConsistent with regimental combat teams activated before them, these separate brigades were given their own shoulder sleeve insignia. The soldiers of the 173rd Airborne Brigade created a patch with a wing on it to symbolize their status as an airborne unit, along with red, white, and blue, the national colors of the United States. The SSI would be given to them in May 1963.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 64], "content_span": [65, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017388-0011-0000", "contents": "173rd Airborne Brigade, History, Re-creation as airborne brigade\nOn 26 March 1963, the 173rd Airborne Brigade (Separate) was assigned to the Regular Army and activated on Okinawa. Brigadier General Ellis W. Williamson took command of the unit, which was chartered to serve as the quick reaction force for the Pacific Command. Under Williamson, the unit trained extensively, making mass parachute jumps. They earned the nickname Tien Bing (Chinese: \u5929\u5175), literally Sky Soldiers, from the Taiwanese paratroopers. During their time in Okinawa, they prided themselves as the \"toughest fighting men in Okinawa, if not the entire U.S. Armed Forces\". They took their theme song from the television series Rawhide. As the Pacific quick-reaction force, they were the first brigade to be sent to South Vietnam two years later when hostilities escalated there.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 64], "content_span": [65, 848]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017388-0012-0000", "contents": "173rd Airborne Brigade, History, Vietnam War\nThe brigade arrived in South Vietnam on 7 May 1965, the first major ground combat unit of the United States Army to serve in the country. Brigadier General Williamson boldly predicted on arrival that his men would defeat the Viet Cong (VC) quickly and that they \"would be back in Okinawa by Christmas\". The 1st Brigade, 101st Airborne Division; the 2nd Brigade, 1st Infantry Division; and the 1st Cavalry Division quickly followed the 173rd into Vietnam, the first of what would eventually be 25 U.S. Army brigades to serve in the country. As larger US Army commands were established in Vietnam, the brigade was assigned to the III\u00a0Corps and II\u00a0Corps tactical zone, which they would serve in for the next six years. The brigade was put under the command of II\u00a0Field Force, Vietnam.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 44], "content_span": [45, 826]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017388-0013-0000", "contents": "173rd Airborne Brigade, History, Vietnam War\nThe 1st and 2nd Battalions, 503rd Infantry were the first Army combat units from the 173rd sent into South Vietnam, accompanied by the 3rd Battalion, 319th Artillery. They were supported by the 173rd Support Battalion, 173rd Engineer Company, Troop E/17th Cavalry and Company D/16th Armor. The 1st Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment and the 161st Battery, Royal New Zealand Artillery were attached to the brigade for one year in 1965. Late in August 1966, the 173rd received another infantry battalion, the 4th Battalion, 503rd Infantry from Fort Campbell, Kentucky.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 44], "content_span": [45, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017388-0013-0001", "contents": "173rd Airborne Brigade, History, Vietnam War\nThe 3rd Battalion, 503rd joined the brigade at Tuy H\u00f2a Province in September 1967 following the former's activation and training at Fort Bragg, North Carolina. The 173rd was also assigned Company N (Ranger), 75th Infantry. At its peak of its deployment in Vietnam, the 173rd Airborne Brigade (Separate) comprised over 7,000 soldiers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 44], "content_span": [45, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017388-0014-0000", "contents": "173rd Airborne Brigade, History, Vietnam War\nThe brigade was the first unit sent into War Zone D to destroy enemy base camps, introducing the use of small Long Range Reconnaissance Patrols. On 8 November 1965, the 173rd took part in Operation Hump, just north of Bi\u00ean H\u00f2a on the outskirts of Saigon, the capital of South Vietnam. They were ambushed by approximately 1,200 VC fighters, suffering 48 deaths. The unit fought in the Iron Triangle, a VC stronghold north of Saigon, seeing many engagements with VC forces during that time. In January 1966 they launched Operation Marauder, the first U.S. military operation in the Plain of Reeds. They participated in Operation Crimp in 1966, a failed attempt to root out VC forces from the C\u1ee7 Chi tunnels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 44], "content_span": [45, 750]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017388-0015-0000", "contents": "173rd Airborne Brigade, History, Vietnam War\nThe attached helicopter unit became the Casper Aviation Platoon, befitting a separate infantry brigade as the only separate aviation platoon deployed in Vietnam. Casper platoon was part of the HHC 173rd Airborne Brigade and its members wore the brigade patch. The attached Assault Helicopter Company, the 335th AHC, the \"Cowboys\", deployed with the brigade all over Vietnam into mid-1968 and comprised the Airmobile capability along with the Caspers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 44], "content_span": [45, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017388-0015-0001", "contents": "173rd Airborne Brigade, History, Vietnam War\nSoldiers of the brigade became involved in Operation Attleboro in fall of 1966, an operation that started out as a small search and destroy mission north of Saigon, but eventually involved 22,000 troops from 21 battalions. Soldiers of the brigade also took part in smaller humanitarian missions in between major combat operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 44], "content_span": [45, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017388-0016-0000", "contents": "173rd Airborne Brigade, History, Vietnam War\nOn 22 February 1967, the 173rd conducted Operation Junction City, the only combat parachute jump of the Vietnam War. The operation saw three brigades controlling eight battalions dropped by helicopters and US Air Force aircraft into War Zone C, in T\u00e2y Ninh Province. During the battle, the brigade operated out of the northeastern part of the war zone along with the 196th Infantry Brigade (Separate), as four other brigades from the 1st and 25th Infantry Divisions attempted to surround and destroy the 9th Division in the War Zone. The operation was a success, and the battered VC division fled.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 44], "content_span": [45, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017388-0016-0001", "contents": "173rd Airborne Brigade, History, Vietnam War\nIn August of that year, the brigade received its distinctive unit insignia. The soldiers chose to have it contain a parachute and dagger to symbolize their participation in Operation Junction City and the other heavy fighting they had been through. The DUI was also inscribed \"Sky Soldiers\" as homage to the nickname that the Taiwanese soldiers had given them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 44], "content_span": [45, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017388-0017-0000", "contents": "173rd Airborne Brigade, History, Vietnam War, Dak To\nIn mid-1967, the 4th Infantry Division's 1st and 2nd Brigades conducting Operation Francis Marion in western Kon Tum Province were making heavy contact with People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) forces. These contacts prompted division commander Major General William R. Peers to request reinforcement and, as a result, on 17 June, two battalions of Brigadier General John R. Deane's 173rd Airborne Brigade were moved into the Dak To area to begin sweeping the jungle-covered mountains in Operation Greeley. The 173rd had been operating near Bien Hoa Air Base outside Saigon and had been in combat only against the VC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 52], "content_span": [53, 665]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017388-0017-0001", "contents": "173rd Airborne Brigade, History, Vietnam War, Dak To\nPrior to its deployment to the highlands, Peers' operations officer, Colonel William J. Livsey, attempted to warn the Airborne officers of the hazards of campaigning in the Central Highlands. He also advised them that PAVN regulars were a much better equipped and motivated force than the VC. These warnings, however, made little impression on the paratroopers, who were about to become victims of their own overconfidence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 52], "content_span": [53, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017388-0018-0000", "contents": "173rd Airborne Brigade, History, Vietnam War, Dak To\nOn 20 June, Company C, 2nd Battalion (Airborne), 503rd Infantry (C/2-503) discovered the bodies of a Special Forces CIDG unit that had been missing for four days on Hill 1338, the dominant hill mass south of Dak To. Supported by A/2-503, the Americans moved up the hill and set up for the night. At 06:58 the following morning, Alpha Company began moving alone up a ridge finger and triggered an ambush by the 6th Battalion of the 24th PAVN Regiment. Charlie Company was ordered to support, but heavy vegetation and difficult terrain made movement extremely difficult.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 52], "content_span": [53, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017388-0018-0001", "contents": "173rd Airborne Brigade, History, Vietnam War, Dak To\nArtillery support was rendered ineffective by the limited range of visibility. Close air support was impossible for the same reasons. Alpha Company managed to survive repeated attacks throughout the day and night, but the cost was heavy. Of the 137 men that comprised the unit, 76 had been killed and another 23 wounded. A search of the battlefield revealed only 15 dead North Vietnamese.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 52], "content_span": [53, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017388-0019-0000", "contents": "173rd Airborne Brigade, History, Vietnam War, Dak To\nIn response to the destruction of Alpha Company, MACV ordered additional forces into the area. On 23 June, the 1st Battalion, 12th Cavalry Regiment (1st Brigade, 1st Air Cavalry Division) arrived to bolster the 173rd. The following day, the Army of the Republic of Vietnam's (ARVN) elite 1st Airborne Task Force (the 5th and 8th Battalions) and the 3rd Brigade, 1st Air Cavalry Division (5th Battalion, 7th Cavalry Regiment; 2nd Battalion, 12th Cavalry; and an additional infantry battalion) arrived to conduct search and destroy operations north and northeast of Kon Tum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 52], "content_span": [53, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017388-0019-0001", "contents": "173rd Airborne Brigade, History, Vietnam War, Dak To\nGeneral Deane sent his forces 20 kilometres (12\u00a0mi) west and southwest of Dak To to search for the PAVN 24th Regiment. By October, the 173rd, the 4th Infantry Division, and six ARVN battalions were moved to Dak To. The PAVN, in turn, had moved almost 6,000 troops in four infantry regiments and one artillery regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 52], "content_span": [53, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017388-0020-0000", "contents": "173rd Airborne Brigade, History, Vietnam War, Dak To\nThe battle around Dak To became more costly as 4-503 of the 173rd was ordered to occupy Hill 823, south of Ben Het Camp, for the construction of Fire Support Base. Only the battalion's Company B was available for the attack, which was borne by helicopter. The company was able to take the hill but suffered 9 dead and 28 wounded. The following morning Bravo Company was relieved by Lieutenant Colonel David J. Schumacher's 1\u2013503, which (against the admonitions of Colonel Livsey) was divided into two small task forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 52], "content_span": [53, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017388-0020-0001", "contents": "173rd Airborne Brigade, History, Vietnam War, Dak To\nTask Force Black consisted of Charlie Company supported by two platoons of Dog Company and Task Force Blue which was composed of Alpha Company and the remaining platoon of Dog Company. Task Force Black left Hill 823 to find the PAVN who had attacked B/4-503. At 08:28 on 11 November, after leaving their overnight laager and following a PAVN communications wire, the force was ambushed by the 8th and 9th Battalions of the PAVN 66th Regiment and had to fight for its life.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 52], "content_span": [53, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017388-0020-0002", "contents": "173rd Airborne Brigade, History, Vietnam War, Dak To\nTask Force Blue drew the job of going to the relief of the beleaguered task force; however, Task Force Blue ran into resistance and was pinned down by enemy fire on all sides. C/4-503 was then assigned the mission of relieving Task Force Black and they too encountered significant PAVN fire, but they made it, reaching the trapped men at 15:37. U.S. losses were 20 killed, 154 wounded, and two missing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 52], "content_span": [53, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017388-0021-0000", "contents": "173rd Airborne Brigade, History, Vietnam War, Dak To\nFollowing an attack on the \u0110\u1eafk T\u00f4 Base, and actions on hill 882 by the 1-503rd that saw 7 men dead and 34 wounded, 330 men of 2-503 moved in to assault Hill 875. At 10:30, as the Americans moved to within 300 metres (984\u00a0ft) of the crest, PAVN machine gunners opened fire on the advancing paratroopers. The Vietnamese then unleashed B-40 rockets and 57\u00a0mm recoilless rifle fire on the Americans. The paratroopers attempted to continue the advance, but the PAVN, well concealed in interconnected bunkers and trenches, opened fire with small arms and grenades.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 52], "content_span": [53, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017388-0021-0001", "contents": "173rd Airborne Brigade, History, Vietnam War, Dak To\nAt 14:30 PAVN troops hidden at the bottom of the hill launched a massed assault from the rear. Unknown to the Americans, they had walked into a carefully prepared ambush by the 2nd Battalion of the 174th PAVN Regiment. Soon, U.S. air strikes and artillery fire were being called in, but they had little effect on the battle because of the dense foliage on the hillside. Resupply became a necessity, because of high ammunition expenditures and lack of water, but was impossible to accomplish: Six UH-1 helicopters were shot down or badly damaged that afternoon trying to get to 2\u2013503.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 52], "content_span": [53, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017388-0022-0000", "contents": "173rd Airborne Brigade, History, Vietnam War, Dak To\nThe next morning the three companies of 4-503 were chosen to set out and relieve the men on Hill 875. Because of intense PAVN sniper and mortar fire (and the terrain), it took until nightfall for the relief force to reach the beleaguered battalion. On the afternoon of 21 November, both battalions moved out to take the crest. During fierce, close-quarters fighting, some of the paratroopers made it into the PAVN trench line but were ordered to pull back as darkness fell.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 52], "content_span": [53, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017388-0023-0000", "contents": "173rd Airborne Brigade, History, Vietnam War, Dak To\nThe following day was spent in launching airstrikes and a heavy artillery bombardment against the hilltop, totally denuding it of cover. On 23 November, 2-503 and 4-503 were ordered to renew their assault while the 1st Battalion, 12th Infantry assaulted 875 from the south. This time the Americans gained the crest, but the PAVN had already abandoned their positions, leaving only a few dozen charred bodies and weapons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 52], "content_span": [53, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017388-0024-0000", "contents": "173rd Airborne Brigade, History, Vietnam War, Dak To\nThe battle of Hill 875 had cost 2-503 87 killed, 130 wounded, and three missing. 4-503 suffered 28 killed 123 wounded, and four missing. Combined with noncombatant losses, this represented one-fifth of the 173rd Airborne Brigade's total strength. For its combined actions during operations around Dak To, the 173rd Airborne Brigade was awarded the Presidential Unit Citation. 340 of the 570 173rd Airborne troops who attacked the hill became casualties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 52], "content_span": [53, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017388-0025-0000", "contents": "173rd Airborne Brigade, History, Vietnam War, 1968-1971\nThe intense fighting during the Battle of Dak To took a heavy human toll on the 173rd. While several of its units, including the 2-503rd and A/3-319th were ordered to Tuy H\u00f2a to repair and refit, the 173rd was transferred to Camp Radcliff in An Kh\u00ea and Bong Son areas during 1968, seeing very little action while the combat ineffective elements of the brigade were rebuilt. Company D, 16th Armor was engaged in a battle that took place on 4 March 1968 at North Tuy H\u00f2a. During the day, the company lost 8 men killed and 21 wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 55], "content_span": [56, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017388-0025-0001", "contents": "173rd Airborne Brigade, History, Vietnam War, 1968-1971\nAn estimated 2 enemy battalions, the VC 85th Main Force and the PAVN 95th Regiment, were rendered ineffective as they had 297 killed, with D/16 Armor receiving credit for killing 218. The company commander, Captain Robert Helmick, was awarded the DSC. One of the few combat operations that brigade conducted during this time was an amphibious assault against PAVN/VC forces as part of an operation to clear the rice-growing lowlands along the Bong Song littoral.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 55], "content_span": [56, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017388-0026-0000", "contents": "173rd Airborne Brigade, History, Vietnam War, 1968-1971\nIn mid-1968 at the instigation of II Corps commander General L\u1eef M\u1ed9ng Lan, I Field Force, Vietnam commander General William R. Peers paired with the Brigade with the ARVN 22nd Division in B\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ecbnh Province in what was almost a replica of Operation Fairfax. The participating US units brought substantial air, artillery, engineer, and other support to the combined endeavor from their parent units, and American and Vietnamese commanders generally colocated command posts, shared a common area of operation, and planned and carried out operations together.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 55], "content_span": [56, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017388-0026-0001", "contents": "173rd Airborne Brigade, History, Vietnam War, 1968-1971\nIn the process the American officers tried to increase pressure on local enemy forces through intensive patrolling and to encourage ARVN battalion, company, and platoon-level leadership through longer, more decentralized operations. Vietnamization, as later conceived in 1969, was not an objective, and, in fact, the entire effort represented a return to the old strategy of pacification, with American combat operations now tied much closer to the overall task of local security.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 55], "content_span": [56, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017388-0026-0002", "contents": "173rd Airborne Brigade, History, Vietnam War, 1968-1971\nSeveral months later, encouraged by the apparent success of joint operations with the 22nd Division, Peers directed the organization of a Task Force South with two battalions of the Brigade \"pairing up\" these units with several Ranger battalions and the 44th and 53rd Regiments of the ARVN 23rd Division south of B\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ecbnh. The success of the program varied greatly from unit to unit, but the programs of the 173rd and Task Force South were generally regarded as effective. In April 1969 Brigade commander Brig.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 55], "content_span": [56, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017388-0026-0003", "contents": "173rd Airborne Brigade, History, Vietnam War, 1968-1971\nGen. John W. Barnes officially ended the unit's pair-off program and replaced it with Operation Washington Green, an intensive area security effort with territorial and paramilitary forces in B\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ecbnh Province. In essence, Washington Green was a second Operation Fairfax, but without the presence of ARVN regulars. Washington Green proved to be the final American campaign in B\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ecbnh Province, and its greatest achievement may have been in training an impressive number of territorial and paramilitary forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 55], "content_span": [56, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017388-0026-0004", "contents": "173rd Airborne Brigade, History, Vietnam War, 1968-1971\nHowever, in the long run the operation appeared no more successful than Fairfax's efforts to clean up Gia Dinh Province around Saigon prior to the Tet Offensive. B\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ecbnh was not easily pacified by military action alone. American and Vietnamese local intelligence was poor, the area was a traditional VC stronghold, and province and district officials were never able to eliminate the local VC infrastructure. As Peers' successor in March 1969, Lt. Gen. Charles A. Corcoran, reflected, \"Barnes may have just been keeping the lid on the situation.\" After the brigade finally left South Vietnam in 1971, the greater portion of the province reverted to VC control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 55], "content_span": [56, 718]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017388-0027-0000", "contents": "173rd Airborne Brigade, History, Vietnam War, 1968-1971\nThe unit then served in An Kh\u00ea until mid-1969, seeing little in the way of heavy fighting. From April 1969 until its withdrawal from South Vietnam in 1971, the brigade served in B\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ecbnh Province. During more than six years of continuous combat, the brigade earned 14 campaign streamers and four unit citations, the Presidential Unit Citation, a Meritorious Unit Commendation, a Republic of Vietnam Cross of Gallantry, and a Republic of Vietnam Civil Action Honor Medal. Sky Soldiers serving in Vietnam received 13 Medals of Honor, 32 Distinguished Service Crosses, 1,736 Silver Stars and more than 6,000 Purple Hearts. The 173rd incurred 1,533 deaths and around 6,000 wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 55], "content_span": [56, 734]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017388-0028-0000", "contents": "173rd Airborne Brigade, History, Vietnam War, 1968-1971\nAfter widely publicized reports by battalion commander Lt. Col. Anthony Herbert, investigators confirmed that military interrogators of the 173rd Airborne Brigade \"repeatedly beat prisoners, tortured them with electric shocks and forced water down their throats\". A U.S. Army report detailed a pattern of \"cruelty and maltreatment\" between March 1968 and October 1969. Interrogators also employed a technique called the \"water rag\", which involved pouring water onto a rag covering the captive's nose and mouth, which creates the sensatation of drowning and can lead to death by asphyxiation. Herbert was relieved of his command shortly after reporting to his superior the war crimes he had witnessed. A former counterintelligence officer gave a statement under oath that \"he saw interrogators punch and kick prisoners, beat them with sticks, administer electrical shocks and urinate on them.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 55], "content_span": [56, 949]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017388-0029-0000", "contents": "173rd Airborne Brigade, History, Redeployment and inactivation 1971\u201372\nFrom April until August 1971, the unit underwent the process of redeployment to Fort Campbell, Kentucky, the first time that the 173rd Airborne Brigade in name had returned to the United States since 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 70], "content_span": [71, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017388-0030-0000", "contents": "173rd Airborne Brigade, History, Redeployment and inactivation 1971\u201372\nAfter Vietnam, the Army retained the 173rd Airborne Brigade as a quick deploying contingency brigade. However, with the ending of conscription following America's disengagement from Vietnam, many of the Army's formations had to be rebuilt for the volunteer force. One of these was the 101st Airborne Division, which had also been redeployed to Fort Campbell. It was decided that the 173rd would be used to help rebuild the division, which had been converted into an airmobile formation during the Vietnam War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 70], "content_span": [71, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017388-0030-0001", "contents": "173rd Airborne Brigade, History, Redeployment and inactivation 1971\u201372\nThe brigade was inactivated on 14 January 1972 at the fort, and its assets were used to form the 3rd Brigade, 101st Airborne Division, a parachute component within the airmobile 101st. The 3rd Brigade went off jump status on 1 April 1974, the same date on which the Airmobile Badge (Air Assault Badge as of 4 October 1974) was introduced.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 70], "content_span": [71, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017388-0031-0000", "contents": "173rd Airborne Brigade, History, Reactivation and preparation for Iraq\nIn the late 1990s, Army leaders including General Eric Shinseki began shifting the Army force toward brigade centered operations. All separate brigades had been inactivated in the 1990s as part of the U.S. Army's drawdown following the end of the Cold War. These inactivations, along with subsequent reorganization of U.S. Army divisions, saw several divisional brigades stationed in bases that were far from the division's headquarters and support units. These brigades had difficulty operating without support from higher headquarters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 70], "content_span": [71, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017388-0032-0000", "contents": "173rd Airborne Brigade, History, Reactivation and preparation for Iraq\nIt was Shinseki's idea to reactivate a few separate brigades and assign them their own support and sustainment units, which would allow them to function independently of division-level headquarters. These formations were termed \"brigade combat teams\". Such units could be stationed in bases far from major commands, not requiring division-level unit support, an advantage in places like Alaska and Europe, where stationing entire divisions was unnecessary or impractical. The first of the separate brigades was the 172nd Infantry Brigade, activated in 1998.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 70], "content_span": [71, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017388-0032-0001", "contents": "173rd Airborne Brigade, History, Reactivation and preparation for Iraq\nThe 173rd Airborne Brigade was reactivated in 2000 at Caserma Ederle in Vicenza, Italy, using the assets of the SETAF Infantry brigade, primarily the 1st Battalion, 508th Infantry and Battery D, 319th Field Artillery. Not long after its reactivation, elements were deployed to Kosovo as part of Operation Rapid Guardian in support of Kosovo Force (KFOR).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 70], "content_span": [71, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017388-0033-0000", "contents": "173rd Airborne Brigade, History, Reactivation and preparation for Iraq\nIn 2002, 2nd Battalion, 503rd Infantry (2-503rd) activated, providing a second infantry battalion. The unit finally reached \"initial operating capability\" on 14 March 2003, with all units ready for deployment. It would be in combat 12 days later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 70], "content_span": [71, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017388-0034-0000", "contents": "173rd Airborne Brigade, History, Reactivation and preparation for Iraq\nIn 2003, as preparations were being made for Operation Iraqi Freedom, the 173rd Airborne Brigade was assigned to be a part of an assault from the north of Iraq. The original plan was for the 173rd to be attached to the 4th Infantry Division as a flexible force of airborne troops to complement the heavy weapons of the division's three brigades.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 70], "content_span": [71, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017388-0034-0001", "contents": "173rd Airborne Brigade, History, Reactivation and preparation for Iraq\nSupported by the 1st Infantry Division and the 10th Special Forces Group, the 4th Infantry Division was to assemble in Turkey and use its heavy mechanized brigades to attack through Tikrit and eventually assist V Corps, which would attack from the south, in surrounding Baghdad. However, this plan fell through when the government of Turkey would not allow offensive operations to be conducted from its soil, and the entire 4th Infantry Division was left stuck on ships in the Mediterranean for the opening of the operation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 70], "content_span": [71, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017388-0034-0002", "contents": "173rd Airborne Brigade, History, Reactivation and preparation for Iraq\nThis meant that the entire northern front of the war would be conducted by the 173rd Airborne Brigade and Army special forces operating with aircraft from Europe as their only supply line. As the brigade had no heavy or mechanized forces and only a few Humvees and an artillery battery, heavier forces were attached to it in the form of two companies of M113 Armored Personnel Carriers, M1 Abrams tanks, and M2 Bradleys from a task force of 1st Battalion, 63rd Armor, which was attached to the brigade. Task Force 1-63 consisted of HHC/1-63rd Armor, C/1-63rd Armor and B/2-2nd Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 70], "content_span": [71, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017388-0034-0003", "contents": "173rd Airborne Brigade, History, Reactivation and preparation for Iraq\nThe force also received force field artillery headquarters from the 2nd Battalion, 15th Field Artillery, which brought a Tactical Operations Center, a Q-36 counterfire radar and Combat Observation and Lasing Team (COLT)a pair of Dragoneye Unmanned Aerial Vehicles from the US Marine Corps, to be operated by the Brigades Ground Surveillance Systems (GSS) team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 70], "content_span": [71, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017388-0035-0000", "contents": "173rd Airborne Brigade, History, Reactivation and preparation for Iraq\nThe 173rd Airborne Brigade was made part of Task Force Viking, a special operations task force that contained elements of the 10th Mountain Division and the 10th Special Forces Group. The use of the 173rd as a part of a special operations task force was a unique first in U.S. Army history. This force was assisted by Kurdish rebels in northern Iraq and tasked with attacking key airfield and oil production positions deep in northern Iraq. The brigade would take off from Aviano Air Base in Italy, a 4\u00bd-hour flight from northern Iraq.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 70], "content_span": [71, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017388-0035-0001", "contents": "173rd Airborne Brigade, History, Reactivation and preparation for Iraq\nAs the preparations for the brigade were in their final stages, it moved 10 trains and 300 trucks worth of equipment to the air base, as well as 120 busloads of soldiers. Though the brigade's movement was impeded by Italian protestors, the Italian police provided escort operations to the brigade and ensured that it reached the Air Base without incident, and was not significantly delayed. Operation Iraqi Freedom began on 20 March with V Corps, consisting of the 101st Airborne Division, 82nd Airborne Division, and 3rd Infantry Division making a forceful push from the south, beginning the Iraq War. A few days later, the 173rd and 10th Special Forces Group departed for northern Iraq.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 70], "content_span": [71, 759]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017388-0036-0000", "contents": "173rd Airborne Brigade, History, Operation Iraqi Freedom I\nOn 26 March 2003, 954 soldiers of the 173rd Airborne Brigade conducted a combat jump from C-17 aircraft onto Bashur Airfield in Northern Iraq under the command of Colonel Mayville. The jump took a total of 58\u00a0seconds, though 32 paratroopers were unable to jump because they would have landed too far from the rest of the force. The force had been strung out over a 10,000-yard drop zone, and it took 15 hours before it was completely assembled. In the weeks before there had been heavy rain and the mud created problems for those doing the jump.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 58], "content_span": [59, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017388-0036-0001", "contents": "173rd Airborne Brigade, History, Operation Iraqi Freedom I\nThe paratroopers secured the airfield, allowing the C-17s to land and bring in the heavy armor and the 1\u201363rd Armor contingents. They jumped from aircraft of the 62nd Airlift Wing, 446th Airlift Wing, 437th Airlift Wing and the 315th Airlift Wing ( this included the 728th Airlift Squadron), along with a Tactical Air Control Party of USAF Airmen from the 4th Air Support Operations Squadron and the 786th Security Forces Squadron. Over the next 96 hours, the wing landed in the remaining 1,200 soldiers of the brigade as well as their vehicles. By 29 March the entire brigade was in Iraq and ready to conduct offensive operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 58], "content_span": [59, 690]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017388-0037-0000", "contents": "173rd Airborne Brigade, History, Operation Iraqi Freedom I\nThe next day, American forces advanced to Kirkuk during Operation Option North, hoping to control oil fields and military airfields in and around the city. Controlling the oil fields had been a specific operational goal of the Task Force because they were viewed as the most valuable strategic asset in northern Iraq. Between 30 March and 2 April, the 173rd Airborne Brigade, along with the Special Forces detachment and the Kurdish forces, engaged and destroyed the 2nd, 4th, 8th and 38th Iraqi Infantry divisions as well as a force loyal to Ansar al-Islam.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 58], "content_span": [59, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017388-0037-0001", "contents": "173rd Airborne Brigade, History, Operation Iraqi Freedom I\nThe brigade used field artillery assets, as well as coordinated airstrikes to attack Iraqi Republican Guard units defending the city. Within a week these units began to fall apart due to desertions. On 10 April the brigade was able to move into the city, securing it after a short urban battle. The entire battle for Kirkuk cost the brigade only nine casualties. During the operation, some of the troops discovered at least two caches of Iraqi gold, totaling more than 2,000 bars. The unit then took part in Operation Peninsula Strike, quelling Ba'ath party resistance and other insurgent groups.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 58], "content_span": [59, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017388-0037-0002", "contents": "173rd Airborne Brigade, History, Operation Iraqi Freedom I\nThese operations, though successful, would have been more effective if the 4th Infantry Division's four heavy brigades were able to enter Iraq through Turkey as originally planned. 4th ID had to relocate their forces from Turkey to Kuwait and were subsequently slowed down in Baghdad. V\u00a0Corps was not able to surround Baghdad as quickly as it had hoped because of a lack of available forces in the north. The resulting wear and tear of 4th ID's M1 Abrams and M2 Bradleys made them an ineffective unit in tight urban areas such as Jar Salah. Because their heavily armored tanks required so much maintenance, the 173rd incorporated much of 4th ID's area of operation into their own. The 173rd secured these areas with company sized detachments, often patrolling the 4th ID's sectors with two unarmored M998 cargo Humvees at any given time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 58], "content_span": [59, 896]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017388-0038-0000", "contents": "173rd Airborne Brigade, History, Operation Iraqi Freedom I\nAfter the end of major combat operations in summer of 2003, the 173rd Airborne Brigade did not engage in any major battles, though it was regularly involved in skirmishes with Iraqi insurgents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 58], "content_span": [59, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017388-0038-0001", "contents": "173rd Airborne Brigade, History, Operation Iraqi Freedom I\nAs Task Force Bayonet, the brigade included the: 503rd Infantry; 1st Battalion, 508th Infantry; 173rd Combat Support Company; 74th Infantry Detachment (LRS); Battery D, 319th Field Artillery; 501st Forward Support Company; and the attached 1st Battalion, 63rd Armor of the 1st Infantry Division from Rose Barracks, Germany; 1st Battalion, 12th Infantry of the 4th Infantry Division from Fort Carson, Colorado; and Company B, 110th Military Intelligence Battalion of the 10th Mountain Division (Light Infantry) from Fort Drum, New York. The brigade served mainly in Kirkuk for the next year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 58], "content_span": [59, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017388-0038-0002", "contents": "173rd Airborne Brigade, History, Operation Iraqi Freedom I\nDuring its service, the brigade was involved in what later became known as the \"Hood Event\", arresting Turkish special forces soldiers, believing them to be plotting attacks against local civilian officials in northern Iraq. The Turkish forces were eventually released. The brigade also participated in Operation Bayonet Lightning in 2003, capturing weapons and materials that the Department of Defense claimed were possibly for use against coalition forces. On 21 February 2004, the brigade returned to Italy for a one-year rest before a new deployment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 58], "content_span": [59, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017388-0039-0000", "contents": "173rd Airborne Brigade, History, Afghanistan, 2005\u201306\nThe 173rd Airborne Brigade deployed to Afghanistan in March 2005 under the command of Colonel Kevin Owens, in support of Operation Enduring Freedom. The brigade, organized as Task Force Bayonet, assumed control of Regional Command-South (RC South).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 53], "content_span": [54, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017388-0040-0000", "contents": "173rd Airborne Brigade, History, Afghanistan, 2005\u201306\nThe 1-508th (minus Company B) conducted combat operations in eastern Afghanistan, attached to 1st Brigade, 82nd Airborne Division. The 2-503rd conducted combat operations in Zabul Province. The 3rd Battalion, 319th Airborne Field Artillery Regiment (3-319th) of the 82nd Airborne Division,  was attached to the brigade and organized as a maneuver task force (Task Force Gun Devil). It conducted combat operations in Kandahar Province.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 53], "content_span": [54, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017388-0040-0001", "contents": "173rd Airborne Brigade, History, Afghanistan, 2005\u201306\nTask Force Gun Devil included Headquarters and Service Battery, 3-319th (including two provisional maneuver platoons); Company D, 2\u2013504th; Company B, 1\u2013508th; Company A, 1-325th; a military police platoon (4th PLT 13th MP Co.); a rotating Romanian mechanized infantry battalion; a Canadian dismounted infantry company (3rd Bn Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry); and an Afghan National Army company advised by French special forces. The 173rd Support Battalion and the 173rd Combat Support Company provided logistical support from Kandahar, while sending individual soldiers to assist at other forward operating bases.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 53], "content_span": [54, 681]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017388-0041-0000", "contents": "173rd Airborne Brigade, History, Afghanistan, 2005\u201306\nOne of the most notable units to operate out of a FOB was the brigade's 74th Long-Range Surveillance (LRS) detachment. 74th LRS operated out of FOB Price near the town of Gereshk in the Helmand Province. LRS provided the 173rd Brigade command group with key recon and intel of the province, and held control of Helmand with a 5th Special Forces Group ODA element. Assisting the LRS and 5th Group ODA were elements of the 82nd Airborne, Iowa National Guard, and ANA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 53], "content_span": [54, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017388-0041-0001", "contents": "173rd Airborne Brigade, History, Afghanistan, 2005\u201306\nThe LRS detachment and 5th Group ODA conducted many combined and individual operations to ensure the stability of the region. The LRS detachment was also tasked at times for recon and intel gathering for other brigade assets, and target acquisition and designation for U.S. Air Force, U.S. Army, and RAF aircraft. The brigade returned to Italy in March 2006. Seventeen soldiers from the brigade died during this deployment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 53], "content_span": [54, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017388-0042-0000", "contents": "173rd Airborne Brigade, History, Transformation\nOn 11 October 2006, as part of the Army's \"Unit of Action\" modularized unit force restructuring that General Shinseki had originally envisioned the 173rd Airborne Brigade became the 173rd Airborne Brigade Combat Team (an airborne IBCT). This was a significant change as it signified the ability for the brigade to deploy its forces and sustain itself with its newly integrated support teams. By integrating these support elements, the unit became able to maintain its fighting forces with all that is required to keep the ground soldiers supplied and moving.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 47], "content_span": [48, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017388-0042-0001", "contents": "173rd Airborne Brigade, History, Transformation\nThe infantry battalions and the brigade headquarters remained in Vicenza, Italy through the transition. Four additional battalions were activated or designated at Bamberg and Schweinfurt, Germany. These battalions were: the 4th Battalion (Airborne), 319th Field Artillery Regiment, the 173rd Brigade Support Battalion (Airborne), and the Special Troops Battalion stationed at Warner Barracks in Bamberg, Germany, as well as the 1st Squadron (Airborne), 91st Cavalry Regiment, stationed in Schweinfurt, Germany. After the new units were integrated into the brigade, the preponderance of the forces within the brigade were stationed in Germany, apart from the brigade headquarters in Italy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 47], "content_span": [48, 736]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017388-0042-0002", "contents": "173rd Airborne Brigade, History, Transformation\nThis dynamic was intended to last only until additional facilities were constructed at the Dal Molin, now Del Din, airbase near Caserma Ederle at Vicenza. The 1st Battalion (Airborne), 508th Infantry was reflagged as 1st Battalion (Airborne), 503rd Infantry Regiment to resume the Vietnam-era lineage of the 503rd Infantry battalions under the 173rd IBCT(A). The 1st Battalion, 508th Infantry colors were moved to Ft. Bragg, North Carolina to serve under the 82nd Airborne Division. Immediately after its transformation, the brigade began intensive training in both Germany and Italy to prepare itself for future deployments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 47], "content_span": [48, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017388-0043-0000", "contents": "173rd Airborne Brigade, History, Afghanistan, 2007\u201308\nIn 2006, the brigade was notified for a second tour of duty in Iraq from 2007 to 2008, but its deployment plan was changed to Afghanistan in February 2007 when the Pentagon announced that it would relieve the 3rd Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division along with the 4th Brigade Combat Team, 82nd Airborne Division. In the spring of 2007, the 173rd again deployed to Afghanistan, as Task Force Bayonet, in support of Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF 07\u201309), their first deployment as a fully transformed brigade combat team. The brigade was dispersed throughout the east of the country, with units operating in Kunar, Paktika, and Laghman Provinces. The 173rd IBCT(A) officially relieved the 3rd Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division on 6 June 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 53], "content_span": [54, 813]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017388-0044-0000", "contents": "173rd Airborne Brigade, History, Afghanistan, 2007\u201308\nThe 173rd participated in various operations with the objective of ensuring security and subduing Taliban insurgents in the mountainous regions along Afghanistan's border with Pakistan, near the Hindu Kush. Throughout their 15-month deployment, the brigade participated in more than 9,000 patrols throughout the region. Journalist Sebastian Junger and photographer Tim Hetherington were embedded with Battle Company of 2nd Battalion which saw extensive action in the Korengal Valley. Junger later wrote a highly acclaimed book, War, and, with Hetherington, produced the award-winning documentary, Restrepo, about the deployment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 53], "content_span": [54, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017388-0044-0001", "contents": "173rd Airborne Brigade, History, Afghanistan, 2007\u201308\nOnly two weeks before the brigade was to return to Europe, a platoon of 45 soldiers from the brigade stationed in the Dara-I-Pech district was attacked by a large force of insurgents during the Battle of Wanat. Though the platoon was able to drive the insurgents back with air support, the fight resulted in 9 soldiers killed and 16 wounded; the deadliest attack on troops in the country since 2005. The brigade repositioned the base three days later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 53], "content_span": [54, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017388-0044-0002", "contents": "173rd Airborne Brigade, History, Afghanistan, 2007\u201308\nThe 173rd's tour ended in July 2008, and the last redeploying paratrooper from the brigade returned to Europe by the beginning of August 2008. 42 soldiers from the brigade lost their lives during the deployment. The brigade returned to Europe and home station after once again proving itself in combat throughout the eastern mountains of Afghanistan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 53], "content_span": [54, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017388-0045-0000", "contents": "173rd Airborne Brigade, History, Afghanistan, 2007\u201308\nOn 14 June 2009, the 173rd IBCT(A) was announced as one of the brigade combat teams deploying to Afghanistan, and the unit prepared to once again return.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 53], "content_span": [54, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017388-0046-0000", "contents": "173rd Airborne Brigade, History, Afghanistan, 2009\u201310\nFrom November 2009 until November 2010, the 173rd IBCT(A) once again returned to Afghanistan, this time to the provinces of Logar and Wardak. With combat experience already earned in other similar mountain regions in 2007 and 2008, the Brigade distinguished itself in combat regularly against the Taliban and fought tenaciously against them, while still promoting and attempting to legitimize the Afghan government. 2nd Battalion was initially attached to 4th Brigade, 4th Infantry Division and conducted stability and combat operations in Kunar Province for the first half of the deployment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 53], "content_span": [54, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017388-0046-0001", "contents": "173rd Airborne Brigade, History, Afghanistan, 2009\u201310\nIn May 2010 2nd Battalion returned to 173rd IBCT(A) and was responsible for security and stability in northern and western Wardak Provinces. The 1st and 2nd Battalions saw extensive action in eastern Logar and Wardak. The 1/91st Cavalry was given a mission to transform western Logar province into a secure environment; a mission that was not greeted as an easy task.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 53], "content_span": [54, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017388-0046-0002", "contents": "173rd Airborne Brigade, History, Afghanistan, 2009\u201310\nGiven the province and its three major districts saw a massive influx of both foreign and domestic fighters due to the relatively calm winter prior to the brigade's arrival, its company-sized and platoon-sized elements found themselves in combat against anti-Coalition forces almost daily from the start of March 2010 until its relief. The brigade returned to its home station in Europe in November 2010. Seven soldiers from the brigade lost their lives during the deployment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 53], "content_span": [54, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017388-0047-0000", "contents": "173rd Airborne Brigade, History, Afghanistan, 2012\u201313\nIn July 2012, the 173rd IBCT(A) once again deployed to Afghanistan as part of Task Force Bayonet to relieve the 3rd Brigade Combat Team, 1st Armored Division, Task Force Bulldog in the Logar and Wardak Provinces. This was the brigade's fifth deployment since 2003, their fourth to Afghanistan as they prepare for a complete transition of the security of Afghanistan to the Afghan National Security Forces. The brigade returned in early 2013. Nine soldiers from the brigade lost their lives during the deployment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 53], "content_span": [54, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017388-0048-0000", "contents": "173rd Airborne Brigade, History, Afghanistan, 2012\u201313\nIn the summer of 2013, some of the returning forces reorganized and re-designated the 173rd Airborne Brigade. The reorganized brigade consolidated at a single location in Vicenza, Italy. A second base was opened in Vicenza called Del Din and is the current headquarters of the 173rd. Del Din hosts 173rd Brigade Headquarters, 2nd Battalion, 503rd Infantry Regiment, the Brigade Support Battalion, and the Brigade Special Troops Battalion. The unit did this to cover some of the spaces in Southern Europe that have opened up with the withdraw of other American forces from the area. Also during the summer of 2013, 1st Squadron, 91st Cavalry Regiment (ABN) moved from Schweinfurt, Germany to Grafenwoehr, Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 53], "content_span": [54, 766]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017388-0049-0000", "contents": "173rd Airborne Brigade, History, Operation Atlantic Resolve\nOn 23 April 2014, four paratrooper companies of the 173rd were deployed to Poland, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania to reassure America's NATO allies threatened by Russian military maneuvers along the borders of eastern Ukraine during the 2014\u201315 Russian military intervention in Ukraine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 59], "content_span": [60, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017388-0050-0000", "contents": "173rd Airborne Brigade, History, Operation Atlantic Resolve\nIn September 2014, about 200 soldiers of 2nd Battalion, 503rd Airborne Regiment, 173rd BDE participated in the Rapid Trident exercise near Lviv in western Ukraine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 59], "content_span": [60, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017388-0051-0000", "contents": "173rd Airborne Brigade, History, Operation Atlantic Resolve\nIn February 2015, 750 soldiers from the brigade and from units of the Hungarian Armed Forces, namely 24th Bornemissza Gergely Reconnaissance Battalion, 34th Bercs\u00e9nyi L\u00e1szl\u00f3 Special Operations Battalion, and the 25/88th Light Mixed Battalion participated in the exercise \"Warlord Rock 2015\". The goal of the activity was to exercise the combat, combat support and combat service units of both armies and to achieve a higher cooperation level in airborne operations planning, organization and management tasks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 59], "content_span": [60, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017388-0052-0000", "contents": "173rd Airborne Brigade, History, Operation Atlantic Resolve\nIn March 2015, a 173rd Airborne battalion of around 600 American paratroopers headed to Ukraine to train Ukrainian national guard troops. The training took place at the Yavoriv training center near the western Ukrainian city of Lviv. The 173rd Airborne paratroopers trained the Ukrainians on how to better defend themselves against Russian and rebel artillery and rockets. Training also included securing roads, bridges, and other infrastructure and treating and evacuating casualties. This program was known as Fearless Guardian which was congressionally approved under the Global Contingency Security Fund. Under the program, the United States trained three battalions of Ukrainian troops over a six-month period.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 59], "content_span": [60, 775]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017388-0053-0000", "contents": "173rd Airborne Brigade, History, Operation Atlantic Resolve\nIn 2017, some 600 personnel (1st Squadron, 91st Cavalry Regiment) were deployed to the Baltic countries to be positioned in Estonia, Lithuania, and Latvia for six weeks to coincide with the duration of the joint Russian/Belarusian strategic Zapad 2017 exercise that began 14 September 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 59], "content_span": [60, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017388-0054-0000", "contents": "173rd Airborne Brigade, History, Operation Atlantic Resolve\nIn November 2017, 2-503rd Infantry Regiment (The Rock) traveled in US Air Force C-130s to Belgrade, Serbia to conduct training with the Serbian Airborne Forces where they conducted two combined jumps at drop zones near Belgrade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 59], "content_span": [60, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017388-0055-0000", "contents": "173rd Airborne Brigade, History, Planned ambush uncovered\nA paratrooper in the 173rd Airborne Brigade's Sky Soldiers, assigned to the 1st Battalion, 503rd Infantry Regiment, in Vicenza, Italy, in 2019 through 2020 plotted an ambush on his unit, \"to result in the deaths of as many of his fellow service members as possible.\" He was charged in June 2020 with conspiring and attempting to murder military service members, and providing and attempting to provide material support to terrorists.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 57], "content_span": [58, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017388-0055-0001", "contents": "173rd Airborne Brigade, History, Planned ambush uncovered\nThe paratrooper was charged with leaking classified information (including the unit's location) to the RapeWaffen Division and the Order of the Nine Angles (O9A), a European Satanic occult-based neo-Nazi and white supremacist group that is also anti-Semitic, and has expressed admiration for Nazis such as Adolf Hitler and Islamic jihadists. He  faces a maximum sentence of life in prison.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 57], "content_span": [58, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017388-0056-0000", "contents": "173rd Airborne Brigade, Legacy\nThe 173rd's service, particularly in Vietnam, has been featured several times in popular culture. The most prominent of these is the 2006 single released by the country music duo Big & Rich, entitled \"8th of November\". The song was based on the story of Niles Harris, a member of the 173rd, during Operation Hump. On 1 July 2006, a documentary inspired by the song and based on the brigade's actions during the operation premiered on the GAC Channel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017388-0057-0000", "contents": "173rd Airborne Brigade, Legacy\nIllinois Route 173, which runs for 66 miles along the Illinois/Wisconsin border was designated the \"173rd Airborne Brigade Highway\" in 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017388-0058-0000", "contents": "173rd Airborne Brigade, Legacy\nCaptain Willard, a fictional character portrayed by Martin Sheen in the 1979 film Apocalypse Now, was a member of the 173rd assigned to Military Assistance Command, Vietnam \u2013 Studies and Observations Group. He was depicted as being in \"the 505th battalion\", although no such unit was ever part of the 173rd. Throughout the movie, he wears the Vietnam-era, mustard yellow, \"subdued\" shoulder sleeve insignia worn by 173rd paratroopers on their jungle fatigues during the Vietnam War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017388-0058-0001", "contents": "173rd Airborne Brigade, Legacy\nIn the 1987 movie Lethal Weapon, the patch worn by Danny Glover's fictional character Roger Murtaugh during a retrospective of his time in Vietnam was that of the 173rd Airborne Brigade. In the 1998 movie The Siege, fictional Major General William Devereaux, played by Bruce Willis, states that he was in the 173rd Airborne Brigade at the same time that character Anthony Hubbard was in the 82nd Airborne Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017388-0059-0000", "contents": "173rd Airborne Brigade, Legacy\nNumerous servicemen from the 173rd, mostly from the Vietnam era, gained notability after their military careers ended. These include Congressmen Duncan Hunter and Charlie Norwood, Archbishop of Baltimore Edwin Frederick O'Brien, Deputy Secretary of the Treasury Robert M. Kimmitt, business owner Barney Visser, activists Stan Goff and Ted Sampley, and Sergeant Major of the Army Gene C. McKinney.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017388-0060-0000", "contents": "173rd Airborne Brigade, Legacy\nSixteen soldiers have been awarded the Medal of Honor for service with the 173rd IBCT(A) and its subordinate units. Lloyd G. McCarter and Ray E. Eubanks earned the medal while fighting with the 503rd Infantry in World War II, while 13 other soldiers earned medals fighting under the 173rd in Vietnam; John A. Barnes III, Michael R. Blanchfield, Glenn H. English Jr., Lawrence Joel, Terry T. Kawamura, Carlos J. Lozada, Don L. Michael, Charles B. Morris, Milton L. Olive III, Larry S. Pierce, Laszlo Rabel, Alfred Rascon, and Charles J. Watters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017388-0061-0000", "contents": "173rd Airborne Brigade, Legacy\nStaff Sergeant Salvatore Giunta received the Medal of Honor for heroic actions as a rifle team leader in Company B, 2\u2013503 INF (Airborne) when his squad was caught in a near-ambush the night of 25 October 2007 during Operation Rock Avalanche in the Korengal Valley of Afghanistan. He was the first living Medal of Honor recipient since the Vietnam War. On 13 May 2014, former 503rd Infantry Regiment Sergeant Kyle White received the Medal of Honor during a White House ceremony.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017389-0000-0000", "contents": "173rd Aviation Squadron (Australia)\nThe 173rd Aviation Squadron is an Australian Army helicopter squadron equipped with S70A Black Hawk helicopters and provides support to the Special Operations Command. The Squadron is based at Luscombe Airfield, Holsworthy Barracks, Sydney and forms part of the 6th Aviation Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017389-0001-0000", "contents": "173rd Aviation Squadron (Australia)\nThe Squadron originally operated fixed-wing aircraft designated as the 173rd General Support Squadron and was later renamed the 173rd Surveillance Squadron. In 2010, the Squadron was re-designated as 173rd Aviation Squadron when it transitioned to rotary aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017389-0002-0000", "contents": "173rd Aviation Squadron (Australia), History\nOn 17 February 1974, the 173rd General Support Squadron was formed as part of the 1st Aviation Regiment based at Oakey and initially operated 6 Pilatus PC-6 Porters. In 1978, the Squadron also received 11 GAF Nomad aircraft. During this time, the Squadron undertook a variety of Army co-operation roles utilising the short take-off and landing characteristics of its aircraft. These included: artillery spotting, troop transport, field resupply, medevac, ground-air liaison. It was also used for survey work in the South Pacific and flood relief in Australia. In 1978, the Squadron was involved in Operation Cenderawasih a mapping program in Irian Jaya in Indonesia with the Indonesian Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 736]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017389-0003-0000", "contents": "173rd Aviation Squadron (Australia), History\nWith the retirement of the Porters in October 1992, the following year the Squadron adopted the title of \"173rd Surveillance Squadron\" under this guise it undertook the aerial surveillance and survey roles and was also used as a vehicle to deliver parachute troops. In 1993, it acquired 12 more Nomads, mainly unsold civilian variants which had been kept in storage, to replace the Porters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017389-0004-0000", "contents": "173rd Aviation Squadron (Australia), History\nIn August 1995, following the fatal crashes involving Nomads from the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) and the School of Army Aviation, the aircraft were withdrawn from service. Most of the Nomad fleet was sold to the Indonesian Navy but two were retained as unflyable training aids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017389-0005-0000", "contents": "173rd Aviation Squadron (Australia), History\nAs a consequence, the Squadron operated 4 Embraer EMB 110P1 Bandeirante aircraft leased from Flight West Airlines temporarily while a replacement for the Nomad was found. From 1996, these aircraft were replaced with 3 Beechcraft King Air B200 aircraft leased from Hawker Pacific to be based at Oakley and 3 de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter 320 aircraft leased from Hawker Pacific to be based in Darwin. On 9 November 1997, Twin Otter VH-HPY was lost in a tropical mountainous training accident in Papua New Guinea, resulting in serious injuries to the three trainees and instructor onboard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017389-0006-0000", "contents": "173rd Aviation Squadron (Australia), History\nThe Squadron served in several East Timor operations including INTERFET, UNTAET, UNMISET and Operation Astute. A Squadron King Air was the first ADF aircraft to land in Dili ahead of the INTERFET peace-keeping taskforce in 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017389-0007-0000", "contents": "173rd Aviation Squadron (Australia), History\nBy 2004, the remaining Twin Otter aircraft based in Darwin had been withdrawn from service, while the King Air B200 was replaced by the more modern King Air B350 variant leased from Hawker Pacific. Restructuring of Army's aviation capability saw the Squadron separated from 1st Aviation Regiment and placed under the command of 16th Aviation Brigade as an independent unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017389-0008-0000", "contents": "173rd Aviation Squadron (Australia), History\nBy 2007, further re-organisation assigned all fixed-wing military aircraft to the RAAF and the Squadron was to relocate to Sydney as a helicopter training and surveillance squadron under the newly raised 6th Aviation Regiment. In March 2008, the Squadron became part of the 6th Aviation Regiment. On 20 November 2009, the Squadron handed the King Air over to the RAAF.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017389-0009-0000", "contents": "173rd Aviation Squadron (Australia), History\nOn 11 February 2010, the Squadron was re-designated as the \"173rd Aviation Squadron\" converting to rotary aircraft based with the 171st Aviation Squadron at the recently redeveloped Luscombe Army Airfield operating a fleet of Bell 206B-1 Kiowa helicopters. The Kiowas were operated to provide training for graduate pilots unable to undertake operational conversions to the delayed MRH 90 Taipan and Tiger ARH helicopters. The Kiowa had been retired on 26 October 2009 from the 1st Aviation Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017389-0010-0000", "contents": "173rd Aviation Squadron (Australia), History\nIn 2013, the Squadron transitioned to the Black Hawk helicopter with the role of providing support to the Special Operations Command and returned the Kiowa to the Army Aviation Training Centre at Oakey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017390-0000-0000", "contents": "173rd Battalion (Canadian Highlanders), CEF\nThe 173rd (Highlanders) Battalion, CEF, was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War. One of a number of Highlander battalions in the Canadian Expeditionary Force, it was based in Hamilton, Ontario, and began recruiting during the winter of 1915/16.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017390-0001-0000", "contents": "173rd Battalion (Canadian Highlanders), CEF\nThe unit sailed for England on November 14, 1916, on the RMS\u00a0Olympic, with 32 officers and 950 other ranks. Of the 950 other ranks, 741 had attested with the 173rd, 145 with the 213rd Battalion, CEF, and 32 with 23 different units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017390-0002-0000", "contents": "173rd Battalion (Canadian Highlanders), CEF\nOn January 17, 1917, the 173rd arrived at Bramshott where on January 19 it became part of the 2nd Reserve Battalion of the 6th Reserve Brigade. The 2nd Reserve Battalion was designated to supply drafts for the 125th and 116th Battalions, CEF. The 173rd (Highlanders) Battalion had one Officer Commanding: Lieut-Col. W. H. Bruce.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017390-0003-0000", "contents": "173rd Battalion (Canadian Highlanders), CEF\nThe battalion has been perpetuated by the Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders of Canada since 1920.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017391-0000-0000", "contents": "173rd Division (People's Republic of China)\nThe 173rd Division (Chinese: \u7b2c173\u5e08) was created in February 1949 under the Regulation of the Redesignations of All Organizations and Units of the Army, issued by Central Military Commission on November 1, 1948, basing on the 3rd Sub-district of Tongbai Military District. Its history could be traced to 5th Independent Brigade of Jinan Military District formed in August 1947.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017391-0001-0000", "contents": "173rd Division (People's Republic of China)\nThe division was composed of 517th, 518th and 519th Infantry Regiments. As a part of 58th Corps, during the Chinese Civil War the division took part in the creation of Tongbai base area and Xiangfan Campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017392-0000-0000", "contents": "173rd Fighter Wing\nThe 173d Fighter Wing (173 FW) is a unit of the Oregon Air National Guard, stationed at Kingsley Field Air National Guard Base, Klamath Falls, Oregon. If activated to federal service, the wing is gained by the Air Education and Training Command (AETC) of the United States Air Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017392-0001-0000", "contents": "173rd Fighter Wing, Overview\nKingsley Field ANGB, which is located in Klamath Falls, Oregon, is home to the 173d Fighter Wing. The 173d Fighter Wing is responsible for training combat pilots and support personnel on the F-15C and F-15D Eagle for the active duty Air Force and the Air National Guard. In addition, as part of the Air National Guard, the 173 FW serves the state of Oregon and the United States in times of peace and war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 28], "content_span": [29, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017392-0002-0000", "contents": "173rd Fighter Wing, History\nOn 1 April 1996, the 173d Fighter Wing was formed at Kingsley Field ANGB as a host organization and parent unit for the 114th Fighter Squadron (114 FS) when the unit was authorized to expand, with the 114th being transferred from the 142d Fighter Wing at Portland to the new wing at Kingsley ANGB. The 173d Fighter Wing consists of the 173d Operations Group; 173d Maintenance Group, 173d Mission Support Group and 173d Medical Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017392-0003-0000", "contents": "173rd Fighter Wing, History\nInitially flying early versions of the F-16 Fighting Falcon aircraft as a formal training unit (FTU), the F-16As and F-16Bs were retired in the late 1990s as their service life was ending. The squadron began receiving F-15A and F-15B Eagles in 1998, upgrading to the F-15C and F-15D Eagle in 2004 as the A and B series aircraft were retired and continuing its mission as a fighter-interceptor training unit for the Air Force and the Air National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017393-0000-0000", "contents": "173rd New York Infantry Regiment\nThe 173rd New York Infantry Regiment (a.k.a., \"4th Metropolitan Guard\" and \"4th National Guard\") was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017393-0001-0000", "contents": "173rd New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 173rd New York Infantry was organized at Brooklyn, New York beginning September 22, 1862 and mustered in for three-years service November 10, 1862 under the command of Colonel Charles B. Morton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017393-0002-0000", "contents": "173rd New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to Grover's Division, Department of the Gulf, to January 1863. 2nd Brigade, 3rd Division, XIX Corps, Department of the Gulf, to September 1863. 1st Brigade, 3rd Division, XIX Corps, to February 1864. 3rd Brigade, 1st Division, XIX Corps, Department of the Gulf, to July 1864, and Army of the Shenandoah, Middle Military Division, to February 1865. 3rd Brigade, 1st Provisional Division, Army of the Shenandoah, to April 1865. 3rd Brigade, Dwight's Division, Department of Washington, to June 1865. District of Savannah, Georgia, Department of the South, to October 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017393-0003-0000", "contents": "173rd New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 173rd New York Infantry mustered out of service October 18, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017393-0004-0000", "contents": "173rd New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nLeft New York for New Orleans, Louisiana, December 9, 1862. Occupation of Baton Rouge, Louisiana, December 17, 1862, and duty there until March 1863. Operations on Bayou Plaquemine and the Black and Atchafalaya Rivers February 18\u201328. Operations against Port Hudson, Louisiana, March 7\u201327. Moved to Algiers April 3, thence to Brashear April 8. Operations in western Louisiana April 9\u00a0\u2013 May 14. Bayou Teche Campaign April 11\u201320. Fort Bisland, near Centreville, April 12\u201313. Expedition from St. Martinsville to Breaux Bridge April 17\u201321. Expedition from Opelousas to Chicotsville and Bayou Boeuf April 26\u201329. Expedition to Alexandria, on Red River, May 4\u201312.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 706]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017393-0004-0001", "contents": "173rd New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nMarched to Port Hudson May 19\u201326. Siege of Port Hudson May 26\u00a0\u2013 July 9. Assaults on Port Hudson May 27 and June 14. Surrender of Port Hudson July 9. Moved to New Orleans July 15, and duty there until August 28. Sabine Pass Expedition September 4\u201311. Moved to Brashear City September 16, then to Berwick. Western Louisiana Campaign October 3-November 30. Vermillionville November 11. At New Iberia until January 7, 1864. Moved to Franklin January 7, and duty there until March. Red River Campaign March 10-May 22. Advance from Franklin to Alexandria, March 14\u201326.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017393-0004-0002", "contents": "173rd New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nBattle of Sabine Cross Roads April 8. Pleasant Hill April 9. Monett's Bluff, Cane River Crossing, April 23. At Alexandria April 26\u00a0\u2013 May 13. Construction of dam at Alexandria April 30\u00a0\u2013 May 10. Retreat to Morganza, May 13\u201320. Mansura May 16. Duty at Morganza until July. Moved to Fort Monroe, Virginia, then to Washington, D.C., July 2\u201331. Sheridan's Shenandoah Valley Campaign August 7\u00a0\u2013 November 28. Served with the brigade, detached as supply train guard for the army, from August 14 to October 27.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017393-0004-0003", "contents": "173rd New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nDuty near Middletown and Newtown until December, and at Stevenson's Depot and Winchester until April 1865. Moved to Washington, D.C., and duty there until June. Grand Review of the Armies May 23\u201324. Moved to Savannah, Georgia, June 30\u00a0\u2013 July 7. Duty there and in the Sub-District of Ogeechee, District of Savannah, until October.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017393-0005-0000", "contents": "173rd New York Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 175 men during service; 6 officers and 38 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, two officers and 129 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017394-0000-0000", "contents": "173rd New York State Legislature\nThe 173rd New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 4, 1961, to March 31, 1962, during the third and fourth years of Nelson Rockefeller's governorship, in Albany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017394-0001-0000", "contents": "173rd New York State Legislature, Background\nUnder the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1938, re-apportioned in 1953, 58 Senators and 150 assemblymen were elected in single-seat districts for two-year terms. The senatorial districts consisted either of one or more entire counties; or a contiguous area within a single county. The counties which were divided into more than one senatorial district were Kings (nine districts), New York (six),  Queens (five), Bronx (four), Erie (three), Nassau (three), Westchester (three), Monroe (two) and Onondaga (two). The Assembly districts consisted either of a single entire county (except Hamilton Co.), or of contiguous area within one county.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 696]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017394-0002-0000", "contents": "173rd New York State Legislature, Background\nAt this time there were two major political parties: the Republican Party and the Democratic Party. The Liberal Party also nominated tickets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017394-0003-0000", "contents": "173rd New York State Legislature, Elections\nThe 1960 New York state election, was held on November 8. The only two statewide elective offices were two seats on the New York Court of Appeals. Two Republican judges were elected, Stanley H. Fuld with Democratic and Liberal endorsement; and Sydney F. Foster with Liberal endorsement. The approximate party strength at this election, as expressed by the average vote for the judges on the different tickets, was: Republicans 3,281,000; Democrats 3,247,000; and Liberals 413,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017394-0004-0000", "contents": "173rd New York State Legislature, Elections\nFour of the seven women members of the previous legislature\u2014State Senator Janet Hill Gordon (Rep.), a lawyer of Norwich; and Assemblywomen Bessie A. Buchanan (Dem. ), a retired musical actress and dancer of Harlem; Dorothy Bell Lawrence (Rep.), a former school teacher of Manhattan; and Aileen B. Ryan (Dem. ), a former school teacher of the Bronx\u2014were re-elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017394-0005-0000", "contents": "173rd New York State Legislature, Elections\nThe New York state election, 1961, was held on November 7. No statewide elective offices were up for election. Three vacancies in the Assembly were filled.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017394-0006-0000", "contents": "173rd New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for the first regular session (the 184th) at the State Capitol in Albany on January 4, 1961; and adjourned on March 25.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017394-0007-0000", "contents": "173rd New York State Legislature, Sessions\nWalter J. Mahoney (Rep.) was re-elected Temporary President of the State Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017394-0008-0000", "contents": "173rd New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for a special session at the State Capitol in Albany on August 21, 1961; and adjourned after a session of six hours. This session was called to consider legislation concerning New York City's school system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017394-0009-0000", "contents": "173rd New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for another special session at the State Capitol in Albany on November 9, 1961; and adjourned on the next day. This session was called to consider legislation concerning the creation of fallout shelters at schools and colleges, and the re-apportionment of New York's congressional districts under the 1960 U.S. census.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017394-0010-0000", "contents": "173rd New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for the second regular session (the 185th) at the State Capitol in Albany on January 3, 1962; and adjourned on March 31.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017394-0011-0000", "contents": "173rd New York State Legislature, State Senate, Senators\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature. Ivan Warner changed from the Assembly to the Senate at the beginning of this Legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 56], "content_span": [57, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017394-0012-0000", "contents": "173rd New York State Legislature, State Senate, Senators\nNote: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words \"...the Committee on (the)...\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 56], "content_span": [57, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017394-0013-0000", "contents": "173rd New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Assemblymen\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 61], "content_span": [62, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017394-0014-0000", "contents": "173rd New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Assemblymen\nNote: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words \"...the Committee on (the)...\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 61], "content_span": [62, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017395-0000-0000", "contents": "173rd Ohio Infantry Regiment\nThe 173rd Ohio Infantry Regiment, sometimes 173rd Ohio Volunteer Infantry (or 173rd OVI) was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017395-0001-0000", "contents": "173rd Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 173rd Ohio Infantry was organized in Gallipolis, Ohio, and mustered in for one year service on September 18, 1864, under the command of Colonel John R. Hurd.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017395-0002-0000", "contents": "173rd Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to Post and Defenses of Nashville, Tennessee, Department of the Cumberland, to March 1865. 3rd Sub-District, District of Middle Tennessee, Department of the Cumberland, to June 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017395-0003-0000", "contents": "173rd Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 173rd Ohio Infantry mustered out of service July 12, 1865, at Nashville, Tennessee, and was discharged at Camp Dennison near Cincinnati, Ohio, on July 5, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017395-0004-0000", "contents": "173rd Ohio Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nLeft Ohio for Nashville, Tenn., September 18, arriving there October 1. Assigned to guard duty at Nashville, Tenn., until February 1865. Occupation of Nashville during Hood's investment December 1\u201315, 1864. Battle of Nashville December 15\u201316. Guarding prisoners at Nashville until February 1865. Moved to Columbia, Tenn., February 15. Duty there and at Johnsonville until June 20. Moved to Nashville June 20, and there mustered out June 26. Disbanded at Camp Dennison, Ohio, July 5, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017395-0005-0000", "contents": "173rd Ohio Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 108 enlisted men during service, all due to disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017396-0000-0000", "contents": "173rd Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery\n173rd Siege Battery was a unit of Britain's Royal Garrison Artillery (RGA) formed during World War I. It served on the Western Front, including the Battles of Vimy Ridge, Third Ypres and Cambrai, and the crushing victories of the Allied Hundred Days Offensive in 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017396-0001-0000", "contents": "173rd Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Mobilisation\n173rd Siege Battery was formed at Falmouth, Cornwall under Army Council Instruction 1239 of 21 June 1916, based upon a cadre of 3 officers and 78 other ranks (the establishment of a TF garrison company) supplied by the Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Royal Garrison Artillery, a coast defence unit of the Territorial Force based in Falmouth. It went out to the Western Front on 3 October 1916, manning four 6-inch 26 cwt howitzers, and joined 48th Heavy Artillery Group (HAG) in Third Army on 10 October.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 59], "content_span": [60, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017396-0002-0000", "contents": "173rd Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Ancre Heights\nThe practice was to move batteries between HAGs as required, and 173rd Siege Bty rapidly transferred to 40th HAG with Fifth Army on 18 October. Fifth Army was engaged in the Battle of the Ancre Heights, the last phase of that summer's Somme Offensive. The fighting ground on despite increasingly bad weather, culminating in the Battle of the Ancre (13\u201318 November). 173rd Siege Bty remained with Fifth Army during the winter, switching to 10th HAG on 11 December, and back to 40th HAG on 2 February, while Fifth Army carried out a series of small Operations on the Ancre, January\u2013March 1917.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 69], "content_span": [70, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017396-0003-0000", "contents": "173rd Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Vimy\nOn 21 March 1917, 173rd Siege Bty was transferred north to join 63rd HAG with First Army, which was preparing for the Battle of Vimy Ridge. 63rd HAG was assigned to I Corps. The artillery plan for the heavy guns before the attack emphasised counter-battery (CB) fire. At Zero hour, while the field guns laid down a Creeping barrage to protect the advancing infantry, the heavy howitzers fired 450 yards (410\u00a0m) further ahead to hit the rear areas on the reverse slope of the ridge, especially known gun positions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 60], "content_span": [61, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017396-0003-0001", "contents": "173rd Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Vimy\nThe attack went in on 9 April with I Corps and Canadian Corps successfully capturing Vimy Ridge while Third Army attacked further south near Arras. The only hold-up on 9 April was at Hill 145, near the north end of the Canadian attack, and the capture of this position was completed the next day. Fighting in the southern sector (the Battle of Arras) continued into May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 60], "content_span": [61, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017396-0004-0000", "contents": "173rd Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Ypres\n173rd Siege Bty switched to 79th HAG on 16 April and 15th HAG on 5 May, while remaining with First Army. Then on 10 July 1917 it moved to 56th HAG which was joining Fifth Army for the forthcoming Third Ypres Offensive. Gun batteries were packed into the Ypres Salient where they were under observation and CB fire from the Germans on the higher ground. Casualties among guns and gunners were high, even before the offensive opened with the Battle of Pilckem Ridge on 1 August, when Fifth Army failed to make much progress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 61], "content_span": [62, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017396-0004-0001", "contents": "173rd Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Ypres\nA second push on 16 August (the Battle of Langemarck) suffered from rushed artillery planning and was unsuccessful. The offensive continued through the summer and autumn of 1917, but after a short spell with 55th HAG (8\u201317 September) 173rd Siege Bty was relieved and sent back to Third Army, where it joined 17th HAG, changing to 4th HAG on 14 November.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 61], "content_span": [62, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017396-0005-0000", "contents": "173rd Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Cambrai\nThird Army was preparing for its surprise attack with tanks at the Battle of Cambrai. There was to be no preliminary bombardment or registration shots, and the guns were to open fire at Zero hour firing 'off the map' at carefully surveyed targets. When the battle began with a crash of artillery at 06.20 on 20 November the German defenders were stunned, and the massed tanks completed their overcome. In most areas the attack was an outstanding success. Exploitation over succeeding days was less spectacular, though some bombardments were set up to help the infantry take certain villages. On 30 November the Germans put in a heavy counter-attack against the weakened troops in the ill-organised captured positions, which they quickly overran, and Third Army had to scramble to set up a defensible line for the winter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 63], "content_span": [64, 884]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017396-0006-0000", "contents": "173rd Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Cambrai\n173rd Siege Bty continued to change command within Third Army, to 32nd HAG on 14 December and then 54th HAG on 29 December. However, by now HAG allocations were becoming more fixed, and on 1 February 1918 they were converted into permanent RGA brigades. 54th Brigade was defined as an 8-inch Howitzer Brigade, though  most of the batteries like 173rd were equipped with 6-inch howitzers. 173rd Siege Bty remained with this brigade until the Armistice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 63], "content_span": [64, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017396-0007-0000", "contents": "173rd Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Spring Offensive\nWhen the German spring offensive began on 21 March 1918, part of Third Army was engaged in the desperate fighting, but overall it was not obliged to retreat as far or to abandon as many heavy guns as Fifth Army further south. The German offensive had been halted on Third Army's front by 5 April.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 72], "content_span": [73, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017396-0008-0000", "contents": "173rd Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Hundred Days\nThird Army joined in the Allies' victorious Hundred Days Offensive with the Battle of Albert on 23\u201324 August, and continued with the Battles of the Scarpe (26\u201330 August), the Drocourt-Qu\u00e9ant Switch Line (2\u20133 September) Havrincourt (12 September), \u00c9pehy (18 September), Canal du Nord (27 September\u20131 October) and Second Cambrai (8\u201310 October).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 68], "content_span": [69, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017396-0009-0000", "contents": "173rd Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Hundred Days\nBy 17 October, Third Army had closed up to the River Selle\u00a0; now it prepared to seize a substantial bridgehead for further advances. 54th Brigade was assigned to V Corps for the assault crossing on 20 October (the Battle of the Selle), which was to be carried out as a surprise, with no preliminary bombardment, with a Zero hour of 02.00, when the moon would be full. Half of the corps' heavy artillery fired a creeping barrage, halting at each objective in turn, while the remainder carried out CB fire and bombarded specific targets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 68], "content_span": [69, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017396-0009-0001", "contents": "173rd Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Hundred Days\nThe infantry of 17th (Northern) and 38th (Welsh) Divisions crossed their footbridges, fought their way over the railway, through the village of Neuvilly and up onto the second of three successive ridges. The third ridge, the final objective for the day, proved troublesome, so a fresh barrage as put down on it at 16.00 and it was taken without further problems.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 68], "content_span": [69, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017396-0010-0000", "contents": "173rd Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Hundred Days\nAfter the crossing of the Selle, and shortly afterwards of the Sambre Canal, the offensive turned into a pursuit, and most of the siege batteries had to be left behind. Fighting was ended on 11 November by the Armistice with Germany. Demobilisation began early in 1919. In the interim order of battle for the postwar army the battery was supposed to form 128th Bty RGA, but this was rescinded after the signing of the Treaty of Versailles, and the battery was disbanded in 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 68], "content_span": [69, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017397-0000-0000", "contents": "173rd Support Battalion (United States)\nThe 173rd Brigade Support Battalion (Airborne) is a subordinate unit of the 173rd Infantry Brigade Combat Team (Airborne) in the United States Army based in Vicenza, Italy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017397-0001-0000", "contents": "173rd Support Battalion (United States), Organization\nThe 173rd Brigade Support Battalion (Airborne) serves to support the 173rd Infantry Brigade Combat Team (Airborne). The battalion currently consists of 475 soldiers in a headquarters and headquarters company (HHC), a supply company, maintenance company, medical company, parachute rigging company, and an aerial delivery detachment. Five additional forward support companies are detached in support of the Brigade's other subordinate units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 53], "content_span": [54, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017397-0002-0000", "contents": "173rd Support Battalion (United States), History of the 173rd Brigade Support Battalion (Airborne)\nThe 173rd Support Battalion was constituted on 26 March 1963 in the Regular Army and assigned to the 173rd Airborne Brigade. Officially activated on 25 June 1963 in Okinawa, the Support Battalion participated and logistically supported hundreds of Brigade operations in a dozen different countries in the Pacific. In May 1965, the Support Battalion was sent to Vietnam with the Brigade. For its time in Southeast Asia, the 173rd Support Battalion is recognized as having participated in 15 separate campaigns in Vietnam. The Battalion received a Presidential Unit Citation, two Meritorious Unit Commendations, and a Republic of Vietnam Cross of Gallantry with palm streamer and a Republic of Vietnam Civil Action Honor Medal. On 14 January 1972, the Support Battalion was relieved from assignment to the 173rd Airborne Brigade and subsequently deactivated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 98], "content_span": [99, 955]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017397-0003-0000", "contents": "173rd Support Battalion (United States), History of the 173rd Brigade Support Battalion (Airborne)\nIn July 2004, LTC Cynthia L. Fox was tasked to quickly combine the Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 51st Maintenance Battalion located in Mannheim Germany and 501st Forward Support Company & Headquarters located in Vicenza Italy to begin the activation of the 173rd Support Battalion, achieved on 16 March 2005. Eight days later, the 173rd Support Battalion deployed to Kandahar, Afghanistan to provide combat service support to Combined Task Force Bayonet. The Battalion redeployed on 24 February 2006 after spending twelve months supporting combat operations in southern Afghanistan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 98], "content_span": [99, 690]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017397-0004-0000", "contents": "173rd Support Battalion (United States), History of the 173rd Brigade Support Battalion (Airborne)\nAs a part of the 173rd Airborne Brigade's transformation, the 173rd Support Battalion transitioned into a Brigade Support Battalion (BSB) and moved to Bamberg, Germany on 16 September 2006 to begin training for their deployment to Afghanistan. On 17 May 2007, the newly transformed 173rd BSB (Airborne) deployed to Bagram and Jalalabad Airfields in northeastern Afghanistan. The Battalion redeployed on 4 August 2008 after spending 15 months supporting combat operations throughout Regional Command East in Afghanistan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 98], "content_span": [99, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017397-0005-0000", "contents": "173rd Support Battalion (United States), History of the 173rd Brigade Support Battalion (Airborne)\nOn 22 February 2009, the Battalion was notified of a change to their deployment from Operation Iraqi Freedom to Operation Enduring Freedom. In November 2009, the Sky Soldiers of the 173rd BSB were deployed to Forward Operating Base Shank, Logar, Afghanistan in support of Operation Enduring Freedom X and The Global War on Terrorism. The unit performed its mission of manning, arming, fueling, fixing, moving and sustaining over 10,000 Soldiers, Sailors, Airmen, Marines, civilian contractors, and other government agencies throughout Logar and Wardak provinces of Regional Command-East (RC East), Afghanistan. The Battalion redeployed from combat operations in November 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 98], "content_span": [99, 775]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017397-0006-0000", "contents": "173rd Support Battalion (United States), History of the 173rd Brigade Support Battalion (Airborne)\nIn July 2013, the 173rd BSB deployed for a fourth time since its 2005 reactivation. This time, BSB Paratroopers deployed from Bamberg, Germany as part of Task Force Repel, back to Afghanistan and Regional Command \u2013 East, as a subordinate element of Task Force Bayonet conducting Security Force Assistance and Training (SFAT) Operations in support of Operation Enduring Freedom XIII. The Battalion aligned a forward logistics element in Wardak Province, Afghanistan and the remainder of the battalion at Forward Operating Base Shank, Logar Province Afghanistan, where they executed the difficult task of reducing the footprint of the Brigade and retrograding critical military material while continuing to train their Afghan counterparts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 98], "content_span": [99, 836]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017397-0007-0000", "contents": "173rd Support Battalion (United States), History of the 173rd Brigade Support Battalion (Airborne)\nThe Battalion redeployed from combat operations in March 2013 and immediately began preparations to relocate from Bamberg, Germany to Vicenza, Italy to the newly completed Caserma Del Din where the Sky Soldiers of the 173rd BSB continue the distinction of honored service dating back to Vietnam and proudly represent the Airborne fighting spirit wherever they serve.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 98], "content_span": [99, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017398-0000-0000", "contents": "173rd Tunnelling Company\nThe 173rd Tunnelling Company was one of the tunnelling companies of the Royal Engineers created by the British Army during World War I. The tunnelling units were occupied in offensive and defensive mining involving the placing and maintaining of mines under enemy lines, as well as other underground work such as the construction of deep dugouts for troop accommodation, the digging of subways, saps (a narrow trench dug to approach enemy trenches), cable trenches and  underground chambers for signals and medical services. On 17 April 1915, 173rd Tunnelling Company became the first Royal Engineer tunnelling company to fire mines beneath enemy lines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 678]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017398-0001-0000", "contents": "173rd Tunnelling Company, Background\nBy January 1915 it had become evident to the BEF at the Western Front that the Germans were mining to a planned system. As the British had failed to develop suitable counter-tactics or underground  listening devices before the war, field marshals French and Kitchener agreed to investigate the suitability of forming  British mining units. Following consultations between the Engineer-in-Chief of the BEF, Brigadier George Fowke, and the mining specialist John Norton-Griffiths, the War Office formally approved the tunnelling company scheme on 19 February 1915.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017398-0002-0000", "contents": "173rd Tunnelling Company, Background\nNorton-Griffiths ensured that tunnelling companies numbers 170 to 177 were ready for deployment in mid-February 1915. In the spring of that year, there was constant underground fighting in the Ypres Salient at Hooge, Hill 60, Railway Wood, Sanctuary Wood, St Eloi and The Bluff which required the deployment of new drafts of tunnellers for several months after the formation of the first eight companies. The lack of suitably experienced men led to some tunnelling companies starting work later than others.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017398-0002-0001", "contents": "173rd Tunnelling Company, Background\nThe number of units available to the BEF was also restricted by the need to provide effective counter-measures to the German mining activities. To make the tunnels safer and quicker to deploy, the British Army enlisted experienced coal miners, many outside their nominal recruitment policy. The first nine companies, numbers 170 to 178, were each commanded by a regular Royal Engineers officer. These companies each comprised 5 officers and 269 sappers; they were aided by additional infantrymen who were temporarily attached to the tunnellers as required, which almost doubled their numbers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017398-0002-0002", "contents": "173rd Tunnelling Company, Background\nThe success of the first tunnelling companies formed under Norton-Griffiths' command led to mining being made a separate branch of the  Engineer-in-Chief's office under Major-General S.R. Rice, and the appointment of an 'Inspector of Mines' at the GHQ Saint-Omer office of the Engineer-in-Chief. A second group of tunnelling companies were formed from Welsh miners from the 1st and 3rd Battalions of the Monmouthshire Regiment, who were attached to the 1st Northumberland Field Company of the Royal Engineers, which was a Territorial unit. The formation of twelve new tunnelling companies, between July and October 1915, helped to bring more men into action in other parts of the Western Front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 731]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017398-0003-0000", "contents": "173rd Tunnelling Company, Background\nMost tunnelling companies were formed under Norton-Griffiths' leadership during 1915, and one more was added in 1916. On 10 September 1915, the British government sent an appeal to Canada, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand to raise tunnelling companies in the Dominions of the British Empire. On 17 September, New Zealand became the first Dominion to agree the formation of a tunnelling unit. The New Zealand Tunnelling Company arrived at Plymouth on 3 February 1916 and was deployed to the Western Front in northern France. A Canadian unit was formed from men on the battlefield, plus two other companies trained in Canada and then shipped to France. Three Australian tunnelling companies were formed by March 1916, resulting in 30 tunnelling companies of the Royal Engineers being available by the summer of 1916.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 858]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017398-0004-0000", "contents": "173rd Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Laventie\nFrom its formation in March 1915 until the end of the war 173rd Tunnelling Company served under Second Army in the Ypres Salient. It moved into the Fauquissart area near Laventie in northern France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 48], "content_span": [49, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017398-0005-0000", "contents": "173rd Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Hill 60\nMining and counter-mining had been going on at Hill 60 near Ypres for months before the formation of the first Royal Engineer tunnelling units. On 17 February 1915, British sappers at Hill 60 blew a small mine which they had taken over from the French, but without great effect. The Germans retaliated with a small mine at Zwarteleen, but were driven out of the British positions. On 21 February, however, they blew a large mine nearby, killing forty-seven men and ten officers of the 16th Lancers. In mid-March the Germans blew another large mine at Zwarteleen, creating a 9.1-metre (30\u00a0ft)  deep crater and damaging their own lines in the process.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 697]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017398-0006-0000", "contents": "173rd Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Hill 60\nIn spring 1915, the newly formed 173rd Tunnelling Company was given the job of undertaking a major mining operation beneath Hill 60. In the first British offensive underground attack operation in the Ypres Salient, they laid six mines by 10 April 1915, an operation planned by Major-General E. Bulfin, commander of the 28th Division and continued by the 5th Division when the 28th Division was relieved.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017398-0006-0001", "contents": "173rd Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Hill 60\nWork beneath Hill 60 began early in March and three tunnels were begun towards the German line about 50 yards (46\u00a0m) away, a pit first having been dug some 16 feet (4.9\u00a0m) deep. Almost immediately the miners came upon dead bodies and quick-lime had to be brought over to cover them. By the time the work was finished, the tunnels stretched more than 100 yards (91\u00a0m).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017398-0006-0002", "contents": "173rd Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Hill 60\nTwo mines in the north were charged with 2,000 pounds (910\u00a0kg) of explosives each, two mines in the centre had 2,700 pounds (1,200\u00a0kg) charges and in the south one mine was packed with 500 pounds (230\u00a0kg) of guncotton, although work on it had been stopped when it ran close to a German tunnel. The explosive charges were ready on 15 April and on 17 April 1915 at 19:05 the mine group was fired.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017398-0007-0000", "contents": "173rd Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Aubers Ridge\nThe unit was employed under the command of I Corps and the Indian Corps on operations in preparation for the Battle of Aubers Ridge on 9 May 1915, which formed part of the British contribution to the Second Battle of Artois (9 May \u2013 18 June 1915). The Battle of Aubers Ridge marked only the second British use of specialist tunnelling companies, who tunnelled under no man's land and planted mines under the German defences to be blown at zero hour. 173rd Tunnelling Company  was also extended to the Rue du Bois and Red Lamp areas soon afterwards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 52], "content_span": [53, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017398-0008-0000", "contents": "173rd Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Cuinchy 1915\nIn summer 1915, the 173rd Tunnelling Company was employed under the command of the 2nd Division on operations near Cuinchy. 170th and 176th Tunnelling Company were also deployed under the 2nd Division at that time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 52], "content_span": [53, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017398-0009-0000", "contents": "173rd Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Loos 1916/17\nIn January 1916, the 173rd Tunnelling Company moved to the Hulluch-Loos area. The unit began sinking shafts and driving galleries to counter an enemy mining initiative immediately to the south and east of Loos. When 255th Tunnelling Company was formed the same month, some experienced officers and men from 173rd Tunnelling Company were attached to the new unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 52], "content_span": [53, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017398-0010-0000", "contents": "173rd Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Loos 1916/17\nFrom January 1916 to April 1917, 173rd Tunnelling Company  waged war underground on three levels (\"Main\", \"Deep\", \"Deep Deep\") in the Hill 70 - Copse - Double Crassier area of Loos, supported by the newly raised 258th Tunnelling Company which deployed in April 1916. This mining sector, together with Hulluch to the North, was then taken over by 3rd Australian Tunnelling Company until September 1918. By that time the enemy mining threat had ceased completely and the front was relatively quiet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 52], "content_span": [53, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017398-0011-0000", "contents": "173rd Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Ypres Salient\nIn spring of 1917, 173rd Tunnelling Company moved to the Ypres Canal sector near Boezinge where it commenced work on the dugout at Yorkshire Trench. This was an addition to the existing fortification; it was a first line trench for about one year between summer or autumn 1916 until the summer of 1917. The completed Yorkshire Trench dugout then served as headquarters for the 13th and 16th Battalions of the Royal Welch Fusiliers at the start of the Battle of Passchendaele later that year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 53], "content_span": [54, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017398-0011-0001", "contents": "173rd Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Ypres Salient\nThe BEF had decided to carry out all operations in the offensive of summer 1917 from deep dugouts. East of the Ypres Canal in the close vicinity of Yorkshire Trench there were several more dugouts, seven of which - all south and southeast of Yorkshire Trench - were finished by the 173rd or 179th Tunnelling Companies. Of these, Yorkshire Trench, Butt 18, Nile Trench and Heading Lane Dugout were double battalion headquarters, Bridge 6 was a brigade headquarters, and Lancashire Farm Dugout contained two battalion and two brigade headquarters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 53], "content_span": [54, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017398-0011-0002", "contents": "173rd Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Ypres Salient\nThe condition of the ground made digging the deep dugouts extremely difficult and dangerous. Work had to be carried out silently and secretly, facing an observant enemy who was only a few hundred metres away. About 180 dugout sites have been located in the Ypres Salient and in the 1990s some of them were entered, at least in part. Yorkshire Trench was rediscovered by amateur archaeologists and systematically excavated in 1998. Although the area is now part of a large industrial estate, the location was opened to the public in 2003 (). Yorkshire Trench is located close to the John McCrae memorial site at Essex Farm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 53], "content_span": [54, 676]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017398-0012-0000", "contents": "173rd Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Spring Offensive\nIn March 1918, the 173rd Tunnelling Company were working alongside 177th Tunnelling Company on the Fifth Army's Green Line near Wiencourt on the Somme when the German spring offensive (21 March \u2013 18 July 1918)  opened, and were ordered to halt an uncontrolled retreat by Allied units on the Guillaucourt-Marcelcave road. 253rd Tunnelling Company were also involved in the latter operation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 56], "content_span": [57, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017398-0013-0000", "contents": "173rd Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Spring Offensive\n173rd Tunnelling Company played an important role in destroying the Somme bridges in an attempt to slow the enemy advance. On 25 March 1918, personnel of the unit were converted into infantry \u2013 called No 2 RE Battalion \u2013 for emergency purposes, along with other Royal Engineers troops from XIX Corps (see 258th Tunnelling Company).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 56], "content_span": [57, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017398-0014-0000", "contents": "173rd Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Spring Offensive\nIn April 1918, the 173rd and several other tunnelling companies (171st, 183rd, 184th, 255th, 258th and 3rd Australian) were forced to move from their camps at Boeschepe, when the enemy broke through the Lys positions during the Spring Offensive. These units were then put on duties that included digging and wiring trenches over a long distance from Reningelst to near Saint-Omer. The operation to construct these fortifications between Reningelst and Saint-Omer was carried out jointly by the British 171st, 173rd, 183rd, 184th, 255th, 258th, 3rd Canadian and 3rd Australian Tunnelling Companies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 56], "content_span": [57, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017398-0015-0000", "contents": "173rd Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Armistice\nAfter the Armistice of 11 November 1918, Captain D. Richards MC of the 173rd Tunnelling Company became the last officer of a tunnelling company of the Royal Engineers to leave French soil.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 49], "content_span": [50, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017399-0000-0000", "contents": "173rd meridian east\nThe meridian 173\u00b0 east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, New Zealand, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017399-0001-0000", "contents": "173rd meridian east\nThe 173rd meridian east forms a great circle with the 7th meridian west.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 92]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017399-0002-0000", "contents": "173rd meridian east, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 173rd meridian east passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017400-0000-0000", "contents": "173rd meridian west\nThe meridian 173\u00b0 west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017400-0001-0000", "contents": "173rd meridian west\nThe 173rd meridian west forms a great circle with the 7th meridian east.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 92]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017400-0002-0000", "contents": "173rd meridian west, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 173rd meridian west passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017401-0000-0000", "contents": "174\nYear 174 (CLXXIV) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Gallus and Flaccus (or, less frequently, year 927 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 174 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017402-0000-0000", "contents": "174 (number)\n174 (one hundred [and] seventy-four) is the natural number following 173 and preceding 175.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017403-0000-0000", "contents": "174 BC\nYear 174 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Paullulus and Scaevola (or, less frequently, year 580 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 174 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017404-0000-0000", "contents": "174 Phaedra\nPhaedra (minor planet designation: 174 Phaedra) is a sizable, rocky main belt asteroid that was discovered by Canadian-American astronomer James Craig Watson on September 2, 1877, and named after Phaedra, the tragic lovelorn queen in Greek mythology.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017404-0001-0000", "contents": "174 Phaedra\nThe asteroid is orbiting the Sun with a period of 4.84\u00a0years and an eccentricity of 0.14. Lightcurve data obtained from Phaedra indicates a rather irregular or elongated body. It has a cross-section size of ~35\u00a0km. Photometric observations of this asteroid at the Shadowbox Observatory in Carmel, Indiana, during 2009 gave a light curve with a period of 4.96 \u00b1 0.01 hours. This is consistent with previous studies in 1977, 1988, and 2008. The asteroid's pole of rotation lies just 5\u201316\u00b0 away from the plane of the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017405-0000-0000", "contents": "1740\n1740 (MDCCXL) was a leap year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a leap year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar, the 1740th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 740th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 40th  year of the 18th\u00a0century, and the  1st   year of the 1740s decade. As of the start of 1740, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017406-0000-0000", "contents": "1740 Batavia massacre\nThe 1740 Batavia massacre (Dutch: Chinezenmoord, lit. ' Murder of the Chinese'; French: Meurtre des Chinois, lit. ' Murder of the Chinese'; Indonesian: Geger Pacinan, lit. ' Chinatown Tumult') was a pogrom in which Dutch soldiers and native collaborators killed ethnic Chinese residents of the port city of Batavia (present-day Jakarta) in the Dutch East Indies. The violence in the city lasted from 9 October 1740 until 22 October, with minor skirmishes outside the walls continuing late into November that year. Historians have estimated that at least 10,000\u00a0ethnic Chinese were massacred; just 600 to 3,000 are believed to have survived.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017406-0001-0000", "contents": "1740 Batavia massacre\nIn September 1740, as unrest rose among the Chinese population, spurred by government repression and declining sugar prices, Governor-General Adriaan Valckenier declared that any uprising would be met with deadly force. On 7 October, hundreds of ethnic Chinese, many of them sugar mill workers, killed 50 Dutch soldiers, leading Dutch troops to confiscate all weapons from the Chinese populace and to place the Chinese under a curfew. Two days later, rumours of Chinese atrocities led other Batavian ethnic groups to burn Chinese houses along Besar River and Dutch soldiers to fire cannons at Chinese homes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017406-0001-0001", "contents": "1740 Batavia massacre\nThe violence soon spread throughout Batavia, killing more Chinese. Although Valckenier declared an amnesty on 11 October, gangs of irregulars continued to hunt and kill Chinese until 22 October, when the governor-general called more forcefully for a cessation of hostilities. Outside the city walls, clashes continued between Dutch troops and rioting sugar mill workers. After several weeks of minor skirmishes, Dutch-led troops assaulted Chinese strongholds in sugar mills throughout the area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017406-0002-0000", "contents": "1740 Batavia massacre\nThe following year, attacks on ethnic Chinese throughout Java sparked the two-year Java War that pitted ethnic Chinese and Javanese forces against Dutch troops. Valckenier was later recalled to the Netherlands and charged with crimes related to the massacre. The massacre figures heavily in Dutch literature, and is also cited as a possible etymology for the names of several areas in Jakarta.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017406-0003-0000", "contents": "1740 Batavia massacre, Background\nDuring the early years of the Dutch colonisation of the East Indies (modern-day Indonesia), many people of Chinese descent were contracted as skilled artisans in the construction of Batavia on the northwestern coast of Java; they also served as traders, sugar mill workers, and shopkeepers. The economic boom, precipitated by trade between the East Indies and China via the port of Batavia, increased Chinese immigration to Java. The number of ethnic Chinese in Batavia grew rapidly, reaching a total of 10,000 by 1740. Thousands more lived outside the city walls. The Dutch colonials required them to carry registration papers, and deported those who did not comply to China.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 33], "content_span": [34, 710]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017406-0004-0000", "contents": "1740 Batavia massacre, Background\nThe deportation policy was tightened during the 1730s, after an outbreak of malaria killed thousands, including the Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies, Dirck van Cloon. According to Indonesian historian Benny G. Setiono, the outbreak was followed by increased suspicion and resentment in native Indonesians and the Dutch toward the ethnic Chinese, who were growing in number and whose wealth was increasingly visible.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 33], "content_span": [34, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017406-0004-0001", "contents": "1740 Batavia massacre, Background\nAs a result, Commissioner of Native Affairs Roy Ferdinand, under orders of Governor-General Adriaan Valckenier, decreed on 25 July 1740 that Chinese considered suspicious would be deported to Ceylon (modern day Sri Lanka) and forced to harvest cinnamon. Wealthy Chinese were extorted by corrupt Dutch officials who threatened them with deportation; Stamford Raffles, an explorer, administrator and historian of Java, noted in 1830 that in some Javanese accounts, the Dutch were told by the Dutch-appointed Chinese headman of Batavia, Nie Hoe Kong, to deport all Chinese wearing black or blue because these were thought to be poor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 33], "content_span": [34, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017406-0004-0002", "contents": "1740 Batavia massacre, Background\nThere were also rumours that deportees were not taken to their destinations but were thrown overboard once out of sight of Java, and in some accounts, they died when rioting on the ships. The deportation of ethnic Chinese caused unrest among the remaining Chinese, leading many Chinese workers to desert their jobs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 33], "content_span": [34, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017406-0005-0000", "contents": "1740 Batavia massacre, Background\nAt the same time native occupants of Batavia, including the ethnic Betawi servants, became increasingly distrustful of the Chinese. Economic factors played a role: most natives were poor, and perceived the Chinese as occupying some of the most prosperous neighbourhoods in the city. Although the Dutch historian A.N. Paasman notes that at the time the Chinese were the \"Jews of Asia\", the actual situation was more complicated. Many poor Chinese living in the area around Batavia were sugar mill workers who felt exploited by the Dutch and Chinese elites equally.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 33], "content_span": [34, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017406-0005-0001", "contents": "1740 Batavia massacre, Background\nRich Chinese owned the mills and were involved in revenue farming and shipping; they drew income from milling and the distillation of arak, a molasses and rice-based alcoholic beverage. However, the Dutch overlords set the price for sugar, which itself caused unrest. Because of the decline of worldwide sugar prices that began in the 1720s caused by an increase in exports to Europe and competition from the West Indies, the sugar industry in the East Indies had suffered considerably. By 1740, worldwide sugar prices had dropped to half the price in 1720. As sugar was a major export, this caused considerable financial difficulties for the colony.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 33], "content_span": [34, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017406-0006-0000", "contents": "1740 Batavia massacre, Background\nInitially some members of the Council of the Indies (Raad van Indi\u00eb) believed that the Chinese would never attack Batavia, and stronger measures to control the Chinese were blocked by a faction led by Valckenier's political opponent, the former governor of Zeylan Gustaaf Willem van Imhoff, who returned to Batavia in 1738. Large numbers of Chinese arrived outside Batavia from nearby settlements, however, and on 26 September Valckenier called an emergency meeting of the council, during which he gave orders to respond to any ethnic Chinese uprisings with deadly force. This policy continued to be opposed by van Imhoff's faction; Vermeulen (1938) suggested that the tension between the two colonial factions played a role in the ensuing massacre.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 33], "content_span": [34, 783]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017406-0007-0000", "contents": "1740 Batavia massacre, Background\nOn the evening of 1 October Valckenier received reports that a crowd of a thousand Chinese had gathered outside the gate, angered by his statements at the emergency meeting five days earlier. This report was received incredulously by Valckenier and the council. However, after the murder of a Balinese sergeant by the Chinese outside the walls, the council decided to take extraordinary measures and reinforce the guard. Two groups of 50 Europeans and some native porters were sent to outposts on the south and east sides of the city, and a plan of attack was formulated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 33], "content_span": [34, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017406-0008-0000", "contents": "1740 Batavia massacre, Incident, Massacre\nAfter groups of Chinese sugar mill workers revolted using custom-made weapons to loot and burn mills, hundreds of ethnic Chinese, suspected to have been led by Nie Hoe Kong, killed 50 Dutch soldiers in Meester Cornelis (now Jatinegara) and Tanah Abang on 7 October. In response, the Dutch sent 1,800 regular troops, accompanied by schutterij (militia) and eleven battalions of conscripts to stop the revolt; they established a curfew and cancelled plans for a Chinese festival.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 41], "content_span": [42, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017406-0008-0001", "contents": "1740 Batavia massacre, Incident, Massacre\nFearing that the Chinese would conspire against the colonials by candlelight, those inside the city walls were forbidden to light candles and were forced to surrender everything \"down to the smallest kitchen knife\". The following day the Dutch repelled an attack by up to 10,000 ethnic Chinese, led by groups from nearby Tangerang and Bekasi, at the city's outer walls; Raffles wrote that 1,789 Chinese died in this attack. In response, Valckenier called another meeting of the council on 9 October.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 41], "content_span": [42, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017406-0009-0000", "contents": "1740 Batavia massacre, Incident, Massacre\nMeanwhile, rumours spread among the other ethnic groups in Batavia, including slaves from Bali and Sulawesi, Bugis, and Balinese troops, that the Chinese were plotting to kill, rape, or enslave them. These groups pre-emptively burned houses belonging to ethnic Chinese along Besar River. The Dutch followed this with an assault on Chinese settlements elsewhere in Batavia in which they burned houses and killed people. The Dutch politician and critic of colonialism W. R. van Ho\u00ebvell wrote that \"pregnant and nursing women, children, and trembling old men fell on the sword. Defenseless prisoners were slaughtered like sheep\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 41], "content_span": [42, 668]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017406-0010-0000", "contents": "1740 Batavia massacre, Incident, Massacre\nTroops under Lieutenant Hermanus van Suchtelen and Captain Jan van Oosten, a survivor from Tanah Abang, took station in the Chinese district: Suchtelen and his men positioned themselves at the poultry market, while van Oosten's men held a post along the nearby canal. At around 5:00\u00a0p.m., the Dutch opened fire on Chinese-occupied houses with cannon, causing them to catch fire. Some Chinese died in the burning houses, while others were shot upon leaving their homes or committed suicide in desperation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 41], "content_span": [42, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017406-0010-0001", "contents": "1740 Batavia massacre, Incident, Massacre\nThose who reached the canal near the housing district were killed by Dutch troops waiting in small boats, while other troops searched in between the rows of burning houses, killing any survivors they found. These actions later spread throughout the city. Vermeulen notes that many of the perpetrators were sailors and other \"irregular and bad elements\" of society. During this period there was heavy looting and seizures of property.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 41], "content_span": [42, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017406-0011-0000", "contents": "1740 Batavia massacre, Incident, Massacre\nThe following day the violence continued to spread, and Chinese patients in a hospital were taken outside and killed. Attempts to extinguish fires in areas devastated the preceding day failed, and the flames increased in vigour, and continued until 12 October. Meanwhile, a group of 800 Dutch soldiers and 2,000 natives assaulted Kampung Gading Melati, where a group of Chinese survivors were holding up under the leadership of Khe Pandjang. Although the Chinese evacuated to nearby Paninggaran, they were later driven out of the area by Dutch forces. There were approximately 450 Dutch and 800 Chinese casualties in the two attacks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 41], "content_span": [42, 675]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017406-0012-0000", "contents": "1740 Batavia massacre, Incident, Follow-up and further violence\nOn 11 October Valckenier unsuccessfully requested that officers control their troops and stop the looting. Two days later the council established a reward of two ducats for every Chinese head surrendered to the soldiers as an incentive for the other ethnic groups to assist in the purge. As a result, ethnic Chinese who had survived the initial assault were hunted by gangs of irregulars, who killed those Chinese they found for the reward. The Dutch worked with natives in different parts of Batavia; ethnic Bugis and Balinese grenadiers were sent to reinforce the Dutch on 14 October.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 63], "content_span": [64, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017406-0012-0001", "contents": "1740 Batavia massacre, Incident, Follow-up and further violence\nOn 22 October Valckenier called for all killings to cease. In a lengthy letter in which he blamed the unrest entirely on the Chinese rebels, Valckenier offered an amnesty to all Chinese, except for the leaders of the unrest, on whose heads he placed a bounty of up to 500 rijksdaalders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 63], "content_span": [64, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017406-0013-0000", "contents": "1740 Batavia massacre, Incident, Follow-up and further violence\nOutside the walls skirmishes between the Chinese rebels and the Dutch continued. On 25 October, after almost two weeks of minor skirmishes, 500 armed Chinese approached Cadouwang (now Angke), but were repelled by cavalry under the command of Ridmeester Christoffel Moll and Cornets Daniel Chits and Pieter Donker.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 63], "content_span": [64, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017406-0013-0001", "contents": "1740 Batavia massacre, Incident, Follow-up and further violence\nThe following day the cavalry, which consisted of 1,594 Dutch and native forces, marched on the rebel stronghold at the Salapadjang sugar mill, first gathered in the nearby woods and then set the mill on fire while the rebels were inside; another mill at Boedjong Renje was taken in the same manner by another group. Fearful of the oncoming Dutch, the Chinese retreated to a sugar mill in Kampung Melayu, four hours from Salapadjang; this stronghold fell to troops under Captain Jan George Crummel. After defeating the Chinese and retaking Qual, the Dutch returned to Batavia. Meanwhile, the fleeing Chinese, who were blocked to the west by 3,000 troops from the Sultanate of Banten, headed east along the north coast of Java; by 30 October it was reported that the Chinese had reached Tangerang.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 63], "content_span": [64, 860]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017406-0014-0000", "contents": "1740 Batavia massacre, Incident, Follow-up and further violence\nA ceasefire order reached Crummel on 2 November, upon which he and his men returned to Batavia after stationing a contingent of 50 men at Cadouwang. When he arrived at noon there were no more Chinese stationed at the walls. On 8 November the Sultanate of Cirebon sent between 2,000 and 3,000 native troops to reinforce the city guard. Looting continued until at least 28 November, and the last native troops stood down at the end of that month.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 63], "content_span": [64, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017406-0015-0000", "contents": "1740 Batavia massacre, Aftermath\nMost accounts of the massacre estimate that 10,000\u00a0Chinese were killed within Batavia's city walls, while at least another 500 were seriously wounded. Between 600 and 700 Chinese-owned houses were raided and burned. Vermeulen gives a figure of 600 survivors, while the Indonesian scholar A.R.T. Kemasang estimates that 3,000 Chinese survived. The Indonesian historian Benny G. Setiono notes that 500 prisoners and hospital patients were killed, and a total of 3,431 people survived. The massacre was followed by an \"open season\" against the ethnic Chinese throughout Java, causing another massacre in 1741 in Semarang, and others later in Surabaya and Gresik.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 692]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017406-0016-0000", "contents": "1740 Batavia massacre, Aftermath\nAs part of conditions for the cessation of violence, all of Batavia's ethnic Chinese were moved to a pecinan, or Chinatown, outside of the city walls, now known as Glodok. This allowed the Dutch to monitor the Chinese more easily. To leave the pecinan, ethnic Chinese required special passes. By 1743, however, ethnic Chinese had already returned to inner Batavia; several hundred merchants operated there. Other ethnic Chinese led by Khe Pandjang fled to Central Java where they attacked Dutch trading posts, and were later joined by troops under the command of the Javanese sultan of Mataram, Pakubuwono II. Though this further uprising was quashed in 1743, conflicts in Java continued almost without interruption for the next 17 years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 771]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017406-0017-0000", "contents": "1740 Batavia massacre, Aftermath\nOn 6 December 1740 van Imhoff and two fellow councillors were arrested on the orders of Valckenier for insubordination, and on 13 January 1741, they were sent to the Netherlands on separate ships; they arrived on 19 September 1741. In the Netherlands, van Imhoff convinced the council that Valckenier was to blame for the massacre and delivered an extensive speech entitled \"Considerati\u00ebn over den tegenwoordigen staat van de Ned. O.I. Comp.\" (\"Considerations on the Current Condition of the Dutch East Indies Company\") on 24 November.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017406-0017-0001", "contents": "1740 Batavia massacre, Aftermath\nAs a result of the speech, the charges against him and the other councillors were dismissed. On 27 October 1742 van Imhoff was sent back to Batavia on the Hersteller as the new governor-general of the East Indies, with high expectations from the Lords XVII, the leadership of the Dutch East India Company. He arrived in the Indies on 26 May 1743.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017406-0018-0000", "contents": "1740 Batavia massacre, Aftermath\nValckenier had asked to be replaced late in 1740, and in February 1741 had received a reply instructing him to appoint van Imhoff as his successor; an alternative account indicates that the Lords XVII informed him that he was to be replaced by van Imhoff as punishment for exporting too much sugar and too little coffee in 1739 and thus causing large financial losses. By the time Valckenier received the reply, van Imhoff was already on his way back to the Netherlands. Valckenier left the Indies on 6 November 1741, after appointing a temporary successor, Johannes Thedens.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017406-0018-0001", "contents": "1740 Batavia massacre, Aftermath\nTaking command of a fleet, Valckenier headed for the Netherlands. On 25 January 1742 he arrived in Cape Town but was detained, and investigated by governor Hendrik Swellengrebel by order of the Lords XVII. In August 1742 Valckenier was sent back to Batavia, where he was imprisoned in Fort Batavia and, three months later, tried on several charges, including his involvement in the massacre. In March 1744 he was convicted and condemned to death, and all his belongings were confiscated. In December 1744 the trial was reopened when Valckenier gave a lengthy statement to defend himself.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017406-0018-0002", "contents": "1740 Batavia massacre, Aftermath\nValckenier asked for more evidence from the Netherlands, but died in his prison cell on 20 June 1751, before the investigation was completed. The death penalty was rescinded posthumously in 1755. Vermeulen characterises the investigation as unfair and fuelled by popular outrage in the Netherlands, and arguably this was officially recognised because in 1760 Valckenier's son, Adriaan Isa\u00e4k Valckenier, received reparations totalling 725,000 gulden.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017406-0019-0000", "contents": "1740 Batavia massacre, Aftermath\nSugar production in the area suffered greatly after the massacre, as many of the Chinese who had run the industry had been killed or were missing. It began to recover after the new governor-general, van Imhoff, \"colonised\" Tangerang. He initially intended for men to come from the Netherlands and work the land; he considered those already settled in the Indies to be lazy. However, he was unable to attract new settlers because of high taxes and thus sold the land to those already in Batavia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017406-0019-0001", "contents": "1740 Batavia massacre, Aftermath\nAs he had expected, the new land-owners were unwilling to \"soil their hands\", and quickly rented out the land to ethnic Chinese. Production rose steadily after this, but took until the 1760s to reach pre-1740 levels, after which it again diminished. The number of mills also declined. In 1710 there had been 131, but by 1750 the number had fallen to 66.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017406-0020-0000", "contents": "1740 Batavia massacre, Aftermath\nAfter the 1740 massacre, it became apparent over the ensuing decades through a series of considerations that Batavia needed Chinese people for a long list of trades. Considerable Chinese economic expansion occurred in the late eighteenth century, and by 1814 there were 11,854 Chinese people within the total of 47,217  inhabitants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017406-0021-0000", "contents": "1740 Batavia massacre, Legacy\nVermeulen described the massacre as \"one of the most striking events in 18th-century [Dutch] colonialism\". In his doctoral dissertation, W. W. Dharmowijono notes that the attack has figured heavily in Dutch literature, early examples of which include a poem by Willem van Haren that condemned the massacre (dating from 1742) and an anonymous poem, from the same period, critical of the Chinese. Raffles wrote in 1830 that Dutch historical records are \"far from complete or satisfactory\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 29], "content_span": [30, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017406-0022-0000", "contents": "1740 Batavia massacre, Legacy\nDutch historian Leonard Bluss\u00e9 writes that the massacre indirectly led to the rapid expansion of Batavia, and institutionalised a modus vivendi that led to a dichotomy between the ethnic Chinese and other groups, which could still be felt in the late 20th century. The massacre may also have been a factor in the naming of numerous areas in Jakarta.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 29], "content_span": [30, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017406-0022-0001", "contents": "1740 Batavia massacre, Legacy\nOne possible etymology for the name of the Tanah Abang district (meaning \"red earth\") is that it was named for the Chinese blood spilled there; van Ho\u00ebvell suggests that the naming was a compromise to make the Chinese survivors accept amnesty more quickly. The name Rawa Bangke, for a subdistrict of East Jakarta, may be derived from the colloquial Indonesian word for corpse, bangkai, due to the great number of ethnic Chinese killed there; a similar etymology has been suggested for Angke in Tambora.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 29], "content_span": [30, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017407-0000-0000", "contents": "1740 Broadway\n1740 Broadway (formerly the MONY Building or Mutual of New York Building) is a 26-story building in Midtown Manhattan in New York City owned by EQ Office. Located on the east side of Broadway between West 55th and 56th Streets, it shares a trapezoid-shaped city block with the Park Central Hotel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017407-0001-0000", "contents": "1740 Broadway, Signage on the facade\nIts most famous attribute was once a sign at the top of its facade which advertised for Mutual of New York, the structure's original owner. The first version spelled out the entire name, with the first letter of each of the words in it (MONY) being red neon lighting which was twice the size of the rest. It was in this form that the sign served as both the inspiration for Tommy James and the Shondells' 1968 hit single \"Mony Mony\" and as a motif in Midnight Cowboy. The subsequent version was the corporate logo, which was the insurance company's acronym with a dollar sign inside the \"O.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 36], "content_span": [37, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017407-0002-0000", "contents": "1740 Broadway, Signage on the facade\nThe MONY sign was removed by Vornado in December 2007, and replaced with \"1740\" to reflect its street address. The numerals, 8\u00a01\u20442 feet (2.6 meters) tall and in Futura typeface, are illuminated at night by white light-emitting diodes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 36], "content_span": [37, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017407-0003-0000", "contents": "1740 Broadway, The Weather Star\nPerched on the roof is the Weather Star, a 150-foot (46\u00a0m) tower of lights topped with a star which was built by Artkraft Strauss. The star was green if the following day's weather forecast was fair, orange for cloudy, flashing orange for rain and flashing white for snow. The direction the lights on the tower moved depended on whether the temperatures were expected to rise or fall; absence of movement meant no change. The Weather Star is still operable, but is no longer used for meteorological forecasting purposes. At the base of the tower is a four-sided electronic digital board that has always displayed the current time and temperature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 31], "content_span": [32, 678]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017407-0004-0000", "contents": "1740 Broadway, The Weather Star\nMutual Life Insurance Company of New York built the structure in 1950 for its corporate headquarters. The architect Shreve, Lamb and Harmon also designed the Empire State Building. It left the building after being acquired by AXA. Mutual Insurance had been renamed MONY Life Insurance Company in 1998. The building was completely renovated in 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 31], "content_span": [32, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017408-0000-0000", "contents": "1740 English cricket season\nThe 1740 English cricket season was the 44th cricket season since the earliest recorded eleven-aside match was played. Details have survived of eight matches. Each of the surviving match records features London Cricket Club with half the known matches played at the Artillery Ground in Finsbury.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017408-0001-0000", "contents": "1740 English cricket season, Other events\nThomas Waymark, who had been employed by the Charles Lennox, 2nd Duke of Richmond as a groom, relocated to Bray, Berkshire where he was employed by the cricket enthusiast Mr Darville, and took part in matches organised by him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 41], "content_span": [42, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017408-0002-0000", "contents": "1740 English cricket season, Other events\nIn a letter from Goodwood House to his friend Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle, the Duke of Richmond mentioned several local people including \"John Newland, that you must remember\". This is the first mention in the sources of the Newland brothers who were members of Slindon Cricket Club.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 41], "content_span": [42, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017409-0000-0000", "contents": "1740 Paavo Nurmi\n1740 Paavo Nurmi, provisional designation 1939 UA, is rare-type asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 13 kilometers in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017409-0001-0000", "contents": "1740 Paavo Nurmi\nIt was discovered on 18 October 1939, by Finnish astronomer Yrj\u00f6 V\u00e4is\u00e4l\u00e4 at Turku Observatory in Southwest Finland. It was named after Finnish distance runner Paavo Nurmi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017409-0002-0000", "contents": "1740 Paavo Nurmi, Orbit and classification\nPaavo Nurmi orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 2.0\u20132.9\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 10 months (1,415 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.19 and an inclination of 2\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017409-0003-0000", "contents": "1740 Paavo Nurmi, Orbit and classification\nThe asteroid was first identified as 1933 DD at Heidelberg Observatory in 1933. This observation, however, remained unused and the body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Turku in 1939.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017409-0004-0000", "contents": "1740 Paavo Nurmi, Physical characteristics\nOn the Tholen taxonomic scheme, Paavo Nurmi has been characterized as a rare F-type asteroid, a subtype of the carbonaceous asteroids, which are common in the outer, but not in the inner main-belt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017409-0005-0000", "contents": "1740 Paavo Nurmi, Physical characteristics\nPaavo Nurmi has an absolute magnitude of 13.24. According to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, the asteroid measures 12.76 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo of 0.046. As of 2017, its rotation period and shape remain unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017409-0006-0000", "contents": "1740 Paavo Nurmi, Naming\nThis minor planet was named for famed Turku-born Finnish distance runner Paavo Nurmi, also known as The Flying Finn, who won nine Olympic gold medals and set 22 official world records at distances between 1,500 metres and 20 kilometres. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 April 1980 (M.P.C. 5281).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 24], "content_span": [25, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017410-0000-0000", "contents": "1740 in Canada, Historical documents\nDescription of making and using Mi'kmaw canoes, both moosehide (in past) and birchbark currently used", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017410-0001-0000", "contents": "1740 in Canada, Historical documents\nWoman in Montreal who needs money sells enslaved 20-year-old Pawnee named Manon for 300 livres \"in receipts from the Beaver trade\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017410-0002-0000", "contents": "1740 in Canada, Historical documents\nIn spring and summer, Joseph La France canoes Rainy Lake and Lake of the Woods, meeting Monsoni Ojibwe and \"Sturgeon Indians\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017410-0003-0000", "contents": "1740 in Canada, Historical documents\nSuffering from gout, Jesuit ministers to Indigenous people, parish of 400 and distant members of his flock near Montreal (Note: \"savages\" used)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017410-0004-0000", "contents": "1740 in Canada, Historical documents\nCouncil president Paul Mascarene \"notifies the Indians and inhabitants\" of Nova Scotia that King has declared war on King of Spain", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017410-0005-0000", "contents": "1740 in Canada, Historical documents\nTo preserve \"Indulgence they have heitherto Enjoyed,\" Acadians are reminded to conform to government orders and decisions", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017410-0006-0000", "contents": "1740 in Canada, Historical documents\nMascarene letter (summary) ends with warning to Acadians to be loyal or face reaction that \"will involve the innocent with the guilty\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017410-0007-0000", "contents": "1740 in Canada, Historical documents\nAcadian deputies to handle \"restless spirits\" so that \"community may not make itself suspected, and avoid the ruin which may overtake it\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017410-0008-0000", "contents": "1740 in Canada, Historical documents\nMascarene specifies some civil service roles, and is concerned that in \"these thirty years past,\" Protestants have not peopled Nova Scotia", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017410-0009-0000", "contents": "1740 in Canada, Historical documents\nHandling Acadians' need for new land when it is allowed only to Protestants means letting them take land anyway or expelling them", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017410-0010-0000", "contents": "1740 in Canada, Historical documents\nFearing unauthorized priest will direct when \"a stroke\" is to be given their government, Council decides his community must expel him", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017410-0011-0000", "contents": "1740 in Canada, Historical documents\nPriests forbidden to excommunicate \"Whereby to Deprive His Majesty's Subjects[... ]of Assistance or means To Procure their Livelyhood\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017410-0012-0000", "contents": "1740 in Canada, Historical documents\nMascarene advises missionary priest of King's supremacy over both Catholic Church and his conduct in Nova Scotia", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017410-0013-0000", "contents": "1740 in Canada, Historical documents\nMascarene reports that some shippers into and out of Nova Scotia are not clearing with port authorities", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017410-0014-0000", "contents": "1740 in Canada, Historical documents\n\"Succeeded far above our Expectations\" - \"Indian trade\" at Oswego has undercut prices at Montreal by half and increased trade fivefold", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017410-0015-0000", "contents": "1740 in Canada, Historical documents\n\"Be always on your Guard\" - Hudson's Bay Company urges Bay staff to be prepared for (probably unlikely) attack by Spanish", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017410-0016-0000", "contents": "1740 in Canada, Historical documents\nGiven war with Spain and perhaps France, chief factor at Prince of Wales Fort cancels next year's northern expedition in order to augment defences", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017423-0000-0000", "contents": "1740 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1740.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017424-0000-0000", "contents": "1740 in poetry\n\u2014first stanza of James Thomson's \"Rule, Britannia\", written for the masque Alfred", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 96]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017424-0001-0000", "contents": "1740 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017424-0002-0000", "contents": "1740 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017424-0003-0000", "contents": "1740 in poetry, Deaths\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017425-0000-0000", "contents": "1740 in science\nThe year 1740 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017426-0000-0000", "contents": "1740 papal conclave\nThe 1740 papal conclave (18 February \u2013 17 August), convoked after the death of Pope Clement XII on 6 February 1740, was one of the longest conclaves since the 13th century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017426-0001-0000", "contents": "1740 papal conclave\nThe initial favourite to succeed as pope, the elderly Pietro Ottoboni (1667\u20131740), Dean of the College of Cardinals, died shortly after the beginning of the conclave, and cardinals loyal to the House of Bourbon repeatedly proposed Pompeo Aldrovandi, but eventually had to accept that he could not secure two-thirds of the votes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017426-0002-0000", "contents": "1740 papal conclave\nAfter six months, other possible candidates had also failed, and Prospero Lambertini, Archbishop of Bologna, who had been a cardinal since 9 December 1726, was elected. He took the name Benedict XIV.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017426-0003-0000", "contents": "1740 papal conclave, The conclave\nThe conclave began on 18 February 1740, following the funeral of Clement XII, and lasted for six months.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017426-0004-0000", "contents": "1740 papal conclave, The conclave\nAt the outset, only thirty-two Cardinals entered into the conclave, in which there was an expectation that the elderly Pietro Ottoboni (1667\u20131740), a Cardinal for more than fifty years and Dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals, would be chosen to succeed Clement XII. However, opposition to Ottoboni was raised because of his protective relationship with France. After a few days he was taken seriously ill, left the conclave on 25 February, and died on 29 February. Ottoboni's place as Dean was taken by Tommaso Ruffo, vice-dean of the Sacred College.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017426-0005-0000", "contents": "1740 papal conclave, The conclave\nAs more cardinals arrived in Rome and entered into the conclave, a group of the French formed an alliance with the Austrians and with the Spanish cardinals from Naples and Tuscany. The cardinals loyal to the Bourbons proposed the name of Pompeo Aldrovandi, but he fell just short of securing the two-thirds majority required. For forty days, his nomination was voted on unsuccessfully before it became clear he could not be elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017426-0006-0000", "contents": "1740 papal conclave, The conclave\nThere was considerable and lengthy confusion, with a series of names advanced, all of whom failed to find the necessary level of support. After long deliberation, Cardinal Lambertini, a canon lawyer, was proposed as a compromise candidate, and he is reported to have said to the College of Cardinals \"If you wish to elect a saint, choose Gotti; a statesman, Aldrovandi; an honest man, me\". This appears to have assisted his cause, which also benefited from his reputation for deep learning, gentleness, wisdom, and conciliation in policy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017426-0007-0000", "contents": "1740 papal conclave, The conclave, The election of Benedict XIV\nIn the words of one historian, the College of Cardinals was", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 63], "content_span": [64, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017426-0008-0000", "contents": "1740 papal conclave, The conclave, The election of Benedict XIV\n\"...too sensible of their own weakness to risk giving offense to the neighboring courts, At length they fixed on a man who was at least unlikely to be offensive, as he had never in his life been engaged in diplomatic affairs, either as ambassador or nuncio. This was Prospero Lambertini, a native of Bologna.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 63], "content_span": [64, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017426-0009-0000", "contents": "1740 papal conclave, The conclave, The election of Benedict XIV\nOn 17 August in the evening, Lambertini was elected Pope, receiving the ballots of more than the required two-thirds of the fifty-one Cardinals present. Lambertini accepted his election and took the name of Benedict XIV in honour of his friend and patron Pope Benedict XIII. It had been one of the longer conclaves, though far from the longest. Benedict was crowned a few days later in the loggia of the Vatican Basilica.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 63], "content_span": [64, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017426-0010-0000", "contents": "1740 papal conclave, Other witnesses\nGiovanni Angelo Braschi, later Pope Pius VI, attended the conclave while still a layman as assistant to Cardinal Ruffo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 36], "content_span": [37, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017426-0011-0000", "contents": "1740 papal conclave, Other witnesses\nThe young Horace Walpole, who was in Rome at the time, attempted to attend the coronation but gave up because he found the waiting interminable. He wrote to his friend and cousin Conway \"I am sorry to have lost the sight of the Pope's coronation, but I might have staid for seeing it till I had been old enough to be Pope myself.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 36], "content_span": [37, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017426-0012-0000", "contents": "1740 papal conclave, List of participants\nOf the sixty-eight cardinals living at the death of Pope Clement XII, four died during the sede vacante and fifty-one took part in the final ballot. :", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 41], "content_span": [42, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017427-0000-0000", "contents": "1740s\nThe 1740s decade ran from January 1, 1740, to December 31, 1749. Many events during this decade sparked an impetus for the Age of Reason.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017427-0000-0001", "contents": "1740s\nMilitary and technological advances brought one of the first instances of a truly global war to take place here, when Maria Theresa of Austria\u2019s struggle to succeed the various crowns of her father King Charles VI led to a war involving nearly all European states in the War of the Austrian Succession, eventually spilling over to North America with the War of Jenkins\u2019 Ear (which went on to involve many of the West\u2019s first ferocious maritime battles). Capitalism grew robust following the fallout of the South Sea bubble two decades and the subsequent reign of Sir Robert Walpole, whose rule ended on the earlier half of this decade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017428-0000-0000", "contents": "1740s BC\nThe 1740s BC was a decade lasting from January 1, 1749 BC to December 31, 1740 BC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 91]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017429-0000-0000", "contents": "1740s in South Africa\nThe following lists events that happened during the 1740s in South Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 96]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017430-0000-0000", "contents": "1740s in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the decade 1740 - 1749 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017431-0000-0000", "contents": "1740s in archaeology\nThe decade of the 1740s in archaeology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017432-0000-0000", "contents": "1741\n1741 (MDCCXLI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar, the 1741st year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 741st  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 41st  year of the 18th\u00a0century, and the  2nd   year of the 1740s decade. As of the start of 1741, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017433-0000-0000", "contents": "1741 British general election\nThe 1741 British general election returned members to serve in the House of Commons of the 9th Parliament of Great Britain to be summoned, after the merger of the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland in 1707.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017433-0000-0001", "contents": "1741 British general election\nThe election saw support for the government party increase in the quasi-democratic constituencies which were decided by popular vote, but the Whigs lost control of a number of rotten and pocket boroughs, partly as a result of the influence of the Prince of Wales, and were consequently re-elected with the barest of majorities in the Commons, Walpole's supporters only narrowly outnumbering his opponents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017433-0001-0000", "contents": "1741 British general election\nPartly as a result of the election, and also due to the crisis created by naval defeats in the war with Spain, Walpole was finally forced out of office on 11 February 1742, after his government was defeated in a motion of no confidence concerning a supposedly rigged by-election. His supporters were then able to reconcile partially with the Patriot Whigs to form a new government, and the Tories remained excluded from any realistic hope of forming a government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017433-0002-0000", "contents": "1741 British general election, Summary of the constituencies\nSee 1796 British general election for details. The constituencies used were the same throughout the existence of the Parliament of Great Britain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 60], "content_span": [61, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017433-0003-0000", "contents": "1741 British general election, Dates of election\nThe general election was held between 30 April 1741 and 11 June 1741.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 48], "content_span": [49, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017433-0004-0000", "contents": "1741 British general election, Dates of election\nAt this period elections did not take place at the same time in every constituency. The returning officer in each county or parliamentary borough fixed the precise date (see hustings for details of the conduct of the elections).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 48], "content_span": [49, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017434-0000-0000", "contents": "1741 English cricket season\nThe 1741 English cricket season was the 45th cricket season since the earliest recorded eleven-aside match was played. Details have survived of nine significant matches, including the first known appearance of Slindon Cricket Club. The earliest known tie in an elevel-a-side match occurred.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017434-0001-0000", "contents": "1741 English cricket season, Recorded matches\nThe Duchess of Richmond wrote to her husband on 9 September, and said she \"wish\u2019d..... that the Sussex mobb had thrash'd the Surrey mob\". She had \"a grudge to those fellows ever since they mob'd you\" (apparently a reference to the Richmond Green fiasco in August 1731). She then said she wished the Duke \"had won more of their moneys\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 45], "content_span": [46, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017434-0002-0000", "contents": "1741 English cricket season, Recorded matches\nA single -wicket match was played on 8 June between five players of London and five of Surrey at the Artillery Ground for \u00a320 a side. The result is unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 45], "content_span": [46, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017434-0003-0000", "contents": "1741 English cricket season, Other events\nThe earliest known match in Bedfordshire took place on 10 August involving Bedfordshire and a team from Huntingdonshire and Northamptonshire. The match was hosted by John Russell, 4th Duke of Bedford, who captained Bedfordshire. The Northants/Hunts team included its patrons George Montagu-Dunk, 2nd Earl of Halifax (Northants) and John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich (Hunts). A further match followed between the two teams at Cow Meadow, Northampton on 15 August which is the earliest known match in Northamptonshire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 41], "content_span": [42, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017434-0004-0000", "contents": "1741 English cricket season, Other events\nThere was a match at Wotton Underwood in Buckinghamshire that was reportedly attended by 6,000 people. Details, including the date, are unknown except that the patrons were the Duke of Bedford (who lost) and Richard Grenville.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 41], "content_span": [42, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017434-0005-0000", "contents": "1741 English cricket season, Other events\nAmong the main primary sources for the events of the 1741 season are letters written by Charles Lennox, 2nd Duke of Richmond and his wife Duchess Sarah. The Duchess took a keen interest in all the Duke's doings including his cricket. Several references and letters written by her, including some financial accounts, have survived. In other letters to Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle, the Duke spoke about a game on 28 July which resulted in a brawl with \"hearty blows\" and \"broken heads.\" The game was at Portslade between Slindon and unnamed opponents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 41], "content_span": [42, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017435-0000-0000", "contents": "1741 Giclas\n1741 Giclas (prov. designation: 1960 BC) is a stony Koronis asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 13 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 26 January 1960, by IU's Indiana Asteroid Program at Goethe Link Observatory near Brooklyn, Indiana, United States. It is named for astronomer Henry L. Giclas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017435-0001-0000", "contents": "1741 Giclas, Orbit and classification\nThe S-type asteroid is a member of the Koronis family, a group consisting of about 200 known bodies. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.7\u20133.1\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 11 months (1,789 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.07 and an inclination of 3\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. Its first used observation was taken at Goethe Link Observatory in 1953, extending the body's observation arc by 7 years prior to its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017435-0002-0000", "contents": "1741 Giclas, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nBetween 2004 and 2014, several lightcurves of Giclas gave a rotation period between 2.92 and 3.107 hours with an brightness variation between 0.10 and 0.15 magnitude (U=3-/3/3/2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 54], "content_span": [55, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017435-0003-0000", "contents": "1741 Giclas, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Giclas measures 12.50 and 15.06 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo in the range of 0.260 to 0.374.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017435-0004-0000", "contents": "1741 Giclas, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.24 and calculates a diameter of 13.60 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 11.5.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017435-0005-0000", "contents": "1741 Giclas, Naming\nThis minor planet was named in honour of American astronomer Henry Lee Giclas (1910\u20132007), longtime staff member of the Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, Arizona, where he discovered 17 minor planets and the comet 84P/Giclas. Giclas responsibility included the programs of minor planet positions and stellar proper motions, using the 13-inch Lawrence Lowell Telescope. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 February 1976 (M.P.C. 3934).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017436-0000-0000", "contents": "1741 eruption of Oshima\u2013\u014cshima and the Kampo tsunami\nThe devastating eruption of Oshima\u2013\u014cshima began on the 18th of August, 1741 and ended on May 1 the next year. Eleven days into the eruption, the Kampo tsunami (Japanese: \u5bdb\u4fdd\u6d25\u6ce2, Hepburn: Kampo tsunami) with estimated maximum heights of over 90 meters swept across neighboring islands in Japan and the Korean Peninsula.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017436-0001-0000", "contents": "1741 eruption of Oshima\u2013\u014cshima and the Kampo tsunami, Background\nJapan is situated along a zone of convergence between the at least four major and minor tectonic plates. The Philippine Sea Plate dives beneath the Amurian Plate and Okinawa Plate along the Nankai Trough and Ryukyu Trench in southern Japan. In northern Japan, the Pacific Plate subducts beneath the Okhotsk Plate, part of the larger North American Plate, along the Japan and Kruil trenches. The subduction process is related to the production of volcanoes in Japan as the downgoing oceanic slab undergoes dehydration at depths of roughly 90 to 100\u00a0km beneath the overriding plate. Water in the structure of hydrated minerals interact with the upper mantle, lowering its melting point. As the mantle begins to melt, its density decreases and rises through the upper crust, forming a volcanic vent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 64], "content_span": [65, 861]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017436-0002-0000", "contents": "1741 eruption of Oshima\u2013\u014cshima and the Kampo tsunami, Background\nPart of the so\u2013called Ring of Fire, Japan is not only volcanically active, but also one of the most earthquake prone regions in the world. The largest earthquakes occur at subduction zones off the eastern coast of Japan. A submarine 9.1 Mw\u202f megathrust earthquake off the T\u014dhoku coast in March 2011 which caused a devastating tsunami was a result of rupture on the subduction megathrust interface.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 64], "content_span": [65, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017436-0003-0000", "contents": "1741 eruption of Oshima\u2013\u014cshima and the Kampo tsunami, Background, Oshima Island\nOshima is the uninhabited island located in the Sea of Japan, approximately 60\u00a0km west of the Oshima Peninsula on the larger island Hokkaid\u014d. The island consists of two basaltic and andesitic stratovolcanic peaks, the highest measuring 737 meters above sea level. No records of eruptions prior to the 1741\u201342 eruption exists due to the remoteness of the island although some fumaroles were documented. The most recent record of an eruption was in 1790. Activity resurfaced in 1996 with seismic unrest beneath the island but no eruption occurred.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 79], "content_span": [80, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017436-0004-0000", "contents": "1741 eruption of Oshima\u2013\u014cshima and the Kampo tsunami, Kampo tsunami\nThe initial eruption began on the 18th of August and was visible from Hokkaido by the 23rd. By the 25th, so much ash had been ejected that sunlight was blocked out. Ash fall measured up to over 20 centimeters at places. On August 29 at 05:00, a second and more violent eruption took place on the island and was followed\u2013up by a large tsunami up to 90 meters. The tsunami engulfed many coastal villages and towns along the shores of the Sea of Japan. While the eruption itself did not result in any casualties, the ensuing tsunami drowned over 2,000 people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 67], "content_span": [68, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017436-0005-0000", "contents": "1741 eruption of Oshima\u2013\u014cshima and the Kampo tsunami, Kampo tsunami\nIn Kaminokuni, the waves reportedly wiped out 50 homes and drowned all but one of its residents. Ishizaki, a city separated from the sea by a ridge 19.4 meters above sea level, was also engulfed by the tsunami. Around Matsumae Peninsula, heavy ash fall from the eruption blocked out the sun and plunged villages into darkness. A tsunami arrived along the shores at some time between 20:00 and 22:00. More than 729 homes were washed away and 33 others were seriously damaged. The tsunami also took with it two warehouses and destroyed 25. Wave heights reportedly exceeded 9 meters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 67], "content_span": [68, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017436-0005-0001", "contents": "1741 eruption of Oshima\u2013\u014cshima and the Kampo tsunami, Kampo tsunami\nAlong the 120\u00a0km length from Kumaishi to Nebuta, at least 1,467 inhabitants lost their lives. Some 1,521 fishing boats and ships near the erupting volcanic island were also destroyed by the waves. One hundred and forty (140) people were killed while 53 vessels and 83 houses were lost to the waves in Tsugaru, Aomori Prefecture on the island of Honshu.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 67], "content_span": [68, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017436-0006-0000", "contents": "1741 eruption of Oshima\u2013\u014cshima and the Kampo tsunami, Kampo tsunami\nRun\u2013up heights of 60 to 90 meters were apparently observed by eyewitnesses at Sado Island, Niigata, at least 400\u00a0km from Oshima Oshima, according to a 1984 catalogue. Oral records, however, suggest the highest tsunami waves topped 34 meters and written documentation on the tsunami presented a height of 13 meters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 67], "content_span": [68, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017436-0007-0000", "contents": "1741 eruption of Oshima\u2013\u014cshima and the Kampo tsunami, Kampo tsunami\nOn the Korean Peninsula, the tsunami slammed into the east coast, flooding nine villages and demolishing many fishing vessels. The tsunami was documented five times in the annals of the Joseon dynasty. Estimation of wave heights along the coast range from 3 meters to 4 meters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 67], "content_span": [68, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017436-0008-0000", "contents": "1741 eruption of Oshima\u2013\u014cshima and the Kampo tsunami, Origins\nThe source of the Kampo Tsunami is still debated among scientists, claiming an earthquake, debris avalanche or some other phenomenon caused the tsunami. There is still no consesus in the debate but much evidence points to a landslide and debris avalanche along the flank of the volcano.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 61], "content_span": [62, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017436-0009-0000", "contents": "1741 eruption of Oshima\u2013\u014cshima and the Kampo tsunami, Origins, Earthquake\nOff the western coast of Hokkaid\u014d and northern Honshu, at the eastern brink of the Sea of Japan lies a convergent plate boundary between the Amurian and Okhotsk plates, microplates of the Eurasian and North American plates respectively. The convergent boundary is the source for many historically documented tsunamigenic earthquakes in 1833, 1940, 1964, 1983 and most recently, the 1993 southwest off Hokkaido earthquake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 73], "content_span": [74, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017436-0010-0000", "contents": "1741 eruption of Oshima\u2013\u014cshima and the Kampo tsunami, Origins, Earthquake\nBased on analysing records of the tsunami heights, a large magnitude 7.5\u20138.4 earthquake along the eastern margin of the Sea of Japan would have been sufficient enough to generate the wave heights as observed in 1741. The earthquake hypothesis however is challenged because no records of shaking from an earthquake exists. A 1995 research article suggested the 1741 tsunami may have been caused by an earthquake that ruptured a present\u2013day seismic gap on the plate boundary between the rupture zones of the 1833 and 1983 earthquakes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 73], "content_span": [74, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017436-0010-0001", "contents": "1741 eruption of Oshima\u2013\u014cshima and the Kampo tsunami, Origins, Earthquake\nBecause of the absence of documented shaking caused by a possibly large earthquake (Mt\u202f 7.5\u20138.4), scientists interpreted the event had characteristics similar to a tsunami earthquake. Such events involve a slower than usual rupture propagation along a thrust fault. An event of this sort would go undetected by humans because of the lack of short\u2013period ground motions. The earthquake theory also did not rule out the possibility of the volcano collapsing because of the extreme tsunami run\u2013ups. However, there has been no attempts to conduct submarine surveys in the Sea of Japan to confirm the claim of seismic activity along the plate boundary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 73], "content_span": [74, 721]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017436-0011-0000", "contents": "1741 eruption of Oshima\u2013\u014cshima and the Kampo tsunami, Origins, Sector collapse\nA landslide and debris avalanche involving a subaerial and submerged portion of the volcanic island has been the more accepted source mechanism of the large tsunami. With an initial height of 850 meters, the event reduced the elevation of Hishi\u2013yama peak to 722 meters. An estimated 2.4\u00a0km3 section of the volcano came loose and fell into the seafloor and settled towards the north of the island, similar to that during the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens which was 2.3\u00a0km3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 78], "content_span": [79, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017436-0011-0001", "contents": "1741 eruption of Oshima\u2013\u014cshima and the Kampo tsunami, Origins, Sector collapse\nThe slide deposit on the seafloor has a thickness of 36 \u00b1 2 meters by average and  182 \u00b1 10 meters at maximum. The debris field presently covers an area calculated at 69 \u00b1 4\u00a0km2 and extends up to 16\u00a0km away from the island. This would make it the second largest historical volcanic sector failure in history, alongside the 1888 eruption of Ritter Island.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 78], "content_span": [79, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017436-0012-0000", "contents": "1741 eruption of Oshima\u2013\u014cshima and the Kampo tsunami, Origins, Sector collapse\nA more recent study in 2019, however, stated that the slide volume was 2.2\u00a0km3, a significant difference from the 2001 research. The same paper also implied that the maximum thickness of the landslide is 300 meters and an area 14 kilometers by 9 kilometers is buried under debris.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 78], "content_span": [79, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017438-0000-0000", "contents": "1741 in Canada, Historical documents\nSloop \"Sarah\" (Abraham Brasher, captain) lands in Newfoundland with enslaved people purchased in New York", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017438-0001-0000", "contents": "1741 in Canada, Historical documents\nWanting new trade and discoveries, Hudson's Bay Company countermands Chief Factor Richard Norton's order to stop search for Northwest Passage", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017438-0002-0000", "contents": "1741 in Canada, Historical documents\nCaptain seeking Northwest Passage ordered to \"cultivate a Friendship and Alliance\" with Indigenous people living by \"Western American Ocean\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017438-0003-0000", "contents": "1741 in Canada, Historical documents\nHudson's Bay Company states objections to Capt. Middleton visiting their forts while searching for Northwest Passage", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017438-0004-0000", "contents": "1741 in Canada, Historical documents\nAfter much fruitless proselytizing, Jesuit missionary converts everyone at \"Mission of l'Assomption among the Hurons\" (Note: \"savages\" used)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017438-0005-0000", "contents": "1741 in Canada, Historical documents\nHaudenosaunee who bring enslaved Chickasaw to Kahnawake no longer burn them, but adopt and convert them (Note: \"savages\" used)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017438-0006-0000", "contents": "1741 in Canada, Historical documents\nBoard of Trade warned that Acadians smuggle commodities (sometimes \"whole droves of Cattle\") to \u00cele-Royale via many east coast harbours", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017438-0007-0000", "contents": "1741 in Canada, Historical documents\nNova Scotia Council \"follow the Antient laws & Customs\" of Acadians, except where royal rights or British laws are involved", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017438-0008-0000", "contents": "1741 in Canada, Historical documents\nCouncil president Paul Mascarene says priests cannot govern \"the Temporall by the Spirituall, Incroaching [and] Endeavouring\" to rule parishes", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017438-0009-0000", "contents": "1741 in Canada, Historical documents\nAmong many warnings, Mascarene says if Acadians devalue British leniency, \"we shall find a way to make them repent [slighting] so good an offer\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017438-0010-0000", "contents": "1741 in Canada, Historical documents\nCouncil secretary's widow needs his debtors to pay up so she can buy merchandise in Boston to sell and pay his debts", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017438-0011-0000", "contents": "1741 in Canada, Historical documents\nNew York lieutenant governor calls for funding of new chapel for Kanien\u2019k\u00e9h\u00e0:ka, as requested by their sachems", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017438-0012-0000", "contents": "1741 in Canada, Historical documents\nDeed by which Seneca sachems sell large tract of land in Albany County, New York to Crown", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017438-0013-0000", "contents": "1741 in Canada, Historical documents\nExample of music (notes and lyrics) of Indigenous people in Nova Scotia", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017440-0000-0000", "contents": "1741 in France\nA list of events from the year 1741 in France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 61]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017450-0000-0000", "contents": "1741 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1741.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017451-0000-0000", "contents": "1741 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017451-0001-0000", "contents": "1741 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017451-0002-0000", "contents": "1741 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017452-0000-0000", "contents": "1741 in science\nThe year 1741 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017453-0000-0000", "contents": "1741 to 1745 in sports\nEvents in world sport through the years 1741 to 1745.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 76]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017453-0001-0000", "contents": "1741 to 1745 in sports, Sources\nThis year in sport article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017454-0000-0000", "contents": "1742\n1742 (MDCCXLII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar, the 1742nd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 742nd  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 42nd  year of the 18th\u00a0century, and the  3rd   year of the 1740s decade. As of the start of 1742, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017455-0000-0000", "contents": "1742 English cricket season\nThe 1742 English cricket season was the 46th cricket season since the earliest recorded eleven-aside match was played. Details have survived of ten significant matches, including two famous matches London and Slindon in September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017456-0000-0000", "contents": "1742 Imperial election\nThe imperial election of 1742 was an imperial election held to select the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. It took place in Frankfurt on January 24. The result was the election of Charles Albert of Bavaria, the first non-Habsburg emperor in hundreds of years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017456-0001-0000", "contents": "1742 Imperial election, Background, War of the Spanish Succession\nOn October 3, 1700, weeks before his death, the childless and severely disabled Charles II of Spain named Philip V of Spain, his sister's grandson and the grandson of the French king Louis XIV of France, heir to the entire Spanish Empire. The possession by the House of Bourbon of the French and Spanish thrones threatened the balance of power in Europe. England, Austria and the Dutch Republic, fearing this threat, resurrected the Grand Alliance in support of the claim of Archduke Charles, then a young man of fifteen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 65], "content_span": [66, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017456-0001-0001", "contents": "1742 Imperial election, Background, War of the Spanish Succession\nThe Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I had married another sister of Charles II in 1666, and in 1685 their daughter surrendered her right to the Spanish throne to Archduke Charles, Leopold's son from a later marriage. The first hostilities of the War of the Spanish Succession broke out in June 1701. The Grand Alliance declared war on France in May 1702.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 65], "content_span": [66, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017456-0002-0000", "contents": "1742 Imperial election, Background, War of the Spanish Succession\nThat same year, Maximilian II Emanuel, the elector of Bavaria, and his brother Joseph Clemens of Bavaria, the elector of Cologne, joined France in support of Philip's claim to the Spanish succession. They were quickly forced into flight and were deprived of their electorates by the Imperial Diet in 1706. They did not participate in the imperial election of 1711, which elected Archduke Charles as Charles VI.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 65], "content_span": [66, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017456-0003-0000", "contents": "1742 Imperial election, Background, War of the Spanish Succession\nThe War of the Spanish Succession was ended by the treaties of Utrecht, Rastatt and Baden. The last of these, signed on September 7, 1714, restored the territories and electorates of Maximilian Emanuel and Joseph Clemens. Charles VI renounced his claim to the Spanish throne to Philip.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 65], "content_span": [66, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017456-0004-0000", "contents": "1742 Imperial election, Background, The campaign of Charles VI\nIn his later years, Charles VI tried to secure the election of his son-in-law, Francis Duke of Lorraine, as his successor. He was opposed in these efforts by Charles Albert, elector of Bavaria. Charles Albert believed that he had a better claim, as he was a son-in-law of Charles VI's older brother Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor and a great-great-great grandson of Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor. Nevertheless, Francis tended to have greater support.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 62], "content_span": [63, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017456-0005-0000", "contents": "1742 Imperial election, Background, The campaign of Charles VI\nCharles VI died on October 20, 1740. Maria Theresa, his daughter and Francis of Lorraine's wife, inherited his royal titles in  Austria, Hungary, Croatia, Bohemia, Transylvania, Mantua, Milan, Galicia and Lodomeria, the Austrian Netherlands and Parma, according to the terms of the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 62], "content_span": [63, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017456-0006-0000", "contents": "1742 Imperial election, Background, War of the Austrian Succession\nAlthough Prussia had accepted the Pragmatic Sanction, it now repudiated Maria Theresa's inheritance as a violation of Salic law. Its king Frederick the Great invaded Silesia on December 16. France and Bavaria joined Prussia in 1741, and on November 26, they captured Prague. On December 9, Charles Albert crowned himself King of Bohemia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 66], "content_span": [67, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017456-0007-0000", "contents": "1742 Imperial election, Background, Election of 1742\nThe electors called to Frankfurt the next month to elect the successor of Charles VI were:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 52], "content_span": [53, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017456-0008-0000", "contents": "1742 Imperial election, Background, Election of 1742\nClemens August was the brother of Charles Albert and Charles III Philip his cousin. Francis of Lorraine was supported by not only his wife, Maria Theresa, who claimed to be queen regnant of Bohemia, but also the electors of Mainz, Trier and Brunswick-L\u00fcneburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 52], "content_span": [53, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017456-0009-0000", "contents": "1742 Imperial election, Elected\nThe electors of Brandenburg and Saxony remained uncommitted, but were wooed by the French to support Charles Albert. Charles Albert won an additional advantage when he was able to secure the exclusion of Maria Theresa from the election, on the grounds that the succession to Bohemia remained unsettled. With the three votes of the House of Wittelsbach and the support of the electorates of Saxony and Brandenburg, his election seemed inevitable. The other three electors acquiesced. Charles Albert was elected and crowned at Frankfurt on February 12 as Charles VII, the first non-Habsburg to be elected in some three hundred years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017456-0010-0000", "contents": "1742 Imperial election, Aftermath\nAs a result of her exclusion, Maria Theresa did not accept the legitimacy of the election until after the death some three years later of Charles VII.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017457-0000-0000", "contents": "1742 in Canada, Historical documents\nWithout \u00cele-Royale \"and other Indulgencies at the Treaty of Utrecht,\" France's fisheries would have \"by this time been totally destroyed\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017457-0001-0000", "contents": "1742 in Canada, Historical documents\n\"What humanity!\" - French missionary surprised by Indigenous travel companions' generosity with game they hunt (Note: \"savages\" used)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017457-0002-0000", "contents": "1742 in Canada, Historical documents\n\"Indefatigable, artful, insinuating\" priests among Six Nations assert France's \"Power and Grandeur\" and \"render the English[...]contemptible\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017457-0003-0000", "contents": "1742 in Canada, Historical documents\nPoor crop at Lorette means people must forage for food, \"which is prejudicial[... ]to their spiritual interests\" (Note: \"savages\" used)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017457-0004-0000", "contents": "1742 in Canada, Historical documents\nMontreal renews law requiring ladders on roofs and by chimneys and attic battering rams, all in case of fire", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017457-0005-0000", "contents": "1742 in Canada, Historical documents\nWhen Northwest Passage not found, Arthur Dobbs suggests locating trading posts up rivers that flow to Hudson Bay and James Bay", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017457-0006-0000", "contents": "1742 in Canada, Historical documents\nJoseph La France canoes down Nelson River in warm, leafy spring and arrives at York Factory on June 29 to find ice and snow", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017457-0007-0000", "contents": "1742 in Canada, Historical documents\nNova Scotia Council president reminds Board of Trade that without their directives, he can maintain authority only through deputies", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017457-0008-0000", "contents": "1742 in Canada, Historical documents\nMascarene tells Bishop of Quebec that priests \"who presume to exercise any ecclesiastical power\" in Nova Scotia violate British law", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017457-0009-0000", "contents": "1742 in Canada, Historical documents\nRumours of war with France have not lessened Acadians' fidelity and obedience, except when growing families take \"unappropriated lands\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017457-0010-0000", "contents": "1742 in Canada, Historical documents\nUnmistakable warning to Acadians: \"By continuing in your disobedience, you will oblige us to make use of force to reduce you to your duty\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017457-0011-0000", "contents": "1742 in Canada, Historical documents\nCouncil hears first that ship's cables cut and ship robbed, then that cables and robbers found by Acadian deputies and \"Indian Captains\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017457-0012-0000", "contents": "1742 in Canada, Historical documents\n\"Offensive and unwholsome\" - Heating Hudson's Bay Co. buildings includes capping chimneys when fires burn down to coals, causing headache", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017469-0000-0000", "contents": "1742 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1742.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017471-0000-0000", "contents": "1742 in poetry\nKnows it at forty, and reforms his plan;At fifty chides his infamous delay,Pushes his prudent purpose to resolve;In all the magnanimity of thought", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017471-0001-0000", "contents": "1742 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017471-0002-0000", "contents": "1742 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017471-0003-0000", "contents": "1742 in poetry, Deaths\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017472-0000-0000", "contents": "1742 in science\nThe year 1742 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017473-0000-0000", "contents": "1743\n1743 (MDCCXLIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar, the 1743rd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 743rd  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 43rd  year of the 18th\u00a0century, and the  4th   year of the 1740s decade. As of the start of 1743, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017474-0000-0000", "contents": "1743 English cricket season\nThe 1743 English cricket season was the 47th cricket season since the earliest recorded eleven-a-side match was played. Details have survived of 18 eleven-a-side and three single wicket matches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017474-0001-0000", "contents": "1743 English cricket season\nTwo paintings of cricket matches date from this year. The Cricket Match by Francis Hayman hangs at Lord's and depicts a game at the Artillery Ground and An Exact Representation of the Game of Cricket by Louis Philippe Boitard now hangs in the Tate Gallery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017474-0002-0000", "contents": "1743 English cricket season, Recorded matches, Single wicket matches\nA three-a-side game was played at the Artillery Ground on 11 July with six players who were stated to be \"the best in England\". They were William Hodsoll (Dartford), John Cutbush (Maidstone) and Val Romney (Sevenoaks) playing as Three of Kent; and Richard Newland (Slindon), William Sawyer (Richmond) and John Bryant (Bromley) playing as Three of All-England. Hodsoll and Newland were captains and Kent won by 2 runs. The London Evening Post says the crowd was computed to be 10,000\". A return match was arranged at Sevenoaks Vine on Wednesday, 27 July but it did not take place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 68], "content_span": [69, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017474-0003-0000", "contents": "1743 English cricket season, Recorded matches, Single wicket matches\nA five a side game on Richmond Green between Five of Richmond and Five of London was played on 16 August and on 31 August a five-a-side match was plated Artillery Ground between Five of London and Five of Richmond.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 68], "content_span": [69, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017474-0004-0000", "contents": "1743 English cricket season, Other events\nA match at Finningham between teams from Finningham and Stradbroke in September is the earliest known reference to cricket in the county of Suffolk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 41], "content_span": [42, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017475-0000-0000", "contents": "1743 Schmidt\n1743 Schmidt, provisional designation 4109 P-L, is a dark background asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 19 kilometers (12 miles) in diameter. It was discovered during the Palomar\u2013Leiden survey on 24 September 1960, by astronomers Ingrid and Cornelis van Houten at Leiden, on photographic plates taken by Tom Gehrels at Palomar Observatory in California. The C-type asteroid has a rotation period of 17.5 hours. It was named for the optician Bernhard Schmidt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017475-0001-0000", "contents": "1743 Schmidt, Orbit and classification\nSchmidt is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. As it is located in the dynamical region of the Vesta family, the asteroid is potentially a Vestian interloper due to its completely different spectral type. It orbits the Sun in the inner asteroid belt at a distance of 2.1\u20132.8\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 11 months (1,421 days; semi-major axis of 2.47\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.13 and an inclination of 6\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its first observation as 1931 BJ at the Lowell Observatory in January 1931, more than 29 years prior to its official discovery observation at Palomar Observatory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 716]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017475-0002-0000", "contents": "1743 Schmidt, Orbit and classification, Palomar\u2013Leiden survey\nThe survey designation \"P-L\" stands for \"Palomar\u2013Leiden\", named after the Palomar and Leiden Observatory, which collaborated on the fruitful Palomar\u2013Leiden survey in the 1960s. Gehrels used Palomar's Samuel Oschin telescope (also known as the 48-inch Schmidt Telescope), and shipped the photographic plates to Ingrid and Cornelis van Houten at Leiden Observatory where astrometry was carried out. The trio are credited with the discovery of several thousand asteroid discoveries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 61], "content_span": [62, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017475-0003-0000", "contents": "1743 Schmidt, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Baltic German optician and astronomer Bernhard Schmidt (1879\u20131935), who invented the Schmidt camera, a telescope design with a spherical primary mirror and an aspherical correcting lens, providing a wide field of view with little optical aberrations. Proposed by Paul Herget, the asteroid's official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 15 August 1970 (M.P.C. 3086).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017475-0004-0000", "contents": "1743 Schmidt, Physical characteristics\nSchmidt is a common carbonaceous C-type asteroid as determined during the first phase of the Small Main-Belt Asteroid Spectroscopic Survey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017475-0005-0000", "contents": "1743 Schmidt, Physical characteristics, Rotation period and poles\nIn September 1983, a rotational lightcurve of Schmidt was obtained from photometric observations by Richard Binzel. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 17.45 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.36 magnitude (U=3). A modeled lightcurve using photometric data from the Lowell Photometric Database was published in 2016. It gave a concurring period of 17.4599\u00b10.0001 hours, as well as two spin axes at (69.0\u00b0, \u221262.0\u00b0) and (261.0\u00b0, \u221253.0\u00b0) in ecliptic coordinates (\u03bb,\u2009\u03b2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 65], "content_span": [66, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017475-0006-0000", "contents": "1743 Schmidt, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Schmidt measures between 17.00 and 20.78 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.042 and 0.0603.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017475-0007-0000", "contents": "1743 Schmidt, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the results obtained by IRAS, that is, an albedo of 0.0603 and a diameter of 17.28 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.48.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017476-0000-0000", "contents": "1743 in Canada, Historical documents\nMontreal merchant sells five enslaved Black people (2 men, 3 \"women and girls\") in Quebec City for 3,000 livres", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017476-0001-0000", "contents": "1743 in Canada, Historical documents\nOrdinance refers to 445,000-livre construction expense for Montreal wall, with part of 115,500 livres paid by city returned by king", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017476-0002-0000", "contents": "1743 in Canada, Historical documents\nAny war declared against France need not involve Acadians and Indigenous people, \"if they are wise\" (Note: \"savages\" used)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017476-0003-0000", "contents": "1743 in Canada, Historical documents\nNova Scotia president Mascarene points out dangers of having potentially insurgent population, far too few soldiers and poor defences in case of war", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017476-0004-0000", "contents": "1743 in Canada, Historical documents\nCouncil hears \"Indians [have] no Intention to take or Pillage the Traders,\" but orders all to \"even by force[...]Prevent all Such Robberys\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017476-0005-0000", "contents": "1743 in Canada, Historical documents\nCouncil orders priests (and their parishioners) to get its prior consent to enter Nova Scotia, and not \"behave themselves Irregularly\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017476-0006-0000", "contents": "1743 in Canada, Historical documents\nMascarene satisfied with all but one priest and says \"if everyone aims at the same End We may prevent trouble from approaching Us\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017476-0007-0000", "contents": "1743 in Canada, Historical documents\nVisitor to Onondaga describes town and its situation, longhouse, and \"comical fellow\" with mask, staff and rattle", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017476-0008-0000", "contents": "1743 in Canada, Historical documents\nSixteen-year-old James Wolfe marches \"in the greatest Spirits [and] shall be very well able to hold it out with a Little help of a Horse\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017488-0000-0000", "contents": "1743 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1743.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017489-0000-0000", "contents": "1743 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017489-0001-0000", "contents": "1743 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017489-0002-0000", "contents": "1743 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017490-0000-0000", "contents": "1743 in science\nThe year 1743 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017491-0000-0000", "contents": "1744\n1744 (MDCCXLIV) was a leap year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a leap year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar, the 1744th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 744th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 44th  year of the 18th\u00a0century, and the  5th   year of the 1740s decade. As of the start of 1744, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017492-0000-0000", "contents": "1744 English cricket season\nThe 1744 cricket season in England is remembered for the earliest known codification of the Laws of Cricket. This was drafted by members of several cricket clubs, though the code was not published until 1755. The season is also notable for the two earliest known surviving match scorecards. The second of those matches, played on Monday, 18 June, was a celebrated event in which a Kent county team challenged a team representing the rest of England at the Artillery Ground, Kent winning by one wicket. In September, Slindon Cricket Club defeated London Cricket Club and then issued a challenge to play \"any parish in England\". The challenge was accepted by the Addington and Bromley clubs, but there is no record of either challenge match having been completed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 789]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017492-0001-0000", "contents": "1744 English cricket season, The Laws of Cricket\nThe earliest known coded issue of the Laws of Cricket was drafted by members of several clubs including London, of which Frederick Louis, Prince of Wales, was president. Representatives of the clubs met at the Star and Garter tavern on Pall Mall, London. The heading of the printed version, published in 1755, reads: \"The Game at Cricket, As settled by the Several Cricket-Clubs, Particularly that of the Star and Garter in Pall-Mall\". According to Wisden Cricketers' Almanack in 1965, these Laws were undoubtedly a recension of a much earlier code. No earlier code has been found. However, there were cases of Articles of Agreement being drawn up, as for the matches in 1727 between Charles Lennox, 2nd Duke of Richmond, and Alan Brodrick, 2nd Viscount Midleton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 48], "content_span": [49, 812]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017492-0002-0000", "contents": "1744 English cricket season, The Laws of Cricket\nThere are four Laws for bowlers but they do not say he must roll the ball and there is no mention of prescribed arm action, only that he must \"deliver the ball\" with one foot behind the bowling crease. Rowland Bowen, writing in the 1965 edition of Wisden, asserts that the ball was bowled in the true sense (all along the ground) through the first half of the 18th century and that this was the rule prior to the 1750s, though it was largely forsaken by the 1770s after bowlers began pitching the ball.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 48], "content_span": [49, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017492-0003-0000", "contents": "1744 English cricket season, Earliest known scorecards\nThe season is also notable for the two earliest known surviving match scorecards. It is not until the 1772 season that more scorecards of top-class matches have survived, although a handful of cards from minor matches have been found. The first, containing individual scores but no details of dismissals, is from a match between the London Cricket Club and a combined Surrey and Sussex team at the Artillery Ground on 2 June. No titles were given to the teams at the time and various titles have been applied retrospectively by modern authors. London, whose team included \"given men\", was the host club and their opponents were all from the counties of Surrey or Sussex. The scorecard was kept by the 2nd Duke of Richmond at Goodwood House.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 54], "content_span": [55, 795]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017492-0004-0000", "contents": "1744 English cricket season, Earliest known scorecards\nThe card gives the scores by each player and their surnames only, although it does differentiate between the two pairs of brothers (the Harrises and Newlands) who were playing. The Daily Advertiser carried the names of players expected to play in the match on 1\u20132 June and reported the same names on 3 June although these are not the same names which appear on the scorecard. Surrey & Sussex scored 102 all out and 102 for 6 in their two innings. London scored 79 and 70 so that Surrey & Sussex won by 55 runs. This was the first known game at which tickets for readmission were issued to the spectators.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 54], "content_span": [55, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017492-0005-0000", "contents": "1744 English cricket season, Earliest known scorecards\nJust over a fortnight later, on 18 June, the scorecard from a match between a Kent XI and an England XI at the Artillery Ground has also survived. The match was arranged by Lord John Sackville who captained the Kent team. England totalled 40 and 70 in their two innings; Kent responded with 53 and 58 for 9 to win by one wicket. It is the first match for which a full scorecard including dismissals has survived and it became the first entry in Arthur Haygarth's Scores & Biographies, although he gave the year as 1746 instead of 1744.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 54], "content_span": [55, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017492-0005-0001", "contents": "1744 English cricket season, Earliest known scorecards\nSpectators included the Prince of Wales and his brother, Prince William, Duke of Cumberland. The match was described by the London Daily Advertiser as the \"greatest cricket match ever known\". The poet James Love (1722\u20131774) commemorated it in his Cricket: An Heroic Poem (1745), written in rhyming couplets. According to cricket historian H. S. Altham, it \"should be in every cricket lover's library\" and \"his description of the game goes with a rare swing\". The poem is one of the first substantial pieces of literature about cricket \u2013 in More Than A Game, former prime minister John Major says it is the earliest-known cricket poem. Love was himself a cricketer and a member of Richmond Cricket Club in Surrey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 54], "content_span": [55, 767]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017492-0006-0000", "contents": "1744 English cricket season, Earliest known scorecards\nThere was crowd disorder at the 18 June match. The Daily Advertiser reported on Saturday, 30 June that it was \"with difficulty the match was played out\". A decision was taken to charge sixpence admission at future matches on the Artillery Ground. Also, the field would be surrounded by a ring of benches to hold over 800 people and no one without prior authorisation would be allowed within the ring.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 54], "content_span": [55, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017492-0007-0000", "contents": "1744 English cricket season, Single wicket matches\nThe single wicket form of cricket was popular and four top-class matches have been recorded:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 50], "content_span": [51, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017492-0008-0000", "contents": "1744 English cricket season, First mentions\nThanks to the two surviving scorecards, the names of several players from the period are known, although many of them are by surname only. Among those mentioned in the sources for the first time are:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 43], "content_span": [44, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017494-0000-0000", "contents": "1744 in Canada, Historical documents\nAlerting Fort Albany to war with France, Hudson's Bay Company orders readying of men and arms and getting \"Trading Indians\" to patrol daily", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017494-0001-0000", "contents": "1744 in Canada, Historical documents\nLouisbourg francophone man obtains Council warrant to capture chief and other \"Chickinakady Indians\" he says murdered crew of British ship", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017494-0002-0000", "contents": "1744 in Canada, Historical documents\nCouncil meets with Saint John River Indigenous leaders who have heard rumours of British-French war and seek (and get) assurances of peace", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017494-0003-0000", "contents": "1744 in Canada, Historical documents\nDuvivier's force of 900 regular troops and militia from \u00cele-Royale takes Canso from its 80-man garrison on May 13 and burns settlement", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017494-0004-0000", "contents": "1744 in Canada, Historical documents\n\"Breaking the French measures;[... ]timely Succours receiv'd [and] our French refusing to take up arms against us\" halts Annapolis attack", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017494-0005-0000", "contents": "1744 in Canada, Historical documents\nNova Scotia Council reports that in June and August attacks, local Acadians helped enemy \"while we were entirely Deserted by them\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017494-0006-0000", "contents": "1744 in Canada, Historical documents\nWord from \u00cele-Royale is that 23 British fishing and commercial ships have been taken by large schooner and five other French privateers", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017494-0007-0000", "contents": "1744 in Canada, Historical documents\nNew York governor George Clinton tells Assembly he has increased defences (including Six Nations scouts) at Oswego, Saratoga and Albany", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017494-0008-0000", "contents": "1744 in Canada, Historical documents\nIn July and August, Boston privateer takes French ships on \"great banks,\" plus other French fishers on northeast coast of Newfoundland", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017494-0009-0000", "contents": "1744 in Canada, Historical documents\nPrivateer brings in to Boston three French ships, including one carrying to Canada wine, brandy, iron and dry goods worth \u00a38-9,000", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017494-0010-0000", "contents": "1744 in Canada, Historical documents\nUnder flag of truce, three vessels arrive at Boston from \u00cele-Royale with 350 British prisoners taken from Canso and \"sundry Vessels, &c.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017494-0011-0000", "contents": "1744 in Canada, Historical documents\nFrench abhor inhumanity of privateers who took New York ship by firing after it surrendered, including one \"chew'd\" musket ball", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017494-0012-0000", "contents": "1744 in Canada, Historical documents\nNew Hampshire privateer with \u00cele-Royale prizes is attacked by \"Indians on Cape Sables,\" and later by canoes (driven off by swivel guns)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017494-0013-0000", "contents": "1744 in Canada, Historical documents\nReport of arrival of 70-gun and three other French warships plus 18 armed merchant ships at \u00cele-Royale with arms for Quebec-built warship", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017494-0014-0000", "contents": "1744 in Canada, Historical documents\nDuvivier orders Minas Acadians to supply horses, handlers and gunpowder, and to pledge loyalty to French king (Note: \"savages\" used)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017494-0015-0000", "contents": "1744 in Canada, Historical documents\nNova Scotia commander Mascarene reports skirmish and tactical issues (including Indigenous fighters' \"sculking way of fighting\")", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017494-0016-0000", "contents": "1744 in Canada, Historical documents\nAcadians ask French not to take their meagre harvest and to withdraw, citing \"mild\" government they live under (Note: \"savages\" used)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017494-0017-0000", "contents": "1744 in Canada, Historical documents\nIn October, captured French privateer's crew is found to include \"Irish Roman-catholick soldiers formerly of\" Canso regiment", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017494-0018-0000", "contents": "1744 in Canada, Historical documents\nNova Scotia Council allows commandeering of vessel and equipment to counter \"great body of Indians\" threatening from Minas and Chignecto", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017494-0019-0000", "contents": "1744 in Canada, Historical documents\nMassachusetts declares war on French-allied Indigenous peoples in November, and sets bounties for scalps of men, women and children", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017494-0020-0000", "contents": "1744 in Canada, Historical documents\nMascarene says loyal as well as disloyal Acadians \"must unavoidably share in the trouble that military people generally bring with them\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017494-0021-0000", "contents": "1744 in Canada, Historical documents\nMascarene praises daughter of former seigneur for her loyalty, but will not defend property of her disloyal family (Note: \"savages\" used)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017494-0022-0000", "contents": "1744 in Canada, Historical documents\nCouncil hears of Cobequid Acadians' loyalty and non-participation \"in the last troubles \" (except when forced to assist)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017494-0023-0000", "contents": "1744 in Canada, Historical documents\nAnnapolis River Acadians told loyalty includes supplying non-combatant personnel, no matter their fear of Indigenous people's \"resentment\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017494-0024-0000", "contents": "1744 in Canada, Historical documents\nMap: lands surrounding Gulf of St. Lawrence and lower St. Lawrence River", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017494-0025-0000", "contents": "1744 in Canada, Historical documents\nJoseph Robson wonders what keeps Hudson's Bay Company from competing with French upriver, and then finds it hard going up Nelson River", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017494-0026-0000", "contents": "1744 in Canada, Historical documents\nMinister to Kanien\u2019k\u00e9h\u00e0:ka reports having to calm them after \"our restless Enemies the French\" spread rumour of British attack", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017494-0027-0000", "contents": "1744 in Canada, Historical documents\nNew Hampshire proclamation summons volunteers for expedition against Cape Breton (\u00cele-Royale)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017494-0028-0000", "contents": "1744 in Canada, Historical documents\nSoldier's widow and step-mother of his children has to ask Council's permission to sell his property, as \"none Other would Accept of that Office\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017494-0029-0000", "contents": "1744 in Canada, Historical documents\n\"There is a satisfaction even, in giving way to Grief\" - On duty in Belgium, young James Wolfe writes home about his soldier brother's death", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017497-0000-0000", "contents": "1744 in Great Britain, Births\n29 July  Thomas Glenn Kelly born in this oldest man in lived in uk", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 29], "content_span": [30, 96]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017506-0000-0000", "contents": "1744 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1744.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017507-0000-0000", "contents": "1744 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017507-0001-0000", "contents": "1744 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017507-0002-0000", "contents": "1744 in poetry, Deaths\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017508-0000-0000", "contents": "1744 in science\nThe year 1744 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017509-0000-0000", "contents": "1745\n1745 (MDCCXLV) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar, the 1745th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 745th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 45th  year of the 18th\u00a0century, and the  6th   year of the 1740s decade. As of the start of 1745, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017510-0000-0000", "contents": "1745 (film)\n1745 is a 2017 British short drama film directed by Gordon Napier and co-produced by director himself with John McKay. The film stars Moyo Akand\u00e9 and Morayo Akand\u00e9 with Clive Russell, Buki Adenipikun, and Emmanuel Njoku in supporting roles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017510-0001-0000", "contents": "1745 (film), Plot\nThe film revolves around two sisters: Emma Atkin and Rebecca Atkin torn from their home in Nigeria for slavery, but start a perilous journey from foreign hands through the Scottish Highlands in search of freedom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017510-0002-0000", "contents": "1745 (film), Release and reception\nThe film made its premiere on 30 June 2017 in the Edinburgh International Film Festival. The film received positive reviews from critics and screened throughout the film festivals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 34], "content_span": [35, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017510-0003-0000", "contents": "1745 (film), Release and reception\nIn 2017 at the Africa International Film Festival (AFRIFF), the short won the award for the Best International Short Film under the International Short Film Competition. In the same year, the film won the Best Writing Award at the Underwire Film Festival, UK. Then in 2019, the film won the Best Short Screenplay Award at the Seoul International Film Festival.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 34], "content_span": [35, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017510-0004-0000", "contents": "1745 (film), Release and reception\nMeanwhile, the film also received nominations at BAFTA Awards, Scotland for the BAFTA Scotland Award for the Best Short Film as well as Best British Short at the British Independent Film Awards. At the 2017 Black International Film Festival, the short became a Finalist for the Best Short Film. At the Edinburgh International Film Festival, the film received nominations for Best Short Film - Special Mention. Then in 2018 at the London Short Film Festival, UK, the film was nominated for the Best Short Film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 34], "content_span": [35, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017511-0000-0000", "contents": "1745 English cricket season\nThe 1745 English cricket season was the second season following the earliest known codification of the Laws of Cricket.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017511-0001-0000", "contents": "1745 English cricket season, Recorded matches\nDetails of 22 eleven-a-side matches between significant teams have survived:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 45], "content_span": [46, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017511-0002-0000", "contents": "1745 English cricket season, Recorded matches, Single wicket matches\nA single wicket match between two teams of three took place on 24 June at the Artillery Ground.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 68], "content_span": [69, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017511-0003-0000", "contents": "1745 English cricket season, Other events\nOn 10 May, the Ipswich Journal reported that: \"All lovers of Cricket are hereby desired to meet at Gray's Coffee House (in Norwich) on Friday 17th inst. at 6 pm to settle rules for that manly diversion\". The report is the earliest known mention of cricket in the county of Norfolk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 41], "content_span": [42, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017511-0004-0000", "contents": "1745 English cricket season, Other events\nA ladies match took place on Gosden Common, near Guildford, between \"XI Maids of Bramley\" and \"XI Maids of Hambledon\" on 26 July. The players dressed in white but the Hambledon team wore red ribbons on their heads and the Bramley team wore blue ribbons. A return match was played on 6 August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 41], "content_span": [42, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017512-0000-0000", "contents": "1745 Establishment\nThe 1745 Establishment was the third and final formal establishment of dimensions for ships to be built for the Royal Navy. It completely superseded the previous 1719 Establishment, which had subsequently been modified in 1733 and again in 1741 (but not formally replaced on either occasion). Although partially intended to correct the problems of the ships built to the earlier Establishments, the ships of the 1745 Establishment proved just as unsatisfactory, and important changes in the make-up of the Admiralty and Navy Boards finally led to the end of the establishment era by around 1751.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017512-0001-0000", "contents": "1745 Establishment, Origins\nWhen the 1706 Establishment had come into effect, British naval architecture had been set on a path of conservatism that caused stagnation in the advance of shipbuilding in Great Britain. Over the course of the existence of the 1706 and 1719 Establishments, the sizes of ships had remained relatively unchanged: the gundeck length of a 70-gun third rate of 1706 was 150\u00a0ft (45.7\u00a0m), compared with 151\u00a0ft (46.0\u00a0m) in 1733.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017512-0001-0001", "contents": "1745 Establishment, Origins\nBy comparison, the 70-gun French ship Ferme captured by the Royal Navy in 1702 was 156\u00a0ft 2\u00a0in (47.6\u00a0m), and the 70-gun Magnanime of 1744, captured in 1748 was 173\u00a0ft 7\u00a0in (52.9\u00a0m). This was almost as long as the 175\u00a0ft (53.3\u00a0m) to which British first rates were to be built according to the 1741 proposals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017512-0002-0000", "contents": "1745 Establishment, Origins\nWith the end of Robert Walpole's government in 1742, the Board of Admiralty was re\u2013organised, and the civilian Earl of Winchilsea was appointed First Lord. Under the new administration, there were some half-hearted attempts at reform, with the ordering of the 90-gun Namur to be razeed to 74 guns in response to the increasing French and Spanish practice of building 74-gun ships, and an experiment in building larger ships for their class which resulted in the construction of Bristol and Rochester.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017512-0003-0000", "contents": "1745 Establishment, Origins\nThe Duke of Bedford, again a civilian, was appointed First Lord in December 1744. He relied upon Rear-Admiral George Anson, who had refused promotion to flag rank under the previous First Lord. The fiasco that was the Battle of Toulon highlighted many of the problems in British shipbuilding, with several ships unable to open gunports due to a combination of a lack of stability and insufficient height of the ports above the waterline. It was observed by Commodore Charles Knowles that the British 70-gun ships were 'little superior to [the French] ships of 52 guns.' Many of the fleet's problems were blamed on Sir Jacob Acworth, the Surveyor of the Navy since 1715, and an unsuccessful attempt to remove him was mounted by one of the members of the Board of Admiralty, Henry Legge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 813]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017512-0004-0000", "contents": "1745 Establishment, Origins\nFor the previous Establishments, the dimensions had been decided upon through consultation with the Surveyor and senior shipwrights; instead in June 1745 the Admiralty took the lead when it decided to deal with the problem of ship sizes, and set up a committee to review proposals made by the Navy Board. The original purpose of the Establishments was to standardise the fleet, but because ships had been built and rebuilt at various times to varying established dimensions, there was little more standardisation than had been present before the 1706 Establishment came into being. The new Establishment of 1745 was intended to correct this situation, and at the same time solve the issues with British ships that had been the cause of complaint by sea officers for several years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 808]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017512-0005-0000", "contents": "1745 Establishment, Origins\nThe Admiralty had intended that the 80-gun ships should no longer be built, as they lacked maneuverability and stability, and their lower gunports were so close to the waterline that they could not be opened in anything above a calm sea. The committee the Admiralty had set up disagreed with their assessment however, and a suggestion to switch to 74-gun ships in lieu of the 80s was rejected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017512-0005-0001", "contents": "1745 Establishment, Origins\nThe size of ships was to be limited according to the depth of water available in the country's ports, and so even the 90-gun ships were to remain smaller than some French and Spanish 74s. Despite these setbacks, the Admiralty had achieved much greater increases in the sizes of ships than with the previous establishments. Furthermore, the ship types of pre-1741 were restored, with the 64-gun vessel returned to 70 guns, and the 58-gun vessels to 60.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017512-0006-0000", "contents": "1745 Establishment, Origins\nEarlier establishments had merely laid out the principal dimensions for each type of warship from the 100-gun first rates down to the 20-gun sixth rates, although with effect from the 1719 Establishment this was augmented by defining the sizes and thicknesses of wood to be used in the construction. These establishments had left the actual design of each vessel to the Master Shipwright in each Naval Dockyard, with the Surveyor of the Navy responsible only for common designs for those ships built by contract by mercantile shipbuilders. However, under the new 1745 Establishment the responsibility for preparing designs (\"draughts\") for all ships was given to the Surveyor of the Navy, with the Master Shipwrights now responsible only for constructing ships to those common Surveyor's designs for each vessel type.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 845]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017512-0007-0000", "contents": "1745 Establishment, Origins\nAdditionally, control over the Establishments was passed from the Admiralty to the Privy Council, a move intended to remove the possibility of ongoing change. Despite the rejection of their proposal that 74-gun ships should replace 80s in the new Establishment, Admiralty did succeed in having Culloden, which was building as an 80, modified to be completed as a 74, though she was never considered a particularly successful ship, and was the smallest 74-gun ship of the 18th century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017512-0008-0000", "contents": "1745 Establishment, Individual ship types\nA different set of Establishment dimensions was defined for each size of ship, other than the smallest (i.e. the unrated) vessels. In the main (the exceptions being the 64-gun and 58-gun ships, as shown below) the armament remained that set out under the 1743 Establishment of Guns (created by Order of the King in Council, 25 April 1743); this was applied retrospectively to all ships order to be built subsequent to 1 January 1740.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 41], "content_span": [42, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017512-0009-0000", "contents": "1745 Establishment, Individual ship types, First rates of 100 guns\nAs provided for under the 1743 Establishment of Guns, the 100-gun first rate was to carry an armament of:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 66], "content_span": [67, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017512-0010-0000", "contents": "1745 Establishment, Individual ship types, Second rates of 90 guns\nAs provided for under the 1743 Establishment of Guns, the 90-gun second rate was to carry an armament of:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 66], "content_span": [67, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017512-0011-0000", "contents": "1745 Establishment, Individual ship types, Third rates of 80 guns\nAs provided for under the 1743 Establishment of Guns, the 80-gun third rate was to carry an armament of:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 65], "content_span": [66, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017512-0012-0000", "contents": "1745 Establishment, Individual ship types, Third rates of 70 guns\nThe 1743 Establishment of Guns had provided for the former 70-gun third rate to be reduced from 70-gun to 64-gun ships, each with an armament of:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 65], "content_span": [66, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017512-0013-0000", "contents": "1745 Establishment, Individual ship types, Third rates of 70 guns\nUnder the 1745 Establishment they were restored to 70 guns and were to carry an armament of:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 65], "content_span": [66, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017512-0014-0000", "contents": "1745 Establishment, Individual ship types, Fourth rates of 60 guns\nThe 1743 Establishment of Guns had provided for the former 60-gun third rate to be reduced from 60-gun to 58-gun ships, each with an armament of:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 66], "content_span": [67, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017512-0015-0000", "contents": "1745 Establishment, Individual ship types, Fourth rates of 60 guns\nUnder the 1745 Establishment they were restored to 60 guns and were to carry an armament of:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 66], "content_span": [67, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017512-0016-0000", "contents": "1745 Establishment, Individual ship types, Fourth rates of 50 guns\nAs provided for under the 1743 Establishment of Guns, the 50-gun fourth rate was to carry an armament of:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 66], "content_span": [67, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017512-0017-0000", "contents": "1745 Establishment, Individual ship types, Fifth rates (44-gun)\nAs provided for under the 1743 Establishment of Guns, the 44-gun fifth rate was to carry an armament of:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 63], "content_span": [64, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017512-0018-0000", "contents": "1745 Establishment, Individual ship types, Sixth rates (20-gun or 24-gun)\nAs provided for under the 1743 Establishment of Guns, the 24-gun sixth rate was to carry an armament of:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 73], "content_span": [74, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017512-0019-0000", "contents": "1745 Establishment, Amendments to the 1745 Establishment\nWhen the first of the new ships began entering service, it became apparent that they were not so successful a design as had been hoped. Captains complained of their poor sailing qualities, and so the Admiralty sought permission from the Privy Council to make amendments to the designs in 1750. The changes agreed mainly affected the 90, 80 and 60-gun ships, although changes were made to the draughts of all sizes of ships.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 56], "content_span": [57, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017512-0020-0000", "contents": "1745 Establishment, Amendments to the 1745 Establishment\nBy 1752, it was felt necessary to petition the Council for further alterations to be made to the designs, and again in 1754. On this occasion, the Admiralty decided to omit certain details\u2014namely a 2\u00a0ft (0.6\u00a0m) increase in the length of the 70-gun ships\u2014from their proposals, so as to better the chances of their being accepted. However, by this time it was clear that the ships of the 1745 Establishment were a thorough disappointment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 56], "content_span": [57, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017512-0021-0000", "contents": "1745 Establishment, End of an era\nIn 1755 Joseph Allin retired from his post as Surveyor of the Navy on ill health. He had been joint Surveyor with Jacob Ackworth until Ackworth's death in 1749, and sole Surveyor thereafter. The Admiralty reacted swiftly and appointed Thomas Slade and William Bateley as the new joint Surveyors, and shortly thereafter two new 70-gun ships were ordered to be built to Slade's draught, which represented a significant increase in size over their predecessors\u2014165\u00a0ft 6\u00a0in (50.4\u00a0m) as opposed to the 162\u00a0ft (49.4\u00a0m) of the 1754 amendments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 33], "content_span": [34, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017512-0021-0001", "contents": "1745 Establishment, End of an era\nAlthough nominally ordered as 70s, these new third rates were in fact the first of the  Dublin-class 74s, and represented the end of the 70-gunner as a ship type on the navy lists. The era of crippling conservatism in British shipbuilding completed its slow death when Anson, by now the First Lord of the Admiralty, had the Navy Board reorganised with people who would support the Admiralty rather than fight with it, as had been the case previously.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 33], "content_span": [34, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017513-0000-0000", "contents": "1745 Imperial election\nThe imperial election of 1745 was an imperial election held to select the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. It took place in Frankfurt on September 13.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017513-0001-0000", "contents": "1745 Imperial election, Background, War of the Austrian Succession\nCharles VI, Holy Roman Emperor died on October 20, 1740. His daughter Maria Theresa inherited his royal titles in  Austria, Hungary, Croatia, Bohemia, Transylvania, Mantua, Milan, Galicia and Lodomeria, the Austrian Netherlands and Parma according to the terms of the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 66], "content_span": [67, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017513-0002-0000", "contents": "1745 Imperial election, Background, War of the Austrian Succession\nAlthough Prussia had accepted the Pragmatic Sanction, it now repudiated Maria Theresa's inheritance as a violation of Salic law. Its king Frederick the Great invaded Silesia on December 16. France and Bavaria, whose elector Charles Albert rejected the Pragmatic Sanction for self-interested reasons, joined Prussia in 1741. Charles Albert's own territories in Bavaria were quickly overrun by the Austrian forces of Maria Theresa, but the alliance remained on the attack. On November 26, Prague was captured. On December 9, Charles Albert crowned himself king of Bohemia. On January 24, 1742, in the imperial election of 1742, from which Maria Theresa was excluded, he was elected Holy Roman Emperor as Charles VII.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 66], "content_span": [67, 781]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017513-0003-0000", "contents": "1745 Imperial election, Background, War of the Austrian Succession\nHe died of gout at Nymphenburg Palace on January 20, 1745, three years before the conclusion of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 66], "content_span": [67, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017513-0004-0000", "contents": "1745 Imperial election, Background, Election of 1745\nThe electors called to Frankfurt to choose his successor were:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 52], "content_span": [53, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017513-0005-0000", "contents": "1745 Imperial election, Background, Election of 1745\nMaria Theresa came to an arrangement with Maximilian III Joseph, Charles VII's son, wherein she would allow his return to Bavaria in exchange for his support, and the support of his uncle Clemens August, of the candidacy of her husband, Francis of Lorraine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 52], "content_span": [53, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017513-0006-0000", "contents": "1745 Imperial election, Elected\nFrancis was elected with the support of seven of the electors. Frederick the Great and Charles Theodore, opponents of Maria Theresa in the War of the Austrian Succession, abstained.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017526-0000-0000", "contents": "1745 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1745.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017527-0000-0000", "contents": "1745 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017527-0001-0000", "contents": "1745 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017527-0002-0000", "contents": "1745 in poetry, Deaths\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017528-0000-0000", "contents": "1745 in science\nThe year 1745 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017529-0000-0000", "contents": "174567 Varda\n174567 Varda (provisional designation 2003 MW12) is a binary trans-Neptunian planetoid of the resonant hot classical population of the Kuiper belt, located in the outermost region of the Solar System. Its moon, Ilmar\u00eb, was discovered in 2009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017529-0001-0000", "contents": "174567 Varda\nBrown estimates that, with an absolute magnitude of 3.5 and a calculated diameter of approximately 700\u2013800 kilometers (430\u2013500 miles), it is likely a dwarf planet. However, Grundy et al. argue that objects such as Varda, in the size range of 400\u20131000\u00a0km, with albedos less than \u22480.2 and densities of \u22481.2 g/cm3 or less, have likely never compressed into fully solid bodies, let alone differentiated, and so are highly unlikely to be dwarf planets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017529-0002-0000", "contents": "174567 Varda, Discovery and orbit\nVarda was discovered in March 2006, using imagery dated from 21 June 2003 by Jeffrey A. Larsen with the Spacewatch telescope as part of a United States Naval Academy Trident Scholar project.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 33], "content_span": [34, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017529-0003-0000", "contents": "174567 Varda, Discovery and orbit\nIt orbits the Sun at a distance of 39.5\u201352.7\u00a0AU once every 313.1 years (over 114,000 days; semi-major axis of 46.1\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.14 and an inclination of 21.5\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. As of November 2019, Varda is 47.5\u00a0AU from the Sun. It will come to perihelion around November 2096. It has been observed 321 times over 23 oppositions, with precovery images back to 1980.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 33], "content_span": [34, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017529-0004-0000", "contents": "174567 Varda, Name\nNames for Varda and its moon were announced on 16 January 2014. Varda (Quenya:\u00a0[\u02c8varda]) is the queen of the Valar, creator of the stars, one of most powerful servants of almighty Eru Iluvatar in J. R. R. Tolkien's fictional mythology. Ilmar\u00eb is a chief of the Maiar and Varda's handmaiden.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 18], "content_span": [19, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017529-0005-0000", "contents": "174567 Varda, Satellite\nVarda has at least one satellite, Ilmar\u00eb (or Varda I), which was discovered in 2009. It is estimated to be about 350\u00a0km in diameter (about 50% that of its primary), constituting 8% of the system mass, or 2\u00d71019\u00a0kg, assuming its density and albedo the same as that of Varda.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017529-0006-0000", "contents": "174567 Varda, Satellite\nThe Varda\u2013Ilmar\u00eb system is tightly bound, with a semimajor axis of 4809\u00b139\u00a0km (about 12 Varda radii) and an orbital period of 5.75 days.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017529-0007-0000", "contents": "174567 Varda, Physical properties\nBased on its apparent brightness and assumed albedo, the estimated combined size of the Varda\u2013Ilmar\u00eb system is 792+91\u221284\u00a0km, with the size of the primary estimated at 722+82\u221276\u00a0km. The total mass of the binary system is approximately 2.66\u00d71020\u00a0kg. The density of both the primary and the satellite is estimated at about 1.24\u00a0g/cm3 assuming that they have equal density. On the other hand, if the density or albedo of the satellite is lower than that of primary then the density of Varda will be higher up to 1.31\u00a0g/cm3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 33], "content_span": [34, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017529-0008-0000", "contents": "174567 Varda, Physical properties\nOn 10 September 2018, Varda's projected diameter was measured to be 766\u00b16\u00a0km via a stellar occultation, with a projected oblateness of 0.066\u00b10.047. The equivalent diameter is 740\u00a0km, consistent with previous measurements. Given Varda's equivalent diameter derived from the occultation, its geometric albedo is measured at 0.099, making it as dark as the large plutino 2003 AZ84. The large uncertainty in Varda's rotation period yields various solutions for its density and true oblateness; given a rotation period of 5.91 or 11.82 hours, its bulk density and true oblateness could be either 1.78\u00b10.06\u00a0g/cm3 and 0.235 or 1.23\u00a0g/cm3 and 0.080, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 33], "content_span": [34, 689]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017529-0009-0000", "contents": "174567 Varda, Physical properties\nThe surfaces of both the primary and the satellite appear to be red in the visible and near-infrared parts of the spectrum (spectral class IR), with Ilmar\u00eb being slightly redder than Varda. The spectrum of the system does not show water absorption but shows evidence of methanol ice. The rotation period of Varda is estimated at 5.61\u00a0hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 33], "content_span": [34, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017530-0000-0000", "contents": "1746\n1746 (MDCCXLVI) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar, the 1746th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 746th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 46th  year of the 18th\u00a0century, and the  7th   year of the 1740s decade. As of the start of 1746, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017531-0000-0000", "contents": "1746 Brouwer\n1746 Brouwer (prov. designation: 1963 RF) is a Hilda asteroid from the outermost region of the asteroid belt, approximately 64 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 14 September 1963, by IU's Indiana Asteroid Program at Goethe Link Observatory near Brooklyn, Indiana, United States. It was named after astronomer Dirk Brouwer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017531-0001-0000", "contents": "1746 Brouwer, Classification and orbit\nBrouwer is a member of the Hilda family, a large group that orbits in resonance with the gas giant Jupiter and are thought to originate from the Kuiper belt. Brouwer orbits the Sun at a distance of 3.1\u20134.8\u00a0AU once every 7 years and 10 months (2,865 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.21 and an inclination of 8\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017531-0002-0000", "contents": "1746 Brouwer, Classification and orbit\nIt was first identified as 1940 WE at Turku Observatory in 1940, extending the body's observation arc by 23 years prior to its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017531-0003-0000", "contents": "1746 Brouwer, Physical characteristics\nIn the Tholen classification, Brouwer is characterized as a dark and reddish D-type asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017531-0004-0000", "contents": "1746 Brouwer, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nSeveral rotational lightcurves of Brouwer gave a rotation period between 19.72 and 19.88 hours with a brightness variation of 0.21 and 0.35 magnitude (U=n.a/2/n.a. ).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 55], "content_span": [56, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017531-0005-0000", "contents": "1746 Brouwer, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Brouwer measures between 61.50 and 64.25 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.045 and 0.051.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017531-0006-0000", "contents": "1746 Brouwer, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link agrees with IRAS, that is an albedo of 0.045 and a diameter of 64.25 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 9.95.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017531-0007-0000", "contents": "1746 Brouwer, Naming\nThis minor planet was named in honor of Dutch\u2013American astronomer Dirk Brouwer (1902\u20131966). Originally at Leiden University and specialized in celestial mechanics, he became director of the Yale University Observatory and was the president of IAU's commission 20, Positions & Motions of Minor Planets, Comets & Satellites, from 1948 to 1955. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 15 July 1968 (M.P.C. 2883).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017532-0000-0000", "contents": "1746 English cricket season\nThe 1746 English cricket season was the third season following the earliest known codification of the Laws of Cricket.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017532-0001-0000", "contents": "1746 English cricket season, Matches\nDetails of 12 matches between significant teams are recorded. The crowd at the Surrey and Kent versus Addington and Bromley match on 7 July was reported as \"nearly ten thousand\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017532-0002-0000", "contents": "1746 English cricket season, Matches, Single wicket\nA four-a-side match was played at the Artillery Ground on 21 July between Four Millers of Bray Mills in Berkshire and Four Best Players of Addington and on 6 August a three-a-side match was played on the same ground between \"six players esteemed the best in England\". The teams were Robert Colchin, John Bryant (both Bromley) and Joe Harris (Addington) playing against Stephen Dingate (Surrey), Val Romney (Sevenoaks) and Richard Newland (Slindon). Dingate's team won the match over which hundreds of pounds were wagered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 51], "content_span": [52, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017533-0000-0000", "contents": "1746 Lima\u2013Callao earthquake\nThe 1746 Lima\u2013Callao earthquake occurred at 22:30 local time on 28 October with a moment magnitude of 8.6\u20138.8 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of XI (Extreme). The epicenter was located about 90\u00a0km (56\u00a0mi) north-northwest of the capital Lima, which was almost completely destroyed, and the subsequent tsunami devastated the port city of Callao. It was the deadliest earthquake in Peru\u2019s history prior to the 1970 earthquake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017533-0001-0000", "contents": "1746 Lima\u2013Callao earthquake, Tectonic setting\nPeru lies above the convergent boundary where the Nazca Plate is subducting beneath the South American Plate at a rate of 61\u00a0mm per year. It has been the location for many large and damaging earthquakes since historical records began, most of which triggered devastating tsunamis. The southern segment of the Peruvian part of this plate boundary is affected by the presence of the Nazca aseismic ridge, on the downgoing plate. It also marks a major change in the subduction geometry between 'flat-slab' subduction to the northwest and normally dipping subduction to the southeast. The ridge appears to act as a barrier to rupture propagation, reducing the potential earthquake magnitude. The 1746 earthquake is interpreted to be a megathrust event that ruptured the whole of the northern segment of the plate interface within this zone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 45], "content_span": [46, 882]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017533-0002-0000", "contents": "1746 Lima\u2013Callao earthquake, Earthquake\nThe earthquake, with an estimated magnitude of 8.6\u20138.8 Mw, was the largest to strike central Peru in recorded history, and the second largest of all time, after the 1868 Arica earthquake in the south of the country. Significant damage from the earthquake affected an area of about 44,000 square kilometers and it was felt up to 750\u00a0km away. The estimated rupture length was 350\u00a0km. There were at least 200 aftershocks observed in the first 24 hours after the mainshock, out of a total of 1,700 recorded in the following 112 days, although they caused no further casualties or significant damage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017533-0003-0000", "contents": "1746 Lima\u2013Callao earthquake, Damage, Earthquake\nThe earthquake completely destroyed the city of Lima in 3\u20134 minutes, and also destroyed Callao and everything else along the central Peruvian coast from Chancay in the north to Ca\u00f1ete in the south. In Lima, all offices and all 74 churches were either damaged or destroyed leaving just 25 of the original 3,000 houses standing. Only 1,141 out of the population of 60,000 died in Lima from the earthquake shaking, despite the amount of damage. This is attributed to the intensity of the shaking increasing as the earthquake went on, giving the inhabitants the chance to escape. The total number of casualties, including those from the tsunami, was almost 6,000, although some chroniclers give higher figures for Lima, partly due to the inclusion of the effects of subsequent epidemics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 47], "content_span": [48, 831]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017533-0004-0000", "contents": "1746 Lima\u2013Callao earthquake, Damage, Tsunami\nThe earthquake triggered a tsunami, which reached the coast half an hour following the shock, causing great damage at all Peruvian ports. Callao was worst affected, with a 24-meter runup, and 5 kilometer inundation that destroyed all 23 vessels that were in its harbor. Callao's walls were destroyed and the city was inundated, killing most of the 5\u20136,000 inhabitants, leaving less than two hundred survivors. Those that tried to escape inland were overtaken by the wave. Eyewitness accounts indicate two waves, the first of which was up to 80 feet (24\u00a0m) high.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 44], "content_span": [45, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017533-0004-0001", "contents": "1746 Lima\u2013Callao earthquake, Damage, Tsunami\nFour of the boats were carried across the ruined port and thrown up to nearly a mile inland, including the warships Ferm\u00edn and San Antonio. The port city of Pisco was destroyed, despite having been rebuilt further inland after the devastating tsunami that accompanied the 1687 Peru earthquake. The tsunami was also noticed at Acapulco, Mexico. Other particularly devastating tsunamis have occurred in Peru in 1586, 1604, and 1868.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 44], "content_span": [45, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017533-0005-0000", "contents": "1746 Lima\u2013Callao earthquake, Aftermath\nThe rebuilding of Lima was planned by Jose Antonio Manso de Velasco then the viceroy of Peru, with the help of the French mathematician Louis Godin. A key part of these proposals was to restrict buildings to a single storey and widen the roads, but the plans were diluted following opposition from groups within the city and second floors were allowed as long as they used bamboo in their construction rather than adobe bricks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 38], "content_span": [39, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017533-0006-0000", "contents": "1746 Lima\u2013Callao earthquake, Aftermath\nIn 1817, 70 years after the earthquake and the tsunami, the Russian-American Company employee, head of the Sitka office, Kiril Timofeevich Khlebnikov (1784\u20131838) visited Callao. His account of the events of what happened on 28 October 1746 may have slight factual mistakes, but he is generally considered a good witness of things he saw with his own eyes, and his attitude in writing history is characterised as sober and realistic. It is also known that he kept a diary. Khlebnikov wrote in his memoirs:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 38], "content_span": [39, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017533-0007-0000", "contents": "1746 Lima\u2013Callao earthquake, Aftermath\nIn Lima I saw\u2026 an extremely astonishing sight. There, near the village of Bellavista, are still the remains of a stone wall and a few cellars, which remained from the terrible earthquake of 1746. In connection of the quake, after a few powerful shocks, the ocean had first retreated and then flowed back with a terrible force and engulfed the town and the fortress of Callao, and 24 vessels which carried silver worth 300 million piasters, and the 4 000 inhabitants of the town. Some of the fort\u2019s walls remained intact, and within these walls 22 persons survived these events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 38], "content_span": [39, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017533-0007-0001", "contents": "1746 Lima\u2013Callao earthquake, Aftermath\nAfter this terrible devastation, bodies of the drowned were thrown to the beach by the waves of the ocean, and later they were collected and stacked in the cellars. In time the bodies decomposed, the cellars collapsed, and piles of skulls and bones came to the surface from the ruins.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 38], "content_span": [39, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017533-0007-0002", "contents": "1746 Lima\u2013Callao earthquake, Aftermath\nWe stood for a long time in the Callao harbor in 1817, and we often took walks to the surrounding area, and with feelings of pity we looked upon the earthly remains of such a large group of people, people like us, scattered on the ground, to the shame of coming generations. When facing a sight such as this, views on the vanity of the world and all worldly things appear in our mind completely different from the views we earlier had when floating with the whirl of these vanities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 38], "content_span": [39, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017533-0008-0000", "contents": "1746 Lima\u2013Callao earthquake, Remembrance\nBecause the mural of the Lord of Miracles survived the earthquake intact, it became a special object of veneration in the city. There is an annual procession in which the image is carried through the streets of Lima, and it is customary for the faithful to wear purple during the month of October in commemoration.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 40], "content_span": [41, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017545-0000-0000", "contents": "1746 in architecture\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by CommonsDelinker (talk | contribs) at 12:48, 19 June 2020 (Replacing Asamkirche_M\u00fcnchen.JPG with File:Asamkirche_M\u00fcnchen.jpg (by CommonsDelinker because: file renamed, redirect linked from other project).). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017547-0000-0000", "contents": "1746 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1746.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017548-0000-0000", "contents": "1746 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or French poetry).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017548-0001-0000", "contents": "1746 in poetry, Works published, Akenside's \"Balance of Poets\"\nIn Dodsley's Museum of September 13, a literary periodical, Mark Akenside publishes two lists of personages: One, \"The Temple of Modern Fame, A Vision\", a list of the 24 most famous men of modern times, ranked in order of fame and including monarchs, scientists, priests, philosophers and men of letters. French poet and critic Boileau is ranked 20th, beneath Tasso and Ariosto but above Francis Bacon, John Milton Miguel de Cervantes and Moli\u00e8re. (William Shakespeare, Dante, Cornielle and Racine aren't on the list at all).) In some accompanying prose, Akenside wrote:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 62], "content_span": [63, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017548-0002-0000", "contents": "1746 in poetry, Works published, Akenside's \"Balance of Poets\"\nThe second list, \"The Balance of Poets\", is a table, giving 20 modern and 20 ancient poets marks of up to 20 points in each of the following categories: Critical Ordonnance, Pathetic Ordonnance, Dramatic Ordonnance, Incidental Expression, Taste, Colouring, Versification, Moral, and Final Estimate. Boileau's \"Final Estimate\" rating is 12, the same as Euripides and Tasso, better than Lucretius and Terence (who both get 10), Ariosto, Dante, Horace, Pindar, Alexander Pope, Racine and Sophocles each get 13. \"Perhaps neither of these curiosities of criticism is to be taken very seriously\", wrote Alexander Clark, an early 20th-century literary historian. (See also, Oliver Goldsmith's \"poetical scale\" of 1758.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 62], "content_span": [63, 775]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017548-0003-0000", "contents": "1746 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017548-0004-0000", "contents": "1746 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017549-0000-0000", "contents": "1746 in science\nThe year 1746 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017550-0000-0000", "contents": "1746 to 1750 in sports\nEvents in world sport through the years 1746 to 1750.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 76]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017551-0000-0000", "contents": "1747\n1747 (MDCCXLVII) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar, the 1747th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 747th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 47th  year of the 18th\u00a0century, and the  8th   year of the 1740s decade. As of the start of 1747, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017552-0000-0000", "contents": "1747 British general election\nThe 1747 British general election returned members to serve in the House of Commons of the 10th Parliament of Great Britain to be summoned, after the merger of the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland in 1707. The election saw Henry Pelham's Whig government increase its majority and the Tories continue their decline.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017552-0000-0001", "contents": "1747 British general election\nBy 1747, thirty years of Whig oligarchy and systematic corruption had weakened party ties substantially; despite the fact that Walpole, the main reason for the split that led to the creation of the Patriot Whig faction, had resigned, there were still almost as many Whigs in opposition to the ministry as there were Tories, and the real struggle for power was between various feuding factions of Whig aristocrats rather than between the old parties. The Tories had effectively become an irrelevant group of country gentlemen who had resigned themselves to permanent opposition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017552-0001-0000", "contents": "1747 British general election, Summary of the constituencies\nSee 1796 British general election for details. The constituencies used were the same throughout the existence of the Parliament of Great Britain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 60], "content_span": [61, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017552-0002-0000", "contents": "1747 British general election, Dates of election\nThe general election was held between 26 June 1747 and 4 August 1747.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 48], "content_span": [49, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017552-0003-0000", "contents": "1747 British general election, Dates of election\nAt this period elections did not take place at the same time in every constituency. The returning officer in each county or parliamentary borough fixed the precise date (see hustings for details of the conduct of the elections).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 48], "content_span": [49, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017553-0000-0000", "contents": "1747 English cricket season\nThe 1747 English cricket season was the fourth season following the earliest known codification of the Laws of Cricket.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017553-0001-0000", "contents": "1747 English cricket season, Matches\nThe two games between Kent and England were due to be played at Bromley Common on 29 June and at the Artillery Ground on 1 July, but the source reports that both matches \"are deferred on account of the gentlemen subscribers being engaged at several Elections\", referring to the Parliamentary Election of 1747.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017553-0002-0000", "contents": "1747 English cricket season, Matches, Single wicket matches\nA single wicket cricket match between five players of Slindon against five of Dartford at the Artillery Ground on 6 July was the result of a challenge by Slindon, published in the Daily Advertiser on 29 June, to play \"five of any parish in England, for their own Sum\". The announcement advised interested parties: \"If it is accepted of by any, they are desir'd to go to Mr Smith, who has Orders to make Stakes for them\". Matches followed against Bromley on 8 July and Hadlow on 10 and 15 July at the same ground. Another game resulting from Slindon's five-a-side challenge. Details unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 59], "content_span": [60, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017553-0003-0000", "contents": "1747 English cricket season, Matches, Single wicket matches\nIn early August, two single wicket matches at the Artillery Ground which were organised by the 2nd Duke of Richmond and on 5 September a three-a-side game took place, again at the Artillery Ground, between teams led by Robert Colchin and Stephen Dingate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 59], "content_span": [60, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017553-0004-0000", "contents": "1747 English cricket season, Other events\nAccording to Rowland Bowen, cricket was first played in New York this year. This is, however, doubted by Ian Maun, who states that \"no contemporary record of cricket in New York is known before 1751\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 41], "content_span": [42, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017554-0000-0000", "contents": "1747 Wright\n1747 Wright, provisional designation 1947 NH, is a stony asteroid and a sizable Mars-crosser, approximately 6 kilometers in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017554-0001-0000", "contents": "1747 Wright\nIt was discovered on 14 July 1947, by American astronomer Carl Wirtanen at Lick Observatory on Mount Hamilton near San Jose, California. It was named in memory of astronomer William Hammond Wright.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017554-0002-0000", "contents": "1747 Wright, Orbit and classification\nWright orbits the Sun at a distance of 1.5\u20131.9\u00a0AU once every 2 years and 3 months (816 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.11 and an inclination of 21\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. As no precoveries were taken and no previous identifications were made, Wright's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Mount Hamilton in 1947.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017554-0003-0000", "contents": "1747 Wright, Physical characteristics, Spectral type and mineralogy\nIn the SMASS taxonomic system, Wright is an Sl-type, which transitions between the common stony S-type and the less common L-type asteroids. In the Tholen classification, this asteroid could not be assigned to a specific type. Its spectrum was unusual and noisy and resembled that of an A-type asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 67], "content_span": [68, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017554-0004-0000", "contents": "1747 Wright, Physical characteristics, Spectral type and mineralogy\nIn 2012, Wright was observed in the near-infrared using the SpeX instrument of the NASA Infrared Telescope Facility on Mauna Kea, Hawaii. The spectral measurement indicate that Wright is not an olivine-rich A-type, but rather similar to the ordinary chondrites, with the common H\u00a0chondrite as the most likely meteorite analogue for the asteroid's composition, as the spectra strongly indicate the presence of rock-forming pyroxenes minerals. The team of astronomers also characterized Wright as an Sw class asteroid using the Bus\u2013DeMeo taxonomic system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 67], "content_span": [68, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017554-0005-0000", "contents": "1747 Wright, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS and the Japanese Akari satellite, the asteroid measures 5.17 and 6.35 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.20 and 0.32, respectively. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link agrees with the results obtained by IRAS.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017554-0006-0000", "contents": "1747 Wright, Physical characteristics, Photometry\nIn July 2005, a rotational lightcurve of Wright was obtained by astronomers Reiner Stoss, Jaime Nomen, Salvador S\u00e1nchez and Raoul Behrend at the Mallorca Observatory, Spain. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 5.2896 hours with a brightness variation of 0.61 magnitude (U=3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 49], "content_span": [50, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017554-0007-0000", "contents": "1747 Wright, Physical characteristics, Photometry\nIn July 2014, another, concurring lightcurve with a period of 5.28796 hours and an amplitude of 0.53 was obtained by Robert Stephens at the Trojan Station of the Center for Solar System Studies (U81) in Landers, southern California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 49], "content_span": [50, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017554-0008-0000", "contents": "1747 Wright, Naming\nThis minor planet was named in memory of American astronomer William Hammond Wright (1871\u20131959), staff member and later director of the discovering Lick Observatory until 1942. A pioneer in astrophysics, his large, wide-field 20-inch Carnegie double astrograph built for the observatory's proper motion survey (first light in 1941), was using distant galaxies (\"spiral nebulae\") as object references. During this survey, many comets and asteroids were discovered as a by-product. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 February 1976 (M.P.C. 3934). Wright is also honored by the Martian and lunar craters Wright.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 668]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017568-0000-0000", "contents": "1747 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1747.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017569-0000-0000", "contents": "1747 in poetry\n* * * Yet, ah! why should they know their fate,Since sorrow never comes too late,", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 96]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017569-0001-0000", "contents": "1747 in poetry\nThought would destroy their Paradise. No more;\u2014where ignorance is bliss,", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 87]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017569-0002-0000", "contents": "1747 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017569-0003-0000", "contents": "1747 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017569-0004-0000", "contents": "1747 in poetry, Births, Birthdate of Gottfried August B\u00fcrger\nGottfried August B\u00fcrger (died 1794), German poet and author who wrote stories about Baron von Munchhausen, preferred to think of himself as being born on January 1, 1748, and so celebrated his birthdays on that date. His tombstone is inscribed with it, and many scholars have agreed with him over the generations. Many other scholars, including many modern sources, give December 31, 1747, as the day of birth, as birth records state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 60], "content_span": [61, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017569-0005-0000", "contents": "1747 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017570-0000-0000", "contents": "1747 in science\nThe year 1747 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017572-0000-0000", "contents": "17473 Freddiemercury\n17473 Freddiemercury, provisional designation 1991 FM3, is a stony Massalian asteroid from the inner regions asteroid belt, approximately 3.4 kilometers in diameter. The asteroid was discovered on 21 March 1991, by Belgian astronomer Henri Debehogne at ESO's La Silla Observatory in northern Chile, and later named in memory of Freddie Mercury.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017572-0001-0000", "contents": "17473 Freddiemercury, Classification and orbit\nFreddiemercury is a member of the Massalia family (404), a large family of stony S-type asteroids with low inclinations in the inner main belt. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.0\u20132.8\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 8 months (1,350 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.16 and an inclination of 1\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 46], "content_span": [47, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017572-0002-0000", "contents": "17473 Freddiemercury, Classification and orbit\nThe body's observation arc begins 9 years prior to its official discovery observation, with its identification as 1982 VC9 at Crimea\u2013Nauchnij in November 1982.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 46], "content_span": [47, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017572-0003-0000", "contents": "17473 Freddiemercury, Physical characteristics\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Freddiemercury measures 3.4 kilometers in diameter and its surface has a high albedo of 0.313.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 46], "content_span": [47, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017572-0004-0000", "contents": "17473 Freddiemercury, Physical characteristics\nAs of 2017, the asteroid's exact composition, as well as its rotation period and shape remain unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 46], "content_span": [47, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017572-0005-0000", "contents": "17473 Freddiemercury, Naming\nOn 4 September 2016, one day before what would have been Freddie Mercury's 70th birthday, the International Astronomical Union and the Minor Planet Center named the asteroid after Mercury, as it was discovered the same year as Mercury's death, (M.P.C. 101215) and its provisional designation included his initials, FM. The approved naming was announced by Mercury's Queen bandmate Brian May at Montreux Casino to mark Mercury's 70th birthday.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 28], "content_span": [29, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017573-0000-0000", "contents": "1748\n1748 (MDCCXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a leap year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar, the 1748th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 748th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 48th  year of the 18th\u00a0century, and the  9th   year of the 1740s decade. As of the start of 1748, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017574-0000-0000", "contents": "1748 English cricket season\nThe 1748 English cricket season was the fifth season following the earliest known codification of the Laws of Cricket. Details have survived of six significant eleven-a-side and 18 single wicket matches. 1748 was the halcyon season of single wicket, perhaps never so popular before or since.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017574-0001-0000", "contents": "1748 English cricket season, Matches\nSix matches between significant teams are known to have taken place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017574-0002-0000", "contents": "1748 English cricket season, Matches, Single wicket matches\nA total of 18 significant single wicket matches are known to have taken place during 1748.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 59], "content_span": [60, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017575-0000-0000", "contents": "1748 Mauderli\n1748 Mauderli, provisional designation 1966 RA, is a dark and very reddish Hildian asteroid from the outermost region of the asteroid belt, approximately 45 kilometers in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017575-0001-0000", "contents": "1748 Mauderli\nIt was discovered on 7 September 1966, by astronomer Paul Wild at Zimmerwald Observatory near Bern, Switzerland, and was later named after Swiss astronomer Sigmund Mauderli.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017575-0002-0000", "contents": "1748 Mauderli, Orbit and classification\nMauderli is a member of the Hilda family of asteroids which stay in a 3:2 resonance with the gas giant Jupiter. Among the Hilda family, it is one of its members with the highest amplitude of libration relative to the stable periodic orbit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017575-0003-0000", "contents": "1748 Mauderli, Orbit and classification\nThe asteroid orbits the Sun in the outermost main-belt at a distance of 3.1\u20134.8\u00a0AU once every 7 years and 10 months (2,857 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.22 and an inclination of 3\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. Mauderli was first identified as A922 BC at Heidelberg Observatory in 1922, extending the body's observation arc by 44 years prior to its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017575-0004-0000", "contents": "1748 Mauderli, Physical characteristics\nMauderli a dark D-type asteroid in the Tholen classification. It is also the reddest among the known asteroids of this spectral type.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017575-0005-0000", "contents": "1748 Mauderli, Physical characteristics\nThree rotational lightcurves gave a concurring rotation period of 6.00 hours with a brightness variation between 0.10 and 0.12 magnitude (U=n.a/3/2-).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017575-0006-0000", "contents": "1748 Mauderli, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nBased on the space-based surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE missions, Mauderli measures 44.908 and 51.91 kilometers in diameter and has an albedo of 0.037 and 0.048, respectively. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for carbonaceous asteroids of 0.057 and calculates a diameter of 40.32 kilometers with on an absolute magnitude of 10.7.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017575-0007-0000", "contents": "1748 Mauderli, Naming\nThis minor planet was named by the discoverer in honor of Sigmund Mauderli (1876\u20131962), Swiss astronomer and director of the Astronomical Institute at the University of Bern from 1921\u20131946. He devoted much of his time to orbit determination and perturbation computing of minor planets for the Astronomisches Rechen-Institut in Germany. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 October 1969 (M.P.C. 2971).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017576-0000-0000", "contents": "1748 University of Cambridge Chancellor election\nThe election for the Chancellorship of the University of Cambridge, 1748 chose a new Chancellor of the University. The election was triggered by the retirement of the previous incumbent, Charles Seymour, 6th Duke of Somerset, in February 1748.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017576-0001-0000", "contents": "1748 University of Cambridge Chancellor election\nThere were two candidates for the post: the heir to the throne, Frederick, Prince of Wales, and the cabinet minister Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017576-0002-0000", "contents": "1748 University of Cambridge Chancellor election\nA contest ensued, and on 6 July, the Duke of Newcastle was duly declared elected. According to Elisabeth Leedham-Green, Newcastle's victory \"had been the result of much strenuous political activity by his supporters.\" William Coxe wrote in his Memoirs of the \"mortification\" felt by the Prince at his failure to secure election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017576-0003-0000", "contents": "1748 University of Cambridge Chancellor election\nEdmund Pyle, the king's chaplain, later wrote of Newcastle's \"pitiful passion for the Chancellorship of Cambridge\" and of his having made promises of Church of England preferments in the course of his campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017589-0000-0000", "contents": "1748 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1748.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017590-0000-0000", "contents": "1748 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017590-0001-0000", "contents": "1748 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017590-0002-0000", "contents": "1748 in poetry, Deaths\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017591-0000-0000", "contents": "1748 in science\nThe year 1748 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017592-0000-0000", "contents": "1749\n1749 (MDCCXLIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar, the 1749th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 749th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 49th  year of the 18th\u00a0century, and the  10th  and last year of the 1740s decade. As of the start of 1749, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017593-0000-0000", "contents": "1749 English cricket season\nThe 1749 English cricket season was the sixth season following the earliest known codification of the Laws of Cricket.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017593-0001-0000", "contents": "1749 English cricket season, Matches\nSeven eleven-a-side matches between significant teams are known to have taken place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017593-0002-0000", "contents": "1749 English cricket season, Matches, Single wicket matches\nA series of three single wicket cricket matches took place between teams of five playing for England against Addington. The matches resulted from a challenge by the Addington players to meet any other five in England, with Addington considered the favourites to win. Addington won only one of the matches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 59], "content_span": [60, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017594-0000-0000", "contents": "1749 Muslim slave revolt in Malta\nThe 1749 Muslim slave revolt in Malta (known as the Conspiracy of the Slaves (Maltese: il-kon\u0121ura tal-ilsiera or il-konfoffa tal-ilsiera) or the Revolt of the Slaves), was a failed plot by Muslim slaves in Hospitaller-ruled Malta to rebel, assassinate Grand Master Manuel Pinto da Fonseca and take over the island. The revolt was to have taken place on 29 June 1749, but plans were leaked to the Order before it began; the plotters were arrested and most were later executed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017594-0001-0000", "contents": "1749 Muslim slave revolt in Malta, Background\nIn the mid-18th century, there were around 9000 Muslim slaves in Hospitaller-ruled Malta. They were given freedom of religion, being allowed to gather for prayers. Although there were laws preventing them from interacting with the Maltese people, these were not regularly enforced. Some slaves also worked as merchants, and at times were allowed to sell their wares in the streets and squares of Valletta.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 45], "content_span": [46, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017594-0002-0000", "contents": "1749 Muslim slave revolt in Malta, Background\nIn February 1748, Hungarian, Georgian and Maltese slaves on board the Ottoman ship Lupa revolted, taking over 150 Ottomans prisoner, including Mustafa, the Pasha (i.e. Lord or Governor) of Rhodes. They sailed the captured ship to Malta, and the prisoners were enslaved. However, Mustafa was placed under house arrest on the insistence of France due to the Franco-Ottoman alliance, and was eventually freed. He converted to Christianity and married a Maltese woman, so he was allowed to remain in Malta.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 45], "content_span": [46, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017594-0003-0000", "contents": "1749 Muslim slave revolt in Malta, Plot\nMustafa planned to organize a slave revolt on 29 June 1749. The day was the feast of Saints Peter and Paul (Maltese: L-Imnarja), and a banquet was to be celebrated at the Grandmaster's Palace in Valletta. Slaves were to poison the food at the banquet as well as within the auberges and other palaces. After the banquet, a small group of slaves would assassinate Grand Master Manuel Pinto da Fonseca in his sleep, while 100 palace slaves would overpower the guards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 39], "content_span": [40, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017594-0003-0001", "contents": "1749 Muslim slave revolt in Malta, Plot\nThey would then attack the Slaves' Prison to free the remaining Muslims, while others were to attack Fort Saint Elmo and take weapons from the armouries. The Ottoman Beys of Tunis, Tripoli and Algiers were to send a fleet which was to invade Malta upon receiving a signal from the rebels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 39], "content_span": [40, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017594-0004-0000", "contents": "1749 Muslim slave revolt in Malta, Discovery and aftermath\nThe plot was discovered on 6 June, three weeks before it was to take place. Three slaves had met in a coffee shop in Strada della Fontana (now St Christopher Street), Valletta, near the Slave Prison, to win the support of a Maltese guard to the Grand Master, and began to quarrel. The shop owner, a neophyte called Giuseppe Cohen, overheard them mention the revolt and reported this information to the Grand Master. The three slaves were arrested, and they revealed details of the plan after being tortured.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 58], "content_span": [59, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017594-0005-0000", "contents": "1749 Muslim slave revolt in Malta, Discovery and aftermath\nThe leaders were subsequently arrested, and 38 of them were tried and executed. Some plotters reportedly converted and asked to be baptized just before being killed. 125 others were hanged in Palace Square in Valletta, while 8 were branded with the letter R (for ribelli, 'rebels') on their forehead, and were condemned to the galleys for life. On the insistence of France, Mustafa Pasha, who was behind the revolt, was not executed but was taken back to Rhodes on a French vessel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 58], "content_span": [59, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017594-0006-0000", "contents": "1749 Muslim slave revolt in Malta, Consequences\nFollowing the foiling of the plot, Grand Master Pinto reported the events to his ambassadors in Europe. Laws restricting the movement of slaves were made stricter. They could not go outside the city limits, and were not to approach any fortifications. They were not allowed to gather anywhere except from their mosque, and were to sleep only in the Slaves' Prison. Moreover, they could not carry any weapons or keys of government buildings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 47], "content_span": [48, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017594-0007-0000", "contents": "1749 Muslim slave revolt in Malta, Consequences\nGiuseppe Cohen, who had revealed the plan, was given an annual pension of 300 scudi from the Order's treasury and another 200 scudi from the Universit\u00e0 of Valletta. Cohen was also given a house in Valletta, which had previously been the seat of the Universit\u00e0 until it moved to new premises in 1721. The house remained in the Cohen family until 1773, when they were given an annuity and the building was taken over to house the Monte di Piet\u00e0.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 47], "content_span": [48, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017594-0008-0000", "contents": "1749 Muslim slave revolt in Malta, In literature\nThe poem Fuqek Nit\u0127addet Malta (\"I am talking about you, Malta\"), an early example of Maltese literature, was written by an anonymous author some years after the attempted revolt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 48], "content_span": [49, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017594-0009-0000", "contents": "1749 Muslim slave revolt in Malta, In literature\nIn 1751, Giovanni Pietro Francesco Agius de Soldanis published Mustaf\u00e0 Bass\u00e0 di Rodi schiavo in Malta, o sia la di lui congiura all'occupazione di Malta descritta da Michele Acciard about the conspiracy. He published it under the pseudonym Michele Acciard, an Italian who de Soldanis had met in his travels (although some documents suggest that Acciard was actually involved in its writing as well). The book caused considerable controversy since it attacked the Order and argued for the rights of the Maltese. This resulted in it being banned in Malta, and de Soldanis had to go to Rome to defend himself in front of Pope Benedict XIV. He returned in 1752 and was forgiven by Pinto.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 48], "content_span": [49, 732]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017594-0010-0000", "contents": "1749 Muslim slave revolt in Malta, In literature\nIn 1779, Pietro Andolfati wrote a play about the revolt, entitled La congiura di Mustafa Bassa di Rodi contro i cavalieri Maltesi: ovvero le glorie di Malta (The conspiracy of Mustapha Pasha of Rhodes against the knights of Malta, or the glories of Malta).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 48], "content_span": [49, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017595-0000-0000", "contents": "1749 Telamon\n1749 Telamon /\u02c8t\u025bl\u0259m\u0252n/ is a dark Jupiter Trojan from the Greek camp, approximately 70 kilometers (43 miles) in diameter. It was discovered by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg Observatory on 23 September 1949, and named after Telamon from Greek mythology. The D-type asteroid is the principal body of the proposed Telamon family and belongs to the 60 largest Jupiter trojans. It has a rotation period of 17.0 hours and possibly a spherical shape.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017595-0001-0000", "contents": "1749 Telamon, Classification and orbit\nTelamon is a dark Jovian asteroid orbiting in the leading Greek camp at Jupiter's L4 Lagrangian point, 60\u00b0 ahead of the Gas Giant's orbit in a 1:1 resonance (see Trojans in astronomy). It orbits the Sun at a distance of 4.6\u20135.7\u00a0AU once every 11 years and 8 months (4,268 days; semi-major axis of 5.15\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.11 and an inclination of 6\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at with its first observation as 1941 BP at Turku Observatory in January 1941, more than 8 years prior to its official discovery observation at Heidelberg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017595-0002-0000", "contents": "1749 Telamon, Classification and orbit, Telamon family\nFernando Roig and Ricardo Gil-Hutton identified Telamon as the principal body of a small Jovian asteroid family, using the hierarchical clustering method (HCM), which looks for groupings of neighboring asteroids based on the smallest distances between them in the proper orbital element space. According to the astronomers, the Telamon family belongs to the larger Menelaus clan, an aggregation of Jupiter trojans which is composed of several families, similar to the Flora family in the inner asteroid belt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 54], "content_span": [55, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017595-0003-0000", "contents": "1749 Telamon, Classification and orbit, Telamon family\nHowever this family is not included in David Nesvorn\u00fd's HCM-analysis from 2014. Instead, Telamon is listed as a non-family asteroid of the Jovian background population on the Asteroids Dynamic Site (AstDyS) which based on another analysis by Milani and Kne\u017eevi\u0107.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 54], "content_span": [55, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017595-0004-0000", "contents": "1749 Telamon, Physical characteristics\nTelamon is a dark D-type asteroid according to the SDSS-based taxonomy and the surveys conducted by SMASS (Xu) and Pan-STARRS.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017595-0005-0000", "contents": "1749 Telamon, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Telamon measures between 64.90 and 81.06 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.046 and 0.078.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017595-0006-0000", "contents": "1749 Telamon, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0469 and a diameter of 80.91 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 9.4.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017595-0007-0000", "contents": "1749 Telamon, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nNote: missing data was completed with figures from the JPL SBDB () and from the LCDB () for the WISE/NEOWISE and SIMPS catalogs, respectively. These figures are given in italics. Also, listing is incomplete above #100.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017595-0008-0000", "contents": "1749 Telamon, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves\nPhotometric observations of Telamon by Stefano Mottola from August 1995 were used to build a lightcurve rendering a rotation period of 11.2 hours with a brightness variation of 0.1\u00b10.01 in magnitude (U=2). In October 2010, another observation by Robert Stephens at the Goat Mountain Astronomical Research Station (G79) in California gave a period of 16.975 hours (U=3-).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 51], "content_span": [52, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017595-0009-0000", "contents": "1749 Telamon, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves\nIn August 2017, observations by the K2 mission of the Kepler spacecraft during Campaign 6 gave two periods of 11.331 and 22.613 hours with an amplitude of 0.06 and 0.07 magnitude, respectively (U=2/2-). The body is possibly of spherical shape as all lightcurves measured a very small variation in brightness.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 51], "content_span": [52, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017595-0010-0000", "contents": "1749 Telamon, Naming\nThis minor planet was named by the discoverer after Telamon, from Greek mythology, who was an argonaut searching for the Golden Fleece, and father of Ajax and Teucer, after whom the minor planets 1404\u00a0Ajax and 2797\u00a0Teucer are named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017595-0011-0000", "contents": "1749 Telamon, Naming\nTelamon banished his son Teucer (as he had been banished by his own father) when he returned home from the Trojan war without the remains of his brother. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 15 February 1970 (M.P.C. 3023).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017596-0000-0000", "contents": "1749 in Canada, Historical documents\nBrief rundown of religious orders in Canada and \"the duties of their ministries\" in healthcare and education", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017596-0001-0000", "contents": "1749 in Canada, Historical documents\nIndigenous hunting season in what is now Nova Scotia ranges from elk to sea wolf to eggs of turtles and birds", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017596-0002-0000", "contents": "1749 in Canada, Historical documents\nHudson's Bay Company undercuts its trade by making Indigenous people come to Bay posts and offering worse deals than French do", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017596-0003-0000", "contents": "1749 in Canada, Historical documents\nExplorer describes clues on Hudson Bay that indicate nearness of \"western sea\" and existence of Northwest Passage", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017608-0000-0000", "contents": "1749 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1749.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017609-0000-0000", "contents": "1749 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017609-0001-0000", "contents": "1749 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017609-0002-0000", "contents": "1749 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017610-0000-0000", "contents": "1749 in science\nThe year 1749 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017611-0000-0000", "contents": "17492 Hippasos\n17492 Hippasos /\u02c8h\u026ap\u0259s\u0259s/ is a Jupiter trojan and member of the Ennomos family from the Trojan camp, approximately 54 kilometers (34 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 10 December 1991, by astronomer Freimut B\u00f6rngen at the Karl Schwarzschild Observatory in Tautenburg, Germany. The Jovian asteroid belongs to the 80 largest Jupiter trojans has a rotation period of 17.8 hours. It was named after the Trojan prince Hippasus (Hippasos) from Greek mythology.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017611-0001-0000", "contents": "17492 Hippasos, Orbit and classification\nHippasos is a Jovian asteroid in the so-called Trojan camp, located in the L5 Lagrangian point, 60\u00b0 behind Jupiter, orbiting in a 1:1 resonance with the Gas Giant (see Trojans in astronomy).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017611-0002-0000", "contents": "17492 Hippasos, Orbit and classification\nIt orbits the Sun at a distance of 4.8\u20135.5\u00a0AU once every 11 years and 8 months (4,262 days; semi-major axis of 5.14\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.07 and an inclination of 29\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with a precovery published by the Digitized Sky Survey and taken at the Siding Spring Observatory in September 1977, more than 14 years prior to its official discovery observation at Tautenburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017611-0003-0000", "contents": "17492 Hippasos, Orbit and classification, Asteroid family\nHippasos is a member of the Ennomos family (009), one of few known Jovian asteroid families, named after 4709\u2009Ennomos (also see 4709 Ennomos \u00a7\u00a0Small Ennomos family). A different HCM analysis finds this asteroid to be the parent body of its own Hippasos family, first described by Jakub Rozehnal and Miroslav Bro\u017e in 2014. According to the astronomers' model, the Hippasos family consists of 104 known members, and was formed 1 to 2 billion years ago. The extrapolated size of the original body is between 67 and 168 kilometers, which is strongly influenced by the amount of possible interlopers into the family.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 57], "content_span": [58, 669]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017611-0004-0000", "contents": "17492 Hippasos, Naming\nThis minor planet was named from Greek mythology after the Trojan prince Hippasus (Hippasos). The son of King Priam supported Aeneas in the Trojan War. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 9 March 2001 (M.P.C. 42365).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017611-0005-0000", "contents": "17492 Hippasos, Physical characteristics\nHippasos is an assumed C-type asteroid, while most larger Jupiter trojans are D-type asteroids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017611-0006-0000", "contents": "17492 Hippasos, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn December 2013, a rotational lightcurve of Hippasos was obtained from photometric observations by Robert Stephens at the Center for Solar System Studies in Landers, California. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 17.75\u00b10.01 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.21 magnitude (U=3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 57], "content_span": [58, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017611-0007-0000", "contents": "17492 Hippasos, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Hippasos measures 53.98 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo 0.066, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for a carbonaceous asteroid of 0.057 and calculates a diameter of 55.67 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.0.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 61], "content_span": [62, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017611-0008-0000", "contents": "17492 Hippasos, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nNote: missing data was completed with figures from the JPL SBDB () and from the LCDB () for the WISE/NEOWISE and SIMPS catalogs, respectively. These figures are given in italics. Also, listing is incomplete above #100.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 61], "content_span": [62, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017612-0000-0000", "contents": "174th (2/2nd London) Brigade\nThe 174th (2/2nd London) Brigade was a formation of the Territorial Force of the British Army. It was assigned to the 58th (2/1st London) Division and served on the Western Front during the First World War. The brigade was formed as a 2nd Line of the 168th (1/2nd London) Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017613-0000-0000", "contents": "174th Air Defense Artillery Brigade (United States)\nThe 174th Air Defense Artillery Brigade is an Air Defense Artillery brigade of the United States Army. It is one of six brigade-sized major subordinate commands of the Ohio Army National Guard, activated on 1 September 2008, in Columbus, Ohio. Before, during, and following its activation, the brigade and its subordinate battalions have been very active, deploying individuals and units to support the Iraq War's Operation Iraqi Freedom, airspace defense of the National Capital Region, and the combined Hungary-United States Operational Mentor and Liaison Team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017613-0001-0000", "contents": "174th Air Defense Artillery Brigade (United States), Heraldry, Combat service identification badge and shoulder sleeve insignia, Description\nA rectangle arched at the top and bottom with a 1/8\u00a0inch (.32\u00a0cm) yellow border, 2\u00a0inches (5.08\u00a0cm) in width and 3\u00a0inches (7.62\u00a0cm) in height overall divided per pale ultramarine blue and scarlet, between two yellow lightning bolts radiating pilewise in base a stylized missile of the like; in chief a chevron of nine white stars and on either side of the missile head are four white stars in the configuration of a square diamond.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 140], "content_span": [141, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017613-0002-0000", "contents": "174th Air Defense Artillery Brigade (United States), Heraldry, Combat service identification badge and shoulder sleeve insignia, Symbolism\nScarlet and yellow are the colors associated with Air Defense Artillery. The Nike Hercules missile was the weapon last employed in the ground-based air defense of the United States Homeland and represents the Brigade's resumption of this mission. The seventeen stars represent Ohio as the seventeenth state to enter the Union and is home to the unit. The diverging lightning bolts allude to radar acquisition and speed of response. Red is the color of valor and yellow/gold is emblematic of excellence. The blue is symbolic of the clear skies that the Brigade maintains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 138], "content_span": [139, 709]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017613-0003-0000", "contents": "174th Air Defense Artillery Brigade (United States), Heraldry, Distinctive unit insignia, Description\nA Gold color metal and enamel device 1 3/16\u00a0inches (3.02\u00a0cm) in height overall consisting of a shield per fess wavy, the chief per pale Argent and Sable, the base Gules, a demi-missile in pale of the first (Silver Gray) issuing from a demi-annulet of the first in base, in fess three wavy barrulets Azure; in dexter chief a lightning bolt bendwise of the second and in sinister chief a lightning bolt bend sinisterwise of the first. Around the bottom of the shield is a Black bipartite scroll inscribed with \"QUISQUAM\" \"USQUAM\" in Gold letters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 101], "content_span": [102, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017613-0004-0000", "contents": "174th Air Defense Artillery Brigade (United States), Heraldry, Distinctive unit insignia, Symbolism\nScarlet and yellow/gold are traditionally associated with Air Defense Artillery. The lightning bolts denote swiftness and power. The white on black and vice versa further emphasizes the unit's motto which translates to \"Anytime, Anywhere\" and the day and night, around the clock role of the soldier. The three wavy bars refer to the National, State, and Community missions of the National Guard unit. The silver missile cutting through the blue bars is symbolic of the primary mission of the organization to maintain clear skies. The white annulet with the red is adapted from the State flag of Ohio, home of the unit and further highlights the arching line used in the military map symbol for Air Defense units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 99], "content_span": [100, 812]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017613-0005-0000", "contents": "174th Air Defense Artillery Brigade (United States), Heraldry, Distinctive unit insignia, Background\nThe distinctive unit insignia was approved effective 1 September 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 100], "content_span": [101, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017614-0000-0000", "contents": "174th Air Refueling Squadron\nThe 174th Air Refueling Squadron (174th ARS) is a unit of the Iowa Air National Guard 185th Air Refueling Wing. It is assigned to Sioux City Air National Guard Base, Iowa and is equipped with the KC-135R Stratotanker aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017614-0001-0000", "contents": "174th Air Refueling Squadron, History, World War II\nEstablished  on  27 April 1943 at Richmond Army Air Base, Virginia,  as the 386th Fighter Squadron, equipped with P-47 Thunderbolts. Deployed to the European Theater of Operations (ETO), and assigned to Ninth Air Force in England. Arrived at RAF Gosfield, Essex on 23 December 1943. Their first combat air field training resumed for two months. On 22 February 1944, the squadron flew their first combat mission and over the next one to two months gradually converting from escorting Eighth Air Force heavy bombers to their fighter-bomber mode under Ninth Air Force that continued to the war's end.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 51], "content_span": [52, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017614-0002-0000", "contents": "174th Air Refueling Squadron, History, World War II\nThe squadron was instrumental in determining the maximum bomb loads for the P-47. Two one-thousand pound bombs and an external fuel tank on the Billy Rack. They were the first group to fly a dive-bombing mission with that bomb load. Their firepower was eight fifty caliber machine guns and their total arsenal included rockets and napalm. This armament was standard for all thirteen P-47 fighter-bomber groups shortly after the D-Day Invasion on 6 June 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 51], "content_span": [52, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017614-0003-0000", "contents": "174th Air Refueling Squadron, History, World War II\nAssigned to the IX Tactical Air Command, the squadron flew in direct support of General Hodges First Army. Their mission was two-fold. Protect the ground forces from enemy air attack and destroy any and all obstacles on the ground that prevented our forces from advancing. On two occasions to support Patton's Third Army. The first was shortly after 1 August 1944. The second was during the last months of the Battle of the Bulge. The squadron was active against specific targets on D-Day before, during and following. This was the first company breakthrough in the Battle of the Bulge in taking Germany. The squadron was part of the first group to move into Germany on 17 March 1945 at Aachen and the first to fly a combat mission off a German soil.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 51], "content_span": [52, 802]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017614-0004-0000", "contents": "174th Air Refueling Squadron, History, World War II\nThe 386th Fighter Squadron flew combat from 22 February 1944 through 4 May 1945, totalling 14.5 months. They flew combat from eleven air fields or air strips moving more times than any other fighter-bomber group in the Ninth Air Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 51], "content_span": [52, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017614-0005-0000", "contents": "174th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Iowa Air National Guard\nWas transferred to the new Iowa Air National Guard in May 1946 and became a P-51D Mustang squadron, receiving federal recognition on 23 August 1946, one of the first Air National Guard squadrons activated. Assigned to the Sioux Gateway Regional Airport, a former training field during World War II used to train B-17 Flying Fortress aircrews. Was assigned to the Iowa ANG 132d Fighter Wing, which consisted of the 124th, along with the 123d Fighter Squadron at Des Moines, and the Nebraska ANG 173d Fighter Squadron at Lincoln, Nebraska.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 62], "content_span": [63, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017614-0005-0001", "contents": "174th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Iowa Air National Guard\nThe initial component of the unit included 9 rated officers, 7 non-rated officers, and 46 enlisted members for a total of 62 members. Today, the 185th consists of nearly 1,000 traditional and full-time military members as well as over 300 air technicians and state contract employees. Engaged in routine training exercises, and was upgraded to F-84B Thunderjet jet aircraft in early 1948.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 62], "content_span": [63, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017614-0006-0000", "contents": "174th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Iowa Air National Guard, Korean War federalization\nActivated to Federal Service during the Korean War, sent to Dow AFB, Maine Used by TAC to train replacement pilots in F-51D Mustang ground support operations, also deployed unit members to Japan and Korea to fly combat missions. The 132d was moved to Alexandria AFB, Louisiana in May 1952 again with F-51s replacing the federalized Oklahoma ANG 137th Fighter-Bomber Wing which was deployed to France. Performed training as a tactical fighter unit until relieved from active service and returned to Iowa ANG jurisdiction in January 1953.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 89], "content_span": [90, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017614-0007-0000", "contents": "174th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Iowa Air National Guard, Cold War\nIn July 1953, the unit converted from the F-51D to the Lockheed F-80C Shooting Star.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 72], "content_span": [73, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017614-0008-0000", "contents": "174th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Iowa Air National Guard, Cold War\nIn 1955, the 174th FS was reassigned to Air Defense Command and re-designated the 174th Fighter Interceptor Squadron and was transitioned to the F-84E Thunderstreak. As a component of the 132d Fighter Interceptor Wing, the unit won the ANG Gunnery Meet. They also placed third in the USAF Fighter Weapons meet that year. For their accomplishments, the 174th was awarded the Spaatz Trophy as the most outstanding Air National Guard squadron in the US in 1956. The unit also was awarded the Wing Flying Safety trophy that year as well.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 72], "content_span": [73, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017614-0009-0000", "contents": "174th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Iowa Air National Guard, Cold War\nIn 1958, the unit changed aircraft and its primary mission, being reassigned back to Tactical Air Command. It was re-designated the 174th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron and flying the RF-84F Thunderflash. As a reconnaissance unit, the 174th was awarded the top \"Operational Readiness Reconnaissance Unit\" in the US in 1960. In 1961, the unit was re-designated the 174th Tactical Fighter Squadron and converted to flying nuclear-capable F-100C Super Sabre aircraft. The squadron flew the F-100 from 1961 until 1977, a period of 16 years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 72], "content_span": [73, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017614-0010-0000", "contents": "174th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Iowa Air National Guard, Cold War\nOn 26 January 1968, the squadron was recalled to active Federal service as a result of the Pueblo Crisis. The 174th Tactical Fighter Squadron, augmented by many of the other group personnel deployed with their F-100s to Phu Cat Air Base, South Vietnam on 11 May 1968.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 72], "content_span": [73, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017614-0011-0000", "contents": "174th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Iowa Air National Guard, Cold War\nDuring their year in South Vietnam, the 174th flew 6,539 combat sorties totaling 11,359 hours of combat time. One pilot was killed in action and two airmen were killed on active duty. The unit was awarded the Presidential Unit Citation and the Air Force Outstanding Unit Award. Individually, its members were awarded 12 Silver Stars, 35 Distinguished Flying Crosses, 30 Bronze Stars, 115 Air Force Commendation Medals, 325 Air Medals, and 1 Purple Heart. On 28 May 1969 the personnel and aircraft were returned to Sioux City and released from active duty. In addition, the 174th Fighter Squadron won the Air Force Outstanding Unit Award with a designation of valor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 72], "content_span": [73, 738]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017614-0012-0000", "contents": "174th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Iowa Air National Guard, Cold War\nThe \"Bat\" depicted on the tails of the aircraft and the shoulder patch of the pilots during the Vietnam War became a legendary symbol of the 174th Tactical Fighter Squadron. \"Bat\" was the call sign of the 174th during its Vietnam War service, and the \"Bats\" became renowned for their outstanding performance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 72], "content_span": [73, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017614-0013-0000", "contents": "174th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Iowa Air National Guard, Cold War\nThe squadron converted to the A-7D Corsair II in 1977. While flying the A-7s, the unit won the Spaatz trophy for the second time in 1990, recognizing them as the best Air Guard unit in the country. The Unit also was awarded the Air Force Outstanding Unit award five times \u2013 1985, 1986, 1987, 1989, and 1991. In 1989, the unit won the 12th Air Force A-7 gunnery meet for the second time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 72], "content_span": [73, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017614-0014-0000", "contents": "174th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Iowa Air National Guard, Modern era\nOn 19 December 1991, the squadron received its first F-16s. The F-16 \"Fighting Falcon\" would be the last single-seat fighter jet that the unit would fly before the conversion to KC-135 tankers in 2003.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 74], "content_span": [75, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017614-0015-0000", "contents": "174th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Iowa Air National Guard, Modern era\nAs part of the Global War on Terrorism, the squadron has participated in Operation Enduring Freedom, and Operation Iraqi Freedom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 74], "content_span": [75, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017615-0000-0000", "contents": "174th Attack Wing\nThe 174th Attack Wing (174 ATKW) is a unit of the New York Air National Guard, stationed at Hancock Field Air National Guard Base, Syracuse, New York. The 174th is equipped with the MQ-9 Reaper. If activated to federal service, the Wing is gained by the United States Air Force Air Combat Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017615-0001-0000", "contents": "174th Attack Wing, Overview\nThe 174th Attack Wing currently operates the MQ-9 Reaper Remotely Piloted Aircraft (RPA). Its mission is to provide qualified airmen and weapon systems engaging in global air, space and cyberspace operations; supporting homeland defense, joint operations and aid to civil authorities at the direction of the Governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 27], "content_span": [28, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017615-0002-0000", "contents": "174th Attack Wing, Units\nThe 174th Attack Wing consists of the following major units:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 24], "content_span": [25, 85]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017615-0003-0000", "contents": "174th Attack Wing, History\nEstablished by the USAF and allotted to New York ANG in 1962 as an expansion of the 138th Tactical Fighter Squadron. Received federal recognition by the National Guard Bureau and activated on 1 September 1962 as the 174th Tactical Fighter Group. The group was stationed at Hancock Field, Syracuse, New York. and allocated to Tactical Air Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017615-0004-0000", "contents": "174th Attack Wing, History\nOther squadrons assigned into the group were the 174th Headquarters, 174th Material Squadron (Maintenance), 174th Combat Support Squadron, and the 174th USAF Dispensary. The 138th TFS was equipped with the F-86H Sabre.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017615-0005-0000", "contents": "174th Attack Wing, History, Vietnam era\nThe squadron engaged normal peacetime training and exercises. In the summer of 1965, the squadron took part in Exercise Oneida Bear II at Fort Drum, which involved some 6 500 soldiers of the regular Army, the Army Reserve and the National Guard. 138th TFS aircraft from Syracuse provided close air support to both aggressor and Friendly Forces during the exercise, and were engaged in realistic tactical air strikes. In the exercise, conducted by the First Army, the Second Brigade of the Army's Fifth Infantry was opposed by an aggressor force of selected Army National Guard and Army Reserve Units. The 174th Group's pilots flew 77 sorties for a total of 114 hours without a single abort.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 39], "content_span": [40, 730]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017615-0006-0000", "contents": "174th Attack Wing, History, Vietnam era\nThe squadron trained at Ramey AFB, Puerto Rico, in early 1967 in an all service amphibious and airborne exercise. A detachment of unit pilots and support personnel participated (22 officers and 69 airmen). Twelve F-86H aircraft participated with three C-130 Hercules for equipment and personnel support. All types of tactical air missions were flown. Total sorties were 213 with total hours flown, 308. Special firepowers demonstration was accomplished with 20 sorties delivering 40 (750\u00a0lbs) and 2000 rounds of 20\u00a0mm fired. Later in 1967, Operation Sentry Post I was held in August. This was a joint Air National Guard \u2013 TAC Exercise. Twelve F-86Hs were flown and squadron pilots worked with radar flying air-to-air and air-to-ground gunnery with and without FAC type missions. A total of 204 sorties and 245 hours were flown in this operation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 39], "content_span": [40, 885]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017615-0007-0000", "contents": "174th Attack Wing, History, Vietnam era\nIn 1968, the 174th TFG was federalized and placed on active duty. The Group was alerted for active duty on 11 April 1968, partially mobilized on 13 May and deployed to Cannon Air Force Base, Clovis, New Mexico. The mission of the 174th was to train Forward Air Controllers (FAC) for service in Vietnam. The FAC flew a light observation aircraft at low altitudes, visually observing enemy installations and movements and providing on-the-spot directions for fighters and bombers. The FAC dictated the type of ordnance to be delivered, observes the strike, and evaluates its effectiveness. The mission of the 174th was to give FACs in training actual experience in fighter aircraft so that they would be fully apprised of the requirements of the men they would be directing in combat in South Vietnam.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 39], "content_span": [40, 839]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017615-0008-0000", "contents": "174th Attack Wing, History, Vietnam era\nOn arrival at Cannon AFB along with the Maryland ANG 175th Tactical Fighter Squadron, they comprised the 140th Tactical Fighter Wing. Originally based in Denver, Colorado, headquarters of the 140th moved to Cannon AFB with the deployment of the 140th Tactical Fighter Group to active duty in Vietnam. Not all members of the 174th Tactical Fighter Group were mobilized, however. Subsequent to the alert notice, a change directed mobilization of only the Group Headquarters, the 138th Tactical Fighter Squadron, and the 174th Camron. The remaining members of the 174th remained in Syracuse on a drill status during the eight months of mobilized service. The unit was released from active duty as of 20 December 1968, and all members reverted to Air National Guard drill status.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 39], "content_span": [40, 815]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017615-0009-0000", "contents": "174th Attack Wing, History, Vietnam era, Close air support\n1970, the 174th began retiring its F-86H Sabres after over a decade of service, the 138th Tactical Fighter Squadron flying the last USAF/ANG Sabre sortie on 30 September. Replacing the Sabre was the Cessna A-37B Dragonfly and a newly conceived close air support tactical fighter mission in a ground insurgency environment which were gained by combat experience in Vietnam.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 58], "content_span": [59, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017615-0010-0000", "contents": "174th Attack Wing, History, Vietnam era, Close air support\nAfter a decade of routine peacetime exercises and training with the A-37, in 1979 the 174th began a transition to the A-10A Thunderbolt II Close Air Support fighter. With the arrival of the A-10, the 174th was changed in status from a Group to a Wing on 1 July 1979. The wing was one of three Air National Guard units equipped with the A-10 as part of the \"Total Force\" concept which equipped ANG units with front-line USAF aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 58], "content_span": [59, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017615-0010-0001", "contents": "174th Attack Wing, History, Vietnam era, Close air support\nIn 1980, after the transition to the A-10 was completed, the 138th TFS was deployed to Savannah Air National Guard Base, Georgia. On arrival, the unit was given sealed orders directing them to a remote, forward operational location and operate combat sorties, fully loaded with live ordnance. Not only was the 174th's combat readiness put to the optimum peacetime test, but the unit's mobility was tested to the fullest. In response, an additional six A-10s were assigned to it, making the 138th TFS the Air National Guard's only \"super\" squadron, with 24 aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 58], "content_span": [59, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017615-0011-0000", "contents": "174th Attack Wing, History, Vietnam era, Close air support\nWith the transition complete, the unit deployed eight A-10 aircraft from Syracuse, non-stop to a forward operation location in West Germany. In exercise Cornet Sail, the 138th demonstrated for the first time the ability of an Air National Guard or Air Force Reserve unit to deploy this advanced aircraft in this manner. Combat readiness in West Germany was achieved 12 hours after departing Hancock Field.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 58], "content_span": [59, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017615-0012-0000", "contents": "174th Attack Wing, History, Vietnam era, Close air support\nWith the move of the USAF 21st Air Division to Griffiss AFB in 1984, the 174th TFW became the host unit at Hancock Field. Later that year, the unit deployed to Exercise Air Warrior at the National Training Center, Fort Irwin, California; a three-week deployment to Lechfeld Air Base, West Germany and with the NY ANG 107th Fighter-Interceptor Group at Goose Air Base, Labrador.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 58], "content_span": [59, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017615-0013-0000", "contents": "174th Attack Wing, History, Vietnam era, Close air support\nThe 174th also was among the first A-10 close support aircraft organizations to provide temporary tactical air defense support from Howard Air Force Base, Panama when the unit deployed to Howard in March 1985 when runway construction precluded the use of the A-7D Corsair IIs that normally fulfilled the tactical air defense duties of the Panama Canal. Shortly afterward, it deployed to Alaska for the first time. The 138th TFS completed the 2,700-mile flight to Eielson AFB without external navigation aids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 58], "content_span": [59, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017615-0014-0000", "contents": "174th Attack Wing, History, Vietnam era, Close air support\nAs in past years, continuing NATO deployments to West Germany in the late 1980s saw the 174th TFW personnel training and living side-by-side with their West German Air Force counterparts as they would in a combat situation. The 174th began 1988 on a high note when the Air Force announced the wing would convert from the A-10 to the specialized Block 10 F-16A/B Fighting Falcon, also referred to as the F/A-16 due to its close air support configuration. With the Block 10 F-16, the 174th became the first Air Force organization to fly the Fighting Falcon with a Close Air Support mission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 58], "content_span": [59, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017615-0015-0000", "contents": "174th Attack Wing, History, Vietnam era, Close air support\nThe first F-16 aircraft started arriving in late 1988. These aircraft were passed down from regular USAF units who were upgrading to the F-16C/D model. During 1989, the 138th TFS was chosen as a test unit for a close air support version of the F-16. The aircraft were the only F-16s ever to be equipped with the General Electric GPU-5/A Pave Claw gun pod, which contained a 30mm cannon intended for use against a variety of battlefield targets, including armor. The unit received the USAF's Outstanding Maintenance Squadron Award that year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 58], "content_span": [59, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017615-0016-0000", "contents": "174th Attack Wing, History, Vietnam era, Operation Desert Storm\nIn 1991, the 138th TFS deployed to the Persian Gulf with 516 members in support of Operation Desert Storm. The 138th was one of only two Air National Guard units to fly combat missions during Operation Desert Storm. The Close Air Support project however proved to be a miserable failure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 63], "content_span": [64, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017615-0016-0001", "contents": "174th Attack Wing, History, Vietnam era, Operation Desert Storm\nPrecision aiming was impossible for several reasons: the pylon mount wasn't as steady as the A-10's rigid mounting; the F-16 flies much faster than an A-10, giving the pilots too little time approaching the target; firing the gun shook the aircraft harshly and made it impossible to control; essential CCIP (continuously computed impact point) software was unavailable. The pilots ended up using the gun as an area effect weapon, spraying multiple targets with ammunition, producing an effect rather like a cluster bomb. It took only a couple of days of this before they gave up, unbolted the gun pods, and went back to dropping real cluster bombs \u2013 which did the job more effectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 63], "content_span": [64, 749]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017615-0017-0000", "contents": "174th Attack Wing, History, Vietnam era, Operation Desert Storm\nThe unit received the Air Force Outstanding Unit Award, with the \"V\" device for valor, during Operation Desert Storm; the Air Force Association Outstanding Unit Award; and the National Guard Association's Best Family Support Center Award.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 63], "content_span": [64, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017615-0018-0000", "contents": "174th Attack Wing, History, Air Combat Command\nIn March 1992, with the end of the Cold War, the 174th adopted the Air Force Objective Organization plan, and the unit was re-designated as the 174th Fighter Wing. With the organization change, the 138th Fighter Squadron was assigned to the new 174th Operations Group. In June, Tactical Air Command was inactivated as part of the Air Force reorganization after the end of the Cold War. It was replaced by Air Combat Command (ACC).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 46], "content_span": [47, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017615-0019-0000", "contents": "174th Attack Wing, History, Air Combat Command\nIn 1993 the 174th FW started trading in their old Block 10 F-16 A/B models for newer Block 30 F-16C/D aircraft configured for Tactical Air Support. In that process the squadron had the 'honor' of sending the first F-16 to AMARC storage. This happened on 20 July 1993, when an F-16A (#79-0340) was flown to Davis-Monthan AFB, Arizona for flyable storage. Although these aircraft were only 13 years old, they were put into storage due to more modern models becoming available and Block 10 wasn't needed any longer by the USAF. The general mission for the squadron remained unchanged with this transition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 46], "content_span": [47, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017615-0020-0000", "contents": "174th Attack Wing, History, Air Combat Command\nAlso in 1993, the 138th TFS became the first US unit to have a female F-16 fighter pilot, Jackie Parker, in 1993 immediately after combat roles were opened to females.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 46], "content_span": [47, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017615-0021-0000", "contents": "174th Attack Wing, History, Air Combat Command\nIn June 1995, the unit deployed for 30 days rotation to Incirlik Air Base, Turkey as part of Operation Provide Comfort, assisting in the enforcement the No Fly Zone over Northern Iraq.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 46], "content_span": [47, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017615-0022-0000", "contents": "174th Attack Wing, History, Air Combat Command\nIn mid-1996, the Air Force, in response to budget cuts, and changing world situations, began experimenting with Air Expeditionary organizations. The Air Expeditionary Force (AEF) concept was developed that would mix Active-Duty, Reserve and Air National Guard elements into a combined force. Instead of entire permanent units deploying as \"Provisional\" as in the 1991 Gulf War, Expeditionary units are composed of \"aviation packages\" from several wings, including active-duty Air Force, the Air Force Reserve Command and the Air National Guard, would be married together to carry out the assigned deployment rotation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 46], "content_span": [47, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017615-0023-0000", "contents": "174th Attack Wing, History, Air Combat Command\nThe 138th Expeditionary Fighter Squadron (138th EFS) was first formed and deployed in August 1996 for Operation Northern Watch (ONW). ONW was a US European Command Combined Task Force (CTF) who was responsible for enforcing the United Nations mandated no-fly zone above the 36th parallel in Iraq. This mission was a successor to Operation Provide Comfort which also entailed support for the Iraqi Kurds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 46], "content_span": [47, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017615-0024-0000", "contents": "174th Attack Wing, History, Air Combat Command\nIn 1997, the 138th Fighter Squadron commemorated its 50th Anniversary in conjunction with the United States Air Force by hosting the United States Air Force Thunderbirds aerobatics team at the Syracuse Air Show.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 46], "content_span": [47, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017615-0025-0000", "contents": "174th Attack Wing, History, Air Combat Command\nDuring 1996\u201397, the 174th FW deployed to And\u00f8ya Air Station, Norway as part of the \"Adventure Express 97\" NATO exercise. In 1998, the 174th FW deployed to Tyndall AFB, Florida, for the \"Combat Archer\" exercise and also to the Dugway Proving Ground, Utah, to participate in exercise \"Global Patriot 98\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 46], "content_span": [47, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017615-0026-0000", "contents": "174th Attack Wing, History, Air Combat Command\nOnly six years later, in 1999, the 138th FS changed block types once more, sending its Block 30s to the Illinois ANG 170th Fighter Squadron and receiving older block 25 F-16s from the Texas ANG 182d Fighter Squadron. This meant changing again from the General Electric engine to the Pratt & Whitney.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 46], "content_span": [47, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017615-0027-0000", "contents": "174th Attack Wing, History, Air Combat Command\nAn AEF deployment to Prince Sultan Air Base, Saudi Arabia resulted in the formation of the 138th EFS in early 2000. Operation Southern Watch was an operation which was responsible for enforcing the United Nations mandated no-fly zone below the 32d parallel in Iraq. This mission was initiated mainly to cover for attacks of Iraqi forces on the Iraqi Shi\u2019ite Muslims. The squadron returned to the Block 30 Aircraft in 2004, receiving aircraft from the 50th TFW at Spangdahlem Air Base, Germany shifting from engine type once more.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 46], "content_span": [47, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017615-0028-0000", "contents": "174th Attack Wing, History, Air Combat Command\nAs part of the Global War on Terrorism, the 138th EFS deployed twice to Balad Air Base, Iraq in 2006 and 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 46], "content_span": [47, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017615-0029-0000", "contents": "174th Attack Wing, History, Air Combat Command\nIn 2008 and 2010 members 174th Fighter Wing Security Forces Squadron deployed to Manas Air Base in Kyrgyzstan. The Security Forces members were attached to the 376th Expeditionary Security Forces Squadron where they provided base security.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 46], "content_span": [47, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017615-0030-0000", "contents": "174th Attack Wing, History, Air Combat Command\nIn 2012 members of the 174th Attack Wings Security Forces Squadron deployed to Bagram Airfield Afghanistan. The Security Forces members were attached to the 455th Expeditionary Security Forces where they provided base security, fly away security, and air base ground defense.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 46], "content_span": [47, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017615-0031-0000", "contents": "174th Attack Wing, History, MQ-9 Reaper and Attack Mission\nIn 2008 it became apparent that the 138th FS was going to lose its F-16s and that Hancock ANGB would lose its manned aviation after more than 60 years of operations. The squadron was set to fly the MQ-9 Reaper unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). The unit's transition from flying F-16 fighter jets in theater to operating unmanned aircraft from the suburbs was more than a tactical shift: it assured the future of the base at Hancock Field. In October 2009, the 174th Fighter Wing cut the ribbon on its new MQ-9 Reaper maintenance school, where it trains technicians from across the country, from all military branches. The 174th Fighter Wing converted to the MQ-9 Reaper and began flying 24/7 operations in support of Operation Enduring Freedom on 1 December 2009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 58], "content_span": [59, 819]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017615-0032-0000", "contents": "174th Attack Wing, History, MQ-9 Reaper and Attack Mission\nOn 6 March 2010 the last two F-16s (#85-1561 and #85-1570) departed Hancock Field marking the end of F-16 operations at the base. They made three low passes for the assembled crowd gathered to commemorate the end of manned aviation at the Syracuse ANG base in upstate New York. The 174th Fighter Wing was renamed 174th Attack Wing on 9 September 2012, becoming the first Air National Guard MQ-9 Reaper Remotely Piloted Aircraft (RPA) unit. The wing's MQ-9 Reaper have flown combat missions in Afghanistan since November 2009, supporting the global war on terror.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 58], "content_span": [59, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017616-0000-0000", "contents": "174th Battalion (Cameron Highlanders of Canada), CEF\nThe 174th (Cameron Highlanders of Canada) Battalion, CEF, was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force (CEF) during the First World War. One of a number of Highlander battalions in the CEF, it was based in Winnipeg, Manitoba, and began recruiting during the winter of 1915/16 in Manitoba, northern Saskatchewan, and Alberta. The unit left Halifax bound for England aboard HMT\u00a0Olympic on 29 April 1917. Upon arrival on 7 May 1917, they proceeded to Upper Dibgate Camp and were absorbed into the 14th Reserve Battalion, which later joined the 11th Reserve Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017616-0000-0001", "contents": "174th Battalion (Cameron Highlanders of Canada), CEF\nIn this capacity they reinforced the 16th and 43rd Battalions in France and absorbed casualties from these units. The 174th (Cameron Highlanders of Canada) Battalion, CEF, was briefly commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel James A. Cantlie from the end of May to August 20, 1916, at which time Lieutenant-Colonel H. F. Osler assumed command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017617-0000-0000", "contents": "174th Division (People's Republic of China)\nThe 174th Division (Chinese: \u7b2c174\u5e08) was created in February 1949 under the Regulation of the Redesignations of All Organizations and Units of the Army, issued by Central Military Commission on November 1, 1948, basing on the 1st Sub-district of Tongbai Military District. Its history could be traced to 6th Independent Brigade of Jinan Military District formed in February 1947.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017617-0001-0000", "contents": "174th Division (People's Republic of China)\nThe division was composed of 520th, 521st and 522nd Infantry Regiments. As a part of 58th Corps, during the Chinese Civil War the division mainly focusing on the Campaign to Suppress Bandits in Southwestern China.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017617-0002-0000", "contents": "174th Division (People's Republic of China)\nIn late July 1950, 174th Division, reinforced with 15th Independent Infantry Regiment of Henan Military District, was transferred to Guangxi and merged with Yishan Military Sub-district.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017617-0003-0000", "contents": "174th Division (People's Republic of China)\nDuring its deployment in Yishan area, the division (and the military sub-district) eliminated a total of 38,768 bandits.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017617-0004-0000", "contents": "174th Division (People's Republic of China)\nIn June 1952, 522nd Infantry Regiment was transferred to 2nd Forestry Engineering Division as 6th Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017618-0000-0000", "contents": "174th Infantry Brigade (United States)\nThe 174th Infantry Brigade is an infantry brigade of the United States Army based at the Fort Dix entity of Joint Base McGuire-Dix-Lakehurst, New Jersey. A multi-component training unit, the brigade provides operational training and increased readiness for units in the continental Northeast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017618-0001-0000", "contents": "174th Infantry Brigade (United States)\nThe brigade was deployed for both World War I and World War II. Reorganized and redesignated numerous times, the 174th Infantry Brigade has been a reserve unit of the United States Army for most of its existence, seeing only short stints in the Active Duty forces and a combat role.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017618-0002-0000", "contents": "174th Infantry Brigade (United States)\nReactivated in 2006 as an active duty, combined arms training brigade, the brigade is responsible for preparing Soldiers of the Reserve and National Guard for deployment through battle training in maneuvers, equipment, and other details. As such, many personnel in the brigade are instructors who are themselves combat veterans of Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017618-0003-0000", "contents": "174th Infantry Brigade (United States), Organization\nThe brigade is a subordinate unit of the First Army's Division East.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 52], "content_span": [53, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017618-0004-0000", "contents": "174th Infantry Brigade (United States), Organization\nThe brigade is made up of ten battalions: five Regular Army Battalions, four Army Reserve Training Support Battalions and an Army Reserve Logistics Support Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 52], "content_span": [53, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017618-0005-0000", "contents": "174th Infantry Brigade (United States), History, World War I\nThe 174th Infantry Brigade was first constituted on 5 August 1917 in the National Army. It was organized on 25 August 1917 at Camp Dix, New Jersey, and assigned to the 87th Division. It never saw combat in World War I, like the other units of the 87th Division, the brigade was used for labor duties and a pool of reinforcements. It received a campaign streamer for World War I without an inscription. After the war, it was demobilized on 23 May 1919 at Camp Dix, New Jersey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 60], "content_span": [61, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017618-0006-0000", "contents": "174th Infantry Brigade (United States), History, World War I\nReorganized in December 1921 at Shreveport, Louisiana, the brigade was redesignated on 23 March 1925 as the 174th Brigade. It was again redesignated on 24 August 1936 as the 174th Infantry Brigade. On 13 February 1942, the unit was converted and redesignated as 3rd platoon, 87th Reconnaissance Troop, still assigned to the 87th Division. This consolidation also occurred to the 173rd Infantry Brigade. That December, the unit was ordered into active military service and reorganized along with the rest of the division at Camp McCain, Mississippi, which became an Infantry division. It was then mechanized the next year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 60], "content_span": [61, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017618-0007-0000", "contents": "174th Infantry Brigade (United States), History, World War II\nThe 87th Infantry Division arrived in Scotland on 22 October 1944, and trained in England until the end of November. It landed in France in early December, and moved to Metz, where, on the 8th, it went into action against and took Fort Driant. The troop followed its division as it shifted to the vicinity of Gross Rederching near the Saar-German border on 10 December, and capturing Rimling, Obergailbach, and Guiderkirch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 61], "content_span": [62, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017618-0008-0000", "contents": "174th Infantry Brigade (United States), History, World War II\nThe 87th Division was moving into Germany when Von Rundstedt launched his offensive in the Ardennes. The Division was placed in reserve from 24 December until 28 December, before engaging in the Battle of the Bulge in Belgium on 29 December. In a fluctuating battle, it captured Moircy on 30 December and Remagne on 31 December. On 2 January 1945, it took Germont, on 10 January Tillet, and reached the Ourthe by 13 January. On 15 January 1945, the Division moved to Luxembourg to relieve the 4th Infantry Division along the Sauer and seized Wasserbillig on 23 January.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 61], "content_span": [62, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017618-0008-0001", "contents": "174th Infantry Brigade (United States), History, World War II\nThe 87th moved to the vicinity of St. Vith on 28 January, then attacked and captured Schlierbach, Selz, and Hogden by the end of the month. After the fall of Neuendorf on 9 February, the Division went on the defensive until the 26 February, when Ormont and Hallschlag were taken in night attacks. The 87th crossed the Kyll River on 6 March, took Dollendorf on 8 March, and after a brief rest, returned to combat on 13 March 1945, crossing the Moselle on 16 March and clearing Koblenz, on 18\u201319 March.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 61], "content_span": [62, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017618-0008-0002", "contents": "174th Infantry Brigade (United States), History, World War II\nThe Division crossed the Rhine on 25\u201326 March and despite strong opposition, consolidated its bridgehead, and secured Grossenlinden and Langg\u00f6ns. On 7 April, it jumped off in an attack which carried it through Thuringia into Saxony. Plauen fell on 17 April, and the Division took up defensive positions on 20 April, about 4\u00a0miles from the Czech border. On 6 May 1945, it took Falkenstein and maintained its positions until VE-day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 61], "content_span": [62, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017618-0009-0000", "contents": "174th Infantry Brigade (United States), History, World War II\nThe 87th Division returned to the United States in July 1945 expecting to be called upon to play a role in the defeat of the Japanese, but the sudden termination of the war in the Pacific while the division was reassembling at Fort Benning changed the future of the 87th. The Division was inactivated on 21 September 1945. The 87th Reconnaissance Troop was inactivated on the same day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 61], "content_span": [62, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017618-0010-0000", "contents": "174th Infantry Brigade (United States), History, Cold War era\nThe 87th Reconnaissance Troop was reorganized and redesignated in April 1947 as the 87th Mechanized Cavalry Reconnaissance Troop in the reserves. It was then activated the next month at Birmingham, Alabama. At the same time, the Organized Reserves were undergoing a transformation into the Army Reserve. The unit was again reorganized and redesignated in 1949 as the 87th Reconnaissance Company before being inactivated in December 1951 in Birmingham.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 61], "content_span": [62, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017618-0011-0000", "contents": "174th Infantry Brigade (United States), History, Cold War era\nThe unit was once again designated as the 174th Infantry Brigade following a conversion and redesignation in March 1963. For the next 30 years, the brigade would continue as a Reserve unit in inactive status and would never be called on to participate in any conflicts. In 1997, the brigade was withdrawn from the Reserve and activated in the Regular Army at Fort Drum, New York, before being inactivated two years later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 61], "content_span": [62, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017618-0012-0000", "contents": "174th Infantry Brigade (United States), History, Training brigade\nThe brigade headquarters were again reactivated on 1 December 2006 at Fort Drum, by reflagging 2nd Brigade, 78th Division (Training Support). It was one of 16 reserve brigades to be activated for the purpose of training. The brigade, which is headquartered at Fort Drum and is subordinate to the First Army Division East, is responsible for early stages of training for other reserve soldiers who have been alerted for deployment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 65], "content_span": [66, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017618-0012-0001", "contents": "174th Infantry Brigade (United States), History, Training brigade\nThe brigade offers the opportunity for veterans of Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom to use their skills to train new soldiers who will be entering the field of operations in Iraq or Afghanistan. This training includes convoy live-fire training exercises, and techniques in dealing with improvised explosive devices, which are the primary cause of casualties in the operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 65], "content_span": [66, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017618-0013-0000", "contents": "174th Infantry Brigade (United States), History, Training brigade\nDuring the summer of 2007, the brigade was mobilized to Fort Dix for training along with the 72nd Field Artillery Brigade from April until September. Soldiers of the 174th Infantry Brigade trained other units in land navigation, area security, urban operations, marksmanship, and live fire exercises. Most of the soldiers being trained were members of the Army National Guard. The brigade received distinctive unit insignia and shoulder sleeve insignia in September 2007. These items contained allusions to the brigade's honors during World War I and II, and its history with the 78th Infantry Division. However, as it is subordinate to the First Army, soldiers of the brigade wear that patch on their shoulders instead. Later that month, the brigade was again mobilized to Fort Bragg, North Carolina for another training mission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 65], "content_span": [66, 896]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017618-0014-0000", "contents": "174th Infantry Brigade (United States), History, Training brigade\nOctober 2016 saw the 174th Infantry Brigade reorganize after the deactivation of the 72d Field Artillery Brigade in 2015. The 174th IN BDE is now configured as a Combined Arms Training Brigade (CATB) under 1st Army's Division East.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 65], "content_span": [66, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017619-0000-0000", "contents": "174th Infantry Regiment (United States)\nThe 174th Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment of the United States Army, New York Army National Guard. It traced its heritage back to the 74th New York State Militia formed in Buffalo in 1854. It was deactivated in 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017619-0001-0000", "contents": "174th Infantry Regiment (United States), History\nDuring the Civil War, members of the 74th helped form the 21st New York Volunteer Infantry (the First Buffalo Regiment). The 74th was mustered into active service twice in 1863 for a period of thirty days each time. The 74th New York Volunteer Infantry that also existed during the war was a different unit with no connection to the 74th regiment of Buffalo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017619-0002-0000", "contents": "174th Infantry Regiment (United States), History\nOn 19 July 1898, elements of the 74th New York mustered in for service in the Spanish\u2013American War, but their units were soon absorbed into the 202nd New York Volunteer Infantry Regiments. On 15 April 1899, the 74th New York Infantry was reorganized in Savannah, Georgia. The regiment was again mustered for service on 2 July 1916 for service along the Mexican border, to guard against raids from Pancho Villa's banditos. On 24 February 1917, they were mustered out.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017619-0002-0001", "contents": "174th Infantry Regiment (United States), History\nThis wouldn't last long, however, and the regiment was reactivated on 38 March 1917 for service in World War I. On 1 October, approximately 1,600 men from the 74th New York were transferred to the 108th Infantry Regiment, 106th Field Artillery Regiment, and the 102nd Engineer Regiment; all parts of the New York National Guard's 27th Infantry Division. The remnants were reorganized on 4 January 1918 as the 55th Pioneer Infantry Regiment at Camp Wadsworth, South Carolina, and they arrived in France in September 1918. They returned to the United States, and were deactivated on 8 February 1919 at Camp Hill, Virginia. They regained the title of 74th New York Infantry on 22 April 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 737]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017619-0003-0000", "contents": "174th Infantry Regiment (United States), History\nOn 18 October 1921, they were redesignated as the 174th Infantry Regiment. On 16 September 1940, the regiment was inducted into federal service and was assigned to the 44th Infantry Division. The regiment was inducted into federal service on 16 September 1940 as a part of the 44th Division. They moved to Fort Dix, New Jersey on 24 September 1940, to Camp Claiborne, Louisiana, on 16 January 1942, and then to Fort Lewis, Washington, on 4 May 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017619-0003-0001", "contents": "174th Infantry Regiment (United States), History\nOn 5 January 1943, the regiment relocated to Ojai, California, and then to San Fernando on 27 January 1943 where on the same date they were relieved of assignment to the 44th Infantry Division. Now assigned to the Western Defense Command, the 174th was subordinated to the III Corps on 22 January 1944 and moved to Camp White, Oregon, on 4 February 1944. On 28 March 1944, the regiment was transferred to Camp Chaffee, Arkansas, under the XVI Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017619-0003-0002", "contents": "174th Infantry Regiment (United States), History\nFrom April 1944, the regiment provided an accelerated six-week course of infantry training (four weeks of familiarization, qualification, and transition firing, and two weeks of tactical training) to men who were formerly members of disbanded anti-aircraft and tank destroyer units or who had volunteered for transfer to the infantry from other branches of the Army.. The 174th was assigned to the XXXVI Corps on 17 July 1944, whereupon it was transferred to the Fourth Army in September 1944. The regiment relocated to Camp Gruber, Oklahoma, on 9 December 1944, and then to Camp Rucker, Alabama, on 3 April 1945 under the Replacement and School Command. The 174th Infantry Regiment was inactivated at Camp Rucker on 27 September 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 784]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017619-0004-0000", "contents": "174th Infantry Regiment (United States), History\nThe 174th was reorganized on 15 April 1947 in Buffalo, New York and assigned to the 27th Infantry Division. It was eventually broken up and converted into other units on 1 February 1955.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017619-0005-0000", "contents": "174th Infantry Regiment (United States), History\nDuring the 1980's (Possibly earlier) A Co 1/174th was located at the Masten Ave Armory in Buffalo NY, and Bravo Co 1/174th was located at the Tonawanda Armory located at 79 Delaware Street in Tonawanda, NY. Both Units were part of the 42nd Inf Div.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017620-0000-0000", "contents": "174th New York Infantry Regiment\nThe 174th New York Infantry Regiment (aka, \"5th Metropolitan Guard\") was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017620-0001-0000", "contents": "174th New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 174th New York Infantry was organized at New York City, New York beginning October 3, 1862 and mustered in for three-years service October 15\u00a0\u2013 November 13, 1862 under the command of Colonel Theodore W. Parmelee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017620-0002-0000", "contents": "174th New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to Grover's Division, Department of the Gulf, to January 1863. 2nd Brigade, 1st Division, XIX Corps, Department of the Gulf, January 1863. 3rd Brigade, 1st Division, XIX Corps, to August 1863. 1st Brigade, 1st Division, XIX Corps, to February 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017620-0003-0000", "contents": "174th New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 174th New York Infantry ceased to exist on February 17, 1864 when it was consolidated with the 162nd New York Volunteer Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017620-0004-0000", "contents": "174th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nLeft New York for New Orleans, Louisiana, December 7, 1862. Moved to Baton Rouge, Louisiana, January 13\u201314, 1863, and duty there until May 1863. Operations against Port Hudson March 7\u201327. Advance on Port Hudson May 12\u201324. Operations about Monett's Plantation and on Bayou Sara Road May 18\u201319. Reconnaissance to False River March 19. Action at Plain's Store May 21. Siege of Port Hudson May 24\u00a0\u2013 July 9. Assaults on Port Hudson May 27 and June 14. Surrender of Port Hudson July 9. Kock's Plantation, Donaldsonville, July 12\u201313. Duty at Baton Rouge August 1 to September 2. Sabine Pass Expedition September 4\u201311. Moved from Algiers to Brashear City September 16, then to Berwick. Western Louisiana Campaign October 3\u00a0\u2013 November 30. At New Iberia until January 7, 1864. Moved to Franklin January 7.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 846]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017620-0005-0000", "contents": "174th New York Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 83 men during service; one officer and 22 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, one officer and 59 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017621-0000-0000", "contents": "174th New York State Legislature\nThe 174th New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 9, 1963, to December 30, 1964, during the fifth and sixth years of Nelson Rockefeller's governorship, in Albany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017621-0001-0000", "contents": "174th New York State Legislature, Background\nUnder the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1938, re-apportioned in 1953, 58 Senators and 150 assemblymen were elected in single-seat districts for two-year terms. The senatorial districts consisted either of one or more entire counties; or a contiguous area within a single county. The counties which were divided into more than one senatorial district were Kings (nine districts), New York (six),  Queens (five), Bronx (four), Erie (three), Nassau (three), Westchester (three), Monroe (two) and Onondaga (two). The Assembly districts consisted either of a single entire county (except Hamilton Co.), or of contiguous area within one county.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 696]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017621-0002-0000", "contents": "174th New York State Legislature, Background\nAt this time there were two major political parties: the Republican Party and the Democratic Party. The Liberal Party, the Conservative Party, the Socialist Workers Party and the Socialist Labor Party also nominated tickets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017621-0003-0000", "contents": "174th New York State Legislature, Elections\nThe 1962 New York state election, was held on November 6. Governor Nelson Rockefeller and Lieutenant Governor Malcolm Wilson were re-elected, both Republicans. The other four statewide elective offices were carried by two Republicans; and two Democrats with Liberal endorsement. The approximate party strength at this election, as expressed by the vote for Governor and Lieutenant Governor, was: Republicans 3,082,000; Democrats 2,310,000; Liberals 243,000; Conservatives 142,000; Socialist Workers 20,000; and Socialist Labor 10,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017621-0004-0000", "contents": "174th New York State Legislature, Elections\nTwo of the four women members of the previous legislature\u2014Assemblywomen Dorothy Bell Lawrence (Rep.), a former school teacher of Manhattan; and Aileen B. Ryan (Dem. ), a former school teacher of the Bronx\u2014were re-elected. Constance E. Cook (Rep.), a lawyer of Ithaca, was also elected to the Assembly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017621-0005-0000", "contents": "174th New York State Legislature, Elections\nThe New York state election, 1963, was held on November 5. The only statewide elective office up for election was a seat on the New York Court of Appeals. Democrat Francis Bergan was elected with Republican and Liberal endorsement. One vacancy in the State Senate, and two vacancies in the Assembly, were filled.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017621-0006-0000", "contents": "174th New York State Legislature, Elections\nOn February 4, 1964, Constance Baker Motley, a lawyer of Manhattan, was elected to the State Senate, to fill a vacancy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017621-0007-0000", "contents": "174th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for the first regular session (the 186th) at the State Capitol in Albany on January 9, 1963; and adjourned on April 6.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017621-0008-0000", "contents": "174th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nWalter J. Mahoney (Rep.) was re-elected Temporary President of the State Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017621-0009-0000", "contents": "174th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for the second regular session (the 187th) at the State Capitol in Albany on January 8, 1964; and adjourned on March 27.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017621-0010-0000", "contents": "174th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for a special session at the State Capitol in Albany on April 15, 1964; and adjourned on the next day. This session was called to revise the liquor laws.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017621-0011-0000", "contents": "174th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nIn 1964, the U.S. Supreme Court handed down several decisions establishing that State legislatures should follow the One man, one vote rule to apportion their election districts. A special Federal Statutory Court declared the New York apportionment formulae for both the State Senate and the State Assembly unconstitutional, and the State Legislature was ordered to re-apportion the seats by April 1, 1965.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017621-0011-0001", "contents": "174th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe court also ruled that the 1964 legislative election should be held under the 1954 apportionment, but those elected could serve only for one year (in 1965), and an election under the new apportionment should be held in November 1965. Senators John H. Hughes and Lawrence M. Rulison (both Rep.) questioned the authority of the federal court to shorten the term of the 1964 electees, alleging excessive costs for the additional election in an off-year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017621-0012-0000", "contents": "174th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nAt the New York state election, 1964, on November 3, Democratic majorities were elected to both the State Senate and the State Assembly for the session of 1965.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017621-0013-0000", "contents": "174th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe lame-duck Legislature met for another special session at the State Capitol in Albany on December 15, 1964; and adjourned on December 30. This session was called to re-apportion the legislative districts for the 1965 election, gerrymandering the districts according to the wishes of the Republican majority before the Democrats would take over the Legislature in January. The number of seats in the State Senate was increased to 65, and the number of seats in the Assembly to 165. County representation was abandoned in favor of population-proportional districts, and the new Assembly districts were numbered from 1 to 165.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 669]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017621-0014-0000", "contents": "174th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Senators\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature. Guy James Mangano, Edward S. Lentol and Jeremiah J. Moriarty changed from the Assembly to the Senate at the beginning of this Legislature. Assemblyman Irwin R. Brownstein was elected to fill a vacancy in the Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 56], "content_span": [57, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017621-0015-0000", "contents": "174th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Senators\nNote: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words \"...the Committee on (the)...\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 56], "content_span": [57, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017621-0016-0000", "contents": "174th New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Assemblymen\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 61], "content_span": [62, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017621-0017-0000", "contents": "174th New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Assemblymen\nNote: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words \"...the Committee on (the)...\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 61], "content_span": [62, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017622-0000-0000", "contents": "174th Ohio Infantry Regiment\nThe 174th Ohio Infantry Regiment, sometimes 174th Ohio Volunteer Infantry (or 174th OVI) was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017622-0001-0000", "contents": "174th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 174th Ohio Infantry was organized at Camp Chase in Columbus, Ohio August 16 through September 21, 1864, and mustered in for one year service on September 21, 1864, under the command of Colonel John Sills Jones.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017622-0002-0000", "contents": "174th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to Post of Murfreesboro, Tennessee, Department of the Cumberland, to October 1864. District of North Alabama, Department of the Cumberland, to December 1864. 3rd Brigade, 1st Division, XXIII Corps, Army of the Ohio, to February 1865, and Department of North Carolina to June 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017622-0003-0000", "contents": "174th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 174th Ohio Infantry mustered out of service June 28, 1865, at Charlotte, North Carolina.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017622-0004-0000", "contents": "174th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nLeft Ohio for Nashville, Tenn., September 23, arriving there September 26. Moved to Murfreesboro, Tenn., and duty in the defenses of that city until October 27. Moved from Murfreesboro to Decatur, Ala., October 27. Defense of Decatur October 27\u201329. Moved to Elk River October 29 (four companies detached at Athens, Alabama). Returned to Decatur November 1 and duty there until November 25. Moved to Murfreesboro November 25. Action at Overall's Creek December 4. Siege of Murfreesboro December 5\u201312. Wilkinson's Pike, near Murfreesboro, December 7. Ordered to Clifton, Tenn., and duty there until January 17, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017622-0004-0001", "contents": "174th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nMovement to Washington, D.C., January 17\u201329, and duty there until February 21. Moved to Fort Fisher, N.C., February 21\u201323, to Morehead City February 24, and to New Berne February 25. Advance on Kingston and Goldsboro March 6\u201321. Battle of Wise's Forks March 8\u201310. Occupation of Kinston March 14, and of Goldsboro March 21. Advance on Raleigh April 10\u201314. Occupation of Raleigh April 14. Bennett's House April 26. Surrender of Johnston and his army. Duty at Raleigh and Charlotte, N.C., until June.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017622-0005-0000", "contents": "174th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 117 men during service; 1 officer and 21 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 1 officer and 94 enlisted men due to disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017623-0000-0000", "contents": "174th Reserve Division (Wehrmacht)\nThe 174th Reserve Division was a formation of the German Wehrmacht during World War II. Formed as the 174th Replacement Division on 10 June 1940, it commanded replacement training units in Saxony and the Sudetenland, based in Chemnitz. It was re-organised as the 174th Reserve Division on 15 September 1942 in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia. The division continued to control training units until 1943 when those elements of the division were sent to northern Poland. On 31 July 1944 the division was absorbed by the 26th Infantry Division which had suffered heavy losses in the Battle of Kursk. The 26th Infantry Division was badly mauled at Kovel on the Eastern Front, and on 10 September 1944 was itself disbanded at Radom in central Poland and was absorbed into the 253rd Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 838]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017623-0001-0000", "contents": "174th Reserve Division (Wehrmacht), Order of battle\nIn December 1943, the major units of the division were:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 51], "content_span": [52, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017624-0000-0000", "contents": "174th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery\n174th Siege Battery was a unit of Britain's Royal Garrison Artillery (RGA) formed during World War I. It served on the Western Front, including the Battles of Arras, Messines and Passchendaele, and the crushing victories of the Allied Hundred Days Offensive in 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017624-0001-0000", "contents": "174th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Mobilisation\n174th Siege Battery, RGA, was raised at Weymouth, Dorset, on 13 June 1916 under Army Council Instruction 1239 of 21 June 1916 with a cadre of 3 officers and 78 other ranks from the Dorsetshire Royal Garrison Artillery of the Territorial Force. It went out to the Western Front in October 1916, equipped with four 6-inch 26 cwt howitzers, and joined 47th Heavy Artillery Group (HAG) with Third Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 59], "content_span": [60, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017624-0002-0000", "contents": "174th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service\nThe battery quickly (17 October) moved to 8th HAG with Fifth Army which was engaged in the Somme Offensive. This ended with the Battle of the Ancre in November.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017624-0003-0000", "contents": "174th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Arras\nIt was the policy to switch siege batteries from one Heavy Artillery Group (HAG) to another as the situation demanded, and 174th Siege Bty moved between 8th and 46th HAGs within Fifth Army until 3 February 1917 when it joined 54th HAG in Third Army, which was preparing for the Battle of Arras. The artillery part of this attack was a carefully planned barrage in great depth. After the preliminary bombardment, the howitzers laid a standing barrage on the German trenches at Zero hour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 61], "content_span": [62, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017624-0003-0001", "contents": "174th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Arras\nThen as the attacking infantry reached the first objective behind a creeping barrage fired by the field guns, the howitzers lifted to the Phase 2 objectives, the German fourth line trenches, known as the 'Blue Line'. Once the infantry reached this line, the field guns began moving forward into No man's land and the 6-inch howitzers moved up to take over the vacated field gun positions, to help shoot the infantry on to the Brown Line or final objective. The attack went in at 05.30 on 9 April 1917 and was generally successful. Fighting continued in the Arras sector until the middle of May, with 174th Siege Bty switching between HAGs as required.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 61], "content_span": [62, 713]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017624-0004-0000", "contents": "174th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Messines\nOn 21 May 1917 174th Siege Bty was transferred to 45th HAG with Second Army in the Ypres Salient. Second Army had assembled 2266 guns and howitzers, including 316 6-inch howitzers, for the Battle of Messines. Although this attack was characterised by the surprise explosion of 19 huge mines under the German lines at Zero hour, it was preceded by days of preliminary bombardment aimed at destroying strongpoints and the opposing artillery hidden behind the Messines\u2013Wytschaete ridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 64], "content_span": [65, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017624-0004-0001", "contents": "174th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Messines\nThis began on 21 May, with the assistance of Royal Flying Corps observation aircraft, and continued until 02.40 on 7 June, when the guns fell silent. Then at 03.10 the mines were exploded and the assault went in with massive artillery support, the heavies accurately hitting the remaining strongpoints and deluging the remaining German gunsites with gas shell. The infantry swept through the shattered German positions and easily took their Phase 1 objectives. Here they paused, protected by a distant barrage fired by the heavy howitzers from 07.00, which broke up German counter-attacks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 64], "content_span": [65, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017624-0004-0002", "contents": "174th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Messines\nThen at 14.40 the heavy batteries concentrated on breaching the barbed wire in front of the German second line. Although the range was long (9,000 yards (8,200\u00a0m)) the regimental historian records that 'the results were exceptionally good and the wire was no obstacle when the attack went in'. The Battle of Messines was a strictly limited operation, and there was no intention of exploiting further, with all the attendant difficulties of moving the artillery forward.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 64], "content_span": [65, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017624-0005-0000", "contents": "174th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Ypres\nNext, 174th Siege Bty moved to 46th HAG on 22 June. This group was with Fifth Army for the opening of the Third Ypres Offensive. An even greater concentration of guns was massed than for Messines, but the circumstances were less favourable. Gun batteries were packed into the Ypres Salient where they were under observation and counter-battery (CB) fire from the Germans on the higher ground. Casualties among guns and gunners were high, and despite the massive preparation Fifth Army failed to take all its objectives when it attacked on 31 July (the Battle of Pilckem). A second push on 16 August (the Battle of Langemarck) suffered from rushed artillery planning and was unsuccessful. 174th Siege Bty was rested from 19 August to 4 September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 61], "content_span": [62, 807]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017624-0006-0000", "contents": "174th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Ypres\nThe offensive continued through the summer and autumn of 1917: the Battles of the Menin Road, Polygon Wood and Broodseinde were highly successful because of the weight of artillery brought to bear on German positions. But as the offensive continued with the Battle of Poelcappelle and First and Second Battles of Passchendaele, the tables were turned: British batteries were clearly observable from the Passchendaele Ridge and were subjected to CB fire, while their own guns sank into the mud and became difficult to aim and fire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 61], "content_span": [62, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017624-0007-0000", "contents": "174th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Winter 1917\u201318\n46th HAG transferred to Second Army's command at the end of the Passchendaele fighting on 9 November, then 174th Siege Bty moved to 79th HAG on 18 December. Fourth Army HQ took over the Ypres Salient two days later. 174th Siege Bty was rested from 23 December, then moved to 72nd HAG on 28 January 1918. On 23 February the battery was joined by a section from the newly-arrived 448th Siege Bty, to bring it up to a strength of six howitzers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 70], "content_span": [71, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017624-0008-0000", "contents": "174th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Winter 1917\u201318\n174th Siege Bty rejoined 79th HAG on 26 February. By now HAG allocations had become more fixed, and from February 1918 they were converted into permanent RGA brigades. 79th Brigade was designated as a Mixed Brigade, with guns and howitzers of several sizes. 174th Siege Bty remained with this brigade until the Armistice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 70], "content_span": [71, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017624-0009-0000", "contents": "174th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Spring Offensive\nFourth Army was renamed Second Army again on 17 March. It was not involved in the first phase of the German spring offensive of 1918, but was directly attacked and driven back from its positions during the following Battle of the Lys. Yet the line held, and the heavy guns, often well forward, took a heavy toll of the attackers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 72], "content_span": [73, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017624-0010-0000", "contents": "174th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Spring Offensive\n79th Brigade had shifted to First Army by 1 May, and on 28 June it supported XI Corps in Operation Borderland, a limited counter-attack on La Becque and other fortified farms in front of the Forest of Nieppe, in what was described as 'a model operation' for artillery cooperation. 79th Brigade then transferred with XI Corps to the command of the reconstituted Fifth Army on 1 July 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 72], "content_span": [73, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017624-0011-0000", "contents": "174th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Hundred Days Offensive\n79th Brigade joined the reconstituted Fourth Army on 18 August, soon after the beginning of the final Allied Hundred Days Offensive that lasted to the end of the war. By the end of September Fourth Army had closed up to the Hindenburg Line. On 29 September IX Corps carried out an assault crossing of the St Quentin Canal, with 79th Bde amongst the mass of artillery supporting the operation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 78], "content_span": [79, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017624-0011-0001", "contents": "174th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Hundred Days Offensive\nThe canal defences had largely been destroyed by the heavy guns, which continued firing on the canal banks until the last possible moment as 137th (Staffordshire) Brigade stormed the outpost line and then scrambled across the canal in the morning mist. The objectives were taken by 15.30. 79th Brigade moved its battery positions forward during the night of 30 September/1 October.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 78], "content_span": [79, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017624-0012-0000", "contents": "174th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Hundred Days Offensive\nOn 8 October, IX Corps attacked the next German defensive position, the Beaurevoir Line. Harassing fire (HF) had been carried out on the night of 6/7 October, and all through 7 October and up to Zero the heavies carried out CB fire and shelled important localities. Once the attack went in the heavies continued intense CB and long-range HF fire until the infantry were on the objective.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 78], "content_span": [79, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017624-0013-0000", "contents": "174th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Hundred Days Offensive\nOn 11 October preparations began for IX Corps' assault on the German line along the River Selle. CB fire began on 13 October, together with bombardment by the heavy howitzers of important localities chosen by Corps HQ. On 15 and 16 October mist and rain disrupted air reconnaissance, but Zero for the Battle of the Selle was fixed on 16 October for 05.20 the next day. The first day of the battle went well, one German counter-attack being broken up when all available guns were turned onto it, but the attackers were still short of their objective, the Sambre Canal. Steady progress was also made on the second and third days as Fourth Army closed up to the canal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 78], "content_span": [79, 744]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017624-0014-0000", "contents": "174th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Hundred Days Offensive\nIX Corps renewed its advance on 23 October, with 79th Bde part of a massive corps artillery reserve. The attack went in at 01.20 in moonlight, after the heavy guns had done the usual CB and Harassing Fire bombardments, and the results were extremely satisfactory. As the regimental historian relates, 'The guns of Fourth Army demonstrated, on 23 October, the crushing effect of well co-ordinated massed artillery. they simply swept away the opposition'. After a pause to regroup and reconnoitre, IX Corps stormed across the canal on 4 November (the Battle of the Sambre). After that the campaign became a pursuit of a beaten enemy, in which the slow-moving siege guns could play no part. The war ended with the Armistice with Germany on 11 November.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 78], "content_span": [79, 828]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017625-0000-0000", "contents": "174th Street station (IRT Third Avenue Line)\n174th Street was a local station on the demolished IRT Third Avenue Line in the Bronx, New York City. It was originally built on July 20, 1891, by the Suburban Rapid Transit Company and had three tracks and two side platforms. The next stop to the north was Tremont Avenue\u2013177th Street, but in its last years it rose over the Cross Bronx Expressway in order to get there. The next stop to the south was Claremont Parkway. The station closed on April 29, 1973.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017626-0000-0000", "contents": "174th Street station (IRT White Plains Road Line)\n174th Street is a local station on the IRT White Plains Road Line of the New York City Subway. Located at the intersection of 174th Street, Southern Boulevard & Boston Road in the Crotona Park East neighborhood of the Bronx, it is served by the 2 train at all times, and the 5 train at all times except late nights and rush hours in the peak direction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017626-0001-0000", "contents": "174th Street station (IRT White Plains Road Line), History, Early history\nThe initial segment of the IRT White Plains Road Line opened on November 26, 1904, between 180th Street\u2013Bronx Park and Jackson Avenue. Initially, trains on the line were served by elevated trains from the IRT Second Avenue Line and the IRT Third Avenue Line. Once the connection to the IRT Lenox Avenue Line opened on July 10, 1905, trains from the newly opened IRT subway ran via the line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 73], "content_span": [74, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017626-0002-0000", "contents": "174th Street station (IRT White Plains Road Line), History, Early history\nTo address overcrowding, in 1909, the New York Public Service Commission proposed lengthening platforms at stations along the original IRT subway. As part of a modification to the IRT's construction contracts, made on January 18, 1910, the company was to lengthen station platforms to accommodate ten-car express and six-car local trains. In addition to $1.5 million (equivalent to $41.7 million in 2020) spent on platform lengthening, $500,000 (equivalent to $13,887,500 in 2020) was spent on building additional entrances and exits. It was anticipated that these improvements would increase capacity by 25 percent. The northbound platform at the 174th Street station was extended 43 feet (13\u00a0m) to the front and 40 feet (12\u00a0m) to the rear, while the southbound platform was not lengthened. On January 23, 1911, ten-car express trains began running on the White Plains Road Line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 73], "content_span": [74, 954]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017626-0003-0000", "contents": "174th Street station (IRT White Plains Road Line), History, Later years\nThe New York State Transit Commission announced plans to extend the southbound platforms at seven stations on the line from Jackson Avenue to 177th Street to accommodate ten-car trains for $81,900 on August 8, 1934. The platform at 174th Street would be lengthened from 361 feet (110\u00a0m) to 489 feet (149\u00a0m).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 71], "content_span": [72, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017626-0004-0000", "contents": "174th Street station (IRT White Plains Road Line), History, Later years\nThe Bergen Avenue cutoff, which allowed Third Avenue trains to access the White Plains Road Line, was abandoned on November 5, 1946, as part of the gradual curtailment of elevated service on the IRT Third Avenue Line. On June 13, 1949, the platform extensions at this station, as well as those on other White Plains Road Line stations between Jackson Avenue and 177th Street, opened. The platforms were lengthened to 514 feet (157\u00a0m) to allow full ten-car express trains to open their doors. Previously, the stations could only accommodate six-car local trains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 71], "content_span": [72, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017626-0005-0000", "contents": "174th Street station (IRT White Plains Road Line), History, Later years\nThe station was closed from July to November 2003 and was completely rehabilitated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 71], "content_span": [72, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017626-0006-0000", "contents": "174th Street station (IRT White Plains Road Line), Station layout\nThis elevated station, which has two side platforms and three tracks, is built on a curve, which results in large gaps between the center doors of trains and the platform. The gaps were almost wide enough to need gap fillers. By 2008, most of the station's gaps had been filled, but train announcements still warn passengers to \"be careful of the gap between the platform and the train.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 65], "content_span": [66, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017626-0007-0000", "contents": "174th Street station (IRT White Plains Road Line), Station layout\nThe station has a white windscreen and black fencing. The ends of the platform are very narrow.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 65], "content_span": [66, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017626-0008-0000", "contents": "174th Street station (IRT White Plains Road Line), Station layout\nThe 2004 artwork here is called A Trip up the Bronx River by Daniel del Valle. It features stained glass windows on the platform windscreens and station house depicting sites along the Bronx River.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 65], "content_span": [66, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017626-0009-0000", "contents": "174th Street station (IRT White Plains Road Line), Station layout, Exits\nThe station does not have a mezzanine, therefore in-system transfers between the two directions are not possible. The station houses are at the same level as the platforms. The two southbound exits lead to the northwestern corner of the skewed intersection of 174th Street and Southern Boulevard. The two northbound exits are on either eastern corner of that intersection.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 72], "content_span": [73, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017627-0000-0000", "contents": "174th Tunnelling Company\nThe 174th Tunnelling Company was one of the tunnelling companies of the Royal Engineers created by the British Army during World War I. The tunnelling units were occupied in offensive and defensive mining involving the placing and maintaining of mines under enemy lines, as well as other underground work such as the construction of deep dugouts for troop accommodation, the digging of subways, saps (a narrow trench dug to approach enemy trenches), cable trenches and  underground chambers for signals and medical services.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017627-0001-0000", "contents": "174th Tunnelling Company, Background\nBy January 1915 it had become evident to the BEF at the Western Front that the Germans were mining to a planned system. As the British had failed to develop suitable counter-tactics or underground  listening devices before the war, field marshals French and Kitchener agreed to investigate the suitability of forming  British mining units. Following consultations between the Engineer-in-Chief of the BEF, Brigadier George Fowke, and the mining specialist John Norton-Griffiths, the War Office formally approved the tunnelling company scheme on 19 February 1915.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017627-0002-0000", "contents": "174th Tunnelling Company, Background\nNorton-Griffiths ensured that tunnelling companies numbers 170 to 177 were ready for deployment in mid-February 1915. In the spring of that year, there was constant underground fighting in the Ypres Salient at Hooge, Hill 60, Railway Wood, Sanctuary Wood, St Eloi and The Bluff which required the deployment of new drafts of tunnellers for several months after the formation of the first eight companies. The lack of suitably experienced men led to some tunnelling companies starting work later than others.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017627-0002-0001", "contents": "174th Tunnelling Company, Background\nThe number of units available to the BEF was also restricted by the need to provide effective counter-measures to the German mining activities. To make the tunnels safer and quicker to deploy, the British Army enlisted experienced coal miners, many outside their nominal recruitment policy. The first nine companies, numbers 170 to 178, were each commanded by a regular Royal Engineers officer. These companies each comprised 5 officers and 269 sappers; they were aided by additional infantrymen who were temporarily attached to the tunnellers as required, which almost doubled their numbers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017627-0002-0002", "contents": "174th Tunnelling Company, Background\nThe success of the first tunnelling companies formed under Norton-Griffiths' command led to mining being made a separate branch of the  Engineer-in-Chief's office under Major-General S.R. Rice, and the appointment of an 'Inspector of Mines' at the GHQ Saint-Omer office of the Engineer-in-Chief. A second group of tunnelling companies were formed from Welsh miners from the 1st and 3rd Battalions of the Monmouthshire Regiment, who were attached to the 1st Northumberland Field Company of the Royal Engineers, which was a Territorial unit. The formation of twelve new tunnelling companies, between July and October 1915, helped to bring more men into action in other parts of the Western Front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 731]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017627-0003-0000", "contents": "174th Tunnelling Company, Background\nMost tunnelling companies were formed under Norton-Griffiths' leadership during 1915, and one more was added in 1916. On 10 September 1915, the British government sent an appeal to Canada, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand to raise tunnelling companies in the Dominions of the British Empire. On 17 September, New Zealand became the first Dominion to agree the formation of a tunnelling unit. The New Zealand Tunnelling Company arrived at Plymouth on 3 February 1916 and was deployed to the Western Front in northern France. A Canadian unit was formed from men on the battlefield, plus two other companies trained in Canada and then shipped to France. Three Australian tunnelling companies were formed by March 1916, resulting in 30 tunnelling companies of the Royal Engineers being available by the summer of 1916.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 858]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017627-0004-0000", "contents": "174th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Formation\nFrom its formation in March 1915 until the end of the war 174th Tunnelling Compa served under Third Army. It moved into the Houplines area in northern France, where it was in action in the Rue du Bois sector by early 1915. By autumn 1915, the 181st Tunnelling Company had also moved to this area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 49], "content_span": [50, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017627-0005-0000", "contents": "174th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, The Somme 1915/16\nIn July 1915, 174th Tunnelling Company moved to the Somme, where it took over French mine workings between La Boisselle and Carnoy, some 27 miles (43\u00a0km) northeast of Amiens. On 24 July 1915, the unit established headquarters at Bray, taking over some 66 shafts at Carnoy, Fricourt, Maricourt and La Boisselle. Around La Boisselle, the Germans had dug defensive transversal tunnels at a depth of about 80 feet (24 metres), parallel to the front line. The British extended and deepened the tunnel system, first to 24 metres (79\u00a0ft) and ultimately 30 metres (98\u00a0ft).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 57], "content_span": [58, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017627-0005-0001", "contents": "174th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, The Somme 1915/16\nAbove ground the infantry occupied trenches were just 45 metres (148\u00a0ft) apart. Early attempts at mining by the British on the Western Front had commenced in late 1914 in the soft clay and sandy soils of Flanders. Mining at La Boisselle was in chalk, much harder and requiring different techniques. The German advance had been halted at La Boisselle by French troops on 28 September 1914.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 57], "content_span": [58, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017627-0005-0002", "contents": "174th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, The Somme 1915/16\nThere was bitter fighting for possession of the village cemetery, and for farm buildings on the south-western edge of the village, known as \"L'\u00eelot de La Boisselle\" to the French, as \"Granathof\" (German: \"shell farm\") to the Germans and as \"Glory Hole\" to the British. In December 1914, French engineers began tunnelling beneath the ruins. With the war on the surface at stalemate, both sides continued to probe beneath the opponent's trenches and detonate ever-greater explosive charges.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 57], "content_span": [58, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017627-0005-0003", "contents": "174th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, The Somme 1915/16\nBy August 1915, the French and Germans were working at a depth of 12 metres (39\u00a0ft); the size of their charges had reached 3,000 kilograms (6,600\u00a0lb). 174th Tunnelling Company was supported in its role on the Somme by the 183rd Tunnelling Company, but the British did not have enough miners to take over the large number of French shafts and the French agreed to leave their engineers at work for several weeks. To provide the tunnellers needed, the British formed the 178th and 179th Tunnelling Companies in August 1915, followed by the 185th and 252nd Tunnelling Companies in October. The 181st Tunnelling Company was also present on the Somme.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 57], "content_span": [58, 704]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017627-0006-0000", "contents": "174th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, The Somme 1915/16\nIn October 1915, 174th Tunnelling Company was joined at La Boisselle by 179th Tunnelling Company, which had been formed in Third Army area that month. Later that month, 174th Tunnelling Company gave up part of that front sector to the newly-formed 183rd Tunnelling Company, and concentrated on the Mametz sector instead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 57], "content_span": [58, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017627-0006-0001", "contents": "174th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, The Somme 1915/16\nAs Allied preparations were under way for the Battle of the Somme (1 July \u2013 18 November 1916), the British tunnelling companies were to make two major contributions by placing 19 large and small mines beneath the German positions along the front line and by preparing a series of shallow Russian saps from the British front line into no man's land, which would be opened at zero hour and allow the infantry to attack the German positions from a comparatively short distance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 57], "content_span": [58, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017627-0006-0002", "contents": "174th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, The Somme 1915/16\nIn the front sector between Fricourt and Mametz, 174th Tunnelling Company planted the Mametz West group of four  230-kilogram (500\u00a0lb) mines along the German trench lines running east from the heights of Bois Fran\u00e7ais, located south of Hidden Wood and 1.03 kilometres (0.64\u00a0mi) south-east of Fricourt. Local underground fighting at Bois Fran\u00e7ais had already taken place in the winter of 1914 and spring of 1915.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 57], "content_span": [58, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017627-0006-0003", "contents": "174th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, The Somme 1915/16\nBefore the summer of 1916, no-man's land south of Bois Fran\u00e7ais had already witnessed the blowing of at least eight mines, and  the area of Kiel and Danube trenches, located some 0.46 kilometres (500\u00a0yd) to the east of Bois Fran\u00e7ais, had also seen extensive underground operations. In October 1915, John Norton-Griffiths had even advocated the use of poison gas to deal with the German resistance in the  Bois Fran\u00e7ais sector, but the proposal was not followed up.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 57], "content_span": [58, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017627-0006-0004", "contents": "174th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, The Somme 1915/16\nAs at Fricourt, no frontal assault was planned in this area for 1 July as the British infantry would have to advance across large crater fields. Instead, the Royal Engineers placed the Mametz West group of mines there \u2013 three charges at Kiel Trench and one at Danube Trench. The first purpose of these mines was to protect the left of the 7th Division's attack south of Mametz, while the second was to protect the 20th Battalion, Manchester Regiment during their attack on the German lines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 57], "content_span": [58, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017627-0007-0000", "contents": "174th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, The Somme 1915/16\nBy October 1916, 174th Tunnelling Company  had moved north of the river Ancre, facing Beaumont-Hamel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 57], "content_span": [58, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017627-0008-0000", "contents": "174th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Arras, 1917\nDuring the fighting at Bullecourt on 11 April, men of 174th Tunnelling Company, under the command of Major Hutchinson, MC, worked continuously for 30 hours to dig out the victims of a collapsed house. They rescued nine men of the 2/6th Battalion, West Yorkshire Regiment alive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 51], "content_span": [52, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017627-0009-0000", "contents": "174th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Spring Offensive 1918\nIn the German attack of March 1918, the unit suffered severe casualties while working on machine-gun emplacements at Bullecourt in northern France and fought as emergency infantry. Soon after, 174th Tunnelling Company worked on a long section of trench in northern France near Monchy-au-Bois.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 61], "content_span": [62, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017628-0000-0000", "contents": "174th meridian east\nThe meridian 174\u00b0 east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, New Zealand, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017628-0001-0000", "contents": "174th meridian east\nThe 174th meridian east forms a great circle with the 6th meridian west.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 92]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017628-0002-0000", "contents": "174th meridian east, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 174th meridian east passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017629-0000-0000", "contents": "174th meridian west\nThe meridian 174\u00b0 west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017629-0001-0000", "contents": "174th meridian west\nThe 174th meridian west forms a great circle with the 6th meridian east.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 92]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017629-0002-0000", "contents": "174th meridian west, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 174th meridian west passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017630-0000-0000", "contents": "174th\u2013175th Streets station\n174th\u2013175th Streets is a local station on the IND Concourse Line of the New York City Subway, located at the Grand Concourse between East 174th and 175th Streets in the Bronx. It is served by the D train at all times except rush hours in the peak direction and by the B train during rush hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017630-0001-0000", "contents": "174th\u2013175th Streets station, History\nThis underground station, along with the rest of the Concourse Line, opened on July 1, 1933. Initial service was provided by the C express and CC local trains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017630-0002-0000", "contents": "174th\u2013175th Streets station, History\nUnder the 2015\u20132019 MTA Capital Plan, the station underwent a complete overhaul as part of the Enhanced Station Initiative, and was entirely closed for several months. Upgrades included cellular service, Wi-Fi, USB charging stations, interactive service advisories and maps. In January 2018, the NYCT and Bus Committee recommended that Citnalta-Forte receive the $125 million contract for the renovations of 167th and 174th\u2013175th Streets on the IND Concourse Line and 145th Street on the IRT Lenox Avenue Line. However, the MTA Board temporarily deferred the vote for these packages after city representatives refused to vote to award the contracts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 686]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017630-0002-0001", "contents": "174th\u2013175th Streets station, History\nThe contract was put back for a vote in February, where it was ultimately approved. The staircase entrance on the east side of Grand Concourse at the East 174th Street underpass closed on July 9, while the rest of the station closed for repairs on August 13. The station reopened on December 26, 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017630-0003-0000", "contents": "174th\u2013175th Streets station, Station layout\nThis underground station has three tracks and two side platforms. The center track is used by the D express train during rush hours in peak direction. Both platforms have an orange trim line with a black border and name tablets reading \"174TH-175TH ST.\" in white sans-serif lettering on a black background and orange border. Under the trim line are small signs made of three tiles each reading \"174\" or \"175\" depending on location within the station. Grey (previously yellow) I-beam columns run along both platforms at regular intervals with alternating ones having the standard black station name plate in white lettering. The station is on a gently curving section of track, sharp enough to not be able to see the opposite end of the platform.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 43], "content_span": [44, 789]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017630-0004-0000", "contents": "174th\u2013175th Streets station, Station layout\nThe 2018 artwork here is called Bronx Seasons Everchanging by Roy Secord. It features large abstract mosaics on the station walls inspired by the artist's own walking meditations through the Bronx's nature at different times of the year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 43], "content_span": [44, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017630-0005-0000", "contents": "174th\u2013175th Streets station, Station layout, Exits\nAt this station, both the Grand Concourse and the underground Concourse Line pass over the Cross Bronx Expressway. The Concourse Line also passes over both 174th and 175th Streets, albeit within a totally enclosed tunnel that passes through a hillside with the Grand Concourse at its summit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 50], "content_span": [51, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017630-0006-0000", "contents": "174th\u2013175th Streets station, Station layout, Exits\nThe south end fare control area is located at the south end of the station, one level below the tracks. A crossunder between directions is present here, as is an exit on the north side of 174th Street between Walton and Morris Avenues, directly beneath the Grand Concourse. Access to the Concourse itself is also located in this area and from the platforms, with one staircase leading to the east side on the Concourse. There was also an exit to the west side of the Grand Concourse and 174th Street from the south end fare control area and the platforms; this meandering passageway was closed off to the public and the staircase was also slabbed over on street level.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 50], "content_span": [51, 719]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017630-0007-0000", "contents": "174th\u2013175th Streets station, Station layout, Exits\nThe north end fare control is located directly above 175th Street, which crosses beneath the Concourse, and has exits on both sides. There was also an exit to the south side of 175th Street, also directly beneath the Grand Concourse; it was gated off to the public. Prior to the station's renovation, stairways from the platform to this exit were gated off, but the fencing was replaced with a solid wall during the renovation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 50], "content_span": [51, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017631-0000-0000", "contents": "175\nYear 175 (CLXXV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar, the 175th Year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 175th year of the 1st millennium, the 75th year (3 quarters) of the 2nd century, and the 6th year of the 170s decade. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Piso and Iulianus (or, less frequently, year 928 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 175 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017632-0000-0000", "contents": "175 (number)\n175 (one hundred [and] seventy-five) is the natural number following 174 and preceding 176.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017632-0001-0000", "contents": "175 (number), In mathematics\n175 is an odd number, a composite number, and a deficient number. It is a decagonal number, a 19-gonal number, and a centered 29-gonal number.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017632-0002-0000", "contents": "175 (number), In mathematics\n175 is an Ulam number, and a Zuckerman number. It is the magic constant of the n\u00d7n normal magic square and n-Queens Problem for n = 7.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017632-0003-0000", "contents": "175 (number), In mathematics\nIn base 10, raising the digits of 175 to powers of successive integers equals itself: 175 = 11 + 72+ 53. 135, 518, 598, and 1306 also have this property.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017632-0004-0000", "contents": "175 (number), In religion\nThe Bible says that Abraham lived to be 175 years old.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 25], "content_span": [26, 80]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017633-0000-0000", "contents": "175 Andromache\n175 Andromache (minor planet designation: 175 Andromache) is a main-belt asteroid that was discovered by Canadian-American astronomer J. C. Watson on October 1, 1877, and named after Andromache, wife of Hector during the Trojan War. Watson's telegram to Europe announcing the discovery became lost, and so notification did not arrive until several weeks later. As a result, another minor planet, later designated 176 Iduna, was initially assigned the number 175.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017633-0001-0000", "contents": "175 Andromache\nThe initial orbital elements for 175 Andromache proved unreliable, and it was only in 1893 that an accurate ephemeris was produced. Because the orbital period is fairly close to being double that of the giant planet Jupiter, 175 Andromache initially became of interest in the study of gravitational perturbations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017633-0002-0000", "contents": "175 Andromache\nBased upon its spectrum, this is classified as a C-type asteroid. It has a diameter estimated in the range 101\u2013107\u00a0km with a roughly circular shape. The size ratio between the major and minor axes is 1.09 \u00b1 0.09, as determined from the W. M. Keck Observatory. An earlier result published in 2000 gave a larger size ratio of 1.20.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017634-0000-0000", "contents": "175 BC\nYear 175 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Scaevola and Lepidus (or, less frequently, year 579 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 175 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017635-0000-0000", "contents": "175 Belden Street\nThe house at 175 Belden Street is a historic home located on City Island in the Bronx in New York City. It was built about 1880 and is a simple, small picturesque cottage with an asymmetrical cruciform plan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017635-0001-0000", "contents": "175 Belden Street\nIt was listed as a New York City Designated Landmark in 1981 and on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017636-0000-0000", "contents": "175 Hospital\n175 Military Hospital is the central hospital for the south region of the ministry of defense, located in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. It was founded in 1975 by unifying a few military medical divisions and units, most notably K116, K72, and K59, initially to serve veterans and military officers after the Vietnam war. Over the years, it has been slowly opened to the general public and now also acts as a district hospital as well as a trauma center for the civilians.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017636-0001-0000", "contents": "175 Hospital, Notable departments and divisions, Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment Center\nThe Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment Center was established on September 15, 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 86], "content_span": [87, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017636-0002-0000", "contents": "175 Hospital, Notable departments and divisions, Bentiu Level 2 Hospital\nIn 2018, in supporting the United Nations Mission in South Sudan, UK Engineer Task Force had built a Level 2 Hospital in Bentiu, South Sudan while 175 hospital had deployed a Vietnamese Hospital unit consisted of 63-strong medical contingent to undertake Vietnam's first-ever UN peacekeeping mission. The first rotation is expected to last 18 month.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 72], "content_span": [73, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017637-0000-0000", "contents": "175 West Broadway\n175 West Broadway is a building between Worth and Leonard Streets in the Tribeca neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City. Built in 1877, it was designed by Scott & Umbach, an architectural firm from Newark, New Jersey, in the polychromatic brick style. According to the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission, the building's \"corbeled window arches and the corbeled brick cornice are without parallel in New York City architecture.\" It was built as a rental property for the heirs of Jerome B. King, a notable manufacturer of plaster and cement products, and was occupied for many years by Harwood & Son, who manufactured and sold awnings and other products made from canvas", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 702]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017637-0001-0000", "contents": "175 West Broadway\nThe building was designated a New York City landmark on November 12, 1991.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 92]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017638-0000-0000", "contents": "1750\n1750 (MDCCL) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar, the 1750th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 750th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 50th  year of the 18th\u00a0century, and the  1st   year of the 1750s decade. As of the start of 1750, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017638-0001-0000", "contents": "1750\nVarious sources, including the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, use the year 1750 as a baseline year for the end of the pre-industrial era.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017639-0000-0000", "contents": "1750 Eckert\n1750 Eckert, provisional designation 1950 NA1, is a stony slow rotating Hungaria asteroid and Mars-crosser from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 7 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 15 July 1950, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg Observatory in southern Germany. It was named after American astronomer Wallace Eckert.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017639-0001-0000", "contents": "1750 Eckert, Classification and orbit\nThe Mars crossing asteroid is also a member of the Hungaria family, a group that forms the innermost dense concentration of asteroids in the Solar System. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 1.6\u20132.3\u00a0AU once every 2 years and 8 months (977 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.17 and an inclination of 19\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. As no precoveries were taken, and no prior identifications were made, Eckert's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017639-0002-0000", "contents": "1750 Eckert, Rotation period\nIn October 2009, a rotational lightcurve of Eckert was obtained by American astronomer Brian Warner at his Palmer Divide Observatory (716) in Colorado. It gave an exceptionally long rotation period of 375 hours with a brightness variation of 0.87 magnitude (U=3-). A modeled lightcurve obtained from the Lowell Photometric Database in 2016, gave a similar period of 377.5 hours (U=n.a.). Eckert has the sixth-longest rotation period of all known Mars-crossers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 28], "content_span": [29, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017639-0003-0000", "contents": "1750 Eckert, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite, the asteroid measures 6.95 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo of 0.203. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link agrees with Akarai and assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 6.97 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 13.15.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 32], "content_span": [33, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017639-0004-0000", "contents": "1750 Eckert, Naming\nThe minor planet was named in memory of American astronomer Wallace Eckert (1902\u20131971), director at the United States Naval Observatory from 1940 to 1945, president of IAU's Commission 7, and pioneer in the use of automatic computing machines. In the late 1940s and early 1950s, he used the then most powerful computing machines ever built, SSEC and NORC, for astronomical calculations. The asteroid 1625 The NORC was named after one of these early super-computers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017639-0004-0001", "contents": "1750 Eckert, Naming\nEckert also produced the integration of the orbits of the five outer planets in collaboration with Brouwer and Clemence, after whom the minor planets 1746 Brouwer and 1919 Clemence were named. By use of sophisticated computing techniques, Eckert was able to check and extend Brown's lunar theory (also see 1643 Brown). The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 February 1976 (M.P.C. 3934).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017640-0000-0000", "contents": "1750 English cricket season\nThe 1750 English cricket season was the seventh season following the earliest known codification of the Laws of Cricket. Details have survived of six eleven-a-side matches between significant teams, including three inter-county matches played between Kent and Surrey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017640-0001-0000", "contents": "1750 English cricket season, Matches\nSix eleven-a-side matches between significant teams are known to have taken place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017640-0002-0000", "contents": "1750 English cricket season, Matches, Single wicket matches\nA series of three single wicket cricket matches were played during September between teams led by Stephen Dingate and Tom Faulkner at the Artillery Ground in London. Faulkner's side won two of the matches with the other match ending in a tie.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 59], "content_span": [60, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017640-0003-0000", "contents": "1750 English cricket season, Other events\nA military match at Perth is the first known reference to cricket being played in Scotland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 41], "content_span": [42, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017640-0004-0000", "contents": "1750 English cricket season, Other events\nLeading player Robert Colchin died at Deptford in April, probably of smallpox and in August Charles Lennox, 2nd Duke of Richmond died at Godalming. Lennox was one of the leading patrons of cricket at the time, in particular of Slindon Cricket Club and Sussex teams.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 41], "content_span": [42, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017654-0000-0000", "contents": "1750 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1750.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017655-0000-0000", "contents": "1750 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017655-0001-0000", "contents": "1750 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017655-0002-0000", "contents": "1750 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017656-0000-0000", "contents": "1750 in science\nThe year 1750 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017657-0000-0000", "contents": "1750s\nThe 1750s was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1, 1750, and ended on December 31, 1759. The 1750s was a pioneering decade. Waves of settlers flooded the New World (specifically the Americas) in hopes of re-establishing life away from European control, and electricity was a field of novelty that had yet to be merged with the studies of chemistry and engineering. Numerous discoveries of the 1750s forged the basis for contemporary scientific consensus. The decade saw the end of the Baroque period.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017658-0000-0000", "contents": "1750s BC\nThe 1750s BC was a decade lasting from January 1, 1759 BC to December 31, 1750 BC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 91]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017659-0000-0000", "contents": "1750s in South Africa\nThe following lists events that happened during the 1750s in South Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 96]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017660-0000-0000", "contents": "1750s in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the decade 1750 - 1759 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017661-0000-0000", "contents": "1750s in archaeology\nThe decade of the 1750s in archaeology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017662-0000-0000", "contents": "1750s in rail transport\nThis article lists events relating to rail transport that occurred during the 1750s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017663-0000-0000", "contents": "1750\u20131775 in Western fashion\nFashion in the years 1750\u20131775 in European countries and the colonial Americas was characterised by greater abundance, elaboration and intricacy in clothing designs, loved by the Rococo artistic trends of the period. The French and English styles of fashion were very different from one another. French style was defined by elaborate court dress, colourful and rich in decoration, worn by such iconic fashion figures as Marie Antoinette.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017663-0001-0000", "contents": "1750\u20131775 in Western fashion\nAfter reaching their maximum size in the 1750s, hoop skirts began to reduce in size, but remained being worn with the most formal dresses, and were sometimes replaced with side-hoops, or panniers. Hairstyles were equally elaborate, with tall headdresses the distinctive fashion of the 1770s. For men, waistcoats and breeches of previous decades continued to be fashionable.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017663-0002-0000", "contents": "1750\u20131775 in Western fashion\nEnglish style was defined by simple practical garments, made of inexpensive and durable fabrics, catering to a leisurely outdoor lifestyle. These lifestyles were also portrayed through the differences in portraiture. The French preferred indoor scenes where they could demonstrate their affinity for luxury in dress and lifestyle. The English, on the other hand, were more \"egalitarian\" in tastes, thus their portraits tended to depict the sitter in outdoor scenes and pastoral attire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017663-0003-0000", "contents": "1750\u20131775 in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Overview\nWomen's clothing styles retained the emphasis on a narrow, inverted conical torso, achieved with boned stays, above full skirts. Hoop skirts continued to be worn, reaching their largest size in the 1750s, and were sometimes replaced by side-hoops, also called 'false hips', or panniers. Court dress had little or no physical comfort with restriction of movement. Full size hoops skirts prevented sitting and reminded those wearing them to stand in the presence of the King. Stays forced a proper standing posture. Garments like these could not be washed often because of the fabrics from which they were made. The Enlightenment produced a backlash against sumptuary laws which asserted a stagnant social hierarchy. During the Enlightenment, court dress stayed almost the same while outside of court dress, fashion became less extravagant and shifted more towards comfort rather than courtly display.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 55], "content_span": [56, 955]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017663-0004-0000", "contents": "1750\u20131775 in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Gowns\nThe usual fashion of the years 1750\u20131775 was a low-necked gown (usually called a robe), worn over a petticoat. Most gowns had skirts that opened in front to show the petticoat worn beneath. If the bodice of the gown was open in front, the opening was filled in with a decorative stomacher, pinned to the gown over the laces or to the stays beneath.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 52], "content_span": [53, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017663-0005-0000", "contents": "1750\u20131775 in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Gowns\nClose-fitting sleeves just past the elbow were trimmed with frills or ruffles, and separate under-ruffles referred to as engageantes in modern terms, of lace or fine linen were tacked, to the inside of the gown's sleeves, or perhaps to the shift or chemise sleeves. The neckline was trimmed with a fabric or lace ruffle, or a neckerchief called a \"fichu\" could be tucked into the low neckline. Women would also sometimes wear a neckerchief or a more formal lace modesty piece, particularly on low-cut dresses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 52], "content_span": [53, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017663-0006-0000", "contents": "1750\u20131775 in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Gowns\nThe robe \u00e0 la fran\u00e7aise or sack-back gown featured back pleats hanging loosely from the neckline. A fitted bodice held the front of the gown closely to the figure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 52], "content_span": [53, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017663-0007-0000", "contents": "1750\u20131775 in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Gowns\nThe robe \u00e0 l'anglaise or close-bodied gown featured back pleats sewn in place to fit closely to the body, and then released into the skirt which would be draped in various ways.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 52], "content_span": [53, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017663-0008-0000", "contents": "1750\u20131775 in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Gowns\nThe Brunswick dress was a two-piece costume of German origin consisting of a hip-length jacket with \"split sleeves\"\u2014flounced elbow-length sleeves and long, tight lower sleeves\u2014and a hood, worn with a matching petticoat. It was popular for traveling.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 52], "content_span": [53, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017663-0009-0000", "contents": "1750\u20131775 in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Gowns\nCourt dress, the grand habit de cour or \"stiff-bodied\" gown, retained the styles of the 1670s. It featured a low, oval neckline that bared the shoulders, and the heavily boned bodice laced closed in back, unlike the front-opening robe. The elbow-length sleeves were covered with tiers of lace flounces, echoing the full-sleeved chemise worn with the original style.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 52], "content_span": [53, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017663-0010-0000", "contents": "1750\u20131775 in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Gowns\nFront-wrapping thigh-length \"shortgowns\" or bedgowns of lightweight printed cotton fabric were fashionable at-home morning wear, worn with petticoats. Over time, bedgowns became the staple upper garment of British and American female working-class street wear.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 52], "content_span": [53, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017663-0011-0000", "contents": "1750\u20131775 in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Gowns\nAs in previous periods, the traditional riding habit consisted of a tailored jacket like a man's coat, worn with a high-necked shirt, a waistcoat, a petticoat, and a hat. Alternatively, the jacket and a false waistcoat-front might be a made as a single garment, and later in the period a simpler riding jacket and petticoat\u2014without waistcoat\u2014could be worn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 52], "content_span": [53, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017663-0012-0000", "contents": "1750\u20131775 in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Underwear\nThe shift, chemise (in France), or smock, had a low neckline and elbow-length sleeves which were full early in the period and became increasingly narrow as the century progressed. Drawers were not worn in this period.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 56], "content_span": [57, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017663-0013-0000", "contents": "1750\u20131775 in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Underwear\nThe long-waisted, heavily boned \"stays\" of the early 1740s with their narrow back, wide front, and shoulder straps gave way by the 1760s to strapless stays which still were cut high at the armpit, to encourage a woman to stand with her shoulders slightly back, a fashionable posture. The fashionable shape was a rather conical torso, with large hips. The waist was not particularly small. Stays were laced snugly, but comfortably. They offered back support for heavy lifting, and poor and middle class women were able to work comfortably in them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 56], "content_span": [57, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017663-0014-0000", "contents": "1750\u20131775 in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Underwear\nFree-hanging pockets were tied around the waist and were accessed through \"pocket slits\" in the side-seams of the gown or petticoat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 56], "content_span": [57, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017663-0015-0000", "contents": "1750\u20131775 in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Underwear\nWoollen or quilted waistcoats were worn over the stays and under the gown for warmth, as were petticoats quilted with wool batting, especially in the cold climates of northern Europe and America. In the 1770s stays began to be produced so they would end higher on a woman's body. Phillip Vicker complained: \"For the late importation of Stays which are said to be now most fashionable in London, are produced upwards so high that we can have scarce any view at all of the Ladies Snowy Bosoms...\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 56], "content_span": [57, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017663-0016-0000", "contents": "1750\u20131775 in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Shoes\nShoes had high, curved heels\u2014the origin of modern \"louis heels\"\u2014and were made of fabric or leather, with separate shoe buckles. These were either shiny metal, usually in silver\u2014sometimes with the metal cut into false stones in the Paris style\u2014or with paste stones, although there were other types.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 52], "content_span": [53, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017663-0017-0000", "contents": "1750\u20131775 in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Hairstyles and headgear\nBy the 1770s extreme hairstyles and wigs had come into fashion. Women wore their hair high upon their heads, in large plumes. To create tall extreme hair, rolls of horse hair, tow, or wool were used to raise up the front of the hair. The front of the hair was then frizzed out, or arranged in roll curls and set horizontally on the head. Women turned their hair up in the back often in a knot. In addition, pomatum and false hair was used to give more height to the hair. Pomatum was paste that women used to stiffen their hair. Pomatum was also used to hold powder, which women put in their hair. The Pomatum was made of many ingredients including hog's grease, tallow, or a mix of beef marrow and oil.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 70], "content_span": [71, 774]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017663-0018-0000", "contents": "1750\u20131775 in Western fashion, Men's fashion, Overview\nThroughout the period, men continued to wear the coat, waistcoat and breeches of the previous period. However, changes were seen in both the fabric used as well as the cut of these garments. More attention was paid to individual pieces of the suit, and each element underwent stylistic changes. Under new enthusiasms for outdoor sports and country pursuits, the elaborately embroidered silks and velvets characteristic of \"full dress\" or formal attire earlier in the century gradually gave way to carefully tailored woollen \"undress\" garments for all occasions except the most formal. This more casual style reflected the dominating image of \"nonchalance.\" The goal was to look as fashionable as possible with seemingly little effort. This was to be the new, predominant mindset of fashion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 53], "content_span": [54, 844]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017663-0019-0000", "contents": "1750\u20131775 in Western fashion, Men's fashion, Coats\nThe skirts of the coat narrowed from the gored styles of the previous period. Waistcoats extended to mid-thigh to the 1770s and then began to shorten. Waistcoats could be made with or without sleeves.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017663-0020-0000", "contents": "1750\u20131775 in Western fashion, Men's fashion, Coats\nAs in the previous period, a loose, T-shaped silk, cotton or linen gown called a banyan was worn at home as a sort of dressing gown over the shirt, waistcoat, and breeches. Men of an intellectual or philosophical bent were painted wearing banyans, with their own hair or a soft cap rather than a wig.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017663-0021-0000", "contents": "1750\u20131775 in Western fashion, Men's fashion, Coats\nA coat with a wide collar called a frock coat, derived from a traditional working-class coat, was worn for hunting and other country pursuits in both Britain and America.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017663-0022-0000", "contents": "1750\u20131775 in Western fashion, Men's fashion, Shirt and stock\nShirt sleeves were full, gathered at the wrist and dropped shoulder. Full -dress shirts had ruffles of fine fabric or lace, while undress shirts ended in plain wrist bands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 60], "content_span": [61, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017663-0023-0000", "contents": "1750\u20131775 in Western fashion, Men's fashion, Breeches, shoes, and stockings\nLow-heeled leather shoes fastened with buckles were worn with silk or woollen stockings. Boots were worn for riding. The buckles were either polished metal, usually in silver\u2014sometimes with the metal cut into false stones in the Paris style\u2014or with paste stones, although there were other types. These buckles were often quite large and one of the world's largest collections can be seen at Kenwood House.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 75], "content_span": [76, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017663-0024-0000", "contents": "1750\u20131775 in Western fashion, Men's fashion, Hairstyles and headgear\nWigs were worn by middle and upperclass men, or the hair was worn long, brushed back from the forehead and \"clubbed\" (tied back at the nape of the neck) with a black ribbon. Wigs were generally now short, but long wigs continued to be popular with the older generation. Hair was powered for formal, evening occasions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 68], "content_span": [69, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017663-0025-0000", "contents": "1750\u20131775 in Western fashion, Men's fashion, Hairstyles and headgear\nWide-brimmed hats turned up on three sides called \"cocked hats\"\u2014called tricorns in later eras\u2014were worn in mid-century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 68], "content_span": [69, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017663-0026-0000", "contents": "1750\u20131775 in Western fashion, Men's fashion, The macaroni\nThe trend of the macaroni grew out of the tradition of those who partook of the Grand Tour. Elite men in the 18th century would travel abroad across Europe, namely Italy, to broaden their cultural depth. These men adopted foreign fashions and tastes and brought them back to England where they interpreted them further. The original macaroni of the 1760s was characterized by elaborate dress consisting of short and tight trousers, large wigs, delicate shoes and small hats. As the general population of English males became exposed to the luxurious appeal of the macaroni trend, they began to adopt and replicate the trends they saw. By the 1770s, any man could appear as if they themselves had been on the Grand Tour-based solely on their outward appearance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 57], "content_span": [58, 818]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017663-0027-0000", "contents": "1750\u20131775 in Western fashion, Men's fashion, The macaroni\nThe macaroni and the subsequent imitators were criticized for being gender ambiguous and effeminate. Frequently, the macaroni fashion trend was the subject of satirical caricatures and pamphlets. Their large costume like wigs and short coats, which deeply contrasted the masculine British dress of the time, were ridiculed for their frivolity and were said to be threatening the stability of gender difference, thereby undermining the nation's reputation. The question of farce and inauthenticity comes into play as well because by dressing as a macaroni, one claimed the status and the means of an elite who went on the Grand Tour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 57], "content_span": [58, 690]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017663-0028-0000", "contents": "1750\u20131775 in Western fashion, Men's fashion, The macaroni\nAlthough many mocked the macaroni for their outwardly eccentric characteristics, some celebrated them for their commitment to the demonstration of personal identity. The idea of a unique character was becoming an important concept that spanned many types of media including books and prints as Britain wanted to distinguish itself from France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 57], "content_span": [58, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017663-0029-0000", "contents": "1750\u20131775 in Western fashion, Children's fashion\nDuring most of this period, the clothes worn by middle- and upper-class children older than toddlers continued to be similar to the clothes worn by adults, with the exception that girls wore back-fastening bodices and petticoats rather than open-fronted robes. Boys wore dresses until they were breeched.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017663-0030-0000", "contents": "1750\u20131775 in Western fashion, Working class clothing\nWorking-class people in 18th century England and America often wore the same garments as fashionable people\u2014shirts, waistcoats, coats and breeches for men, and shifts, petticoats, and dresses or jackets for women\u2014but they owned fewer clothes and what they did own was made of cheaper and sturdier fabrics. Working class men also wore short jackets, and some, especially sailors, wore trousers rather than breeches. Smock-frocks were a regional style for men, especially shepherds. Country women wore short hooded cloaks, most often red. Both sexes wore handkerchiefs or neckerchiefs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 52], "content_span": [53, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017663-0031-0000", "contents": "1750\u20131775 in Western fashion, Working class clothing\nMen's felt hats were worn with the brims flat rather than cocked or turned up. Men and women wore shoes with shoe buckles\u2014when they could afford them. Men who worked with horses wore boots.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 52], "content_span": [53, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017664-0000-0000", "contents": "1751\n1751 (MDCCLI) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar, the 1751st year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 751st  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 51st  year of the 18th\u00a0century, and the  2nd   year of the 1750s decade. As of the start of 1751, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017664-0001-0000", "contents": "1751\nIn Britain and its colonies (except Scotland), 1751 only had 282 days due to the British Calendar Act of 1751, which ended the year on 31 December (rather than nearly three months later according to its previous rule).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017665-0000-0000", "contents": "1751 Concepci\u00f3n earthquake\nThe 1751 Concepci\u00f3n earthquake was one of the strongest and most destructive recorded quakes in Chilean history. It struck the Central Valley of the country, destroying the cities of Concepci\u00f3n, Chill\u00e1n, Cauquenes, Curic\u00f3 and Talca, probably on May 24, 1751, although there is currently a debate among scholars as to the exact date of the earthquake (see also \"Other dates\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017665-0001-0000", "contents": "1751 Concepci\u00f3n earthquake, Background\nThe city of Concepci\u00f3n had already been hit by several earthquakes. On this occasion the city was still in the process of recovering from the earthquake and tsunami that completely destroyed the city in 1730. Hours before the earthquake, on the night of May 23, there were several tremors. This had caused some Concepci\u00f3n residents, accustomed to earthquakes, to prepare for the worst.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 38], "content_span": [39, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017665-0002-0000", "contents": "1751 Concepci\u00f3n earthquake, Development\nThe disaster was composed of two parts: the earthquake itself, and a series of tsunamis some 10 to 40 minutes later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 39], "content_span": [40, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017665-0003-0000", "contents": "1751 Concepci\u00f3n earthquake, Development, Earthquake\nThe earthquake began around one o'clock in the morning. According to one chronicle of a resident of Valpara\u00edso and another of a resident of Concepci\u00f3n, the quake lasted about six minutes, although in Valpara\u00edso there was no major damage recorded. During the earthquake and the subsequent tsunami, all of the buildings in the city of Concepci\u00f3n were destroyed. The records indicate that the earthquake was so intense that \"the residents could not remain standing.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 51], "content_span": [52, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017665-0004-0000", "contents": "1751 Concepci\u00f3n earthquake, Development, Earthquake\nThe earthquake was felt in the rest of the Chilean Central Valley, but with less intensity. One of the most affected cities near Concepci\u00f3n was Chill\u00e1n, where the entire city was destroyed and the river changed its course, ending up nearly 15 blocks from its original location. In Santiago, the tower of the cathedral was destroyed  by the tremor, although no other major damage was reported in the rest of the city.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 51], "content_span": [52, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017665-0005-0000", "contents": "1751 Concepci\u00f3n earthquake, Tsunami\nBetween 1:05 and 1:45, the sea receded more than 1\u00a0km, and then three to five tsunami waves struck land. The height and force of each wave increased, and the last was the most disastrous. Swells were observed as far away as the port of El Callao in Peru. The tsunami also destroyed the new settlement at the Juan Fern\u00e1ndez Islands, where 35 people died, including the first governor, Navarro Santaella, and his wife.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017665-0006-0000", "contents": "1751 Concepci\u00f3n earthquake, Consequences\nThe major consequence of the earthquake was the relocation of the city (14 years after the quake) from its original location, in part as a response by the residents to the successive destructions by the tsunamis of 1730 and 1751. The chosen location (after a long controversy between the civil authorities and the church, headed by Bishop Jos\u00e9 de Toro y Zambrano Romo) was the Valle de la Mocha, where Concepci\u00f3n presently lies. Despite this, the demonym \"penquista\" (referring to the original location of the city, at Penco) was kept, and is still used today.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 40], "content_span": [41, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017665-0007-0000", "contents": "1751 Concepci\u00f3n earthquake, Aftershocks\nThe earthquake had enough aftershocks that they destroyed any attempts at rebuilding, including the emergency shelters. One of the strongest occurred on June 26, 1751. Approximately half a month later, the aftershocks ceased.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 39], "content_span": [40, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017665-0008-0000", "contents": "1751 Concepci\u00f3n earthquake, Other dates\nAlthough the majority of sources and accounts make reference to the early morning of May 25, 1751, as the date of the earthquake, other records indicate  that it was on the night of May 24. And although the majority of historians say that the foreshocks of the earthquake occurred on the night of May 23, there exist records that indicate that they happened during the 23rd                      and 24th, with the earthquake happening on the 25th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 39], "content_span": [40, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017666-0000-0000", "contents": "1751 Herget\n1751 Herget, provisional designation 1955 OC, is a stony Gefionian asteroid from the central region of the asteroid belt, approximately 11 kilometers in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017666-0001-0000", "contents": "1751 Herget\nIt was discovered on 27 July 1955, by IU's Indiana Asteroid Program at Goethe Link Observatory near Brooklyn, Indiana, United States. The asteroid was named after American astronomer Paul Herget.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017666-0002-0000", "contents": "1751 Herget, Classification and orbit\nHerget is a member of the large Gefion family of asteroids (516). It orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.3\u20133.3\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 8 months (1,701 days; semi-major axis of 2.79\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.18 and an inclination of 8\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. As no precoveries were taken, and no prior identifications were made, the body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Goethe Link in 1955.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017666-0003-0000", "contents": "1751 Herget, Physical characteristics\nIn the SMASS classification, Herget has been characterized as a common S-type asteroid, which agrees with the overall spectral type of the Gefion family.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017666-0004-0000", "contents": "1751 Herget, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Herget measures 10.93 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo of 0.195, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for carbonaceous asteroids of 0.057 and calculates a diameter of 23.21 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 11.9, as the lower the body's albedo (reflectivity), the larger its diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017666-0005-0000", "contents": "1751 Herget, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn November 2016, two rotational lightcurves of Herget were obtained from photometric observations by Italian astronomers Lorenzo Franco and Alessandro Marchini, as well as by French amateur astronomer Ren\u00e9 Roy. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 3.937 and 3.9397 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.30 and 0.31 magnitude, respectively (U=3-/3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 54], "content_span": [55, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017666-0006-0000", "contents": "1751 Herget, Naming\nThis minor planet was named in honor of American astronomer Paul Herget (1908\u20131981), who was director of the Cincinnati Observatory and distinguished service professor in the University of Cincinnati.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017666-0007-0000", "contents": "1751 Herget, Naming\nHerget was also founder of the Minor Planet Center (MPC) in 1947, pioneer in the application of high speed computers to astronomical problems, member of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences, and past president of IAU's Commission\u00a020 (Positions & Motions of Minor Planets, Comets & Satellites). The official naming citation was published by the MPC on 20 February 1971 (M.P.C. 3143).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017667-0000-0000", "contents": "1751 Port-au-Prince earthquake\nThe 1751 Port-au-Prince earthquake occurred at 12:50 UTC on 21 November in French Haiti, followed by a tsunami. Another earthquake was reported at the same location on 15 September of the same year and it is uncertain whether the two reports refer to the same event.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017667-0001-0000", "contents": "1751 Port-au-Prince earthquake, Seismological analysis\nLater seismologists attributed the 1751 earthquake, like that of 1910, to adjustments along the Southern Trough.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 54], "content_span": [55, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017669-0000-0000", "contents": "1751 in Canada, Historical documents\nThough expensive for France to maintain, Canada should be kept to thwart \"the ambition of the English\" in America", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017669-0001-0000", "contents": "1751 in Canada, Historical documents\nQuebec governor insists Haudenosaunee are in control of their lands, but New York governor lists reasons why British own them", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017682-0000-0000", "contents": "1751 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1751.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017683-0000-0000", "contents": "1751 in poetry\nTheir homely joys, and destiny obscure;Nor Grandeur hear with a disdainful smile", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017683-0001-0000", "contents": "1751 in poetry\n\u2014 Thomas Gray, Elegy Written in a Country Church-Yard, published this year", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017683-0002-0000", "contents": "1751 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017683-0003-0000", "contents": "1751 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017683-0004-0000", "contents": "1751 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017684-0000-0000", "contents": "1751 in science\nThe year 1751 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017685-0000-0000", "contents": "1751 to 1755 in sports\nEvents in world sport through the years 1751 to 1755.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 76]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017686-0000-0000", "contents": "1752\n1752 (MDCCLII) was a leap year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a leap year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar, the 1752nd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 752nd  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 52nd  year of the 18th\u00a0century, and the  3rd   year of the 1750s decade. As of the start of 1752, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017686-0001-0000", "contents": "1752\nIn the British Empire, it was the only year with 355 days, as September 3\u201313 were skipped when the Empire adopted the Gregorian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017699-0000-0000", "contents": "1752 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1752.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017700-0000-0000", "contents": "1752 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017700-0001-0000", "contents": "1752 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017700-0002-0000", "contents": "1752 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017701-0000-0000", "contents": "1752 in science\nThe year 1752 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017702-0000-0000", "contents": "1753\n1753 (MDCCLIII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar, the 1753rd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 753rd  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 53rd  year of the 18th\u00a0century, and the  4th   year of the 1750s decade. As of the start of 1753, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017703-0000-0000", "contents": "1753 House\nThe 1753 House is a historical replica of a regulation settler\u2019s home in The Berkshires in 1753. Located in Field Park at the west end of Williamstown, Massachusetts, in the center of the roundabout at the intersection of Massachusetts Route 2 and United States Route 7, the house was constructed by volunteers in 1953 in celebration of the town\u2019s Bicentennial.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017703-0000-0001", "contents": "1753 House\nEarly settlers to the Hoosac Valley, the area now occupied by towns such as Williamstown and North Adams, were required by legal contract to build a house at least 15 by 18 feet and 7 feet high and to clear 5 acres of land to gain a title to their lot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017703-0001-0000", "contents": "1753 House, History\nWilliamstown, which began as West Hoosac in 1750, is a small Berkshire town located in the northwest corner of Massachusetts. The General Court of Massachusetts Bay Colony, for political, economic, and military reasons, made land plots available for sale in this area. West Hoosac was of particular military importance at this time because it acted as a pathway to Greenfield, Deerfield, and Charlemont eastward as well as towns to the south such as Great Barrington and Stockbridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017703-0002-0000", "contents": "1753 House, History\nIn 1751, 60 lots were put on sale for six pounds, thirteen shillings and fourpence each (2). The buyer was not fully entitled to his land, however, until he cleared 5 acres of land and built a house at least 15 feet wide, 18 feet long, and 7 feet high. This rule gave the buildings the name \"regulation houses\". Much of the land was purchased by soldiers at nearby Fort Massachusetts, including Captain Ephraim Williams, Jr., the benefactor of Williams College.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017703-0003-0000", "contents": "1753 House, Construction\nThe 1753 House was built only with materials, tools, and methods that would have been used in 1753. The house was originally erected in Field Park but was relocated to its current location in 1996. The 1753 House closed in 2010 due to chimney damage, but reopened in November 2012 with a ceremonial fire lighting in the new chimney.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 24], "content_span": [25, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017703-0004-0000", "contents": "1753 House, Construction\nThe House was originally intended as a temporary exhibit, but it has remained a Williamstown landmark due to its popularity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 24], "content_span": [25, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017703-0005-0000", "contents": "1753 House, Appearance\nBuilt with regulation dimensions, the 1753 House is quite small by modern standards. Using mortise and tenon joints, the walls and frame are made of oak timbers harvested from nearby White Oak woods. The roof uses split shingling. The interior includes a few historical replicas, such as a table, a bench, and fireplace cooking instruments. A loft covered in pine branches, about 7 feet above the dirt floor, provides a sleeping area closer to the chimney, which emanates heat. A large stone chimney serves as the central focal point of the building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017703-0006-0000", "contents": "1753 House, Uses\nThe 1753 House is a popular destination for locals and tourists alike. Although it is not open everyday as it once was, it hosts a variety of special events and visits from school groups. The House provides an interactive educational experience for students to understand the living conditions of early settlers in their own town. The House can also be reserved for personal use. Past uses have included a campout by Boy Scouts and a hearth-cooking demonstration by a high school student.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017704-0000-0000", "contents": "1753 Mieke\n1753 Mieke (prov. designation: 1934 JM) is a stony Eos asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 20 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 10 May 1934, by Dutch astronomer Hendrik van Gent at the Leiden Southern Station, annex to the Johannesburg Observatory in South Africa. The asteroid was named after Mieke Oort, wife of Dutch astronomer Jan Oort.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017704-0001-0000", "contents": "1753 Mieke, Orbit and classification\nThe S-type asteroid is a member of the Eos family, thought to have formed from a catastrophic collision of its parent body resulting in more than 4,000 known members of the family. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.8\u20133.3\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 3 months (1,915 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.08 and an inclination of 11\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017704-0002-0000", "contents": "1753 Mieke, Orbit and classification\nAs no precoveries was taken, and no prior identifications were made, Mieke's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Johannesburg in 1934.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017704-0003-0000", "contents": "1753 Mieke, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves\nA rotational lightcurve of Mieke was obtained from photometric observations by Swedish astronomer Claes-Ingvar Lagerkvist analysis at Uppsala Observatory in March 1975. It gave a rotation period of 8.8 hours with a brightness variation of 0.20 magnitude (U=2). Published in March 2016, a modeled lightcurve, using the Lowell Photometric Database, gave a period of approximately 10.199 hours (U=n.a. ).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 49], "content_span": [50, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017704-0004-0000", "contents": "1753 Mieke, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Mieke measures between 19.44 and 22.08 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.144 and 0.173. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.14 and calculates a diameter of 21.40 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 57], "content_span": [58, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017704-0005-0000", "contents": "1753 Mieke, Naming\nThis minor planet was named for Mieke Oort-Graadt van Roggen (1906\u20131993), wife of Dutch astronomy legend Jan Oort, who was director of the Leiden Observatory from 1945\u20131970. He had previously been honoured with the asteroid 1691 Oort. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 June 1980 (M.P.C. 5357).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017717-0000-0000", "contents": "1753 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1753.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017718-0000-0000", "contents": "1753 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017718-0001-0000", "contents": "1753 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017718-0002-0000", "contents": "1753 in poetry, Deaths\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017719-0000-0000", "contents": "1753 in science\nThe year 1753 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017720-0000-0000", "contents": "1754\n1754 (MDCCLIV) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar, the 1754th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 754th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 54th  year of the 18th\u00a0century, and the  5th   year of the 1750s decade. As of the start of 1754, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017721-0000-0000", "contents": "1754 British general election\nThe 1754 British general election returned members to serve in the House of Commons of the 11th Parliament of Great Britain to be summoned, after the merger of the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland in 1707. Owing to the extensive corruption and the Duke of Newcastle's personal influence in the pocket boroughs, the government was returned to office with a working majority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017721-0001-0000", "contents": "1754 British general election\nThe old parties had disappeared almost completely by this stage; anyone with reasonable hopes of achieving office called himself a 'Whig', although the term had lost most of its original meaning. While 'Tory' and 'Whig' were still used to refer to particular political leanings and tendencies, parties in the old sense were no longer relevant except in a small minority of constituencies, such as Oxfordshire, with most elections being fought on local issues and the holders of political power being determined by the shifting allegiance of factions and aristocratic families rather than the strength or popularity of any organised parties. A small group of members of parliament still considered themselves Tories, but they were almost totally irrelevant to practical politics and entirely excluded from holding public office.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 857]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017721-0002-0000", "contents": "1754 British general election\nThe resulting eleventh Parliament of Great Britain was convened on 31 May 1754 and sat through eight sessions until its dissolution on 20 April 1761.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017721-0003-0000", "contents": "1754 British general election, Summary of the constituencies\nSee 1796 British general election for details. The constituencies used were the same throughout the existence of the Parliament of Great Britain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 60], "content_span": [61, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017721-0004-0000", "contents": "1754 British general election, Dates of election\nThe general election was held between 13 April 1754 and 20 May 1754.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 48], "content_span": [49, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017721-0005-0000", "contents": "1754 British general election, Dates of election\nAt this period elections did not take place at the same time in every constituency. The returning officer in each county or parliamentary borough fixed the precise date (see hustings for details of the conduct of the elections).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 48], "content_span": [49, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017722-0000-0000", "contents": "1754 British general election (Oxfordshire)\nThe Oxfordshire Election of 1754, part of the British general election of that year and involving the selection of two Members of Parliament (MPs) to represent the Oxfordshire constituency, was probably the most notorious English county election of the 18th century. It was depicted in Hogarth's famous series of paintings and engravings, The Humours of an Election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017722-0001-0000", "contents": "1754 British general election (Oxfordshire), Background\nOxfordshire was a county constituency electing two MPs. The right to vote was held by all the Forty Shilling Freeholders of the county, amounting to about 4,000 in 1754, but because of the expense of a contested election the competing interests tried to reach a compromise without resorting to a poll if at all possible, and in 1754 Oxfordshire had not seen a contested election for 44 years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 55], "content_span": [56, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017722-0001-0001", "contents": "1754 British general election (Oxfordshire), Background\nThe expenses entailed not only the cost of campaigning across the county, but the need for the candidates to meet the expenses of their voters in travelling to Oxford (where the poll was held in the grounds of Exeter College) and in lavishly entertaining them while they were there; but outright bribery was also rife.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 55], "content_span": [56, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017722-0002-0000", "contents": "1754 British general election (Oxfordshire), Campaign\nThe candidates in 1754 were two Tories, Sir James Dashwood (who was standing for re-election) and The Viscount Wenman; and two Whigs, Viscount Parker (heir to the Earl of Macclesfield) and Sir Edward Turner. The other major local grandees, the Duke of Marlborough and Earl Harcourt, joined Macclesfield in backing the two Whigs, while the Earl of Abingdon and Earl of Lichfield supported the two Tories.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 53], "content_span": [54, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017722-0003-0000", "contents": "1754 British general election (Oxfordshire), Campaign\nBoth sides spent extravagantly: Prime Minister Henry Pelham promised \u00a37,000 of government funds towards the Whigs' expenses, while the Tories spent \u00a320,000 (of which \u00a38,000 was raised by public subscription).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 53], "content_span": [54, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017722-0004-0000", "contents": "1754 British general election (Oxfordshire), Campaign\nMany commemorative objects were produced. A pot inscribed \"Wenman & Dashwood Forever. 1755\" is in the Victoria and Albert Museum, and one inscribed \"I say Wenman & Dashwood, friend. What say you?\" is in the Ashmolean Museum. A glass inscribed \"Hark Wenman & Dashwood Sr Watn & the old Interest forever.\" is in the Museum of London.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 53], "content_span": [54, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017722-0005-0000", "contents": "1754 British general election (Oxfordshire), Campaign\nEdward Gibbon referred to the election in his Memoirs of My Life and Writings, saying:\"A general election was now approaching: the great Oxfordshire contest already blazed with all the malevolence of party-zeal. Magdalen College was devoutly attached to the old interest! and the names of Wenman and Dashwood were more frequently pronounced, than those of Cicero and Chrysostom.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 53], "content_span": [54, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017722-0006-0000", "contents": "1754 British general election (Oxfordshire), Campaign\nThe Calendar (New Style) Act 1750 was one of the Tory issues in the election. Thomas Parker was the son of George Parker, 2nd Earl of Macclesfield, the astronomer who had chaired the committee stage of the bill in the House of Commons of Great Britain. Amongst the lampoons resulting was:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 53], "content_span": [54, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017722-0007-0000", "contents": "1754 British general election (Oxfordshire), Campaign\nHis [Parker's] fine moving Speeches are nothing but Froth; Our Time he has alter'd and turn'd it about, So he like Old Christmas shall too be turned out. Tho' Lords and great Placemen do with him combine, 'Twill signify nothing when honest Men join; Drink Wenman and Dashwood, and stand to the Tack, We want no old Turner nor new Almanack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 53], "content_span": [54, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017722-0008-0000", "contents": "1754 British general election (Oxfordshire), Result\nThe result was declared on 17 April 1754. Wenman and Dashwood were ahead in the count of votes, but the returning officer made a \"double return\" (declaring both pairs of candidates to be elected, leaving the House of Commons to make the decision), and both sides petitioned against the election of their opponents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 51], "content_span": [52, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017722-0009-0000", "contents": "1754 British general election (Oxfordshire), Result\nThe Commons took months to reach its decision, examining the legitimacy of many of the individual votes; but since MPs almost invariably voted in such cases on partisan lines rather than on the merits of the case, the result was a foregone conclusion - the Commons had a Whig majority, and therefore the two Whig candidates were declared elected on 23 April 1755. As one of the Tories on the Committee, Sir William Meredith noted in a letter to the Duke of Portland:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 51], "content_span": [52, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017722-0010-0000", "contents": "1754 British general election (Oxfordshire), Result\nNor, to this hour, can either side tell which had the majority of legal votes, nor any Member of Parliament who voted in that question give any other reason for his vote but as he stood inclined for the old [Tory] or new [Whig] interest of Oxfordshire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 51], "content_span": [52, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017722-0011-0000", "contents": "1754 British general election (Oxfordshire), Result\nBoth parties in Oxfordshire were united in their determination to avoid a repetition of such a contest, and managed to reach an amicable compromise before the next general election, the Duke of Marlborough in future to nominate one member and the local Tories the other. Oxfordshire did not see a contested election again until 1826.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 51], "content_span": [52, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017723-0000-0000", "contents": "1754 Cunningham\n1754 Cunningham, provisional designation 1935 FE, is a Hildian asteroid from the outermost region of the asteroid belt, approximately 80 kilometers in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017723-0001-0000", "contents": "1754 Cunningham\nIt was discovered on 29 March 1935, by Belgian astronomer Eug\u00e8ne Delporte at the Royal Observatory of Belgium in Uccle. It was later named after American astronomer Leland Cunningham.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017723-0002-0000", "contents": "1754 Cunningham, Orbit and classification\nCunningham is a dark and reddish asteroid and member of the Hilda family, a large group that orbits in resonance with the gas giant Jupiter and are thought to originate from the Kuiper belt. It orbits the Sun in the outermost main-belt at a distance of 3.3\u20134.6\u00a0AU once every 7 years and 10 months (2,859 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.17 and an inclination of 12\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. It was first identified as A904 JB at Heidelberg Observatory in 1904, extending the body's observation arc by 31 years prior to its official discovery observation at Uccle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017723-0003-0000", "contents": "1754 Cunningham, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn July 2015, a rotational lightcurve of Cunningham was obtained from photometric observation by American amateur astronomer Robert Stephens at the Center for Solar System Studies in California. It gave a well-defined rotation period of 7.7416 hours with a brightness variation of 0.17 magnitude (U=3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 58], "content_span": [59, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017723-0004-0000", "contents": "1754 Cunningham, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nA similar period of 7.7398 hours with an amplitude of 0.16 was previously obtained by French and Italian amateur astronomers Pierre Antonini and Silvano Casulli in July 2008 (U=2). Other lightcurves gave a shorter period of 4.285 and 5.16 hours (U=2/n.a. ).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 58], "content_span": [59, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017723-0005-0000", "contents": "1754 Cunningham, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS and the Japanese Akari satellite, Cunningham measures 79.52 and 83.55 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo of 0.035 and 0.031, respectively. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link agrees with the results found by IRAS, that is an albedo of 0.035 and a diameter of 79.52 kilometers with on an absolute magnitude of 9.77. Cunningham belongs to a small group asteroids with a spectral P-type in the Tholen classification scheme.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 62], "content_span": [63, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017723-0006-0000", "contents": "1754 Cunningham, Naming\nThis minor planet was named in honor of American astronomer Leland Cunningham (1904\u20131989), who began his career as an assistant to astronomer Fred Whipple (also see 1940 Whipple) at Harvard University in the 1930s and worked at the Leuschner Observatory of University of California during the 1940s and 1950s. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 February 1976 (M.P.C. 3934). Cunningham discovered four minor planets himself and was a prolific computer of cometary orbits and observer of faint comets, including comet Gale, a lost comet he recovered in 1938.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017724-0000-0000", "contents": "1754 H\u014dreki River incident\nThe 1754 Horeki River incident (\u5b9d\u66a6\u6cbb\u6c34\u4e8b\u4ef6, H\u014dreki Chisui Jiken) was an incident in which the Tokugawa shogunate ordered Satsuma Domain to carry out difficult flood control works in Mino Province near its border with Owari Province in the Ch\u016bbu region of Japan during the H\u014dreki era. Rivers subject to frequent flooding in this area included the Kiso River, Nagara River and Ibi River near Nagoya.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017724-0000-0001", "contents": "1754 H\u014dreki River incident\nDue to the difficulty of the project and due to malicious interference by shogunal authorities to make completion of the project more difficult, this order ultimately resulted in 51 Satsuma samurai committing seppuku, 33 samurai dying from disease and the responsible kar\u014d, Hirata Yukie, also committing seppuku. The river improvement project was finally completed in the Meiji period. The incident is also called the H\u014dreki Age River Improvement Incident and the N\u014dbi Plain River Improvement Incident.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017724-0001-0000", "contents": "1754 H\u014dreki River incident, Background\nThe Shimazu clan of Satsuma Domain (present Kagoshima Prefecture) were once virtually independent rulers, and during the Sengoku period controlled nearly all of Kyushu. They opposed the rise of Tokugawa Ieyasu during the Battle of Sekigahara and with the establishment of the Tokugawa shogunate remained a powerful Tozama han which the shogunate continued to view with suspicion. The shogunate often called upon various of its feudal domains to construct public works projects, partly because the expense would help weaken their power and influence", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 38], "content_span": [39, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017724-0002-0000", "contents": "1754 H\u014dreki River incident, Background\nThe plain of Nobi had a number of big rivers with complicated geographical features, resulting in many floods. There was a strict rule that the levee or dike of the river should be lower than the levee of Owari Domain, which was held by one of the main cadet branches of the Tokugawa clan. The division of the rivers into three was originally planned by Izawa Sobei, the government head of Mino District in 1735, but his plan was not accepted. Instead, the  Sh\u014dgun Tokugawa Ieshige ordered a river engineering project to be conducted by distant Satsuma Domain, knowing that this would pose a significant financial burden on the domain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 38], "content_span": [39, 674]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017724-0003-0000", "contents": "1754 H\u014dreki River incident, Summary of the project\nThe formal order (Tetsudai Fushin), a special order from the shogunate such as building a castle and others, was issued to Satsuma daimy\u014d Shimazu Shigetoshi. The  kar\u014d  of the domain, Hirata Yukie (1704\u20131755) was assigned to supervise the construction, and was assigned 947 people. It was clear from the start or the project that this order was manifestly a harassment of Satsuma by the shogunate and some Satsuma samurai were of the opinion that they should fight instead of complying, but they were overruled. The domain at that time already had debts exceeding 660,000 ry\u014d in gold. Hirata Yukie sent a formal acceptance note on January 21, 1754 and borrowed 70,000 ry\u014d from bankers in Osaka using sugar cane from Amami-Oshima as collateral, and reached Mino on February 9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 50], "content_span": [51, 826]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017724-0004-0000", "contents": "1754 H\u014dreki River incident, Summary of the project\nA project headquarters was established in a location named Motogoya, with an area of 4900 tsubo (about 16,200 square meters), and branch stations were established in four locations. The number of workers would eventually peak at 947 men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 50], "content_span": [51, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017724-0005-0000", "contents": "1754 H\u014dreki River incident, Summary of the project, Harassment\nThe river improvement works started on February 27. The enmity of the Tokugawa shogunate was obvious because they ordered the dike destroyed three times as it neared completion. Two of the leading samurai involved in the work, Nagayoshi Sobe and Otokawa Sadabuchi, committed seppuku in protest. Hirata deliberately concealed this protest from the shogunate, since it might seem to betray weakness and become an excuse for the attainder of the Shimazu clan. Funds ran out due to the unexpected additional expenses in reconstructing the dikes so many times. For lack of money, the food were restricted to one meal and one bowl of soup, regardless of working conditions. Neighboring peasants were forbidden to sell straw raincoats and straw sandals at a low cost, again attempting to maintain the illusion of a wealthy local economy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 62], "content_span": [63, 893]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017724-0006-0000", "contents": "1754 H\u014dreki River incident, Summary of the project, Harassment\nThe cost eventually rose to about 400,000 ry\u014d, or more than 30 billion yen. An additional loan of 220,298 ry\u014d was obtained by the domain from Osaka. In August 1754, 157 persons were infected with dysentery, of whom 33 died. The project was completed on May 22, 1755. Hirata committed seppuku the following morning for losses that the domain incurred..", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 62], "content_span": [63, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017724-0007-0000", "contents": "1754 H\u014dreki River incident, Summary of the project, Completion of River Improvement in the Meiji era\nFlooding worsened after the completion of the river improvement works. The project was re-engineered with modern technology in the Meiji period under the direction of Johannis de Rijke (1842\u20131913), a Dutch civil engineer and an advisor to Japanese government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 100], "content_span": [101, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017724-0008-0000", "contents": "1754 H\u014dreki River incident, Aburajima Embankment National Historic Site\nWhen the river was finally divided successfully in 1900, the Horeki Chisuishi (Horeki River Improvement Monument) was erected near the mouth of the rivers, and the Aburajima Embankment was planted with 1000 line trees from Kyushu. In 1938, a Shinto shrine, the Chisui Jinja, was also erected in this area to memorialize the 85 Satsuma samurai who died. The site was designated a National Historic Site of Japan in 1940.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 71], "content_span": [72, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017724-0009-0000", "contents": "1754 H\u014dreki River incident, Aburajima Embankment National Historic Site, Other memorials\nIn the city of Kaizu there is a Horeki Chisui Historic Spot Preservation Society  which has planted Kaikozu trees (Erythrina crista-galli), native to the Kagoshima Prefecture. These appear for 35 kilometres (22\u00a0mi) along the Nanno-Sekigarara Route. The route was renamed \"Satsuma Kaikouzu Street\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 88], "content_span": [89, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017724-0010-0000", "contents": "1754 H\u014dreki River incident, Aburajima Embankment National Historic Site, Other memorials\nIn Kagoshima, there is also a monument to the victims and a statue to Hirata Yukie.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 88], "content_span": [89, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017724-0011-0000", "contents": "1754 H\u014dreki River incident, Aburajima Embankment National Historic Site, Other memorials\nSatsuma Gishiden (1977\u20131982), a gekiga drawn and written by Hiroshi Hirata, is a collection of fictional anecdotes revolving around the incident. The main theme of Satsuma Gishiden is the desperation and stoicism of the Satsuma samurai in the face of their ordeal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 88], "content_span": [89, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017725-0000-0000", "contents": "1754 Taunton by-election\nThe Taunton by-election of 1754 to the Parliament of Great Britain was held across thirteen days, from 10\u201324 December 1754 in Taunton, the county town of the southwestern English county of Somerset. It took place following the death of the incumbent Whig Member of Parliament, John Halliday. The by-election was contested by Robert Maxwell on behalf of the Whigs, and Sir John Pole, 5th Baronet for the Tories. Maxwell was elected with a majority of 56. The election had over 700 rejected votes, and the result caused rioting in Taunton, during which two people were killed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017725-0001-0000", "contents": "1754 Taunton by-election\nThe election was fiercely contested, and both sides incurred great expenses during the campaign. There was not another contested election in Taunton for almost twenty years, and during that time the Taunton Market House Society was set up with the aim of preventing the bad blood of a contested election, and to spend money that would have otherwise been spent on campaigning on improving the town. Maxwell remained as one of Taunton's members of parliament until 1768.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017725-0002-0000", "contents": "1754 Taunton by-election, Background, Vacancy and nominations\nIn the mid-18th century, the parliamentary constituency of Taunton, which had an electorate of around 500, returned predominantly Whig members of parliament, partly due to an agreement between Charles Wyndham, 2nd Earl of Egremont and the local Dissenters; Lord Egremont, the chief landowner in the borough, would nominate a candidate for one of the two seats, while the Dissenters would name the second. Nationally, parliament had been controlled by the Whigs since 1715, in what was dubbed the \"Whig Supremacy\" by Basil Williams.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 61], "content_span": [62, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017725-0002-0001", "contents": "1754 Taunton by-election, Background, Vacancy and nominations\nAt the 1754 general election, Lord Egremont put forward his brother-in-law, George Carpenter, 3rd Baron Carpenter, while the Dissenters nominated one of their own, John Halliday. The pair were elected unopposed. Two months after the election, on 8 June 1754, Halliday died, resulting in a by-election being called to fill the vacant seat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 61], "content_span": [62, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017725-0003-0000", "contents": "1754 Taunton by-election, Background, Vacancy and nominations\nThe Dissenters proposed Robert Webb, who had previously served as the member for Taunton from 1747 until the general election in 1754, to fill the vacancy. The recent history of the elections in Taunton suggested that no opposition would be offered: the last contested election had been in 1741. That however proved not to be the case, and a group of Tories put forward their own candidate, Sir John Pole, 5th Baronet of Shute in Devon. Webb did not want the expense of a contested election, and withdrew, leaving the Dissenters without a candidate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 61], "content_span": [62, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017725-0003-0001", "contents": "1754 Taunton by-election, Background, Vacancy and nominations\nUnable to find a suitable candidate, the Dissenters appealed to Lord Egremont to locate someone to stand for the Whiggish interest. The Mayor, Henry Manly, was sent to London to meet with the Whig Prime Minister, Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle, to try and secure a candidate. Manly reported that the Duke of Newcastle did not want the seat to go to a Tory, and was willing to fund the election from the secret service account (more accurately the King's private money, a fund which was not accountable to Parliament). Eventually, through communication with both Lord Egremont and the Duke of Newcastle, Robert Maxwell came forward as the Whig candidate. Maxwell offered to spend up to \u00a33,000 on the election, in addition to the money promised from the secret service fund.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 61], "content_span": [62, 847]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017725-0004-0000", "contents": "1754 Taunton by-election, Background, Candidates\nJohn Pole was the only son of Sir William Pole, 4th Baronet. The family owned the Shute House estate in east Devon, and had returned six generations of members of parliament, including John Pole's father. He had inherited the estate, and the baronetcy upon his father's death in 1741. Robert Maxwell was the oldest son of John Maxwell, 1st Baron Farnham, an Irish politician and peer. Robert had been a member of the Parliament of Ireland since 1743 for the constituency of Lisburn. He had not stood for the British parliament during the 1754 general election, though he was by that time almost certainly resident in England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 48], "content_span": [49, 674]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017725-0005-0000", "contents": "1754 Taunton by-election, Result\nWhen Halliday died in June, parliament was in recess. As a result of this, a writ could not be issued until parliament reconvened in the winter. This extended the election campaign to run for six months, causing major disruption to the wool trade in the town. In his History of Taunton, Joshua Toulmin reported that the length of the campaigning allowed \"the display of every manoeuvre, and the exertion of every power, by which the parties could counteract each other's views.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 32], "content_span": [33, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017725-0005-0001", "contents": "1754 Taunton by-election, Result\nA lot of money was spent on both sides of the election; in addition to the \u00a33,000 which Maxwell said he was willing to spend, the government put forward \u00a33,675 of secret service money for his campaign. Both men had plates and mugs made which were given free to the voters, generally full of food and drink. A number of delft plates bearing the inscription \"Sir John Pole for ever\" still exist, and one such plate sold for over \u00a32,000 in 2011. A drinking glass with a similar inscription is housed at the British Museum in London.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 32], "content_span": [33, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017725-0005-0002", "contents": "1754 Taunton by-election, Result\nThe public houses became aligned to one of the two candidates, and much of the campaign money was placed into these to gain their support. Toulmin lamented that \"the houses of entertainment were kept open during all this time; [...] habits of idleness and licentiousness were formed.\" In a letter to Lord Sackville, Maxwell wrote that the election campaign involved \"a great deal of smoking, some drinking, and kissing some hundreds of women.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 32], "content_span": [33, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017725-0006-0000", "contents": "1754 Taunton by-election, Result\nMaxwell travelled down to Taunton in August to contest the seat, and the vacancy was nationally advertised in October. Despite this, the voting did not commence until 10 December 1754. The voting ran for thirteen days, and closed on 24 December; Maxwell received 198 votes to Pole's 142, giving Maxwell a majority of 56. During the course of the voting, over 700 votes were discounted, and it has been referred to as being \"notoriously corrupt\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 32], "content_span": [33, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017725-0007-0000", "contents": "1754 Taunton by-election, Result\nWhen the result was announced, the public showed \"their displeasure by assaulting the friends of Mr Maxwell.\" Maxwell himself had to be escorted back to where he was staying, but during the rioting that ensued, the houses of those known to support Maxwell were attacked. The Derby Mercury reported that Robert Pearsall, a Dissenter minister who had been prominent in Maxwell's campaign, was threatened with having his house pulled down and being sacrificed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 32], "content_span": [33, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017725-0007-0001", "contents": "1754 Taunton by-election, Result\nTwo people, a man and a woman, were killed during the rioting, which prompted two troops of dragoons to be sent to the town, placed at the command of the Mayor, in case of emergency. One of the murderers was caught and sent to the County Jail in Ilchester, but the other escaped.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 32], "content_span": [33, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017725-0008-0000", "contents": "1754 Taunton by-election, Aftermath\nMaxwell, who became the 2nd Baron Farnham upon his father's death in 1759, and then Viscount Farnham in 1760, was returned unopposed at the 1761 general election. He pressed for a position in parliament, suggesting \"being in the Admiralty or being paymaster of the pensions.\" However, this desire was only because he thought that such a position would provide a stepping stone to a higher peerage, and he was made the Earl of Farnham, in the Irish peerage in 1763. He initially stood at the general election in 1768, but withdrew from the election in the face of strong opposition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 35], "content_span": [36, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017725-0009-0000", "contents": "1754 Taunton by-election, Aftermath\nThe Market House Society was formed in Taunton in 1763 by a group who wished to avoid a repeat of the expensive and violent election in 1754. They made it their aim to \"prevent the evils and drunkenness of a contested election\", and vowed to spend the money that would have otherwise been spent on campaigning on improving Taunton. They put forward two candidates in 1768, who after the withdrawal of Maxwell and another, were returned unopposed for Taunton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 35], "content_span": [36, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017739-0000-0000", "contents": "1754 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1754.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017740-0000-0000", "contents": "1754 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017740-0001-0000", "contents": "1754 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017740-0002-0000", "contents": "1754 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017741-0000-0000", "contents": "1754 in science\nThe year 1754 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017742-0000-0000", "contents": "1755\n1755 (MDCCLV) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar, the 1755th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 755th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 55th  year of the 18th\u00a0century, and the  6th   year of the 1750s decade. As of the start of 1755, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017743-0000-0000", "contents": "1755 (album)\n1755 is the eleventh full-length album by Portuguese gothic metal band Moonspell, released on 3 November 2017. Unlike previous albums, it is entirely sung in Portuguese. It is a concept album, detailing the story of the 1755 Lisbon earthquake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017743-0001-0000", "contents": "1755 (album)\nThis album was recorded in Antfarm Studios and Poison Apple Studios, produced and mixed by Tue Madsen, noted for working with Meshuggah, The Haunted, Dark Tranquillity, Dir En Grey, and Die Apokalyptischen Reiter. Cover artwork was designed by Jo\u00e3o Diogo. It includes guest performances in some songs, including vocals by Paulo Bragan\u00e7a on the track 'In Tremor Dei'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017743-0002-0000", "contents": "1755 (album), Track listing\nAll songs written by Moonspell, all lyrics by Fernando Ribeiro (except \"Lanterna dos Afogados\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 27], "content_span": [28, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017744-0000-0000", "contents": "1755 (band)\n1755 (pronounced seventeen fifty-five) is an Acadian band formed by Kenneth Saulnier, Pierre Robichaud, Roland Gauvin, Donald Boudreau and Ronald Dupuis. The band was named after the Great Deportation of 1755, during which Acadians were deported from Acadia (present day Maritimes), and was active from 1975 to 1984. After they broke up, every member of the band went on to work on solo albums, or joined new bands such as Les M\u00e9chants Maquereaux.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017744-0001-0000", "contents": "1755 (band)\n1755 combined folk, country and rock, with traditional folk song lyrics, or original compositions from the band members or from Acadian poet G\u00e9rald Leblanc. The most of the songs are performed in the French dialect of south eastern New-Brunswick, known as \"chiac\", but some compositions are in English as well. The group is considered an icon of modern Acadian culture, and is credited for launching the modern Acadian musical scene at the international level and for influencing several Acadian artists and bands that came after them, such as Fayo or Dominique Dupuis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017744-0002-0000", "contents": "1755 (band)\nAlthough officially broken up since 1984, 1755 often reunites to perform shows and summer tours, especially during Acadian-related festivities such as National Acadian Day. A particularly notable show was at the Moncton Coliseum, during the first Acadian World Congress in 1994, which was filmed and turned into a live album Les retrouvailles de la famille and a video release on VHS and DVD. The band last toured through New Brunswick in 2009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017744-0003-0000", "contents": "1755 (band)\nHerm\u00e9n\u00e9gilde Chiasson wrote that 1755 was \"much more than a band\" but rather \"the chant of a generation\" and that their songs and lyrics remain the \"testimony of a period of tension and affirmation\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017745-0000-0000", "contents": "1755 Cape Ann earthquake\nThe 1755 Cape Ann earthquake took place off the coast of the British Province of Massachusetts Bay (present-day Massachusetts) on November 18. At between 6.0 and 6.3 on the Richter scale, it remains the largest earthquake in the history of Massachusetts. No one was killed, but it damaged hundreds of buildings in Boston and was felt as far north as Nova Scotia and as far south as South Carolina. Sailors on a ship more than 200 miles (320\u00a0km) offshore felt the quake, and mistook it at first for their ship running aground.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017745-0000-0001", "contents": "1755 Cape Ann earthquake\nMany residents of Boston and the surrounding areas attributed the quake to God, and it occasioned a brief increase in religious fervor in the city. Modern studies estimate that if a similar quake shook Boston today, it would result in as much as $5 billion in damage and hundreds of deaths. Some discussion has revolved around the idea that this may have been a remotely triggered event from the 1755 Lisbon earthquake or its aftershocks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017745-0001-0000", "contents": "1755 Cape Ann earthquake, Epicenter\nThe earthquake took place on November 18, 1755, at approximately 4:30 AM local time. Future President of the United States John Adams, then staying at his father's house in Braintree, Massachusetts, was awakened by the quake, which impressed him so much that he began a diary that night. He wrote that the quake \"continued near four minutes\" and that \"[t]he house seemed to rock and reel and crack as if it would fall in ruins about us.\" Its epicenter is believed to have been offshore, approximately 24 miles (39\u00a0km) east of Cape Ann.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 35], "content_span": [36, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017745-0001-0001", "contents": "1755 Cape Ann earthquake, Epicenter\nThe quake was felt as far north as Halifax, Nova Scotia, south to the Chesapeake Bay and South Carolina, and from Lake George and Lake Champlain in the northwest to a ship 200 miles (320\u00a0km) off the east coast. Sailors on the ship reported that the quake was so strong, they had feared that they had run aground. The region experienced several aftershocks, the first of which was a little more than an hour after the quake. Most of these aftershocks could not be felt in Boston, affecting only the northeastern coast of the colony.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 35], "content_span": [36, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017745-0002-0000", "contents": "1755 Cape Ann earthquake, Epicenter\nModern research has estimated that the quake was between 6.0 and 6.3 on the Richter scale, and the United States Geological Survey lists it as the largest earthquake in the history of Massachusetts. Scientists are unclear on the causes of this and other quakes in the northeastern United States. There are a number of old faults in the region, but none of them is known still to be active. It is possible that the Cape Ann earthquake may have been remotely triggered by a larger earthquake in Lisbon, Portugal, a few weeks prior, although there is not enough evidence to prove that they are linked.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 35], "content_span": [36, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017745-0003-0000", "contents": "1755 Cape Ann earthquake, Damage\nBoston and Cape Ann were the most heavily damaged. In Boston, damage was concentrated in areas of infill near the harbor; infill is less sturdy in earthquakes than solid land. From 1,300 to 1,600 chimneys in the city were damaged in some way, the gable ends of some houses collapsed, and a number of roofs were damaged by falling chimneys. Stone chimneys and buildings were damaged in Falmouth (present-day Portland, Maine), Springfield, Massachusetts, and New Haven, Connecticut, as well. Some church steeples in Boston were damaged, ending up tilted from vertical. Stone fencing in rural areas was damaged.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 32], "content_span": [33, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017745-0003-0001", "contents": "1755 Cape Ann earthquake, Damage\nObservers also reported that several springs dried up, new ones were created, and cracks appeared in the ground near Scituate, Lancaster, and Pembroke. In this last town, observers noted water and fine sand coming from the crack. Non -structural damage was minor; residents reported damage to china and glassware, and a distiller lost some of his product after a cistern was damaged. The Cape Ann earthquake may also have created the first recorded tsunami in U.S. history. Observers in the Leeward Islands nearly 1,000 miles (1,600\u00a0km) south of Cape Ann, reported a receding of water followed by a large wave that lifted several boats ashore and left fish floundering on the beach.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 32], "content_span": [33, 715]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017745-0004-0000", "contents": "1755 Cape Ann earthquake, Legacy\nMany Massachusetts residents of the time perceived the quake as punishment from God for immoral behavior. In the days after the earthquake, special prayer services were held and civic authorities declared fast days. A number of sermons and other writings were published as a consequence, including Jeremiah Newland's Verses Occasioned by the Earthquakes in the Month of November, 1755 and Thomas Prince's Earthquakes the Works of God and Tokens of his Just Displeasure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 32], "content_span": [33, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017745-0004-0001", "contents": "1755 Cape Ann earthquake, Legacy\nWell before 1755, the new rational materialist ideas promulgated by Enlightenment scientists had begun to heavily influence the better-educated citizens of colonial America; therefore not all explanations of the event were theological. John Winthrop, a Harvard professor, proposed an alternate explanation having to do with heat and chemical vapors inside the surface of the earth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 32], "content_span": [33, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017745-0004-0002", "contents": "1755 Cape Ann earthquake, Legacy\nJohn Adams, in comments in the margins of Winthrop\u2019s Lecture on Earthquakes wrote: \"I am not able to satisfy myself, whether the very general if not universal apprehension that Thunder, Earthquakes, Pestilence, Famine &c. are designed merely as Punishments of sins and Warnings to forsake, is natural to Mankind, or whether it was artfully propagated, or whether it was derived from Revelation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 32], "content_span": [33, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017745-0004-0003", "contents": "1755 Cape Ann earthquake, Legacy\nAn Imagination that those Things are of no Use in Nature but to punish and alarm and arouse sinners, could not be derived from real Revelation, because it is far from being true, tho few Persons can be persuaded to think so.\" This kind of public debate between theologians and more scientifically-minded scholars and citizens would have been a very dangerous undertaking indeed for the rationalists in the Massachusetts of the late 17th century - just 65 years earlier.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 32], "content_span": [33, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017745-0005-0000", "contents": "1755 Cape Ann earthquake, Legacy\nSince the 1755 earthquake, Boston and its surrounding towns have become a major metropolitan area. Much new construction has been built on infill, especially in the Back Bay area, which may be prone to greater shaking and to compaction of the sand and gravel used as fill. Many older buildings in the Boston area are built from stone and brick, and are likely to collapse completely during a major earthquake. Given this, modern observers have expressed concern about the effects of another quake in such a major city.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 32], "content_span": [33, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017745-0005-0001", "contents": "1755 Cape Ann earthquake, Legacy\nA 1990 study by the Massachusetts Emergency Management Agency estimated potential financial losses at between $4 billion and $5 billion, and potential loss of life in the hundreds. As a consequence, the state has updated building codes and zoning laws to require that new construction and additions in vulnerable areas be built to resist earthquakes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 32], "content_span": [33, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017745-0006-0000", "contents": "1755 Cape Ann earthquake, Legacy\nOpposition to the Seabrook Station Nuclear Power Plant, about 15 miles (24\u00a0km) north of Cape Ann on the New Hampshire shoreline, highlighted the earthquake risk of the area. The plant was built regardless.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 32], "content_span": [33, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017746-0000-0000", "contents": "1755 Lisbon earthquake\nThe 1755 Lisbon earthquake, also known as the Great Lisbon earthquake, impacted Portugal, the Iberian Peninsula, and Northwest Africa on the morning of Saturday, 1 November, Feast of All Saints, at around 09:40 local time. In combination with subsequent fires and a tsunami, the earthquake almost totally destroyed Lisbon and adjoining areas. Seismologists today estimate the Lisbon earthquake had a magnitude of at least 8.4 on the moment magnitude scale, with its epicenter in the Atlantic Ocean about 200\u00a0km (120\u00a0mi) west-southwest of Cape St. Vincent and about 290\u00a0km (180\u00a0mi) southwest of Lisbon. Chronologically it was the third known large scale earthquake to hit the city (there had been one in 1321 and another in 1531). Estimates place the death toll in Lisbon alone at between 30,000 and 50,000 people, making it one of the deadliest earthquakes in history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 891]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017746-0001-0000", "contents": "1755 Lisbon earthquake\nThe earthquake accentuated political tensions in Portugal and profoundly disrupted the country's colonial ambitions. The event was widely discussed and dwelt upon by European Enlightenment philosophers, and inspired major developments in theodicy. As the first earthquake studied scientifically for its effects over a large area, it led to the birth of modern seismology and earthquake engineering.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017746-0002-0000", "contents": "1755 Lisbon earthquake, Earthquake and tsunami\nThe earthquake struck on the morning of 1 November 1755, All Saints' Day. Contemporary reports state that the earthquake lasted from three and a half to six minutes, causing fissures 5 metres (16\u00a0ft) wide in the city center. Survivors rushed to the open space of the docks for safety and watched as the sea receded, revealing a plain of mud littered with lost cargo and shipwrecks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 46], "content_span": [47, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017746-0002-0001", "contents": "1755 Lisbon earthquake, Earthquake and tsunami\nApproximately 40 minutes after the earthquake, a tsunami engulfed the harbor and downtown area, rushing up the Tagus river \"so fast that several people riding on horseback\u00a0... were forced to gallop as fast as possible to the upper grounds for fear of being carried away.\" It was followed by two more waves. Candles lit in homes and churches all around the city for All Saints' Day were knocked over, starting a fire that developed into a firestorm which burned for hours in the city, asphyxiating people up to 30 metres (98\u00a0ft) from the blaze.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 46], "content_span": [47, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017746-0003-0000", "contents": "1755 Lisbon earthquake, Earthquake and tsunami\nLisbon was not the only Portuguese city affected by the catastrophe. Throughout the south of the country, in particular the Algarve, destruction was rampant. The tsunami destroyed some coastal fortresses in the Algarve and, at lower levels, it razed several houses. Almost all the coastal towns and villages of the Algarve were heavily damaged, except Faro, which was protected by the sandy banks of Ria Formosa. In Lagos, the waves reached the top of the city walls.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 46], "content_span": [47, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017746-0003-0001", "contents": "1755 Lisbon earthquake, Earthquake and tsunami\nOther towns in different Portuguese regions, such as Peniche, Cascais, and even Covilh\u00e3 (which is located near the Serra da Estrela mountain range in central inland Portugal) were visibly affected by the earthquake, the tsunami or both of them. The shock waves of the earthquake destroyed part of Covilh\u00e3's castle walls and its large towers and damaged several other buildings in Cova da Beira, as well as in Salamanca, Spain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 46], "content_span": [47, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017746-0004-0000", "contents": "1755 Lisbon earthquake, Earthquake and tsunami\nOn the island of Madeira, Funchal and many smaller settlements suffered significant damage. Almost all of the ports in the Azores archipelago suffered most of their destruction from the tsunami, with the sea penetrating about 150 metres (490\u00a0ft) inland. Portuguese towns in northern Africa were also affected by the earthquake, such as Ceuta and Mazagon, where the tsunami hit hard the coastal fortifications of both towns, in some cases going over it, and flooding the harbor area. In Spain, the tsunamis swept the Andalusian Atlantic Coast, nearly destroying the city of Cadiz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 46], "content_span": [47, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017746-0005-0000", "contents": "1755 Lisbon earthquake, Earthquake and tsunami\nShocks from the earthquake were felt throughout Europe as far as Finland and in North Africa, and according to some sources even in Greenland and the Caribbean. Tsunamis as tall as 20 metres (66\u00a0ft) swept along the coast of North Africa, and struck Martinique and Barbados across the Atlantic. A three-metre (ten-foot) tsunami hit Cornwall on the southern British coast. Galway, on the west coast of Ireland, was also hit, resulting in partial destruction of the \"Spanish Arch\" section of the city wall. In County Clare Aughinish Island was created when a low lying connection to the mainland was washed away. At Kinsale, several vessels were whirled round in the harbor, and water poured into the marketplace.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 46], "content_span": [47, 757]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017746-0006-0000", "contents": "1755 Lisbon earthquake, Earthquake and tsunami\nIn 2015, it was determined that the tsunami waves may have reached the coast of Brazil, then a colony of Portugal. Letters sent by Brazilian authorities at the time of the earthquake describe damage and destruction caused by gigantic waves.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 46], "content_span": [47, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017746-0007-0000", "contents": "1755 Lisbon earthquake, Earthquake and tsunami\nAlthough seismologists and geologists have always agreed that the epicenter was in the Atlantic to the west of the Iberian Peninsula, its exact location has been a subject of considerable debate. Early hypotheses had proposed the Gorringe Ridge, about 320\u00a0km (200\u00a0mi) south-west of Lisbon, until simulations showed that a location closer to the shore of Portugal was required to comply with the observed effects of the tsunami. A 1992 seismic reflection survey of the ocean floor along the Azores\u2013Gibraltar Transform Fault detected a 50-kilometre-long (31\u00a0mi) thrust fault southwest of Cape St. Vincent, with a dip-slip throw of more than 1\u00a0km (0.62\u00a0mi). This structure may have created the primary tectonic event.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 46], "content_span": [47, 761]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017746-0008-0000", "contents": "1755 Lisbon earthquake, Casualties and damage\nEconomic historian \u00c1lvaro Pereira estimated that of Lisbon's population at the time of approximately 200,000 people, some 30,000\u201340,000 were killed. Another 10,000 may have lost their lives in Morocco. However, a 2009 study of contemporary reports relating to the 1 November event found them vague and difficult to separate from reports of another local series of earthquakes on 18\u201319 November. Pereira estimated the total death toll in Portugal, Spain and Morocco from the earthquake and the resulting fires and tsunami at 40,000 to 50,000 people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017746-0009-0000", "contents": "1755 Lisbon earthquake, Casualties and damage\nEighty-five percent of Lisbon's buildings were destroyed, including famous palaces and libraries, as well as most examples of Portugal's distinctive 16th-century Manueline architecture. Several buildings that had suffered little earthquake damage were destroyed by the subsequent fire. The new Lisbon opera house (the \"\u00d3pera do Tejo\"), opened just six months before, burned to the ground. The Royal Ribeira Palace, which stood just beside the Tagus river in the modern square of Terreiro do Pa\u00e7o, was destroyed by the earthquake and tsunami.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017746-0009-0001", "contents": "1755 Lisbon earthquake, Casualties and damage\nInside, the 70,000-volume royal library as well as hundreds of works of art, including paintings by Titian, Rubens, and Correggio, were lost. The royal archives disappeared together with detailed historical records of explorations by Vasco da Gama and other early navigators. The palace of Henrique de Meneses, 3rd Marquis of Louri\u00e7al, which housed an invaluable library of 18,000 books, was also destroyed. The earthquake damaged several major churches in Lisbon, namely the Lisbon Cathedral, the Basilicas of S\u00e3o Paulo, Santa Catarina, S\u00e3o Vicente de Fora, and the Miseric\u00f3rdia Church.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017746-0009-0002", "contents": "1755 Lisbon earthquake, Casualties and damage\nThe Royal Hospital of All Saints (the largest public hospital at the time) in the Rossio square was consumed by fire and hundreds of patients burned to death. The tomb of national hero Nuno \u00c1lvares Pereira was also lost. Visitors to Lisbon may still walk the ruins of the Carmo Convent, which were preserved to remind Lisboners of the destruction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017746-0010-0000", "contents": "1755 Lisbon earthquake, Relief and reconstruction efforts\nThe royal family escaped unharmed from the catastrophe: King Joseph I of Portugal and the court had left the city, after attending mass at sunrise, fulfilling the wish of one of the king's daughters to spend the holiday away from Lisbon. After the catastrophe, Joseph I developed a fear of living within walls, and the court was accommodated in a huge complex of tents and pavilions in the hills of Ajuda, then on the outskirts of Lisbon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 57], "content_span": [58, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017746-0010-0001", "contents": "1755 Lisbon earthquake, Relief and reconstruction efforts\nThe king's claustrophobia never waned, and it was only after Joseph's death that his daughter Maria I of Portugal began building the royal Ajuda Palace, which still stands on the site of the old tented camp. Like the king, the prime minister Sebasti\u00e3o de Melo (1st Marquis of Pombal) survived the earthquake. When asked what was to be done, Pombal reportedly replied \"bury the dead and heal the living\", and set about organizing relief and rehabilitation efforts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 57], "content_span": [58, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017746-0010-0002", "contents": "1755 Lisbon earthquake, Relief and reconstruction efforts\nFirefighters were sent to extinguish the raging flames, and teams of workers and ordinary citizens were ordered to remove the thousands of corpses before disease could spread. Contrary to custom and against the wishes of the Church, many corpses were loaded onto barges and buried at sea beyond the mouth of the Tagus. To prevent disorder in the ruined city, the Portuguese Army was deployed and gallows were constructed at high points around the city to deter looters; more than thirty people were publicly executed. The army prevented many able-bodied citizens from fleeing, pressing them into relief and reconstruction work.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 57], "content_span": [58, 685]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017746-0011-0000", "contents": "1755 Lisbon earthquake, Relief and reconstruction efforts\nA project proposed that a new royal palace be built in Campo de Ourique as the new royal residence in 1760, but was later abandoned due to a lack of priority or interest in a palace being built in the Campo de Ourique neighborhood of Lisbon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 57], "content_span": [58, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017746-0012-0000", "contents": "1755 Lisbon earthquake, Relief and reconstruction efforts\nThe king and the prime minister immediately launched efforts to rebuild the city. On 4 December 1755, a little more than a month after the earthquake, Manuel da Maia, chief engineer to the realm, presented his plans for the re-building of Lisbon. Maia presented four options from abandoning Lisbon to building a completely new city. The first, and cheapest, plan was to rebuild the old city using recycled materials. The second and third plans proposed widening certain streets. The fourth option boldly proposed razing the entire Baixa quarter and \"laying out new streets without restraint\". This last option was chosen by the king and his minister.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 57], "content_span": [58, 708]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017746-0013-0000", "contents": "1755 Lisbon earthquake, Relief and reconstruction efforts\nIn less than a year, the city was cleared of debris. Keen to have a new and perfectly ordered city, the king commissioned the construction of big squares, rectilinear, large avenues and widened streets\u00a0\u2013 the new mottos of Lisbon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 57], "content_span": [58, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017746-0014-0000", "contents": "1755 Lisbon earthquake, Relief and reconstruction efforts\nThe Pombaline buildings are among the earliest seismically protected constructions in Europe. Small wooden models were built for testing, and earthquakes were simulated by marching troops around them. Lisbon's \"new\" Lower Town, known today as the Pombaline Lower Town (Baixa Pombalina), is one of the city's famed attractions. Sections of other Portuguese cities, such as the Vila Real de Santo Ant\u00f3nio in Algarve, were also rebuilt along Pombaline principles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 57], "content_span": [58, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017746-0015-0000", "contents": "1755 Lisbon earthquake, Relief and reconstruction efforts\nThe Casa Pia, a Portuguese institution founded by Maria I (known as A Pia, \"Maria the Pious\"), and organized by Police Intendant Pina Manique in 1780, was founded following the social disarray of the 1755 Lisbon earthquake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 57], "content_span": [58, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017746-0016-0000", "contents": "1755 Lisbon earthquake, Effect on society, economy, and philosophy\nThe earthquake had wide-ranging effects on the lives of the populace and intelligentsia. The earthquake had struck on an important religious holiday and had destroyed almost every important church in the city, causing anxiety and confusion amongst the citizens of a staunch and devout Roman Catholic country. Theologians and philosophers focused and speculated on the religious cause and message, seeing the earthquake as a manifestation of divine judgment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 66], "content_span": [67, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017746-0017-0000", "contents": "1755 Lisbon earthquake, Effect on society, economy, and philosophy, Economy\nA 2009 study estimated that the earthquake cost between 32 and 48 percent of Portugal's GDP. Also, \"in spite of strict controls, prices and wages remained volatile in the years after the tragedy. The recovery from the earthquake also led to a rise in the wage premium of construction workers. More significantly, the earthquake became an opportunity to reform the economy and to reduce the economic semi-dependency vis-\u00e0-vis Britain.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 75], "content_span": [76, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017746-0018-0000", "contents": "1755 Lisbon earthquake, Effect on society, economy, and philosophy, Philosophy\nThe earthquake and its aftermath strongly influenced the intelligentsia of the European Age of Enlightenment. The noted writer-philosopher Voltaire used the earthquake in Candide and in his Po\u00e8me sur le d\u00e9sastre de Lisbonne (\"Poem on the Lisbon disaster\"). Voltaire's Candide attacks the notion that all is for the best in this, \"the best of all possible worlds\", a world closely supervised by a benevolent deity. The Lisbon disaster provided a counterexample. As Theodor Adorno wrote, \"[t]he earthquake of Lisbon sufficed to cure Voltaire of the theodicy of Leibniz\" (Negative Dialectics 361). Jean-Jacques Rousseau was also influenced by the devastation following the earthquake, whose severity he believed was due to too many people living within the close quarters of the city. Rousseau used the earthquake as an argument against cities as part of his desire for a more naturalistic way of life.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 78], "content_span": [79, 978]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017746-0019-0000", "contents": "1755 Lisbon earthquake, Effect on society, economy, and philosophy, Philosophy\nImmanuel Kant published three separate texts on the Lisbon earthquake. As a younger man, fascinated with the earthquake, he collected all the information available in news pamphlets and formulated a theory of the causes of earthquakes. Kant's theory, which involved shifts in huge caverns filled with hot gases, was incorrect, but was one of the first systematic attempts to explain earthquakes in natural rather than supernatural terms. According to Walter Benjamin, Kant's slim early book on the earthquake \"probably represents the beginnings of scientific geography in Germany. And certainly the beginnings of seismology\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 78], "content_span": [79, 704]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017746-0020-0000", "contents": "1755 Lisbon earthquake, Effect on society, economy, and philosophy, Philosophy\nWerner Hamacher has claimed that the earthquake's consequences extended into the vocabulary of philosophy, making the common metaphor of firm \"grounding\" for philosophers' arguments shaky and uncertain: \"Under the impression exerted by the Lisbon earthquake, which touched the European mind in one [of] its more sensitive epochs, the metaphor of ground and tremor completely lost their apparent innocence; they were no longer merely figures of speech\" (263). Hamacher claims that the foundational certainty of Ren\u00e9 Descartes' philosophy began to shake following the Lisbon earthquake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 78], "content_span": [79, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017746-0021-0000", "contents": "1755 Lisbon earthquake, Effect on society, economy, and philosophy, Politics\nThe earthquake had a major impact on politics. The prime minister, Sebasti\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 de Carvalho e Melo, 1st Marquis of Pombal, was the favorite of the king, but the aristocracy despised him as an upstart son of a country squire. The prime minister, in turn, disliked the old nobles, whom he considered corrupt and incapable of practical action. Before 1 November 1755 there was a constant struggle for power and royal favor, but the competent response of the Marquis of Pombal effectively severed the power of the old aristocratic factions. However, silent opposition and resentment of King Joseph I began to rise, which would culminate with the attempted assassination of the king in 1758 and the subsequent elimination of the powerful Duke of Aveiro and the T\u00e1vora family.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 76], "content_span": [77, 849]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017746-0022-0000", "contents": "1755 Lisbon earthquake, Development of seismology\nThe prime minister's response was not limited to the practicalities of reconstruction. He ordered a query sent to all parishes of the country regarding the earthquake and its effects. Questions included:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 49], "content_span": [50, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017746-0023-0000", "contents": "1755 Lisbon earthquake, Development of seismology\nThe answers to these and other questions are still archived in the Torre do Tombo, the national historical archive. Studying and cross-referencing the priests' accounts, modern scientists were able to reconstruct the event from a scientific perspective. Without the questionnaire designed by the Marquis of Pombal, this would have been impossible. Because the marquis was the first to attempt an objective scientific description of the broad causes and consequences of an earthquake, he is regarded as a forerunner of modern seismological scientists.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 49], "content_span": [50, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017746-0024-0000", "contents": "1755 Lisbon earthquake, In popular culture\nA fictionalized version of the 1755 Lisbon earthquake features as a main plot element of the 2014 video game Assassin's Creed Rogue, developed and published by Ubisoft. Notably, a similar earthquake occurs earlier in the story in Port-au-Prince, Haiti, and possibly coincides with a real-world earthquake recorded there in 1751.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 42], "content_span": [43, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017746-0025-0000", "contents": "1755 Lisbon earthquake, In popular culture\nThe album 1755 by the Portuguese Gothic Metal band Moonspell is a concept album detailing the story of the 1755 Lisbon earthquake. The album is entirely sung in Portuguese and explores not only the history but also its effects on Portuguese society, culture and spirituality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 42], "content_span": [43, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017747-0000-0000", "contents": "1755 Lorbach\n1755 Lorbach, provisional designation 1936 VD, is a stony Eoan asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 25 kilometers in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017747-0001-0000", "contents": "1755 Lorbach\nIt was discovered on 8 November 1936, by French astronomer Marguerite Laugier at Nice Observatory in southeastern France, and named after Anne Lorbach Herget, wife of astronomer Paul Herget.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017747-0002-0000", "contents": "1755 Lorbach, Classification and orbit\nLorbach is a member of the Eos family (606), the largest asteroid family in the outer main belt consisting of nearly 10,000 asteroids. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.9\u20133.2\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 5 months (1,986 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.05 and an inclination of 11\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. Lorbach was first identified as A924 PA at Heidelberg Observatory in 1924. The body's observation arc, however, begins 2 days after its official discovery observation at Nice in 1936.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017747-0003-0000", "contents": "1755 Lorbach, Physical characteristics\nAccording to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Lorbach measures 24.88 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo of 0.140. It is a stony S-type asteroid on the Tholen taxonomic scheme, and has an absolute magnitude of 10.77. As of 2017, Lorbach's spectral type, rotation period and shape remain unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017747-0004-0000", "contents": "1755 Lorbach, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the maiden name of American Anne Lorbach Herget, second wife of astronomer Paul Herget, after whom the minor planet 1751 Herget is named. Anne worked as an assistant at the Cincinnati Observatory since the 1960s, key-punching MPC-data and assigning provisional designations to minor planets. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 August 1978 (M.P.C. 4419).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017748-0000-0000", "contents": "1755 in Canada, Historical documents\nIn last pre-war negotiations, British insist Lower Lakes and St. Lawrence are Anglo-French boundaries, and Six Nations lands are British", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017748-0001-0000", "contents": "1755 in Canada, Historical documents\nWith settlement of their land claims, William Johnson expects Haudenosaunee support as war with France begins in North America", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017748-0002-0000", "contents": "1755 in Canada, Historical documents\nLt . Gov. James De Lancey outlines how troops assembled in New York could attack French in region from Montreal to Fort Duquesne", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017752-0000-0000", "contents": "1755 in India, Deaths\n14 February \u2013 Raghoji I Bhonsle, Maratha King of Nagpur", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 77]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017759-0000-0000", "contents": "1755 in architecture\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by Cote d'Azur (talk | contribs) at 11:07, 4 December 2019 (\u2192\u200eBuildings and structures). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017761-0000-0000", "contents": "1755 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1755.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017761-0001-0000", "contents": "1755 in literature\nLEXICOGRAPHER. A writer of dictionaries; a harmless drudge that busies himself in tracing the original, and detailing the signification of words.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017761-0002-0000", "contents": "1755 in literature\n\u2014Self-deprecating definition by Samuel Johnson from A Dictionary of the English Language", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017762-0000-0000", "contents": "1755 in paleontology\nPaleontology, palaeontology or pal\u00e6ontology (from Greek: paleo, \"ancient\"; ontos, \"being\"; and logos, \"knowledge\") is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because mankind has encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1755.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017763-0000-0000", "contents": "1755 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017763-0001-0000", "contents": "1755 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017763-0002-0000", "contents": "1755 in poetry, Deaths\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017764-0000-0000", "contents": "1755 in science\nThe year 1755 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017765-0000-0000", "contents": "1756\n1756 (MDCCLVI) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a leap year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar, the 1756th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 756th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 56th  year of the 18th\u00a0century, and the  7th   year of the 1750s decade. As of the start of 1756, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017771-0000-0000", "contents": "1756 in Ireland\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by BHGbot (talk | contribs) at 15:45, 18 June 2020 (WP:BHGbot 6 (List 5): eponymous category first, per MOS:CATORDER; WP:GENFIXES). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017779-0000-0000", "contents": "1756 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1756.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017780-0000-0000", "contents": "1756 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017780-0001-0000", "contents": "1756 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017780-0002-0000", "contents": "1756 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017781-0000-0000", "contents": "1756 in science\nThe year 1756 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017782-0000-0000", "contents": "1756 to 1760 in sports\nEvents in world sport through the years 1756 to 1760.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 76]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017783-0000-0000", "contents": "1757\n1757 (MDCCLVII) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar, the 1757th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 757th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 57th  year of the 18th\u00a0century, and the  8th   year of the 1750s decade. As of the start of 1757, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017784-0000-0000", "contents": "1757 Hajj caravan raid\nThe 1757 Hajj caravan raid was the plunder and massacre of the Hajj caravan of 1757 on its return to Damascus from Mecca by Bedouin tribesmen. The caravan was under the protection of an Ottoman force led by the Wali (provincial governor) of Damascus, Husayn Pasha, and his deputy Musa Pasha, while the Bedouin were led by Qa'dan al-Fayez of the Bani Sakher tribe. An estimated 20,000 pilgrims were either killed or died of hunger or thirst as a result of the raid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017784-0001-0000", "contents": "1757 Hajj caravan raid\nAlthough Bedouin raids on the Hajj caravan were fairly common, the 1757 raid represented the peak of such attacks. Historian Aref Abu-Rabia called it the \"most famous\" raid against a Hajj caravan. The attack caused a crisis in the Ottoman Government. Husayn Pasha was dismissed and senior officials such as the kizlar agha (chief eunuch), Aboukouf, and the former wali of Damascus, As'ad Pasha al-Azm, were executed for their alleged negligence or involvement, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017784-0002-0000", "contents": "1757 Hajj caravan raid, Background\nPerforming the Hajj (annual Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca) is a sacred duty in Islam. During the Ottoman era (1517\u20131917), as in previous periods, Muslim pilgrims from the Levant and Anatolia would assemble in Damascus and travel together in a caravan stocked with goods and foodstuffs to Mecca under an armed guard led by the amir al-hajj (commander of the Hajj caravan). The armed guard was present mainly to protect the caravan from Bedouin assaults as it traversed various Bedouin tribes' territories in the desert.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017784-0003-0000", "contents": "1757 Hajj caravan raid, Background\nMajor looting raids against the caravan normally occurred when the tribes were experiencing economic hardships. The Bedouin would typically be paid off by the amir al-hajj through a sarr (tribute) payment in return for safe passage through their territory. The sarr money came from the tax revenues collected by the amir al-hajj from the inhabitants of Damascus Eyalet earmarked specifically for the Hajj caravan's protection and supply. Often, an amir al-hajj would pay half of the sarr to the most powerful Bedouin tribes en route to Mecca, and pay the other half on the return if the circumstances necessitated it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017784-0003-0001", "contents": "1757 Hajj caravan raid, Background\nIf the Bedouin tribes did not threaten the caravan on the return trip, the amir al-hajj would keep the remainder of the sarr payment to himself. Many times, despite payment of the sarr, the Bedouin tribes would loot the caravan regardless, though to a lesser extent. The tribes also received income from selling transport camels to pilgrims. In addition, Bedouin tribesmen were enlisted to serve as the caravan's auxiliary troops because of their familiarity with the territory and the predominantly Bedouin population that inhabited the areas along the route to Mecca. Thus, the Hajj caravan was a lucrative source of income for the tribes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 676]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017784-0004-0000", "contents": "1757 Hajj caravan raid, Background\nIn the decades prior to the 1757 raid, the predominant Bedouin tribes in the region between Damascus and the northern Hejaz were the Bani Sakher and the smaller tribes of the Bani Aqil, the Bani Kulayb and the Sardiyah. However, beginning in the early 18th century, the much larger Anizzah tribe from Najd overran the Syrian Desert, displacing the other tribes. Consequently, the Ottoman commanders leading the Hajj gradually transferred the traditional duties normally entrusted with the Bani Sakher and its allies to the Anizzah.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017784-0004-0001", "contents": "1757 Hajj caravan raid, Background\nThis deprived the former of a major income source and the religiously prestigious role of protecting the Muslim pilgrims. The Bani Sakher and the Anizzah partook in joint raids against the Hajj caravan in 1700 and 1703. The financial hardship of the Bani Sakher and the lesser tribes was exacerbated by a severe drought in 1756 and 1757.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017784-0005-0000", "contents": "1757 Hajj caravan raid, The raid\nAfter having completed his dawrah (tax collection tour) in April 1757, amir al-hajj and wali of Damascus, Husayn Pasha ibn Makki, departed with the pilgrim caravan in July, and it arrived safely in Mecca several weeks after. As the caravan set off for its return to Syria, the caravan's smaller advance guard under commander Musa Pasha was assaulted by Bani Sakher tribesmen commanded by Qa'dan al-Fayez at al-Qatranah, in central modern-day Jordan. The guard was plundered and dispersed, with soldiers fleeing south to Ma'an, southwest to Gaza, west to Jerusalem and north to the Hauran plain. Musa Pasha was personally attacked and managed to escape to the Hauran town of Daraa \"nude and barefooted\", according to historian Abbud al-Sabbagh. Musa later died of his wounds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 807]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017784-0006-0000", "contents": "1757 Hajj caravan raid, The raid\nSurviving soldiers of the advance guard arrived at Damascus to alert the authorities, who afterward dispatched a relief guard to support the main caravan, which by late September had reached the northern Hejaz town of Tabuk. The relief guard was attacked by the tribesmen at an area between al-Qatranah and Ma'an, and was not able to proceed much further than the Balqa plain. Husayn Pasha had also been alerted of the advance guard's plunder and the relief guard's dispersal, and attempted to reach out to Sheikh Qa'dan. Husayn Pasha's representatives offered Sheikh Qa'dan a bribe in exchange for safe passage to Damascus, but were rebuffed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 676]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017784-0007-0000", "contents": "1757 Hajj caravan raid, The raid\nThe caravan's provisions were running low, and Husayn Pasha departed Tabuk with the caravan in late October with knowledge that the Bani Sakher and allied tribesmen, including the smaller Sardiyah, Bani Aqil and Bani Kulayb, awaited them on the route. On the third day of Husayn Pasha's march, the Bedouin tribesmen launched their assault on the caravan between Tabuk and Dhat al-Hajj. According to historian F. E. Peters, the site of the assault was Hallat Ammar, on the Tabuk-Ma'an road at the border between modern-day Jordan and Saudi Arabia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017784-0008-0000", "contents": "1757 Hajj caravan raid, The raid\nAt the immediate outset of the raid, numerous pilgrims were killed. The Bedouin tribesmen plundered the caravan of its remaining provisions and goods and withdrew. Among the looted items was the highly decorated mahmal (litter) that represented the sovereignty of the Ottoman Sultan. Some 20,000 pilgrims were either killed by the attackers, died of their wounds, or died of hunger or thirst on the way back to Damascus. Among the dead pilgrims was one of the sisters of the Sultan himself. Husayn Pasha survived, but did not return to Damascus, fearing for his safety. The 18th-century Damascus-based chronicler Ahmed al-Budeiri recorded that pilgrims, men and women, were stripped of their clothing and left naked in the desert by the Bedouin raiders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 786]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017784-0009-0000", "contents": "1757 Hajj caravan raid, Aftermath\nThe raid shocked people across the Ottoman Empire, and the authorities in Damascus and the Ottoman capital, Istanbul. Although Bedouin raids on the Hajj caravan were fairly common, the 1757 raid represented the peak of such attacks. Historian Aref Abu-Rabia called it the \"most famous\" Bedouin raid against a Hajj caravan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017784-0010-0000", "contents": "1757 Hajj caravan raid, Aftermath\nA crisis ensued in the Ottoman Government. Sultan Osman III died on 30 October 1757 and was succeeded by Mustafa III. The latter punished a number of imperial and provincial officials he held responsible for failing to secure the caravan. Husayn Pasha was immediately dismissed as amir al-hajj and wali of Damascus and ultimately reassigned as sanjak-bey (district governor) of Gaza in 1762. Husayn Pasha submitted a complaint to the imperial authorities, alleging that the powerful Arab sheikh of the Galilee, Zahir al-Umar, incited the Bedouin tribes to launch the raid, which Zahir denied. Zahir requested an investigation into the matter and the authorities concluded that he was not involved in the raid. Moreover, Zahir curried favor with the authorities by buying the looted goods from the Bani Sakher and returning the mahmal to the Sultan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 882]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017784-0011-0000", "contents": "1757 Hajj caravan raid, Aftermath\nHusayn Pasha's imperial patron and an official with some responsibilities regarding the Hajj caravan, the kizlar agha Aboukouf, was arrested, exiled to Rhodes and executed. Aboukouf's severed head was placed outside the imperial palace in Istanbul. The official justification for his death was his appointment of Husayn Pasha and dismissal of the former wali of Damascus and amir al-hajj, As'ad Pasha al-Azm, who had successfully led the pilgrimage throughout his 14-year reign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017784-0011-0001", "contents": "1757 Hajj caravan raid, Aftermath\nHowever, As'ad Pasha was also punished due to suspicions that he collaborated with the Bedouin raiders to attack the caravan in order to discredit his successor Husayn Pasha and persuade the imperial authorities to restore him to office. According to Ahmad Hasan Joudah, As'ad Pasha was exiled to Crete, but was executed on his way there, in March 1758. His severed head was also displayed in front of the Sultan's palace.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017785-0000-0000", "contents": "1757 Porvoo\n1757 Porvoo, provisional designation 1939 FC, is a presumably stony asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 10 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 17 March 1939, by Finnish astronomer Yrj\u00f6 V\u00e4is\u00e4l\u00e4 at Turku Observatory on the coast of southwestern Finland. The asteroid was named for the Finnish city of Porvoo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017785-0001-0000", "contents": "1757 Porvoo, Orbit and classification\nPorvoo orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 2.1\u20132.6\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 7 months (1,317 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.13 and an inclination of 4\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. As no precoveries were taken, and no prior identifications were made, Porvoo's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017785-0002-0000", "contents": "1757 Porvoo, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn the early 1980s, a rotational lightcurve of Porvoo was obtained from photometric observations taken by American astronomer Richard P. Binzel using the 0.91- and 2.1-m telescopes at the University of Texas McDonald Observatory. It gave it a well-defined rotation period of 4.89 hours with a brightness variation of 0.30 magnitude (U=3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 54], "content_span": [55, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017785-0003-0000", "contents": "1757 Porvoo, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Porvoo measures 10.03 and 12.81 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo of 0.049 and 0.073, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017785-0004-0000", "contents": "1757 Porvoo, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 \u2013 contrary to the rather carbonaceous albedo given by the space-based surveys \u2013 and calculates a diameter of 6.32 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 13.36.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017785-0005-0000", "contents": "1757 Porvoo, Naming\nThis minor planet was named for Porvoo, Finnish city and municipality located on the southern coast of Finland, and east of the capital Helsinki.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017785-0006-0000", "contents": "1757 Porvoo, Naming\nPorvoo is one of the six medieval towns in Finland, and is its second oldest city after Turku, location of the discovering observatory. In 1809, at the Diet of Porvoo, the Russian czar confirmed that Finland was annexed to the Russian empire as an autonomous nation. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 August 1980 (M.P.C. 5449).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017786-0000-0000", "contents": "1757 Tampa expedition\nThe 1757 Tampa expedition was an exploration into Tampa Bay and up the Hillsborough River led by Spanish Royal Navy captain Don Francisco Maria Celi. Documents produced during the trip include the first European-drawn map of the Tampa Bay, Florida area and a log book. The journey followed more than 200 years after Spanish Explorer P\u00e1nfilo de Narv\u00e1ez landed near Tampa Bay with 400 men in 1528.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017786-0001-0000", "contents": "1757 Tampa expedition, History\nIn April 1757, Spanish explorer Don Francisco Maria Celi documented a trip into Tampa Bay and up the Hillsborough River. Celi's expedition came to Tampa Bay from Cuba. The party he led up the Hillsborough River was seeking pine trees suitable for use as masts on his ships. The expedition was for the Spanish Royal Navy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017786-0002-0000", "contents": "1757 Tampa expedition, History\nCeli reportedly erected a cross at a site he named el Pinal de la Cruz de Santa Teresa (the Pine Forest of the Cross of Saint Theresa). The site is now part of Riverhills Park in Temple Terrace, Florida. He continued upriver as far as the rapids that are now part of Hillsborough River State Park.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017786-0003-0000", "contents": "1757 Tampa expedition, History\nCeli's log book and surveying documentation of the area are the first we have of the area going back 200 years prior. He kept a survey journal and logbook of the expedition. A copy of the map made on the trip is held by the South Florida History Museum and the original is in the Museo Naval de Madrid in Spain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017786-0004-0000", "contents": "1757 Tampa expedition, Temple Terrace site\nThe area of longleaf pine, sand live oak, and cypress trees made the area suitable for turpentine manufacturing and logging until 1913. Eventually, Riverhills Park was established, and a historical marker commemorating the expedition put up along with a replica of the cross.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 42], "content_span": [43, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017787-0000-0000", "contents": "1757 caretaker ministry\nThe Kingdom of Great Britain was governed by a caretaker government in April\u2013June 1757\u2014after the King's dismissal of William Pitt led to the collapse of the Pitt\u2013Devonshire ministry amid the Seven Years' War. William Cavendish, 4th Duke of Devonshire, continued as the nominal head of government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017787-0001-0000", "contents": "1757 caretaker ministry, History\nIn 1756, King George was reluctantly compelled to accept a ministry dominated by William Pitt as Secretary of State. The nominal head of this ministry, as First Lord of the Treasury, was the Duke of Devonshire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017787-0002-0000", "contents": "1757 caretaker ministry, History\nOn 6 April 1757, following Pitt's opposition to the execution of Admiral John Byng, the King (who distrusted Pitt) dismissed him and his brother-in-law Lord Temple, who had been First Lord of the Admiralty. The result of these events was to demonstrate beyond doubt that the \"Great Commoner\" (as Pitt was familiarly known) was indispensable to the formation of a ministry strong enough to prosecute a major war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017787-0003-0000", "contents": "1757 caretaker ministry, History\nDevonshire was left to lead a ministry that was manifestly far too weak to survive long\u2014particularly in wartime. One of the major problems was that it included no figure capable of taking the lead in the House of Commons. The ministry also lacked the support of the most significant factions in the Commons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017787-0004-0000", "contents": "1757 caretaker ministry, History\nDevonshire recognised that it was necessary to reconcile Pitt and his old political foe Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle, who led the strongest Whig faction in Parliament, but whose exclusion Pitt had insisted from the 1756\u201357 ministry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017787-0005-0000", "contents": "1757 caretaker ministry, History\nThe King (after discussions with Devonshire and Newcastle in May) authorised Philip Yorke, 1st Earl of Hardwicke, to be his emissary to negotiate for a new ministry. Hardwick pleaded with Pitt to work with Newcastle in heading \"a complete, strong, and well-cemented\" government, as opposed to \"a mutilated, enfeebled, half-formed system\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017787-0006-0000", "contents": "1757 caretaker ministry, History\nThe needs of the country and the lack of an obvious alternative led to the reappointment of Pitt as Secretary of State (with Newcastle as First Lord of the Treasury) on 27 June, forming the Pitt\u2013Newcastle ministry. Devonshire resigned the office of First Lord to take up the less demanding responsibilities of Lord Chamberlain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017802-0000-0000", "contents": "1757 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1757.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017804-0000-0000", "contents": "1757 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017804-0001-0000", "contents": "1757 in poetry, Births\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017804-0002-0000", "contents": "1757 in poetry, Deaths\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017805-0000-0000", "contents": "1757 in science\nThe year 1757 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017806-0000-0000", "contents": "1757 raid on Berlin\nThe 1757 raid on Berlin  took place during the Third Silesian War (part of the Seven Years' War). Cavalrymen of the Holy Roman Empire attacked and briefly occupied Berlin, the capital of Prussia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017806-0001-0000", "contents": "1757 raid on Berlin, Background\nAfter the War of the Austrian Succession, traditional European alliances fell apart and were replaced by an Anglo-Prussian pact and a Franco-Austrian alliance. Known as the Diplomatic Revolution, these events caused the Seven Years' War. Frederick II, King of Prussia and bitter rival of the Holy Roman Empress Maria Theresa of Austria, invaded Silesia in 1756 but suffered his first defeat at Kolin on June 18. In the aftermath of the battle, however, Frederick neglected to protect the approach to his capital, Berlin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017806-0002-0000", "contents": "1757 raid on Berlin, Battle\nAustrian commanders noticed this flaw, and Prince Charles of Lorraine, commander of Austrian troops facing Frederick's main army, dispatched Hungarian cavalry officer Count Andr\u00e1s Hadik and a force of about 5,100 men, mostly Hungarian hussars, to capture the city. However, to guard his main base at Elsterwerda, Hadik left behind enough troops that his raiding party was outnumbered by the unsuspecting Berlin garrison.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 27], "content_span": [28, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017806-0003-0000", "contents": "1757 raid on Berlin, Battle\nOn 16 October Hadik and his raiding force arrived outside of Berlin. Although the Prussian defenders were surprised, they refused Hadik's surrender demands. Hadik promptly attacked the city gates, entering the city. The city's military governor, General Rotzow, believed that his forces were outnumbered and spirited the Royal Family to Spandau, while Hadik demanded that the city council pay a ransom of 200,000 thalers and a dozen pairs of gloves for the Empress. The ransom was paid, but Hadik left the city hurriedly when he realized that a significant Prussian force under the Prince of Anhalt-Dessau was marching toward Berlin in an attempt to intercept him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 27], "content_span": [28, 692]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017807-0000-0000", "contents": "1758\n1758 (MDCCLVIII) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar, the 1758th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 758th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 58th  year of the 18th\u00a0century, and the  9th   year of the 1750s decade. As of the start of 1758, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017822-0000-0000", "contents": "1758 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1758.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017823-0000-0000", "contents": "1758 in paleontology\nPaleontology, palaeontology or pal\u00e6ontology (from Greek: paleo, \"ancient\"; ontos, \"being\"; and logos, \"knowledge\") is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because mankind has encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1758.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017824-0000-0000", "contents": "1758 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017824-0001-0000", "contents": "1758 in poetry, Oliver Goldsmith's \"poetical scale\"\nIn the January 1758 edition of the Literary Magazine, an anonymous writer widely believed to be English poet and author Oliver Goldsmith presented a table comparing 29 English poets, rating them on a scale in each of four aspects of literary greatness. A score of 20 was literary perfection. Some of his estimations:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 51], "content_span": [52, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017824-0002-0000", "contents": "1758 in poetry, Oliver Goldsmith's \"poetical scale\"\nSome other poets Goldsmith placed on the scale: Michael Drayton, Lee, Aaron Hill, Nicholas Rowe, Garth, Southern and Hughes. John Donne was not listed, because, wrote Goldsmith, \"Dr Donne was a man of wit, but he seems to have been at pains not to pass for a poet.\" (See also Mark Akenside's \"Balance of Poets\" of 1746.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 51], "content_span": [52, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017824-0003-0000", "contents": "1758 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017824-0004-0000", "contents": "1758 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017825-0000-0000", "contents": "1758 in science\nThe year 1758 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017826-0000-0000", "contents": "1758 papal conclave\nThe 1758 papal conclave (May 15 \u2013 July 6), convoked after the death of Pope Benedict XIV, elected Cardinal Carlo Rezzonico of Venice, who took the name Clement XIII.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017826-0001-0000", "contents": "1758 papal conclave, The conclave, Divisions among cardinals\nCollege of Cardinals was divided into several factions, which initially formed two blocs:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 60], "content_span": [61, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017826-0002-0000", "contents": "1758 papal conclave, The conclave, Divisions among cardinals\nMany cardinals created by Benedict XIV (called \"Juniors\") did not belong to any faction, but majority of them aligned themselves with \"Union of Crowns\", particularly with Spanish protector Portocarrero.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 60], "content_span": [61, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017826-0003-0000", "contents": "1758 papal conclave, The conclave, Divisions among cardinals\nDuring the conclave, however, these two groups mixed with each other. Near the end of the conclave, on the one side there was the Imperial faction together with Zelanti, and on the other side Anziani, together with the Bourbon faction (defending the interests of the Bourbon crowns).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 60], "content_span": [61, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017826-0004-0000", "contents": "1758 papal conclave, The conclave, Divisions among cardinals\nBecause of the absence of the political representatives of the main Catholic courts the ambassadors of France and the Empire asked the electors for delay voting until their arrival. This demand was rejected before the conclave began.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 60], "content_span": [61, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017826-0005-0000", "contents": "1758 papal conclave, The conclave, The beginning and the early candidates\nOnly twenty-seven cardinals entered the conclave on May 15. Eighteen more cardinals arrived in Rome by June 29. Meantime, however, Cardinal Bardi had to leave the conclave due to illness.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 73], "content_span": [74, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017826-0006-0000", "contents": "1758 papal conclave, The conclave, The beginning and the early candidates\nNo serious candidates were proposed in the early ballots. In the first scrutiny on May 16 the greatest number of votes (eight in the ballot and three more in the accessus) were received Dean of the College of Cardinals Rainiero d'Elci, who was 88 years old. It does not mean, however, that no efforts to obtain the support for the candidates were made by the leaders present in the conclave. In particular Corsini worked vigorously for the election of Giuseppe Spinelli, leader of the Zelanti, but met with the strong opposition of Orsini, Cardinal Protector of the Kingdom of Naples. The protector of Spain, Portocarrero, also rejected Spinelli, and was able to join many of the \"Juniors\" to his party. Finally, the candidature of Spinelli had to be withdrawn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 73], "content_span": [74, 835]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017826-0007-0000", "contents": "1758 papal conclave, The conclave, The beginning and the early candidates\nThe first candidate with serious chances for election was Alberico Archinto, Secretary of State and Vice-Chancellor of the deceased pope. He had a strong support both among Zelanti and some of the \"Crown-Cardinals\", but the faction of Corsini did not agree to support him and produced as counter-candidate Marcello Crescenzi. Eventually, as had occurred many times before and later, the candidatures of Archinto and Crescenzi eliminated each other.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 73], "content_span": [74, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017826-0008-0000", "contents": "1758 papal conclave, The conclave, The arrival of the French cardinals and their exclusion against Cavalchini\nGradually, the representatives of royal courts arrived in Rome with instructions from their monarchs. On June 4 entered Cardinal Luynes with the instructions of Louis XV of France. Five days later he officially announced the nomination of Cardinal Prospero Colonna di Sciarra to the post of Protector of France. But the Imperial Cardinal von Rodt was still awaited.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 109], "content_span": [110, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017826-0009-0000", "contents": "1758 papal conclave, The conclave, The arrival of the French cardinals and their exclusion against Cavalchini\nDuring the next days the new candidate Carlo Alberto Guidobono Cavalchini,   received still more votes, promoted by Corsini and Portocarrero working together. On June 19 he obtained twenty-one votes, on June 21 twenty-six, and in the evening of June 22 as many as twenty-eight out of forty-three, which meant that he was only one vote short of being elected. But after that ballot Cardinal Luynes informed the Dean of the Sacred College Rainiero d\u2019Elci of the official veto of the King of France against Cavalchini.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 109], "content_span": [110, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017826-0009-0001", "contents": "1758 papal conclave, The conclave, The arrival of the French cardinals and their exclusion against Cavalchini\nFrance opposed Cavalchini because of his support of the beatification of Robert Bellarmine and in the matters connected with the anti-Jansenist bull Unigenitus. The exclusion met with strong protests, but Cavalchini himself said, \"It is a manifest proof that God deems me unworthy to fill the functions of his vicar upon earth\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 109], "content_span": [110, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017826-0010-0000", "contents": "1758 papal conclave, The conclave, The arrival of the French cardinals and their exclusion against Cavalchini\nAfter the collapse of Cavalchini's candidacy, Portocarrero advanced as a new candidate Paolucci, but he was rejected by French, who \u2013 together with the faction of Corsini, voted again for Crescenzi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 109], "content_span": [110, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017826-0011-0000", "contents": "1758 papal conclave, The conclave, The arrival of Cardinal von Rodt\nThe arrival of Cardinal von Rodt on June 29 with the instructions of the Imperial Court was the turning point of the conclave. He initially tried to achieve an agreement with the French, but having failed, he turned toward the Zelanti faction. Direct negotiations between von Rodt and Spinelli resulted in the proposal for election of the Venetian Cardinal Carlo Rezzonico, bishop of Padua. On July 6 in the morning the bishop of Padua received eight votes in the ballot and four additional in the accessus. Portocarrero, Albani and the French cardinals initially opposed, but finally agreed for him. After the consultations of French Cardinals with ambassador Laon it became clear that Rezzonico would be elected to the Papacy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 67], "content_span": [68, 796]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017826-0012-0000", "contents": "1758 papal conclave, The election of Pope Clement XIII\nOn July 6 in the evening Carlo Rezzonico was elected Pope, receiving thirty-one votes out of forty-four, one more than the required majority of two-thirds. The remaining thirteen (including his own) fell to Cardinal Dean Rainiero d'Elci. Rezzonico accepted his election and took the name of Clement XIII, in honour of Pope Clement XII, who had elevated him to the cardinalate in 1737. He was crowned on July 16 in the loggia of the patriarchal Vatican Basilica by protodeacon Alessandro Albani.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 54], "content_span": [55, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017826-0013-0000", "contents": "1758 papal conclave, List of participants\nPope Benedict XIV died on May 3, 1758. Forty-five out of fifty-five Cardinals participated in the subsequent conclave. Only forty-four, however, voted in the final ballot, because Cardinal Bardi left the conclave because of illness on June 24:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 41], "content_span": [42, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017826-0014-0000", "contents": "1758 papal conclave, List of participants\nThirty five electors were created by Benedict XIV, eight by Clement XII, one by Benedict XIII (Borghese) and Innocent XIII (A. Albani).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 41], "content_span": [42, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017826-0015-0000", "contents": "1758 papal conclave, Absentees\nAll the absentees were creatures of Benedict XIV, except d'Alsace, who was created by Clement XI, and Lamberg, who was appointed by Clement XII.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017827-0000-0000", "contents": "1759\n1759 (MDCCLIX) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar, the 1759th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 759th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 59th  year of the 18th\u00a0century, and the  10th  and last year of the 1750s decade. As of the start of 1759, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017827-0001-0000", "contents": "1759\nIn Great Britain, this year was known as the Annus Mirabilis, because of British victories in the Seven Years' War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017828-0000-0000", "contents": "1759 Kienle\n1759 Kienle, provisional designation 1942 RF, is a stony background asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 7 kilometers (4.3 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 11 September 1942, by astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg-K\u00f6nigstuhl State Observatory in southwest Germany. The S-type asteroid has a longer-than average rotation period of 29.3 hours. It was named for German astrophysicist Hans Kienle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017828-0001-0000", "contents": "1759 Kienle, Orbit and classification\nKienle is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the central asteroid belt at a distance of 1.8\u20133.5\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 4 months (1,577 days; semi-major axis of 2.65\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.31 and an inclination of 5\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at with its official discovery observation during the height of World War II on September 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017828-0002-0000", "contents": "1759 Kienle, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after German astrophysicist Hans Kienle (1895\u20131975), known for his work on spectrophotometry and director of several German observatories, including the discovering Heidelberg Observatory (1950\u20131962). Kienle was also president of IAU Commission 36 during the 1950s. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 18 April 1977 (M.P.C. 4155).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017828-0003-0000", "contents": "1759 Kienle, Physical characteristics\nIn both the Tholen- and SMASS-like taxonomy of the Small Solar System Objects Spectroscopic Survey (S3OS2), Kienle is a stony S-type asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017828-0004-0000", "contents": "1759 Kienle, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nDuring the early 1980s, a rotational lightcurve of Kienle was obtained from photometric observations by American astronomer Richard Binzel using the 0.91- and 2.1-meter telescopes at the University of Texas McDonald Observatory. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 29.25 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.30 magnitude (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 54], "content_span": [55, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017828-0005-0000", "contents": "1759 Kienle, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Kienle measures between 6.9 and 7.3 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.18 and 0.20. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.10 \u2013 a compromise figures between the stony inner- and carbonaceous outer-belt asteroids \u2013 and consequently calculates a larger diameter of 9.85 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 13.15.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017832-0000-0000", "contents": "1759 in Great Britain\nEvents from the year 1759 in Great Britain. This year was dubbed an \"Annus Mirabilis\" due to a succession of military victories in the Seven Years' War against French-led opponents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017838-0000-0000", "contents": "1759 in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the year 1759 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017839-0000-0000", "contents": "1759 in architecture\nThe year 1759 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017841-0000-0000", "contents": "1759 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1759.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017842-0000-0000", "contents": "1759 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017842-0001-0000", "contents": "1759 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017842-0002-0000", "contents": "1759 in poetry, Deaths\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017843-0000-0000", "contents": "1759 in science\nThe year 1759 in science and technology involved several significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 92]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017844-0000-0000", "contents": "175R\n175R (\uff11\uff17\uff15\uff32, Inago Raid\u0101, \"Inago Rider\") is a Japanese ska punk band from Kitaky\u016bsh\u016b, Fukuoka Prefecture.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017844-0001-0000", "contents": "175R\nDebuting in 2001, 175R has released seven singles, seven albums and four DVDs. The band's members include Shogo on Vocals, Kazya on guitar, Isakick on bass and Yoshiaki on drums. The band shared their second single with the band Shaka Labbits. The name 175R means \"Inago Rider,\" which is derived from the goroawase of \"175\" plus \"R\" for \"rider.\" Inago (\u8757) means grasshopper in Japanese, as a reference to the popular Kamen Rider Series of tokusatsu television programs. In 2007, the group's single \"Yume de Aeta Nara...\" was featured as the ending theme for the film Kamen Rider Den-O: I'm Born!.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017844-0002-0000", "contents": "175R\nAnother one of their songs, Melody, was used featured in a music-related video game for the Nintendo DS called Osu! Tatakae! Ouendan. Unlike the other songs included in the game, Ouendan made use of an actual (albeit edited) 175R recording, instead of a cover version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017845-0000-0000", "contents": "175th (2/3rd London) Brigade\nThe 175th (2/3rd London) Brigade was an infantry brigade formation of the Territorial Force of the British Army. The brigade was formed as a 2nd Line of the 169th (1/3rd London) Brigade and was assigned to the 58th (2/1st London) Division, itself formed as a 2nd Line of 56th (1/1st London) Division, and served on the Western Front during the First World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017846-0000-0000", "contents": "175th (Medicine Hat) Battalion, CEF\nThe 175th Battalion, CEF, was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017846-0001-0000", "contents": "175th (Medicine Hat) Battalion, CEF\nBased in Medicine Hat, Alberta, the unit began recruiting during the winter of 1915/16 in the Medicine Hat district. After sailing to England in October 1916, the battalion was absorbed into the 21st Reserve Battalion on January 10, 1917. The 175th Battalion, CEF, had one officer commanding: Lieutenant-Colonel Nelson Spencer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017846-0002-0000", "contents": "175th (Medicine Hat) Battalion, CEF\nIn 1929, the battalion was awarded the theatre of war honour The Great War, 1916\u201317.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017846-0003-0000", "contents": "175th (Medicine Hat) Battalion, CEF\nPerpetuation of the 175th Battalion was assigned to the Alberta Regiment in 1920. When this regiment split in two in 1924, the South Alberta Regiment carried the perpetuation. The South Alberta Regiment merged into the South Alberta Light Horse (29th Armoured Regiment) in 1954, and this regiment (now simply the South Alberta Light Horse) carries on the perpetuation of the 175th Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017847-0000-0000", "contents": "175th Fighter Squadron\nThe 175th Fighter Squadron is a unit of the South Dakota Air National Guard 's 114th Operations Group stationed at Joe Foss Field Air National Guard Station, Sioux Falls, South Dakota. The 175th is equipped with the F-16C/D Fighting Falcon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017847-0001-0000", "contents": "175th Fighter Squadron, History, World War II\nThe squadron was first activated as the 387th Fighter Squadron, one of the original squadrons of the 365th Fighter Group at Richmond Army Air Base on 15 May 1943. The squadron trained with Republic P-47 Thunderbolts. The unit moved to RAF Gosfield, England in December 1943, where it became part of IX Fighter Command. The squadron's first mission, flown on 22 February, was a bomber support sweep of short duration over enemy-held territory. Early missions were flown in support of Eighth Air Force Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress and Consolidated B-24 Liberator bomber operations. Later, the 387th flew dive-bombing missions to attack such targets as bridges, aerodromes, rail facilities, gun positions, and V-weapon sites prior to the Operation Overlord, the landings at Normandy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 825]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017847-0002-0000", "contents": "175th Fighter Squadron, History, World War II\nThe 387th began its move to the Continent, taking up residence at Azeville Airfield, France on 27 June 1944 to provide tactical air for the United States First Army. On the Continent, the squadron moved rapidly from one airfield to another, eventually winding up at Fritzlar Airfield, Germany on V-E Day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017847-0003-0000", "contents": "175th Fighter Squadron, History, World War II\nAfter the end of hostilities, the 387th Fighter Squadron took part in the disarmament program until June, then returned to the United States in September 1945, and was inactivated at Camp Myles Standish, Massachusetts on 22 September 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017847-0004-0000", "contents": "175th Fighter Squadron, History, South Dakota Air National Guard\nOn 24 May 1946, the United States Army Air Forces, in response to dramatic postwar military budget cuts imposed by President Harry S. Truman, allocated inactive unit designations to the National Guard Bureau for the formation of an Air Force National Guard. These unit designations were allotted and transferred to various State National Guard bureaus to provide them unit designations to re-establish them as Air National Guard units. The wartime 387th Fighter Squadron was redesignated as the 175th Fighter Squadron and allotted to the National Guard on 24 May 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 64], "content_span": [65, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017847-0005-0000", "contents": "175th Fighter Squadron, History, South Dakota Air National Guard\nThe War Department authorized the establishment of Air National Guard Squadrons, Groups and Wings in 48 States. The formation of a South Dakota \u2013 Iowa Air National Guard and assignment of Col. Frederick Gray Jr., who was a veteran fighter pilot having served with the Eighth Air Force and The RAF, as group instructor for both units, was announced by Brigadier General Charles H. Grahl, Iowa Adjutant General, at Des Moines, Iowa on 26 June 1946. Squadrons of the Air Force, each with 34 planes of various types, were located in Sioux Falls, at Sioux City and Des Moines, Iowa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 64], "content_span": [65, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017847-0005-0001", "contents": "175th Fighter Squadron, History, South Dakota Air National Guard\nAir Guardsmen under Col. Gray were trained to throw 102 planes into battle within 12 days. Lt . Col . Ted Arndt assistant to the Adjutant General surveyed local air field facilities, making note of buildings and installations to be needed by the new Air Force. The South Dakota Air National Guard 175th Fighter Squadron, with Thirteen officers, was approved by Col. E.A. Beckwith, Adjutant General, Rapid City, South Dakota on 20 September 1946. The 175th Fighter Squadron was assigned to the 132d Fighter Wing, Des Moines, Iowa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 64], "content_span": [65, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017847-0005-0002", "contents": "175th Fighter Squadron, History, South Dakota Air National Guard\nThe unit was equipped with the F-51D Mustang, and several types of support aircraft. 18 September 1947, however, is considered the South Dakota Air National Guard's official birth concurrent with the establishment of the United States Air Force as a separate branch of the United States military under the National Security Act.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 64], "content_span": [65, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017847-0006-0000", "contents": "175th Fighter Squadron, History, South Dakota Air National Guard\nAfter the 175th Fighter Squadron was organized and was extended federal recognition on 20 September 1946. The squadron was equipped with North American F-51D Mustangs and was assigned to several fighter groups in sequence, finally to the 133d Fighter Group of the Minnesota Air National Guard, although the squadron remained under the jurisdiction of the South Dakota Military Department. The mission of the 175th Fighter Squadron was to train for air defense.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 64], "content_span": [65, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017847-0007-0000", "contents": "175th Fighter Squadron, History, South Dakota Air National Guard, Air Defense\nOn 2 March 1951 the 175th was federalized and brought to active duty due to the Korean War. It became the 175th Fighter-Intercepotr Squadron and remained assigned to the 133d Fighter-Interceptor Group but now was part of Air Defense Command (ADC). In August it moved to Rapid City Air Force Base, South Dakota. Its mission was air defense of the area, particularly of the Convair B-36 Peacemaker bombers of the 28th Bombardment Wing stationed there.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 77], "content_span": [78, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017847-0007-0001", "contents": "175th Fighter Squadron, History, South Dakota Air National Guard, Air Defense\nIn a major reorganization of ADC responding to its difficulty under the existing wing base organizational structure in deploying fighter squadrons to best advantage, ADC replaced its groups and wings with regional organizations. The 133d Group was inactivated and the squadron was reassigned to the 31st Air Division on 6 February 1952. It was released from active duty on 1 December 1952 and its mission, personnel and aircraft were assumed by the 54th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron, which was activated the same day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 77], "content_span": [78, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017847-0008-0000", "contents": "175th Fighter Squadron, History, South Dakota Air National Guard, Air Defense\nThe squadron returned to the control of the State of South Dakota on 1 December 1952 and was activated at Sioux Falls the same day. In September 1953 the squadron began to keep two of its F-51D Mustangs on alert status 14 hours a day. On 1 November 1954, the 175th began the transition from the piston engine, propeller driven, F-51D to its first jet aircraft, the Lockheed F-94A Starfire interceptor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 77], "content_span": [78, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017847-0009-0000", "contents": "175th Fighter Squadron, History, South Dakota Air National Guard, Air Defense\nOn 16 April 1956, the 175th was reorganized on the model used by its gaining command, ADC, and the 114th Fighter-Interceptor Group was established. The 175th FIS became the group's flying squadron. Support units assigned to the group were the 114th Material Squadron, 114th Air Base Squadron and the 114th USAF Dispensary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 77], "content_span": [78, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017847-0010-0000", "contents": "175th Fighter Squadron, History, South Dakota Air National Guard, Air Defense\nDuring the 1950s and 1960s, unit aircraft were upgraded by ADC as newer interceptors became available to the Air National Guard. Northrop F-89 Scorpions were received in 1958 and Convair F-102A Delta Dagger supersonic aircraft in 1960.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 77], "content_span": [78, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017847-0011-0000", "contents": "175th Fighter Squadron, History, South Dakota Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command\nIn 1970 ADC was reducing its interceptor force, as the chances of a bomber attack by the Soviet Union seemed remote in the age of Intercontinental ballistic missiles. The squadron was redesignated the 175th Tactical Fighter Squadron on 23 May 1970 when the gaining command for the 114th Group became Tactical Air Command (TAC). The 175th began receiving North American F-100 Super Sabre fighters that were being withdrawn from service in the Vietnam War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 86], "content_span": [87, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017847-0012-0000", "contents": "175th Fighter Squadron, History, South Dakota Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command\nNews was received in March 1976 that the unit's F-100D aircraft would be replaced by LTV A-7D Corsair II jets. The last Super Sabres left Joe Foss Field in June 1977. In 1979, the unit began a 12-year era of participation in Operation Coronet Cove at Howard Air Force Base providing for defense of the Panama Canal. Both aircrew and support personnel deployed to Howard in the summer of 1979 during the Nicaraguan crisis. The unit was awarded an Armed Forces Expeditionary Streamer for combat duty as a part of Operation Just Cause, the operation to replace Manuel Noriega with a democratic government in Panama during 1989\u20131990.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 86], "content_span": [87, 716]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017847-0013-0000", "contents": "175th Fighter Squadron, History, South Dakota Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command\nTAC retiring the A-7D in the late 1980s, and National Guard units flying the Corsair II transitioned from the A-7 to the General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon. The first F-16 for the 175th Squadron arrived on 14 August 1991. In June 1993 the squadron deployed eight aircraft to Brustem Air Base, Belgium in Operation Coronet Dart, supporting the European exercise Central Enterprise 1993.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 86], "content_span": [87, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017847-0014-0000", "contents": "175th Fighter Squadron, History, South Dakota Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command\nIn December 1993 the squadron deployed again, this time for their first combat deployment with the F-16. Stationed at Incirlik Air Base, Turkey, the squadron flew missions over Northern Iraq to guard the no-fly zone to protect Kurdish refugees. Combat air patrol missions were flown over the northern \"No Fly Zone\" of Iraq from December 1993 to January 1994.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 86], "content_span": [87, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017847-0015-0000", "contents": "175th Fighter Squadron, History, South Dakota Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command\nThe 114th Fighter Group was redesignated the 114th Fighter Wing in October 1995 when the National Guard adopted the Objective Wing organization of the regular Air Force, and the squadron was assigned to the 114th's new 114th Operations Group. The unit subsequently supported Operation Northern Watch, based out of Turkey in 1995 and 2002, and Operation Southern Watch flying from Kuwait in 1998 and Saudi Arabia in 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 86], "content_span": [87, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017847-0016-0000", "contents": "175th Fighter Squadron, History, South Dakota Air National Guard, Global War on Terrorism\nA new chapter was opened in the history of the Air National Guard with the terrorist attacks on America on 11 September 2001. In addition to the unit's ongoing tasking as part of the Air Expeditionary Force, unit members were activated to support Operation Noble Eagle, the activation of reservists to provide security within the United States and Operation Enduring Freedom, the Global War on Terrorism. Deployments during the 2000s included three to Balad Air Base, Iraq (October to December 2006; June to September 2008 and January to April 2010).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 89], "content_span": [90, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017847-0017-0000", "contents": "175th Fighter Squadron, History, South Dakota Air National Guard, Global War on Terrorism\nOn 25 October 2005 an F-16 of the unit was attempting to take fuel from a McDonnell Douglas KC-10 Extender. The boom operator's accidental oscillation of the refueling boom caused damage to both aircraft. Both were able to land safely, but one jet suffered more than $930,000 of damage. During 2007 the squadron was the recipient of the National Guard Bureau's Winston P. Wilson Trophy. The trophy goes to the most outstanding Air National Guard unit and is awarded annually. Three years later the squadron would win the trophy again in 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 89], "content_span": [90, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017847-0018-0000", "contents": "175th Fighter Squadron, History, South Dakota Air National Guard, Global War on Terrorism\nThe 2005 Base Realignment and Closure Commission recommended that the 175th Fighter Squadron retire its older block 30 F-16s and upgrade to the block 40. The first F-16C block 30 to depart was 'Cujo' on 7 May 2010 for storage with the 309th Aerospace Maintenance and Regeneration Group. Over the next five months the 175th received Block 40 \"Vipers\" from all three squadrons of the 388th Fighter Wing at Hill Air Force Base, but predominantly from the inactivating 34th Fighter Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 89], "content_span": [90, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017847-0019-0000", "contents": "175th Fighter Squadron, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 48], "content_span": [49, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017848-0000-0000", "contents": "175th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery\n175th Heavy Anti- Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery (175th HAA Rgt) was an air defence unit of the British Army formed during World War II. It served in defence of the vital naval and air base at Gibraltar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017848-0001-0000", "contents": "175th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Origin\n175th HAA Regiment was formed in October 1942 by taking an experienced battery from each of three existing Heavy Anti- Aircraft (HAA) regiments of Anti- Aircraft Command:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 59], "content_span": [60, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017848-0002-0000", "contents": "175th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Training\nThe new Regimental Headquarters (RHQ) was formed at Clifton, Bristol, on 3 October 1942 and attached to 46 AA Bde, but in early November its three batteries were still scattered around the country: 375 HAA Bty attached to 60 AA Bde in South West England, 386 to 1 AA Group in London and 441 still with 55 AA Bde. In December the regiment with its batteries now concentrated was transferred to 63 AA Bde in Scotland, where AA Command units were often sent for training. In April 1943 the regiment left AA Command and came under War Office control, preparatory to proceeding overseas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 61], "content_span": [62, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017848-0003-0000", "contents": "175th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Gibraltar\nOn 23 May 1943, 175th HAA Rgt, with 375, 386 and 441 HAA Btys, arrived in Gibraltar from the United Kingdom to relieve 82nd (Essex) HAA Rgt. It came under the command of 15 AA Bde, and 228 (Edinburgh) HAA Bty from the recently disbanded 13th HAA Rgt was attached to it from 27 May. On 25 August 228 HAA Bty left Gibraltar and was relieved by 596 HAA Bty transferred from 177th HAA Rgt in the UK.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 62], "content_span": [63, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017848-0004-0000", "contents": "175th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Gibraltar\nThe vital naval base and airfield on Gibraltar had been overflown and sometimes attacked by Vichy French, Italian and German aircraft during 1940\u201342, and the AA defences had reached peak strength in early 1943. Ironically, after 175th HAA Rgt arrived there were only two or three reconnaissance overflights during 1943. By the end of the year, with Italy out of the war and the German forces in Italy in retreat, it was clear that the Axis powers could no longer mount an effective air strike against Gibraltar. A reduction in the AA defences began in order to release men urgently needed elsewhere.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 62], "content_span": [63, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017848-0005-0000", "contents": "175th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Gibraltar\nIn February 1944 the rundown started with the disbandment of 15 AA Bde HQ, overall command of the AA defences passing to the fortress's HQ Royal Artillery. On 7 March RHQ of 175th HAA Rgt took over operational control of 451 LAA Bty from 141st Light AA Rgt which was being withdrawn, together with 1 RDF Bty (radar), 1 AA 'Z' Troop (Z Battery rocket launchers) and 142 Gun Operations Room. Then on 20 August 596 HAA Bty and 1 AA 'Z' Trp left Gibraltar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 62], "content_span": [63, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017848-0005-0001", "contents": "175th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Gibraltar\nBy September there were only 16 operational HAA guns in the fortress, the remainder being in a state of care and maintenance only. Finally, on 26 October, 441 HAA and 451 LAA Btys were disbanded as the men were sent back to the UK, and 1 Radar Bty became independent; there were no other changes to the end of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 62], "content_span": [63, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017848-0006-0000", "contents": "175th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Postwar\nIn the postwar reorganisation of the Royal Artillery, RHQ of 175th HAA Rgt was redesignated 113 HAA Rgt (replacing the disbanded 113th HAA Rgt) on 1 April 1947, with 375 HAA, 386 HAA and 441 (now LAA) Btys becoming 328, 329 and 330 HAA Btys. But on 1 May 1947 the regiment was disbanded, retroactive to 1 April 1947.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 60], "content_span": [61, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017849-0000-0000", "contents": "175th Infantry Regiment (United States)\nThe 175th Infantry Regiment (\"Fifth Maryland\") is an infantry regiment of the Maryland Army National Guard. It is one of several National Guard units with colonial roots and campaign credit for the War of 1812.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017849-0001-0000", "contents": "175th Infantry Regiment (United States), History\nMordecai Gist, a young Baltimore merchant, organized a militia company on 3 December 1774. This company was the nucleus of Baltimore's Fifth Regiment which\u2014expanded, modified, and undergoing occasional changes in designation\u2014has enjoyed an uninterrupted history down to the present 175th Infantry (Fifth Maryland), Maryland Army National Guard. The unit is the seventh oldest regiment in the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017849-0002-0000", "contents": "175th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Revolutionary War\nBy 1774 the people of Maryland had become thoroughly aroused over the troubles around Boston, especially the blockading of the port as the consequence of the \"Boston Tea Party.\" Their reaction to the British actions in October 1774 was to burn tea, and the brig Peggy Stewart in which the tea had arrived, during daylight in Annapolis Harbor. Hostilities having begun, an assembly of delegates from the various counties met in Annapolis in November to discuss measures for armed resistance and to adopt resolutions for defense.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 67], "content_span": [68, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017849-0003-0000", "contents": "175th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Revolutionary War\nIn this tense atmosphere, Mordecai Gist of Baltimore organized a company of militia, which assumed the title \"The Baltimore Independent Cadets.\" On 3 December 1774, 58 young men of the town signed an agreement to \"form ourselves into a body or company in order to learn the military discipline,\" and each agreed to provide himself with a uniform consisting of \"a coat turnd up with Buff, and trimd with Yellow Mettal, or Gold Buttons, White Stockings & black Cloth half Boots,\" and to equip himself with arms and ammunition. And so was organized the first uniformed military company in Maryland,  the parent from which the Fifth Regiment sprung in the early days of the war just two years later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 67], "content_span": [68, 763]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017849-0004-0000", "contents": "175th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Revolutionary War\nThe battles of Lexington, Concord, and Bunker Hill were fought in Massachusetts during the spring of 1775. On 1 January 1776, the Maryland Assembly voted to organize and send its first regiment of soldiers to the Continental Army. This consisted of nine companies, the eighth of which was Gist's \"Independent Cadets.\" Gist became Major in the new regiment and the command of the company passed to Samuel Smith, later to become major general, Mayor of Baltimore, and United States Senator from Maryland. Thus organized, Smallwood's Regiment, so-called after its commander Colonel William Smallwood, left on 10 July 1776 to join General Washington's army. It marched to Philadelphia, and from there was promptly dispatched by John Hancock, President of the Congress, to the \"Flying Camp\" of the army before New York.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 67], "content_span": [68, 882]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017849-0005-0000", "contents": "175th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Revolutionary War\nOn 27 August 1776 the Continentals fought a large British Army force. Smallwood's men, led by Major Gist, lost nearly half of their number at the Battle of Long Island in an attempt to halt the British advance. The British, under General Howe, flanked the American positions, and General Washington ordered a withdrawal to the mainland. In order to allow the army to escape capture, Smallwood's men were ordered to attack the British forces and hold them long enough to give the American army time to withdraw across Long Island Sound.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 67], "content_span": [68, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017849-0006-0000", "contents": "175th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Revolutionary War\nDuring the following weeks, the regiment fought at Harlem Heights, Fort Washington, and White Plains. Several times during these engagements the Marylanders performed missions at the particular direction of General Washington. At this time, on 1 December 1776, enlistments, which the Congress had authorized only to that date, expired throughout the army. Although practically all of the Maryland troops re-enlisted, the losses from the battles around New York, combined with the expired enlistments, made necessary a reorganization of the army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 67], "content_span": [68, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017849-0006-0001", "contents": "175th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Revolutionary War\nIn doing so, General Washington organized all of the Maryland troops into seven regiments of the line in the Maryland Brigade, which collectively became known as the \"Maryland Line.\" Smallwood's regiment was too depleted in numbers to form a regiment to itself but it gave many men and officers, including one of the subsequent wartime commanders, to the Fifth Regiment of the Line, and on 10 December 1776, Colonel William Richardson assumed command of the new regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 67], "content_span": [68, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017849-0007-0000", "contents": "175th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Revolutionary War\nAccording to the historian James McSherry, writing of the Maryland Line during the Revolutionary War, \"No troops in the continental army had rendered better service, endured more fatigue, or won greater glory than the Maryland Line. In proportion to their number, no body of men suffered more severely. They were the first to use the bayonet against the experienced regulars of the enemy, and that in their earliest battle -- and throughout the succeeding struggles of the war, they were most often called on to lead with that bloody weapon into the ranks of the foe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 67], "content_span": [68, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017849-0007-0001", "contents": "175th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Revolutionary War\nThey seldom shrank from the encounter. At Long Island, a fragment of the battalion shook, with repeated charges, a whole brigade of British regulars. At White Plains, they held the advancing columns at bay. At Harlem Heights they drove the enemy from the ground. At Germantown they swept through the hostile camp, with their fixed bayonets, far in advance of the whole army; and at Cowpens, and at Eutaw, their serried ranks bore down all opposition with unloaded muskets. And at Guilford, and at Camden, though victory did not settle on their banners, they fought with a courage which won the admiration and surprise of their enemies. Everywhere they used the bayonet with terrible effect.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 67], "content_span": [68, 758]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017849-0008-0000", "contents": "175th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Revolutionary War\nEntering into the war with two strong battalions, they were soon reduced to a single company. Again swelled up to seven regiments, they were again thinned by their losses to a single regiment and before the campaign had well passed they were once more promptly recruited to four full battalions of more than two thousand men. The Marylanders are best described as the shock troops of the Continental Army, usually given the toughest assignments by Gen. George Washington.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 67], "content_span": [68, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017849-0009-0000", "contents": "175th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Revolutionary War\nAt least two of their colonels, Williams and Howard, were considered as the best officers of their grade in the army. Gunby, Hall, Smith, Stone, and Ramsey, and the lamented Ford, who dies gallantly at the head of his regiment, were equal to any others in the whole continental service.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 67], "content_span": [68, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017849-0010-0000", "contents": "175th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Whiskey Rebellion\nShortly after the Revolutionary War, the regiment was reorganized in Baltimore by its former officers, and in 1794, it responded to President Washington's call for troops to put down the Whiskey Rebellion in Western Pennsylvania by marching from Baltimore to Cumberland. The prompt assemblage of troops under General \"Light Horse Harry\" Lee caused the uprising to collapse without bloodshed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 67], "content_span": [68, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017849-0011-0000", "contents": "175th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, War of 1812\nBaltimore Town remained calm until the approach of the second war with England. The Fifth Regiment had grown into a strong and well trained organization, and as the principal military group in the town, it promptly marched to Bladensburg when news of the British approach to Washington arrived. But here again the experience was similar to that of Smallwood's men at Long Island in 1776. When the British attack began, the hastily assembled raw American militia retreated and the Fifth was left to oppose the British troopers with only Commodore Barney's artillery in support. But the 5th Regiment held its ground until it was swept back by outnumbering enemy forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 729]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017849-0012-0000", "contents": "175th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, War of 1812\nNot many days later, the British fleet appeared off Baltimore and the Fifth immediately took its place in the defense works. Early on the morning of 12 September 1814, Wellington's Invincibles, led by General Ross, fresh from their defeat of Napoleon Bonaparte in the Peninsular War, attacked the lines held by the Fifth Regiment. Following their landing near Sparrows Point, the British forces advanced up the Patapsco Neck between Jones Creek and Back River. The Fifth Regiment met the British Army in a heated meeting engagement along the line formed by the Bread and Cheese Creek.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017849-0012-0001", "contents": "175th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, War of 1812\nEarly in the battle, General Ross was killed not far in front of the position held by the Independent Blues Company of the regiment. The regiment, outnumbered, slowly fought the British forces as they fell back to the earthen defenses established across Hampstead Hill (preserved now as Patterson Park). The spirited Battle of North Point along with the formidable defenses around Baltimore convinced the British commander to withdrawal and redirect the attack on the city against Fort McHenry. That attack too, failed and the British withdrew from the Chesapeake. The British defeats at the battles of North Point and Baltimore were major factors which led to the Treaty of Ghent which ended the war between the Americans and the British.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 801]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017849-0013-0000", "contents": "175th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, War of 1812\nThe 175th Infantry is one of only nineteen Army National Guard units with campaign credit for the War of 1812.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017849-0014-0000", "contents": "175th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Civil War\nBy 1861, the divergent sympathies of a border state had divided the members of the regiment. While most of them supported the Southern cause, and succeeded in making their way out of Baltimore when it passed under Union military control in April 1861, others served in the Union Army. In June, 1861, the Southern sympathizers organized the First Maryland Infantry, CSA, at Harpers Ferry and became part of Thomas \"Stonewall\" Jackson's Corps which fought the first Battle of Manassas. During the Valley Campaign in 1862, the town of Front Royal, Virginia was defended by Federal troops from Maryland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 59], "content_span": [60, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017849-0014-0001", "contents": "175th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Civil War\nUpon receiving this information, General Jackson ordered, \"Maryland to the Front,\" to lead the attack. In this action the First Maryland Infantry (CSA) defeated the First Maryland Infantry (USA) at the Battle of Front Royal. They followed that victory with a rout of the Pennsylvania Bucktail Rifles at Harrisonburg on 6 June 1862, earning from Major General Ewell the honor of carrying a \"buck tail\" on their colors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 59], "content_span": [60, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017849-0015-0000", "contents": "175th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Civil War\nEarly in 1863, upon expiration of original enlistments, the First Maryland Infantry was disbanded and the Second Maryland Infantry (CSA) was organized under Colonel James R. Herbert, who became Colonel of the Fifth Regiment when it was reorganized after the war. The Second Maryland fought at the battles of Malvern Hill, Winchester, Gettysburg, Cold Harbor, the Siege of Petersburg, and surrendered 63 officers and men with General Lee at Appomattox.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 59], "content_span": [60, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017849-0016-0000", "contents": "175th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Civil War\nAfter the end of hostilities, the Maryland State Legislature adopted a Militia Act which until, its repeal in 1867, rendered ineligible for military service in Maryland all those who had served the Confederacy. Consequently, it was not until the latter year that the regiment could be reorganized because most of its former members had served in the Southern army. When it was reorganized on 10 May 1867, former members and new ones enlisted and in about two months it had reassembled a complete organization.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 59], "content_span": [60, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017849-0016-0001", "contents": "175th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Civil War\nIn February 1868, the ladies of Baltimore presented a blue and gold silk flag which they had embroidered by hand. This flag had been started before the war and was concealed during the occupation of the city by Federal troops, and the work upon it completed after the return to peace. The distinctive grey full dress uniform of the regiment, patterned after uniforms worn by several of the constituent companies before the war, as far back as 1812, was adopted at this period.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 59], "content_span": [60, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017849-0017-0000", "contents": "175th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Civil War\nFrom this time until the Spanish\u2013American War, the regiment, with but two exceptions, was at peace. The exceptions were:  first, the violent Baltimore railroad strike of 1877; and, second, in 1894, when it was called into service of the state during labor disturbances among the coal miners in Western Maryland. Aside from these duties, the regiment visited nearly all the cities on the Eastern seaboard on public occasions. In 1876, it participated in the organization of the \"Centennial Legion\" at the Centennial Exhibition in Philadelphia that year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 59], "content_span": [60, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017849-0018-0000", "contents": "175th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Spanish\u2013American War and Mexican border\nOn 14 May 1898, the regiment volunteered as a unit for service in the Spanish\u2013American War and was mustered into federal service as the Fifth Maryland Regiment of United States Volunteers. After a short period of encampment near Baltimore, it was dispatched first to Chickamauga, then to Tampa, and finally to Huntsville, Alabama, returning to Baltimore in September of the same year. Like many other organizations in the war, it never reached the scene of active service, but it suffered severely from disease while in the camps, losing a number of men from this cause.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 89], "content_span": [90, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017849-0019-0000", "contents": "175th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Spanish\u2013American War and Mexican border\nIn 7\u20138 February 1904, the Great Fire destroyed most of the waterfront and central business district of the city. The Fifth Regiment of the Maryland National Guard was called out and spent several days rescuing persons and property and establishing order. In this same year the Fifth Regiment Armory, along North Howard Street near West Chase, and Biddle Streets, under construction for four years with its massive thick granite stone block walls and a barrel-vaulted roof occupying practically an entire city block, was dedicated in Baltimore.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 89], "content_span": [90, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017849-0020-0000", "contents": "175th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Spanish\u2013American War and Mexican border\nThe landmark Fifth Regiment Armory, often serving as a meeting hall and convention place hosted the 1912 Democratic National Convention where Governor Woodrow Wilson of New Jersey received the nomination over Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives, Champ Clark of Missouri. Two decades later, after a devastating fire in 1932, the old armory was reconstructed using the same walls but a flatter roof. and served as the headquarters for the regiment until 1995.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 89], "content_span": [90, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017849-0021-0000", "contents": "175th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Spanish\u2013American War and Mexican border\nIn 1916, the entire state National Guard was mobilized for service on the Mexican border, ostensibly to put down the Mexican \"Pancho Villa\", but more probably turned out as unexpected training for World War I, which began in Europe in 1914. The regiment spent eight months at Eagle Pass, Texas until the United States severed diplomatic relations with Germany in February 1917.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 89], "content_span": [90, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017849-0022-0000", "contents": "175th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War I\nThe regiment had just returned to Baltimore, when in April 1917, the United States entered the First World War. The Fifth Regiment was at once a part of the Army of the United States. In spite of strenuous efforts in opposition, the Fifth Maryland was combined with the First Maryland Regiment to form the 115th Infantry Regiment, 58th Brigade, 29th Division on 20 April 1917. Training at Anniston, Alabama, was followed by departure for France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017849-0022-0001", "contents": "175th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War I\nAfter preliminary service in Alsace, the 115th entered the Meuse-Argonne Offensive on 8 October 1918, and continued in the attack almost up to the close of the war. The 115th Infantry demobilized in June 1919. The Fifth Maryland Regiment reorganized between 1919 and 1923 and was federally recognized on 1 May 1923. The regiment resumed its normal course of training for further emergencies. In 1933, its armory was wrecked by fire, but a new building was erected from the ruins.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017849-0023-0000", "contents": "175th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II\nIn 1939 the Fifth Regiment, in anticipation of its induction into the active Army, began to prepare, using its annual training to prepare for combat. On 31 December 1940, the Army re-designated the Fifth Regiment as the 175th Infantry Regiment to avoid confusion with the Regular Army's 5th Infantry Regiment and designated as one of three infantry regiments of the 29th Infantry Division. In January 1941, the regiment was federalized. The 175th moved to Ft. Meade, Maryland, where it was reinforced by an influx of draftees in April and participated in 29th Division maneuvers in North Carolina that fall. The regiment trained in the United States until 5 October 1942 when it sailed to England on the ocean liner RMS Queen Elizabeth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 799]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017849-0024-0000", "contents": "175th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II\nThe 175th was quartered at the Tidworth Barracks where it underwent intense training until its move to Cornwall. The regiment trained on the cold moors during the late summer of 1943 and then transitioned to invasion training. It performed amphibious assault training at Slapton Sands. It was then moved to the invasion assembly area in Devon. On 4 June 1944, the regiment boarded the LSTs which would carry them to the beaches of Normandy. Following a 24-hour delay, the 115th and 116th Infantry assaulted the beaches on 6 June.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017849-0024-0001", "contents": "175th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II\nThe 175th, the 29th Division's reserve, landed on the still unsecured Omaha Beach on the morning of 7 June, and proceeded to its objective to seize the village of Isigny. It pushed through Isigny and crossed the Vire River and on to St Lo. The 175th fought stiff German resistance hedge row by hedge row. The 1st Battalion, 175th Infantry pushed the American lines to within three miles of St Lo, creating a salient into the German lines. The unit defended the high ground, known as Hill 108 but nicknamed \"Purple Heart Hill\" as they were surrounded on three sides.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017849-0025-0000", "contents": "175th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II\nThe regiment was rotated into the division reserve for the final thrust into St Lo. The 175th fought in Normandy until the end of August when the division was moved to Brittany to participate in the capture of Brest and the German submarine pens located there. Following the Battle of Brest, the division was moved to the Netherlands to participate in the 9th Army's drive to the Rhine River. The regiment played a significant role in capturing J\u00fclich followed by the occupation of the industrial center of M\u00f6nchengladbach.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017849-0025-0001", "contents": "175th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II\nThe regiment was moved to occupy the lines along the Elbe River near Felberg. On 2 May 1945, a patrol from 3-175 Infantry made contact with elements of the 28th Company, 6th Guards Cavalry of the Russian army. Following the surrender of the German army, the regiment remained in Europe until 1 January 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017849-0026-0000", "contents": "175th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II\nThe 175th demobilized between 11\u201317 January 1946, this time keeping the federal numerical designation. It reorganized as an infantry regiment and regained federal recognition on 12 November 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017849-0027-0000", "contents": "175th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Cold War\nFollowing the war, the regiment underwent reorganization and by January 1947, the 175th Infantry was a small but growing activity. The unit trained for emergencies and reinstituted some of its old traditions. It prepared for the possibility of war in Europe until the collapse of the Soviet Union's threat from the late 1940s to the late 1980s. The 175th's infantry battalions were mobilized in 1967, 1968 and 1971 as a response to the race riots in Cambridge, Baltimore and anti-Vietnam War demonstrations in College Park in Maryland. The 1990s brought preparation for combat in the Middle East as the training focus slowly changed from woodland combat to urban operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 58], "content_span": [59, 733]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017849-0028-0000", "contents": "175th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Cold War\nDuring the Cold War, the 175th Infantry was alternately assigned to the reactivated 58th Infantry Brigade, the 3d Brigade, 28th Infantry Division, and the 3d Brigade, 29th Infantry Division. In 1985, the 175th Infantry Regiment was reduced to two battalions under the 3rd Brigade, 29th Division and in 1995, it was reduced to a single battalion. Individual members of the battalion participated in peacekeeping in the Sinai Peninsula in 1994 and in Bosnia-Herzegovina in 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 58], "content_span": [59, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017849-0029-0000", "contents": "175th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Global War on Terror\nFollowing the attacks of 11 September 2001, more than 100 members of 1st Battalion, 175th Infantry were individually mobilized to protect key airports in Maryland. This was followed by the battalion's mobilization in 2003 for Operation Noble Eagle, to protect Andrews Air Force Base and the Warfield Air National Guard Base, both in Maryland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 70], "content_span": [71, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017849-0030-0000", "contents": "175th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Global War on Terror\nSeveral officers and senior enlisted soldiers from the battalion have served as advisors for both the Afghan National Army and the Iraqi Army. In September 2005, the battalion deployed several platoons and a company headquarters in support of the Hurricane Katrina relief effort in Mississippi and Louisiana. Thirty-two 1-175 Infantry soldiers served in a composite company, formed from 1-175 Infantry, from August to September 2006 on a  section of the U.S. / Mexico Border in an effort to halt illegal immigration and smuggling. Others from the battalion guarded the prisoners of the Global War on Terrorism at the Naval Base at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba from 2006 to 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 70], "content_span": [71, 741]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017849-0031-0000", "contents": "175th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Global War on Terror\nCompany B, then a part of the 1st Battalion, 115th Infantry, was mobilized as a separate company attached to the 48th Infantry Brigade from the Georgia Army National Guard, and deployed to Iraq in 2004. They served for one year, conducting full spectrum operations against enemy forces in the vicinity of Taji, Iraq, then transitioned to supporting combat logistics patrols between Baghdad and the Jordanian border. They returned in May 2006 and were reassigned to the 1st Battalion, 175th Infantry and alerted for their next deployment less than one year later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 70], "content_span": [71, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017849-0032-0000", "contents": "175th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Global War on Terror\nIn March 2007, the entire battalion was alerted for its deployment to Iraq. On 22 May 2007, the battalion was federalized and on 25 May, it reported to Fort Dix, New Jersey for post-mobilization training in preparation for security forces operations in Northern Iraq. The first elements from the battalion arrived at Camp Buehring, Kuwait, in early August 2007 and deployed into Iraq after a week of acclimatization and training. The remainder of the battalion arrived in theater by 21 August and all had been flown to their bases by 1 September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 70], "content_span": [71, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017849-0032-0001", "contents": "175th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Global War on Terror\n1-175 Infantry was assigned to the 3rd Sustainment Brigade, of the 3rd Infantry Division. The battalion was deployed to the former Iraqi air base west of Qayyarah, Iraq, known as Q-West. Company C was detached and deployed to Forward Operating Base Marez and the Logistics Support Area Diamondback located in Mosul, Iraq. There, Company C was attached to the 87th Combat Service and Support Battalion, where they conducted base defense operations and convoy logistics patrols to and from the border crossing at Habur Gate, Turkey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 70], "content_span": [71, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017849-0032-0002", "contents": "175th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Global War on Terror\nCompanies B and D were attached to the 17th Combat Service and Support Battalion to conduct convoy logistics patrols throughout Ninewah Provence also known as Multi-National Division \u2013 North (MND-N). The battalion headquarters retained command and control of HHC and Company A, with additional command and control of a contract security force made up of local Iraqis and Ugandans. They conducted aggressive base defense operations on and in the vicinity of the Q-West base complex.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 70], "content_span": [71, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017849-0033-0000", "contents": "175th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Global War on Terror\nThe battalion also supported combat, logistics and counter improvised explosive device (IED) operations conducted with both US and Iraqi Army forces throughout MND-N. The battalion suffered only 8 wounded while serving 250 days of continuous operations. Collectively, the battalion conducted 310 convoy logistics patrols, 81 route clearance operations and 280 reaction force operations. The battalion redeployed to Fort Dix in mid-April 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 70], "content_span": [71, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017849-0034-0000", "contents": "175th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Present day\nSince 1 Sep. 2010, 1-175 Infantry has been assigned for its federal mission to the 2nd Brigade Combat Team, 28th Infantry Division but is overseen by the 58th Troop Command when not in federal service. The 1st Battalion is organized as an IBCT light infantry battalion under the brigade unit of action table of organization and equipment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017849-0035-0000", "contents": "175th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Present day\nIn January 2010, 1-175 Infantry again was notified that it would be mobilized and deployed, this time as the U.S. infantry battalion assigned to the Multinational Force and Observers (MFO) Mission #55 in the Sinai Peninsula, enforcing the Camp David Accords and the Treaty of Peace between Egypt and Israel. It was mobilized on 21 March 2011 and moved to Camp Atterbury, Indiana for a brief period of pre-mobilization training. The battalion deployed to the Sinai on 27 April 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017849-0035-0001", "contents": "175th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Present day\n1-175 Infantry was the first U.S. force to perform this mission after the overthrow of the Mubarak regime during the Arab Spring revolution in Egypt. The battalion faced security challenges in and around their area of operations, including increased weapons trafficking, terrorist attacks, and conflicts with Bedouin tribes. The battalion returned to Camp Atterbury on 9 March 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017849-0036-0000", "contents": "175th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Present day\nIn May 2015, 1-175 Infantry was called to assist Local authorities with civil unrest during riots throughout the city of Baltimore. Operation Baltimore Rally lasted nearly 8 days and involved all four line companies and the Headquarters Company of the Battalion. The Soldiers of the 1-175 Infantry assisted local authorities in regaining control of the City and maintaining peace.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017849-0037-0000", "contents": "175th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Present day\nIn March 2020, 1-175 Infantry was again called to assist the state in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, helping support food distribution sites and testing sites throughout the state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017849-0038-0000", "contents": "175th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Present day\nCurrent units:Dundalk, Maryland - Headquarters and Headquarters Company (HHC)Dundalk, Maryland - Detachment 1, Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 1-107th Field Artillery RegimentFrederick, Maryland - Company ASilver Spring, Maryland - Company BGlen Burnie, Maryland - Company CEaston, Maryland - Company DDundalk, Maryland - Company H/128 BSB (Forward Support Co.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017849-0039-0000", "contents": "175th Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage\n\u2022 Formed 3 Dec. 1774, in Baltimore, Maryland, as the Baltimore Independent Cadets (later called the Baltimore Independent Company). \u2022 Absorbed into 1st or Smallwood's Battalion (or Regiment), organized 2 Jan. 1776, with eight battalion companies and attached independent companies. \u2022 Smallwood's Maryland Regiment reorganized and expanded into the Maryland Brigade, Continental Line (comprising the 1st, 2d, 3d, 4th, 5th, 6th, and 7th Maryland Battalions), 10 Dec. 1776-27 Mar. 1777. \u2022 Reorganized into the 1st and 2d Maryland Brigades, 1780. \u2022 Reorganized into a single regiment of two battalions designated 1st Maryland Regiment, 13 Sept. 1780.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 695]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017849-0039-0001", "contents": "175th Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage\n\u2022 Reorganized as the Maryland Battalion, 12 Apr. 1783. \u2022 Mustered out 15 Nov. 1783, at Baltimore, Maryland. \u2022 First Baltimore Light Infantry Company of Volunteers organized in Dec. 1787. \u2022 Volunteer militia companies of Baltimore organized into the 5th Regiment of Militia, June 1794, to include nine companies, divided into two battalions. \u2022 Mustered into Federal Service, 19 Aug. 1814. \u2022 Mustered out of Federal Service, 18 Nov. 1814.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017849-0039-0002", "contents": "175th Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage\n\u2022 53d Regiment of Volunteer Infantry constituted in Baltimore, Maryland, of Volunteer Militia companies, Dec. 1835 (The 53d Regiment formed, with the now-designated 5th Regiment of Volunteer Infantry and other elements. The First Light Division of Maryland Volunteers. Exchange of companies between the 53d and 5th Regiments was not uncommon). \u2022 Elements of the 5th and 53d Regiments reorganized at Harpers Ferry during May and June 1861 as the Maryland Battalion C.S.A. (Company A mustered into Confederate service 21 May 1861). \u2022 Redesignated 1st Regiment Maryland Infantry, C.S.A., 16 June 1861.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017849-0039-0003", "contents": "175th Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage\n\u2022 1st Regiment Maryland Infantry, C.S.A., mustered out Aug.17, 1862 at Gordonsville, Virginia. \u2022 Reorganized as the 1st Battalion Maryland Infantry at Winchester, Virginia, 2 Oct. 1862. \u2022 Redesignated 2d Battalion Maryland Infantry, 19 Jan. 1864. \u2022 Parolled at Appomattox, Virginia, 10 Apr. 1865. \u2022 5th Regiment of Volunteer Infantry reorganized 10 May 1867, at Baltimore, Maryland, about a nucleus of former members of the Maryland Guard (1859\u201361) and the 1st and 2d Maryland Infantry, C.S.A. \u2022 Mustered into Federal service 14 May 1898, at Pimlico, Maryland. \u2022 Mustered out of Federal service 22 Oct 1898, at Baltimore, Maryland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017849-0039-0004", "contents": "175th Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage\n\u2022 Called into Federal service 18 June 1916. \u2022 Mustered out of Federal service, 24 Feb. 1917. \u2022 Mustered into Federal service 20 Apr. 1917 (Hq. Company and Supply Company, 5th Infantry Regiment, MDNG, redesignated Hq. Company and Supply Company, 112th Field Artillery Regiment, later 110th Field Artillery Regiment, on 1 Oct. 1917; Machine Gun company reassigned to 110th MG Battalion; remaining companies became elements of the 115th Infantry Regiment, 29th Division. \u2022 Demobilized 2\u20137 June 1919, at Camp Meade, Maryland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017849-0039-0005", "contents": "175th Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage\n\u2022 5th Infantry Regiment, MDNG, reorganized at Baltimore, Maryland, between Dec. 1919 and Apr. 1923; Headquarters Federally recognized 1 May 1923. \u2022 Reorganized and redesignated 5th Infantry Regiment (Rifle), MDNG, 1 May 1940. \u2022 Redesignated 175th Infantry Regiment (Rifle), 1 Jan. 1941. \u2022 Inducted into Federal service 3 Feb. 1941, as a component of the 29th Infantry Division. \u2022 Inactivated 11-17 Jan. 1946, at Camp Kilmer, New Jersey. \u2022 175th Infantry Regiment reorganized and Federally recognized 12 Nov. 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017849-0040-0000", "contents": "175th Infantry Regiment (United States), Distinctive unit insignia\nA Gold color metal and enamel device 1 5/16\u00a0inches (3.33\u00a0cm) in height consisting of a cross bottony quarterly Gules and Argent surmounted by a Gray roundel bearing the number \"5\" in Gold within a Red belt garnished Gold with the inscription \"DECUS ET PRAESIDIUM\" in Gold letters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017849-0041-0000", "contents": "175th Infantry Regiment (United States), Distinctive unit insignia\nThe red color of the annulet is symbolic of the red uniforms of the Baltimore Independent Cadets, the military forebears of the Regiment, which during the War of the Revolution were incorporated in Smallwood's Regiment of the Maryland Line. Superimposed on the annulet is a belt of military design and origin containing the inscription \"Decus Et Praesidium,\" the regimental motto which is translated \"An Honour and a Guard.\" The belt is the heraldic symbol of knighthood and identifies the insignia as being of the military order, while the gray field represents the Confederate Service in the Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 671]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017849-0041-0001", "contents": "175th Infantry Regiment (United States), Distinctive unit insignia\nThe numeral \"5,\" the historic designation of the regiment, was assigned following the Revolutionary War by act of the General Assembly of Maryland in 1794. The insignia is the design of the Crossland Arms, Alicia Crossland having been the mother of George Calvert, 1st Baron Baltimore and planner of the colony of Maryland. The insignia symbolizes the historic record of the regiment from 1774 to 1931. The cross bottony forms the escutcheon, and the annulet represents the five most significant periods in the regiment's history until the time of adoption: 1774\u2014the organization of the Baltimore Independent Cadets; 1776\u2014the Revolutionary War; 1814\u2014War of 1812; 1861\u2014the Civil War, Confederate Service; and 1918\u2014World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 792]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017849-0042-0000", "contents": "175th Infantry Regiment (United States), Distinctive unit insignia\nThe distinctive unit insignia was approved on 9 July 1958.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017850-0000-0000", "contents": "175th Mixed Brigade\nThe 175th Mixed Brigade (Spanish: 175.\u00aa Brigada Mixta), was a mixed brigade of the Spanish Republican Army in the Spanish Civil War. Its number was formerly corresponding to the 10th Santander Brigade, a unit operating in Santander, Spain but was assigned to a new unit in the spring of 1938 in Valencia Province and had four battalions, 697, 698, 699 and 700.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017850-0001-0000", "contents": "175th Mixed Brigade\nIt is known that this mixed brigade ended up in the area of Sierra Morena at the end of the conflict, but information regarding the officers of this unit is fragmentary and deficient and only the surname or first name of some have survived. According to the few available data the last commanders of the battalions of the 175th Mixed Brigade were Captain Firmas of the 697 Battalion, Major Trigueros of the 698 Battalion, Major Vicente Olmedo of the 699 Battalion and Major Morales of the 700 Battalion. There was also a commissar known as 'Isidoro'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017850-0002-0000", "contents": "175th Mixed Brigade, History, Santander unit\nOn 6 August 1938 the Spanish Republican Army Chief of Staff reorganized the Northern Army (Ej\u00e9rcito del Norte) and the 10th Santander Brigade was renamed as 175th Mixed Brigade. It was placed under the 54th Division of the XV Army Corps of the Northern Army. However, following the Battle of Santander in the summer of 1937 the isolated Republican territory in Northern Spain fell to the rebel faction and this unit ended up being disbanded in mid-September 1937.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 44], "content_span": [45, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017850-0003-0000", "contents": "175th Mixed Brigade, History, Latter unit\nOn 30 April 1938 a new unit named '175th Mixed Brigade' was established in Silla, Valencia. It was formed with the remainders of the 38th and the 196th mixed brigades, which had suffered many casualties and had fallen into disarray following the crippling rebel Aragon Offensive that split the Spanish republican territory in two. Once established the new brigade was placed under the 52nd Division of the XXI Army Corps of the Levantine Army (Ej\u00e9rcito de Levante). The commander of the unit was Militia Major Rafael Barredo Gonz\u00e1lez.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 41], "content_span": [42, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017850-0004-0000", "contents": "175th Mixed Brigade, History, Latter unit\nOn 10 August 1938 the 175th Mixed Brigade was transferred along with its division to the Extremaduran Front in the west, where it became part of the XVI Army Corps of the Extremaduran Army (Ej\u00e9rcito de Extremadura). On 22 August it saw combat action in the Monterrubio-Puerto Hurraco-Castuera sector, but its attacks against the Francoist army were not successful and after three days of efforts it was not able to occupy Zarza-Capilla.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 41], "content_span": [42, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017850-0005-0000", "contents": "175th Mixed Brigade, History, Latter unit\nAt the beginning of September it was withdrawn back to the East, to Ademuz, in order to undergo training to become a unit of shock troops, which was what was needed in the Extremaduran Front. Meanwhile, Major Rafael Barredo was replaced by Militia Major Juan Pellis\u00f3 Mart\u00edn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 41], "content_span": [42, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017850-0006-0000", "contents": "175th Mixed Brigade, History, Latter unit, End of the brigade\nIn December the 175th Mixed Brigade was sent again to the front in Extremadura in order to take part in the Battle of Pe\u00f1arroya. It was concentrated in Hinojosa del Duque in order to become part of the Agrupaci\u00f3n Toral temporary army group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 61], "content_span": [62, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017850-0007-0000", "contents": "175th Mixed Brigade, History, Latter unit, End of the brigade\nOn 7 January 1939 the 175th Mixed Brigade began a series of attacks against rebel positions near the road between Peraleda del Zaucejo and La Granja de Torrehermosa, becoming so badly shattered that it had to be withdrawn from the front on 13 January. After the many casualties it was hastily rebuilt and then placed to defend the front line in the Reales Minas de Azogue area of Almad\u00e9n and near Santa Eufemia until the end of the war when data about its final fate are lost.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 61], "content_span": [62, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017851-0000-0000", "contents": "175th New York Infantry Regiment\nThe 175th New York Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017851-0001-0000", "contents": "175th New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 175th New York Infantry was recruited at large in New York beginning August 23, 1862 and mustered in for three-years service under the command of Colonel Michael K. Bryan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017851-0002-0000", "contents": "175th New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to Division at Suffolk, Virginia, VII Corps, Department of Virginia, to December 1862. 1st Brigade, Augur's Division, Department of the Gulf, to March 1863. 3rd Brigade, 3rd Division, XIX Corps, Department of the Gulf, to May 1863. 3rd Brigade, 2nd Division, XIX Corps, to August 1863. 2nd Brigade, 1st Division, XIX Corps, to February 1864. 3rd Brigade, 2nd Division, XIX Corps, Department of the Gulf, to July 1864, and Army of the Shenandoah, Middle Military Division, to January 1865. 3rd Brigade, Grover's Division, District of Savannah, Georgia, Department of the South, to March 1865. 3rd Brigade, 1st Division, X Corps, Army of the Ohio, Department of North Carolina, to May 1865. District of Savannah, Georgia, Department of the South, to July 1865. Department of Georgia to November 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 866]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017851-0003-0000", "contents": "175th New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 175th New York Infantry mustered out of service July 19, 1865, at Raleigh, North Carolina.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017851-0004-0000", "contents": "175th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nLeft New York for Suffolk, Va., November 21, 1862. Duty at Suffolk, Va., until December 1862. Moved to New Orleans, La., and duty at Carrollton until March 6, 1863. Moved to Baton Rouge March 6. Operations against Port Hudson March 7\u201327. Moved to Algiers April 1, then to Berwick April 9. Operations in western Louisiana April 9-May 14. Bayou Teche Campaign April 11\u201320. Fort Bisland, near Centreville, April 12\u201313. Vermillion Bayou April 17. Expedition from Opelousas to Alexandria and Simsport May 5\u201318. Expedition from Berne's Landing to Berwick May 21\u201326. Franklin May 25. Moved to Port Hudson May 26\u201330.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017851-0004-0001", "contents": "175th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nSiege of Port Hudson May 30-July 9. Assault on Port Hudson June 14. Surrender of Port Hudson July 9. Moved to Baton Rouge July 22, and duty there until March 1864. Operations about St. Martinsville November 12, 1863. Red River Campaign March 23-May 22. At Alexandria March 25-April 12. Cane River April 23\u201324. At Alexandria April 26-May 13. Retreat to Morganza May 13\u201320. Mansura May 16. At Morganza until July. Expedition from Morganza to the Atchafalaya May 30-June 5. Atchafalaya River June 1. Moved to Fort Monroe, Va., then to Washington, D.C., July 5\u201329.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017851-0004-0002", "contents": "175th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nSheridan's Shenandoah Valley Campaign August 7-November 28. Third Battle of Winchester September 19. Fisher's Hill September 22. Battle of Cedar Creek October 19. Duty at Kernstown and Winchester until January 1865. Moved to Savannah, Ga., January 5\u201322, and duty there until March. Moved to Wilmington, N.C., March 5, then to Morehead City March 10, and duty there until April 8. Moved to Goldsboro April 8, then to Savannah, Ga., May 2. Duty at Savannah and at other points in the Department of Georgia until November 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017851-0005-0000", "contents": "175th New York Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 134 men during service; 2 officers and 12 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 3 officers and 117 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017852-0000-0000", "contents": "175th New York State Legislature\nThe 175th New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 6 to June 23, 1965, during the seventh year of Nelson Rockefeller's governorship, in Albany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017852-0001-0000", "contents": "175th New York State Legislature, Background\nUnder the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1938, re-apportioned in 1953, 58 Senators and 150 assembly members were elected in single-seat districts for two-year terms. The senatorial districts consisted either of one or more entire counties; or a contiguous area within a single county. The counties which were divided into more than one senatorial district were Kings (nine districts), New York (six),  Queens (five), Bronx (four), Erie (three), Nassau (three), Westchester (three), Monroe (two) and Onondaga (two). The Assembly districts consisted either of a single entire county (except Hamilton Co.), or of contiguous area within one county.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 701]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017852-0002-0000", "contents": "175th New York State Legislature, Background\nIn 1964, the U.S. Supreme Court handed down several decisions establishing that State legislatures should follow the One man, one vote rule to apportion their election districts. A special Federal Statutory Court declared the New York apportionment formulae for both the State Senate and the State Assembly unconstitutional, and the State Legislature was ordered to re-apportion the seats by April 1, 1965.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017852-0002-0001", "contents": "175th New York State Legislature, Background\nThe court also ruled that the 1964 legislative election should be held under the 1954 apportionment, but those elected could serve only for one year (in 1965), and an election under the new apportionment should be held in November 1965. Senators John H. Hughes and Lawrence M. Rulison (both Rep.) questioned the authority of the federal court to shorten the term of the 1964 electees, alleging excessive costs for the additional election in an off-year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017852-0003-0000", "contents": "175th New York State Legislature, Background\nAt this time there were two major political parties: the Democratic Party and the Republican Party. The Liberal Party, the Conservative Party, the Socialist Labor Party, and the Socialist Workers Party also nominated tickets. At the New York state election, 1964, on November 3, Democratic majorities were elected to both the State Senate and the State Assembly for the session of 1965.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017852-0004-0000", "contents": "175th New York State Legislature, Background\nThe lame-duck Legislature of 1964 met for a special session at the State Capitol in Albany from December 15 to 31, 1964, to re-apportion the legislative districts for the election in November 1965, gerrymandering the districts according to the wishes of the Republican majority before the Democrats would take over the Legislature in January. The number of seats in the State Senate was increased to 65, and the number of seats in the Assembly to 165. County representation was abandoned in favor of population-proportional districts which could lie across county lines, and the new Assembly districts were numbered from 1 to 165.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 675]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017852-0005-0000", "contents": "175th New York State Legislature, Elections\nThe 1964 New York state election, was held on November 3. The only statewide elective office up for election was a U.S. Senator from New York. Democrat Robert F. Kennedy defeated the Republican incumbent Kenneth B. Keating. The approximate party strength at this election, as expressed by the vote for U.S. Senator, was: Democrats 3,540,000; Republicans 3,104,000; Liberals 285,000; Conservatives 212,000; Socialist Labor 7,000; and Socialist Workers 4,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017852-0006-0000", "contents": "175th New York State Legislature, Elections\nThree of the four women members of the previous legislature\u2014State Senator Constance Baker Motley, a lawyer of Manhattan; and Assembly Members Constance E. Cook (Rep.), a lawyer of Ithaca, and Aileen B. Ryan (Dem. ), a former school teacher of the Bronx\u2014were re-elected. Shirley Chisholm (Dem. ), a preschool teacher of Brooklyn; and Dorothy H. Rose (Dem. ), a high-school teacher and librarian of Angola, were also elected to the Assembly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017852-0007-0000", "contents": "175th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for the regular session (the 188th) at the State Capitol in Albany on January 6, 1965; and adjourned on June 23.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017852-0008-0000", "contents": "175th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nDue to the split of the Democratic majorities in both Houses into followers of Mayor Robert F. Wagner, Jr. and U.S. Senator Robert F. Kennedy, neither House could be organized, and a month of deadlock ensued.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017852-0009-0000", "contents": "175th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nOn February 1, the United States Supreme Court confirmed the Federal Statutory Court's order to elect a new New York Legislature in November 1965.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017852-0010-0000", "contents": "175th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nOn February 3, Joseph Zaretzki (Dem.) was elected Temporary President of the State Senate with the votes of the Wagner Democrats and the Republicans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017852-0011-0000", "contents": "175th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nOn February 4, Anthony J. Travia (Dem.) was elected Speaker.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017852-0012-0000", "contents": "175th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nOn April 14, the New York Court of Appeals declared the apportionment of December 1964 as unconstitutional, citing that the New York Constitution provides expressly that the Assembly shall have 150 seats, not 165 as were apportioned. The court also held that, although the constitutional State Senate apportionment formula provides for additional seats, the increase from 58 to 65 was unwarranted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017852-0013-0000", "contents": "175th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nOn May 10, the Federal Statutory Court ordered that the election on November 2, 1965, be held under the December 1964 apportionment, and that the Legislature thus elected re-apportion the seats again by February 1, 1966.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017852-0014-0000", "contents": "175th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nOn August 24, the Federal Statutory Court clarified that, if the Governor and Legislature should not have enacted a new apportionment by February 1, 1966, then the Court would draft a new apportionment for the next election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017852-0015-0000", "contents": "175th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nOn October 11, the U.S. Supreme Court dismissed four appeals against the ruling of the Federal Statutory Court, and upheld the election of a new New York Legislature on November 2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017852-0016-0000", "contents": "175th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Senators\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature. Bernard G. Gordon, Robert Watson Pomeroy, William S. Calli and Kenneth R. Willard changed from the Assembly to the Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 56], "content_span": [57, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017852-0017-0000", "contents": "175th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Senators\nNote: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words \"...the Committee on (the)...\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 56], "content_span": [57, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017852-0018-0000", "contents": "175th New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Assembly members\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature. Walter E. Cooke changed from the Senate to the Assembly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 66], "content_span": [67, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017852-0019-0000", "contents": "175th New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Assembly members\nNote: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words \"...the Committee on (the)...\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 66], "content_span": [67, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017853-0000-0000", "contents": "175th Ohio Infantry Regiment\nThe 175th Ohio Infantry Regiment, sometimes 175th Ohio Volunteer Infantry (or 175th OVI) was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017853-0001-0000", "contents": "175th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 175th Ohio Infantry was organized at Camp Dennison near Cincinnati, Ohio, and mustered in for one year service on October 11, 1864, under the command of Colonel Daniel W. McCoy. Companies I and K were mustered in at Camp Chase in Columbus, Ohio.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017853-0002-0000", "contents": "175th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to 3rd Brigade, 3rd Division, XXIII Corps, Army of the Ohio, to December 1864. Post of Columbia, Tennessee, Department of the Cumberland, to March 1865. 2nd Sub-District, District of Middle Tennessee, to June 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017853-0003-0000", "contents": "175th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 175th Ohio Infantry mustered out of service June 27, 1865, at Nashville, Tennessee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017853-0004-0000", "contents": "175th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nLeft Ohio for Nashville, Tennessee, October 11; then moved to Columbia, Tennessee, October 20, and assigned to post and garrison duty there, also guarding Tennessee & Alabama Railroad until November 24. Nashville Campaign November 24-December 28. Columbia, Duck River, November 24\u201327. Battle of Franklin November 30. Occupation of Nashville during Hood's investment December 1\u201315. Battle of Nashville December 15\u201316. Occupation of Fort Negley until December 25. Ordered to Columbia, Tenn., December 25, and garrison duty there until June 1865. Moved to Nashville, Tenn., June 23.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017853-0005-0000", "contents": "175th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 124 men during service; 1 officer and 15 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 2 officers and 106 enlisted men due to disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017854-0000-0000", "contents": "175th Street station (IND Eighth Avenue Line)\n175th Street (also known as 175th Street\u2013George Washington Bridge Bus Terminal) is a station on the IND Eighth Avenue Line of the New York City Subway. Located in the Washington Heights neighborhood in Upper Manhattan, at the intersection of 175th Street and Fort Washington Avenue, it is served by the A train at all times.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017854-0001-0000", "contents": "175th Street station (IND Eighth Avenue Line), Station layout\nThe station opened on September 10, 1932, as part of the city-operated Independent Subway System (IND)'s initial segment, the Eighth Avenue Line between Chambers Street and 207th Street. It has two tracks and one island platform, with single green columns in the center of the platform rather than the double columns found near the platform edges at other stations. The tilework in this station is plain, and lacks the maroon-colored tile bands that are present at adjacent stations along the line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 61], "content_span": [62, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017854-0002-0000", "contents": "175th Street station (IND Eighth Avenue Line), Station layout\nIt is linked by a tunnel to the George Washington Bridge Bus Station. The tunnel, which is maintained by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, is not wheelchair-accessible, as using it requires traversing a short flight of stairs between the tunnel and the station mezzanine. This tunnel is closed at night between 1 a.m. and 5 a.m.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 61], "content_span": [62, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017854-0003-0000", "contents": "175th Street station (IND Eighth Avenue Line), Station layout\nThe 174th Street Yard, used to store trains assigned to the C service, is adjacent to this station to the east.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 61], "content_span": [62, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017854-0004-0000", "contents": "175th Street station (IND Eighth Avenue Line), Station layout\nThe station is planned to be rehabilitated as part of the 2015\u20132019 MTA Capital Program.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 61], "content_span": [62, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017854-0005-0000", "contents": "175th Street station (IND Eighth Avenue Line), Station layout, Exits\nThe full-time exits are at 175th Street and 177th Street. The station is fully accessible, with an elevator at the northeast corner of 177th Street, and another from the mezzanine to the platform. The elevators were installed in November 1989, making the station one of the earliest to comply with the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990. The 177th Street exit offers a direct passageway into the basement of the George Washington Bridge Bus Station, but it includes stairs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 68], "content_span": [69, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017854-0006-0000", "contents": "175th Street station (IND Eighth Avenue Line), Station layout, Exits\nThere is also a closed exit at the south end of the station that leads to the southeast corner of 174th Street and Fort Washington Avenue via a passageway. The passageway was not monitored and was closed to improve security. In June 1994, the MTA Board approved a plan to permanently close the entrance, allowing the passageway to be sealed with brick-and-mortar with the street staircase slabbed over. At this point, the entrance had been closed for several years. A public meeting was held on May 1994, along with proposed station access changes at other stations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 68], "content_span": [69, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017854-0007-0000", "contents": "175th Street station (IND Eighth Avenue Line), Bus service\nThe station and the nearby George Washington Bridge Bus Station are served by ten local MTA Regional Bus Operations routes and various interstate bus routes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 58], "content_span": [59, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017855-0000-0000", "contents": "175th Tunnelling Company\nThe 175th Tunnelling Company was one of the tunnelling companies of the Royal Engineers created by the British Army during World War I. The tunnelling units were occupied in offensive and defensive mining involving the placing and maintaining of mines under enemy lines, as well as other underground work such as the construction of deep dugouts for troop accommodation, the digging of subways, saps (a narrow trench dug to approach enemy trenches), cable trenches and underground chambers for signals and medical services.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017855-0001-0000", "contents": "175th Tunnelling Company, Background\nBy January 1915 it had become evident to the BEF at the Western Front that the Germans were mining to a planned system. As the British had failed to develop suitable counter-tactics or underground listening devices before the war, field marshals French and Kitchener agreed to investigate the suitability of forming British mining units. Following consultations between the Engineer-in-Chief of the BEF, Brigadier George Fowke, and the mining specialist John Norton-Griffiths, the War Office formally approved the tunnelling company scheme on 19 February 1915.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017855-0002-0000", "contents": "175th Tunnelling Company, Background\nNorton-Griffiths ensured that tunnelling companies numbers 170 to 177 were ready for deployment in mid-February 1915. In the spring of that year, there was constant underground fighting in the Ypres Salient at Hooge, Hill 60, Railway Wood, Sanctuary Wood, St Eloi and The Bluff which required the deployment of new drafts of tunnellers for several months after the formation of the first eight companies. The lack of suitably experienced men led to some tunnelling companies starting work later than others.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017855-0002-0001", "contents": "175th Tunnelling Company, Background\nThe number of units available to the BEF was also restricted by the need to provide effective counter-measures to the German mining activities. To make the tunnels safer and quicker to deploy, the British Army enlisted experienced coal miners, many outside their nominal recruitment policy. The first nine companies, numbers 170 to 178, were each commanded by a regular Royal Engineers officer. These companies each comprised 5 officers and 269 sappers; they were aided by additional infantrymen who were temporarily attached to the tunnellers as required, which almost doubled their numbers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017855-0002-0002", "contents": "175th Tunnelling Company, Background\nThe success of the first tunnelling companies formed under Norton-Griffiths' command led to mining being made a separate branch of the Engineer-in-Chief's office under Major-General S.R. Rice, and the appointment of an 'Inspector of Mines' at the GHQ Saint-Omer office of the Engineer-in-Chief. A second group of tunnelling companies were formed from Welsh miners from the 1st and 3rd Battalions of the Monmouthshire Regiment, who were attached to the 1st Northumberland Field Company of the Royal Engineers, which was a Territorial unit. The formation of twelve new tunnelling companies, between July and October 1915, helped to bring more men into action in other parts of the Western Front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 730]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017855-0003-0000", "contents": "175th Tunnelling Company, Background\nMost tunnelling companies were formed under Norton-Griffiths' leadership during 1915, and one more was added in 1916. On 10 September 1915, the British government sent an appeal to Canada, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand to raise tunnelling companies in the Dominions of the British Empire. On 17 September, New Zealand became the first Dominion to agree the formation of a tunnelling unit. The New Zealand Tunnelling Company arrived at Plymouth on 3 February 1916 and was deployed to the Western Front in northern France. A Canadian unit was formed from men on the battlefield, plus two other companies trained in Canada and then shipped to France. Three Australian tunnelling companies were formed by March 1916, resulting in 30 tunnelling companies of the Royal Engineers being available by the summer of 1916.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 858]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017855-0004-0000", "contents": "175th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Formation\n175th Tunnelling Company was formed at Terdeghem in April 1915, and moved soon after into the Railway Wood-Hooge-Armagh Wood area of the Ypres Salient. From its formation until August 1917 the company served under Third Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 49], "content_span": [50, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017855-0005-0000", "contents": "175th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Hooge 1915\nAs part of their continued operations against the Ypres Salient after the Second Battle of Ypres and the Battle of Bellewaarde, the German forces kept seeking to gain the village of Hooge between 24 May and 3 June 1915. In the grounds of the Ch\u00e2teau de Hooge was a German strongpoint which was proving particularly troublesome to the British forces defending the area. The redoubt had in fact been started by the British but had fallen into German hands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 50], "content_span": [51, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017855-0006-0000", "contents": "175th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Hooge 1915\nMajor S. H. Cowan, commanding officer of 175th Tunnelling Company, described the situation at Hooge in June 1915: \"There is some urgent [mining] work to be done at once in a village [Hooge] on a main road east of Ypres. We hold one half and the job is to get the G[ermans] out of the other, failing that they may get us out and so obtain another hill top from which to overlook the land. It is a significant fact that all their recent attacks round Ypres have been directed on hill tops and have rested content on the same, without trying really hard to advance down the slopes towards us.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 50], "content_span": [51, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017855-0007-0000", "contents": "175th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Hooge 1915\nIn order to break the stalemate, the 175th Tunnelling Company (which was at the time operating with the 3rd Division) dug a tunnel about 66 yards (60\u00a0m) long under the German position and placed a mine there. This occurred during a time of relative quiet on the British part of the Western Front, when few major assaults were made. Nonetheless, the average casualty rate for the British and Commonwealth forces was around 300 per day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 50], "content_span": [51, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017855-0008-0000", "contents": "175th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Hooge 1915\nThe officer in charge of laying the mine at Hooge was Lieutenant Geoffrey Cassels. He wrote: \"[Hooge] was a small village in ruins on top of the ridge, Hooge meaning height, astride the Menin Road. On the north side of the road was a chateau with a separate annex standing in its own grounds by a large wood. Behind the chateau was Bellewarde Lake. In front of the chateau and east of the village proper were the racing stables (...). The stables were at the very apex of the salient. They were actually in our front line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 50], "content_span": [51, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017855-0008-0001", "contents": "175th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Hooge 1915\nThe trenches were shallow and primitive, even the front line ones, and to reach the front lines some tunnels had been driven under the road and part of the ruins. No Man's Land between us and the Germans was littered with blackened corpses (...) and the stink was abominable. (...) Our objective was to sink a shaft, then tunnel under the chateau and annex and blow them up.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 50], "content_span": [51, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017855-0009-0000", "contents": "175th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Hooge 1915\nThe work was completed in five and a half weeks. The first attempt at tunnelling for the mine, starting from within a stable, failed because the soil was too sandy. A second shaft was sunk from the ruins of a gardener's cottage nearby. The main tunnel was in the end 190 feet (58\u00a0m) long, with a branch off this after about 70 feet (21\u00a0m), this second tunnel running a further 100 feet (30\u00a0m) on. The intention was to blow two charges under the German concrete fortifications, although the smaller tunnel was found to be off course.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 50], "content_span": [51, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017855-0009-0001", "contents": "175th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Hooge 1915\nThe explosive \u2013 used for the first time by the British \u2013 was ammonal supported by gunpowder and guncotton, making the Hooge mine the largest mine of the war thus far built. The main difficulties for the tunnellers were that the water table is very high, and that the clay expands as soon as it comes into contact with the air.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 50], "content_span": [51, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017855-0010-0000", "contents": "175th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Hooge 1915\nAt 07.00 p.m. on 19 July 1915 the mine was fired. The explosion created a hole some 6.6 yards (6\u00a0m) deep and almost 44 yards (40\u00a0m) wide. The far side of the crater was then taken and secured by men from the 1st Battalion, Gordon Highlanders and 4th Battalion, Middlesex Regiment. Ten of the latter were killed by debris from the mine as they waited in advanced positions. The mine fired by 175th Tunnelling Company at Hooge on 19 July 1915 was only the second British offensive underground attack in the Ypres Salient. On 17 April 1915, 173rd Tunnelling Company had blown five mines at Hill 60 using gunpowder and guncotton, but none of these mines were even half as powerful as the Hooge charge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 50], "content_span": [51, 748]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017855-0011-0000", "contents": "175th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Hooge 1915\nThe Germans tried to recover their lost position but were driven back by infantry and a heavy artillery bombardment. By 30 July the German units had managed to take control of the Ch\u00e2teau de Hooge and the surrounding area. In November 1915, 177th Tunnelling Company arrived at Hooge and continued mining there in the defence of Ypres until August 1917. Fighting in the area continued until 1918, with the Hooge Crater (craters being strategically important in relatively flat countryside) frequently changing sides.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 50], "content_span": [51, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017855-0012-0000", "contents": "175th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Messines 1916/17\n175th Tunnelling Company was extended to the Hill 60 in July 1915, when 172nd Tunnelling Company moved into its place at The Bluff. Deep mining under the German galleries beneath Hill 60 began in late August 1915 with the 175th Tunnelling Company which started a gallery 200 metres (220\u00a0yd) behind the British front line and passed 27 metres (90\u00a0ft) beneath the German positions. The British underground works consisted of an access gallery (nicknamed Berlin Tunnel) leading to two mine chambers called Hill 60 A (beneath Hill 60) and Hill 60 B (beneath The Caterpillar).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 56], "content_span": [57, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017855-0012-0001", "contents": "175th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Messines 1916/17\nThe 3rd Canadian Tunnelling Company took over in April 1916 and completed the galleries, the Hill 60 mine being charged with 53,300 pounds (24,200\u00a0kg) of explosives in July 1916 and a branch gallery under the Caterpillar filled with a 70,000-pound (32,000\u00a0kg) charge in October. The 1st Australian Tunnelling Company took over in November 1916 and maintained the mines at Hill 60 over the winter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 56], "content_span": [57, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017855-0013-0000", "contents": "175th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Messines 1916/17\nMeanwhile, the bulk of 175th Tunnelling Company had moved briefly to Spanbroekmolen in April 1916. Also in April 1916, 175th Tunnelling Company took over work on the deep mines at Kruisstraat from 3rd Canadian Tunnelling Company. 175th Tunnelling Company continued to drive the galleries forward and when the main tunnel reached 320 metres (1,051\u00a0ft) it was handed over to 171st Tunnelling Company who were also responsible for Spanbroekmolen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 56], "content_span": [57, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017855-0014-0000", "contents": "175th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Messines 1916/17\nAs part of the prelude to the Battle of Messines, deep mine galleries were dug by the British 171st, 175th and 250th Tunnelling companies and the 1st Canadian, 3rd Canadian and 1st Australian Tunnelling companies, while the British 183rd, 2nd Canadian and 2nd Australian Tunnelling companies built dugouts (underground shelters) in the Second Army area. The mines at Messines were detonated on 7 June 1917, creating 19 large craters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 56], "content_span": [57, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017855-0015-0000", "contents": "175th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Vimy Ridge\nHaving handed over its share of the work at Messines, 175th Tunnelling Company moved to Vimy, an area of busy underground activity for much of the war. British tunnellers took over progressively from the French between February and May 1916. Other units active around Vimy in addition to 175th Tunnelling Company were 172nd, 176th, 182nd, 184th, 185th and 255th Tunnelling Companies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 50], "content_span": [51, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017855-0016-0000", "contents": "175th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Vimy Ridge\nFrom spring 1916, the British had deployed five tunnelling companies along the Vimy Ridge, and during the first two months of their tenure in the area, 70 mines were fired, mostly by the Germans. Between October 1915 and April 1917 an estimated 150 French, British and German charges were fired in this 7 kilometres (4.3\u00a0mi) sector of the Western Front. In May 1916, a German infantry attack, which forced the British back 640 metres (700\u00a0yd), was aimed at neutralising British mining activity by capturing the shaft entrances.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 50], "content_span": [51, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017855-0016-0001", "contents": "175th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Vimy Ridge\nFrom June 1916, however, the Germans withdrew many miners to work on the Hindenburg Line and also for work in coal mines in Germany. In the second half of 1916 the British constructed strong defensive underground positions, and from August 1916, the Royal Engineers developed a mining scheme to support a large-scale infantry attack on the Vimy Ridge proposed for autumn 1916, although this was subsequently postponed. After September 1916, when the Royal Engineers had completed their network of defensive galleries along most of the front line, offensive mining largely ceased although activities continued until 1917. The British gallery network beneath Vimy Ridge eventually grew to a length of 12 kilometres (7.5\u00a0mi).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 50], "content_span": [51, 773]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017855-0017-0000", "contents": "175th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Vimy Ridge\nIn October 1916, 175th Tunnelling Company moved away again from the Vimy sector and returned to the Ypres Salient.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 50], "content_span": [51, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017855-0018-0000", "contents": "175th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Lettenberg Bunkers\n175th Tunnelling Company then deployed to Loker, about two miles west of Kemmel and near Wijtschate, where it constructed bunkers. Known as the Lettenberg Bunkers, they are located at the edge of a woodland along the road from Kemmel, climbing up a hill towards Loker. These fortifications were constructed in the spring of 1917, although the 175th Tunnelling Company had been digging to create underground headquarters here for some months before that. There are four bunkers, including a first aid post which has a red cross painted on the wall, and a command post located at the far end. There are information boards outside the bunkers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 58], "content_span": [59, 699]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017855-0019-0000", "contents": "175th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Hermies 1918\nDestroyed the entrance inclines to Hermies catacombs in March 1918, as the enemy advanced from Cambrai.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 52], "content_span": [53, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017855-0020-0000", "contents": "175th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Somme 1918\nBuilt bridges over the Ancre in the British advanced on the Somme in Autumn 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 50], "content_span": [51, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017856-0000-0000", "contents": "175th Wing\nThe 175th Wing (175 WG) is a unit of the Maryland Air National Guard, stationed at Warfield Air National Guard Base, Middle River, Maryland. If activated to federal service, components of the Wing are gained by the two separate major commands of the United States Air Force: Air Combat Command (ACC) and United States Air Forces in Europe (USAFE).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017856-0001-0000", "contents": "175th Wing\nThe 104th Fighter Squadron, assigned to the wing's 175th Operations Group, is a descendant organization of the 104th Observation Squadron, established on 29 June 1921. It is one of the 29 original National Guard Observation Squadrons of the United States Army National Guard formed before World War II. It is the oldest unit in the Maryland Air National Guard, having over 90 years of service to the state and nation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017856-0002-0000", "contents": "175th Wing, Overview\nThe 175th Wing is composite unit and has three active USAF gaining commands: the Air Combat Command for its fighter aircraft and cyber units, and United States Air Forces in Europe for its 235th Civil Engineer Flight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 20], "content_span": [21, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017856-0003-0000", "contents": "175th Wing, Overview\nThe wing comprises two operations groups: The 175th Operations Group is the wing's flying unit, and includes a fighter squadron and an operations support squadron. The 175th Cyberspace Operations Group is the wing's cyber unit, and includes three subordinate cyberspace operations squadrons and an operations support squadron. The wing also includes support units, including security forces, engineers, communications, logistics, and administrative support functions. Approximately 1,500 full-time and traditional part-time members of the Maryland Air National Guard are assigned to the 175th Wing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 20], "content_span": [21, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017856-0004-0000", "contents": "175th Wing, Heraldry\nSymbolism: Blue and yellow are the Air Force colors. Blue alludes to the sky, the primary theater of Air Force Operations. Yellow refers to the sun and the excellence required of Air Force personnel. The crossbow symbolizes the fighter mission and the Pegasus denotes the airlift mission. The representation of the Maryland state flag reflects the consolidation of these two missions within the wing and also indicates the unit's home location.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 20], "content_span": [21, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017856-0005-0000", "contents": "175th Wing, Heraldry\nBackground: Approved by Air Force on 23 August 1996. This insignia superseded one previously approved by the Air Force for the 175th Fighter Group following that unit's re-designation as the 175th Wing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 20], "content_span": [21, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017856-0006-0000", "contents": "175th Wing, History\nOn 1 October 1962, the Maryland Air National Guard's 175th Tactical Fighter Group was federally recognized and activated by the National Guard Bureau. The 104th TFS becoming the group's flying squadron. Other squadrons assigned into the group were the 175th Headquarters, 175th Material Squadron, 175th Combat Support Squadron, and the 175th USAF Dispensary. Equipped with F-86H Sabres, the 175th TFG was operationally gained by Tactical Air Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017856-0007-0000", "contents": "175th Wing, History, Tactical Air Command\nOn 13 May 1968 the 175th Tactical Fighter Group was federalized and ordered to active service. It was transferred to Cannon Air Force Base, New Mexico along with the NY ANG 139th Tactical Fighter Squadron and 174th Tactical Fighter Squadron as well as the 104th TFS. At Cannon AFB, the Group's mission was to act as a filler unit for the 27th Tactical Fighter Wing which were deployed to the Vietnam War. At Cannon, the squadron trained active Air Force pilots in forward air controller duties. The unit did not deploy overseas. The units were returned to New York and Maryland state control on 20 December 1968 when the TAC 4429th Combat Crew Training Squadron was activated with regular active-duty Air Force personnel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 41], "content_span": [42, 763]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017856-0008-0000", "contents": "175th Wing, History, Tactical Air Command\nIn 1970 the 175th TFG was realigned from a Tactical Fighter mission when the F-86H Sabres were transferred after being with the 104th TFS for thirteen years. The 175th was one of the last ANG units to fly the F-86. The Sabres, however, were not retired, but instead transferred to the United States Navy which used them both as target drones and as MiG simulators for TOP GUN aggressor training. The F-86H had a similar size, shape, and performance as the MiG-17 fighter then being encountered over North Vietnam, and many a Navy F-4 pilot was \"killed\" by a F-86H Sabre during these mock battles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 41], "content_span": [42, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017856-0009-0000", "contents": "175th Wing, History, Tactical Air Command\nIn return, the 175th TFG received Cessna A-37 Dragonfly counter-insurgency aircraft. In the Vietnam War, the A-37 was a very effective ground support aircraft that was simple to operate, maintain and fly. The mission of the 175th was to train in the aircraft to support Air Force and Army special forces personnel and units. In 1974, after the end of American participation in Vietnam, the unit began supporting the Military Assistance Program (MAP) by supplying training to Latin American Air Forces. In addition, in the OA-37 configuration, the aircraft was used as a Forward Air Control (FAC) aircraft, that replaced the aging O-2 Skymaster. In the OA-37 configuration, the aircraft was equipped with small rocket pods, usually with smoke or white phosphorus warheads used for target marking.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 41], "content_span": [42, 837]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017856-0010-0000", "contents": "175th Wing, History, Tactical Air Command\nIn 1979, the 175th was the first Air National Guard unit to receive the A-10 Thunderbolt II ground support aircraft. The 175th received brand new A-10A Thunderbolt II attack aircraft from the factory in Hagerstown, Maryland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 41], "content_span": [42, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017856-0011-0000", "contents": "175th Wing, History, Modern era\nEarly in the 1990s with the declared end of the Cold War and the continued decline in military budgets, the Air Force restructured to meet changes in strategic requirements, decreasing personnel, and a smaller infrastructure. The 175th adopted the new USAF \"Objective Organization\" in early 1992, with the word \"tactical\" being eliminated from its designation and becoming the 175th Fighter Group. Tactical Air Command was inactivated on 1 June, being replaced by the new Air Combat Command (ACC).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 31], "content_span": [32, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017856-0012-0000", "contents": "175th Wing, History, Modern era\nOn 15 June 1996, in accordance with the Air Force \"One Wing, One Base\" directive, the units of the 135th Airlift Group and 175th Fighter Group merged to form the 175th Wing. The 175th Wing, is a composite organization with an Air Combat Command-gained fighter unit, an Air Mobility Command-gained airlift unit, a United States Air Forces in Europe-gained civil engineer flight, and, from 2006 to 2016, a network warfare squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 31], "content_span": [32, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017856-0013-0000", "contents": "175th Wing, History, Modern era\nIn mid-1996, the Air Force, in response to budget cuts, and changing world situations, began experimenting with Air Expeditionary organizations. The Air Expeditionary Force (AEF) concept was developed that would mix Active-Duty, Reserve and Air National Guard elements into a combined force. Instead of entire permanent units deploying as \"Provisional\" as in the 1991 Gulf War, Expeditionary units are composed of \"aviation packages\" from several wings, including active-duty Air Force, the Air Force Reserve Command and the Air National Guard, would be married together to carry out the assigned deployment rotation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 31], "content_span": [32, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017856-0014-0000", "contents": "175th Wing, History, Modern era\nThe wing has been deeply involved in fielding the latest Air Force aircraft. In 1999, it dedicated its first C-130J Hercules, the latest and most advanced version of the venerable transport. The 135th had played a major role in the test and evaluation of the aircraft and its procedures and was the first fully equipped C-130J unit in the U.S. Air Force. The wing was also selected to be the Air Force's lead unit in converting to the new \"precision engagement\" A-10C Thunderbolt II. Wing personnel were deeply involved in the test and evaluation process and in September 2007, the 104th Fighter Squadron became the first unit to take the A-10C into combat, when it deployed to Al Asad Air Base, Iraq.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 31], "content_span": [32, 733]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017856-0015-0000", "contents": "175th Wing, History, Modern era\nFollowing the 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks, members of the 175th Wing repeatedly volunteered or been mobilized to take part in the Global War on Terrorism. From January to June 2003, the 104th Expeditionary Fighter Squadron was formed and  deployed to Bagram Air Base, Afghanistan, where it flew strikes against Taliban and al Qaeda forces and earned the distinction of being the longest-deployed Air National Guard fighter squadron at Bagram.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 31], "content_span": [32, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017856-0016-0000", "contents": "175th Wing, History, Modern era\nWhen Hurricanes Katrina and Rita struck the Gulf Coast in 2005, the 175th Wing was among the first to respond, flying 42 relief missions and deploying nearly 200 troops to support recovery and relief efforts in Louisiana and Mississippi. From 2006 to 2008, numerous wing members deployed to the U.S.-Mexican border as part of Operation Jump Start, the National Guard mission supporting the U.S. Border Patrol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 31], "content_span": [32, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017856-0017-0000", "contents": "175th Wing, History, Modern era\nBRAC 2005 determined to realign Warfield Air National Guard Base by distributing the 175th Wing's eight C-130J aircraft to the California Air National Guard's 146th Airlift Wing at Channel Islands Air National Guard Station, CA (four aircraft), and the Rhode Island Air National Guard's 143d Airlift Wing at Quonset Point Air National Guard Station, RI (four aircraft). In return, the 135th Airlift Squadron of the 175th Wing would receive the new C-27J Spartan Joint Cargo Aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 31], "content_span": [32, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017856-0018-0000", "contents": "175th Wing, History, Modern era\nThe Maryland Air National Guard marked its 90th year of operation in 2011. The year saw big changes for the unit with the transition from C-130J Hercules to the new C-27J Spartan Joint Cargo Aircraft that will allow the unit to continue airlift transport capabilities around the world.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 31], "content_span": [32, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017856-0019-0000", "contents": "175th Wing, History, Modern era\nThe unit saw the completion of the $7.9 million 12 bay fire station, centrally located on base to handle any aircraft emergencies. Joint HQ office provided support to more than 200 full-time members that were mobilized in 2011. The 175th Wing performed humanitarian and domestic operations as seen in the responses to the earthquake in Haiti and Hurricane Irene. Three lifesaving humanitarian airlift missions for 28 patients were performed as part of Joint Task Force Haiti.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 31], "content_span": [32, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017856-0019-0001", "contents": "175th Wing, History, Modern era\nDuring Hurricane Irene, the wing established a receiving, staging and shipping warehouse operation to support various government agencies in distributing 195 pallets of water and food to Maryland locations throughout the state. The wing conducted operations in Cyprus, Afghanistan, Iraq, Africa, Kyrgyzstan, Germany, Kuwait, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, Haiti, Estonia, Cuba and Puerto Rico.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 31], "content_span": [32, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017856-0020-0000", "contents": "175th Wing, History, Modern era\nBeginning in July 2011, the 135th, along with the Ohio Air National Guard's 164th Airlift Squadron, began rotational deployments for joint operations of the C-27J from Kandahar Airfield, Afghanistan as the 702d Expeditionary Airlift Squadron. The 702d EAS flew the two aircraft on 3,200 missions, moved 1,400 tons of cargo, transported 25,000 passengers and executed 71 airdrops, according to Air Force data.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 31], "content_span": [32, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017856-0021-0000", "contents": "175th Wing, History, Modern era\nOn 26 January 2012, the Department of Defense announced plans to retire all 38 USAF C-27Js on order due to conclusions that (1) the USAF possessed excess intratheater airlift capacity and (2) budgetary pressures on USAF, especially with respect to maintaining adequate funding for the fielding of new aircraft such as the service's F-35A Lightning II joint strike fighter and the KC-46 Pegasus air refueling aircraft, which did not permit funding for so-called \"niche\" aircraft such as the C-27J. C-27J duties were to be met by the C-130. On 23 March 2012, the USAF announced the C-27J's retirement in fiscal year 2013 after determining other program's budgetary needs and requirement changes for a new Pacific strategy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 31], "content_span": [32, 752]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017856-0022-0000", "contents": "175th Wing, History, Modern era\nIn June 2012, operations of the 702d EAS were suspended by the Air Force and returned to the United States. Originally, C-27J aircraft were supposed to remain in theater through 2014, but the Air Force decided to bring all of the aircraft back to the U.S. before the end of July after it submitted its 2013 budget proposal, which recommended terminating the C-27J and retiring all aircraft from USAF (e.g., Air National Guard) service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 31], "content_span": [32, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017856-0023-0000", "contents": "175th Wing, History, Modern era\nOn 30 September 2013, an inactivation ceremony was held, and by the end of 2014, all personnel had been transferred to other units or left the Maryland ANG. An organizational change request to inactive the unit was never processed however, and the unit remained on the active rolls until 2016. At that time, the group headquarters and most of its subordinate units was inactivated, and the 135th Airlift Squadron was redesignated as the 135th Intelligence Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 31], "content_span": [32, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017856-0024-0000", "contents": "175th Wing, History, Modern era\nThe same organizational change request that inactivated the 135th Airlift Group also stood up a new cyber operations group. The 175th Cyberspace Operations group consists of three subordinate cyberspace operations squadrons (one of which had existed as a separate squadron since 2006) and an operations support squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 31], "content_span": [32, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017857-0000-0000", "contents": "175th meridian east\nThe meridian 175\u00b0 east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, New Zealand, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017857-0001-0000", "contents": "175th meridian east\nThe 175th meridian east forms a great circle with the 5th meridian west.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 92]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017857-0002-0000", "contents": "175th meridian east, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 175th meridian east passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017858-0000-0000", "contents": "175th meridian west\nThe meridian 175\u00b0 west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017858-0001-0000", "contents": "175th meridian west\nThe 175th meridian west forms a great circle with the 5th meridian east.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 92]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017858-0002-0000", "contents": "175th meridian west, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 175th meridian west passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017859-0000-0000", "contents": "176\nYear 176 (CLXXVI) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Proculus and Aper (or, less frequently, year 929 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 176 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017860-0000-0000", "contents": "176 (Abu Klea) Battery Royal Artillery\n176 (Abu Klea) Battery Royal Artillery is the junior currently-existent regular battery of the Royal Artillery. Its name is pronounced \"One Seven Six\", and the battery is commonly referred to as \"The Abus\", and its members as \"Abus\", after the battery's Honour Title. The battery is one of the sub-units of 26th Regiment Royal Artillery, part of the British Army. It was formed in 1860 and since then has participated in many campaigns, most notably the Battle of Abu Klea in 1885, where Gunner Smith earned a Victoria Cross and later its Honour Title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017860-0001-0000", "contents": "176 (Abu Klea) Battery Royal Artillery, History\n5 Battery, 15 Brigade, Royal Artillery was officially raised in Gosport on 1 May 1860 by Captain J. de Havilland, although in reality it first paraded on the 23rd. It spent the next few years garrisoned variously in Ireland, Woolwich, Halifax, Gibraltar, the Channel Islands and Malta, without being involved in any conflicts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017860-0002-0000", "contents": "176 (Abu Klea) Battery Royal Artillery, History\nIn 1884, the Nile Expeditionary Force was organised with the purpose of relieving General Gordon and his British forces at Khartoum in the Sudan. Now renamed as part of an RA reorganisation, 1 Battery, Southern Division, Royal Artillery joined the force at Cairo and equipped with the 2.5 inch RML Mountain Gun (the \"Screw Gun\"), and camels for transport. While the main part of the force headed up the River Nile by steamer, a camel corps of about two thousand men was detached to move directly cross-country, at best speed, bypassing the waterfalls along the Nile. Half of the battery was detached to support this column. On 16 January 1885, a force of approximately 12,000 Mahdists was encountered by the column and engaged on the morning of 17 January in the Battle of Abu Klea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 830]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017860-0003-0000", "contents": "176 (Abu Klea) Battery Royal Artillery, History\nDuring the battle, the battery's guns were pushed out to the edge of the British square to fire at the charging enemy. The guns each managed to fire one round of case-shot, cutting down many of the enemy, before they reached the square and engaged in hand-to-hand fighting. Lieutenant D. J. Guthrie was attacked by several Sudanese and was seriously wounded in the leg. One of his soldiers, Gunner Alfred Smith, saved his life by killing his assailant with the handspike from a gun, and remained standing over him fighting off others.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017860-0003-0001", "contents": "176 (Abu Klea) Battery Royal Artillery, History\nFor this act of bravery Gunner Smith was awarded the Victoria Cross, although Lieutenant Guthrie was to die of his wounds. Other decorations for the Battery during this action include two Distinguished Conduct Medals and two brevet promotions for the officers present. On 22 June 1955 176 Battery was awarded the Honour Title \"Abu Klea\" in recognition of its distinguished service in this action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017860-0004-0000", "contents": "176 (Abu Klea) Battery Royal Artillery, History\nAfter service in Egypt and the Sudan the battery was stationed again in Malta, then posted to Hong Kong in 1890, returning to Malta in 1895 and to the United Kingdom 1898. While in the United Kingdom the battery re-roled as 15 Company, Royal Garrison Artillery and was sent to Ireland until the First World War. There are no records within the battery's own archives of its activities during the Great War. Afterwards it spent time as Q Coast Battery manning the coastal defences of the United Kingdom, and as 20th Pack Battery in Hong Kong with 3.7-inch mountain howitzers and still using mules for transport, the last British battery to do so.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 693]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017860-0005-0000", "contents": "176 (Abu Klea) Battery Royal Artillery, History\nAt the start of the Second World War, the battery, now renamed 120 Field Battery and part of 32 Regiment, served in France with the British Expeditionary Force and was part of the retreat and evacuation from Dunkirk. Five guns remained under Captain G. R. W. Stainton in a rearguard action to defend the perimeter while the rest of the British force escaped.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017860-0005-0001", "contents": "176 (Abu Klea) Battery Royal Artillery, History\nAfter returning to the UK, the battery re-equipped with 25 pounders, moved to the Middle East in 1941 and took part in the Anglo-Iraqi War, the Syria\u2013Lebanon Campaign, and then later the North African campaign where it participated in Jock columns. During the British retreat to El Alamein, 32 Regiment were tasked to hold Fuka Aerodrome against overwhelming German forces while the RAF evacuated their aircraft. During this engagement, the regiment, including the linked 115/120 Field Battery, suffered massive casualties. The survivors made their way back to Cairo, where 115/120 was reformed with reinforcements, and went on to take part in Montgomery's successful counteroffensive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 733]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017860-0006-0000", "contents": "176 (Abu Klea) Battery Royal Artillery, History\n120 Field Battery continued to serve with 25 pounders until the Allied advance reached Tunisia in 1943. Here the battery was re-equipped with 155mm Long Tom howitzers, became 120 Medium Battery and served in Italy, most notably at Monte Cassino in April 1944. The battery later played a part in the final battles in northwest Europe in 1945, and with ironic symmetry was in Dunkirk when the war in Europe ended. It spent some time in the occupation of Germany before returning to the UK.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017860-0007-0000", "contents": "176 (Abu Klea) Battery Royal Artillery, History\nIn 1947 120 Field Battery was renamed 176 Field Battery, by which name it is still known today, bar changes in functional designation and the addition of the Honour Title. It was part of 45th Field Regiment RA, itself part of 29th Independent Infantry Brigade which deployed to Korea under UN command after the outbreak of the Korean War. The battery fought in Korea throughout the war, including at the Battle of the Imjin River in support of the Royal Ulster Rifles. The Battery Sergeant Major and a subaltern were decorated for bravery during this action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017860-0008-0000", "contents": "176 (Abu Klea) Battery Royal Artillery, History\n176 Battery spent most of the post-war years until 1995, garrisoned in Sennelager, near Paderborn in Germany as part of the BAOR. It had various equipments at different times, including the 25 pounder, which were used on active service in Korea. They returned to UK from Germany in 1962 and were stationed in Shoeburyness, training on the 105mm pack howitzer, prior to joining 28 Commonwealth Brigade stationed in Malacca, Malaya. The 105mm pack howitzer was used between 1963 and 1966 in Malaya and Borneo during the Indonesia-Malaysia confrontation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017860-0008-0001", "contents": "176 (Abu Klea) Battery Royal Artillery, History\nThey returned from Malaya to Shoeburyness to be equipped with the 155\u00a0mm howitzer and were subsequently deployed to Dortmund in Germany in 1966, where they were equipped with the M109 Self Propelled 155mm howitzernuclear-armed. During these decades the battery also completed five emergency tours of Northern Ireland in the internal security role.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017860-0009-0000", "contents": "176 (Abu Klea) Battery Royal Artillery, History\nThe battery last changed role and equipment in 1990 with the adoption of the Multiple Launch Rocket System (MLRS). The MLRS was hurried into service so that 39 Regiment, now 176 Battery's parent unit, could deploy on Operation Granby to use it in support of the Coalition Forces during the Gulf War. The battery therefore has the distinction of being the only battery of the Royal Artillery to have participated in both major UN actions since 1945, namely Korea and the Gulf.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017860-0010-0000", "contents": "176 (Abu Klea) Battery Royal Artillery, History\nDuring the remainder of the 1990s, the battery completed two tours with the UN in Cyprus. In 1995 it moved with 39 Regiment permanently back to the UK, and in 1999 completed another tour of Northern Ireland, and in 2006-2007 another in Cyprus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017860-0011-0000", "contents": "176 (Abu Klea) Battery Royal Artillery, Present day\n176 (Abu Klea) Battery was one of the constituent batteries of 39 Regiment Royal Artillery, which was based in the UK near Newcastle upon Tyne. It is still equipped with MLRS and deployed in-role with its launchers to Afghanistan in 2008 as part of the ongoing conflict. In February 2015, when 39 Regiment Royal Artillery was disbanded, 176 (Abu Klea) Battery moved to join 19 Regiment Royal Artillery and was subsequently moved into 26th Regiment Royal Artillery in preparation for their move to Larkhill in 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 51], "content_span": [52, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017860-0012-0000", "contents": "176 (Abu Klea) Battery Royal Artillery, Traditions\nAbu Klea Day is held on 22 June. This is the anniversary of the awarding of the Honour Title \"Abu Klea\" in 1955. It is the primary date of celebration for the battery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 50], "content_span": [51, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017860-0013-0000", "contents": "176 (Abu Klea) Battery Royal Artillery, Traditions\nThe battery's emblem is the kicking mule, in recognition of the important role played by mules in its history. It was reinstated on 22 June 1993, Abu Klea Day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 50], "content_span": [51, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017860-0014-0000", "contents": "176 (Abu Klea) Battery Royal Artillery, Traditions\nThe battery also celebrates its birthday on 1 May, the anniversary of its foundation in 1860. The other date of significance is 17 January, the anniversary of the Battle of Abu Klea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 50], "content_span": [51, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017861-0000-0000", "contents": "176 (number)\n176 (one hundred [and] seventy-six) is the natural number following 175 and preceding 177.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017861-0001-0000", "contents": "176 (number), In mathematics\n176 is an even number and an abundant number. It is an odious number, a self number, a semiperfect number, and a practical number.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017861-0002-0000", "contents": "176 (number), In mathematics\n176 is a cake number, a happy number, a pentagonal number, and an octagonal number. 15 can be partitioned in 176 ways.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017862-0000-0000", "contents": "176 BC\nYear 176 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Hispallus/Laevinus and Spurinus (or, less frequently, year 578 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 176 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017863-0000-0000", "contents": "176 Iduna\nIduna (minor planet designation: 176 Iduna) is a large main-belt asteroid that was discovered by German-American astronomer Christian Heinrich Friedrich Peters on October 14, 1877, in Clinton, New York. It is named after S\u00e4llskapet Idun, a club in Stockholm that hosted an astronomical conference; Idun is also a Norse goddess. A G-type asteroid, it has a composition similar to that of the largest main-belt asteroid, 1 Ceres.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017863-0001-0000", "contents": "176 Iduna\nAn occultation of a star by Iduna was observed from Mexico on January 17, 1998.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017863-0002-0000", "contents": "176 Iduna\nPhotometric observations of this asteroid at the Romer Observatory in Aarhus, Denmark during 1996 gave a light curve with a period of 11.289 \u00b1 0.006 hours and a brightness variation of 0.35 in magnitude. A 2008 study at the Palmer Divide Observatory in Colorado Springs, Colorado gave a period of 11.309 \u00b1 0.005 hours, confirming the 1996 result.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017864-0000-0000", "contents": "1760\n1760 (MDCCLX) was a leap year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a leap year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar, the 1760th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 760th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 60th  year of the 18th\u00a0century, and the  1st   year of the 1760s decade. As of the start of 1760, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017865-0000-0000", "contents": "1760 Sandra\n1760 Sandra, provisional designation 1950 GB, is a carbonaceous asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 35 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 10 April 1950, by South African astronomer Ernest Johnson at Union Observatory in Johannesburg, and named after his granddaughter Sandra.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017865-0001-0000", "contents": "1760 Sandra, Orbit and classification\nSandra is a carbonaceous C-type asteroid that orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.7\u20133.6\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 7 months (2,041 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.13 and an inclination of 8\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. It was first identified as 1934 NP at the discovering observatory. The body's observation arc begins with its identification as 1935 QH at Heidelberg in 1935, or 15 years prior to its official discovery observation at Johannesburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017865-0002-0000", "contents": "1760 Sandra, Lightcurve\nIn April 2006, a rotational lightcurve of Sandra was obtained from photometric observations by French amateur astronomer Pierre Antonini. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 6.5668 hours with a brightness variation of 0.42 magnitude (U=3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017865-0003-0000", "contents": "1760 Sandra, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Sandra measures between 33.989 and 37.71 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.034 and 0.054. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0542 and a diameter of 36.03 kilometers with on an absolute magnitude of 11.0.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 32], "content_span": [33, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017865-0004-0000", "contents": "1760 Sandra, Naming\nThis minor planet was named by the South African discover Ernest Johnson after his granddaughter Sandra. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 February 1976 (M.P.C. 3934).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017870-0000-0000", "contents": "1760 in Great Britain\nEvents from the year 1760 in Great Britain. This year sees a change of monarch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017880-0000-0000", "contents": "1760 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1760.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017881-0000-0000", "contents": "1760 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017881-0001-0000", "contents": "1760 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017881-0002-0000", "contents": "1760 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017882-0000-0000", "contents": "1760 in science\nThe year 1760 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017883-0000-0000", "contents": "1760s\nThe 1760s (pronounced \"seventeen-sixties\") was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1, 1760, and ended on December 31, 1769.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017883-0001-0000", "contents": "1760s\nMarked by great upheavals on culture, technology, and diplomacy, the 1760s was a transitional decade that effectively brought on the modern era from Baroqueism. The Seven Years' War \u2013 arguably the most widespread conflict of its time \u2013 carried trends of imperialism outside of European reaches, where it would head on to countless territories (mainly in Asia and Africa) for decades to come under colonialism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017884-0000-0000", "contents": "1760s BC\nThe 1760s BC was a decade lasting from January 1, 1769 BC to December 31, 1760 BC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 91]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017885-0000-0000", "contents": "1760s in South Africa\nThe following lists events that happened during the 1760s in South Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 96]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017886-0000-0000", "contents": "1760s in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the decade 1760 - 1769 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017887-0000-0000", "contents": "1760s in archaeology\nThe decade of the 1760s in archaeology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017888-0000-0000", "contents": "1760s in rail transport\nThis article lists events relating to rail transport that occurred during the 1760s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017889-0000-0000", "contents": "1761\n1761 (MDCCLXI) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar, the 1761st year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 761st  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 61st  year of the 18th\u00a0century, and the  2nd   year of the 1760s decade. As of the start of 1761, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017890-0000-0000", "contents": "1761 British general election\nThe 1761 British general election returned members to serve in the House of Commons of the 12th Parliament of Great Britain to be summoned, after the merger of the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland in 1707. This was the first Parliament chosen after the accession to the throne of King George III. It was also the first election after George III had lifted the conventional proscription on the employment of Tories in government. The King prevented the Prime Minister, the Duke of Newcastle, from using public money to fund the election of Whig candidates, but Newcastle instead simply used his private fortune to ensure that his ministry gained a comfortable majority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 718]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017890-0001-0000", "contents": "1761 British general election\nHowever, with the Tories disintegrating, as a result of the end of their proscription providing them with new opportunities for personal advancement, and the loyalty they felt to the new King causing them to drift apart, there was little incentive for Newcastle's supporters to stay together. What little survived of Whig ideology was not compelling enough to maintain the party's coherence, and they split into a number of feuding factions led by aristocratic magnates, contributing to the political instability that would last until 1770.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017890-0002-0000", "contents": "1761 British general election\nThe election was one of the most undemocratic in British history, with only around a hundred seats seeing a contested election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017890-0003-0000", "contents": "1761 British general election, Summary of the constituencies\nSee 1796 British general election for details. The constituencies used were the same throughout the existence of the Parliament of Great Britain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 60], "content_span": [61, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017890-0004-0000", "contents": "1761 British general election, Dates of election\nThe general election was held between 25 March 1761 and 5 May 1761.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 48], "content_span": [49, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017890-0005-0000", "contents": "1761 British general election, Dates of election\nAt this period elections did not take place at the same time in every constituency. The returning officer in each county or parliamentary borough fixed the precise date (see hustings for details of the conduct of the elections).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 48], "content_span": [49, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017891-0000-0000", "contents": "1761 Edmondson\n1761 Edmondson, provisional designation 1952 FN, is a dark background asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 21 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 30 March 1952, by the Indiana Asteroid Program at Goethe Link Observatory, United States. It was named after astronomer Frank Edmondson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017891-0001-0000", "contents": "1761 Edmondson, Orbit and classification\nEdmondson is a background asteroid, located near the region occupied by the Themis family, a dynamical family of outer-belt asteroids with nearly coplanar ecliptical orbits. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.4\u20133.9\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 8 months (2,068 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.23 and an inclination of 2\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017891-0002-0000", "contents": "1761 Edmondson, Orbit and classification\nIt was first identified as 1940 BC at Konkoly Observatory in 1940. The body's observation arc begins with its identification as 1950 XP at McDonald Observatory in 1950, or 2 years prior to its official discovery observation at Goethe Link.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017891-0003-0000", "contents": "1761 Edmondson, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn November 2012, a rotational lightcurve of Edmondson was obtained from photometric observations at the Etscorn Campus Observatory (719) in New Mexico, United States. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 4.208 hours with a brightness variation of 0.29 magnitude (U=3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 57], "content_span": [58, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017891-0004-0000", "contents": "1761 Edmondson, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite, Edmondson measures 21.94 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.102, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a more typical albedo for carbonaceous asteroids of 0.08 and calculates a diameter of 20.51 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 11.8.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 61], "content_span": [62, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017891-0005-0000", "contents": "1761 Edmondson, Naming\nThis minor planet was named for astronomer Frank K. Edmondson (1912\u20132008) of Indiana University, the program's founder and director. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 February 1971 (M.P.C. 3143).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017892-0000-0000", "contents": "1761 Irish general election\nThe Irish general election, 1761 was the first general election to the Irish House of Commons in over thirty years, with the previous general election having taken place in 1727. Despite few constituencies hosting electoral contests, the election was significant due to it taking place in a time of rising political awareness within the Irish public, with many being drawn to the cause of patriotism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017892-0001-0000", "contents": "1761 Irish general election, Background\nUnlike England, which had passed the Triennial Acts in 1694, thereby requiring elections every 3 years (and following 1716 every 7 years), Ireland had passed no similar pieces of legislation. As a result, the only limit on a term of parliament was the life of the monarch. This did not mean that the Commons had the same membership between 1727 and 1761, and numerous vacancies had occurred over the years, which had in turn been filled through by-elections.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017892-0002-0000", "contents": "1761 Irish general election, Background\nBy the late 1750s the lack of frequent elections was becoming a contested issue, and the issue was taken up by the patriot opposition in the House of Commons. This had seen some success, and in November 1757 the Commons had voted unanimously for heads of a bill on the subject.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017892-0003-0000", "contents": "1761 Irish general election, Background\nIn October 1760 King George II died, thereby making a new election unavoidable. Adding to this was the fact that none of Britains Chief Undertakers in Ireland; the Earl of Shannon, Archbishoper George Stone, John Ponsonby, or any other members of the Privy Council, were willing to risk the electoral consequences that would ensue should it appear they were not taking a popular and patriotic stance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017892-0004-0000", "contents": "1761 Irish general election, Election\nDespite being the first general election in over 30 years, and the fact that the period preceding the election had seen great debate over implementing changes to the electoral system so as to make elections more common, ultimately the election result was largely anticlimactic, with only 26 of Ireland's 150 constituencies actually witnessing any form of electoral contest. Of these 26 constituencies 9 were counties and 17 were boroughs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017892-0005-0000", "contents": "1761 Irish general election, Election\nThere were several reasons for the low number of electoral contests. One issue was a sense of political apathy, whilst the other was that the immense costs of standing for election dissuaded individuals from standing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017892-0006-0000", "contents": "1761 Irish general election, Dates of Election\nAt this period elections did not take place at the same time in every constituency. The returning officer in each county or parliamentary borough fixed the precise date (see hustings for details of the conduct of the elections).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 46], "content_span": [47, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017893-0000-0000", "contents": "1761 Lisbon earthquake\nThe 1761 Lisbon earthquake occurred in Lisbon, Portugal and a subsequent tsunami occurred in the north Atlantic Ocean and south of the Iberian Peninsula. This violent shock which struck just after noon on March 31, 1761, was felt across many parts of Western Europe. Its direct effects were even observed far north in Scotland and Amsterdam, and to the south in the Canary Islands of Spain. The estimated surface-wave magnitude 8.5 event was the largest in the region, and the most significant earthquake in Europe since the Great Lisbon earthquake of 1755.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017893-0001-0000", "contents": "1761 Lisbon earthquake\nRecords of this disaster are sparse as the Portuguese government censored much information in order to avoid panic in the already ruined city. Damage was significant in older parts of the city and among buildings damaged by the previous temblor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017893-0002-0000", "contents": "1761 Lisbon earthquake, Tectonic setting\nThe Azores-Gibraltar Fault forms part of the complex and poorly defined plate boundary between the African and Eurasian tectonic plates, which converge at a rate of 3.8\u00a0mm/yr. Here, a collection of strike-slip and thrust faults accommodate motion between the two plates, including the Horseshoe Fault, Marques Pombal Fault, Gorringe Bank Fault and C\u00e1diz Subduction Zone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 40], "content_span": [41, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017893-0003-0000", "contents": "1761 Lisbon earthquake, Tectonic setting\nThe earthquake is thought to have originated in a thrust fault located beneath the Coral Patch Seamount with an estimated rupture dimension of 200\u00a0km by 50\u00a0km. The Coral Patch Thrust Fault is a component in the Africa-Eurasia plate boundary. From an analysis of the reported duration of shaking, the rupture was suggested to propagate northwards, from the northern end of the 1755 rupture. This earthquake is likely to be a result of stress transfer from the 1755 event. Based on measuring the tsunami run-up height, the estimated tsunami magnitude for this earthquake is 8.5, and is unlikely to be larger than the 1755 event.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 40], "content_span": [41, 667]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017893-0004-0000", "contents": "1761 Lisbon earthquake, Earthquake\nAt noon on March 31, the Portuguese city of Lisbon was rocked by an earthquake that lasted up to three minutes. Ruins in the city left by the 1755 earthquake collapsed while frightened residents ran outside. Shipping vessels offshore felt jolts during the earthquake. It was felt in many Spanish cities including Madrid and Aranjuez. Other European locations that felt the earthquake include Bayonne, Bordeaux and Roussillon in France, Amsterdam in The Netherlands, Cork in Ireland, and the Azores Islands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017893-0005-0000", "contents": "1761 Lisbon earthquake, Earthquake\nMuch of the damage in Lisbon was to older houses and to buildings already compromised by the 1755 earthquake. The city shook for at least five minutes. Piles of debris from the previous quake collapsed. The nearby mountain ranges were affected by rockslides. Shaking damaged a prison, and some 300 inmates managed to escape. Surprisingly, no lives were lost in Lisbon but the damage was greater than 20,000 moidores. On the Modified Mercalli intensity scale, the earthquake reached an estimated VI (Strong) to VII (Very strong). The greatest destruction was in Set\u00fabal and Vila Franca. In Porto, the city suffered heavy damage worse than that sustained in 1755, resulting in several people being killed. In Madeira, rockfalls were triggered, tumbling into the sea and destroying a church. Four people died as a result, with two being crushed while fishing when boulders tumbled on them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 921]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017893-0006-0000", "contents": "1761 Lisbon earthquake, Earthquake\nIn Madrid, ground motions went on for five to 23 minutes. Some houses shook violently causing furniture to topple. Frightened residents ran out of their houses for fear of them collapsing. This prompted an inquiry from the Council of Castile and Diocese of Cartagena to obtain more information about the earthquake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017893-0007-0000", "contents": "1761 Lisbon earthquake, Earthquake\nIn Fort Augustus, Scotland, the water level at Loch Ness rose some two feet (0.61\u00a0m) and then subsided. The unusual lake behavior continued for forty-five minutes to an hour. In Amsterdam, the chandelier of a church started vibrating in the afternoon, possibly caused by the earthquake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017893-0008-0000", "contents": "1761 Lisbon earthquake, Earthquake\nCork, Ireland saw strong shaking, more violent than the 1755 quake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017893-0009-0000", "contents": "1761 Lisbon earthquake, Earthquake, Tsunami\nOne hour and 25 minutes after the earthquake was felt in Lisbon, waves measuring up to eight feet (2.4\u00a0m) were observed approaching the coast and damaging ships. The sea retreated and advanced repeatedly even 13 hours after the earthquake, continuing into the night.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 43], "content_span": [44, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017893-0010-0000", "contents": "1761 Lisbon earthquake, Earthquake, Tsunami\nAlong the coasts of Spain, changes to the sea were witnessed but there were no records of the tsunami arriving, nor their heights.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 43], "content_span": [44, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017893-0011-0000", "contents": "1761 Lisbon earthquake, Earthquake, Tsunami\nIn Barbados, waves between 18 inches (0.46\u00a0m) and four feet (1.2\u00a0m) that swept along the coast were attributed to the earthquake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 43], "content_span": [44, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017893-0012-0000", "contents": "1761 Lisbon earthquake, Earthquake, Tsunami\nOn Terceira Island in the Azores, the tsunami picked up boats and smashed them against the rocky coastline.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 43], "content_span": [44, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017893-0013-0000", "contents": "1761 Lisbon earthquake, Earthquake, Tsunami\nAt Mount's Bay in Cornwall, a tsunami of up six feet (1.8\u00a0m) advanced five times at 5 p.m. for an hour. In the Isles of Scilly, the sea rose up to four feet (1.2\u00a0m) at the time waves were seen in Cornwall. Penzance saw waves up to six feet (1.8\u00a0m) arriving in the early evenings five times. At Newlyn, the sea rose nearly six feet. Along the Irish coasts, the same phenomena were observed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 43], "content_span": [44, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017893-0013-0001", "contents": "1761 Lisbon earthquake, Earthquake, Tsunami\nAt Kinsale, at about 6 p.m., the sea rose suddenly 2 feet (0.61\u00a0m) and retreated rapidly in 4 minutes, this being repeated, though to a less extent, several times. At Carrick, at 4 pm, the surface of the River Suir rose one foot (0.30\u00a0m). in five minutes. At Dungarvan, the sea ebbed and flowed five times between 4 and 9 pm. At Waterford, the sea advanced 30 feet (9.1\u00a0m) along the shore, while at Ross, County Wexford, a violent agitation of the river occurred at 7 p.m.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 43], "content_span": [44, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017894-0000-0000", "contents": "1761 Milestone\nThe 1761 Milestone is a mile marker located at 640 South Main Street in Woonsocket, Rhode Island. The stone originally marked the junction of a Colonial highway from Great Road and an east-west route from Boston, Massachusetts to Connecticut. It was rediscovered during the installation of an electrical road (likely a tram). In 1898, it was restored to its original location by the local chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution. The stone is embedded in a low retaining wall at the corner of South Main Street and Smithfield Road. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 24, 1982, and is historically significant as a Colonial-era highway marker.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 703]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017894-0001-0000", "contents": "1761 Milestone, History\nThe 1761 Milestone is a historic marker that marked the junction of a Colonial highway. In 1761, it was located at the intersection of Great Road from Providence, Rhode Island to Mendon, Massachusetts, and an east-west route from Boston, Massachusetts into Connecticut. Currently, it rests near the intersection of South Main Street and Smithfield Road (previously Great Road) and occupies the land designated by the Woonsocket Assessor as plat 4-C, lot 69.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017894-0002-0000", "contents": "1761 Milestone, History\nThe 2 feet (0.61\u00a0m) by 3 feet (0.91\u00a0m) marker is described by the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) nomination form as an \"odd-shaped piece of grey slate, somewhat broken and effaced\". It bears a boldly cut inscription of an unknown stonecutter; the inscription is likened to 18th-century handwriting and lacks a calligraphic pattern. The marker reads \"...Miles to Boston 1761\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017894-0003-0000", "contents": "1761 Milestone, History\nThe stone was unearthed during the installation of an \"electrical road\", according to a report to the Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR), which probably refers to a tramway; the Woonsocket chapter of the DAR restored it to its original location. Sometime later, the DAR placed a bronze plaque on the stone, but it was absent at the time of its nomination in 1982. The marker is currently mortared into a retaining wall at the edge of the sidewalk on 640 South Main Street at the intersection.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017894-0004-0000", "contents": "1761 Milestone, Importance\nThe National Register of Historic Places nomination states that the marker is at its original site and is historically important because it is \"the only extant Woonsocket property which well recalls this era in the early history of American overland transportation,\" and that there are \"but a handful\" of stones in Rhode Island which marked colonial highways. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 24, 1982.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 26], "content_span": [27, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017904-0000-0000", "contents": "1761 in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the year 1761 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017905-0000-0000", "contents": "1761 in architecture\nThe year 1761 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017907-0000-0000", "contents": "1761 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1761.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017908-0000-0000", "contents": "1761 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017908-0001-0000", "contents": "1761 in poetry, Events, Charles Churchill terrorises the London stage\nIn March, poet Charles Churchill's Rosciad was published at his own expense, after several publishers refused it. The reckless and amusing satire described with disconcerting accuracy the faults of various actors on the London stage, and the poem immediately became popular, both for its personal character, vigour and raciness. No leading London actor, with the exception of David Garrick, had escaped censure, and in the Apology Garrick was clearly threatened. The actor deflected criticism by showing every possible civility to Churchill, who became a terror to the stage. Actor Thomas Davies, in a letter to Garrick, wrote that he blundered in the part of Cymbeline owing \"to my accidentally seeing Mr. Churchill in the pit, it rendering me confused and unmindful of my business\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 69], "content_span": [70, 854]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017908-0002-0000", "contents": "1761 in poetry, Events, Charles Churchill terrorises the London stage\nChurchill's satire made him many enemies, and brought reprisals. In Night, an Epistle to Robert Lloyd (also published this year), be answered the attacks made on him, offering by way of defence the argument that any faults were better than hypocrisy. Churchill received a considerable sum from sales of the poem, paid off all of his old creditors, and gave an allowance to his wife.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 69], "content_span": [70, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017908-0003-0000", "contents": "1761 in poetry, Events, James Macpherson \"finds\" the work of \"Ossian\"\nThis year James Macpherson announced the discovery of an epic on the subject of Fingal which Macpherson claimed was written by Ossian. In December he published Fingal, an Ancient Epic Poem in Six Books, together with Several Other Poems composed by Ossian, the Son of Fingal, translated from the Gaelic Language, written in the musical measured prose of which Macpherson had made use in his earlier volume.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 69], "content_span": [70, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017908-0003-0001", "contents": "1761 in poetry, Events, James Macpherson \"finds\" the work of \"Ossian\"\nThe authenticity of these so-called translations from the works of a 3rd-century bard was immediately challenged in England, and Samuel Johnson, after some local investigation, would assert (in A Journey to the Western Islands of Scotland, 1775) that Macpherson had found fragments of ancient poems and stories, then wove into a romance of his own composition. Macpherson is said to have challenged Johnson, who replied that he was not to be deterred from detecting what he thought a cheat by the menaces of a ruffian. Macpherson never produced his originals, which he refused to publish on the grounds of expense. Modern scholars tend to agree with Johnson's assessment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 69], "content_span": [70, 741]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017908-0004-0000", "contents": "1761 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017908-0005-0000", "contents": "1761 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017909-0000-0000", "contents": "1761 in science\nThe year 1761 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017909-0001-0000", "contents": "1761 in science, Astronomy\nGuillaume Le Gentil, who had hoped to observe from Pondicherry in India, is prevented from doing so due to the Seven Years' War and Ru\u0111er Bo\u0161kovi\u0107 arrives late in Constantinople.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 26], "content_span": [27, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017910-0000-0000", "contents": "1761 to 1765 in sports\nEvents in world sport through the years 1761 to 1765.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 76]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017911-0000-0000", "contents": "1762\n1762 (MDCCLXII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar, the 1762nd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 762nd  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 62nd  year of the 18th\u00a0century, and the  3rd   year of the 1760s decade. As of the start of 1762, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017912-0000-0000", "contents": "1762 Arakan earthquake\nThe 1762 Arakan earthquake occurred at about 17:00 local time on 2 April, with an epicentre somewhere on the coast from Chittagong (modern Bangladesh) to Arakan in modern Burma. It had an estimated magnitude of as high as 8.8 on the moment magnitude scale and a maximum estimated intensity of XI (Extreme) on the Mercalli intensity scale. It triggered a local tsunami in the Bay of Bengal and caused at least 200 deaths. The earthquake was associated with major areas of both uplift and subsidence. It is also associated with a change in course of the Brahmaputra River to from east of Dhaka (Old Brahmaputra River) to 150 kilometres (93\u00a0mi) to the west via the Jamuna River.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 698]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017912-0001-0000", "contents": "1762 Arakan earthquake, Tectonic setting\nThe eastern part of Bangladesh and the southwestern part of Burma lie along the highly oblique convergent boundary between the Indian Plate and the Eurasian Plate. The degree to which this deformation is partitioned into zones of thrust tectonics (accommodating that part of the motion perpendicular to the boundary) and strike-slip tectonics (accommodating the northward movement of the Indian Plate) varies along the boundary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 40], "content_span": [41, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017912-0001-0001", "contents": "1762 Arakan earthquake, Tectonic setting\nA pure strike-slip boundary that strike parallel to the plate vector runs along the Western Burma Scarp, that is replaced to the north by  the Indo-Burmese Wedge fold and thrust belt, at the western edge of the boundary zone, and a series of major dextral (right lateral) strike-slip faults, particularly the Kabaw Fault and Sagaing Fault further to the east. The presence of active subduction along the eastern margin of the Bay of Bengal is disputed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 40], "content_span": [41, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017912-0002-0000", "contents": "1762 Arakan earthquake, Earthquake\nThe earthquake lasted for about four minutes at Chittagong. The epicentre is not well-constrained and likely locations have varied from near Chittagong to along the Arakan coast. The extent of the rupture is uncertain but may have been as much as 700\u00a0km along the plate interface. This is based both on the extent of uplift, which was recorded along the coast of Burma from Foul Island to Ramree Island, and the area of subsidence around Chittagong, further north.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017912-0002-0001", "contents": "1762 Arakan earthquake, Earthquake\nThe 700\u00a0km extent combined with an estimated displacement of ten metres gives a maximum estimated magnitude of 8.8 on the moment magnitude scale. Other workers have pointed out that neither the subsidence, which could be due to lateral spreading, nor the uplift, which is not unequivocally linked to the 1762 earthquake, necessarily provide a reasonable estimate for the size of this event and prefer to regard this as a magnitude 7\u20138 earthquake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017912-0003-0000", "contents": "1762 Arakan earthquake, Earthquake\nStudies of uplifted marine terraces along the Burmese coast have found evidence for three uplifts, the most recent of which is interpreted to be from the 1762 earthquake. The Saint Martin's Island has been uplifted by 2- 2.5 m during that earthquake. A repeat period of about 500 \u2013 700 years has been suggested for earthquakes similar to that in 1762.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017912-0004-0000", "contents": "1762 Arakan earthquake, Tsunami\nA tsunami was reported along the northeastern coast of the Bay of Bengal and at Dhaka and Kolkata. This is regarded as a local tsunami, as no effects were recorded on the western side of the bay.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017912-0005-0000", "contents": "1762 Arakan earthquake, Damage\nIn Chittagong, it was reported that no buildings or walls built of brick had escaped either destruction or serious damage. The East India Company's factory inside the fort was so badly damaged that it could no longer be safely used. An area of about 60 square miles (160\u00a0km2) permanently subsided beneath the sea along the coast near Chittagong. At Bar Chara, just north of Cox's Bazar, the land sank and 200 people were killed. Chittagong was said to have \"suffered severely\" with soil liquefaction effects such as sand volcanoes and ground fissures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017913-0000-0000", "contents": "1762 Russell\n1762 Russell, provisional designation 1953 TZ, is a stony Koronian asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 16 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered by the Indiana Asteroid Program at Goethe Link Observatory near Brooklyn, Indiana, on 8 October 1953. The asteroid was named after American astronomer Henry Norris Russell.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017913-0001-0000", "contents": "1762 Russell, Orbit and classification\nRussell is a member of the Koronis family (605), a very large outer asteroid family with nearly co-planar ecliptical orbits. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.7\u20133.1\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 11 months (1,781 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.08 and an inclination of 2\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017913-0002-0000", "contents": "1762 Russell, Orbit and classification\nThe asteroid was first identified as 1947 LM at Lowell Observatory in June 1947. The body's observation arc begins with a precovery at Goethe Link Observatory in February 1950, more than 3 years prior to its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017913-0003-0000", "contents": "1762 Russell, Physical characteristics\nRussell is an assumed stony S-type asteroid, which agrees with the overall spectral type of the Koronis family.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017913-0004-0000", "contents": "1762 Russell, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn April 2014, a rotational lightcurve of Russell was obtained from photometric observations at the Sonoita Research Observatory (G93) and Etscorn Campus Observatory (719). Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 12.797 hours with a brightness variation of 0.46 magnitude (U=3-).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 55], "content_span": [56, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017913-0005-0000", "contents": "1762 Russell, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Russell measures between 16.576 and 17.033 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.118 and 0.201.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017913-0006-0000", "contents": "1762 Russell, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.24 and calculates a diameter of 15.61 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017913-0007-0000", "contents": "1762 Russell, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after distinguished American astronomer Henry Norris Russell (1877\u20131957), noted for the H\u2013R diagram and research on a variety of topics in fundamental astronomy, astrophysics, and the analysis of atomic spectra (see Russell\u2013Saunders coupling).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017913-0008-0000", "contents": "1762 Russell, Naming\nThe official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 February 1971 (M.P.C. 3143). Russell is also honored by both a lunar and a Martian crater.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017914-0000-0000", "contents": "1762 in Canada, Births\nJuly 17\u00a0: Alexander Macdonell, Roman Catholic bishop (died 1840 in Scotland)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017914-0001-0000", "contents": "1762 in Canada, Deaths\nAugust 28\u00a0: Augustin de Boschenry de Drucour, governor of Isle Royale.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017924-0000-0000", "contents": "1762 in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the year 1762 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017927-0000-0000", "contents": "1762 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1762.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017928-0000-0000", "contents": "1762 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017928-0001-0000", "contents": "1762 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017928-0002-0000", "contents": "1762 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017929-0000-0000", "contents": "1762 in science\nThe year 1762 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017930-0000-0000", "contents": "1762 leto\n\"1762 leto\" (Macedonian: 1762 \u043b\u0435\u0442\u043e [ xi\u02c8\u028eada i s\u025bd\u025bm\u02c8st\u0254tin \u02c8\u0283\u025bstd\u025bs\u025bt i \u02c8ft\u0254ro \u02c8l\u025bto] or \u041f\u0435\u0441\u0435\u043d \u0437\u0430 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0449\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u041e\u0445\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0438\u044f; Macedonian: 1762 \u043b\u0435\u0442\u043e [il\u02c8jada i s\u025bd\u025bm\u02c8st\u0254tin \u02c8\u0283\u025b\u025bs\u025bt i \u02c8ft\u0254r\u0254 \u02c8l\u025bt\u0254] or \u041f\u0435\u0441\u043d\u0430 \u0437\u0430 \u043f\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0442, English: The year of 1762) is a song written by Grigor Parlichev, a  writer from Macedonia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017930-0001-0000", "contents": "1762 leto\nThe song was originally published in the Bulgarian periodical science magazine \"Collection of folklore, science and literature\" in Sofia, Bulgaria (1894).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017930-0002-0000", "contents": "1762 leto\nThe song describes the abolition of the Archbishopric of Ohrid, which took place in 1767, and the departure of its last archbishop Arsenius II from Ohrid. It was very popular in Macedonia, and especially in Ohrid, in the last decades of the nineteenth century. It was first performed in Ohrid shortly after Parlichev's wedding c. 1870. According to Parlichev and other contemporaries, the song contributed more to the final victory of the Macedonian movement in Macedonia against the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople than many of the previous efforts of the Bulgarians.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017930-0003-0000", "contents": "1762 leto\nIn 1953 the song was translated and published for the first time in Macedonian by Todor Dimitrovski in \"Avtobiografija; Serdarot, Skopje, 1953, Ko\u010do Racin\", to mark the 60th anniversary of his death.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017930-0004-0000", "contents": "1762 leto\nNumerous versions of the song have been recorded by Macedonian and Bulgarian performers over the years. Popular performances include those by the Macedonian folk band Ansambl Biljana in 1974 and the alternative band Mizar in 1991.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017931-0000-0000", "contents": "1763\n1763 (MDCCLXIII) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar, the 1763rd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 763rd  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 63rd  year of the 18th\u00a0century, and the  4th   year of the 1760s decade. As of the start of 1763, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017932-0000-0000", "contents": "1763 Kom\u00e1rom earthquake\nThe 1763 Kom\u00e1rom earthquake occurred in or near the town of  Kom\u00e1rom in Kom\u00e1rom County in the Kingdom of Hungary on 28 June between 5 and 6 in the morning. The earthquake has been estimated at 6.2 to 6.5 on the moment magnitude scale.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017932-0001-0000", "contents": "1763 Kom\u00e1rom earthquake, Background\nThe Kom\u00e1rom earthquake was an intraplate earthquake in the Pannonian Basin associated with the R\u00e1ba-Hurbanovo tectonic line. Earthquakes in the region are caused by deformation resulting from the movement of the Adriatic Plate relative to the Eurasian Plate. The 1763 earthquake accounts for about 80% of all the seismic moment released in the Kom\u00e1rom area since 1599. Due to the lack of seismologic instruments in 1763, the mechanism of and depth of the earthquake is not known, though most earthquakes in the region occur in the upper 20\u00a0km of crust.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017932-0002-0000", "contents": "1763 Kom\u00e1rom earthquake, Casualties and damage\nThe earthquake killed 83 people and 102 people were wounded. Damage in Kom\u00e1rom was extensive \u2013 contemporary reports note that the newly constructed Jesuit church and college were heavily damaged, including the collapse of two towers which killed several people. According to reports, 102 people were wounded and 7 churches, 279 dwelling fully and 353 partially collapsed. Other reports indicate that soil liquefaction occurred due to the earthquake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 46], "content_span": [47, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017933-0000-0000", "contents": "1763 Williams\n1763 Williams, provisional designation 1953 TN2, is a stony Florian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 7 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 13 October 1953, by astronomers of the Indiana Asteroid Program at Goethe Link Observatory in Indiana, United States. The asteroid was named after Kenneth P. Williams, professor of mathematics at Indiana University.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017933-0001-0000", "contents": "1763 Williams, Orbit and classification\nBased on its osculating Keplerian orbital elements, Williams qualifies as a member of the Flora family (402), a giant asteroid family and the largest family of stony asteroids in the main-belt (according to Zappal\u00e0 but not Nesvor\u00fd). However, analysis using proper orbital elements in a hierarchical clustering method showed that Williams is a background asteroid, not belonging to any known family (Nesvor\u00fd, Milani and Kne\u017eevi\u0107).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017933-0002-0000", "contents": "1763 Williams, Orbit and classification\nThe asteroid orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.7\u20132.6\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 3 months (1,183 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.20 and an inclination of 4\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017933-0003-0000", "contents": "1763 Williams, Orbit and classification\nThe asteroid was first identified as 1939 EO at Nice Observatory in March 1939. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation in October 1953.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017933-0004-0000", "contents": "1763 Williams, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn October 2008, a rotational lightcurve of Williams was obtained from photometric observations by Petr Pravec at Ond\u0159ejov Observatory in the Czech Republic. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of at least 36 hours with a brightness amplitude of more than 0.30 magnitude (U=2). Another observation by Pierre Antonini gave a period of 8 hours (U=1+).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 56], "content_span": [57, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017933-0005-0000", "contents": "1763 Williams, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Williams measures 6.38 and 6.982 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.32 and 0.3305, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017933-0006-0000", "contents": "1763 Williams, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.24 \u2013 derived from 8\u00a0Flora, the Flora family's largest member and namesake \u2013 and calculates a diameter of 7.47 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.8.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017933-0007-0000", "contents": "1763 Williams, Naming\nThis minor planet was named in honor of Kenneth P. Williams (1887\u20131958), long-time professor of mathematics at Indiana University. He was known for his textbook, the calculation of the orbits of asteroids and comets, and his detailed analysis of the transits of Mercury from 1723 to 1927. He also wrote Lincoln Finds a General, a five volume book about the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017933-0008-0000", "contents": "1763 Williams, Naming\nThe name was proposed by Frank K. Edmondson, who initiated the Indiana Asteroid Program. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 February 1971 (M.P.C. 3143).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017935-0000-0000", "contents": "1763 in Canada, Events\nWith the Royal Proclamation of 1763 Lower Canada was renamed the \"Province of Quebec\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017935-0001-0000", "contents": "1763 in Canada, Births\nDecember 23 \u2013 John Kinzie, Fur trader from Quebec City who was responsible for the \"first murder in Chicago\" (d. June 6, 1828)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017943-0000-0000", "contents": "1763 in Scotland, Events\n[ Boswell:] \"Mr. Johnson, I do indeed come from Scotland, but I cannot help it.\" [Johnson:] \"That, Sir, I find, is what a very great many of your countrymen cannot help.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 24], "content_span": [25, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017946-0000-0000", "contents": "1763 in architecture\nThe year 1763 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017948-0000-0000", "contents": "1763 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1763.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017949-0000-0000", "contents": "1763 in paleontology\nPaleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1763.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017950-0000-0000", "contents": "1763 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017950-0001-0000", "contents": "1763 in poetry, Works published, United Kingdom, Charles Churchill's poems of controversy\nPoet Charles Churchill became a close ally of politician John Wilkes in the early 1760s, and assisted him with the North Briton newspaper. In addition to Poems (see above), these poems were all published this year:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 89], "content_span": [90, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017950-0002-0000", "contents": "1763 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017950-0003-0000", "contents": "1763 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017951-0000-0000", "contents": "1763 in science\nThe year 1763 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017952-0000-0000", "contents": "1764\n1764 (MDCCLXIV) was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a leap year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar, the 1764th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 764th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 64th  year of the 18th\u00a0century, and the  5th   year of the 1760s decade. As of the start of 1764, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017953-0000-0000", "contents": "1764 Cogshall\n1764 Cogshall, provisional designation 1953 VM1, is a carbonaceous Themistian asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 26 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 7 November 1953, by astronomers of the Indiana Asteroid Program at Goethe Link Observatory in Indiana, United States. The asteroid was named after Wilbur Cogshall, professor of astronomy at Indiana University.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017953-0001-0000", "contents": "1764 Cogshall, Orbit and classification\nCogshall is a Themistian asteroid that belongs to the Themis family (602), a very large family of carbonaceous asteroids, named after 24 Themis. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.7\u20133.5\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 5 months (1,987 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.12 and an inclination of 2\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017953-0002-0000", "contents": "1764 Cogshall, Orbit and classification\nThe asteroid was first identified as 1935 MF at Johannesburg Observatory in June 1935. The body's observation arc begins with its identification as 1939 CC at Turku Observatory in February 1939, more than 14 years prior to its official discovery observation at Goethe Link.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017953-0003-0000", "contents": "1764 Cogshall, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn May 2005, a rotational lightcurve of Cogshall was obtained from photometric observations by French amateur astronomer Pierre Antonini. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 3.62417 hours with a brightness variation of 0.21 magnitude (U=3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 56], "content_span": [57, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017953-0004-0000", "contents": "1764 Cogshall, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nObservations at the Palomar Transient Factory in 2012, gave a concurring period of 3.624 and 3.630 hours with an amplitude of 0.22 and 0.20 magnitude in the R- and S-band, respectively (U=2/2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 56], "content_span": [57, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017953-0005-0000", "contents": "1764 Cogshall, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Cogshall measures between 25.14 and 29.671 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.0606 and 0.109.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017953-0006-0000", "contents": "1764 Cogshall, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0712 and a diameter of 26.13 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.4.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017953-0007-0000", "contents": "1764 Cogshall, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after American astronomer Wilbur A. Cogshall, who was a professor of astronomy at Indiana University and director of the Kirkwood Observatory for more than four decades (1900\u20131944). His research included visual binary stars and the photography of solar eclipses. The name was proposed by Frank K. Edmondson, who initiated the Indiana Asteroid Program. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 February 1971 (M.P.C. 3143).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017954-0000-0000", "contents": "1764 Imperial election\nThe imperial election of 1764 was an imperial election held to select the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. It took place in Frankfurt on March 27.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017954-0001-0000", "contents": "1764 Imperial election, Background\nThe Holy Roman Emperor Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor called for the election of his successor. The prince-electors called to Frankfurt were:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017954-0002-0000", "contents": "1764 Imperial election, Elected\nJoseph II, Holy Roman Emperor, the eldest son of Francis and Maria Theresa, was elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017954-0003-0000", "contents": "1764 Imperial election, Aftermath\nJoseph came to the throne on the death of his father on August 18, 1765.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017955-0000-0000", "contents": "1764 Polish\u2013Lithuanian royal election\nThe Seven Years' War, which ended in 1763, established a new pattern of political alliances in Europe. The Kingdom of Prussia, the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Russian Empire emerged as great powers, while the position of Austria, France, Spain, Sweden and the Ottoman Empire was weakened. As a result of the war, the Russian Empress, Catherine the Great, was in almost complete control of the Polish\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth. Catherine was supported by the Prussian monarch, Frederick the Great, who hoped to eventually annex Polish provinces of Royal Prussia and Greater Poland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017955-0001-0000", "contents": "1764 Polish\u2013Lithuanian royal election\nAfter the death of Augustus III of Poland,  two dominant political camps of Poland expressed their interest in the Polish throne. The Potocki family promoted Hetman Jan Klemens Branicki, while the Czartoryski family backed its leader, Duke Adam Kazimierz Czartoryski. Under pressure of Catherine, the Czartoryskis, however, withdrew candidacy of Adam Kazimierz, and replaced him with Stolnik from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Stanis\u0142aw August Poniatowski, who had been one of Catherine\u2019s lovers. Russian support however, did not mean that Poniatowski would automatically become new monarch of the Commonwealth. Polish\u2013Lithuanian szlachta was at that time strongly anti-Russian, and in case of a free election, Branicki\u2019s victory was secure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 779]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017955-0002-0000", "contents": "1764 Polish\u2013Lithuanian royal election\nThe Czartoryski family, fearing a civil war, asked the Russian Empress for military assistance. They were not aware of the fact that the Russians and their Prussian allies had previously signed a secret pact, which stipulated use of a military force to support Poniatowski. As early as October 17, 1763, Catherine wrote a letter to Frederick, in which she express the opinion that from all candidates to the Polish crown, Poniatowski was the least popular one, therefore, he would be most grateful to those who had made him the monarch. On April 11, 1764, Russia and Prussia signed the pact, in which both sides pledged to promote Poniatowski. He was the most convenient candidate for the Russians: as former lover of Catherine he would guarantee submission to his Russian sponsor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 819]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017955-0003-0000", "contents": "1764 Polish\u2013Lithuanian royal election\nThe Czartoryskis, who called themselves Familia, regarded themselves as patriots, who saw the need for urgent reforms of the declining Commonwealth. At the same time, they were of the opinion that all reforms were to be carried out with Russian permission only, as the Russian Empire was the dominant force in Central and Eastern Europe. Therefore, leaders of the Familia, Andrzej Zamoyski and August Aleksander Czartoryski urged Catherine to send Russian army. The Empress did so, issuing an announcement that wanted to protect all freedoms of the Commonwealth. The Potockis, who called themselves the Republicans, on the other hand, supported the notion of Golden Liberty, together with liberum veto.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 740]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017955-0004-0000", "contents": "1764 Polish\u2013Lithuanian royal election\nFirst clash between the two camps took place during the Convocation Sejm, which began on May 7, 1764. The Republicans vetoed all bills brought forward by the Czartoryskis. Russian army, stationed near Warsaw, intervened and ordered the Republicans to leave the Polish capital. Remaining Sejm deputies called a confederation, but failed to carry out any significant changes in the government of the Commonwealth. Poniatowski himself was an envoy to the Convocation Sejm, he represented the Land of Warsaw.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017955-0005-0000", "contents": "1764 Polish\u2013Lithuanian royal election\nThe Election Sejm, which as usual took place in early September 1764 in Wola near Warsaw, was attended by some 5,000 nobles. Poniatowski, backed by Russian and Prussian envoys, as well as diplomats from England and Denmark, was unanimously elected on September 7. The election itself was affected by a large Russian military contingent, which was stationed around Warsaw. On September 13 Poniatowski signed the pacta conventa, in which he pledged to marry a Roman - Catholic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017955-0006-0000", "contents": "1764 Polish\u2013Lithuanian royal election\nOn November 25, 1764, following the order of Catherine the Great, Primate W\u0142adys\u0142aw \u0141ubie\u0144ski crowned Poniatowski as King of Poland. The ceremony took place at St. John's Archcathedral, Warsaw, and the new king, to dismay of conservatives, did not put on traditional Polish clothes, preferring to wear a 16th-century Spanish outfit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017955-0007-0000", "contents": "1764 Polish\u2013Lithuanian royal election\nPoniatowski\u2019s election was not at first recognized by several European states, such as France, Austria and Turkey, which saw the new monarch as Catherine\u2019s tool. This changed after several interventions of Russian and Prussian diplomats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017968-0000-0000", "contents": "1764 in literature\nThis article is a summary of literary events and publications during 1764.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017969-0000-0000", "contents": "1764 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017969-0001-0000", "contents": "1764 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017969-0002-0000", "contents": "1764 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017970-0000-0000", "contents": "1764 in science\nThe year 1764 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017971-0000-0000", "contents": "1765\n1765 (MDCCLXV) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar, the 1765th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 765th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 65th  year of the 18th\u00a0century, and the  6th   year of the 1760s decade. As of the start of 1765, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017972-0000-0000", "contents": "1765 Wrubel\n1765 Wrubel, provisional designation 1957 XB, is a dark background asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 40 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 15 December 1957, by astronomers of the Indiana Asteroid Program at Goethe Link Observatory in Indiana, United States. The asteroid was named after Marshal Henry Wrubel, professor at Indiana University.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017972-0001-0000", "contents": "1765 Wrubel, Orbit and classification\nWrubel is a background asteroid that does not belong to any known asteroid family. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.6\u20133.7\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 8 months (2,065 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.18 and an inclination of 20\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017972-0002-0000", "contents": "1765 Wrubel, Orbit and classification\nThe asteroid was first identified as A906 XA at Lowell Observatory in December 1906. The body's observation arc begins with its identification as A917 XA at Heidelberg Observatory in December 1917, almost 40 years prior to its official discovery observation at Goethe Link.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017972-0003-0000", "contents": "1765 Wrubel, Physical characteristics\nWrubel is a dark, carbonaceous asteroid. In the Tholen classification, its spectral type is ambiguous. Based on a numerical color analysis, it is closest to the dark D-type asteroid with some resemblance to the X-type asteroids (which encompass the primitive P-types).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017972-0004-0000", "contents": "1765 Wrubel, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn July 2012, a rotational lightcurve of Wrubel was obtained from photometric observations. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 5.260 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.33 magnitude (U=3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 54], "content_span": [55, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017972-0005-0000", "contents": "1765 Wrubel, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Wrubel measures between 37.704 and 42.20 kilometers in diameter  and its surface has an albedo between 0.113 and 0.1360.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017972-0006-0000", "contents": "1765 Wrubel, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopt the results obtained by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, that is, an albedo of 0.1061 and a diameter of 42.33 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 9.92.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017972-0007-0000", "contents": "1765 Wrubel, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Marshal Henry Wrubel (1924\u20131968), professor of astronomy and faculty member at Indiana University, who was co-founder of the Indiana University Research Computing Center pioneering the use of high speed computers for astrophysical computations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017972-0008-0000", "contents": "1765 Wrubel, Naming\nThe name was proposed by Frank K. Edmondson, who initiated the Indiana Asteroid Program. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 February 1971 (M.P.C. 3143).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017973-0000-0000", "contents": "1765 in Canada, Historical documents\nNova Scotian describes Stamp Act unrest in Boston and calm in Halifax", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017973-0001-0000", "contents": "1765 in Canada, Historical documents\nGov. James Murray describes difficulty ruling Quebec given hostility among military, magistrates and merchants in Montreal", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017973-0002-0000", "contents": "1765 in Canada, Historical documents\nShip-based fishery, source of seamen for wartime, \"is now wholly dropt and excluded by Encroachers and Monopolizers\" in Newfoundland", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017973-0003-0000", "contents": "1765 in Canada, Historical documents\n\"Fair to the eye [and] grateful to the taste\" - Profile of Nova Scotia includes description of cod processing", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017973-0004-0000", "contents": "1765 in Canada, Historical documents\n\"Advantages[...]would be derived from laying open this trade\" - Reasons to end Hudson's Bay Company's monopoly", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017973-0005-0000", "contents": "1765 in Canada, Historical documents\nHuge territories won in Seven Years War will ruin Britain with depopulation and trade rivalry (Note: \"savages\" used)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017973-0006-0000", "contents": "1765 in Canada, Historical documents\nProtestant missionaries in Nova Scotia speak English, French, Mi'kmaw and German (Note: \"savages\" used)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017973-0007-0000", "contents": "1765 in Canada, Historical documents\n\"If the English would be more honest, we should be more generous\" - Haudenosaunee tell William Johnson they are cheated of their lands", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017973-0008-0000", "contents": "1765 in Canada, Historical documents\nServants who desert their employers are liable to work twice length of their absence, unless they can prove they were abused", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017973-0009-0000", "contents": "1765 in Canada, Historical documents\nMontreal fire of 18 May destroys one-fourth (one-third by value) of city of 7,000, leaving 215 families homeless", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017973-0010-0000", "contents": "1765 in Canada, Historical documents\nScottish Jacobite writer has ghosts of Wolfe and Montcalm discuss their final, fatal and flawed campaigns in Seven Years War", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017984-0000-0000", "contents": "1765 in architecture\nThe year 1765 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017986-0000-0000", "contents": "1765 in literature\nThis article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1765.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017987-0000-0000", "contents": "1765 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017987-0001-0000", "contents": "1765 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017987-0002-0000", "contents": "1765 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017988-0000-0000", "contents": "1765 in science\nThe year 1765 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017989-0000-0000", "contents": "1766\n1766 (MDCCLXVI) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar, the 1766th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 766th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 66th  year of the 18th\u00a0century, and the  7th   year of the 1760s decade. As of the start of 1766, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017990-0000-0000", "contents": "1766 Istanbul earthquake\nThe 1766 Istanbul earthquake was a strong earthquake with epicenter in the eastern part of the Sea of Marmara, in the \u00c7\u0131narc\u0131k Basin (or near the Princes' Islands, north of the basin) which occurred in the early hours of Thursday morning, 22 May 1766. The earthquake had an estimated magnitude of 7.1 on the surface wave magnitude scale, and caused effects in a vast area extending from Izmit to Rodosto (now Tekirda\u011f). In this area, the earthquake was followed by a tsunami which caused significant damage. The earthquake of 1766 was the last major earthquake to rock Constantinople (now known in English under its Turkish name, Istanbul) because of a rupture of the North Anatolian Fault in the Marmara region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 737]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017990-0001-0000", "contents": "1766 Istanbul earthquake, Geology\nThe Sea of Marmara is a pull-apart basin formed at a releasing bend in the North Anatolian Fault (\"NAF\"), a right-lateral strike-slip fault. East of the Sea of Marmara the NAF splits in three major branches; while the sinuous southern branch goes inland in direction SW up to Ayvacik, where it reaches the Aegean Sea near the southern mouth of the Dardanelles, the other two major branches (northern and central) of the NAF, being under the sea of Marmara about 100\u00a0km (62\u00a0mi) apart, form the Marmara pull-apart basin, meeting again under the NE Aegean.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017990-0001-0001", "contents": "1766 Istanbul earthquake, Geology\nThis local zone of extension occurs where this transform boundary between the Anatolian Plate and the Eurasian Plate steps northwards to the west of Izmit from the Izmit Fault to the Ganos Fault. Inside the Sea of Marmara there is a smaller pull-apart basin, named the North Marmara fault System (\"NMFS\"), which connect the three submarine basins (from W to E: Tekirda\u011f, Central and \u00c7\u0131narc\u0131k) with the Izmit and Ganos Fault (both inland).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017990-0001-0002", "contents": "1766 Istanbul earthquake, Geology\nNear Istanbul the northern side of the NMFS pull-apart coincides with the northern branch of the NAF and is a single main fault segment with a sharp bend. To the west, the fault trends W-E and is pure strike-slip in type. To the east, the fault is NW-SE trending and shows evidence of both normal and strike-slip motion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017990-0002-0000", "contents": "1766 Istanbul earthquake, Geology\nIn 1766, the rupture of the fault happened either under the Princes' Islands or, more probably, under the \u00c7\u0131narc\u0131k Basin, since a more central break could not have caused the great tsunami that struck Istanbul and the Gulf of Izmit, although this had been produced by a submarine landslide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017990-0002-0001", "contents": "1766 Istanbul earthquake, Geology\nThe 1766 event has been the last one caused by a rupture of the NAF in the Marmara region; successive large events which caused extensive damages in Istanbul, like the earthquake of 10 July 1894 (with epicenter in the gulf of Izmit) and that of 9 August 1912 (with epicenter NW of Marmara Island), have to be considered isolated events caused by the non uniform stress relief during the 18th century earthquake sequence, to which the 1766 event belongs. Since the second last major event with an epicenter in the Istanbul region occurred in 1509, a recurrence interval of 200\u2013250 years has been hypothesized.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017990-0003-0000", "contents": "1766 Istanbul earthquake, Characteristics\nThe earthquake began half an hour after sunrise, at 5:10\u00a0a.m. on May 22, 1766, which was the third day of the Kurban Bairam. The first shock, accompanied by a loud roar, lasted two minutes:  it was followed by a less intense shock lasting four minutes, and aftershocks continued for eight minutes. In the following weeks there were also several aftershocks, and the duration of the whole sequence amounted to one year. Mathematical models of this event using Coulomb stress transfer are consistent with a fault rupture whose length ranges from 70 to 120\u00a0km (43 to 75\u00a0mi).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 41], "content_span": [42, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017990-0004-0000", "contents": "1766 Istanbul earthquake, Characteristics\nThe earthquake was felt as far away as Aydin, Thessaloniki, on Mount Athos, Aytos in eastern Bulgaria and along the west coast of the Black Sea. This earthquake was compared to the catastrophic one in Lisbon, which occurred 11 years earlier.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 41], "content_span": [42, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017990-0005-0000", "contents": "1766 Istanbul earthquake, Damage\nThe estimated area of significant damage (greater than the MCS VII grade (Very Strong)) extends from Bursa to K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck\u00e7ekmece, but destruction occurred from Tekirda\u011f and Gelibolu to the west, Izmit to the east and Edirne to the north. The settlements on the Gulf of Mudanya also suffered damage, while Galata and B\u00fcy\u00fck\u00e7ekmece were severely damaged. In Constantinople the intensity of the earthquake was estimated between grade VII  and VIII-IX; many houses and public buildings collapsed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 32], "content_span": [33, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017990-0005-0001", "contents": "1766 Istanbul earthquake, Damage\nFurthermore, part of the underground water distribution system was destroyed; the Ayvad dam, on the upper K\u00e2\u011f\u0131thane, was damaged, and in Istanbul the vault of an underground cistern subsided. In Istanbul, most of the mosques and churches were damaged, as was the Topkapi palace: the sultan had to live in temporary housing until his home was restored. The panicking populace was unable to go back home, and people sheltered themselves in tents pitched in wide and open spaces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 32], "content_span": [33, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017990-0005-0002", "contents": "1766 Istanbul earthquake, Damage\nAmong the imperial mosques, the dome of that of Bayezid was damaged, while the minaret and the main dome of the mosque of Mihrimah collapsed. The S\u00fcleymaniye Mosque was also damaged, while the Fatih mosque suffered the collapse of the minarets, the main dome and several secondary domes, and 100 students in the Koran school of the K\u00fclliye died; so the complex had to be rebuilt. The Kariye Mosque was also seriously damaged, but the mosque of Ayasofya survived instead almost unharmed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 32], "content_span": [33, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017990-0005-0003", "contents": "1766 Istanbul earthquake, Damage\nThe castle of Yedikule, E\u011frikap\u0131, Edirnekap\u0131 and the city walls were also damaged, while there were damages to Galata and Pera and to the Grand Bazaar. At \u00c7atalca and in the surrounding villages all the masonry buildings collapsed. Since the earthquake struck the eastern part of the Sea of Marmara, serious damage was also recorded on the southern shore, from Mudanya to Karam\u00fcrsel, and the tsunami waves made the ports unusable. The highest level of the tsunami was observed in the Bosphorus region; the flood was also strong on the shores of Galata and Mudanya, while some small islands in the Marmara Sea were partially submerged.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 32], "content_span": [33, 667]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017990-0006-0000", "contents": "1766 Istanbul earthquake, Damage, Casualties\nThe number of deaths was estimated at 4,000, of which 880 were in Istanbul.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 44], "content_span": [45, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017990-0007-0000", "contents": "1766 Istanbul earthquake, August earthquake\nIn August of the same year, a magnitude 7.4 earthquake struck the Dardanelles region. On that occasion the damage in Istanbul was slight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 43], "content_span": [44, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017991-0000-0000", "contents": "1766 Slipher\n1766 Slipher, provisional designation 1962 RF, is a Paduan asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 18 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 7 September 1962, by astronomers of the Indiana Asteroid Program at Goethe Link Observatory in Indiana, United States. The asteroid was named after American astronomers Vesto Slipher and his brother Earl C. Slipher.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017991-0001-0000", "contents": "1766 Slipher, Classification and orbit\nSlipher is member of the mid-sized Padua family (507), an asteroid family named after 363\u00a0Padua and at least 25 million years old. It consists of mostly X-type asteroids, that were previously associated to 110\u00a0Lydia (the Padua family is therefore also known as Lydia family).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017991-0002-0000", "contents": "1766 Slipher, Classification and orbit\nSlipher orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.5\u20133.0\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 7 months (1,665 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.09 and an inclination of 5\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017991-0003-0000", "contents": "1766 Slipher, Classification and orbit\nThe body's observation arc begins with its first identification as 1953 UR at the discovering Goethe Link observatory in October 1953, or 9 years prior to its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017991-0004-0000", "contents": "1766 Slipher, Physical characteristics\nIn the SMASS classification, Slipher is a carbonaceous C-type asteroid. PanSTARRS photometric survey characterized the asteroid as an X-type asteroid, which is in line with the overall spectral type of the Padua family.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017991-0005-0000", "contents": "1766 Slipher, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn 2012, two rotational lightcurves of Slipher were obtained from photometric observations by astronomers at the Palomar Transient Factory in California. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 7.677 and 7.693 hours with a brightness variation of 0.20 and 0.19 magnitude in the S- and R-band, respectively (U=2/2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 55], "content_span": [56, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017991-0006-0000", "contents": "1766 Slipher, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Slipher measures between 14.37 and 20.29 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.044 and 0.11.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017991-0007-0000", "contents": "1766 Slipher, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for carbonaceous asteroids of 0.057 and calculates a diameter of 20.21 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017991-0008-0000", "contents": "1766 Slipher, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the brothers Vesto Slipher (1876\u20131969) and Earl C. Slipher (1883\u20131964), both graduates of Indiana University. Vesto Slipher was a pioneer investigator of the spectra of the planets, and was the first to measure the redshifts of galaxies, which was instrumental for Hubble's discovery of the expanding Universe. Earl Slipher developed and improved the direct photography of the planets. His photographs are the only continuous and systematic record of the appearance of the planets for a period of more than half a century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017991-0009-0000", "contents": "1766 Slipher, Naming\nThe lunar and Martian Slipher craters were also named after the two brothers. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 February 1971 (M.P.C. 3144).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017992-0000-0000", "contents": "1766 food riots\nThe 1766 food riots took place across England in response to rises in the prices of wheat and other cereals following a series of poor harvests. Riots were sparked by the first largescale exports of grain in August and peaked in September\u2013October. Around 131 riots were recorded, though many were relatively non-violent. In many cases traders and farmers were forced by the rioters to sell their wares at lower rates. In some instances, violence occurred with shops and warehouses looted and mills destroyed. There were riots in many towns and villages across the country but particularly in the South West and the Midlands, which included the Nottingham cheese riot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 683]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017992-0001-0000", "contents": "1766 food riots\nThe Whig government of the Marquess of Rockingham implemented tax cuts on imported grain and prohibited exports in an attempt to lower the price of food. Rockingham's successor William Pitt the Elder went further, prohibiting the use of grains in distilling and suspending more import duties. The public responded to the riots by raising subscriptions to provide charitable relief. These were used mainly to subsidise food for the poor but some subscriptions sought to build public mills and granaries. The Secretary at War, Viscount Barrington, had anticipated trouble and positioned troops at key points across the country. These acted as a deterrent and to support local magistrates, who read the Riot Act seven times in 1766 to attempt to compel rioters to disperse. Eight people were shot dead in the course of quelling the riots.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 851]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017992-0002-0000", "contents": "1766 food riots\nThe riots were largely over by October due to the effects of charitable relief and the use of military force. Hundreds of arrests were made with 59 convicted at special commissions of assize and 68 at the January 1767 court of quarter sessions. Many were sentenced to death at the assizes, but most of these sentences were commuted to penal transportation or the defendant pardoned; only eight men were hanged. Many of the following years also experienced poor harvests and further rioting occurred, though on a much reduced scale.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017992-0003-0000", "contents": "1766 food riots, Background\nBread was a key foodstuff in 18th-century England; the main cereals used for bread flour were rye and wheat, south of the River Trent, and oats north of it. Riots over the supply of food were relatively common in the 18th century, with at least 12 major outbreaks. Prior to 1766 the last major riots were in 1756\u201357, during which food stores and shipments were looted. Throughout this period the price of wheat remained relatively stable at \u00a31 14s 11d (equivalent to \u00a3236 in 2019) per 0.25 long hundredweight (13\u00a0kg).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 27], "content_span": [28, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017992-0003-0001", "contents": "1766 food riots, Background\nThe government attempted, to some effect, to keep prices affordable after the 1757 riots and until 1759 passed acts to regulate grain prices. They also sought to maintain the quantity of supply by prohibitions on the export of grain (lifted on 25 March 1759) and on the use of corn and flour in distilling (lifted on 21 April 1760).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 27], "content_span": [28, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017992-0004-0000", "contents": "1766 food riots, Background\nGrain harvests were poor each year from 1763 and prices rose again from 1764, reaching around \u00a32 15s (equivalent to \u00a3372 in 2019) per 0.25 long hundredweight (13\u00a0kg) by 1766. The government again intervened, removing the duty payable on imported wheat and flour and the bounties it paid for exported wheat. In March 1766 the Esquilache Riots broke out in Madrid, Spain, partly caused by high grain prices and market liberalisation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 27], "content_span": [28, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017992-0005-0000", "contents": "1766 food riots, Riots\nThe riots of 1766 were sparked by the first largescale exports of harvested grain in August. Over the following 12 weeks there were more than 60 incidents of rioting across the country and the Annual Register described 30 riots in September by \"the poor; who have been driven to desperation and madness, by the exorbitant prices of all manner of provisions\". By the year's end some 131 incidents would be recorded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 22], "content_span": [23, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017992-0005-0001", "contents": "1766 food riots, Riots\nThe riots of 1766 showed a movement away from attacks on food stores and shipments in cities to marching on farms in the countryside, particularly those known to be involved in the export trade. In many cases self-restraint was shown by rioters but in other instances attacks on shops and warehouses were made and some mills and their machinery were destroyed. Many of the riots started as attempts to force traders to sell foodstuffs at lower prices, though some deteriorated into violence and property damage. Of the 131 recorded riots traders were forced to sell their products at lower prices on 39 occasions and goods were seized in 31 cases, in 14 incidents both actions were taken. Some 46 of the riots began as attempts to enforce market regulation rules.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 22], "content_span": [23, 786]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017992-0006-0000", "contents": "1766 food riots, Riots, South West\nThe South West saw a number of disturbances, with weavers often implicated. In Exeter, Devon, a mob, objecting to wheat priced at 9s 6d (equivalent to \u00a367 in 2019) per 1 imperial bushel (36\u00a0L), seized cheese from a warehouse. At Honiton local lace-workers seized corn from farmers, transported it to market, sold it at a lower than market price and gave the money and empty sacks to the farmers. Elsewhere in the county violence flared and mills, valued at \u00a31,000, were burnt down.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 34], "content_span": [35, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017992-0006-0001", "contents": "1766 food riots, Riots, South West\nIn Gloucestershire the wool workers from the Stroudwater Navigation area were said to make up the core of the rioters. A large expedition roamed the countryside around Cirencester, seizing and foraging for food and there were riots in Tetbury in October. At Beckington, Somerset, a mill was burnt down and two rioters shot by the miller.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 34], "content_span": [35, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017992-0007-0000", "contents": "1766 food riots, Riots, Midlands\nIn the Midlands there were riots in and around Birmingham and the Black Country but disturbances also occurred in the East Midlands at Ashby-de-la-Zouch and Derby, where warehouses were looted. The 2 October Nottingham cheese riot saw thousands of pounds of cheese seized by rioters. Riots in Birmingham began in September; butter at the market on sale for 10 pence (equivalent to \u00a36 in 2019) per 1 pound (450\u00a0g) was seized and sold for 7 pence (equivalent to \u00a34 in 2019).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 32], "content_span": [33, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017992-0007-0001", "contents": "1766 food riots, Riots, Midlands\nAt the Michaelmas fair a common labourer, possibly a Dudley miner,  erected a mop as a standard and called for a \"redress of grievances\" to take place. Parties of men afterwards accosted traders at the fair and forced them to sell bread and cheese at lower rates. Order was restored by magistrate John Wyrley Birch and 80 special constables, armed with staffs, and the threat of military intervention. The rioters stood down after receiving agreement that bakers would provide bread at the rate of one penny (equivalent to \u00a31 in 2019) per 1 pound (450\u00a0g). Similar actions took place across the Black Country where parties of miners and nail makers also attacked millers, maltsers, butchers and bakers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 32], "content_span": [33, 734]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017992-0008-0000", "contents": "1766 food riots, Riots, Midlands\nIn October rioters from Birmingham accosted wagons at Stratford upon Avon, seizing wheat and selling it at a reduced rate. Later that month a party of Black Country miners led by \"Irish Tom\" and \"Barley Will\" and accompanied by nail makers and spinners travelled to Birmingham. Reaching the Bull Ring (where the town's markets were traditionally held) at 4\u00a0pm on 17 October they negotiated with local leaders to fix prices of malt, flour, cheese, butter and other foodstuffs before withdrawing. Local residents met afterwards and agreed to raise a party of 140 special constables to prevent any further disorder but also agreed to pay to subsidise the price of bread.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 32], "content_span": [33, 700]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017992-0009-0000", "contents": "1766 food riots, Riots, Elsewhere\nIn East Anglia many of the rioters were weavers. A riot at Norwich in September was described as a \"general insurrection\". Rioters threatened to burn down the mayor's house but order was restored after two of their number were sentenced to death and the towns people raised \u00a320,000 to fund subsidised food for the poor. In October riots broke out at Ipswich and Burnham Market.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 33], "content_span": [34, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017992-0010-0000", "contents": "1766 food riots, Riots, Elsewhere\nThe remainder of the country was less troubled. In Berkshire mills worth around \u00a31,000 were destroyed and in October there were riots at St Albans (Hertfordshire), Aylesbury (Berkshire), Scarborough (North Yorkshire) and Leeds (West Yorkshire).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 33], "content_span": [34, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017992-0011-0000", "contents": "1766 food riots, Response, Tax relief\nThe British government, under the Marquess of Rockingham attempted to reduce food prices in early 1766 by means of three acts that removed import duty on grain from the Thirteen Colonies (until 29 September); removed duties on oats (until 29 September) and prohibited the export of grain and flour (until 26 August). A parliamentary committee was set up to investigate the corn trade which recommended that farmers should be permitted to sell direct to consumers to cut out middlemen. Rockingham's successor William Pitt the Elder, implemented further measures in late 1766. The use of wheat and flour for distilling was prohibited from 14 November 1766 until 10 September 1767. Pitt also suspended the duty on wheat and flour, barley and barley meal, oats and oatmeal, rye and rye meal and pulses until September 1767.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 37], "content_span": [38, 857]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017992-0012-0000", "contents": "1766 food riots, Response, Charity\nThe 1766 riots saw a greater number of public subscriptions for charitable relief than had happened in previous food riots. Subscriptions took place amid unrest at Birmingham, Cheltenham, Great Yarmouth, Newbury, Reading, Steeple Ashton, Abingdon, Barnstaple, Chippenham, Exeter, Ipswich, Norwich, Gloucester, Exeter, Oxford, Salisbury and Wootton Bassett but also at Ashburton, Buckingham, Cirencester, Devizes, High Wycombe, King's Lynn, Northampton, Wallingford, and Woodstock where there was no trouble. Local members of parliament (MPs), or those seeking election, were often leading contributors; MPs in Bath contributed \u00a3200 and those in Wells \u00a3150.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 34], "content_span": [35, 691]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017992-0012-0001", "contents": "1766 food riots, Response, Charity\nRobert Palk donated \u00a350 in Ashburton and Matthew Wyldbore supplied free coal to residents in Peterborough, outdoing the sitting MPs who donated \u00a3100, both were elected to these constituencies in 1767. Local gentry were also prominent with Pitt (the Earl of Chatham) subsidising wheat at Urchfont, Lord Bathurst at Cirencester, Lord Weymouth at Warminster and Earl Fortescue at South Molton, probably helping to stave off unrest in those places.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 34], "content_span": [35, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017992-0013-0000", "contents": "1766 food riots, Response, Charity\nSome of the subscriptions subsidised foodstuffs such as flour, bread and rice or arranged to import it from abroad. Other subscriptions took more practical measures, in Stroud and Durseley low-cost wheat was supplied to bakers to allow them to sell cheaper bread. At Lyme millers allowed their machinery to be used at no cost to grind flour and a subscription in Wolverhampton proposed funding a publicly-owned mill. Public granaries were constructed in Cheshire and Shropshire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 34], "content_span": [35, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017992-0014-0000", "contents": "1766 food riots, Response, Charity\nThe subscription funds probably pacified the rioters better than a military intervention could have. In some cases a link was made explicit; at Ipswich funds were provided to the poor on the condition that relief would cease if rioting started in the area. The riots may have led to a rise in philanthropic spending generally, with four charitably-funded infirmaries opened in the following years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 34], "content_span": [35, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017992-0015-0000", "contents": "1766 food riots, Response, Law enforcement\nThe Secretary at War, Viscount Barrington anticipated the difficulties of 1766 in the preceding year. In January 1766 he dispatched a number of cavalry and infantry units to known trouble spots and ordered them to be ready to intervene at the direction of local magistrates should riots erupt. Barrington had large numbers of troops available as the country was at peace, unlike during the riots of 1756-7 which had occurred during the Seven Years' War. When the rioting began in September Barrington deployed more troops, even where requests had not been received from magistrates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 42], "content_span": [43, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017992-0016-0000", "contents": "1766 food riots, Response, Law enforcement\nBarrington billeted his troops together; this meant that they were sometimes unable to respond quickly to remote uprisings (sometimes mobs roamed the countryside for several days) but prevented individual units from being overwhelmed by numbers. As the West Country emerged as an epicentre of unrest Barrington established a military district, commanding nine cavalry troops and sixteen infantry companies, to coordinate efforts. In spite of the relatively wide unrest the Riot Act only had to be read seven times, though on occasions when it was read without troops on hand it proved ineffective at restoring order. Rioting largely ceased by October partly due to the effective response of the military and partly due to government tax relief and the charitable activities. While suppressing unrest some eight rioters were shot dead by the military.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 42], "content_span": [43, 893]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017992-0017-0000", "contents": "1766 food riots, Response, Law enforcement\nTo try the large number of people arrested during the riots special commissions of assize were held in Berkshire, Wiltshire, Gloucestershire and Norfolk. Of the 204 people arrested for rioting some 108 were brought to trial, of which 59 were convicted. The rate of conviction was affected by a decision to release many of the prisoners awaiting trial at Gloucester Castle after an outbreak in the gaol. Many of those convicted were sentenced to death but most of these sentences were later reduced to penal transportation or the prisoner pardoned completely.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 42], "content_span": [43, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017992-0017-0001", "contents": "1766 food riots, Response, Law enforcement\nSeven hangings were carried out in Reading, Salisbury and Gloucester in January 1767 with a further man hanged later that year. Other rioters were tried at the January 1767 court of quarter sessions, which saw 29 defendants sentenced to transportation to America, 30 imprisoned and 3 sentenced to flogging. Six defendants were convicted but received pardons, including two pregnant women.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 42], "content_span": [43, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017992-0018-0000", "contents": "1766 food riots, Aftermath\nEngland suffered another poor harvest in 1767, causing a scarcity of flour. Parliament acted by again lifting duties on imported corn, banning the use of grain in distilleries and allowing duty-free imports of barley, pulse, wheat, oats and rye. The harvests were better in 1768 and 1769 but were poor in 1770-74 and food riots, on a much reduced scale, occurred every year until 1773. Despite wheat prices rising to \u00a36 8s (equivalent to \u00a3865 in 2019) per 0.25 long hundredweight (13\u00a0kg) by 1800 riots became increasingly rare and more localised in England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 26], "content_span": [27, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017992-0019-0000", "contents": "1766 food riots, Aftermath\nJohn Bohstedt, a professor at the University of Tennessee in Knoxville, who is the author of the 2016 book, Riots and Community Politics in England and Wales, 1790-1810, and the 2010 book, The Politics of Provisions: Food Riots, Moral Economy, and Market Transition in England, C. 1550-1850, builds on the work of  E.P. Thompson, specifically his 1971 essay on the 'moral economy' with more recent studies in the history of economics. Bohstedt described the 1766 food riots as \"quite restrained\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 26], "content_span": [27, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017992-0020-0000", "contents": "1766 food riots, Aftermath\nWalter Shelton (1973) considered them the most serious of the 18th century, though a reviewer of his work considered those of 1756-57 were almost certainly on an equal level and possibly those of 1740 were as well.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 26], "content_span": [27, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00017998-0000-0000", "contents": "1766 in Ireland\nThe year 1766 in Ireland is characterised by certain events, arts and literature occurrences, births and deaths.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018005-0000-0000", "contents": "1766 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1766.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018006-0000-0000", "contents": "1766 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018006-0001-0000", "contents": "1766 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018006-0002-0000", "contents": "1766 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018007-0000-0000", "contents": "1766 in science\nThe year 1766 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018008-0000-0000", "contents": "1766 to 1770 in sports\nEvents in world sport through the years 1766 to 1770.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 76]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018009-0000-0000", "contents": "1767\n1767 (MDCCLXVII) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar, the 1767th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 767th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 67th  year of the 18th\u00a0century, and the  8th   year of the 1760s decade. As of the start of 1767, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018010-0000-0000", "contents": "1767 Lampland\n1767 Lampland, provisional designation 1962 RJ, is an Eoan asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 15 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 7 September 1962, by astronomers of the Indiana Asteroid Program at Goethe Link Observatory in Indiana, United States. The asteroid was named after American astronomer Carl Lampland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018010-0001-0000", "contents": "1767 Lampland, Orbit and classification\nLampland a member the Eos family (606), the largest asteroid family in the outer main belt consisting of nearly 10,000 asteroids. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.7\u20133.3\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 3 months (1,915 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.10 and an inclination of 10\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018010-0002-0000", "contents": "1767 Lampland, Orbit and classification\nThe asteroid was first identified as 1941 SP at Uccle Observatory in September 1941. The body's observation arc begins with a precovery at Palomar Observatory in August 1951, more than 11 years prior to its official discovery observation at Goethe Link.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018010-0003-0000", "contents": "1767 Lampland, Physical characteristics\nIn the Tholen classification, its spectral type is ambiguous, closest to the X-type asteroid and with some resemblance to the C-type asteroids, while the overall spectral type of the Eos family is that of a K-type.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018010-0004-0000", "contents": "1767 Lampland, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nAs of 2017, no rotational lightcurve of Lampland has been obtained from photometric observations. The asteroid's rotation period, poles and shape remain unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 56], "content_span": [57, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018010-0005-0000", "contents": "1767 Lampland, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Lampland measures 15.448 kilometers in diameter  and its surface has an albedo of 0.116.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018010-0006-0000", "contents": "1767 Lampland, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after American astronomer Carl Lampland (1873\u20131951), a graduate of Indiana University, best known for his radiometric measurements of planetary temperatures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018010-0007-0000", "contents": "1767 Lampland, Naming\nLampland is also honored by a lunar and by a Martian crater. The name was proposed by Frank K. Edmondson, who initiated the Indiana Asteroid Program. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 February 1971 (M.P.C. 3144).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018011-0000-0000", "contents": "1767 Milestones\nThe 1767 Milestones are historic milestones located along the route of the Upper Boston Post Road between the cities of Boston and Springfield in Massachusetts. The 40 surviving milestones were added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1971. Massachusetts has a total of 129 surviving milestones including those along the upper Post Road. The stones are so named, despite having been placed in many different years, because of a 1767 directive of the Province of Massachusetts Bay that such stones be placed along major roadways. The state highway department was directed in 1960 to undertake their preservation. Many of them underwent a major restoration in 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 691]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018011-0001-0000", "contents": "1767 Milestones\nThe first stone was erected by Paul Dudley, one of the prominent citizens of early 18th century Massachusetts, in Roxbury, which was at the time a separate community. Roxbury was located at the end of the Boston Neck, a narrow isthmus separating the mainland from the Shawmut Peninsula, where Boston was located. Travelers going by land from Boston to other areas had to travel over the neck and through Roxbury to reach their destinations. The Roxbury junction where Dudley placed the first stone was where several routes branched, heading south and west across New England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018011-0002-0000", "contents": "1767 Milestones\nDudley erected several stones along the road from Boston to Cambridge which wound its way from Beacon Hill along what is now Washington Street through the Dudley Square area to what is now Huntington Avenue, then along Harvard Street through Brookline Village, Coolidge Corner, and Allston crossing into Cambridge at the Great Bridge, where modern JFK Street in Cambridge becomes North Harvard Street in Allston. The stones that Dudley erected have the initial PD on them, usually at the bottom of the stone. The most chatty of these milestones (not part of this collection), is inscribed P Dudley rather than PD, and is located on the corner of Centre and South Streets in Jamaica Plain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 704]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018011-0003-0000", "contents": "1767 Milestones\nThe stones listed for miles 23 through 29 in Wayland and Sudbury are actually guideposts rather than milestones, and do not list any mileage. They were erected at road intersections rather than at the mile marks. The stones are quarried granite posts with plug & feather tool marks and post-date 1800.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018026-0000-0000", "contents": "1767 in literature\nThis article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1767.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018027-0000-0000", "contents": "1767 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018027-0001-0000", "contents": "1767 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018027-0002-0000", "contents": "1767 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018028-0000-0000", "contents": "1767 in science\nThe year 1767 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018029-0000-0000", "contents": "1768\n1768 (MDCCLXVIII) was a leap year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a leap year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar, the 1768th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 768th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 68th  year of the 18th\u00a0century, and the  9th   year of the 1760s decade. As of the start of 1768, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018030-0000-0000", "contents": "1768 Appenzella\n1768 Appenzella (prov. designation: 1965 SA) is a rare-type Nysian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 20 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 23 September 1965, by Swiss astronomer Paul Wild at Zimmerwald Observatory near Bern, Switzerland. It was later named after the Swiss canton of Appenzell.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018030-0001-0000", "contents": "1768 Appenzella, Classification and orbit\nAppenzella is a dark carbonaceous asteroid and a member of the Polanian subgroup of the Nysa family. On the Tholen taxonomic scheme, it belongs to the small group of 28 bodies known to have a F-type spectrum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018030-0002-0000", "contents": "1768 Appenzella, Classification and orbit\nIt orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 2.0\u20132.9\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 10 months (1,402 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.18 and an inclination of 3\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The first used observation was made at the Finnish Turku Observatory in 1942, extending the asteroid's observation arc by 23 years prior to its discovery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018030-0003-0000", "contents": "1768 Appenzella, Lightcurve\nIn November 2011, a rotational lightcurve of Appenzella was obtained by French astronomer Ren\u00e9 Roy at his Blauvac Observatory (627) in southeastern France. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined a rotation period of 5.1839 hours with a brightness variation of 0.53 magnitude (U=3). In 2016, remodeled photometric data from the Lowell database gave in a very similar period of 5.18335 hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 27], "content_span": [28, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018030-0004-0000", "contents": "1768 Appenzella, Diameter and albedo\nBased on the surveys carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer and its subsequent NEOWISE mission, the asteroid measures between 19.0 and 21 kilometers in diameter and its surface has a low albedo between 0.03 and 0.04. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link agrees with the results obtained by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite, IRAS, which found an albedo of 0.034 and a mean diameter of 20.9 kilometers, with an absolute magnitude of 12.7.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 36], "content_span": [37, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018030-0005-0000", "contents": "1768 Appenzella, Naming\nIn 1971, Appenzella was named by the discoverer in honor of the rural Swiss canton of Appenzell, during the treat of the 150th anniversary of the public middle school \"Kantonsschule Trogen\", Appenzell Ausserrhoden, founded in 1821. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 July 1972 (M.P.C. 3297).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018031-0000-0000", "contents": "1768 British general election\nThe 1768 British general election returned members to serve in the House of Commons of the 13th Parliament of Great Britain to be held, after the merger of the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland in 1707.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018031-0001-0000", "contents": "1768 British general election\nThe election took place amid continuing shifts within politics which had occurred the accession of George III in 1760. The Tories who had long been in parliamentary opposition having not won an election since 1713 had disintegrated with its former parliamentarians gravitating between the various Whig factions, the Ministry, or continued political independence as a Country Gentleman. No Tory party existed at this point, though the label of Tory was occasionally used as a political insult by opposition groups against the government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018031-0001-0001", "contents": "1768 British general election\nSince the last general election the Whigs had lost cohesion and had split into various factions aligned with leading political figures. The leading figures around the period of the prior election, namely the Earl of Bute, the Duke of Newcastle and the Earl of Chatham, were all retiring from political life for various reasons. While Chatham remained the nominal figurehead leader of the Ministry, the administration was centred on the First Lord of the Treasury; the Duke of Grafton, and his leader in the commons; Lord North.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018031-0002-0000", "contents": "1768 British general election\nThe election took place during a lull in political conflict, with there being a lack of any real political debate over policy or principle between the main factions. The major opposition factions, the Rockingham Whigs under the Marquess of Rockingham and the Grenvillites under George Grenville owed their origins and strength to the periods when their respective leaders had led Ministries in the early-to-mid part of the decade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018031-0002-0001", "contents": "1768 British general election\nOwing to these conditions the exact makeup of the new House of Commons was unclear, though estimates suggest that the opposition gained slightly on the Ministry in the months immediately after the election. Potentially the most important part of the election was the election of the radical John Wilkes in the metropolitan constituency of Middlesex. Wilkes's election triggered a major political crisis, and marked the beginning of political radicalism in Britain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018031-0003-0000", "contents": "1768 British general election, Background\nDuring the lifetime of the 12th Parliament of Great Britain five men held office as Prime Minister leading to the description of the period as one of ministerial instability. By 1766 the successive ministries of Newcastle, Bute, Grenville and Rockingham had collapsed, resulting in the King, George III appointed William Pitt, subsequently created the Earl of Chatham as Prime Minister. George III in commissioning Chatham to form an administration had sought to find a stable Administration which would command the confidence of both the Crown and Parliament, something that Chatham appeared to possess unlike his two immediate predecessors. Despite enjoying the confidence of the Crown, Parliamentary goodwill, and genuine popularity for his role during the Seven Years' War, Chatham had squandered these opportunities amid poor health resulting in his First Lord, Grafton, taking on increasing responsibilities within government, despite his own reluctance to hold Ministerial power.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 41], "content_span": [42, 1028]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018031-0004-0000", "contents": "1768 British general election, Background\nBy 1767 Chatham had increasingly alienated the hitherto cordial Rockinghamites through his dismissal of Lord Edgcumbe as Treasurer of the Household. While some Rockinghamites, namely Henry Seymour Conway remained part of the Ministry, many others who did not hold cabinet-level offices resigned their positions in response. This, coupled with the replacement of these individuals by individuals formerly close to Bute assisted in increasing the unpopularity of the Ministry. To further complicate matters the Ministry was divided over what would become the Townshend Duties, proposed by Chancellor of the Exchequer Charles Townshend in relation to the American colonies. Chatham, who was sympathetic to the American colonists and their concerns, suffered a nervous breakdown in early 1767, prompting Grafton to assume increasing levels of authority within the government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 41], "content_span": [42, 913]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018031-0005-0000", "contents": "1768 British general election, Background\nIn response the opposition factions had moved to form a union among themselves which only further amplified the problems of the Ministry. After unsuccessful negotiations between the Ministry and the Rockinghamites, the Bedfordites joined the Ministry with several Bedfordites, namely Lord Gower, Viscount Weymouth and the Earl of Hillsborough becoming members of the cabinet. Over the course of the summer of 1767 Conway was gradually superseded as the government's Commons leader by Townshend who appeared in the political ascendant until his premature death in September 1767. He was ultimately replaced by Lord North who became increasingly prominent within the Ministry. By this point a general election was increasingly on the horizon resulting in numerous Independent Members of Parliament reducing their attendance, while affording opposition MPs the opportunity to raise popular political questions ahead of facing their electors. Parliament ultimately dissolved on 11 March 1768 ahead of the general election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 41], "content_span": [42, 1060]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018031-0006-0000", "contents": "1768 British general election, Parties before election\nThe size and strength of Parliamentary factions during the lifetime of the 12th Parliament of Great Britain were rather fluid. The 1761 general election had returned a sizable Whig majority with the opposition formed by a cohort of over 100 Tories and a number of malcontent Independent Whigs notably including Francis Dashwood and Lord Strange. While the exact point of the demise of the Tory party is debated among historians of 18th-century politics, it is clear that by the end of the Parliamentary term no Tory party existed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 54], "content_span": [55, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018031-0006-0001", "contents": "1768 British general election, Parties before election\nWhile several dozen Tories did remain in the Commons even as late as the early 19th-century, their number gradually dwindled and no coherent unified Tory 'party' can be argued to have existed after the 1761 general election. By the time of the Chatham Administration it was clear that politics was formed along factional rather than party lines. An indication of the strength and state of parties in the period before the election is indicated in parliamentary lists created by Rockingham in November 1766, Townshend in January 1767, and Newcastle in March 1767. These lists differ greatly in various aspects especially among the classification of Independent Country Gentlemen ex-Tories, though the lists do demonstrate that the Ministry held around 220 seats, the Opposition factions around 150, while around 180 Members were Independents of varying degrees.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 54], "content_span": [55, 915]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018031-0007-0000", "contents": "1768 British general election, Course of the election\nThe general election was held over a period between 16 March 1768 and 6 May 1768. During this period elections did not take place at the same time in every constituency. The returning officer in each county or parliamentary borough fixed the precise date (see hustings for details of the conduct of the elections). Parliamentary oppositions during this period never had a significant chance of winning power outright at a general election where the government's patronage and ability to hand out sinecure appointments and pensions were enough to maintain power. Indeed during this period no government was ever defeated for re-election. Little material exists for the Ministry's activities with Grafton's papers being relatively bare, and no papers relating to the secret service accounts or those of the government's election agents have been found to date.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 53], "content_span": [54, 912]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018031-0008-0000", "contents": "1768 British general election, Course of the election\nDespite the clear advantage afforded to the Ministry, the inertness of Grafton ensured that the election in various constituencies was far more competitive that it realistically should have been. This was seen in various constituencies where the Treasury nominally held significant influence but due to Grafton's inaction, Lord Newcastle was able to maintain a hold on these seats in favour of the Rockingham Whigs at the general election. The increasing competitiveness of the election was demonstrated by the fact that 83 constituencies went to the polls, an increase of 30 on the figure from 1761.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 53], "content_span": [54, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018031-0008-0001", "contents": "1768 British general election, Course of the election\n8 contests occurred in English county constituencies, 60 in English borough constituencies of varying sizes, 1 at Oxford University, 5 in Welsh constituencies, and 9 in Scottish seats. This was therefore among the most competitive general elections of the period with borough managers being seen to have increasingly difficult times managing smaller boroughs against the attacks of outsiders and insurgent candidates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 53], "content_span": [54, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018031-0009-0000", "contents": "1768 British general election, Notable contests, Essex\nThe contest in Essex was still fought along nominal Tory and Whig partisan lines, as Edmund Burke noted 'on the business of a century ago'. Ancestral partisan alignments had persisted to the point of fossilization, though until a decade prior the constituency had been a Tory stronghold. At a by-election in 1759 the Essex Whigs had been so weak that they had resolved to run a Tory under the Whig label.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 54], "content_span": [55, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018031-0009-0001", "contents": "1768 British general election, Notable contests, Essex\nThe confusion of the period of Ministerial instability is reflected in a by-election in 1763 when the local Tories ran John Conyers and the Whigs ran John Luther who both professed themselves to be supporters of the Grenvillite faction. At the by-election Luther narrowly prevailed over Conyers by a margin of just over one-hundred votes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 54], "content_span": [55, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018031-0009-0002", "contents": "1768 British general election, Notable contests, Essex\nThe contest in 1768 was confusing and featured a contest between supporters of the government, Luther and the ex-Tory Sir William Maynard who were opposed by the remnants of the local Tories, who ran Jacobin Houblon, Jr. and Eliab Harvey as their candidates for the by-election. At the poll the Tory candidates were soundly defeated with local landlord influences assisting the pro-government Essex Whigs in finally defeating the old Tory interest in the constituency.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 54], "content_span": [55, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018031-0010-0000", "contents": "1768 British general election, Notable contests, City of London\nThe City of London was among the most politically conscious constituencies in the nation with a sizable franchise and its own elective local government system that enabled the constituency to be particularly susceptible to political movements. Politics had a class-element to an extent, with larger merchants leaning towards the government, while smaller merchants, artisans, crafters and shopkeepers who lacked government financial connections had traditionally supported local 'Patriot' Opposition Whigs and Tories.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 63], "content_span": [64, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018031-0010-0001", "contents": "1768 British general election, Notable contests, City of London\nThe constituency's four seats had been won by nominal Tories of varying stripes in 1761: the Pittite and increasingly prominent radical William Beckford, fellow Pitt supporter Richard Glyn, Ministerial-leaning Thomas Harley, and Robert Ladbroke, who appealed to all interests in the constituency out of a principle of 'independence'. Pitt had enjoyed considerable support in the City prior to his resignation from the government in 1761 and his failure to cultivate support. Opposition to government economic policies had enable the slow increase in anti-government and 'radical' political sympathies among voters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 63], "content_span": [64, 678]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018031-0011-0000", "contents": "1768 British general election, Notable contests, City of London\nThe contest in 1768 saw all four incumbents run for re-election, joined by American merchant and Rockinghamite Barlow Trecothick, independent John Paterson, and the last minute bid by radical John Wilkes who had recently returned from exile in France. Wilkes had neither a programme nor a party and was unable to gain a foothold during the election. Ultimately Harley, Ladbroke and Beckford were easily returned, while Glyn was narrowly defeated by Trecothick. Wilkes polled just over a thousand votes in this constituency. Radicalism would increasingly become more prominent in the constituency with none of the four incumbents standing for re-election in 1774 (Beckford and Ladbroke were dead, Trecothick retired and Harley contested Herefordshire instead) paving the way for anti-government radicals to win all four seats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 63], "content_span": [64, 889]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018031-0012-0000", "contents": "1768 British general election, Notable contests, Middlesex\nThe most prominent constituency contest of the election was that in Middlesex. The constituency had since a 1750 by-election been held as a compromise between the local Tories and Whigs by Whig William Beauchamp-Proctor and Tory George Cooke. The two had held their seats without a contest at the 1754 and 1761 general elections with the assumption that this tranquility would likely be maintained in the coming 1768 election. In February 1768 radical John Wilkes had returned from his self-imposed exile in France where he had remained for four years after being convinced for libel and blasphemy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 58], "content_span": [59, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018031-0012-0001", "contents": "1768 British general election, Notable contests, Middlesex\nWilkes' financial situation had become desperate necessitating him to return to reclaim a seat at Westminster. Wilkes' attempt to win one of the four seats in the City of London had fallen considerably short several days prior. Undeterred he opted to campaign in the neighbouring Middlesex county seat, challenging the Courtier Whig Beauchamp-Proctor and the ailing, gout-ridden Chathamite Cooke. With around two-thousand electors turning out to vote, Wilkes topped the poll and unseated Beauchamp-Proctor, being returned with Cooke.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 58], "content_span": [59, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018031-0012-0002", "contents": "1768 British general election, Notable contests, Middlesex\nSome residual Tory support may explain Wilkes' success with the St. James Chronicle noting that Wilkes and Cooke polled well in the Tory east of the constituency where small freeholders were prevalent. Wilkes' support from the old Tory Half Moon Club and the Independent Electors of Westminster, in addition to his employing of blue ribbons for his campaign, are telling. Regardless of the psephological points, Wilkes had polled strongly, much to the chagrin of prominent political figures. As the historian John Cannon noted:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 58], "content_span": [59, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018031-0013-0000", "contents": "1768 British general election, Notable contests, Middlesex\n\"The main reason for Wilkes\u2019s success in Middlesex is that he had, either by accident or design, hit on the one county in the kingdom where his campaign might produce a response. Middlesex was by far the most urbanised of all the counties, and Wilkes\u2019s victory demonstrated the extent to which Middlesex was dominated by London. The voting strength of the hundred of Ossulstone, in which the urban development had taken place, was more than twice that of the other five hundreds combined. Moreover, a very large proportion of the freeholders of Middlesex were in business.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 58], "content_span": [59, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018031-0013-0001", "contents": "1768 British general election, Notable contests, Middlesex\nThe London voters included not only merchants, brewers, attorneys, distillers, and manufacturers, but also what contemporaries called \u2018the little freeholders\u2019\u2014cheese-mongers, upholsterers, grocers, booksellers, weavers, ironmongers, undertakers, apothecaries, plumbers, drapers, watchmakers, turners, cashiers, and carpenters. These shopkeepers and small tradesmen provided the bulk of Wilkes\u2019s following: they were less subject to intimidation and control than the tenant farmers in the other county constituencies.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 58], "content_span": [59, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018031-0014-0000", "contents": "1768 British general election, Notable contests, Middlesex\nWilkes' election prompted the Ministry to unseat him only for Wilkes to win a series of three by-elections, until finally the Ministry controversially sat a rival, Henry Luttrell as the new Member of Parliament instead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 58], "content_span": [59, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018031-0015-0000", "contents": "1768 British general election, Notable contests, Oxford University\nThe constituency where the traditional party alignments persisted the longest and most strongly was Oxford University. The constituency had been resolutely Tory in its politics since before the Hanoverian succession and jealously guarded its political independence and Tory identity, leading Horace Walpole to brand Oxfordshire 'a little Kingdom of Jacobitism'. Since a 1762 by-election the representation of the constituency had been shared by two old Tories, William Bagot and Roger Newdigate, who both enjoyed prior Parliamentary experience before being returned by the University.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 66], "content_span": [67, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018031-0015-0001", "contents": "1768 British general election, Notable contests, Oxford University\nThe University Whigs were well aware that the stood little chance of wrestling control of the seat from the Tories except if the Tory interest was divided. An opportunity for a contest emerged after Bagot's death in spring 1768. The Whigs desired to run Charles Jenkinson, a former close ally of Bute as their candidate. Jenkinson hailed from a Tory family but had played a role in the infamous Oxfordshire election of 1754 which had soured Tories considerably towards him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 66], "content_span": [67, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018031-0015-0002", "contents": "1768 British general election, Notable contests, Oxford University\nThe Tory meanwhile returned William Dolben as a stopgap MP until the general election, Dolben would meanwhile win office in the general election in Northamptonshire. At the general election the popular and respected Newdigate's position was secure, while there was a genuine contest for the second seat. The Tories were initially split between the candidacies of Amersham (UK Parliament constituency) MP William Drake, Sr. and squire Francis Page. Yet the fear of a split and the victory of Jenkinson resolved them to unify behind Page.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 66], "content_span": [67, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018031-0015-0003", "contents": "1768 British general election, Notable contests, Oxford University\nThe Tories were bolstered by a fear that a victory by a pro-government candidate, namely Jenkinson would result in the constituency losing its independence and become a government borough. Additional candidates included Thomas Fitzmaurice and the jurist George Hay whose quixotic bid mystified many and attracted little support. Fitzmaurice, shortly before polling, dropped out and backed Page after being assured of support at a future election. Ultimately the Tory interest would hold firm at the University with Newdigate and Page being easily returned over Jenkinson and Hay.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 66], "content_span": [67, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018031-0016-0000", "contents": "1768 British general election, Results\nThe overall result of the general election remains unclear to historians owing to the confused nature of politics and partisanship during the 1760s. Nevertheless some precise electoral facts are clear. 167 Members of Parliament were returned who had not formerly sat in Parliament. Of these Members during their first years in office, they tended to lean towards the Opposition as seen by their stances with relation to the Middlesex election affair.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018031-0016-0001", "contents": "1768 British general election, Results\nYet over the course of the Parliamentary term this preference began to wear off resulting in the Ministry, especially after Lord North assumed its leadership in 1770; being assured of the confidence of the Commons on most matters. That Grafton's ineptitude cost the Ministry various winnable seats and extra support in Parliament is demonstrated by the clear fact that the Opposition, be it factional or Independent MPs, increased in size to some degree as a result of the 1768 general election. Figures for several of the factions and tendencies in the Commons are available.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018031-0016-0002", "contents": "1768 British general election, Results\nAround 140 factional MPs are estimated to have been returned. Of this figure it is known that the Rockinghamites increased their number of MPs from 54 to 57. The Grenvillites entered the election with 41 MPs and incurred nineteen loses and gained ten seats, winning them 31 seats. The Bedfordites according to an overview of their MPs held around 23 seats prior to the election and ultimately won around 20 seats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018031-0016-0003", "contents": "1768 British general election, Results\nWhile no coherent Tory party remained of the Tories elected in 1761 or at by-elections during the Parliament, 53 were re-elected, though of these MPs, 28 became regular Opposition voters, 14 'pure' Independents, 26 government-leaning 'Hopeful' Independents, 4 Ministerialists, 2 Grenvillites, and 1 Bedfordite.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018031-0016-0004", "contents": "1768 British general election, Results\nWith regards to the overall figure of MPs aligned with the Ministry this is generally unclear, though the May 1769 division to seat Luttrell as the Member for Middlesex, the Ministry mustered 221 votes, which should be judged as the core of the Ministry's support, not including the aforementioned 'Hopeful' Independents who could be expected to lean in the Ministry's favour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018031-0017-0000", "contents": "1768 British general election, Bibliography\nThis Great Britain election-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 43], "content_span": [44, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018032-0000-0000", "contents": "1768 Petition, Memorial, and Remonstrance\nThe constitutional history of opposition to taxation is sufficiently interesting to be abstracted from broader contexts. Key action occurred in the Colony of Virginia in the decade before 1776. A particular protest document, arguably the most eloquent and most effective among many colonial protests, merits special attention.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018032-0001-0000", "contents": "1768 Petition, Memorial, and Remonstrance\nA remarkable 1769 imprint, with parts called , , and , surfaced in a 1994 New York auction. This document, called \"PMR\" below, records a Virginia House of Burgesses April 1768 protest sent to the British Government by Acting Lt. Governor John Blair.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018032-0002-0000", "contents": "1768 Petition, Memorial, and Remonstrance\nThis particular imprint had been owned by , sometime Member of Parliament and a long-time friend of Benjamin Franklin. He probably received it from G.W. Fairfax, a George Washington friend, who returned to England in 1773. Hartley was the sole official British signatory of the 1783 Treaty of Paris formally ending the American Revolution. Hartley had long supported freedoms for all Englishmen, at home and in the colonies: freedoms sought in the PMR and later reflected in the Declaration of Independence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018032-0003-0000", "contents": "1768 Petition, Memorial, and Remonstrance\nHistory texts say little about this Virginia protest or what British government thought of it; it elicited no formal response. However, in mid-1768, Virginia Governor General Sir Jeffrey Amherst was unceremoniously replaced by Lord Norborne Berkeley, Baron de Botetourt, who promptly came to Virginia, with a royal instruction \"to reside constantly within the Colony\" and to call for military aid if there was any \"sudden commotion of the populace\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018032-0004-0000", "contents": "1768 Petition, Memorial, and Remonstrance\nVirginia had notified the other colonies of its PMR, seeking support for . This letter, together with the Massachusetts Circular Letter, stimulated further protests. By December 69, all the American colonies had formally protested taxation called for by the Townshend Acts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018032-0005-0000", "contents": "1768 Petition, Memorial, and Remonstrance, Constitutional Chronology\nModern notions of political independence and citizens' rights descend from the 1689 English Bill of Rights. \"No taxation without representation\" comes from its fourth provision.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 68], "content_span": [69, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018032-0006-0000", "contents": "1768 Petition, Memorial, and Remonstrance, Constitutional Chronology\nThis English Bill of Rights was not the first such manifesto. In 1683, the Assembly of New York had passed a similar Charter of Liberties and Privileges asserting that \"supreme legislative power should forever be and reside in the Governor, council and people, met in general assembly\", and enumerated citizen's rights\u2014taxation voted only by citizen's representatives, trial by peers, exemption from martial law and quartering of soldiers, and religious toleration.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 68], "content_span": [69, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018032-0007-0000", "contents": "1768 Petition, Memorial, and Remonstrance, Constitutional Chronology\nAfter his 1748 visit to New York, Massachusetts Governor William Shirley wrote of the New York Assembly, \"They seem to have left scarcely any part of His Majesty's prerogative untouched, and they have gone great lengths toward getting the Government, military as well as civil, into their hands.\" However New England historians ignored this beginning of constitutional politics, which came from a Dutch colony, even as they trumpeted Boston actions that imitated, half a century later, what had already been accomplished in New York.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 68], "content_span": [69, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018032-0008-0000", "contents": "1768 Petition, Memorial, and Remonstrance, Constitutional Chronology\n[I]t is expedient that new ... regulations should be established for improving the revenue of this Kingdom ... and ... it is just and necessary that a revenue should be raised ... for defraying the expenses of defending, protecting, and securing the same. Sugar Act Preamble, 1764", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 68], "content_span": [69, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018032-0009-0000", "contents": "1768 Petition, Memorial, and Remonstrance, Constitutional Chronology\nBritain gained immensely by the 1756-63 French and Indian War (a.k.a. Seven Years' War), but incurred large debt in doing so. To secure peace, the Grenville Ministry maintained 7,500 troops in America. Saddled with huge national debt and expenditures, the English government sought to have the colonies share this burden. Several times, Parliament sought tax revenue to pay its debts, abandoning each attempt soon after it heard Colonial objections. The 1764 Sugar Act imposed high tariff on molasses imports, followed by the 1765 Stamp Act, then the 1766 Declaratory Act, and then the 1767 Townshend Acts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 68], "content_span": [69, 675]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018032-0010-0000", "contents": "1768 Petition, Memorial, and Remonstrance, Constitutional Chronology\nEarly colonial objections emphasized taxation, later ones a constitutional issue\u2014\"no taxation without representation\". Already in 1764, it was clear that the British measures were not working. George Grenville, the King's First Minister, drafted tax legislation, but delayed it for a year. Scheduled to go into effect on 1 November 65, the Stamp Act taxed legal and commercial documents, newspapers, books, dice, and playing cards. Had the Ministry wanted to annoy all population segments, it could not have done a better job. After the 1765 Virginia Resolves appeared in colonial newspapers, merchants refused to buy the required stamps. Parliament repealed the Stamp Act on 18 March 66.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 68], "content_span": [69, 757]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018032-0011-0000", "contents": "1768 Petition, Memorial, and Remonstrance, Constitutional Chronology\nAlthough official news of the Townshend Acts reached North America in September 67, organized colonial protests began only in 1768. Between 2 December 67 and 15 February 68, the Pennsylvania Chronicle published twelve articles by John Dickinson\u2014his Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania, arguing that \"Parliament had no right to impose taxes, only duties to encourage and regulate trade\". These letters were reprinted throughout colonial America. On 20 January 68, the Massachusetts Assembly petitioned the King to repeal the legislation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 68], "content_span": [69, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018032-0012-0000", "contents": "1768 Petition, Memorial, and Remonstrance, Constitutional Chronology\nSeeking American unity, Boston's Samuel Adams suggested that colonial objections \"should harmonize with each other\". This 11 February 68 Massachusetts Circular Letter, invited every colony to cooperate in resistance. The British ordered the Massachusetts Assembly to rescind the letter. It refused, and its royal governor dissolved it. This led Virginia to generate the PMR on 14 April 68, and to announce it to sister colonies. Then the 6th May New Jersey Assembly Petition to the King asserted \"the Privilege of being exempt from any Taxation except as imposed \u2026 by themselves or Representatives\". Soon every colony protested.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 68], "content_span": [69, 697]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018032-0013-0000", "contents": "1768 Petition, Memorial, and Remonstrance, Constitutional Chronology\nStarting in 1766 the colonies tried non-importation agreements. These helped induce the Stamp Act repeal because English merchants lost money shipping goods to destinations that would not accept them. In 1768 every port city and nearly every region adopted its own agreement. However, signing a non-importation agreement was one thing; making it effective was something else. Some merchants asked for exorbitant prices; some defied the rules by importing goods, to the chagrin of those who complied. The early agreements collapsed. Nevertheless, non-importation was agreed on in the first Continental Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 68], "content_span": [69, 679]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018032-0014-0000", "contents": "1768 Petition, Memorial, and Remonstrance, Constitutional Chronology\nOn 10 May 73 the Tea Act granted a tea monopoly to the East India Company. It also continued a small duty on tea. Philadelphians protested en masse in October. Bostonians tried to get their English tea agents to resign, but failed. On 16 Dec, after Governor Thomas Hutchinson blocked an attempt to return the Dartmouth, still loaded, to England, activists boarded three tea ships and dumped 342 containers of tea into the harbor. Massachusetts and Virginia, the most populous and wealthy colonies, were also the most influential.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 68], "content_span": [69, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018032-0014-0001", "contents": "1768 Petition, Memorial, and Remonstrance, Constitutional Chronology\nOn 17 June Massachusetts called for \"a meeting of Committees from the several Colonies on this Continent\". Virginia supported the idea. In 1774 this happened\u2014the First Continental Congress. Delegates included George Washington (Va.), Patrick Henry (Va.), John Adams (Ma. ), Samuel Adams (Ma. ), Joseph Galloway (Pa.) and John Dickinson (Pa.). Peyton Randolph (Va.) was chosen its president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 68], "content_span": [69, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018032-0015-0000", "contents": "1768 Petition, Memorial, and Remonstrance, Slow Communication, Agents, and Committees of Correspondence\nThe following PETITION, MEMORIAL AND REMONSTRANCE, were ordered by the House of Burgesses not to be published ... until the 15th of December, before which Time it was supposed they would be laid before his Majesty, and both Houses of Parliament. G.WYTH, Cl. H.B.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 103], "content_span": [104, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018032-0016-0000", "contents": "1768 Petition, Memorial, and Remonstrance, Slow Communication, Agents, and Committees of Correspondence\nMid-18th-century news between American colonies took days or longer; news from London took six weeks or longer. For instance, on 27 August 68, Massachusetts Governor Bernard wrote to Lord Barrington, \"the June Packet is not yet come in, tho' it is now 11 Weeks since it left London. It is become a most dilatory Conveyance\". Between 1763 and 1775 communications improved markedly, partly because triangular sails replaced ships' square rigging.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 103], "content_span": [104, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018032-0017-0000", "contents": "1768 Petition, Memorial, and Remonstrance, Slow Communication, Agents, and Committees of Correspondence\nA striking feature of the New York newspapers after April 65 is the extraordinary attention given to ... what was taking place and being said in other colonies. Little wonder that the Stamp Act Congress met at New York City. ... events in New York had considerable emotional and political impact upon its neighbors. John Dickinson's widely read Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania, published in 1767, derived important constitutional arguments from ... New York's legislature being suspended without the colonists' prior acquiescence. [ Kammen 1975]", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 103], "content_span": [104, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018032-0018-0000", "contents": "1768 Petition, Memorial, and Remonstrance, Slow Communication, Agents, and Committees of Correspondence\nEditors secured news through haphazard channels\u2014from travelers, friends' letters, and domestic and foreign papers\u2014copious but uncertain sources. Weekly posts from Boston and New York were useful, but often late. Although publishers rarely editorialized openly, they tried to mold opinion by accepting certain contributions and rejecting others. But the veracity of news received could not be checked. This had political consequences. The PMR lamented,", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 103], "content_span": [104, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018032-0019-0000", "contents": "1768 Petition, Memorial, and Remonstrance, Slow Communication, Agents, and Committees of Correspondence\nthat the Remoteness of their Situation from the Seat of his Majesty's Empire too often exposes them to such Misrepresentations as are apt to involve them in Censures of Disloyalty to their Most Gracious Sovereign, and the Want of a proper Respect and Deference to the British Parliament; whereas they have ever indulged themselves in the agreeable Persuasion that they had entitled themselves to be considered as inferior to none of their Fellow Subjects, ...", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 103], "content_span": [104, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018032-0020-0000", "contents": "1768 Petition, Memorial, and Remonstrance, Slow Communication, Agents, and Committees of Correspondence\nEach colony had a London agent for communication between its assembly and the British government. Such agents negotiated with royal Ministers, explaining colonial needs and providing colonial news. Their main contacts were with the Board of Trade, where they handled land problems, border disputes, military affairs, and Indian affairs. The best known agent was Benjamin Franklin, employed for 15 years by Pennsylvania, and later also by Georgia, New Jersey, and Massachusetts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 103], "content_span": [104, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018032-0021-0000", "contents": "1768 Petition, Memorial, and Remonstrance, Slow Communication, Agents, and Committees of Correspondence\nColonial assemblies recognized that they needed to manage their correspondence to coordinate responses to Britain and, later, to share revolutionary plans. Massachusetts' Committee of Correspondence, organized on 2 November 72 by Samuel Adams, became a model for the other colonies. Virginia followed in March 73, and also sent a copy of its enabling resolutions to every other colony, urging each to appoint its own committee. Most complied in 1773.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 103], "content_span": [104, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018032-0022-0000", "contents": "1768 Petition, Memorial, and Remonstrance, Slow Communication, Agents, and Committees of Correspondence\nBy 1774, the Committees of Correspondence had emerged as shadow governments, superseding their colonial legislatures and royal officials.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 103], "content_span": [104, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018046-0000-0000", "contents": "1768 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1768.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018047-0000-0000", "contents": "1768 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018047-0001-0000", "contents": "1768 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018047-0002-0000", "contents": "1768 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018048-0000-0000", "contents": "1768 in science\nThe year 1768 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018049-0000-0000", "contents": "17683 Kanagawa\n17683 Kanagawa, prov. designation: 1997 AR16, is a carbonaceous background asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 22 kilometers (14 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 10 January 1997, by Japanese astronomer Atsuo Asami at the Hadano Observatory, located 60 kilometers southwest of Tokyo, Japan. The asteroid was later named after the Japanese Kanagawa Prefecture.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018049-0001-0000", "contents": "17683 Kanagawa, Orbit and classification\nKanagawa orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.5\u20133.5\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 2 months (1,882 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.16 and an inclination of 18\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. No precoveries were taken prior to its discovery. The asteroid's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Hadano.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018049-0002-0000", "contents": "17683 Kanagawa, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the Japanese Kanagawa Prefecture, in which the city of Hadano with its discovering observatory is located. Also located in the east of Kanagawa Prefecture, are the industrial cities of Yokohama and Kawasaki, the second and ninth biggest city of the country, respectively, and vital centers of Japan's economy. The discoverer, Atsuo Asami, graduated at Kanagawa University. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 9 March 2001 (M.P.C. 42365).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018049-0003-0000", "contents": "17683 Kanagawa, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves\nIn October 2009, a rotational lightcurve of Kanagawa was obtained at the Wise Observatory in Israel. The photometric observations rendered a well-defined rotation period of 5.895\u00b10.004 hours with a brightness variation of 0.4 magnitude (U=3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 53], "content_span": [54, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018049-0004-0000", "contents": "17683 Kanagawa, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the space-based surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Kanagawa has a low albedo between 0.030 and 0.062, and a diameter of 16.8 to 22.1 kilometers. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the results obtained by IRAS, and derives a carbonaceous albedo of 0.033 with a diameter of 22.1 kilometers and an absolute magnitude of 12.6.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 61], "content_span": [62, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018050-0000-0000", "contents": "1769\n1769 (MDCCLXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar, the 1769th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 769th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 69th  year of the 18th\u00a0century, and the  10th  and last year of the 1760s decade. As of the start of 1769, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018051-0000-0000", "contents": "1769 Census (Denmark\u2013Norway)\nThe 1769 Census was the first census covering the Oldenburg State: the Kingdom of Denmark, the Kingdom of Norway (including the Faroese Islands and Iceland), the Duchy of Schleswig, the Duchy of Holstein, and the Countship of Oldenburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018056-0000-0000", "contents": "1769 in Great Britain\nEvents from the year 1769 in Great Britain. This year sees several key events in the Industrial Revolution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018066-0000-0000", "contents": "1769 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1769.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018067-0000-0000", "contents": "1769 in paleontology\nPaleontology or palaeontology (from Greek: paleo, \"ancient\"; ontos, \"being\"; and logos, \"knowledge\") is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1769.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018068-0000-0000", "contents": "1769 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018068-0001-0000", "contents": "1769 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018068-0002-0000", "contents": "1769 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018069-0000-0000", "contents": "1769 in science\nThe year 1769 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018069-0001-0000", "contents": "1769 in science, Astronomy\nThe transit is followed five hours later by a total solar eclipse visible from Britain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 26], "content_span": [27, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018070-0000-0000", "contents": "1769 papal conclave\nThe 1769 papal conclave (15 February \u2013 19 May), was convoked after the death of Pope Clement XIII. It elected as his successor Cardinal Lorenzo Ganganelli, who took the name Clement XIV.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018070-0001-0000", "contents": "1769 papal conclave, Death of Clement XIII\nClement XIII died suddenly on 2 February 1769, a day before the date of the consistory that he had convoked to examine the demands for the general suppression of the Society of Jesus. The various courts under the House of Bourbon and the Kingdom of Portugal (under the House of Braganza) had exerted strong pressure on the Holy See to suppress this order through almost the whole of his pontificate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 42], "content_span": [43, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018070-0001-0001", "contents": "1769 papal conclave, Death of Clement XIII\nIn 1759 Jesuits were expelled from Portugal and all its possessions, in 1764 from the Kingdom of France, in 1767 from Spain and in 1768 from the Kingdom of Naples, the Kingdom of Sicily and the Duchy of Parma and Piacenza. Clement XIII strongly defended the Society (e.g. in the bull Apostolicum pascendi in 1765), but without success. In January 1769 France and Naples seized the papal territories around Avignon, Benevento and Pontecorvo to force the pope to issue a decree for the suppression of the order. The sudden death of 75-year-old Clement XIII left this difficult decision to his successor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 42], "content_span": [43, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018070-0002-0000", "contents": "1769 papal conclave, Divisions in the College of Cardinals and the candidates to the papacy\nThe papal conclave in 1769 was almost completely dominated by the problem of the Society of Jesus. The Sacred College of Cardinals was divided into two blocs: pro-Jesuits and anti-Jesuits, but several cardinals were neutral. The pro-Jesuit faction, called Zelanti, grouped Italian curial cardinals who opposed the secular influences on the Church. Their leaders were Gian Francesco and Alessandro Albani and cardinal-nephew of the deceased pope Carlo Rezzonico. The anti-Jesuit bloc (called also \"court faction\") grouped crown-cardinals of the Catholic Powers: France, Spain and Naples.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 91], "content_span": [92, 678]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018070-0002-0001", "contents": "1769 papal conclave, Divisions in the College of Cardinals and the candidates to the papacy\nRespectively ruled at the time by Louis XV of France, Charles III of Spain and Ferdinand III of Sicily/Ferdinand IV of Naples. In spite of the national divisions they worked together for the main goal \u2013 suppression of the Society of Jesus. The Bourbon courts had decided to put the official leadership of this bloc in the hands of the French Cardinal de Bernis. He and his colleagues were instructed to block every pro-Jesuit candidature, even with the official exclusion if necessary. Several cardinals, among them Lorenzo Ganganelli, did not belong to either faction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 91], "content_span": [92, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018070-0003-0000", "contents": "1769 papal conclave, Divisions in the College of Cardinals and the candidates to the papacy\nThe French government was more fastidious than Spanish and Neapolitan. Only three cardinals were considered good candidates: Conti, Durini and Ganganelli", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 91], "content_span": [92, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018070-0004-0000", "contents": "1769 papal conclave, Divisions in the College of Cardinals and the candidates to the papacy\nOut of these 43 cardinals only 27 or 28 were actually considered papabile, while the remaining 15 were excluded due to their age or health.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 91], "content_span": [92, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018070-0005-0000", "contents": "1769 papal conclave, Conclave\nThe conclave began on 15 February 1769. Initially only 27 cardinals participated. Zelanti, taking advantage of the small number of the electors and the absence of the French and Spanish cardinals, tried to achieve a quick election of Cardinal Flavio Chigi. In one ballot he was only two votes short of being elected. The efforts of Zelanti met with strong protests from the ambassadors of France and Spain, and Cardinal Orsini, protector of the Kingdom of Naples and the only crown-cardinal present in the early ballots, was able to join some neutral cardinals to block Chigi's candidature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018070-0006-0000", "contents": "1769 papal conclave, Conclave\nAn unprecedented event was the visit of Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor, who arrived incognito in Rome on 6 March and was allowed to enter the conclave. He stayed there two weeks, freely debating with the electors. He did not press them but only expressed the wish for the election of a pope who would be able to carry out his duties with the proper respect for the secular rulers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018070-0007-0000", "contents": "1769 papal conclave, Conclave\nCardinal de Bernis entered the conclave at the end of March and took the leadership of the anti-Jesuit faction from the hands of Cardinal Orsini, who could have blocked Zelanti's actions only with the great difficulties. Bernis immediately established a regular correspondence with French ambassador Marquis d'Aubeterre, which was in violation of the fundamental law of the conclave. Ambassadors of France and Spain urged Bernis to insist that the election of the future pope be made to depend on his written engagement to suppress the Jesuits.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018070-0007-0001", "contents": "1769 papal conclave, Conclave\nBernis refused, answering that demanding from the future pope a written or oral promise to destroy the Society of Jesus would be in violation of the canon law. In spite of this refusal, during the next few weeks Bernis consecutively rejected all candidates proposed by Zelanti as too devoted to the Jesuits. In this way twenty-three out of twenty-eight papabile were eliminated, among them strongly pro-Jesuit Cardinal Fantuzzi, who at some point was very close to achieving election to the papal throne, as well as Cavalchini, Colonna, Stoppani, Pozzobonelli, Sersale, and several others.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018070-0008-0000", "contents": "1769 papal conclave, Conclave\nThe arrival of Spanish cardinals Solis and de la Cerda on 27 April strengthened the anti-Jesuit party. They also violated the law of the conclave by establishing regular correspondence with Spanish ambassador Azpuru. The Spaniards had fewer scruples than Bernis and, supported by Cardinal Malvezzi, took the matter into their own hands. They paid attention to the only friar in the Sacred College, Cardinal Lorenzo Ganganelli, O.F.M.Conv.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018070-0008-0001", "contents": "1769 papal conclave, Conclave\nThe attitude of Ganganelli towards the Jesuits was a great mystery \u2013 he had been educated by the Jesuits and it was said that he received the red hat at the instance of Father Lorenzo Ricci, general of the Society of Jesus, but during the pontificate of Clement XIII he did not engage himself in the defence of the Order. Cardinal Solis began by sounding him out as to his willingness to give the promise required by the Bourbon princes as an indispensable condition for election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018070-0008-0002", "contents": "1769 papal conclave, Conclave\nGanganelli answered that \"he recognized in the sovereign pontiff the right to extinguish, with good conscience, the Society of Jesus, provided he observed the canon law; and that it was desirable that the pope should do everything in his power to satisfy the wishes of the Crowns\". It is not certain whether it was a written or only an oral promise, but this declaration fully satisfied the ambassadors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018070-0009-0000", "contents": "1769 papal conclave, Conclave\nIn the same time Zelanti, also began to incline to give their support to Ganganelli, looking upon him as indifferent or even favourable to the Jesuits. It seems that the attitude of Zelanti was decided by the secret negotiations between their leaders Alessandro and Gian Francesco Albani and the Spanish cardinals. Cardinal de Bernis, the nominal leader of the court faction, probably did not play any role in the appointment of Ganganelli and only followed the instructions of Marquis d'Aubeterre when all had been already known.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018070-0010-0000", "contents": "1769 papal conclave, Election of Clement XIV\nIn the final ballot on 19 May 1769 Cardinal Lorenzo Ganganelli was elected to the papacy receiving all votes except of his own, which he gave to Carlo Rezzonico, nephew of Clement XIII and one of the leaders of Zelanti. He took the name of Clement XIV, in honour of Clement XIII, who had elevated him to the cardinalate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 44], "content_span": [45, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018071-0000-0000", "contents": "1769 transit of Venus observed from Tahiti\nOn June 3, 1769, British navigator Captain James Cook, British naturalist Joseph Banks, British astronomer Charles Green and  Swedish naturalist Daniel Solander  recorded the transit of Venus on the island of Tahiti during Cook's first voyage around the world. During a transit, Venus appears as a small black disc travelling across the Sun. This unusual astronomical phenomenon takes place in a pattern that repeats itself every 243 years. It includes two transits that are eight years apart, separated by breaks of 121.5 and 105.5 years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018071-0000-0001", "contents": "1769 transit of Venus observed from Tahiti\nThese men, along with a crew of scientists, were commissioned by the Royal Society of London for the primary purpose of viewing the transit of Venus. Not only would their findings help expand scientific knowledge, it would help with navigation by accurately calculating the observer's longitude. At this time, longitude was difficult to determine and not always precise. A \"secret\" mission that followed the transit included the exploration of the South Pacific to find the legendary Terra Australis Incognita or \"unknown land of the South.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018071-0001-0000", "contents": "1769 transit of Venus observed from Tahiti, Background\nIn 1663, Scottish mathematician James Gregory came up with the idea of using Venus or Mercury transits to determine the astronomical unit by measuring the apparent solar parallax between different points on the surface of the Earth. In a 1716 issue of the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, Edmund Halley illustrated Gregory's theory more fully and explained further how it could establish the distance between the Earth and the Sun. In his report, Halley suggested places that a full transit should be viewed due to a \"cone of visibility\". Places he recommended for observing the phenomenon included the Hudson Bay, Norway and the Molucca Islands. The next transits would occur in 1761 and 1769. Halley died in 1742, almost twenty years before the transit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 54], "content_span": [55, 826]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018071-0002-0000", "contents": "1769 transit of Venus observed from Tahiti, Background\nThe viewing of the 1761 transit involved the effort of 120 observers from nine nations. Thomas Hornsby reported the observations as unsuccessful primarily due to poor weather conditions. He alerted the Royal Society in 1766 that preparations needed to begin for the 1769 transit. Hornsby's publication in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society in 1766 focused attention on the \"cone of visibility\" indicating, like Halley, some of the better places to observe the transit. The Royal Society boasted that the British \"were inferior to no nation on earth, ancient or modern\" and were eager to make another attempt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 54], "content_span": [55, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018071-0003-0000", "contents": "1769 transit of Venus observed from Tahiti, Background\nWhen choosing a location for viewing the transit, The Royal Society basically chose the locations Halley suggested in his 1716 article. The committee recommended that the transit be observed from three points: the North Cape at the Arctic tip of Norway, Fort Churchill at Hudson Bay Canada and a suitable island in the South Pacific. They stated that two competent observers were to be sent to each location. King George III approved of the project and arranged for the Navy to provide ships. He allocated \u00a34,000 for the society to help with the expenses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 54], "content_span": [55, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018071-0004-0000", "contents": "1769 transit of Venus observed from Tahiti, Choosing an island, a ship and a Captain\nIn June 1767 British navigator Samuel Wallis made the first European contact with Tahiti. Wallis returned from his voyage in time to help the Royal Society decide that it would be an ideal location to observe the Transit of Venus. A big advantage was that Tahiti was one of the few islands in the South Pacific that they knew the longitude and latitude of. The Admiralty was not really interested in particularly where in the South Pacific the observation of the Venus transit would take place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 84], "content_span": [85, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018071-0004-0001", "contents": "1769 transit of Venus observed from Tahiti, Choosing an island, a ship and a Captain\nThey were more interested in the \"secret\" mission that would be revealed after the Venus transit observation: the search for the alleged southern continent. HM Bark Endeavour was chosen to take the astronomers and other scientists to Tahiti. James Cook was commissioned as Lieutenant and appointed to command the vessel. Cook was the obvious choice as he was an outstanding seaman with navigational qualifications, a capable astronomer and had observed a 1766 annular eclipse in Newfoundland that was communicated to the Royal Society by John Bevis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 84], "content_span": [85, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018071-0005-0000", "contents": "1769 transit of Venus observed from Tahiti, Preparation for the transit\nOnce the Endeavour arrived on the island, Cook decided to set up the Venus transit observatory on shore. He required a completely stable platform which the ship could not provide and plenty of space to work with. The location of the observatory would be known as \"Fort Venus.\" A sandy spit on the northeast end of Matavai Bay, named Point Venus by Cook, was chosen for the site. They began building Fort Venus two days after they arrived. They marked a perimeter and construction began. It had earthworks on three of its sides adjacent to deep channels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 71], "content_span": [72, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018071-0005-0001", "contents": "1769 transit of Venus observed from Tahiti, Preparation for the transit\nWood was gathered to construct palisades that topped the earthworks. Casks from the ship were filled with wet sand and used for stability. The east side of the fort faced the river. Mounted guns were brought in from the ship. A gateway was assembled and within this fortification, fifty-four tents were pitched which housed the crew, scientists, and officers as well as the observatory, blacksmith equipment and a kitchen. Cook sent a party led by Zachary Hickes to a point on the east coast of the island for additional observations. John Gore led another group of thirty-eight more on a neighboring island of Eimeo (Moorea). Both parties were briefed and supplied with the needed equipment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 71], "content_span": [72, 764]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018071-0006-0000", "contents": "1769 transit of Venus observed from Tahiti, The day of the transit\nThe observers were ordered to record the transit in four phases of Venus' journey across of the sun. The first phase was when Venus began \"touching\" the outside rim of the sun. In the second phase, Venus was completely within the sun's disc, but was still \"touching\" the outer rim. In the third phase, Venus has crossed the sun, was still completely within the disc, but was \"touching\" the opposite rim. Finally in the fourth phase, Venus was completely off the sun, but was still \"touching\" its outer rim.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 66], "content_span": [67, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018071-0007-0000", "contents": "1769 transit of Venus observed from Tahiti, The day of the transit\nOn the day of the transit, the sky was clear. Independent observations were made by James Cook, Green and Solander with their own telescopes. Because of the rarity of the event, it was important to take accurate records. The next transit would not occur until 1874.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 66], "content_span": [67, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018071-0008-0000", "contents": "1769 transit of Venus observed from Tahiti, The day of the transit\nThis day prov'd as favourable to our purpose as we could wish, not a Clowd was to be seen the whole day and the Air was perfectly clear, so that we had every advantage we could desire in Observing the whole of the passage of the Planet Venus over the Suns disk: we very distinctly saw an Atmosphere or dusky shade round the body of the Planet which very much disturbed the times of the Contacts particularly the two internal ones. Dr. Solander observed as well as Mr. Green and my self, and we differ'd from one another in observeing the times of the Contacts much more than could be expected. Mr Greens Telescope and mine were of the same Magnifying power but that of Dr was greater than ours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 66], "content_span": [67, 761]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018071-0009-0000", "contents": "1769 transit of Venus observed from Tahiti, The day of the transit\nRecording the exact moment of the phases proved to be impossible due to a phenomenon called the \"Black drop effect.\" Originally, it was believed that the effect came from the thick atmosphere on Venus, but the haziness was too extensive for this to be the reason. Recent studies now reveal that it is actually turbulence in the Earth's atmosphere that leads to the smearing of the image of Venus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 66], "content_span": [67, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018071-0010-0000", "contents": "1769 transit of Venus observed from Tahiti, Results of the 1769 transit observations\nThe Royal Society was very disappointed in the results of data collected from the transit and Cook's report. The Tahiti observers had trouble with the timing of the stages and their drawings were inconsistent. They later found out that this was also true with the observers at the other locations. Observers from all over noted a haze or \"black drop\" that seemed to follow Venus making it very difficult to record time entry point on the sun and the exit from the sun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 84], "content_span": [85, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018071-0011-0000", "contents": "1769 transit of Venus observed from Tahiti, Results of the 1769 transit observations\nFor what they believed to be a failure in the observation, The Royal Society decided to blame Green who died on the voyage back to England. Cook's rebuke was so sharp that it was taken from the official proceedings of the Society. Green was not given the opportunity to personally present his own data nor could he defend himself.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 84], "content_span": [85, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018071-0012-0000", "contents": "1769 transit of Venus observed from Tahiti, Scientific community\nHalley's 1716 article called for observers to witness the transit at various places on the globe. The response from the scientific community was astounding. There were at least 120 observers at sixty-two individual posts for the 1761 transit. Observations took place not only in Europe, but also included Calcutta, Tobolsk, Siberia, the Cape of Good Hope, and St. John's in Newfoundland. The 1769 viewing also proved to be a vast international endeavor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 64], "content_span": [65, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018071-0013-0000", "contents": "1769 transit of Venus observed from Tahiti, Modern results compared to results from the 1769 transit\nUsing the solar parallax values obtained from the 1769 transit, Hornsby wrote in Philosophical Transitions December 1771 that \"the mean distance from the Earth to the Sun (is) 93,726,900 English miles.\" The radar-based value used today for the astronomical unit is 92,955,000 miles (149,597,000\u00a0km). This is only a difference of eight-tenths of one percent. Their work was within the bounds of the aphelion and perihelion distances to the sun, ~95 million miles and ~91 million miles respectively. Considering what these astronomers had to work with, their results were \"absolutely remarkable\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 100], "content_span": [101, 695]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018072-0000-0000", "contents": "176th (2/1st Staffordshire) Brigade\nThe 176th (2/1st Staffordshire) Brigade was an infantry brigade of the British Army that saw active service in the First World War on the Western Front and disbanded in 1919. The brigade was raised again, now known as 176th Infantry Brigade, shortly prior to the Second World War and fought in the Normandy Campaign before being disbanded in August 1944. In both world wars the brigade was assigned to a 59th Division: the 59th (2nd North Midland) Division during the first, and the 59th (Staffordshire) Infantry Division in the second.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018072-0001-0000", "contents": "176th (2/1st Staffordshire) Brigade, First World War\nOn 31 August 1914, 27 days after the British declaration of war on Germany, the War Office authorised the formation of 2nd Line units for all Territorial Force (TF) units that were being sent overseas. As a result, the 2/1st Staffordshire Brigade came into existence, as a duplicate of the 1/1st Staffordshire Brigade, which was part of the North Midland Division, and was assigned to the 2nd North Midland Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 52], "content_span": [53, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018072-0001-0001", "contents": "176th (2/1st Staffordshire) Brigade, First World War\nThe brigade (and division) was formed mainly from those men in the Territorial Force who, when asked at the outbreak of war, did not volunteer for service overseas (as soldiers who joined the TF were not obligated to serve overseas). Like the 1st Line formation, the brigade was composed of two battalions of the South Staffordshire Regiment and two of the North Staffordshire Regiment. To distinguish the 2nd Line from the 1st Line, they adopted the '2/' prefix (so a 2nd Line battalion would become 2/5th North Staffs, for example, and a 1st Line 1/5th North Staffs). The original intention of the 2nd Line units was to act in a home service role and to supply drafts of replacements overseas to the 1st Line units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 52], "content_span": [53, 770]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018072-0002-0000", "contents": "176th (2/1st Staffordshire) Brigade, First World War\nIn July 1915 the division was numbered as the 59th (2nd North Midland) Division and the brigades were also numbered, so the 2/1st Staffordshire Brigade became 176th (2/1st Staffordshire) Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 52], "content_span": [53, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018072-0003-0000", "contents": "176th (2/1st Staffordshire) Brigade, First World War\nIn April 1916 the 59th Division was sent to Dublin in Ireland to quell the Easter Rising where the brigade suffered its first casualties of the war, from the Irish Volunteers. In the same year the Military Service Act 1916 came into being, stating that all soldiers in the Territorial Force were now liable to serve overseas, if they were medically fit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 52], "content_span": [53, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018072-0004-0000", "contents": "176th (2/1st Staffordshire) Brigade, First World War\nThe brigade was sent to France in early 1917, with the rest of the 59th Division, to serve in the trenches of the Western Front. The brigade fought in the Third Battle of Ypres, the Battle of Cambrai, both in 1917, sustaining heavy casualties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 52], "content_span": [53, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018072-0004-0001", "contents": "176th (2/1st Staffordshire) Brigade, First World War\nThe brigade, with the rest of the division, was devastated in Operation Michael, the opening phase of the German spring offensive launched by the German Army, in March 1918 and had to be completely reformed, with the original battalions being reduced to cadres and transferred to other divisions and replaced by Provisional Garrison Guard battalions from the United Kingdom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 52], "content_span": [53, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018072-0005-0000", "contents": "176th (2/1st Staffordshire) Brigade, First World War\nDuring the fighting at Cambrai in November 1917, Lance Corporal John Thomas of the 2/5th Battalion, North Staffordshire Regiment was awarded the Victoria Cross.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 52], "content_span": [53, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018072-0006-0000", "contents": "176th (2/1st Staffordshire) Brigade, First World War, Order of battle\nIn late 1917 until early 1918 there was a shortage of manpower in the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) on the Western Front, divisions were reduced from twelve to nine infantry battalions, and brigades therefore reduced from four to three. As a result, in late January 1918, the 1/5th North Staffords was transferred from 137th (1/1st Staffordshire) Brigade of 46th (North Midland) Division where they amalgamated with the 2/5th Battalion and were renamed the 5th Battalion. At the same time the 1/5th South Staffs was disbanded, most of the men going to other South Staffs battalions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 69], "content_span": [70, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018072-0007-0000", "contents": "176th (2/1st Staffordshire) Brigade, Second World War\nThe brigade was disbanded after the war along with the rest of the Territorial Force, which was reformed as the Territorial Army in the 1920s but neither the brigade or division were reformed, being formed as a 2nd Line for hostilities-only.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 53], "content_span": [54, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018072-0008-0000", "contents": "176th (2/1st Staffordshire) Brigade, Second World War\nThroughout the spring and summer of 1939 the Territorial Army was doubled in size as the threat of war with Germany was becoming increasingly likely. As a result, the brigade number was reactivated by the redesignation of the 166th Infantry Brigade on 4 September 1939, the day after Britain and France declared war on Germany, thus beginning the Second World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 53], "content_span": [54, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018072-0008-0001", "contents": "176th (2/1st Staffordshire) Brigade, Second World War\nThe 176th Infantry Brigade, composed of two battalions of the North Staffs and one of the South Staffs, was assigned to the 59th (Staffordshire) Motor Division, which was created as a 2nd Line duplicate of the 55th (West Lancashire) Motor Division. The division was originally organised as a motorised infantry division of only two brigades, the other being the 177th Infantry Brigade, which was formed as a 2nd Line duplicate of 176th Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 53], "content_span": [54, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018072-0008-0002", "contents": "176th (2/1st Staffordshire) Brigade, Second World War\nUnlike most Territorial divisions, which were split into an exact 2nd Line 'mirror' duplicate of their parent formation, the 59th, along with two other 2nd Line divisions (the 18th and the 45th), was instead split on a geographical basis, all the units from Staffordshire being assigned to the 59th Division and all units from Liverpool and Lancashire being assigned to the 55th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 53], "content_span": [54, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018072-0008-0003", "contents": "176th (2/1st Staffordshire) Brigade, Second World War\nThis came with a considerable downside, however, as it meant that while some units of both divisions could be considered to be trained (the 1st Line units), the other units (the 2nd Line units) were not and as there were 1st and 2nd Line units in both divisions they were both considered untrained.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 53], "content_span": [54, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018072-0009-0000", "contents": "176th (2/1st Staffordshire) Brigade, Second World War\nAbout a month after the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) was evacuated from Dunkirk in May\u2013June 1940, the 59th Division was reorganised from a motorised division into a standard infantry division, due to a perceived failure of the motorised divisions in the Battle of France, and received the 197th Infantry Brigade from the now disbanded 66th Infantry Division and the 59th Division was reorganised as a normal infantry division of three brigades. Together with most of the rest of the British Army after the events of France and Dunkirk, the division moved to North-East England where they came under command of X Corps and alternated between coastal defence and home service duties and training to repel a German invasion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 53], "content_span": [54, 780]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018072-0010-0000", "contents": "176th (2/1st Staffordshire) Brigade, Second World War\nIn June 1942, the brigade, with the rest of the 59th Division, was sent to Northern Ireland where they were to remain until March 1943, and came under command of British Troops Northern Ireland. Soon after arrival, they took part in numerous large-scale exercises with American troops of the U.S. Army stationed there, including the U.S. 1st Armored and U.S. 34th Infantry divisions, both of which were later to serve with distinction fighting on the Italian Front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 53], "content_span": [54, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018072-0010-0001", "contents": "176th (2/1st Staffordshire) Brigade, Second World War\nLater in the year, in October, the 176th Brigade was reorganised slightly, with the 7th Battalion, North Staffordshire Regiment being exchanged for the 7th Battalion, Royal Norfolk Regiment, which had previously served with 220th Brigade. The 7th Royal Norfolks was a 2nd Line Territorial unit created in 1939 around the same time as 176th Brigade and had seen service in France in 1940 with the 51st (Highland) Infantry Division and had escaped with a mere 30 men, including a single officer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 53], "content_span": [54, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018072-0011-0000", "contents": "176th (2/1st Staffordshire) Brigade, Second World War\nAfter training for many years throughout the United Kingdom and nine months spent in Northern Ireland the brigade landed in France, together with the rest of the 59th Division, in late June 1944 as part of Operation Overlord and became part of the British Second Army. The brigade fought in the severe attritional battles to capture Caen, in particular during Operation Charnwood and the Second Battle of the Odon, also known as Operation Pomegranate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 53], "content_span": [54, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018072-0011-0001", "contents": "176th (2/1st Staffordshire) Brigade, Second World War\nIn early August, during the crossing of the River Orne in which the 176th Infantry Brigade, supported by Churchill tanks of 107 RAC of 34 Tank Brigade, played a major role (and earned praise from the GOC Major-General Lewis Lyne), Captain David Auldjo Jamieson, son of Sir Archibald Jamieson, of the 7th Battalion, Royal Norfolk Regiment was awarded the Victoria Cross for his extreme bravery, leadership and calmness under fire and despite being wounded. His would be the first and only VC awarded to the brigade and the division throughout the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 53], "content_span": [54, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018072-0011-0002", "contents": "176th (2/1st Staffordshire) Brigade, Second World War\nHe survived his injuries and remained in the Army after the war where he later achieved the rank of major. During the crossing, the brigade suffered heavy casualties, with 7th Royal Norfolks sustaining 42 killed, 111 wounded and 73 missing, for a total of 226 casualties, 6th North Staffords had 76 casualties and 7th South Staffords lost its CO, Lieutenant Colonel J.G. Bullock, killed in action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 53], "content_span": [54, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018072-0012-0000", "contents": "176th (2/1st Staffordshire) Brigade, Second World War\nAt this stage of the Second World War, however, the British Army (and, in general, the whole of the United Kingdom) was suffering from a severe shortage of manpower, specifically in the infantry where the majority of combat casualties fell. By August 1944, the Army fighting in France had absorbed nearly all the available infantrymen still available in the United Kingdom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 53], "content_span": [54, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018072-0012-0001", "contents": "176th (2/1st Staffordshire) Brigade, Second World War\nConsequently, aside from transferring large numbers of RAF, RAF Regiment, Navy and Artillery personnel to be retrained as infantrymen (which to do so would take many months), the only way the Army could find sufficient replacements (aside from the aforementioned method) for battle casualties was by breaking up units in the field in order to bring other field units up to strength. As a result, the 59th (Staffordshire) Division, considered the most 'junior' infantry division of the British Second Army, was chosen by General Bernard Montgomery, 21st Army Group Commander, for disbandment. The brigade and division were both, therefore, broken up in late August and the battalions broken up and sent to other British divisions in order to bring them up to strength.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 53], "content_span": [54, 821]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018072-0013-0000", "contents": "176th (2/1st Staffordshire) Brigade, Second World War, Order of battle\n176th Infantry Brigade was constituted as follows during the war:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 70], "content_span": [71, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018072-0014-0000", "contents": "176th (2/1st Staffordshire) Brigade, Second World War, Commanders\nThe following officers commanded 176th Infantry Brigade during the war:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 65], "content_span": [66, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018073-0000-0000", "contents": "176th Air Defense Squadron\nThe 176th Air Defense Squadron (176 ADS) is a unit of the Alaska Air National Guard 176th Wing located at Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson, Anchorage, Alaska.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018073-0001-0000", "contents": "176th Air Defense Squadron, Overview\nThe squadron provides mission-ready personnel to operate and maintain the Alaskan Region Air Operations Center (RAOC) of the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD). It integrates fixed and airborne radar into the NORAD Global Command and Control System (NGCCS), and conducts 24-hour Alaskan NORAD Region (ANR) and Eleventh Air Force (11th AF) air sovereignty and theater air control operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 36], "content_span": [37, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018073-0002-0000", "contents": "176th Air Defense Squadron, Overview\nThe 176th Air Defense Squadron is unique amongst the other American sectors in that it controls the only sector within its region, while the Eastern Air Defense Sector and Western Air Defense Sector both comprise the Continental NORAD Region (CONR). In addition to this distinction, it is the only sector that has regular reported intercepts of foreign military aircraft, with multiple intercepts of Russian Tu-95 \"Bear\" aircraft through its lifetime.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 36], "content_span": [37, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018073-0003-0000", "contents": "176th Air Defense Squadron, History\nThe 176th Air Defense Squadron traces its lineage, honors and history to Murphy Dome Air Force Station (AFS), (originally situated in a mountainous region known as the Yukon-Tanana Upland, 20 miles northwest of Fairbanks, Alaska). It was one of the ten original aircraft control and warning sites constructed during the early 1950s to establish a permanent air defense system in Alaska.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018073-0004-0000", "contents": "176th Air Defense Squadron, History\nMurphy Dome was initially operated by a detachment of the 532d Aircraft Control and Warning Group, Ladd Air Force Base (now Fort Wainwright). When the 532d was inactivated in 1951, the site was then operated by a detachment of the 13rd", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018073-0005-0000", "contents": "176th Air Defense Squadron, History\nAircraft Control and Warning Squadron, Alaska Air National Guard. As part of HQ Alaskan Air Command's (HQ AAC) plan to upgrade all remote sites to full squadrons, the 744th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron (744th ACWS) was activated at Murphy Dome on 1 February 1953 with an authorized strength of 249 personnel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018073-0006-0000", "contents": "176th Air Defense Squadron, History\nThe mission of the 744th ACWS was to support, administer and train assigned personnel to perform air defense missions, support tactical missions as directed by HQ AAC, and operate and maintain the Murphy Dome AFS.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018073-0007-0000", "contents": "176th Air Defense Squadron, History\nIn 1977, the 744th ACWS was assigned to the newly reactivated 531st Aircraft Control and Warning Group (531st ACWG). The 531 ACWG was later re-designated the 11th Tactical Control Group (11th TCG) in 1981.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018073-0008-0000", "contents": "176th Air Defense Squadron, History\nIn the early 1980s, construction began on a new NORAD Region Operations Control Center (ROCC) at Elmendorf AFB, which would be responsible for managing all air defense operations in Alaska, making all manned remote radar sites redundant. The 744th ACWS was selected to man the ROCC, which achieved full operational status on 15 September 1983. All remote radar squadrons were inactivated by 1 November 1983. Under HQ Alaskan Air Command's SEEK IGLOO program, civilian manning at all remote radar sites was reduced to approximately four civilian personnel per site.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018073-0009-0000", "contents": "176th Air Defense Squadron, History\nIn 1989, the 744th ACWS was aligned under the newly established 11th Tactical Control Wing (11 TCW). In 1992, this wing was renamed the 11th Air Control Wing (11 ACW), and the 744 ACWS was renamed the 744th Air Defense Squadron (744th ADS). The 11th ACW was reorganized on 1 July 1994 as the 611th Air Operations Group (611th AOG), and the 744th ADS was renamed the 611th Air Control Squadron (611th ACS).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018073-0010-0000", "contents": "176th Air Defense Squadron, History\nIn 2001, the 611th ACS began a four-year transition to the Alaska Air National Guard. On 1 October 2004, the 611th ACS was officially inactivated and the 176th ACS was ceremonially recognized. Thus, the 176th ACS traces its heritage and honors from the original 744 ACWS/ADS, handed down over the past 50 years. In September 2013, the 176th ACS was re-designated as the 176th Air Defense Squadron (176th ADS).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018073-0011-0000", "contents": "176th Air Defense Squadron, History, Lineage\nNote: No direct lineage or history between 611th ACS and 176th ACS", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018073-0012-0000", "contents": "176th Air Defense Squadron, History, Honors\nThe squadron has earned four Air Force Outstanding Unit Awards for the following periods: 13 August 1967 \u2013 21 August 1967, 1 January 1976 \u2013 31 December 1976, 1 January 1978 \u2013 31 December 1978, 1 July 1982 \u2013 8 November 1983, 1 July 1994 \u2013 30 June 1996, and 1 October 1999 \u2013 30 September 2001", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 43], "content_span": [44, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018074-0000-0000", "contents": "176th Battalion (Niagara Rangers), CEF\nThe 176th (Niagara Rangers) Battalion, CEF, was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War. Based in St. Catharines, Ontario, the unit began recruiting in January 1916 in Lincoln and Welland counties. Their training ground and campsite was situated on Spring St., Niagara Falls, where Memorial School was built in 1921. The unit left Niagara on 24 April 1917 bound for England. Upon arrival, the battalion was absorbed into the 12th Reserve Battalion. The 176th (Niagara Rangers) Battalion, CEF, had one Officer Commanding: Lieutenant-Colonel Donald Sharpe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018074-0001-0000", "contents": "176th Battalion (Niagara Rangers), CEF\nAfter the war, the perpetuation of the battalion was assigned to the Lincoln Regiment in 1920, and then to the Lincoln and Welland Regiment in 1936.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018074-0002-0000", "contents": "176th Battalion (Niagara Rangers), CEF, Insignia\nThe 176th Battalion were identified by a horseshoe surrounding Niagara Falls on a wreath of maples. Contained within scrolls were the words \"Niagara Rangers\", \"Canada\", \"Overseas Battalion\". The number 176 was placed between the ends of the horseshoe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 48], "content_span": [49, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018075-0000-0000", "contents": "176th Fighter Squadron\nThe 176th Fighter Squadron (176 FS) is a unit of the Wisconsin Air National Guard 115th Fighter Wing located at Truax Field Air National Guard Base, Madison, Wisconsin. The 176th is equipped with the F-16 Fighting Falcon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018075-0001-0000", "contents": "176th Fighter Squadron, History, World War II\nActivated in July 1942, the 306th Fighter Squadron was an advanced pilot training squadron, assigned to III Fighter Command at Dale Mabry Army Airfield, Florida. The 306th was an Operational Replacement Unit (OTU) which trained newly graduated pilots in combat fighter tactics with graduates being assigned to operational squadrons for combat in overseas theaters. Initially equipped with the P-39 Airacobra, later using P-47 Thunderbolts and P-51 Mustangs when they became available. Disbanded in May 1944 as part of a reorganization of Army Air Force training unit designations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018075-0002-0000", "contents": "176th Fighter Squadron, History, Wisconsin Air National Guard\nThe wartime 306th Fighter Squadron was reconstituted and re-designated as the 176th Fighter Squadron, and was allotted to the Wisconsin Air National Guard, on 24 May 1946. It was organized at Truax Field, Madison, Wisconsin and was extended federal recognition on 6 October 1948 by the National Guard Bureau. The 176th Fighter Squadron was entitled to the history, honors, and colors of the 306th. The squadron was equipped with F-51D Mustangs and was assigned to the new 128th Fighter Group, WI ANG at General Mitchell Field, Milwaukee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 61], "content_span": [62, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018075-0003-0000", "contents": "176th Fighter Squadron, History, Wisconsin Air National Guard, Air Defense\nThe 176th was gained by Air Defense Command (ADC) with an air defense mission of the Great Lakes, Chicago and Wisconsin. Upgraded to F-80A Shooting Star jet aircraft in 1949. Was re-designated as the 176th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron in November 1950 and 10 of the unit's 25 Mustangs were shipped to Korea in support of the Korean War effort. Federalized during the Korean War in February 1951, but remained at Truax Field where it flew air defense training missions. During the active duty tour, the 176th FIS converted its aircraft to the F-89 Scorpion. They became the first Air National Guard unit to fly the modern jet fighter. Returned to Wisconsin state control in February 1952 and converted back to the F-51 Mustang.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 74], "content_span": [75, 801]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018075-0004-0000", "contents": "176th Fighter Squadron, History, Wisconsin Air National Guard, Air Defense\nIn October 1953, The 176th FIS converted from F-51's to the F-86 Sabre, and the squadron performed summer training with the F-86 was at the Alpena Training Center in Alpena, Michigan in 1954. In October 1954 The 176 Fighter Squadron was reassigned the F-89 Scorpion, which they had flown briefly in 1952 during the unit's Korean War activation. The aircraft, designed as an \"All Weather\" fighter interceptor, carried a pilot and radar operator.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 74], "content_span": [75, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018075-0005-0000", "contents": "176th Fighter Squadron, History, Wisconsin Air National Guard, Air Defense\nOn 15 April 1956, the 176th FIS was authorized to expand to a group level, and the 115th Fighter-Interceptor Group was established by the National Guard Bureau at Truax Field. The 176th FIS becoming the group's flying squadron. The Group continued its air defense mission with summer training moved to Volk Field from 1956 to 1962. Beginning in 1963, training moved to \"year around\" training. In January 1960 F-89 crews were put on active duty status and the unit was assigned an around-the-clock runway alert commitment of two armed aircraft. Along with this commitment came the F-89J with an armament platform that included the AIR-2 Genie. The AIR-2A was the first US air-to-air rocket with a nuclear warhead. In early 1966 the squadron turned in their F-89's for the F-102 Delta Dagger.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 74], "content_span": [75, 865]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018075-0006-0000", "contents": "176th Fighter Squadron, History, Wisconsin Air National Guard, Air Defense\nIn May 1966 the 176th FIS replaced their F-89's with the Convair F-102 Delta Dagger. In the spring of 1967 after a period of re-training in the new supersonic interceptors, the 176th FIS resumed its air defense \"runway alert\" mission. One year later in June 1969, the unit airlifted to Gulfport, Mississippi for summer training, ending six years of \"year around\" training at home base.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 74], "content_span": [75, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018075-0007-0000", "contents": "176th Fighter Squadron, History, Wisconsin Air National Guard, Air Defense\nIn September 1972, the 176th FIS won the prestigious \"William Tell Competition\" in the F-102 category. The event, held at Tyndall Air Force Base, included top Air National Guard, Canadian Air Force and active US Air Force units worldwide. The competition included 12 teams of 48 aircraft, each team scored on aerial marksmanship, weapons control, weapons loading and maintenance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 74], "content_span": [75, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018075-0008-0000", "contents": "176th Fighter Squadron, History, Wisconsin Air National Guard, Forward Air Control\nIn November 1974, the squadrons parent 115th Fighter-Interceptor Group was transferred from Air Defense Command to Tactical Air Command(TAC). In addition the 115th's status was elevated from a group to a Wing, its designation being changed to the 128th Tactical Air Support Wing in a re-alignment by the Wisconsin National Guard Bureau.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 82], "content_span": [83, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018075-0009-0000", "contents": "176th Fighter Squadron, History, Wisconsin Air National Guard, Forward Air Control\nThe squadron was re-designated as the 176th Tactical Air Support Squadron (TASS), and in December 1974 the unit's F-102's were replaced by the Cessna O-2A Skymaster Forward Air Control (FAC) aircraft. The O-2 was the military version of the Cessna 337 Skymaster, a high wing, twin boom aircraft with a unique centerline pusher/tractor twin engine configuration. The O-2A version, used by the 176th TASS, was used in forward air control, (FAC), missions, often in conjunction with a ground FAC & ROMAD, (radio operator, maintenance, and driver), team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 82], "content_span": [83, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018075-0010-0000", "contents": "176th Fighter Squadron, History, Wisconsin Air National Guard, Forward Air Control\nIn November 1979, the O-2s were replaced by the OA-37B Dragonfly Forward Air Control aircraft. It was developed from the A-37 light attack aircraft which was used extensively in the Vietnam War as a counter-insurgency aircraft, with the surviving aircraft either being sold to the Republic of Vietnam Air Force or returned to the United States. The OA-37s were received from ANG units in Maryland and New York.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 82], "content_span": [83, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018075-0011-0000", "contents": "176th Fighter Squadron, History, Wisconsin Air National Guard, Forward Air Control\nWith most of the pilots and maintenance crews having prior jet aircraft experience with the F-102's, the unit was able to transition the OA-37 to C-1 status, (full combat ready), in less than six months. Awards during the OA-37 era included an overall rating of \"Excellent\" in the unit's Operational Readiness Inspection (ORI), the Distinguished Flying Award and their first Air Force Outstanding Unit Award.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 82], "content_span": [83, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018075-0012-0000", "contents": "176th Fighter Squadron, History, Wisconsin Air National Guard, Close Air Support\nOn 1 October 1981, the 176th TASS was redesignated the 176th Tactical Fighter Squadron (TFS). Along with the mission change came a new aircraft, the A-10 Thunderbolt II, nickname \"Warthog\", with the OA-37s being sent to other ANG units. For survivability made the A-10 an excellent weapons delivery system for ground targets. The A-10's most dominant feature is its seven barrel GAU-8/A 30mm cannon, capable of firing at up to 70 \"tank busting\" rounds per second.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 80], "content_span": [81, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018075-0013-0000", "contents": "176th Fighter Squadron, History, Wisconsin Air National Guard, Close Air Support\nDuring the A-10 era the unit received two \"Outstanding Unit\" Awards, three Air Force Flight Safety Awards, and in 1991 an \"Outstanding\" in its Unit Effectiveness Inspection (UEI). Deployments with the A-10 included Operation Coronet Cove to Panama, and \"Checkered Flag\" missions to NATO bases in West Germany and England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 80], "content_span": [81, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018075-0014-0000", "contents": "176th Fighter Squadron, History, Wisconsin Air National Guard, Current mission\nWith the end of the Cold War, the early 1990s marked several changes. On 16 March 1992 the 176th Tactical Fighter Squadron (TFS) was redesignated the 176th Fighter Squadron (FS) as its parent 128th Tactical Fighter Wing became the 128th Fighter Wing. The 128th FW implemented the Air Force Objective Organization, which established the 128th Operations Group to which the 176th FS was assigned. Also occurring at this time was a command change from the Air Force's Tactical Air Command (TAC) to the newly created Air Combat Command (ACC).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 78], "content_span": [79, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018075-0015-0000", "contents": "176th Fighter Squadron, History, Wisconsin Air National Guard, Current mission\nIn 1993 the 176th FS began transitioning from the A-10A to the F-16C/D block 30 Fighting Falcon airframes with the enlarged inlet, with the A-10s were transferred out to other ANG units. The first F-16s arrived at Truax ANGB on 1 April 1993. The current role of the 176th FS is air-interdiction and close air support (CAS). This was the same task as when they flew the A-10. Although the transition to the F-16 meant a huge change in the overall execution of this mission when comparing the A-10 with an F-16.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 78], "content_span": [79, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018075-0016-0000", "contents": "176th Fighter Squadron, History, Wisconsin Air National Guard, Current mission\nOn 11 October 1995, the squadron was reassigned to the new 115th Operations Group when its parent 128th Fighter Wing was re-designated back to the 115th by the Wisconsin National Guard Bureau. The 128th designation was causing confusion with the 128th Air Refueling Wing at General Mitchell ANGB, another Wisconsin Air National Guard unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 78], "content_span": [79, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018075-0017-0000", "contents": "176th Fighter Squadron, History, Wisconsin Air National Guard, Current mission\nOperations participated in during this era include: Operation Coronet Chariot, Karup AS, Denmark 1994, Operation Northern Watch, Incirlik AB, Turkey 1997, Operation Southern Watch, Al Jaber AB, Kuwait 1997\u201398, Operation Southern Watch, Prince Sultan AB, Saudi Arabia 1999, Operation Coronet Nighthawk, Curacao, Netherlands Antilles 2001, Operation Enduring Freedom, Al Udeid AB, Qatar 2004\u201305, and Operation Noble Eagle, 11 September 2001 to present.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 78], "content_span": [79, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018075-0018-0000", "contents": "176th Fighter Squadron, History, Wisconsin Air National Guard, Current mission\nIn December 2017, the Air Force announced that the 176th was one of two Air National Guard squadrons selected for equipping with the Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II. The conversion to the fifth-generation jet fighter is scheduled for 2023.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 78], "content_span": [79, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018076-0000-0000", "contents": "176th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment\nThe 176th Fighter Aviation Regiment PVO was a fighter regiment of the Soviet Air Defense Forces during World War II and the Cold War. The unit was disbanded in March 1960.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018076-0001-0000", "contents": "176th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment, History, Prewar and World War II\nThe unit was formed on 22 March 1938 as the 19th Fighter Aviation Regiment (IAP) at Gorelovo in the Leningrad Military District from the 58th and 70th Separate Fighter Aviation Squadrons and the 33rd Separate Reconnaissance Aviation Squadron. Equipped with Polikarpov I-15bis fighters, the regiment formed part of the 54th Light (Fighter) Aviation Brigade of the Air Forces (VVS) of the Leningrad Military District.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 72], "content_span": [73, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018076-0001-0001", "contents": "176th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment, History, Prewar and World War II\nIt was shifted to the Skomorokhi airfield in the Kiev Special Military District on 9 September 1939 in order to fight in the Soviet invasion of Poland, which it fought in between 17 and 28 September as part of the VVS Ukrainian Front's 59th Fighter Aviation Brigade, equipped with the Polikarpov I-16 fighter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 72], "content_span": [73, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018076-0002-0000", "contents": "176th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment, History, Prewar and World War II\nThe 19th IAP returned to the Leningrad Military District in October, and between 30 November 1939 and 13 March 1940 fought in the Winter War against Finland as part of the 54th Fighter Aviation Brigade of the VVS 7th Army of the Northwestern Front. It initially included three squadrons of I-16s and one I-15bis squadron; the latter was transferred to the north in mid-December and replaced by a new I-16-equipped 4th Aviation Squadron by the beginning of January.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 72], "content_span": [73, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018076-0002-0001", "contents": "176th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment, History, Prewar and World War II\nDuring the war, the regiment was officially credited with flying 3,646 sorties, downing three Finnish aircraft in aerial combat and destroying two on the ground, and 74 locomotives and 150 railcars destroyed in ground attacks; it suffered no losses. For its \"exemplary performance of combat missions\", the 19th IAP was awarded the Order of the Red Banner on 11 April.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 72], "content_span": [73, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018076-0003-0000", "contents": "176th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment, History, Prewar and World War II\nThe regiment became part of the 3rd Fighter Aviation Division (IAD) of the VVS Leningrad Military District in November 1940. At the beginning of Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union, on 22 June 1941, the regiment fielded fifty I-16s, twenty Polikarpov I-153, and fifteen Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-3 fighters for a total of 85 aircraft in five squadrons. By this point the 3rd IAD was part of the Northern Air Defense Zone of the National Air Defense Forces (PVO).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 72], "content_span": [73, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018076-0003-0001", "contents": "176th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment, History, Prewar and World War II\nSenior Lieutenant S.V. Tyutyunnikov claimed the regiment's first aerial victory of the war on 6 July, a German Junkers Ju 88 bomber near Lake Lubenskoye. The regiment became part of the 7th Fighter Aviation Corps PVO when the division expanded into the latter on the next day. During the month, it was reorganized to a three-squadron structure authorized thirty aircraft, transferring the I-153-equipped 4th Squadron to the 192nd IAP and the I-16-equipped 5th Squadron to the 195th IAP. While still flying missions, it converted two squadrons to the MiG-3 and one squadron to the Lavochkin-Gorbunov-Gudkov LaGG-3 fighter. In addition to air defense, the 19th IAP also flew ground attack missions and provided air cover in support of the ground troops of the Leningrad Front until 23 August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 72], "content_span": [73, 863]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018076-0004-0000", "contents": "176th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment, History, Prewar and World War II\nThe squadron absorbed five pilots and their MiG-3s from the 35th Fighter Aviation Regiment on 12 September. Due to losses, it was withdrawn to Cherepovets from 18 October to reorganize to a two-squadron structure with twenty fighters and two Polikarpov U-2 communication aircraft, which occurred on 17 November. A month later, the regiment transferred to Semyka in Gorky Oblast to re-equip with LaGG-3s in the Moscow Military District with the 2nd Reserve Fighter Aviation Regiment, remaining there until February.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 72], "content_span": [73, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018076-0004-0001", "contents": "176th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment, History, Prewar and World War II\nFrom 25 February, it fought as part of the 2nd Reserve Aviation Group of the Supreme High Command, operating under the command of the VVS Volkhov Front. Beginning on 26 April, the 19th served as the training center for the VVS Volkhov Front, returning to the 2nd Reserve IAP on 15 July to retrain on the new Lavochkin La-5 fighter. It was relocated without aircraft to Lyubertsy on 9 August, and there reorganized on 23 October to consist of three squadrons with ten aircraft each. It joined the 269th IAD at Buturlinovka on 27 December.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 72], "content_span": [73, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018076-0005-0000", "contents": "176th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment, History, Prewar and World War II\nThe 19th went back into combat with the 269th as part of the 2nd Air Army of the Voronezh Front on 2 January 1943. To receive new personnel, it was withdrawn to Morshansk in the Volga Military District with the 4th Reserve Fighter Aviation Regiment on 20 March. The regiment was sent back to the 2nd Air Army reserve between 3 and 25 July, with which it conducted combat training without flying in combat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 72], "content_span": [73, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018076-0005-0001", "contents": "176th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment, History, Prewar and World War II\nIt was moved to Chkalovsky on 4 August at the disposal of the commander of the Red Army Air Forces, where it was reorganized to consist of three squadron totalling 40 aircraft in September. The regiment returned to combat on 8 January 1944 as an independent fighter regiment tasked with sweeping the skies for German aircraft, directly subordinated to the headquarters of the 2nd Air Army, now part of the 1st Ukrainian Front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 72], "content_span": [73, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018076-0006-0000", "contents": "176th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment, History, Prewar and World War II\nFor its courage in the recapture of Proskurov, Kamianets-Podilskyi, Chortkiv, Husiatyn, and Zalishchyky, the 19th IAP received the Proskurov honorific on 3 April. Transferred to the 16th Air Army of the 1st Belorussian Front on 6 June, it became the first Red Army Air Forces regiment to receive the Lavochkin La-7 fighter in that month. The 19th was transferred to the 6th Air Army of the front between 7 July and 19 August, when it returned to the 16th Air Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 72], "content_span": [73, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018076-0006-0001", "contents": "176th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment, History, Prewar and World War II\nAfter receiving the Order of Alexander Nevsky on 9 August for its courage in the breakthrough of German defenses west of Kovel, the regiment was converted into the 176th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment on 17 August in recognition of its \"courage and heroism\" during the war. In January 1945 it was operationally subordinated to the command of the army's 3rd Fighter Aviation Corps. After the end of the war on 9 May, the 176th Guards were awarded the Order of Kutuzov, 3rd class, on 11 June for their \"exemplary performance of combat missions\" during the Battle of Berlin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 72], "content_span": [73, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018076-0007-0000", "contents": "176th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment, History, Postwar\nOn 1 December 1951, over Sunchon, at least twenty MiG 15's from the 176th attacked a formation of fourteen Royal Australian Air Force No. 77 Squadron Meteors. Three Meteors were shot down.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 56], "content_span": [57, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018076-0008-0000", "contents": "176th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment, History, Postwar\nThe 176th Guards were finally renamed as 176th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment PVO in February 1952.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 56], "content_span": [57, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018077-0000-0000", "contents": "176th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)\nThe 176th Infantry Division was a military formation that served with the German Army during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018077-0001-0000", "contents": "176th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), Brief history\nOn 31 October 1944, the 176th Infantry Division was formed out of the 176th Division and was a \u201ctraining and replacement\u201d formation. It had a strength of about 7,000 men, most of whom were in a poor shape. The division was nicknamed the \"kranken division\" (sick division), because it was mostly made up of men deemed unfit for military service, such as the physically handicapped and men with severe allergies. One battalion consisted of men with serious hearing maladies, two comprised Luftwaffe personnel, (but with ample infantry training), while many others were convalescents and semi-invalids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 50], "content_span": [51, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018077-0001-0001", "contents": "176th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), Brief history\nIn November and December 1944, the Division was part of the XII SS Corps, 5th Panzer Army. Between January and March 1945 the 176th Infantry Division was assigned to the XII SS Corps, 15th Army. The 176th Division was a 'regular' military formation which operated mainly on the Dutch side of the \"Roer bridgehead\" during Operation Blackcock. During the operation, its HQ was located at Effeld near Vlodrop. The division was actually refitting and re-equipping during the Battle of the Bulge and Operation Blackcock.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 50], "content_span": [51, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018077-0002-0000", "contents": "176th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), Brief history\nThe division was assigned to the LXXIV Korps of 15th Army in April 1945 and saw action in the Duisburg area where it eventually surrendered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 50], "content_span": [51, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018077-0003-0000", "contents": "176th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), Commanders\nThe 176th Division was under the command of General-Major Christian-Johannes Landau (1897 - 1952). Landau was a World War I veteran and \u201cartilleryman\u201d, he took command of the division on 1 January 1945. He was awarded the Knight's Cross on 9 May 1945, two days after the official surrender of Germany . Landau held a master's degree in agriculture. He was taken into captivity on 9 May 1945 and released in 1947. He died in 1952 in Freiburg, Brunswig at the age of 55.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 47], "content_span": [48, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018077-0004-0000", "contents": "176th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), Organisation\nThe division had been formed in October 1944, it included three Grenadier Regiments (the 1218th, 1219th, and 1220th). It totalled six Grenadier battalions, one Fusilier battalion and one Panzerj\u00e4ger (Anti-Tank) battalion. The 1178th Artillery Regiment consisted of four battalions. From captured documents, dating from October 1944, it is believed that the 176th Division operated in so-called Battle Groups (\"Kampfgruppen\"), three of which were centred on the Grenadier Regiments, while the fourth was organized around the Engineer/Pioneer battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 49], "content_span": [50, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018078-0000-0000", "contents": "176th New York Infantry Regiment\nThe 176th New York Infantry Regiment (aka \"Ironsides\") was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018078-0001-0000", "contents": "176th New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 176th New York Infantry was recruited at large New York November 20, 1862 through January 10, 1863 and mustered in December 22, 1862 for three-years service under the command of Colonel Charles C. Nott.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018078-0002-0000", "contents": "176th New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to Defenses of New Orleans, Louisiana, Department of the Gulf, to February 1864. 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, XIX Corps, Department of the Gulf, to June 1864. 3rd Brigade, 2nd Division, XIX Corps, Department of the Gulf, to July 1864, and Army of the Shenandoah, Middle Military Division, to January 1865. 3rd Brigade, Grover's Division, District of Savannah, Department of the South, to March 1865. 3rd Brigade, 1st Division, X Corps, Army of the Ohio, Department of North Carolina, to May 1865. District of Savannah, Georgia, Department of the South, to July 1865. Districts of Augusta and Columbus, Georgia, Department of Georgia, to April 1866.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 714]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018078-0003-0000", "contents": "176th New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 176th New York Infantry mustered out at Savannah, Georgia on April 27, 1866.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018078-0004-0000", "contents": "176th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nThe regiment left New York for New Orleans, Louisiana, January 11, 1863. Duty in the District of LaFourche, defenses of New Orleans, guarding lines of New Orleans & Opelousas Railroad at Brashear City, LaFourche Crossing, Tigerville, Bonnet Carte, and other points until January 1864. Actions at Pattersonville June 17 and 19, 1863. LaFourche Crossing June 19\u201321. Thibodeaux June 20 (Company D). Fort Buchanan and Bayou Boeuf June 23. Brashear City June 23. Ordered to Franklin, Louisiana, January 4, 1864, and duty there until April. Red River Campaign April 15-May 22. Moved from Carrollton to Alexandria April 15\u201318.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018078-0004-0001", "contents": "176th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nAt Alexandria until May 13. Gov. Moore's Plantation May 3. Wilson's Farm May 5. Retreat to Morganza May 13\u201320. Mansura May 16. At Morganza until July 3. Moved to New Orleans, then to Fort Monroe, Virginia, and Washington, D.C., July 3\u201329. Sheridan's Shenandoah Valley Campaign August 7-November 28. Berryville September 8. Battle of Winchester September 19. Fisher's Hill September 22. Battle of Cedar Creek October 19. At Kernstown and Winchester until January 5, 1865. Moved to Savannah, Georgia, January 5\u201322, and duty there until March.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018078-0004-0002", "contents": "176th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nMoved to Wilmington, North Carolina, March 5, then to Morehead City March 10, and duty there until April 8. Moved to Goldsboro, North Carolina, April 8, and duty there until May 2. Moved to Savannah May 2\u20137. Duty there and the Districts of Augusta, Columbus, and Macon, Georgia, Department of Georgia, until April 1866.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018078-0005-0000", "contents": "176th New York Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 180 men during service; 2 officers and 30 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 2 officers and 146 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018079-0000-0000", "contents": "176th New York State Legislature\nThe 176th New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 5 to July 6, 1966, during the eighth year of Nelson Rockefeller's governorship, in Albany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018079-0001-0000", "contents": "176th New York State Legislature, Background\nUnder the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1938, re-apportioned in 1953, 58 Senators and 150 assemblymen were elected in single-seat districts for two-year terms. The senatorial districts consisted either of one or more entire counties; or a contiguous area within a single county. The Assembly districts consisted either of a single entire county (except Hamilton Co.), or of contiguous area within one county.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018079-0002-0000", "contents": "176th New York State Legislature, Background\nIn 1964, the U.S. Supreme Court handed down several decisions establishing that State legislatures should follow the One man, one vote rule to apportion their election districts. A special Federal Statutory Court declared the New York apportionment formulae for both the State Senate and the State Assembly unconstitutional, and the State Legislature was ordered to re-apportion the seats by April 1, 1965.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018079-0002-0001", "contents": "176th New York State Legislature, Background\nThe court also ruled that the 1964 legislative election should be held under the 1954 apportionment, but those elected could serve only for one year (in 1965), and an election under the new apportionment should be held in November 1965. Senators John H. Hughes and Lawrence M. Rulison (both Rep.) questioned the authority of the federal court to shorten the term of the 1964 electees, alleging excessive costs for the additional election in an off-year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018079-0003-0000", "contents": "176th New York State Legislature, Background\nThe lame-duck Legislature of 1964 met for a special session at the State Capitol in Albany from December 15 to 31, 1964, to re-apportion the legislative districts for the election in November 1965, gerrymandering the districts according to the wishes of the Republican majority before the Democrats would take over the Legislature in January. The number of seats in the State Senate was increased to 65, and the number of seats in the Assembly to 165. County representation was abandoned in favor of population-proportional districts, and the new Assembly districts were numbered from 1 to 165.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018079-0004-0000", "contents": "176th New York State Legislature, Background\nOn February 1, 1965, the United States Supreme Court confirmed the Federal Statutory Court's order to elect a new New York Legislature in November 1965.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018079-0005-0000", "contents": "176th New York State Legislature, Background\nOn April 14, 1965, the New York Court of Appeals declared the apportionment of December 1964 as unconstitutional, citing that the New York Constitution provides expressly that the Assembly shall have 150 seats, not 165 as were apportioned. The court also held that, although the constitutional State Senate apportionment formula provides for additional seats, the increase from 58 to 65 was unwarranted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018079-0006-0000", "contents": "176th New York State Legislature, Background\nOn May 10, the Federal Statutory Court ordered that the election on November 2, 1965, be held under the December 1964 apportionment, and that the Legislature thus elected re-apportion the seats again by February 1, 1966.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018079-0007-0000", "contents": "176th New York State Legislature, Background\nOn August 24, it was clarified that, if the Governor and Legislature should not have enacted a new apportionment by February 1, 1966, then the courts should draft a new apportionment for the next election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018079-0008-0000", "contents": "176th New York State Legislature, Background\nOn October 11, the U.S. Supreme Court dismissed four appeals against the ruling of the Federal Statutory Court, and upheld the election of a new New York Legislature on November 2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018079-0009-0000", "contents": "176th New York State Legislature, Background\nAt this time there were two major political parties: the Democratic Party and the Republican Party. The Liberal Party and the Conservative Party also nominated tickets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018079-0010-0000", "contents": "176th New York State Legislature, Elections\nThe 1965 New York state election, was held on November 2. The only statewide elective office up for election was a seat on the New York Court of Appeals. Republican Kenneth B. Keating defeated Democrat/Liberal Owen McGivern and Conservative Henry S. Middendorf, Jr. The approximate party strength at this election, as expressed by the vote for Judge of the Court of Appeals, was: Republicans 3,106,000; Democrats 1,824,000; Liberals 208,000; and Conservatives 207,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018079-0011-0000", "contents": "176th New York State Legislature, Elections\nThree of the five women members of the previous legislature\u2014Assemblywomen Shirley Chisholm (Dem. ), a preschool teacher of Brooklyn; Constance E. Cook (Rep.), a lawyer of Ithaca; and Dorothy H. Rose (Dem. ), a high-school teacher and librarian of Angola\u2014were re-elected. Gail Hellenbrand (Dem. ), of Brooklyn, was also elected to the Assembly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018079-0012-0000", "contents": "176th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for the regular session (the 189th) at the State Capitol in Albany on January 5, 1966; and adjourned on July 6.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018079-0013-0000", "contents": "176th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nEarl W. Brydges (Rep.) was elected Temporary President of the State Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018079-0014-0000", "contents": "176th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nOn January 14, the New York Court of Appeals moved the deadline for the new legislative apportionment from February 1 to February 15.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018079-0015-0000", "contents": "176th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nOn February 23, the Court of Appeal appointed a commission of five members to map out new districts because the Republican-majority Senate and the Democratic-majority Assembly could not agree on a new apportionment. The commission was chaired by President-elect of the American Bar Association Orison S. Marden, of Scarsdale, who was not affiliated with any party and was deemed politically independent. The other members were Ex-Judges of the Court of Appeals Bruce Bromley (Rep.), of Manhattan, and Charles W. Froessel (Dem. ), of Queens; Ex-Republican State Chairman Edwin F. Jaeckle, of Buffalo;  and Robert B. Brady (Dem. ), the Counsel to the Joint Legislative Committee on Re-Apportionment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 740]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018079-0016-0000", "contents": "176th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nOn March 14, the apportionment draft was submitted to the Court of Appeals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018079-0017-0000", "contents": "176th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nOn March 22, the Court of Appeals accepted the apportionment as drafted, thus becoming the law, without the need of legislative approval. The number of seats in the State Senate was reduced to 57, and the number of seats in the Assembly to 150.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018079-0018-0000", "contents": "176th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Senators\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature. Jerome Schutzer, Anthony B. Gioffre, Theodore D. Day and James F. Hastings changed from the Assembly to the Senate at the beginning of the session. Assemblyman William J. Ferrall was elected to fill a vacancy in the Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 56], "content_span": [57, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018079-0019-0000", "contents": "176th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Senators\nNote: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words \"...the Committee on (the)...\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 56], "content_span": [57, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018079-0020-0000", "contents": "176th New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Assemblymen\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 61], "content_span": [62, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018079-0021-0000", "contents": "176th New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Assemblymen\nNote: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words \"...the Committee on (the)...\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 61], "content_span": [62, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018080-0000-0000", "contents": "176th Ohio Infantry Regiment\nThe 176th Ohio Infantry Regiment, sometimes 176th Ohio Volunteer Infantry (or 176th OVI) was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018080-0001-0000", "contents": "176th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 176th Ohio Infantry was organized at Camp Chase in Columbus, Ohio August 10 through September 21, 1864, and mustered in for one year service on September 21, 1864, under the command of Colonel Edwin Cooley Mason.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018080-0002-0000", "contents": "176th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to Post and Defenses of Nashville, Department of the Cumberland, to December 1864. 2nd Brigade, 4th Division, XX Corps, Department of the Cumberland, to March 1865. District of Nashville, Tennessee, Department of the Cumberland, to June 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018080-0003-0000", "contents": "176th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 176th Ohio Infantry mustered out of service June 18, 1865, at Nashville, Tennessee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018080-0004-0000", "contents": "176th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nLeft Ohio for Nashville, Tennessee, September 21. Served provost and guard duty at Nashville, September 1864 to June 1865. Battle of Nashville December 15\u201316, 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018080-0005-0000", "contents": "176th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 102 enlisted men during service, all due to disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018081-0000-0000", "contents": "176th Perevolochna Infantry Regiment\nThe 176th Perevolochna Infantry Regiment (Russian: 176-\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043a) was a reserve infantry regiment in the Imperial Russian Army that fought during World War I as part of the 44th Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018081-0001-0000", "contents": "176th Perevolochna Infantry Regiment, Origins\nThe regiment traced its seniority back to the formation of the 27th Reserve Infantry Battalion from a cadre of the Poltava Local Battalion on 31 July 1877. It was redesignated as the 64th Reserve Infantry Battalion (Cadre) on 10 October 1878, and granted an unadorned banner on 31 March 1880. The battalion received the designation Perevolochna Reserve Battalion on 25 March 1891, and expanded into the two battalion-189th Perevolochna Reserve Infantry Regiment on 1 December 1892. It was reorganized as the four battalion-176th Perevolochna Infantry Regiment on 1 January 1898.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018081-0002-0000", "contents": "176th Perevolochna Infantry Regiment, World War I\nAt the outbreak of World War I, the 176th Perevolochensky Regiment was part of the 21st Army Corps and quartered at Chernigov. Upon mobilisation, the regiment was immediately transferred to its winter barracks so that the summer camp could be used by the 316th Khvalinsky Regiment. At that time, the regiment was under the command of Mikhail Dmitriyevich Bonch-Bruyevich, who gave the troops a patriotic speech before marching them to the railway station at Kruty. Bonch-Bruyevich experienced some problems with maintaining discipline.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 49], "content_span": [50, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018081-0002-0001", "contents": "176th Perevolochna Infantry Regiment, World War I\nHowever, he was lenient with a group of 100 soldiers who had gone AWOL and another group of drunken reservists who had tried to give a beating to Captain Kotsubinsky, the unpopular commanding officer of the 7th Company. The unit travelled via Kiev to Lutsk, whence it joined the 44th Infantry Division at Torgovitsy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 49], "content_span": [50, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018081-0003-0000", "contents": "176th Perevolochna Infantry Regiment, References, Bibliography\nThis article about a specific military unit is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 62], "content_span": [63, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018082-0000-0000", "contents": "176th Rifle Division\nThe 176th Rifle Division was an infantry division of the Red Army, originally formed as part of the prewar buildup of forces, based on the shtat (table of organization and equipment) of September 13, 1939. The division completed its formation at Kryvyi Rih in the Odessa Military District and at the time of the German invasion of the Soviet Union was in the same area, assigned to the 35th Rifle Corps. Being relatively far from the frontier it escaped the early disasters and retreated in good order through southern Ukraine into the autumn as part of 9th Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018082-0001-0000", "contents": "176th Rifle Division, 1st Formation\nThe division officially formed at Kryvyi Rih in the Odessa Military District on July 16, 1940. As of June 22, 1941 it had the following order of battle:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 35], "content_span": [36, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018082-0002-0000", "contents": "176th Rifle Division, 1st Formation\nCol. Vladimir Nikolaevich Martsinkevich was appointed to command on the day the division formed. This officer had previously commanded the 173rd Rifle Division and would be promoted to the rank of major general on November 9. On June 22 the 176th was in 9th Army's 35th Rifle Corps with the 95th Rifle Division; the 9th was at the time a separate Army unassigned to any Front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 35], "content_span": [36, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018082-0003-0000", "contents": "176th Rifle Division, Battles in Ukraine\nBy July 1 the division had been shifted to the 48th Rifle Corps, still in 9th Army which was now part of Southern Front (formerly Odessa Military District). A few days later it incorporated five battalions of militia plus survivors of the 2nd and 23rd Border Guards that had retreated from the frontier. The 176th remained with 9th Army, retreating across the southern Ukraine until October while the main forces of Army Group South were focused on the encirclement battle east of Kiev. As of the start of September it was a separate division within 9th Army and during October it was withdrawn into the Front reserves; the 380th Howitzer Regiment was removed from the division on October 14.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 40], "content_span": [41, 733]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018083-0000-0000", "contents": "176th Street station\n176th Street is a local station on the IRT Jerome Avenue Line of the New York City Subway. Located at the intersection of 176th Street and Jerome Avenue in the Bronx, it is served by the 4 train at all times. This station was constructed by the Interborough Rapid Transit Company as part of the Dual Contracts and opened in 1917.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018083-0001-0000", "contents": "176th Street station, History\nThe Dual Contracts, which were signed on March 19, 1913, were contracts for the construction and/or rehabilitation and operation of rapid transit lines in the City of New York. The contracts were \"dual\" in that they were signed between the City and two separate private companies (the Interborough Rapid Transit Company and the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company), all working together to make the construction of the Dual Contracts possible. The Dual Contracts promised the construction of several lines in the Bronx. As part of Contract 3, the IRT agreed to build an elevated line along Jerome Avenue in the Bronx.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018083-0002-0000", "contents": "176th Street station, History\n176th Street station opened as part of the initial section of the line to Kingsbridge Road on June 2, 1917. Service was initially operated as a shuttle between Kingsbridge Road and 149th Street. Through service to the IRT Lexington Avenue Line began on July 17, 1918. The line was completed with a final extension to Woodlawn on April 15, 1918. This section was initially served by shuttle service, with passengers transferring at 167th Street. The construction of the line encouraged development along Jerome Avenue, and led to the growth of the surrounding communities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018083-0003-0000", "contents": "176th Street station, History\nOn July 5, 2004, this station, 170th Street, and Fordham Road closed for four months so they could be renovated. As part of the project, new canopy roofs, walls, lighting, staircases, floors, and a public address system would be installed at each station.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018083-0004-0000", "contents": "176th Street station, Station layout\nThis elevated station has three tracks with two side platforms. The 4 stops here at all times.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 36], "content_span": [37, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018083-0005-0000", "contents": "176th Street station, Station layout\nThe station has old style signs painted over and covered up with new style signs, and features new fare control railings as a crossunder.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 36], "content_span": [37, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018083-0006-0000", "contents": "176th Street station, Station layout\nThe 2006 artwork here is called Reaching Out For Each Other by Juan S\u00e1nchez. It features stained glass windows on the platform windscreens and station house that each feature a hand as a central element to depict their use as a universal language.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 36], "content_span": [37, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018083-0007-0000", "contents": "176th Street station, Station layout, Exits\nThe fare control is in a mezzanine below the tracks. Outside fare control, stairs lead to either southwest corner of Jerome Avenue and 176th Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 43], "content_span": [44, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018084-0000-0000", "contents": "176th Tunnelling Company\nThe 176th Tunnelling Company was one of the tunnelling companies of the Royal Engineers created by the British Army during World War I. The tunnelling units were occupied in offensive and defensive mining involving the placing and maintaining of mines under enemy lines, as well as other underground work such as the construction of deep dugouts for troop accommodation, the digging of subways, saps (a narrow trench dug to approach enemy trenches), cable trenches and  underground chambers for signals and medical services.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018084-0001-0000", "contents": "176th Tunnelling Company, Background\nBy January 1915 it had become evident to the BEF at the Western Front that the Germans were mining to a planned system. As the British had failed to develop suitable counter-tactics or underground  listening devices before the war, field marshals French and Kitchener agreed to investigate the suitability of forming  British mining units. Following consultations between the Engineer-in-Chief of the BEF, Brigadier George Fowke, and the mining specialist John Norton-Griffiths, the War Office formally approved the tunnelling company scheme on 19 February 1915.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018084-0002-0000", "contents": "176th Tunnelling Company, Background\nNorton-Griffiths ensured that tunnelling companies numbers 170 to 177 were ready for deployment in mid-February 1915. In the spring of that year, there was constant underground fighting in the Ypres Salient at Hooge, Hill 60, Railway Wood, Sanctuary Wood, St Eloi and The Bluff which required the deployment of new drafts of tunnellers for several months after the formation of the first eight companies. The lack of suitably experienced men led to some tunnelling companies starting work later than others.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018084-0002-0001", "contents": "176th Tunnelling Company, Background\nThe number of units available to the BEF was also restricted by the need to provide effective counter-measures to the German mining activities. To make the tunnels safer and quicker to deploy, the British Army enlisted experienced coal miners, many outside their nominal recruitment policy. The first nine companies, numbers 170 to 178, were each commanded by a regular Royal Engineers officer. These companies each comprised 5 officers and 269 sappers; they were aided by additional infantrymen who were temporarily attached to the tunnellers as required, which almost doubled their numbers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018084-0002-0002", "contents": "176th Tunnelling Company, Background\nThe success of the first tunnelling companies formed under Norton-Griffiths' command led to mining being made a separate branch of the  Engineer-in-Chief's office under Major-General S.R. Rice, and the appointment of an 'Inspector of Mines' at the GHQ Saint-Omer office of the Engineer-in-Chief. A second group of tunnelling companies were formed from Welsh miners from the 1st and 3rd Battalions of the Monmouthshire Regiment, who were attached to the 1st Northumberland Field Company of the Royal Engineers, which was a Territorial unit. The formation of twelve new tunnelling companies, between July and October 1915, helped to bring more men into action in other parts of the Western Front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 731]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018084-0003-0000", "contents": "176th Tunnelling Company, Background\nMost tunnelling companies were formed under Norton-Griffiths' leadership during 1915, and one more was added in 1916. On 10 September 1915, the British government sent an appeal to Canada, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand to raise tunnelling companies in the Dominions of the British Empire. On 17 September, New Zealand became the first Dominion to agree the formation of a tunnelling unit. The New Zealand Tunnelling Company arrived at Plymouth on 3 February 1916 and was deployed to the Western Front in northern France. A Canadian unit was formed from men on the battlefield, plus two other companies trained in Canada and then shipped to France. Three Australian tunnelling companies were formed by March 1916, resulting in 30 tunnelling companies of the Royal Engineers being available by the summer of 1916.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 858]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018084-0004-0000", "contents": "176th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Formation\n176th Tunnelling Company was formed at Lestrem in the Pas-de-Calais department in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region of France in April 1915, and moved soon after to the Neuve Chapelle area, facing Bois du Biez. From its formation until the end of the war the company served under First Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 49], "content_span": [50, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018084-0005-0000", "contents": "176th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Givenchy 1915\nIn June 1915 the company was moved to Givenchy, where it relieved 170th Tunnelling Company which had been operating there since spring 1915 to counter enemy mining activity in that sector.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 53], "content_span": [54, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018084-0006-0000", "contents": "176th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Cuinchy 1915\nThe company was next deployed in Summer 1915 on operations under the command of 2nd Division near Cuinchy, again alongside 170th Tunnelling Company and the 173rd Tunnelling Company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 52], "content_span": [53, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018084-0007-0000", "contents": "176th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Givenchy 1916\n176th Tunnelling Company saw action in the northern Givenchy area until it was relieved by 254th Tunnelling Company, arriving from Gallipoli, in Spring 1916.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 53], "content_span": [54, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018084-0008-0000", "contents": "176th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Vimy 1916\nIn April 1916, 176th Tunnelling Company moved to Neuville-Saint-Vaast near Vimy in northern France, where it remained for a considerable time. Neuville-Saint-Vaast was close to the German \"Labyrinth\" stronghold between Arras and Vimy and not far from Notre Dame de Lorette. British tunnellers took over mining in this area progressively from the French between February and May 1916. From spring 1916, the British had deployed five tunnelling companies along the Vimy Ridge, and  during the first two months of their tenure in the area, 70 mines were fired, mostly by the Germans. Between October 1915 and April 1917 an estimated 150 French, British and German charges were fired in this 7 kilometres (4.3\u00a0mi) sector of the Western Front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 49], "content_span": [50, 788]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018084-0009-0000", "contents": "176th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Vimy 1916\nIn March 1916, the New Zealand Tunnelling Company had taken over this sector of the Western Front between Roclincourt and \u00c9curie from the French 7/1 compagnie d'ing\u00e9nieurs territoriaux. On 29 March 1916, the New Zealanders exchanged position with the 185th Tunnelling Company and moved to Roclincourt-Chantecler, a kilometre south of their old sector. At the same time, the 172nd Tunnelling Company was deployed in the Neuville-Saint-Vaast sector along with the 176th and 185th Tunnelling Companies. 172nd Tunnelling Company was relieved in this area by the 2nd Australian Tunnelling Company in May 1916.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 49], "content_span": [50, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018084-0009-0001", "contents": "176th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Vimy 1916\nAlso in May 1916, a German infantry attack, which forced the British back 640 metres (700\u00a0yd), was aimed at neutralising British mining activity by capturing the shaft entrances. From June 1916, however, the Germans withdrew many miners to work on the Hindenburg Line and also for work in coal mines in Germany. In the second half of 1916 the British constructed strong defensive underground positions, and from August 1916, the  Royal Engineers developed a mining scheme to support a large-scale infantry attack on the Vimy Ridge proposed for autumn 1916, although this was subsequently postponed. After September 1916, when the Royal Engineers had completed their network of defensive galleries along most of the front line, offensive mining largely ceased although activities continued until 1917. The British gallery network beneath Vimy Ridge eventually grew to a length of 12 kilometres (7.5\u00a0mi).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 49], "content_span": [50, 952]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018084-0010-0000", "contents": "176th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Vimy 1916\nThe Canadian Corps was posted to the northern part of Vimy Ridge in October 1916 and preparations for an attack were revived in February 1917. Prior to the Battle of Vimy Ridge (9\u201312 April 1917), the British tunnelling companies secretly laid a series of explosive charges under German positions in an effort to destroy surface fortifications before the assault. The original plan had called for 17 mines and 9 Wombat charges to support the infantry attack, of which 13 (possibly 14) mines and 8 Wombat charges were eventually laid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 49], "content_span": [50, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018084-0010-0001", "contents": "176th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Vimy 1916\nAt the same time, 19 crater groups existed along this section of the Western Front, each with several large craters. In order to assess the consequences of infantry having to advance across cratered ground after a mining attack, officers from the Canadian Corps visited La Boisselle and Fricourt where the mines on the first day of the Somme had been blown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 49], "content_span": [50, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018084-0010-0002", "contents": "176th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Vimy 1916\nTheir reports and the experience of the Canadians at St Eloi in April 1916 \u2013 where mines had so altered and damaged the landscape as to render occupation of the mine craters by the infantry all but impossible \u2013, led to the decision to remove offensive mining from the central sector allocated to the Canadian Corps at Vimy Ridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 49], "content_span": [50, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018084-0010-0003", "contents": "176th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Vimy 1916\nFurther British mines in the area were vetoed following the blowing by the Germans on 23 March 1917 of nine craters along no man's land as it was probable that the Germans were aiming to restrict an Allied attack to predictable points. The three mines already laid by 172nd Tunnelling Company were also dropped from the British plans. They were left in place after the assault and were only removed in the 1990s. Another mine, prepared by 176th Tunnelling Company against the German strongpoint known as the Pimple, was not completed in time for the attack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 49], "content_span": [50, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018084-0010-0004", "contents": "176th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Vimy 1916\nThe gallery had been pushed silently through the clay, avoiding the sandy and chalky layers of the Vimy Ridge, but by 9 April 1917 was still 21 metres (70\u00a0ft) short of its target. In the end, two mines were blown before the attack, while three mines and two Wombat charges were fired to support the attack, including those forming a northern flank.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 49], "content_span": [50, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018084-0011-0000", "contents": "176th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Vimy 1916\nOther units active around Vimy were 175th, 182nd, 184th and 255th Tunnelling Companies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 49], "content_span": [50, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018085-0000-0000", "contents": "176th Wing\nThe 176th Wing (176 WG) is a unit of the Alaska Air National Guard, stationed at Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson (JBER), Anchorage, Alaska. If activated to federal service, components of the Wing are gained by several United States Air Force Major Commands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018085-0001-0000", "contents": "176th Wing, Overview\nThe 176 WG is the largest unit of the Alaska Air National Guard. It is a composite wing \u2014 meaning a wing which operates more than one type of aircraft; each having different mission objectives. From 1969\u20132011 the 176th Wing was based at Kulis Air National Guard Base, located adjacent to Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport and approximately 15 miles from JBER. It was recommended for relocation as part of the 2005 Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) process. It now operates out of a set of new and renovated buildings on JBER in an area known colloquially as Camp Kulis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 20], "content_span": [21, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018085-0002-0000", "contents": "176th Wing, Units\nThe 176th Wing is one of the largest and most complex wings in the Air National Guard. It consists of several major components:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 17], "content_span": [18, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018085-0003-0000", "contents": "176th Wing, History\nIn 1969, the Alaska Air National Guard 144th Tactical Airlift Squadron (TAS) was authorized to expand to a group level, and the 176th Tactical Airlift Group (TAG) was established by the National Guard Bureau. The 176th TAG received federal recognition and was activated on 1 April 1969. The 144th TAS was assigned as the new unit's operational squadron, flying C-123J Provider transports. Other units formed by the new Group were the 176th Headquarters, 176th Material Squadron (Maintenance), 176th Combat Support Squadron, and the 176th USAF Dispensary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018085-0004-0000", "contents": "176th Wing, History\nIn the early 1970s, the mission of the 176th TAG was primarily the logistical support of the Alaskan Air Command Aircraft Control and Warning (Radar) Sites, all of which were in remote areas with rough gravel runways. The C-123Js were equipped with wingtip mounted J-44 jet engines and could handle heavy payloads and also helped offset the drag of the ski modification added to give the aircraft the capability to be operated off frozen runways and icy surfaces. The 176th operated the only ski-equipped C-123Js in the Air Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018085-0005-0000", "contents": "176th Wing, History, Worldwide tactical airlift\nIn 1975, the 144th gaining command was changed from the Alaskan Air Command (AAC) to the Military Airlift Command (MAC) as part of the \"Total Force\" concept. After 16 years operating C-123's, the squadron converted to the C-130E Hercules aircraft. The first of eight four-engine Vietnam veteran turboprops was received in early 1976, and the 144th became equipped for a truly global mission. Their range, speed, and airlift capabilities were more than double those of the C-123's they replaced.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 47], "content_span": [48, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018085-0006-0000", "contents": "176th Wing, History, Worldwide tactical airlift\nWith its new C-130s, the 176th Group began participating in the Total Force almost immediately, flying to Panama, West Germany, South Korea and elsewhere to support U.S. military and humanitarian missions. It also began taking on greater responsibilities in the annual Brim Frost joint force exercises, and took part in the \"Red Flag\" war games program at Nellis AFB, Nevada.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 47], "content_span": [48, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018085-0007-0000", "contents": "176th Wing, History, Worldwide tactical airlift\nAll this new activity would require a stronger support infrastructure, and in 1977 Alaska Air National Guard kicked off one of its largest construction projects ever. More than $3 million was invested in a new composite maintenance building, an aerospace ground equipment (AGE) support building and a new petroleum operations facility on Kulis AGB.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 47], "content_span": [48, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018085-0008-0000", "contents": "176th Wing, History, Worldwide tactical airlift\nIn July 1983, the 144th again updated aircraft, this time converting to brand new C-130H2 Hercules aircraft directly from the factory. The new aircraft has even longer range and more speed than the \"E\" model, essential to the unit's growing worldwide mission commitment. In mid-1992, the squadron was re-designated as the 144th Airlift Squadron and gained by the Pacific Air Forces (PACAF). Shortly thereafter, the unit upgraded in the Enhanced Station Keeping System (E-SKE) to enable it to fly formation in the weather.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 47], "content_span": [48, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018085-0009-0000", "contents": "176th Wing, History, Air Refueling\nIn 1986 the 168th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron was transferred from the Illinois ANG to the Alaska Air National Guard. It was re-designated as the 168th Air Refueling Squadron, extended federal recognition and activated on 1 October 1986.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 34], "content_span": [35, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018085-0010-0000", "contents": "176th Wing, History, Air Refueling\nInitially formed as the 176th Tactical Airlift Group's Detachment 1, based at Eielson Air Force Base In the spring of 1986, members of the unit \u2013 what few there were \u2013 began a 17-day tour of other Air National Guard tanker units. This trip had a dual purpose, one of its participants would recount later: \"One, conduct interviews and make selection for the jobs ... and two, steal people.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 34], "content_span": [35, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018085-0011-0000", "contents": "176th Wing, History, Air Refueling\nEvidently they were very persuasive, because the new unit was staffed by 16 officers and 65 enlisted personnel by September, when its first planes, four renovated KC-135E Stratotankers, arrived.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 34], "content_span": [35, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018085-0012-0000", "contents": "176th Wing, History, Air Refueling\nObtained from the Arkansas Air National Guard over vociferous objections from local politicians, the KC-135Es were hand-me-downs, and the 168th's other facilities were antiquated. Despite this, the unit still managed to supply 70 percent of the theater's air refueling training needs in its first six months of operation. Only two years after being activated, its first Unit Effectiveness Inspection resulted in a rare \"excellent\" rating.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 34], "content_span": [35, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018085-0013-0000", "contents": "176th Wing, History, Air Refueling\nFor its first four years of existence, the 168th was assigned to the 176th, which was redesignated the 176th Composite Group in recognition of its newly diversified components. By the end of the decade the 168th had already reached operational maturity. On 1 July 1990, the 168th was authorized to expand to a group level, and the 168th Air Refueling Wing was established by the National Guard Bureau. The 190th ARS becoming the group's flying squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 34], "content_span": [35, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018085-0014-0000", "contents": "176th Wing, History, Exxon Valdez oil spill\nIn the days after the March 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill, the 144th flew many sorties delivering oil containment booms, supplies and emergency personnel to Valdez. Air Guard members remained in place in various support roles even after the actual airlift was handed over to civilian contractors. In particular, firefighters from the 176 Civil Engineer Squadron provided crash response and fire protection for the Valdez airport, where traffic had increased from 14 or so flights per day to well over 400.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 43], "content_span": [44, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018085-0015-0000", "contents": "176th Wing, History, Exxon Valdez oil spill\nOn a somewhat lighter note came the effort to save a handful of gray whales trapped in the ice near Point Barrow in 1989. Their plight captured the attention of the national media, and the 176th Group was asked to provide logistical support for the rescue attempt. The episode ended, the Airlift reported, with the whales \"last seen headed south to vacation in the sun.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 43], "content_span": [44, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018085-0016-0000", "contents": "176th Wing, History, Combat Search and Rescue\nIn 1987, the Air Force announced the active duty 71st Air Rescue Squadron would be inactivated. However, the tradition of Arctic search and rescue would continue; Alaska Senator Ted Stevens introduced legislation creating a new search and rescue unit for the Alaska Air National Guard. The 210th Air Rescue Squadron received federal recognition from the National Guard Bureau on 4 April 1990 and the unit activation ceremony was held at Kulis Air National Guard Base on 11 August 1990. The 210th ARS was bestowed the lineage, history, honors and colors of the 10th Air Rescue Group, which was formed at Elmendorf Field on 1 April 1946 and was mostly operated by Alaskans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 45], "content_span": [46, 717]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018085-0017-0000", "contents": "176th Wing, History, Combat Search and Rescue\nThe 210th took delivery of its new Sikorsky HH-60 Pave Hawk search and rescue helicopters between June and August 1990 and new Lockheed HC-130 search/tanker aircraft in November and December 1990. The unit achieved initial operational capability faster than the normal Air Force programming process normally allows.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 45], "content_span": [46, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018085-0018-0000", "contents": "176th Wing, History, Combat Search and Rescue\nOn 8 October 2004 by the Air Force Special Operations Command re-organized Air National Guard rescue units and created separate squadrons for fixed-wing, helicopter and pararescue elements of the 210th Rescue Squadron. The HH-60 helicopter flight became 210th Rescue Squadron; the HC-130P Hercules flight become the 211th Rescue Squadron, and the pararescue flight became the 212th Rescue Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 45], "content_span": [46, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018085-0019-0000", "contents": "176th Wing, History, Alaska NORAD Region\nIn 2004, the Alaska Air National Guard took over operations of the Alaska NORAD Region (ANR) Regional Operations Control Center (ROCC) from the active-duty 611th Air Control Squadron. Air defense Radar and interceptor units had been operating from Alaska since the early days of the Cold War in 1951, with Alaska Air Command establishing a chain of Aircraft Control and Warning (AC&W) Radar stations to direct interceptor aircraft to unidentified aircraft intruding on Alaskan airspace.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 40], "content_span": [41, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018085-0020-0000", "contents": "176th Wing, History, Alaska NORAD Region\nIn the CONUS, the air defense mission was transferred to the Air National Guard in 1985, and in Alaska, the USAF 11th Air Force 611th Air Control Squadron began a four-year transition to the Alaska Air National Guard in 2000. On 1 October 2004, the 611th ACS was officially inactivated and the Alaska ANG 176th Air Control Squadron was federally recognized and activated. The 176th ACS was assigned to the 176th Operations Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 40], "content_span": [41, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018085-0021-0000", "contents": "176th Wing, History, Worldwide strategic airlift\nIn association with the USAF 3d Wing, 517th Airlift Squadron at Elmendorf AFB, the 176th Wing began flying a variety of airlift missions with the 517th's ppC-17 Globemaster III's in mid-summer 2007. These missions were combat missions in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom. This association was formalized in September 2009 when the 249th Airlift Squadron was formed as an associate unit with the 517th AS and received federal recognition and activation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 48], "content_span": [49, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018085-0022-0000", "contents": "176th Wing, History, Worldwide strategic airlift\nIts crews continue to mix with crews from the active-duty 517th, flying its eight C-17 Globemaster III jets around the world.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 48], "content_span": [49, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018085-0023-0000", "contents": "176th Wing, History, Worldwide strategic airlift\nAlong with the 249th, the 144th AS performed humanitarian airlift missions for famine relief in Somalia and Rwanda, supported Operation Southern Watch in Saudi Arabia, achieved an Excellent rating in its first Operational Readiness Inspection from PACAF. Aircrews of the 144th, have flown to the far reaches of the globe, performing missions in Panama, Thailand, Japan, Australia and Germany. The unit also participated in Operation Full Accounting, an effort to bring back remains of Americans from Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 48], "content_span": [49, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018085-0024-0000", "contents": "176th Wing, History, Worldwide strategic airlift\nRecently, the 144th Expeditionary Airlift Squadron was formed and deployed members in support of Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 48], "content_span": [49, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018085-0025-0000", "contents": "176th Wing, History, Worldwide strategic airlift\nThe C-17 mission was transferred to the 144th Airlift Squadron on August 4 2018 with the deactivation of the 249th AS as the 144th AS assumed control of the 249th's C-17 Globemaster III aircraft, shared with the active duty the 517th Airlift Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 48], "content_span": [49, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018085-0026-0000", "contents": "176th Wing, History, Elmendorf Air Force Base\nIn 2005, the Base Realignment and Closure Commission recommended that Kulis AGB be closed and the wing be relocated to Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson (JBER). The move was considered a good fit, given the growing mission of the wing, and the state of Alaska supported the recommendation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 45], "content_span": [46, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018085-0027-0000", "contents": "176th Wing, History, Elmendorf Air Force Base\nThe unit closed Kulis AGB and moved to facilities at JBER in February 2011. The 176th now operates out of a set of new and renovated buildings on JBER in an area known colloquially as Camp Kulis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 45], "content_span": [46, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018086-0000-0000", "contents": "176th meridian east\nThe meridian 176\u00b0 east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, New Zealand, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018086-0001-0000", "contents": "176th meridian east\nThe 176th meridian east forms a great circle with the 4th meridian west.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 92]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018086-0002-0000", "contents": "176th meridian east, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 176th meridian east passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018087-0000-0000", "contents": "176th meridian west\nThe meridian 176\u00b0 west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018087-0001-0000", "contents": "176th meridian west\nThe 176th meridian west forms a great circle with the 4th meridian east.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 92]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018087-0002-0000", "contents": "176th meridian west, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 176th meridian west passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018088-0000-0000", "contents": "177\nYear 177 (CLXXVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Commodus and Plautius (or, less frequently, year 930 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 177 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018089-0000-0000", "contents": "177 (number)\n177 (one hundred [and] seventy-seven) is the natural number following 176 and preceding 178.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018091-0000-0000", "contents": "177 BC\nYear 177 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Pulcher and Gracchus (or, less frequently, year 577 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 177 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018092-0000-0000", "contents": "177 Franklin Street\n177 Franklin Street is a historic six-story commercial building located on Franklin Street between Hudson and Greenwich streets in the TriBeCa neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City. Originally built in 1888, 177 Franklin Street was owned by real estate investor William Grupe and designed by architect Frederick Jenth, with construction starting in 1887. The structure was originally designed as a five-story building; a sixth story was added in 1890 by architect Robert Callack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018092-0001-0000", "contents": "177 Franklin Street\nThe building has a neo-Grec fa\u00e7ade composed of a one-story base and a five-story upper section. Some surviving historic features include a pressed metal cornice, prominent brick-and-stone lintels, a brick corbel table, wood sash windows, and cast-iron piers from the Lindsay, Graff & Megquier foundry, as indicated on two clear foundry marks. The building was renovated by Michael Kirchmann of GDSNY and is the headquarters and flagship location for lifestyle retailer Shinola.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018093-0000-0000", "contents": "177 Huntington\n177 Huntington (formerly the Christian Science Administration Building) is a 355-foot-tall (108\u00a0m) Brutalist skyscraper located in the Christian Science Center in the Fenway neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts. The building, opened in 1973, originally served as the Christian Science world headquarters. In 2012, it was leased by Beacon Capital Partners, undergoing renovations soon after. Current tenants include Northeastern University, as well as consulting and investment companies. In 2017, four peregrine falcons hatched in one of the building ledges", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018094-0000-0000", "contents": "177 Irma\nIrma (minor planet designation: 177 Irma) is a fairly large and dark main belt asteroid. It was discovered by the French brothers Paul Henry and Prosper Henry on November 5, 1877. Paul was credited for this discovery. The meaning of the name Irma is unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018094-0001-0000", "contents": "177 Irma\nPhotometric observations of this asteroid at the Organ Mesa Observatory in Las Cruces, New Mexico in 2011 gave a light curve with a period of 13.856 \u00b1 0.001 hours and a brightness variation of 0.30 \u00b1 0.03 in magnitude.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018095-0000-0000", "contents": "1770\n1770 (MDCCLXX) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar, the 1770th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 770th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 70th  year of the 18th\u00a0century, and the  1st   year of the 1770s decade. As of the start of 1770, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018096-0000-0000", "contents": "1770 (mummy)\n1770, otherwise known as Mummy 1770 or Mummy No. 1770, was an ancient Egyptian female mummy. The specimen was found in a sarcophagus by Rosalie David, and was approximately 13 or 14 years old at the time of her death. The mummy's legs were not present, and were replaced by wooden planks. Her feet also consisted of sandals filled with mud and reeds, with the tips being substituted for toes. The fingernails and reed tips had golden coverings, which suggested that she lived in a wealthy family.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018096-0001-0000", "contents": "1770 (mummy), Death\nIt was discovered that Mummy 1770 had a calcified male guinea worm in her abdominal wall. Her legs were amputated, one above, one below the knee. It is possible that an unsuccessful treatment of the dracunculiasis was the cause of death. However, it is not known whether her legs were amputated because of this. It is known that mummy 1770 died a few weeks after her surgery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 19], "content_span": [20, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018096-0002-0000", "contents": "1770 (mummy), Facial reconstruction\nWhen the sarcophagus was unwrapped in 1975 by the Manchester Mummy team, including Dr. Rosalie David, believed they may be able to attempt a forensic facial reconstruction. Her skull was incomplete and in many pieces, in order to reconstruct, the team put the skull together, made a plaster cast, and filled the gaps with wax. To create the face, wooden pegs were drilled into the cast, at the precise depth of tissue. Then wax was added to the cast over the pegs, slightly covering them. After the wax was added, glass eyes and a wig were added to the cast. Mummy 1770 was reconstructed twice, one was the 1975 version, the other was a modified version, with darker skin and make up.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 35], "content_span": [36, 720]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018097-0000-0000", "contents": "1770 Naval Air Squadron\n1770 Naval Air Squadron (1770 NAS) was a Naval Air Squadron of the Royal Navy's Fleet Air Arm. It formed at RNAS Yeovilton (HMS Heron) on 10 September 1943 as a two-seat fighter squadron and embarked on HMS Indefatigable in May 1944. It took part in several attacks on the German Battleship Tirpitz and other operations in Norwegian waters before sailing for the Far East. In 1945, as part of the British Pacific Fleet, the squadron took part in attacks on Sumatra, Sakishima Gunto and Formosa. It disembarked to Australia in June 1945 and then disbanded on 30 September 1945 at RAAF Maryborough (HMS Nabstock).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018098-0000-0000", "contents": "1770 Port-au-Prince earthquake\nThe 1770 Port-au-Prince earthquake took place at 7:15 pm local time on June 3, on the Enriquillo fault near Port-au-Prince, Saint-Domingue, the French colony that is now the country of Haiti.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018098-0001-0000", "contents": "1770 Port-au-Prince earthquake, Damage\nThe earthquake was strong enough to destroy Port-au-Prince, and leveled all the buildings between Lake Mirago\u00e2ne and Petit-Go\u00e2ve, to the west of Port-au-Prince. The Plain of the Cul-de-Sac, a rift valley under Port-au-Prince that extends eastwards into the Dominican Republic, experienced extensive soil liquefaction. The ground under Port-au-Prince liquefied, throwing down all its buildings, including those that had survived the 1751 earthquake. One village, Croix des Bouquets, sank below sea level. Strong shocks were felt in Cap-Ha\u00eftien, about 160 kilometres (99\u00a0mi) away from the estimated epicenter in the L\u00e9og\u00e2ne Arrondissement. Some chimneys on the distant island of Jamaica collapsed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 38], "content_span": [39, 734]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018098-0002-0000", "contents": "1770 Port-au-Prince earthquake, Damage\nIt is estimated that 200 people died in Port-au-Prince in collapsed buildings, including 79 of the 80 people in Port-au-Prince's hospital. The death toll would have been higher, but the earthquake was preceded by a rumbling noise that gave people time to flee their houses before the main tremor, which consisted of two shocks lasting a total of four minutes. Fifty people died in L\u00e9og\u00e2ne.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 38], "content_span": [39, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018098-0003-0000", "contents": "1770 Port-au-Prince earthquake, Tsunami\nThe earthquake generated a tsunami that came ashore along the Gulf of Gon\u00e2ve, and rolled as much as 7.2 kilometres (4.5\u00a0mi) inland into the Cul-de-Sac depression, though this might have been confounded with the effects of the liquefaction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018098-0004-0000", "contents": "1770 Port-au-Prince earthquake, Aftermath\nThe aftermath of the earthquake saw much more death as thousands of slaves escaped in the chaos, the local economy collapsed and 15,000 slaves died in the subsequent famine. An additional 15,000 people died from what is thought to have been gastrointestinal anthrax from eating tainted meat bought from Spanish traders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 41], "content_span": [42, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018099-0000-0000", "contents": "1770 Speaker of the British House of Commons election\nThe 1770 election of the Speaker of the House of Commons occurred on 22 January 1770.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018099-0001-0000", "contents": "1770 Speaker of the British House of Commons election\nThe election followed the resignation of incumbent Speaker Sir John Cust due to ill health. Cust died two days after this election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018099-0002-0000", "contents": "1770 Speaker of the British House of Commons election\nSir Fletcher Norton was proposed by Lord North and seconded by Richard Rigby.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018099-0003-0000", "contents": "1770 Speaker of the British House of Commons election\nThomas Townshend was proposed by Lord John Cavendish and seconded by Lord George Sackville.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018099-0004-0000", "contents": "1770 Speaker of the British House of Commons election\nBoth candidates addressed the House. Townshend stated, as Cavendish had, that he had been proposed without his knowledge. A debate followed, with Edmund Burke supporting Townshend.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018099-0005-0000", "contents": "1770 Speaker of the British House of Commons election\nOn the motion \"That the Right Hon. Sir Fletcher Norton do take the Chair of this House as Speaker,\" Norton was elected by 237 votes to 121 (the votes against given as 124 in some sources).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018109-0000-0000", "contents": "1770 in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the year 1770 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018112-0000-0000", "contents": "1770 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1770.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018114-0000-0000", "contents": "1770 in poetry\nLong as in Freedom's Cause the wise contend,Dear to your unity shall Fame extend;While to the World, the letter's Stone shall tell,How Caldwell, Attucks, Gray and Mav'rick fell.''", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018114-0001-0000", "contents": "1770 in poetry\n\"On the Affray in King Street, on the Evening of the 5th of March, 1770, about the Boston Massacre", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018114-0002-0000", "contents": "1770 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018114-0003-0000", "contents": "1770 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018114-0004-0000", "contents": "1770 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018115-0000-0000", "contents": "1770 in science\nThe year 1770 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018116-0000-0000", "contents": "1770s\nThe 1770s (pronounced \"seventeen-seventies\") was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1, 1770, and ended on December 31, 1779. A period full of discoveries,  breakthroughs happened in all walks of life, as what emerged at this period brought life to most innovations we know today.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018116-0001-0000", "contents": "1770s\nFrom nations such as the United States, birthed through hardships such as the American Revolutionary War and altercations akin to the Boston Tea Party, spheres of influence such as the Russian Empire's sphere from its victorious Crimean claims at the Russo-Turkish War, the Industrial Revolution, and populism, their influence remains omnipresent to this day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018116-0002-0000", "contents": "1770s\nNew lands south of the Equator were discovered and settled by Europeans like James Cook, expanding the horizons of a New World to new reaches such as Australia and French Polynesia. Deepened philosophical studies led to the publication of works such as Adam Smith's \"The Wealth of Nations\", whose concepts influence much of modern socio-economic thought, and sowed the seeds to the global incumbent  neoliberal world order. Studies on chemistry and politics deepen to forge the Age of Reason for centuries to come.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018116-0003-0000", "contents": "1770s, Events, 1775, Summary\nThe  American Revolution begins this year, with the first military engagement being the April 19 Battles of Lexington and Concord on the day after Paul Revere's now-legendary ride. The Second Continental Congress takes various steps toward organizing an American government, appointing George Washington commander-in-chief (June 14), Benjamin Franklin postmaster general (July 26) and creating a Continental Navy (October 13) and a Marine force (November 10) as landing troops for it, but as yet the 13 colonies have not declared independence, and both the British (June 12) and American (July 15) governments make laws.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 28], "content_span": [29, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018116-0003-0001", "contents": "1770s, Events, 1775, Summary\nOn July 6, Congress issues the Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms and on August 23, King George III of Great Britain declares the American colonies in rebellion, announcing it to Parliament on November 10.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 28], "content_span": [29, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018116-0003-0002", "contents": "1770s, Events, 1775, Summary\nOn June 17, two months into the colonial siege of Boston, at the Battle of Bunker Hill, just north of Boston, British forces are victorious, but only after suffering severe casualties and after Colonial forces run out of ammunition, Fort Ticonderoga is taken by American forces in New York Colony's northern frontier, and American forces unsuccessfully invade Canada, with an attack on Montreal defeated by British forces on November 13 and an attack on Quebec repulsed December 31.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 28], "content_span": [29, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018116-0004-0000", "contents": "1770s, Events, 1775, Summary\nHuman knowledge and mastery over nature advances when James Watt builds a successful prototype of a steam engine, and a scientific expedition continues as Captain James Cook claims the South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands in the south Atlantic Ocean for Britain. Nature's power over humanity is dramatically demonstrated when the Independence Hurricane (August 29 \u2013 September 13) devastates the east coast of North America, killing 4,173, and when, on the western side of the North American continent, Tseax Cone erupts in the future British Columbia, as well as when a smallpox epidemic begins in New England. Smallpox was then cured by Edward Jenner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 28], "content_span": [29, 685]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018117-0000-0000", "contents": "1770s BC\nThe 1770s BC was a decade lasting from January 1, 1779 BC to December 31, 1770 BC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 91]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018118-0000-0000", "contents": "1770s in South Africa\nThe following lists events that happened during the 1770s in South Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 96]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018119-0000-0000", "contents": "1770s in Wales\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by BHGbot (talk | contribs) at 16:11, 18 June 2020 (WP:BHGbot 6 (List 5): eponymous category first, per MOS:CATORDER; WP:GENFIXES). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018119-0001-0000", "contents": "1770s in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the decade 1770 - 1779 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018120-0000-0000", "contents": "1770s in archaeology\nThe decade of the 1770s in archaeology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018121-0000-0000", "contents": "1770s in rail transport\nThis article lists events relating to rail transport that occurred during the 1770s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018122-0000-0000", "contents": "1770\u20131772 Russian plague\nThe Russian plague epidemic of 1770\u20131772, also known as the Plague of 1771, was the last massive outbreak of plague in central Russia, claiming between 52,000 and 100,000 lives in Moscow alone (1/6 to 1/3 of its population). The bubonic plague epidemic that originated in the Moldovan theatre of the 1768\u20131774 Russian-Turkish war in January 1770 swept northward through Ukraine and central Russia, peaking in Moscow in September 1771 and causing the Plague Riot. The epidemic reshaped the map of Moscow, as new cemeteries were established beyond the 18th-century city limits.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018122-0001-0000", "contents": "1770\u20131772 Russian plague, Outbreak\nRussian troops in Foc\u015fani, Moldova discovered first signs of plague in January 1770; the disease, indigenous to the area, was contracted through prisoners of war and booty. The news was hailed and exaggerated by adversaries of Russia, and Catherine wrote a reassuring letter to Voltaire, arguing that \"in spring those killed by plague will resurrect for the fighting\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 34], "content_span": [35, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018122-0001-0001", "contents": "1770\u20131772 Russian plague, Outbreak\nCommanding general Christopher von Stoffeln coerced army doctors to conceal the outbreak, which was not made public until Gustav Orreus, a Russian-Finnish surgeon reporting directly to Field Marshal Pyotr Rumyantsev, examined the situation, identified it as plague and enforced quarantine in the troops. Stoffeln, however, refused to evacuate the infested towns and himself fell victim to the plague in May 1770. Of 1,500 patients recorded in his troops in May\u2013August 1770, only 300 survived.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 34], "content_span": [35, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018122-0002-0000", "contents": "1770\u20131772 Russian plague, Outbreak\nMedical quarantine checkpoints instituted by Peter I and expanded by Catherine II were sufficient to prevent plague from reaching inside the country in peacetime, but they proved to be inadequate in time of war. The system regarded all epidemics as external threats, focusing on border control, and paid less attention to domestic measures. The epidemic blocked the logistics of Rumyantsev's army, and as the state tried to push more reserves and supplies to the theatre, peacetime quarantine controls had to be lifted. Plague swept into Poland and Ukraine; by August 1770 it reached Bryansk. Catherine refused to admit the plague in public, although she was clearly aware of the nature and proportions of the threat, as evidenced by her letters to Governor of Moscow Pyotr Saltykov.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 34], "content_span": [35, 818]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018122-0003-0000", "contents": "1770\u20131772 Russian plague, Moscow plague\nWhen Peter the Great died in 1725, he left behind him the blooming, new capital of St. Petersburg, and the city of Moscow, now unstable because he had transferred the seat of power from that city to St. Petersburg. The now-abandoned Moscow and its suburbs attracted vast numbers of serfs and army deserters, who prompted the government to instigate change by \u201ctightening serfdom and strengthening\u2014or even just creating\u2014administrative and estate institutions, and knitting all three into a seamless web of social control.\u201d", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 39], "content_span": [40, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018122-0003-0001", "contents": "1770\u20131772 Russian plague, Moscow plague\nThe increasing population created more waste that needed to be dealt with, and no real solution for getting rid of it. There was human waste, horse waste, and waste from tanneries, slaughterhouses and other slatternly industries, all of which was piling up on each other. Catherine II inherited the throne in 1762 and recognized the social concerns her empire was facing, such as the drastic increase in pollution and decrease in living standards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 39], "content_span": [40, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018122-0003-0002", "contents": "1770\u20131772 Russian plague, Moscow plague\nIn 1767, her government decreed that the polluting factories, slaughterhouses, fish markets, and cemeteries be removed from the city, that it was illegal to pollute the waterways, and that dumps be established. Her goal in this was to westernize Moscow as well as St. Petersburg. She contended that by eliminating the foul smells associated with the city, the health of the inhabitants would improve; during the 18th century, the theory of miasma (that disease came from bad smells) was prevalent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 39], "content_span": [40, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018122-0003-0003", "contents": "1770\u20131772 Russian plague, Moscow plague\nBy moving the factories out of the city proper, Catherine also ensured a dispersal of the peasants and serfs, whom the city considered to be the source of the putrefaction, and therefore bring the source of the disease outside the city as well. As her memoires indicate, Catherine herself saw the stench and filth of the city as evidence of its being rooted in the past, before Russia became westernized. She hated Moscow, and before the plague outbreak, Moscow had no formal boundaries, there was no population count, and no real city planning.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 39], "content_span": [40, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018122-0003-0004", "contents": "1770\u20131772 Russian plague, Moscow plague\nThis lack of planning was also evidenced by the fact that the city was mostly still built from wood, despite the government urging change to stone structures in this department. While there were some stone buildings, they tended to be located in the center of the city, and the use of stone showed no real sign of spreading. There were fires, there was a high crime rate, the filth was unimaginable; the state of the city was a set up for disaster. Catherine attempted to fix these problems through pardons, case reviews, creating jobs for the unemployed and homeless, and strengthening the local government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 39], "content_span": [40, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018122-0004-0000", "contents": "1770\u20131772 Russian plague, Moscow plague\nDespite her efforts to change the city, Catherine found herself facing an outbreak of the bubonic plague in the Russian Empire in 1770. The plague was somewhat of a constant threat in early modern Europe; no one could be sure where or when it would strike. In 1765, rumors circulated that the plague had traveled north from the Ottoman Empire into Poland. The same rumors echoed over the course of the next year, with the plague also supposedly appearing in Constantinople and the Crimea. There was a false alarm of the plague entering Russian territory, and another false alarm of supposed plague around Moscow that turned out to be smallpox. There were efforts made to keep plague out of Russia by creating quarantine stations on the southern border, but these proved to be ineffective.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 39], "content_span": [40, 828]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018122-0005-0000", "contents": "1770\u20131772 Russian plague, Moscow plague\nIn December 1770, a Doctor A. F. Shafonskiy, the chief physician at the Moscow General Hospital, identified a case of the bubonic plague and promptly reported it to German doctor A. Rinder, who was in charge of the public health of the city. Unfortunately, Rinder did not trust the former's judgment, and ignored the report. The next day, the Medical Council met and established the fact that the plague had entered the city, and informed the Senate in St. Petersburg. The response of the national government was to send military guards to the hospital in order to quarantine the cases. However, Shafonskiy and Rinder continued to stand on opposing sides, until Rinder denied Shafonskiy's claim in January 1771. Shafonskiy submitted a report in February", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 39], "content_span": [40, 793]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018122-0006-0000", "contents": "1770\u20131772 Russian plague, Riot\nThe plague peaked in September 1771, killing an estimated thousand Muscovites a day (20,401 confirmed dead in September), despite the fact that an estimated three quarters of the population fled the city. Many deaths escaped the statistics: residents, fearing that the infested properties would be destroyed by authorities, routinely concealed the casualties, burying the dead at night or simply throwing them on the streets. Authorities set up chain gangs of prisoners to collect and bury the bodies, but their forces were insufficient even for this single task.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 30], "content_span": [31, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018122-0007-0000", "contents": "1770\u20131772 Russian plague, Riot\nGovernor Saltykov, failing to control the situation, preferred to desert his station and fled to his country estate; the police chief followed suit. Jacon Lerche, the newly appointed sanitary inspector of Moscow, declared state of emergency, shutting down shops, inns, taverns, factories and even churches; the city was placed under quarantine. Masses of people, literally thrown into the streets, were denied their regular trade and recreation habits. On September 15, 1771, Moscow residents revolted against the authorities. The mob perceived any emergency measures of the state as a conspiracy to spread the disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 30], "content_span": [31, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018122-0007-0001", "contents": "1770\u20131772 Russian plague, Riot\nIn particular, archbishop Amvrosy, who removed a revered icon from the public to curtail transmission of the disease by worshippers, was accused of conspiracy, hunted down and killed as an \"enemy of the people\". Active rioting continued for three days. The remaining unrest was finally subdued by Grigory Orlov in the end of September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 30], "content_span": [31, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018122-0008-0000", "contents": "1770\u20131772 Russian plague, Emergency measures post infection out-break\nWhen the riot was still unwinding, empress Catherine dispatched Grigory Orlov to take control of Moscow; it is not clear whether her choice was an assignment in good faith or an attempt to get rid of a former lover and a leader of an influential political clan. Orlov, accompanied by Gustav Orreus and four regiments of troops, arrived in Moscow on September 26, immediately calling an emergency council with local doctors. They confirmed presence of both bubonic and septicemic forms of plague. Orlov established and supervised an executive medical commission charged with developing the ways to check the epidemic. More important, he succeeded in changing public opinion in favor of the state's emergency measures, at the same improving the efficiency and quality of medical quarantine (in particular, varying quarantine duration for different groups of exposed but yet healthy people, and paying them for the quarantine stay).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 69], "content_span": [70, 999]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018122-0009-0000", "contents": "1770\u20131772 Russian plague, Emergency measures post infection out-break\nThe epidemic in Moscow, although still rampant in October, gradually reduced through the year. November 15 Catherine declared that it was officially over, but deaths continued into 1772. Estimates of total death toll in Moscow range from 52 to 100 thousand out of total 300 thousand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 69], "content_span": [70, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018122-0010-0000", "contents": "1770\u20131772 Russian plague, Consequences\nThe plague stimulated local research in disease prevention, which was boosted by discovering indigenous plague in newly conquered territories of the Caucasus. The epidemic was professionally exposed to Western European academia through An account of plague which raged in Moscow 1771, published in 1798 in Latin by Belgian physician Charles de Mertens; an English translation was released in 1799.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 38], "content_span": [39, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018122-0011-0000", "contents": "1770\u20131772 Russian plague, Consequences, Immediate political effect\nDevastation caused by the plague forced the government to reduce taxes and military conscription quotas in the affected provinces; both measures decreased the military capabilities of the state and pushed Catherine to seek truce. The statesmen divided between supporters of further pressing into Moldova and Walachia and those who sided with Frederick II's proposal to quit the war and take Polish territories as compensation: nearby Polish lands were seen as cash source while Moldova had to be ceded to the Turks anyway. Catherine preferred to suit both parties and engaged in the Partitions of Poland while the war in the South protracted until 1774. Orlov, dismissed from the court, retired for a long tour of Europe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 66], "content_span": [67, 788]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018122-0012-0000", "contents": "1770\u20131772 Russian plague, Consequences, City planning\nIn a move to control disease, authorities banned any burials on the traditional parish cemeteries inside the city of Moscow. Instead, they set up a chain of new cemeteries outside the city limits. This ring of cemeteries, established in 1771 (Vagankovo and others) is mostly extant today; some were razed to make way for the new construction (Dorogomilovo cemetery), some, also destroyed, are now public parks (Lazarevskoe cemetery). Rogozhskoye cemetery, east of Moscow, became and remains a leading Old Believers shrine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 53], "content_span": [54, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018123-0000-0000", "contents": "1771\n1771 (MDCCLXXI) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar, the 1771st year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 771st  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 71st  year of the 18th\u00a0century, and the  2nd   year of the 1770s decade. As of the start of 1771, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018124-0000-0000", "contents": "1771 Great Yaeyama Tsunami\nThe 1771 Great Yaeyama Tsunami (also called \u660e\u548c\u306e\u5927\u6d25\u6ce2, the Great Tsunami of Meiwa) was caused by the Yaeyama Great Earthquake at about 8 A.M. on April 24, 1771, south-southeast of Ishigaki Island, part of the former Ry\u016bky\u016b Kingdom and now forming part of present-day Okinawa, Japan. According to records, 8,439 persons were killed on Ishigaki Island and 2,548 on Miyako Island.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018124-0001-0000", "contents": "1771 Great Yaeyama Tsunami, Earthquake analysis\nAccording to the Japanese government publication Rika-Nenpy\u014d (\u7406\u79d1\u5e74\u8868) or Chronological Scientific Tables, the epicenter was 40\u00a0km south-southeast of Ishigaki Island with a magnitude of 7.4. According to the Mamoru Nakamura Laboratory, University of the Ryukyus, the earthquake was due to the activity of the fault east of Ishigaki and it is estimated that the magnitude was 7.5. Further simulation led to the activity of faults in the Ryukyu oceanic trench and the magnitude was 8.0. Also, there is a hypothesis that claims the magnitude was 8.5. The depth was 6 kilometres (3.7\u00a0mi). This trench lies between the Philippine Sea Plate and the Eurasian Plate. The disparity in the amount of recorded shaking (maximum 4 JMA) and the size of the tsunami has led to the interpretation of this event as a tsunami earthquake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 47], "content_span": [48, 864]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018124-0002-0000", "contents": "1771 Great Yaeyama Tsunami, Damage, Earthquake\nIt is considered that the earthquake registered an intensity of 4 (on the Japanese scale) in the Yaeyama Islands, and the damage by the earthquake was not as serious as the tsunami.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 46], "content_span": [47, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018124-0003-0000", "contents": "1771 Great Yaeyama Tsunami, Damage, Tsunami\nThe dead and missing amounted to 12,000 people, and more than 2,000 houses were destroyed on Ishigaki and Miyakojima. It has been estimated Agriculture was severely damaged because of sea water invasion and the population decreased to about one third of what it was before the earthquake. On Ishigaki island, the run-up was first estimated around 40 to 80 meters high from historical documents. However, taking into account the rough precision of the measuring instruments at this time and considering geomorphological parameters, the maximal run-up has been re-estimated to ~30m.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 43], "content_span": [44, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018124-0004-0000", "contents": "1771 Great Yaeyama Tsunami, Damage, Tsunami\nFollowing the tsunami, the damage it caused was such that it led to a famine that lasted for 80 years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 43], "content_span": [44, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018124-0005-0000", "contents": "1771 Great Yaeyama Tsunami, Boulders\nThere are many huge boulders on the coasts of the Yaeyema and Miyako islands that are believed to have been deposited by tsunamis. There was a legend that an islet disappeared, but this has never been verified. This set of rocks are called the Ishigaki East Coast Tsunami Rocks. Among them, Yasura-ufukane, Amatariya\u2013Suuari and Taka-koru sishi have been dragged by the 1771 Meiwa tsunami.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 36], "content_span": [37, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018125-0000-0000", "contents": "1771 Makover\n1771 Makover, provisional designation 1968 BD, is a carbonaceous asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 50 kilometers in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018125-0001-0000", "contents": "1771 Makover\nIt was discovered on 24 January 1968, by Russian astronomer Lyudmila Chernykh at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory in Nauchnyj on the Crimean peninsula. It was named after Russian astronomer Samuel Makover.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018125-0002-0000", "contents": "1771 Makover, Orbit and classification\nThe dark C-type asteroid orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.6\u20133.7\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 6 months (2,015 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.18 and an inclination of 11\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. At Johannesburg Observatory, Makover was first identified as 1937 LM in 1937. Its first used observation was made at the same observatory one year later, when it was identified as 1938 QJ, extending the body's observation arc by 30 years prior to its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018125-0003-0000", "contents": "1771 Makover, Physical characteristics\nIn December 2011, a rotational lightcurve of Makover was obtained by astronomer Andrea Ferrero from photometric observation. It gave a well-defined rotation period of 11.26 hours with a brightness variation of 0.25 magnitude (U=3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018125-0004-0000", "contents": "1771 Makover, Physical characteristics\nAccording to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Makover measures between 46.89 and 63.59 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.025 and 0.072. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0382 and a diameter of 56.59 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 10.4.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018125-0005-0000", "contents": "1771 Makover, Naming\nThis minor planet was named in honor of Russian astronomer Samuel Gdalevich Makover (1908\u20131970), who studied extensively the orbit of Encke's Comet (referred to as Comet Encke-Backlund in Russia), and pioneered in the use of electronic calculators for computing planetary perturbations and orbit improvements. He was head of the Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics's (ITA) department of minor planets and comets, and editor of the annual volume of Minor Planet Ephemerides. He was also a vice-president of IAU's commission 20, Positions & Motions of Minor Planets, Comets & Satellites, in the 1960s. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 25 September 1971 (M.P.C. 3185).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 728]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018126-0000-0000", "contents": "1771 Naval Air Squadron\n1771 Naval Air Squadron (1771 NAS) was a Naval Air Squadron of the Royal Navy's Fleet Air Arm. The squadron was the first British & Commonwealth unit to fly over Japan in World War 2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018126-0001-0000", "contents": "1771 Naval Air Squadron, References, Bibliography\nThis United Kingdom navy-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 49], "content_span": [50, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018136-0000-0000", "contents": "1771 in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the year 1771 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018139-0000-0000", "contents": "1771 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1771.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018140-0000-0000", "contents": "1771 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018140-0001-0000", "contents": "1771 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018140-0002-0000", "contents": "1771 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018141-0000-0000", "contents": "1771 in science\nThe year 1771 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018142-0000-0000", "contents": "1771 to 1775 in sports\nEvents in world sport through the years 1771 to 1775.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 76]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018143-0000-0000", "contents": "1772\n1772 (MDCCLXXII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a leap year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar, the 1772nd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 772nd  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 72nd  year of the 18th\u00a0century, and the  3rd   year of the 1770s decade. As of the start of 1772, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018144-0000-0000", "contents": "1772 Gagarin\n1772 Gagarin (prov. designation: 1968 CB) is a stony background asteroid from the central region of the asteroid belt, approximately 9 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 6 February 1968, by Russian astronomer Lyudmila Chernykh at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory in Nauchnyj, on the Crimean peninsula. The asteroid was named after cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018144-0001-0000", "contents": "1772 Gagarin, Orbit and classification\nGagarin orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.3\u20132.8\u00a0AU once every 4.02 years (1,467 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.11 and an inclination of 6\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. Gagarin first observation is a precovery that was taken at Turku Observatory in 1940, extending the body's observation arc by 28 years prior to its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018144-0002-0000", "contents": "1772 Gagarin, Physical characteristics\nGagarin has been characterized as a rare L-type asteroid by PanSTARRS' photometric survey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018144-0003-0000", "contents": "1772 Gagarin, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn February 1984, a rotational lightcurve of Gagarin obtained by American astronomer Richard P. Binzel gave a rotation period of 10.96 hours with a brightness variation of 0.24 magnitude (U=2). Photometric observations at the Californian Palomar Transient Factory in December 2011, gave a 10.9430 hours with an amplitude of 0.41 (U=2). in 2001 and 2016, additional lightcurve were obtained from modeled photometric data, giving a period of 10.94130 and 10.93791 hours (U=n.a. ).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 55], "content_span": [56, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018144-0004-0000", "contents": "1772 Gagarin, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Gagarin measures between 8.83 and 9.63 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.138 and 0.164, The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo of 0.20 and derives a diameter of 8.00 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 12.85.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018144-0005-0000", "contents": "1772 Gagarin, Naming\nThis minor planet was named for Russian\u2013Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin (1934\u20131968), Hero of the Soviet Union and first human to journey into outer space by circumnavigating Earth in 1961. Gagarin died in a jet fighter crash in 1968, the year the asteroid was discovered. The lunar crater Gagarin is also named in his honor. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 25 September 1971 (M.P.C. 3185).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018145-0000-0000", "contents": "1772 Naval Air Squadron\n1772 Naval Air Squadron (1772 NAS) was a Naval Air Squadron of the Royal Navy's Fleet Air Arm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018158-0000-0000", "contents": "1772 in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the year 1772 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}